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Accu-Spina for spinal stenosis can cure disc-enacted canal impingement and possibly help to reduce the severity of mixed causation stenosis where bulging discs play a role in canal narrowing. Disc-related canal impingement is not considered a true form of stenosis, since it is often transient and can be resolved using a variety of surgical techniques and a few nonsurgical practices that do not actually enlarge the spinal canal at all. Instead, as long as the symptomatic disc herniation is reduced in size, the symptoms should dissipate, providing a true cure.
Accu-Spina is one of the many choices for nonsurgical spinal decompression that are available today all around the world. The device is highly effective at treating indicated conditions and can be a valuable part of a spinal stenosis treatment program for patients with specific conditions.
This essay profiles the use of Accu-Spina decompression therapy for treating central and foraminal stenosis.
Central canal stenosis is usually caused by narrowing of the space by the arthritic processes, including the development of bone spurs and arthritic debris inside the canal. However, in some cases, central stenosis of a transient variety might result from large acute herniated discs that compress the spinal cord or impinge on the nerves of the cauda equina, depending on anatomical region affected.
In cases of disc-enacted central stenosis, Accu-Spina treatment is indicated when symptoms do not qualify for emergency surgical care. In cases of dire symptoms, like cauda equina syndrome, paralysis, incontinence and others, surgical correction is the best path of treatment, since nonsurgical decompression is an extended duration therapy.
In cases of mixed causation central stenosis, which is very common when herniated discs combine with typical arthritic accumulations to focally decrease areas of the central canal, spinal decompression can reduce the degree of stenosis and possibly relieve symptoms, depending on how much of the condition is actually caused by the intervertebral disc contributor and how effective the treatment is at reducing the size of the herniation.
Single level neuroforaminal stenosis is rarely a medical emergency, making nonsurgical decompression a more logical choice for symptomatic patients. Once again, the best use for Accu-Spina is in patients who are suffering from pinched nerves due to foraminal narrowing which is caused exclusively by herniated discs, usually of a posterolateral variety. Decompression can completely cure many of these conditions without the need for surgical intervention.
In cases of mixed causation neuroforaminal stenosis with disc contributors, the use of Accu-Spina decompression is slightly less effective, but can still work well for many patients. In cases of purely arthritic-enacted stenosis of the neural foramen, decompression may or may not work. Some cases of facet joint osteophyte-related stenosis can be resolved symptomatically, although recurrences might occur in the future, especially if the arthritic growth continues to progress around the foraminal opening.
Accu-Spina can be used to treat a range of known and idiopathic back and neck pain syndromes. However, we highly recommend using it for herniated, degenerated and bulging disc-enacted stenosis exclusively, as these indications demonstrate the very best therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, make absolutely sure that the disc to be treated is a contained herniation and has not ruptured, extruded or sequestered, as these circumstances can greatly reduce treatment efficacy.
If other spinal decompression options are available, you might want to investigate them as well, since cost of treatment can vary greatly and all systems are very effective for indicated diagnoses. Other devices to consider include the DRX9000, VAX-D and Antalgic Trak, as well as the newer Hill DT system.
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A summary of the Determination by Sheriff John Beckett QC, following a Fatal Accident Inquiry held at Glasgow into the deaths John Kerr Sweeney, Lorraine Sweeney, Erin Paula McQuade, Stephenie Catherine Tait, Gillian Margaret Ewing, and Jacqueline Morton.
A fatal accident inquiry into the death of six people who died when a bin lorry mounted a pavement in Glasgow city centre and collided with a number of pedestrians after the driver fainted at the wheel has found that there were reasonable precautions which could have been taken whereby the accident might have been avoided.
Sheriff John Beckett QC also made a total of 19 recommendations which, if followed, may reduce the chance of a recurrence of such an accident.
John and Lorraine Sweeney, Erin McQuade, Stephenie Tait, Gillian Ewing, and Jacqueline Morton, all died on 22 December 2014 as a result of sustaining multiple injuries after being struck by the bin lorry driven by Henry Clarke, who suffered an episode of neurocardiogenic syncope, causing him to temporarily lose consciousness so that he was unable to control the movement and direction of the vehicle.
The inquiry heard that in the course of his previous employment with First Bus, Mr Clarke had lost consciousness while sitting at the wheel of his bus at a bus stop, but the sheriff found that following the incident on 7 April 2010 he “deliberately misled” doctors as to the location and nature of what had happened to him.
“Mr Clarke deceived all three doctors in the hope that he would be able to return to work sooner rather than later so that he would not lose his job with First… None of the doctors who saw Mr Clarke advised him to notify DVLA of this event and he did not do so,” Sheriff Beckett said.
The Sheriff also found that Mr Clarke made inaccurate and untrue declarations in his online BUPA Health Declaration form, having successfully applied for a job as a minibus driver with Glasgow City Council (GCC) in December 2010, and that he lied on another BUPA Health Declaration form when he applied for promotion to the position of HGV driver in December 2011.
When he submitted an application for renewal of his group 2 licence in December 2011, Mr Clarke also “deliberately concealed relevant information from DVLA”, not least in relation to the incident of 7 April 2010, the Sheriff found.
He concluded that Mr Clarke “repeatedly lied in order to gain and retain jobs and licences”.
For Mr Clarke to have told the whole truth to Dr McKaig, Dr Lyons and Dr Langan about what had occurred on 7 April 2010.
For Dr Lyons to have advised Mr Clarke to notify DVLA given what he was told on 8 April following the incident on 7 April 2010.
For Dr Langan to have clarified with Dr Lyons the circumstances of Mr Clarke’s faint on 7 April 2010 before concluding that he had suffered a simple faint.
For Mr Clarke to have provided true and accurate information in completing an occupational health questionnaire in connection with his application for employment with Glasgow City Council in December 2010.
For First Glasgow to have provided a full, accurate and fair employment reference to Glasgow City Council in respect of Mr Clarke’s application for employment.
For Mr Clarke to have provided true and accurate information about his medical history on BUPA medical questionnaires in December 2011.
For Mr Clarke to have disclosed the incident of 7 April 2010 in DVLA form D47 and to Dr Willox in December 2011.
For Mr Clarke, after fainting at the wheel of his bus on 7 April 2010, to have refrained from continuing to drive buses and to have refrained from seeking further employment as a group 2 driver in the absence of his having told the truth to doctors and without having acted upon the advice which would have been forthcoming, and thereafter without making his relevant medical history known to Glasgow City Council to the extent required in its recruitment, appointment and promotion processes.
Doctors generally, and general practitioners in particular, should take steps to ensure that medical notes are made and kept in such a way as to maximise their ability to identify repeated episodes of loss of consciousness, loss of or altered awareness, in the case of patients who are or may become drivers.
When a doctor is advising an organisation employing a driver as to that driver’s fitness to drive following a medical incident whilst driving, that organisation should provide all available information about the incident to the doctor and the doctor should insist on having it prior to giving advice to the organisation and the driver.
Glasgow City Council, when employing a driver, should not allow employment to commence before references sought have been received.
Glasgow City Council should carry out an internal review of its employment processes with a view to ascertaining potential areas for improvement in relation to checking medical and sickness absence information provided by applicants, for example by having focussed health questions within reference requests for drivers and obtaining medical reports in relation to health related driving issues from applicants’ GPs.
Glasgow City Council should provide its refuse collection operators with some basic training to familiarise them with the steering and braking mechanisms of the vehicles in which they work.
Local Authorities and any other organisations which collect refuse, when sourcing and purchasing refuse collection vehicles which are large goods vehicles, should seek to have AEBS fitted to those vehicles wherever it is reasonably practicable to do so.
Local Authorities and any other organisations which collect refuse, and which currently have large goods vehicles without AEBS but to which AEBS could be retrofitted, should explore the possibility of retrofitting with the respective manufacturer.
Glasgow City Council should seek to identify routes between refuse collection points which, so far as is reasonably practicable, minimise the number of people who would be at risk should control be lost of a refuse collection lorry.
The potential for the presence of exceptional numbers of pedestrians at particular times should be taken account of as part of route risk assessment in refuse collection.
The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) should satisfy itself as to precisely what the categorisation is intended to mean and to achieve in the loss of consciousness/loss of or altered awareness section of the guidance contained in its “At a Glance Guide to the Current Medical Standards of Fitness to Drive” (“at a glance”).
Having done so, DVLA should then ensure that the meaning is made clear to those who apply the guidance in practice.
DVLA should consider if a flow chart could be provided to guide doctors through the categorisations contained in the loss of consciousness/loss of or altered awareness section of “at a glance”.
DVLA should consider whether the section of “at a glance” on loss of consciousness/loss of or altered awareness gives sufficient weight to the absence of prodrome [symptoms experienced in advance of an episode] given its significance for road safety.
DVLA should consider whether the section of “at a glance” on loss of consciousness/loss of or altered awareness gives sufficient weight to a medical event occurring at the wheel of a vehicle and its consequences.
DVLA should change its policy on notification from third parties so that relevant fitness to drive information from ostensibly reliable sources, such as the police, can be investigated whether or not it comes in written form.
DVLA should redouble its efforts to raise awareness of the implications of medical conditions for fitness to drive amongst the medical profession.
The Secretary of State for Transport should instigate a consultation on how best to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information available to DVLA in making fitness to drive licensing decisions with a view to making legislative change.
Part of this exercise should involve considering increasing the penalties and altering the mode of prosecution for contravention of section 94 of the Road Traffic Act 1988.
The Secretary of State for Transport should instigate a consultation on whether it is appropriate that doctors should be given greater freedom, by the General Medical Council, or an obligation, by Parliament, to report fitness to drive concerns directly to DVLA.
Occupational health doctors performing D4 examinations and providing advice to employers on applicant drivers, and employers of drivers who facilitate their staff applying for renewal of group 2 licences without the involvement of GPs, should consider whether to require the applicant to sign a consent form permitting release by any GP of relevant medical records to the occupational health doctor.
DVLA and the Department for Transport should consider how best to increase public awareness of the impact of medical conditions on fitness to drive and the notification obligations in that regard.
DVLA, the Crown Prosecution Service and Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service should review whether there are policies in place which prevent or discourage prosecution for breaches of sections 94 and 174 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. If there are such policies, consideration should be given by DVLA and the prosecuting authorities to whether they are appropriate where the current fitness to drive regime is a self-reporting system which is vulnerable to the withholding and concealing of relevant information by applicants.
In making that last observation, the Sheriff explained (at para 476) that it was no part of his function in the inquiry to comment on prosecution decisions in particular cases, but he was referring to general evidence given in the inquiry to the effect that there have been no prosecutions of drivers who have failed to notify or have given false information to DVLA.
The Sheriff also recorded his personal expression of sympathy to the families and friends of the six people who lost their lives.
He added: “The whole country was deeply shocked by what happened on 22 December 2014, but for the families of six people who died, the consequences extend beyond shock to the pain of permanent loss. As it neared its conclusion, the Inquiry heard some detail of just how important and valuable those six people were to their families, their friends and the wider community.
“It cannot have been easy to listen to the evidence, but many relatives of those who died steadfastly attended the Inquiry demonstrating their love, loyalty and commitment for those they have lost. I am aware that others chose to keep in touch with the progress of the Inquiry in other ways and I can understand why they would do that.
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0.962743 |
Who is the Impossible Astronaut?
Melody Pond (a.k.a. River Song).
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0.999962 |
An organization purchased a piece of property in July, would the property be exempt in the current year?
No. The property would be taxable to the January 1 owner.
Per KRS 132.220: Assessment dates – Listing – Owner – Liability – Exemptions, listing, annual review.
(1)(a): All taxable property and all interests in taxable property, unless otherwise specifically provided by law, shall be listed, assessed, and valued as of January 1 of each year.
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0.998394 |
This article will discuss the ventilation of toxic substances. Since health effects of chemicals occur at air concentrations well below the lower explosive limits of solvents and gases, if you ventilate to prevent adverse health effects, you are also preventing a buildup of vapors which could catch fire or explode.
There are two types of ventilation for toxic substances: dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation. Dilution ventilation involves bringing in clean air to dilute contaminated air, and then exhausting the diluted air to the outside via exhaust fans. Local exhaust ventilation, on the other hand, involves trapping the contaminants at their source before they get into the air being inhaled.
A classic example of dilution ventilation in an art studio is a window exhaust fan that removes the contaminated air from the room, and an open window that provides replacement or makeup air. The source of makeup air and the exhaust fan should be positioned so that clean air comes past the face of the artist, and contaminated air is pulled away from the artist's face.
Dilution ventilation should not be used to exhaust large amounts of toxic solvent vapors or for highly toxic solvent vapors because of the need for large amounts of makeup or replacement air to replace the air being exhausted. This makeup air has to be heated or cooled. Dilution ventilation should not be used for dusts or fumes because of the difficulty in calculating the amount of dilution air required. The exhausted air should be completely exhausted to the outside and not recirculated.
where the dilution volume for mineral spirits is 35,000 cu. ft/pt and the safety factor K = 10.
A local exhaust ventilation system consists of a hood to capture the contaminants, ducts to transport them to the outside, an exhaust fan to move the air, and (occasionally) air cleaners to remove particulates from the air. The only air cleaners I would recommend are filters in spray booths and dust collectors for woodworking machines.
Particular types of hoods are used for particular operations. Examples of typical local exhaust systems for art operations include canopy hoods over electric kilns, slot exhaust hoods for cleaning etching plates, enclosed hoods for acid etching, spray booths for spray painting and spray glazes, movable exhaust hoods for welding, and dust-collecting hoods for woodshops.
In many instances, either a slot exhaust hood or enclosed hood can provide adequate local exhaust ventilation. If practical, an enclosed hood uses a lower exhaust rate and therefore requires less makeup air. This can result in lowered energy costs for makeup air.
• Provide adequate makeup air to replace exhausted air.
• Enclose the process as much as possible to ensure effective capture of contaminants.
• Place the hood as close to the operation as possible.
• Have as few bends in the ducts as possible and make sure bends are gradual not sharp.
• Fans should be located outside so all ducts are under negative pressure.
• Do not recirculate any of the exhausted air.
• Make sure exhausted air cannot reenter the room.
• When exhausting flammable vapors in local exhaust systems, use spark-proof (aluminum) fan blades and place fan motors outside the air stream.
Clark, N., Cutter, T. and McGrane, J: Ventilation, Nick Lyons Books, New York (1984) - Available from CSA for $7.95 plus $2.00 postage and handling.
Practice. 20th ed., American Conference of Governmental Industrial *Hygienists, East Lansing, MI (1988). Updated regularly.
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The term resisting arrest refers to the act of physically struggling against, or attempting to elude a police officer, in order to escape being restrained. According to the law, a person cannot use physical force to resist being lawfully arrested by a police officer. The act of resisting arrest is a crime that may be charged above and beyond any other crime for which the individual is charged. To explore this concept, consider the following resisting arrest definition.
The act of physically struggling against, attempting to flee from, or threatening a police officer.
In the United States, the laws hold resisting arrest to be a separate crime that may be charged in addition to, or regardless of, any other crime for which a person may be charged. The act of using force to avoid being restrained, fleeing from a police officer to avoid arrest, and threatening a police officer with bodily harm while attempting to elude arrest are all considered crimes.
The purpose of laws against resisting arrest is to protect law enforcement officers in the discharge of their duty, and to protect the public from harm that may be caused by someone violently resisting, or running from police. In many jurisdictions, obstructing or delaying a law enforcement officer in the performance of his duty is also considered resisting, though some jurisdictions use the term “obstructing police officer.” Additionally, in many states, obstructing the duties of an emergency medical technician / Paramedic, and other emergency services personnel are also included in resisting and obstructing laws.
In order to enforce these laws, it is necessary to allow a person to be criminally charged, tried, and convicted for resisting arrest, whether or not the individual is charged in the act for which the arrest was made. In fact, a person can be charged with resisting arrest even if the arrest was not lawful.
Third party obstructing – physically obstructing an officer from arresting another person may be charged as a crime, as may delaying officers from accomplishing their goal of investigating a crime, or arresting a suspect. Such charges would be levied against the third party doing the obstructing.
Providing false information – providing a law enforcement officer with a false name or other false personal information, with or without a false ID, in order to avoid arrest, is considered arresting arrest.
Martha joins a group of people protesting a new city ordinance outside the government building. The group is loud, harassing people as they walk to and from the offices doing business. When police attempt to disburse the group, several of them sit down across the access walkway, and refuse to leave.
As an officer places handcuffs on Martha, she refuses to get up, then forces the officers to carry her to a patrol car, as she just allows her body to hang limply. The initial arrest was made for disturbing the peace, and failing to disburse. However, in this example of resisting arrest, Martha may be charged with resisting as a separate crime.
In most jurisdictions, resisting arrest is a misdemeanor, though it can result in jail time. In some cases, however, resisting may be charged as a felony. This would depend on the level of violence committed by the individual in resisting – and often whether innocent bystanders are injured. Resisting may also be charged as a felony, and be punished with prison time, if the individual has previous convictions for resisting arrest.
Willful Obstruction – The individual willfully, intentionally resisted, delayed, or obstructed a law enforcement officer. It is not necessary to prove the individual intended the harm caused by his actions.
Act or Threat of Violence – The individual acted in a violent manner, or threatened violence against, the law enforcement officer. This might include punching, striking, or shoving the officer, or threatening violence while holding something that could be considered a weapon.
Recognized Public Officer – The individual knew – or reasonably should have known – that the individual he resisted against was a law enforcement officer, or emergency medical technician.
Official Duty – The law enforcement officer was engaged in his official duties when attempting to restrain or arrest the individual.
Just as prosecutors must prove certain elements of resisting arrest in order to successfully prosecute an individual, that individual may offer defenses to resisting arrest charges at trial. While the laws of each state vary on this issue, there are generally two categories of defenses to resisting arrest: (1) self-defense, and (2) unlawful arrest.
Law enforcement officers are allowed to meet force with force in affecting an arrest, but if an officer acts with a level of force or violence that is not justified, the individual charged with resisting may be able to put forth a defense of self-defense. This defense cannot be used if the individual arrested acted violently toward the arresting officer, unless the officer acted in a violent manner first. In addition, the individual fighting back must restrain himself to only the force reasonably needed in the circumstance.
An unlawful arrest is defined as an arrest that is not sanctioned by law. This might include an arrest made without probable cause, or without a warrant. In some states, a person who is being arrested unlawfully may resist with reasonable force, though in most states resisting is still unlawful. The individual must submit to arrest by a law enforcement officer who is performing the duties of his job, then make his case at a later time.
Fines – The court may penalize a person found to be guilty of resisting arrest by imposing a fine. The amount of the fine likely varies by jurisdiction, and certainly according to the circumstance.
Community Service – In addition to, or in place of, a fine, the court may order someone guilty of resisting arrest to serve a specific number of hours in community service.
Probation – Probation may be ordered, rather than incarceration, in some cases of resisting arrest. This requires the individual to meet on a regular basis with a probation officer, and to fulfill other terms specified in his probation order. This may include maintaining employment, not engaging in other illegal activities, and other specifics.
Incarceration – Penalties for resisting arrest that rise to a serious level, or which are charged as felonies may involve time in the county jail, or even a sentence of one or more years in the state prison.
(a) (1) Every person who willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any public officer, peace officer, or an emergency medical technician, as defined in Division 2.5 (commencing with Section 1797) of the Health and Safety Code, in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or employment … shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
Most states also make provisions for sentencing in the event the defendant has a history of convictions for resisting arrest, and even for other crimes. These sentences are usually stiffer than for first time offenders.
In June 2015, 30-year old banker, Noel Carter, was approached by police after a report that he had been abusing his girlfriend at a night club. As police attempted to arrest Carter, he fled from them, then fought violently with officers when they caught up to him, and tried to restrain and handcuff him.
Because cell phone videos popped up online, this case generated a host of public outcry, as people were shown just one side of the story. The officers testified to having ordered Carter to stop, and to get on the ground, which he refused. Officers tased Carter, and wrestled with him on the ground. Carter had bruises from the conflict when he was booked into the jail. When he was charged with resisting arrest, Carter claimed police had engaged him with excessive brutality – kicking him, beating him, and using pepper spray on him.
Arresting officer Dave Cruz told the jury that Carter had first run from them, then fought violently to get away once they caught up to him. The officer testified that, after the chase, and several long minutes of wrestling with Carter, he was exhausted physically, and feared for the safety of himself and his partner, as well as the safety of bystanders should Carter get away from them.
After a week-long trial, and seven hours of deliberation, the jury found Noel Carter guilty of battering and resisting police officers who were attempting to arrest him. The jury deadlocked, however on the charge of resisting arrest with violence.
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Disney's train of live-action adaptations just continues rolling, and it doesn't look like it'll slow down any time soon. With Mulan, The Lion King, Dumbo, and Aladdin already in production, the studio now has its sights set on the story of the puppet-turned-real boy, Pinocchio.
The live-action Pinocchio movie has been in development for some time, with Paddington director Paul King taking over the film earlier this year. While details about the movie, and its development schedule, have been scarce to this point, its writer has finally revealed when filming is set to begin: next year.
While speaking to Latino-Review Media, writer Chris Weitz said that the Pinocchio script is currently being worked on, and the goal is to begin shooting next year in Europe.
"It's going to shoot in England and Italy starting next year," Weitz said. "We're still in the early stages of, you know, development and developing the script, so there's no casting to talk about, but I'm very excited about it."
By the way it sounds, any information about Pinocchio is still a long way off. Weitz, who also penned the script for Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, is currently promoting his directorial debut, Operation Finale. Given that he's busy with that project's release, the Pinocchio script likely won't be finished until later this year.
In addition to the script, a crew needs to be put in place, locations need to be scouted, and actors need to be cast for the role. Given that Weitz didn't mention when in 2019 production was set to begin, and that filming is only "starting" in 2019, it's safe to say that the movie is quite a ways away.
Still, it sounds like Disney and the creative team are fully invested in bringing Pinocchio to life, which doesn't come as a surprise, given the studio's current push for live-action adaptation of classic movies. Following the success of Beauty and the Beast and Jungle Book, Disney is set to release at least three of these adaptations in 2019. Dumbo, Aladdin, and The Lion King are all confirmed to hit theaters next year, and it's likely that we'll also see the debut of The Lady and the Tramp, along with the launch of Disney's original streaming service. Mulan is currently being filmed and will arrive in theaters in 2020.
What do you think about Disney's upcoming Pinocchio movie? What other Disney classics do you want to see get the live-action treatment? Let us know in the comments!
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All children and their parents know about the Palace of Creativity. Zelenograd gathers under one roof in the halls of the Palace of Creativity of Children and Youth for various festivals and events. Young talents are happy to demonstrate their ability to sing, dance or practice applied art. In the Palace of Creativity they know perfectly well what to do with young people and how to raise the cultural level.
The main pre-school arts establishment in the district- this is the Palace of Youth Creativity. Zelenograd is famous for its teachers who teach various disciplines. Among them are three honored teachers of the Russian Federation, six having a scientific degree and three masters of sports. Every year 3,500 schoolchildren visit the institution.
The pupils of the Palace not only take part in local festivals, competitions and exhibitions, but also represent their region at the regional and state levels.
To write to different circles of the section, you need toaddress: Moscow, Zelenograd, Silino district, Columbus square, house 1. Many children are happy to study at the Palace of Creativity. Zelenograd is the place where talents are born. In order to get to the institution, you need to go to the metro station "Komsomolskaya", from the Leningrad station, take the train and go to the station Kryukovo. Then - by bus to the stop "Oktyabrskaya" (№ 1, 10, 12). From the stop to walk to Columbus Square 6 minutes.
In total there are three directions of additional education in the Palace of Creativity. Zelenograd probably knows those bands that show the best dance and musical numbers.
Here they are engaged in classical, folk andmodern dances. It consists of four teams: "Magic shoes" (the direction of classical dance), "Zelenogradochka" (modern choreography), "Olympus" (modern dance) and "Fortune" (folk dances).
2. Department of musical creativity.
As the name implies, the youth of thisThe unit is fond of playing various instruments. The most revealing are the performances of such groups as the orchestral studio "Harmony" (folk instruments), the musical and choral center "Lel", the studio "Inspiration" (saxophone, bass guitar, author's song).
3. Department of artistic and intellectual-cognitive orientation.
All pupils and teachers at the regional andstate level proudly represent the Palace of Creativity of Children and Youth. Zelenograd is proud of the fact that there are so many talented people here. Festivals are often held. All the teams have a tight schedule schedule for 2016. By the way, by the New Year for all guests and residents of the district the students prepared a festive performance.
After the New Year the exhibition of Lyudmila will openAnnenkovoy "Enamel casket. Secrets of the seabed "in the Palace of Creativity. Zelenograd this exhibition will attract the attention of many, because enamel painting is a kind of a crown of creativity. It is not for everyone to understand the secrets of this supercomplex art.
On the site of the Palace of Creativity, you can find manypositive feedback from citizens. Simple spectators and parents of pupils thank the skillful teachers, who in today's realities have a hard time. They work hard to raise worthy musicians, dancers, journalists, artists who perform at various festivals and competitions. Teachers of this institution live with music, creativity and love of art, they create a wonderful atmosphere that can not be passed on to children.
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Absolute magnitude is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object, on a logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale.
Alpha Coronae Borealis (α Coronae Borealis, abbreviated Alpha CrB, α CrB), also named Alphecca, is a binary star in the constellation of Corona Borealis.
α Mensae (Latinised as Alpha Mensae, abbreviated to α Men or Alpha Men) is the brightest star in the constellation Mensa.
The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science, the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies.
Annie Jump Cannon (December 11, 1863 – April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification.
Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren (21 January 1908 – 4 July 1987) was a Danish astronomer and astrophysicist.
Beta Cephei variables, also known as Beta Canis Majoris stars, are variable stars that exhibit small rapid variations in their brightness due to pulsations of the stars' surfaces, thought due to the unusual properties of iron at temperatures of 200,000 K in their interiors.
Beta Comae Berenices (β Comae Berenices, β Com) is a main sequence dwarf star in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices.
Beta Pictoris (β Pic, β Pictoris) is the second brightest star in the constellation Pictor.
A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.
A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton–proton chain reaction.
In astronomy, the color index is a simple numerical expression that determines the color of an object, which in the case of a star gives its temperature.
Convection is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid).
A convection zone, convective zone or convective region of a star is a layer which is unstable to convection.
A dwarf star is a star of relatively small size and low luminosity.
Prof Edward Charles Pickering FRS(For) HFRSE (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist and the older brother to William Henry Pickering.
Ejnar Hertzsprung (8 October 1873 – 21 October 1967) was a Danish chemist and astronomer born in Copenhagen.
Electron degeneracy pressure is a particular manifestation of the more general phenomenon of quantum degeneracy pressure.
Electron scattering occurs when electrons are deviated from their original trajectory.
The erg is a unit of energy and work equal to 10−7 joules.
Eta Arietis (η Ari, η Arietis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the northern constellation of Aries.
In thermodynamics, the term exothermic process (exo-: "outside") describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen).
In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer.
EZ Aquarii is a triple star system approximately from the Sun in the constellation Aquarius.
A G-type main-sequence star (Spectral type: G-V), often (and imprecisely) called a yellow dwarf, or G dwarf star, is a main-sequence star (luminosity class V) of spectral type G. Such a star has about 0.84 to 1.15 solar masses and surface temperature of between 5,300 and 6,000 K., G. M. H. J. Habets and J. R. W. Heintze, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement 46 (November 1981), pp.
Gamma Virginis (γ Virginis, abbreviated Gamma Vir, γ Vir), also named Porrima, is a binary star system in the constellation of Virgo.
Gravitational collapse is the contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its own gravity, which tends to draw matter inward toward the center of gravity.
The Harvard College Observatory (HCO) is an institution managing a complex of buildings and multiple instruments used for astronomical research by the Harvard University Department of Astronomy.
HD 32450, also known as Gliese 185 is a binary star in the constellation Lepus.
Heinrich Vogt (October 5, 1890 – January 23, 1968) was a German astronomer.
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
Prof Henry Norris Russell FRS(For) HFRSE FRAS (October 25, 1877 – February 18, 1957) was an American astronomer who, along with Ejnar Hertzsprung, developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (1910).
The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, abbreviated H–R diagram, HR diagram or HRD, is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures.
In fluid mechanics, a fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest, or when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time.
The unqualified term instability strip usually refers to a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram largely occupied by several related classes of pulsating variable stars: Delta Scuti variables, SX Phoenicis variables, and rapidly oscillating Ap stars (roAps) near the main sequence; RR Lyrae variables where it intersects the horizontal branch; and the Cepheid variables where it crosses the supergiants.
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a scientific charity that works to advance physics education, research and application.
In astronomy, the interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter and radiation that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy.
In stellar physics, the Jeans instability causes the collapse of interstellar gas clouds and subsequent star formation.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
A K-type main-sequence star (K V), also referred to as an orange dwarf or K dwarf, is a main-sequence (hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type K and luminosity class V. These stars are intermediate in size between red M-type main-sequence stars ("red dwarfs") and yellow G-type main-sequence stars.
In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object.
MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1, also known as Icarus,Other names include LS1, MACS J1149 LS1, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (LS1) and MACS J1149+2223 Lensed Star 1 is a blue supergiant observed through a gravitational lens.
Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.
In astrophysics, the mass–luminosity relation is an equation giving the relationship between a star's mass and its luminosity, first noted by Jakob Karl Ernst Halm.
In astronomy, metallicity is used to describe the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen or helium.
A mnemonic (the first "m" is silent) device, or memory device, is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval (remembering) in the human memory.
In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).
Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light.
In science, engineering, and other quantitative disciplines, orders of approximation refer to formal or informal terms for how precise an approximation is, and to indicate progressively more refined approximations: in increasing order of precision, a zeroth-order approximation, a first-order approximation, a second-order approximation, and so forth.
An order of magnitude is an approximate measure of the number of digits that a number has in the commonly-used base-ten number system.
The Bayer designation Phi Orionis (φ Ori, φ Orionis) is shared by two star systems in the constellation Orion.
Philip Childs Keenan (March 31, 1908 – April 20, 2000) was an American astronomer.
The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated.
Pi Andromedae (Pi And, π Andromedae, π And) is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda.
Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.
Potsdam is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg.
In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a proportional relative change in the other quantity, independent of the initial size of those quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another.
A pre-main-sequence star (also known as a PMS star and PMS object) is a star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence.
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
The proton–proton chain reaction is one of the two (known) sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium.
A protostar is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud.
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
A radiation zone, radiative zone or radiative region is a layer of a star's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of radiative diffusion and thermal conduction, rather than by convection.
In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its center to its perimeter, and in more modern usage, it is also their length.
A red dwarf (or M dwarf) is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence, of M spectral type.
Sirius (a romanization of Greek Σείριος, Seirios,."glowing" or "scorching") is a star system and the brightest star in the Earth's night sky.
The solar mass is a standard unit of mass in astronomy, equal to approximately.
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
Star clusters are groups of stars.
The Stefan–Boltzmann constant (also Stefan's constant), a physical constant denoted by the Greek letter ''σ'' (sigma), is the constant of proportionality in the Stefan–Boltzmann law: "the total intensity radiated over all wavelengths increases as the temperature increases", of a black body which is proportional to the fourth power of the thermodynamic temperature.
The Stefan–Boltzmann law describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of its temperature.
A stellar magnetic field is a magnetic field generated by the motion of conductive plasma inside a star.
Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars.
Theta1 Orionis C (θ1 Orionis C) is a member of the Trapezium open cluster that lies within the Orion Nebula.
The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
The turnoff point for a star refers to the point on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where it leaves the main sequence after the exhaustion of its main fuel.
Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae are categories of supernovae that are caused by the core collapse of massive stars.
A Type II supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star.
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
The University of Chicago (UChicago, U of C, or Chicago) is a private, non-profit research university in Chicago, Illinois.
A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) fluctuates.
VB 10 or Van Biesbroeck's star is a very small and very dim red dwarf located in the constellation Aquila.
The Vogt–Russell theorem states that the structure of a star, in hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium with all energy derived from nuclear reactions, is uniquely determined by its mass and the distribution of chemical elements throughout its interior.
William Wilson Morgan (January 3, 1906 – June 21, 1994) was an American astronomer and astrophysicist.
61 Cygni Not to be confused with 16 Cygni, a more distant system containing two G-type stars harboring the gas giant planet 16 Cygni Bb.
70 Ophiuchi is a binary star system located 16.6 light years away from the Earth.
Dwarf (star), Evolutionary track, Main Sequence, Main Sequence Star, Main line star, Main sequence star, Main sequence stars, Main-line star, Main-sequence, Main-sequence star, Main-sequence stars, ZAMS, Zero age main sequence, Zero-age main sequence.
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What does it mean when you dream about a stag?
The word stag is associated both with the adult male version of the red deer, and with an all male event. The deer can represent either the forces of nature that are hunted down and killed, or masculinity.
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Did dinosaurs travel in herds?
Yes, some dinosaurs did apparently live and travel in herds, probably because there was “safety in numbers.” Scientists have deduced this behavior based on dinosaur trackways and huge collections of dinosaur bones that indicate massive kills (places in which large amounts of dinosaurs bones are found in one place).
In particular, many herbivores apparently traveled in herds, based on the multiple tracks left along the dinosaur trackways. The tracks also show that many herbivores held the young in the center of the herd (similar to elephant and bison herds), most likely to protect them.
Some dinosaur fossils have been found in massive collections, indicating many dozens of animals were killed in one spot. Some scientists believe such collections of animal bones show the creatures exhibited a herding behavior. In many cases, while in the herd, these animals were swiftly killed off, perhaps from a major flood, volcanic action, or a huge sandstorm. For example, the bone beds of about 100 Styracosaurus dinosaurs, a herbivore, have been discovered, as have dinosaur bones that represent dozens of Protoceratops and Triceratops in herds.
One particular herbivore called a Maiasaura (a hadrosaur) is also thought to have lived in herds and probably returned to the same nesting grounds every year. Fossil bones of these animals were found in a huge group of about 10,000 animals in Montana. The animals all died suddenly, apparently when a volcano erupted, smothering the animals with volcanic gases and covering the creatures with a thick layer of ash.
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There are schools offering civil engineering degrees in Nevada!
Around 0.4% of Nevada's graduates graduate from civil engineering degree programs every year. In other words, every year an estimated 164 civil engineers graduate from Nevada's 3 civil engineering schools.
The top-ranked school in Nevada that has a civil engineering program is University of Nevada-Las Vegas. University of Nevada-Las Vegas, which was ranked 70th in the country in 2010, is located in Las Vegas. 57 students graduated with a degree in civil engineering from University of Nevada-Las Vegas in 2010. The tuition rate at University of Nevada-Las Vegas was $5,808 per year.
The second-ranked school in Nevada with a civil engineering program is University of Nevada-Reno, which is located in Reno. In 2010, it was ranked 70th nationwide. In 2010, 102 students graduated from University of Nevada-Reno civil engineering program. Tuition at University of Nevada-Reno was $5,561 per year.
College of Southern Nevada, which is located in Las Vegas, is the third-ranked school in Nevada that has a civil engineering program. It received a ranking of 91st in the country in 2010. In 2010, College of Southern Nevada graduated 5 students from its civil engineering programs. Students at College of Southern Nevada paid $2,243 per year in tuition fees.
A civil engineering degree from a Nevada school... what next?
According the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the number of civil engineers is expected to shrink by 0% by 2018. There are projected to be 3,260 civil engineers working in the Nevada then.
The charts and graphs below have additional Nevada statistics regarding a career in civil engineering. Take a look and compare salaries with various related fields such as civil engineering or drafting.
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Identify evidence to assess the credibility of a primary historical account.
Introductory analysis: To help students acquire the tools to judge the credibility of primary source accounts.
Bridging activity: To help students make judgments about the credibility of primary accounts in anticipation of involving them in other activities requiring deeper analysis of historical sources.
Discuss the idea of judging credibility: Explain to students that credibility is the quality of being believable or trustworthy. Illustrate the idea of assessing credibility using the following scenario: “A classmate informs you that he overheard the girl of your dreams say that she wanted to go out with you.” Individually or in partners, invite students to identify questions to ask that might help whether or not to trust the statement (e.g., Has this person ever lied to you? Was the person close enough to hearing exactly what the girl was saying? Might the girl be playing a trick?). Invite students to share their questions and ask students to consider the importance of judging the credibility of accounts they encounter in their daily lives.
Introduce judging credibility of historical sources: Inform students that an important aspect of learning history is to be able to judge the credibility of primary accounts. Explain to students that historians use primary source accounts as “raw materials” from which they draw historical conclusions. Primary source accounts deliberately describe, explain or provide an “account of” an event and are original or first-hand in terms of time and access to an event. Explain that when judging the credibility of primary accounts students are to use criteria to assess the extent to which a primary source account is to be trusted. Distribute a copy of #1 Judging Credibility of Primary Accounts and explain the structure of the data chart, define important terms and outline expectations for completed sheets.
Apply the strategy to a contemporary account: Distribute #2 Example: Judging Credibility and invite students to complete the data chart #1 Judging Credibility of Primary Accounts to confirm their ability to gather relevant evidence and make plausible judgments about the credibility of a contemporary account. Invite them to share their completed data charts, or if desired, distribute assessment rubric #3 Assessing Conclusions about Credibility and invite students to peer- or self-assess their work.
Teach the required tools: If students had difficulty completing the activity, assist them in learning more about the particular criteria for judging the credibility of a primary account.
to determine faithful representation in a primary account, direct students to Tool Enhancement “A” which focuses on identifying conflict of interest.
to judge whether or not source is knowledgeable, direct students to Tool Enhancement “B”.
to determine an author’s perspective in a primary account, direct students to Tool Enhancement “C”.
to determine the believability of a primary account, direct students to Tool Enhancement “D” which focuses on corroborating primary source accounts.
Identifying conflict of interest: This section helps students understand an important part of judging faithful representation—recognizing conflicts of interest. Provide students with the following situation: The recent school science fair head judge Mr. Gordon awarded the top prize to his son Jason. Ask students if they think there is anything wrong with this scenario.
Explain to students that the above scenario is an example of a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest is defined as a situation in which an individual or organization expected to be impartial is involved in multiple interests, one of which could possibly lead to improper actions. It is important that students understand that a conflict of interest is not improper in itself, rather it presents the opportunity for an improper action to occur. For example, Mr. Gordon’s son may have been deserving of the top prize. Distribute #1 Recognizing Conflict of Interest and invite students to determine which of the examples are conflicts of interest, and which are not. When completed, invite students to share their conclusions with the rest of the class.
Judging a knowledgeable source: This section helps students judge whether an author of a primary account is a knowledgeable source of information. Ask students the following question: If you wanted to find out who started a food fight in the cafeteria at lunchtime, would you ask students who were sitting across the room from where it started, or the cafeteria lunch monitor who was standing nearby? Invite students to list the factors that make a person more or less knowledgeable source of information about an event. Explain that a knowledgeable source of a primary account is in a well-informed position to observe, experience or comment on an event. Distribute #2 Judging Knowledgeable Sources and invite students to assess each source and determine the two most knowledgeable sources of information about the featured event. Encourage students to discuss their responses.
Whether the author’s conclusions are based on a wide or narrow range of considerations.
Whether the author’s social and personal experiences provide a narrow or broad basis for drawing conclusions.
Whether the author shows sensitivity to the views of others who may have different perceptions on the event.
Write the following statement on the board: The wealthiest man in Canada, who inherited all of his wealth, said that the reason poor people have no money is because they are lazy. Ask students to identify the range of considerations, the author’s experiences and sensitivity to other viewpoints as the basis of their discussions of the author’s perspective on the causes of poverty. Invite students to share their conclusions.
Corroborating primary accounts: This section helps students corroborate or contradict a primary account by comparing the details of an event with another account of the same event. Distribute copies of #4 Two Accounts of an Accident and #5 Comparing Primary Accounts to students individually or in pairs. Ask students to read the two accounts of the accident and look for statements in each account that support each other’s account and that contradict each other. When students have recorded corroborating and contradictory evidence invite them to offer an overall assessment of the believability of the two accounts. Arrange for students to share their conclusions with other students.
Introduce a historical example: Distribute #4 Historical Sources for Judging Credibility to students individually or in pairs. It contains a primary account of Douglas’ capture of an accused murderer (Document A) and a historian’s secondary account of the capture (Document B). Explain to students that Document B can be used to corroborate the information in Document A.
Judge the credibility of the primary account: Distribute data chart #1 Judging Credibility of Primary Accounts and invite students to identify evidence about the credibility of Douglas’ primary account by completing the activity sheet. Remind students to corroborate Douglas’ account with the secondary account Document B.
Debrief the findings: After completing the data chart, invite students to share their findings with other students. Encourage students to provide feedback on other students’ completed data charts by using the assessment rubric #3 Assessing Conclusions about Credibility. Display copies of #5 Sample Answer: Judging Credibility and invite students to compare their answers with the copy provided.
Apply to other documents: When students understand what is involved in judging the credibility of primary accounts and have received feedback on their efforts, provide additional documents for students to investigate. Encourage students to judge the credibility of sources for each assigned primary account by answering orally or in writing the questions on data chart, #1 Judging Credibility of Primary Accounts.
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One of the saddest realities of poverty is that it is transmitted from generation to generation.
Many countries around the world are having serious problems of poverty. Unfortunately, this is a massive problem, and approximately 1 billion people living in poverty are innocent children. According to UNICEF, 22,000 of these children die every day because of it.
Only united as humans can we eradicate some of these problems, otherwise we are doomed. We pollute our planet in a super-fast way, causing problems with health, water and food.
It is a very complex issue that has many causes and can be considered on an individual level or by country. At the individual level, if someone does not have the skills, health or opportunity to secure a decently paying job that can guarantee their basic needs, that person will fall into poverty or, if they already suffer from poverty, never leave it.
One of the saddest realities of poverty is that it is transmitted from generation to generation. According to the United Nations, 836 million people still live in extreme poverty and about 1 in 5 people in developing regions live on less than $1.25 a day. High rates of poverty are often in small, fragile and conflict-affected countries.
In conclusion, poverty goes hand in hand with another of the most alarming social problems of this century: hunger. It is important to remember that malnutrition causes many deaths per year and that the origin of hunger is also a lack of information and education that leads to a low cultural level.
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The elements h1 to h6 group the contents of a document into sections, and briefly describe the topic of each section. There are six levels of headings, h1 being the most important and h6 the least important.
Skipping heading levels is considered bad practice. For example, if the heading h1 is followed by the heading h3, the heading h2 will have been skipped.
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The below is attributable to Spokesperson Heather Nauert:?
Secretary Michael R. Pompeo spoke with Indonesia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Retno Marsudi on October 10 to convey his condolences and continued support to those in Indonesia affected by the earthquake and tsunami that struck Central Sulawesi on September 28. Secretary Pompeo and Foreign Minister Marsudi discussed Indonesia’s efforts to respond to the natural disaster and ongoing U.S. assistance to the relief effort. The United States has provided a total of $3.7 million in humanitarian assistance through USAID, and deployed three C-130 Hercules transport aircraft to aid in the delivery of humanitarian supplies to assist people in need in the affected area.
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TL;DR Use of [img] and [you] bbcode, the latter which gets converted into the person who is viewing it’s username.
example.com then logs the username and IP.
One can use private messages to target specific people with this attack even if the [you] bbcode does not work.
Workaround: Use Content-Security-Policy to restrict img-src to approved image hosts or proxy images over your own servers.
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Implement a breadcrumb in Angular part 2Last month I showed how we could build a breadcrumb with PrimeNG in Angular (you can read it as appetizer if you are interested in implementing a breadcrumb bar). In my previous post, I suggested to have a service BreadcrumbService which would hold the crumbs and get updated in ngOnInit of the component used on the route. Since then, I always was uncomfortable with this approach as this meant that my component would know the existance of a breadcrumb, because it updates it, while I always believed it should not know and not care.
Implicit flow with Identity Server and ASP NET CoreFew months ago I talked about Resource owner password flow with Identity Server and ASP NET Core. But as mentioned in multi places, ROP is an anti pattern when it comes down to a correct implementation of Open ID Connect. A more appropriate flow for API <-> SPA authentication is the Implicit flow. Today we will see how we can implement it in 5 steps:1. Configure Identity server 2. Configure Identity server Login 3. Protect our Api 4. Log in from the JS client 5. Configure Identity server Consent 1. Configure Identity serverWith the Implicit flow, all the authentication process happens through the browser. The user will be redirected to a login page delivered by the Identity server, then the redirect authentication will all taken place within the Identity server.
JS being dynamic it is very easy to extend since anything is assumed to exist. In the context of extension methods, the only step needed is to add the method to the prototype of the class and we are done.
Typescript kept that flexibility but in order to provide type safety on top of it, extra steps are needed.Today I would like to share how we can create extension methods in Typescript by extending existing types. This post will be composed by 2 parts:1. Extending a core type 2. Extending a library type 1. Extending a core typeThe first thing we need to do is create the function which will become the extension.
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Can you train your abs with kettlebell exercises?
A humble lump of metal that sits unobtrusively in the corner of many a home gym, and yet, has become in recent years perhaps one of the most versatile training aids on the market for those looking to build muscle and make gains in explosive power and strength.
Although the exercise plans based around KB's are endless and varied, today I am going to focus solely on targeting the abs, and on developing that core workout strength which is so important to anyone undertaking any form of serious physical training.
and the transversus abdominis to name some of the major ones.
Now although it is the rectus abdominis which is the mainly visible, you're going to want to hit all those muscles as part of your ab routine as they all play a major part in developing core strength and overall stabilization of the body. (I would also include the mid-lower back muscles in a kettlebell core workout for this reason).
Fortunately, the kettlebell lends itself very well to core strength training and there are a number of exercises out there guaranteed to give those abs a good going over.
There are a million kettlebell manufacturers on the market, but don't fret choosing the right kettlebell too much.
The kettlebell swing is all about technique, and when you've nailed the technique, it’s all about endurance and explosive power. This is perhaps one of the best all round kettlebell exercises out there for building a strong core.
I'd recommend starting light (nothing over 8-10kg at the most) and getting the movement dialed in. Then you can ramp up the reps and work up to a weight that suits you. This is a good one for getting the heart rate going and can become a real endurance blast if that's your thing; just pay particular attention to your lower back and revise your technique of you experience any pain in that area.
If you want to target the obliques and lats and add a little extra challenge, you could always change things up and work on lateral swings. Again watch your technique, particularly with heavier weights and keep those abs engaged to protect the lower back.
One of my all-time favorite kettlebell core exercises, this can be a real punisher. I prefer to use a slightly heavier 'bell and lower the reps accordingly, but you can also lighten the weight and go for maximum endurance, it’s going to hurt either way!
Once you have a good few weeks of this under your belt you could perform the same exercise on a declined ab bench. Just keep the movement under control at all times, particularly if you're using a heavier weight, and keep those abs engaged to avoid stress where you don’t want it.
Ouch. As if the plank wasn't torture enough, the plank row adds in a new challenge and stimulates the obliques and lats in a whole different way. I would recommend building up to this exercise by becoming proficient at the plank beforehand, as it's pointless adding in a row while letting your plank form drop out.
A good one for targeting the obliques; you're going to want to go heavier on this exercise as high rep endurance work doesn't really work here (unless you want to count into the low hundreds).
Sometimes the old ways are still the best... well, maybe not, but weighted sit-ups are definitely a good weapon to keep handy in your ab toolbox. Be careful not to overload with these. Just because you can bang out 150 declined ab bench sit-ups doesn't mean that adding a few kg to your upper body isn't going to be a challenge.
I like to work these in alongside my regular sit-ups, maybe going into the high rep-range with standard sit-ups, then a low number of the weighted variety before discarding the kettlebell and going to failure un-weighted.
Kettlebell Ab Exercises - Got Any Questions?
The exercises outlined above are just a few of my favourites and a mere fraction of what is available in the world of kettlebell training. It's worth shopping around to see what suits you, and then spending a bit of time finding out what works with your training regime.
A simple google search will yield more workout plans than you'll ever need, but for a more in-depth analysis and focused approach I would recommend reading something like Simple and Sinister by Pavell.
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Sir Edward John Poynter, 1st Baronet GCVO, PRA (20 March 1836 in Paris – 26 July 1919 in London) was an English painter, designer, and draughtsman who served as President of the Royal Academy.
Poynter was the son of architect Ambrose Poynter. He was born in Paris, though his parents returned to Britain soon after. He was educated at Brighton College and Ipswich School, but left school early for reasons of ill health, spending winters in Madeira and Rome. In 1853 he met Frederick Leighton in Rome, who made a great impression on the 17-year-old Poynter. On his return to London he studied at Leigh's Academy in Newman Street and the Royal Academy Schools, before going to Paris to study in the studio of the classicist painter Charles Gleyre where James McNeill Whistler and George du Maurier were fellow-students. In 1866 Poynter married the famous beauty Agnes MacDonald, daughter of the Rev G B MacDonald of Wolverhampton, and they had three children. Her sister Georgiana married the artist Edward Burne-Jones; her sister Alice was the mother of writer Rudyard Kipling; and her sister Louisa was the mother of three-times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Stanley Baldwin.
He became best known for his large historical paintings such as Israel in Egypt (1867; Guildhall Art Gallery, London), followed by St George for England (1869), a mosaic for the Central Lobby of the Palace of Westminster, depicting St George and the Dragon. Visit of the Queen of Sheba (1871–75) and King Solomon (1890). He was admitted as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1869.
Poynter held a number of official posts: he was the first Slade Professor at University College London from 1871 to 1875, principal of the National Art Training School from 1875 to 1881 and director of the National Gallery from 1894 to 1904 (overseeing the opening of the Tate Gallery). He became a Royal Academician in 1876. In 1896, on the death of Sir John Millais, Poynter was elected President of the Royal Academy. He received a knighthood in the same year and an honorary degree from Cambridge University in 1898. It was announced that he would receive a baronetcy in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 for the (subsequently postponed) coronation of King Edward VII, and on 24 July 1902 he was created a Baronet, of Albert gate, in the city of Westminster, in the county of London.
It appears from the subjects of his paintings (King Solomon and King Solomon's Temple) and his association with Kipling that he was a Freemason. Prints of his painting The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon are to be found in many Masonic Lodges around the world.
Poynter's old school, Brighton College held an exhibition of Poynter's paintings and drawings entitled 'Life at Arms Length' in its Burstow Gallery in November–December 1995.
Ten lectures on art (London: Chapman and Hall, 1880).
Buxton, H. J. Wilmot (co-author). German, Flemish and Dutch painting (Scribner and Welford, 1881).
^ "The Register, Adelaide, June 27, 1902". Trove. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ "Poynter, Edward John (PNTR898SE)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ "The Coronation Honours". The Times (36804). London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
^ "No. 27457". The London Gazette. 25 July 1902. p. 4738.
Bell,Malcolm. Drawings of Sir E. J. Poynter ( London: G. Newnes, ltd., 1905).
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Poynter, Sir Edward John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 239.
This page is based on the Wikipedia article Edward Poynter; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.
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I'm writing a test program that can detect pops/cracks/noise (unknown frequencies and duration) in the audio output of an audio device. The purpose of this program is to reduce human error and make the test more systematic.
The test consists of playing a pure sine tone (say, 1kHz) by the test device, and recording the analog output with a recording device. The minimum test duration is 8 hours and any artifacts present in the output will be logged and saved for future access.
Record 10 seconds of audio samples.
Apply window, run FFT on the recorded samples.
Record the next 10 seconds of samples.
Apply window, run FFT on new samples.
Compare both FFTs. If the frequency bins have similar power (to a set episilon), then the audio signal is clean. Otherwise, log the timestamp of this occurence.
Repeat steps 1-5 until 8 hours have surpassed.
A 1kHz sine tone, along with a 0.01s 3.5kHz sine tone that repeats randomly, is used as a test signal for the program. Unfortunately, my results have a high frequency resolution and it seems difficult to detect what is considered noise.
I am not well-versed in DSP and was wondering how I can improve the accuracy of my results?
I'm writing a test program that can detect pops/cracks/noise (unknown frequencies and duration) in the audio output of an audio device.
Pops/cracks are impulsive in nature and therefore quite broadband. noise is very broad but I would assume here that is anything additive to the sinusoid.
You can catch all three, given reasonable assumptions, using the same way that Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is measured.
To do that, setup a very narrow band-stop filter, also known as a Notch filter, and apply it to the recorded signal directly. The cut-off frequency of the Notch filter should be exactly on the frequency of the sinusoid you are recording.
The signal at the output of the notch filter will contain everything except the sinusoid signal.
Which means that you would be able to capture cracks and pops, because they would spill across the spectrum as well as any additive noise to the signal.
To quantify the extent to which your signal is "noisy", you can then apply an envelope detector, which in your case is basically a moving average filter followed by a threshold.
The idea there is that you integrate the "residual signal" (what is left after you have removed the sinusoid) over a period of time depending on the sort of temporal resolution you want to achieve and then you threshold that quantity. Basically, if the total sum of the signal over 5 seconds (for instance) becomes larger than some threshold (similar to the $\epsilon$ you seem to already have used), then that time interval is marked as "noisy".
For a notch filter you can design one using plain simple pole-zero placement or use a Twin-T.
If the Q-factor of those filters is not satisfactory, in other words, if the Notch filters you obtain with these methods are not selective enough, then you can simply subtract the sinusoid at the input from the recorded signal. Of course, this has to be done "carefully" because any phase difference inserted in the middle would result in an offset of your $\epsilon$ and to cut a long story short, prior to subtracting the sinusoid, you would first have to make sure that its phase is aligned, in which case we are into the Phase Locked Loop land. The PLL will basically be generating a local sinusoid that is locked on to the phase and frequency of the incoming sinusoid and you can use that to subtract it from your recorded signal. This would make it probably the sharpest of notch filters.
You could of course sum all the bins except the bin that contains the sinusoid you are trying to measure but the challenging aspect there is going to be the resolution of the DFT.
then, it is good to keep in mind that a single thread application would miss part of "reality" between steps 1 and 3 when it was processing the frame (but not recording). You can minimise this "gap" error by processing smaller chunks of audio but within limits. To truly do it in as close to real-time as possible way, you would need to have one thread recording sound and stuffing a queue with frames and another thread on the other side of the queue popping frames for processing.
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Congratulations to Susan Russell who receives her atomic wedgie for being so clever, as well as a $50 gift code to ThinkGeek! Check out the solution after the jump and receive a ThinkGeek code for $10 off your next purchase of $40 or more.
and sports is the only thing that brings meaning to life. You bring the kids together and announce that they will all be playing hockey from now on and any backtalk will get them an atomic wedgie as punishment.
As you approach your youngest child with your wedgie hand at the ready, your oldest blurts out the answers to the questions from the puzzle.
What were the answers to the puzzle's questions?
As given, C's match must have been against A and the score must have been 2–2. A's other game was against B and B lost this game 1–2.
To get the correct table, we must keep aware of the fact that the figures given are wrong.
- A did not play two games; A played one. C did not play one game; C played two. B played one since the total of games must be even.
- C did not win "none" nor lose "none"; C won one game and lost one game. B did not win "none;" B won against C, therefore C won against A. We also know that the goals given are all wrong.
The possible scores in A's game against C are 0–1; 0–2; 0–4; 1–2.
You are able to derive all the details from your knowledge of the score in a match in which two goals were scored. The only scores with two goals are B v. C (2–0) and A v. C (0–2). There is no possible score which goes with B v. C (2–0) so it must be A v. C (0–2) which then makes the score in B v. C 3–1.
When your oldest gives the answer, you yourself blurt out "April fools" and your children (particularly your youngest) breathe a sigh of relief.
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We flipped one server flag and got more download bandwidth for Spotify users. That is the TL;DR of this A/B experiment with BBR, a new TCP option.
BBR is a TCP congestion control algorithm developed by Google. It aims to make Internet data transfers faster, which is no small feat!
The basic principle behind Spotify streaming is simple. We store each encoded music track as a file, copied on HTTP servers across the world. When a user plays a song, the Spotify app will fetch the file in chunks from a nearby server with HTTP GET range requests. A typical chunk size is 512kB.
Playback latency, the time from click to sound.
Stutter, the number of skips/pauses during playback.
Stutter happens mostly due to audio buffer underruns when download bandwidth is low. So our metrics map closely to connection time and transfer bandwidth. Classic stuff.
Now, how could BBR improve our streaming?
Let’s look at a file transfer from server to client. The server sends data in TCP packets. The client confirms delivery by returning ACKs. The connection has a limited capacity depending on hardware and network conditions. If the server sends too many packets too quickly, they will simply be dropped along the way. The server registers this as missing ACKs. The role of a congestion control algorithm is to look at the flow of send+ACKs and decide on a send rate.
Many popular options, like CUBIC, focus on packet loss. As long as there is no packet loss, they increase send rate, and when packets start disappearing, they back off. One problem with this approach is a tendency to overreact to small amounts of random packet loss, interpreting it as a sign of congestion.
BBR, on the other hand, looks at round trip time and arrival rate of packets to build an internal model of the connection capacity. Once it has measured the current bandwidth, it keeps the send rate at that level even if there is some noise in the form of packet loss.
There is more to BBR than this, but the throughput improvements are what interest us here.
Many internet protocol changes require coordinated updates to clients and servers (looking at you, IPv6!). BBR is different, it only needs to be enabled on the sender’s side. It can even be enabled after the socket is already opened!
The other requests get served using the default, CUBIC.
We saw most of the improvements in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, with 17% and 12% decreases in stutter, respectively. Bandwidth increased 15-25% for slower downloads, and around 10% for the median.
By comparison, Europe and North America had 3-5% improvement in stutter, and around 5% in bandwidth.
During our experiment, we experienced a network congestion event with a South American upstream provider. This is where BBR really got to shine!
This is the difference between our users barely noticing, vs. getting playback issues bad enough to contact Customer Support.
Our results are in line with reports from GCP, YouTube and Dropbox traffic. Performance with increased packet loss is also in line with results from earlier Google experiments.
There have been experiments showing that BBR may crowd out CUBIC traffic, among other problems. In the scope of our own traffic, we have not seen any indications of that so far. For example, we use a few different CDN partners for audio delivery, but we only ran the BBR experiment on one. The non-BBR group does not show any noticeable performance decrease vs other CDNs. We will continue to follow this closely.
We are very pleased with BBR’s performance so far. Moving our playback quality metrics in the right direction is fiendishly difficult, and normally involves trade-offs, e.g. stutter versus audio bitrate. With BBR, we have seen a substantial improvement at no apparent cost.
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Bess Myerson (July 16, 1924 – December 14, 2014) was an American politician, model and television actress who became famous in 1945 as the first Jewish Miss America. Myerson is the only Jewish woman to win the title.
Her achievement, in the aftermath of the Holocaust, was seen as an affirmation of the Jewish place in American life. She was a hero to the Jewish community, where "she was the most famous pretty girl since Queen Esther."
Myerson made frequent television appearances during the 1950s and 1960s. She was a commissioner in the New York City government and served on presidential commissions from the 1960s through the 1980s, and ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate. Her career in public service ended in the late 1980s when she was indicted on bribery and conspiracy charges. She was acquitted after a highly publicized trial.
Myerson was born in The Bronx, New York to Louis Myerson and Bella (née Podell), who were Jewish immigrants from Russia. Myerson's father worked as a housepainter, handyman, and carpenter. After Myerson's birth, the family moved from the South Bronx to Shalom Aleichem Houses, a cooperative apartment complex in the northern Bronx. She had three siblings: a younger sister, Helen; an elder sister, Sylvia; and a brother, Joseph, who died at the age of three before Myerson was born.
Her upbringing emphasized the importance of scholarship, not physical beauty. In addition to tradesmen, her neighbors included poets, writers, and artists. Myerson reached her adult height when she was 12, towered over other children, and has said she felt "awkward and gawky" during her preadolescence. Myerson recalled one of her worst childhood memories was playing the Popeye character, Olive Oyl, in an elementary school play.
Myerson began studying piano when she was nine years old and was in the second class of New York's High School of Music and Art in 1937, graduating in 1941. She went on to Hunter College, graduating with honors in 1945 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music. To support herself and her family while in college she gave piano lessons for fifty cents an hour, and worked as a music counselor at a girl's summer camp in Vermont.
By the time she was 21, Myerson was 5 feet 10 inches (178 cm) tall with "luxuriant brown hair". Myerson was entered into the Miss New York City competition, without her knowledge, by John C. Pape, a retired steel magnate and amateur photographer who had employed her as a model while she was in college. When Myerson was told about the pageant by her sister, Sylvia, who was acquainted with Pape, Myerson was angry as she felt that the beauty business was "embarrassing." However, she was persuaded to compete by Sylvia, and she competed in the swimsuit competition using a borrowed bathing suit.
Myerson went on to enjoy competing in the pageant, in which she stood out from the other contestants because of her height. On August 15, 1945, the day of Japan's surrender and on VJ Day, she won the competition for the pageant, and moved on to the Miss America competition, partly motivated by the $5,000 scholarship awarded to the winner. She later told interviewers she wanted to buy a black Steinway grand piano with the scholarship money.
Myerson was the Miss New York entry in the 1945 Miss America pageant, and she competed in the talent portion of the contest by performing the music of Edvard Grieg and George Gershwin. Prior to the competition, she was pressured to use a pseudonym that "sounded less Jewish." Despite the news of the Holocaust, which was discovered in parts of Europe four months earlier, America still viewed itself as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant society which manifested hostility towards people of Catholic faith and Jewish ancestry. Myerson refused and was subjected to substantial antisemitism. After she won the title on September 8, 1945, three of the pageant's five sponsors withdrew from having her represent their companies as Miss America.
With the pageant scholarship money, she paid for graduate studies at Juilliard and Columbia University. An aspiring pianist, she briefly gave recitals on the vaudeville circuit before realizing audiences were more interested in seeing her in a bathing suit. She also played with the New York Philharmonic and appeared at Carnegie Hall.
While Myerson was on her year-long tour as Miss America, she encountered "No Jews" signs posted in places such as hotels and country clubs. Such experiences led her to conduct lectures on behalf of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) entitled "You Can't Be Beautiful and Hate". Myerson became a vocal opponent of antisemitism and racism, and her speaking tour became the highlight of her Miss America reign.
A few years after hearing her speak at an ADL function, television producer Walt Framer hired Myerson for the 1950s game show The Big Payoff. She was the "Lady in Mink" modeling the grand prize mink coat, and introducing guests and prizes, throughout the 1951 to 1959 network run of the program. Recognized for her wit and hard work, as well as her beauty, in 1954 Myerson was a panelist on the game show The Name's the Same and from 1958 through 1967 a panelist on I've Got a Secret. She regularly substituted for Dave Garroway on the Today Show. She was also a host of the television broadcast of the Miss America pageant from 1954 to 1968.
Myerson stepped down from her other commitments in 1969 when appointed by Mayor John V. Lindsay to become the first Commissioner of the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs. Her career as a commercial pitchwoman for a number of products throughout the 1950s and 1960s had led to her becoming a consultant to several consumer products companies. In her consumer affairs position, which she held until 1973, she became a pioneer in consumer protection law. She also served on several presidential commissions on violence, mental health, workplace issues, and hunger in the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout the late 1970s and the beginning of his mayoral ambitions, Myerson was a frequent public companion of then-Congressman Ed Koch and later chaired his successful 1977 campaign for New York City mayor.
In 1980, Myerson vied for the Democratic nomination in New York's U.S. Senate race against Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman, Queens District Attorney John J. Santucci, and Lindsay. Myerson lost to Holtzman by a slim margin. Holtzman was subsequently defeated by Al D'Amato, who had defeated incumbent Senator Jacob Javits in the Republican primary.
In 2002, Myerson appeared in the documentary film Miss America as a former Miss America interviewee.
After assuming a prominent role in the Koch administration in 1983 as Commissioner of the Department of Cultural Affairs, her career became overshadowed by scandal. She became romantically involved with a married sewer contractor, Carl Andrew Capasso. It soon emerged that Hortense Gabel (the judge involved in Capasso's divorce case) had started socializing with Myerson. Judge Gabel's daughter (Sukhreet) was also hired by Myerson. After Gabel cut Capasso's child support payments, investigations began as to whether or not she had been bribed. In April 1987, after she invoked the Fifth Amendment, Myerson was forced to resign her position with the Koch administration. The scandal became known as the "Bess Mess".
Indicted a year later by the office of then–U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani, Myerson, Capasso, and Gabel were tried on federal charges of conspiracy, mail fraud, obstruction of justice, and using interstate facilities to violate state bribery laws, accused of conspiring to reduce Capasso's child support payments. With Sukhreet as the prosecution's chief witness, the main issue at the U.S. District Court trial was whether Myerson's decision to hire Sukhreet constituted bribery. After four months of trial proceedings, all three defendants were acquitted. Capasso was separately convicted of unrelated tax charges.
In October 1946, Myerson married Allan Wayne, a recently discharged U.S. Navy captain. They had one daughter, Barbara, born in 1948. The marriage was marred by domestic violence, and the couple divorced after eleven years. Myerson's second marriage was to attorney Arnold Grant, and he legally adopted her daughter in 1962. The couple divorced in the early 1970s. Daughter Barbara later became an actress, director, and screenwriter who is now known as Barra Grant.
Before her federal trial began, Myerson was arrested in May 1988 for shoplifting in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. She pleaded guilty to retail theft and was ordered to pay a fine.
Myerson survived ovarian cancer in the 1970s and experienced a mild stroke in 1981, from which she made a full recovery. She moved to Florida in 2002, and later moved to California, where she remained until her death. Myerson donated funds to help build "Bessie's Bistro" at the Jewish Museum of Florida-FIU in memory of her parents Bella and Louis Myerson who lived in the neighborhood near the Museum. In 2013, she was reported to be suffering from dementia.
Myerson died on December 14, 2014, in Santa Monica, California, at age 90. Her death was not publicly announced and was confirmed by the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office three weeks after she died. Myerson was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in Santa Monica.
^ Fermino, Jennifer (5 January 2015). "Ex-Miss America, New York City politician Bess Myerson dead at 90". The Daily News. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i Green, David (2014-07-16). "This day in Jewish history/A Jewish Miss America who scandalized the press is born". Haaretz.
^ "New York Historic Districts Council". 6tocelebrate.org. 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
^ Adam Wisnieski (May 25, 2011). "Shalom Aleichem owner will fight to stay". The Riverdale Press. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Woo, Elaine (5 January 2015). "Bess Myerson, Miss America who rose in politics and fell in scandal, dies at 90". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ a b c d e f g "Jewish Women's Archive: Bess Myerson". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ a b Berman, Susan (14 November 1977). "Bess Myerson Is One Tough Customer". New York. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ Halper, Donna (2014). Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in American Broadcasting 2d ed. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780765636706.
^ Kevin Eckstrom, Religion News Service (6 January 2015). "Bess Myerson on being the first (and only) Jewish Miss America". Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
^ McCallister, Doreen (6 January 2015). "From Miss America To Tabloid Fodder: Bess Myerson Dies At 90". The Two Way (blog). National Public Radio. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ "Bess Myerson, First Jewish Miss America, Dies at 90". Voice of America. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ Salkin, Jeffrey (6 January 2015). "Why Bess Myerson still matters". The Washington Post. Religion News Service. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ Lepson, Lisa. "Bess Myerson". Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ "Lindsay Names Bess Myerson to Aid Shopper" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 February 1969. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
^ Murphy, William (5 January 2015). "Bess Myerson, first Jewish Miss America, television star and NYC's first consumer affairs commissioner, dies at 90". Newsday. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ Susan Berman (November 14, 1977). "Bess Myerson Is One Tough Customer". New York Magazine. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
^ a b Saulny, Susan (15 March 2001). "Carl A. Capasso, 55, Figure in 80's Trial With Bess Myerson". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "Miss America Wins Again". Time. January 2, 1989. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
^ "Milestones, October 28, 1946". Time. October 28, 1946. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ "Bess Myerson Is Accused Of Shoplifting". New York Times. May 28, 1988. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
^ "Myerson Pleads Guilty to Shoplifting Charge in Pennsylvania". New York Times. July 16, 1988. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
^ "Jewish Museum of Florida". Jewish Museum of Florida-FIU.
^ Soloff, Emily D. (6 October 1995). "Bess Myerson reflects on fame, Miss America and Judaism". JWeekly.com. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ Green, Michelle (29 June 1987). "Downfall of An American Idol: How Did Miss America Bess Myerson, Famous for Her Beauty and Brains, Get Entangled in a Growing Political Scandal?". People. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ Dillon, Nancy (2 February 2013). "Ed Koch's pal, former Miss America Bess Myerson, was a constant at his side". The Daily News. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ Bernstein, Adam (January 5, 2015). "Bess Myerson, a Miss America tarnished by scandal, dies at 90". Retrieved December 18, 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
^ "Bess Myerson (1924-2014)". Find A Grave. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Alexander, Shana (1990). When She Was Bad: The Story of Bess, Hortense, Sukhreet & Nancy. New York: Random House. ISBN 0394576063.
Dworkin, Susan (2000). Miss America, 1945 : Bess Myerson and the year that changed our lives (1st pbk. ed.). New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1557043817.
Preston, Jennifer (1990). Queen Bess : the unauthorized biography of Bess Myerson. Chicago: Contemporary Books. ISBN 0809245302.
Shindle, Kate (2014). Being Miss America: Behind the Rhinestone Curtain. Austin: Univ Of Texas Press. ISBN 0292739214.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bess Myerson.
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A relational database is a set of formally described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. The standard user and application programming interface (API) of a relational database is the Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL statements are used both for interactive queries for information from a relational database and for gathering data for reports.
What's in a relational database model?
The relational database was invented in 1970 by E. F. Codd, then a young programmer at IBM. In his paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," Codd proposed shifting from storing data in hierarchical or navigational structures to organizing data in tables containing rows and columns.
Each table, which is sometimes called a relation, in a relational database contains one or more data categories in columns, also called attributes. Each row, also called a record or tuple, contains a unique instance of data, or key, for the categories defined by the columns. Each table has a unique primary key, which identifies the information in a table. The relationship between tables can then be set via the use of foreign keys -- a field in a table that links to the primary key of another table.
For example, a typical business order entry database would include a table that described a customer with columns for name, address, phone number and so forth. Another table would describe an order: product, customer, date, sales price and so forth. A user of a relational database can then obtain a view of the database to fit their needs. For example, a branch office manager might like a view or report on all customers that bought products after a certain date. A financial services manager in the same company could, from the same tables, obtain a report on accounts that need to be paid.
A relational database includes tables containing rows and columns.
Entity integrity ensures that the primary key in a table is unique and that the value is not set to null.
Referential integrity requires that every value in a foreign key column will be found in the primary key of the table from which it originated.
There are a number of database categories, from basic flat files that aren't relational to NoSQL to newer graph databases that are considered even more relational than standard relational databases.
A flat file database consists of a single table of data that has no interrelation -- typically text files. This type of file enables users to specify data attributes, such as columns and data types.
Standard relational databases enable users to manage predefined data relationships across multiple databases. Popular relational databases include Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, MySQL and IBM DB2. Cloud-based relational databases, or database as a service (DBaaS), are also widely used because they enable companies to outsource database maintenance, patching and infrastructure support requirements. Cloud relational databases include Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS), Google Cloud SQL, IBM DB2 on Cloud, Microsoft Azure SQL Database and Oracle Database Cloud Service.
A NoSQL database is an alternative to relational databases that's especially useful for working with large sets of distributed data. These databases can support a variety of data models, including key-value, document, columnar and graph formats.
A graph database expands beyond traditional column- and row-based relational data models; this NoSQL database uses nodes and edges that represent connections between data relationships and can discover new relationships between the data. Graph databases are more sophisticated than relational databases, and thus, their uses include fraud detection or web recommendation engines.
The main advantages of relational databases are that they enable users to easily categorize and store data that can later be queried and filtered to extract specific information for reports. Relational databases are also easy to extend and aren't reliant on physical organization. After the original database creation, a new data category can be added without all existing applications being modified.
Accurate: Data is stored just once, which eliminates data deduplication.
Flexible: Complex queries are easy for users to carry out.
Collaborative: Multiple users can access the same database.
Trusted: Relational database models are mature and well-understood.
Secure: Data in tables within relational database management systems (RDBMSes) can be limited to allow access by only particular users.
How does your organization utilize relational databases, and have you considered alternatives like NoSQL?
As I read the Bible on a daily basis I want to capture my thoughts of different words or topics to a 'database' so later I can search by either word, scripture reference, or my thoughts. Basically I want to build my own 'concordance' of my study. I want to be able to open, for instance, the topic of 'wind' where I have previously entered a scripture reference and add another reference under 'wind'. I understand that a database can do this, but I get confused by how to do this. Can anyone help?
I couldn't remember what a relational database was. Your definition sufficed! It was well written.
Thanks for the feedback! It's greatly appreciated.
Hi Abdul! I wanted to let you know that we're updating this definition to be more informative, and we absolutely take feedback seriously.
Thanks for taking the time to reach out.
Can anyone here help me with DBMS?
At present our company uses Access with back end tables to capture details on customers generators and parts - prices. We then can generate quotations and cost sheets from word and excel. This is all locally based on a server. Due to it is success I have been asked to enable it to go nationally. Microsoft are no longer recommending "Access Services for new web apps and web databases". Can you please recommend the best route I should take as I have 9 relationship table. I have no experience in Power Apps Azure etc so I am not sure where to start to develop and how to transfer or link to my existing details.
Here， how to design a relational database for a sports company? how to describe a transaction table in sports ralstional database?
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When Waves started a hardware modeling project with Eddie Kramer, it was always their intention to create a model of the original recording chain from Olympic Studios in London that Eddie used on his great recordings of Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones and Jimi Hendrix. The model of the Helios Console Channel was challenging, resulting in the Waves Kramer HLS Channel. Next was the modeling of the famous PYE compressor which was released as Waves Kramer PIE Compressor.
Missing from this ‘golden’ chain was the classic American tube analogue tape machine used for these recordings. Waves acquired what they believed was the right machine and set about modeling, knowing it would be difficult based on what was already on the market. As it turned out, the task was much more daunting than anticipated and Waves’ first attempt, the initial Kramer Master Tape, was withdrawn shortly after being introduced into testing. It turned out that this third piece of the Kramer Olympic chain was going to be the hardest.
Waves discovered (along with the guidance of some of their Beta team) that they were missing a number of things, each one extremely complicated by itself, and in total representing a huge challenge. Thanks to the guidance of Bob Olhsson and John Haeny, Waves were ultimately directed to the correct transport and tube electronics. With Bob’s help, one of these rare beasts was found in Florida owned by Eric Shilling. Eric kindly agreed to let Waves do some preliminary testing to ensure that this machine was producing the sound that both Bob and John had missed in Waves’ first effort.
To clarify what appears to be a contradiction regarding the Olympic tape machine being an American product in a British studio, it should be made clear that at the time Eddie Kramer was working at Olympic Studios in London, it was these American tape machines that Olympic and their clients were using as master recorders.
This world famous tube tape machine was the mainstay of the recording industry (particularly in America) and was used for literally thousands of hit albums and singles over more than two decades of recording. For example in 1954, an early tube analogue reel-to-reel tape machine recorded the historic first single of an unknown truck driver named Elvis Presley, "That's All Right" at Sun Studios in Memphis. This same reelto-reel tape machine was also the backbone of the earliest days of multi-track recording. The first of the 8-track versions of this recorder was custom built for and sold to Les Paul for $10,000 in 1957, and was installed in his home recording studio. It became known as the "Octopus”. 8-track serial number #3 of the same machine was sold to Atlantic Records at Tom Dowd’s insistence in early 1958. Atlantic Records was the first record company to use a multi-track recorder in their studio on a regular basis. Just pause for a moment and contemplate all the great recordings that came out of that Atlantic Records recording studio. If they ever were to induct a tape recorder into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, this would be the machine!
With the modeling project still appearing workable, it turned out that the recording curve, tape speed, tape emulsion, tape thickness, flux or level recorded on the tape (more later), and the bias settings all greatly impacted the final result. So again, with Bob and John’s help, endless discussions and tests were made regarding tape types and alignment techniques until what Waves were going to model was finally settled. Over time and with much experimentation, they made sample recordings that both Bob and John agreed had established a solid baseline from which to proceed. It would be these initial samples of the test recordings that would be used for detailed comparison to ensure that each model was performing accurately.
Once again, Eric Shilling came to the rescue and agreed to do the massive testing and modeling runs required to model the two primary tape speeds, a number of tape emulsions plus variations in flux and bias settings as well as approaches to alignment techniques.
With the modeling files in hand, Waves began the excessively complex task of creating models, not only of the variety of analogue tape recordings, but the variety of bias, flux levels (tape saturation) and speed settings. When Waves began evolving early stage Alpha plugs, they required painstaking subjective analysis by comparison to the original samples recorded on the original tape machine and then through feedback to the development and engineering team, the models were honed. Because Waves felt they could best do their development using only one platform at a time, they chose to do their final development on the Macintosh, at which time Bob, who primarily uses a PC, offered to take a back seat. John volunteered to take up the slack and became a more or less full-time co-developer of the Kramer Master Tape plugin.
What Was Modeled And How Does That Affect The GUI And The Operation Of The Kramer Master Tape?
Waves modeled 3M Scotch 207 tape as it was considered an excellent match for this machine. Originally 3M Scotch 111 tape would have been the tape of choice for many during the early days of analogue tape recording. There were other earlier tape types that were exceedingly popular as well - for example, 3M Scotch 201/202/203 was used extensively by Motown, but sadly it was no longer available in a sufficient and durable enough quantity for this project. Waves was also able to source an amount of an earlier tape stock, 3M Scotch 131, but sadly the quality was poor and it did not hold up during the modeling process. Because the members of the Waves team had extensive experience with 3M Scotch 206 (a 1.5 millimeter base) and 3M Scotch 207 (a 1.0 millimeter base), 207 was selected because of the slightly thinner base, although perhaps subject to greater print-through (clearly not an issue for a tape modeled plugin), 207 provided a more intimate recording and playback head contact (called ‘tape wrap’) and thus produced a more extended high frequency response. Fortunately John Haeny had a sufficient supply of virgin 3M Scotch 207 stock for the purpose so off the shipment flew from Australia to Florida.
The original machine’s transport has 2 speeds: 15 ips (inches per second), and 7.5 ips. 15 ips was the default professional standard providing the best high frequency response and the lowest noise. 15 ips has a gentle roll off at around 16 kHz. 7.5 ips was the minimum reasonable professional quality speed for studios and there was also a fair amount of equipment for the home that operated at 7.5 ips. 7.5 ips has quite a high frequency loss with a roll-off starting at around 8 kHz, but 7.5 ips managed to preserve low frequencies better than 15 ips with a slightly more ‘solid’ bottom end and therefore was widely used in rock recordings in the 60’s and 70’s.
When switching between the 2 speeds you should expect to get a very much improved high frequency response with 15 ips when compared to 7.5 ips but perhaps a somewhat less tight low end. Note that 15 ips will also provide less THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) than 7.5 ips. There is also a shift in the frequency of the noise by an octave between 7.5 ips and 15 ips, with the noise at 15 ips sounding an octave higher than 7.5 ips. The significance of this difference has always been argued, with some preferring the noise signature of 7.5 ips and others preferring the noise signature of 15 ips. As time progressed and 30 ips became popular, many used 30 ips because as the noise shifted upwards yet another octave from 15 ips, it moved further away from the fundamental musical frequencies and thus became less obtrusive. Experiment and form your own opinions on the issue of speed vs. noise vs. frequency response.
At the time of the modeled tape machine’s popularity, there were a number of magnetic tape recording standards in use worldwide. Because of the inherent limitations in analogue tape recording, these curves generally applied high frequency pre-emphasis equalization during recording and then applied a high frequency post-emphasis during playback. The net result of this was to maintain high frequency response according to the standard being used with the added benefit of also reducing tape noise. The most popular standard in Europe at this time was CCIR; in America, the standard was NAB (National Association of Broadcasters). The machine at Olympic, as best we can determine, was a NAB machine although the manufacturer would provide CCIR machines on special order. Additionally, NAB was the standard used for the vast majority of the American pop recordings done on this machine. Because the NAB standard provides the most accurate sonic signature of this legendary American tape machine, the NAB standard was chosen by Waves for the Kramer Master Tape model.
Defined: Bias is a high frequency signal, typically between 40 kHz and 150 kHz, applied to the record head along with the audio signal when an audio track is placed into record. The bias current solves a critical problem when recording to analog tape. When the amplitude of an audio signal passes through the zero voltage crossing, the magnetic field created by the record head is not strong enough to polarize the magnetic oxide particles on the tape. Thus, a distortion of the original audio signal is introduced. To minimize this distortion, the bias current is applied to break down this resistance to polarization. The audio signal can then be recorded more accurately without the effects of low level distortion. The amount of bias current applied is critical to the frequency response and distortion characteristics of an analog recording.
Waves modeled and have provided you with two bias settings. “Nominal Bias,” the manufacturer’s recommendation for bias adjustment (directly from the original operator’s manual for the modeled machine) was recommended in the early years to try and reach the best recording levels with the minimum amount of distortion and the maximum frequency response. This setting produced a fairly low noise level (around 60 dB lower than the peak signal), and around 2 to 3 dB of high frequency loss with a moderate amount of high frequency distortion.
During the ’60s, after a number of years of working with these tapes, many professional studio engineers and technicians discovered that by overbiasing (increasing the amplitude of bias signal) by only a small amount, they could improve the high frequency response and at the same time lower the noise level. This was called “Over Bias” and each tape type, studio, recording engineer and technician had their own way of calibrating the bias to achieve their preferred sonic qualities.
For the Kramer Master Tape, we modeled the -3 dB over bias, which was agreed by most engineers to be the point where you got the best high frequency response, least amount of distortion and best signal to noise ratio on 3M Scotch 207 tape. (Actually -.7 dB at 700 Hz for 15 ips, but set at -3 dB at 15 kHz for accuracy. You adjusted nominal bias to accomplish the peak level of the signal and then continued beyond the peak until the level began dropping by the desired amount, therefore the term ‘over bias’. The bias adjustment for 7.5 was done one octave lower at 350 Hz or 7,500 Hz and at -20 dB to avoid excessive high frequency saturation.) When you switch from “Nominal Bias” to “Over Bias” mode, you should expect to hear a bit less noise, clearer high frequencies (reduced distortion), and a bit more overall dynamic range (and clarity, once again the result of less overall THD).
Flux is the magnetic density recorded on the tape per meter (nWb/m), the higher the flux level - the higher the recording level on the tape. In order to reach higher recording levels you need to have tapes that can manage a higher flux level (many modern tapes can reach very high recording levels with minimum distortion with the added benefit of reduced noise or ‘tape hiss’).
Science aside, early on many engineers discovered that by pushing or abusing the recording levels on tapes, it created some very musical and frequently desirable side-effects, especially in Rock and Roll recording. Tape has a very unique way of going into saturation or overload, whereas digital is basically ‘go or no-go’ with over-modulation producing clipping. As the levels are raised on analogue tape, a number of things increase simultaneously and fairly gradually: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Inter-modulation Distortion (IM), Modulation Noise and a mix of other aberrations and for ms of distortion, many of which are still not fully understood. Also, when tape is pushed hard enough, it has a tendency to ‘saturate’ which is a form of compression, unique to analogue tape. Many engineers, even when digital was available, still preferred to record certain instruments on analogue tape (especially Rock and Roll drums) pushing the levels on the tape well beyond their ideal operating conditions to gain this saturation or compression.
Modeling this behavior of changing sonic behavior across a wide range of flux levels was perhaps one of Waves’ biggest challenges. Ultimately they were able to create a continuous flux control that ranges from -2 dB below the Standard Operating Level well into unknown territories, invaluable for a wide variety of special effects.
Kramer Master Tape is the first tape modeling plugin that has actually managed to create a continuously variable flux control, letting the user sonically understand the changes between different recording levels. Add to this that this is also being done on a fully tube electronics tape machine and you truly have a one of a kind plugin - unique in the industry.
As an added feature, using Kramer Master Tape in the input only mode allows you to add the sound of the input and output tube electronics, minus the sound of analogue tape recording. Increasing the record level as you reduce the playback level (to maintain unity gain) increases the tube saturation of the input and output amplifiers, independent of the flux control (which only affects tape saturation). These controls can be used either in conjunction with the sound of the tape saturation, or without the tape saturation to create just the sound of these unique tube amplifiers operating across their entire range of saturation.
Because of the independence of the flux control and the record level and playback level controls, you have full control over both the tape saturation and the tube saturation while maintaining the level of the Kramer Master Tape track in your mix (using the ‘Link’ function for the record and playback controls).
To simplify the Kramer Master Tape Flux control, just think of it as a ‘tape drive’ or ‘saturation control’. As you increase the flux level on the tape the output of the Kramer Master Tape plugin stays constant at unity gain unless you choose to adjust the output gain control.
Although the Noise control on the Kramer Master Tape is defaulted to off, it is strongly suggested that you take a listen to it. If this can be said, you may find it to be some of the sweetest noise you will ever hear since it is a combination of the tape hiss generated by analogue tape recording, overlaid by the thermal tube noise of this historic machine’s input and output electronics.
In a perfect world, there would not have been wow and flutter. Many ‘in the day’ considered wow and flutter the same as surface noise on a vinyl disc - just something negative one had to live with since that was the ‘state of the art.’ But like noise, there are many that will feel that any model is not complete without all the flaws as well. For that reason, Waves has provided you a manual wow control on the plugin’s graphic interface. It is defaulted to the wow and flutter modeled on the sample machine. You can increase it for a somewhat more enhanced effect (although it would have never been too obvious [unless your machine was broken] as it was always a subtlety of the analogue tape process), or if you choose, you can move to a more idealized world and turn the wow off. Having or not having wow and flutter and/or noise has nothing to do with the primary advantages of the analogue tape recording sonics, so use them or not at your own discretion. You will always have the advantages of the Kramer Master Tape sound with or without them.
To sweeten the Kramer Master Tape package, Waves also added a variable delay control (0 ms-500 ms) that routes the tape playback of the plugin back to the input of the Kramer Master Tape. This creates a very basic feedback tape delay effect across the entire signal (the direct signal is always included in the mix). A low pass (LP) filter was added to the delayed feedback path to allow you to filter out any unwanted high frequencies. This delay/feedback feature is intended to be very basic. It does not offer a wide control section, but is believed to contribute additional value to the Kramer Master Tape plugin. Used carefully, this function has the capacity to create some very lovely tape delay sounds. It also needs to be pointed out that the delay is only affected by the Delay Time control in the delay section. It is NOT affected by the running speed of the transport. If you need to ask why Waves included this bonus function, the answer is quite simple...because they could, and they were confident that you would enjoy it!
The default set-up of the Kramer Master Tape, without any adjustments, will provide identical results to having made your recording on 3M Scotch 207 at 15 ips using a NAB standard curve with an over-bias of -3 dB at 15 kHz and at a recording flux level of 185 nWb/m. This will yield the sound of the basic industry set-up for this machine at the height of its era. The only item remaining for you to decide will be whether or not to have tape and tube amplifier noise, and if so, exactly to what degree.
Of course you also have other options with regard to bias, wow, speed and most dramatically, a continuously variable flux control starting at the ultra conservative setting of -2 dB below the classic Standard Operating Level all the way to some rather massive, heretofore unattainable in a plugin, extreme analogue tape saturation effects.
On the face of the meter, you will find a switch that lets you choose whether the meter displays the plugin’s input or its output. This is purely a meter transfer switch and has no effect on the monitored sound.
In place of the classic record light you will find an illuminated yellow or amber lamp. The label above it will be in the default mode of Repro, which means the output of the Kramer Master Tape is after the model of recording on tape. (i.e., in Repro mode, you are hearing the sound of the playback head reproducing the signal previously recorded by the record head.) In the Input mode, you will only be hearing the sound of the tube input and output electronic stages (or directly through the machine without any tape running). This is not a pure bypass and this sound is, in and of itself, valuable for many applications. Other than the audio monitor transfer and the light being on for Reproduce and off for Input, when in Reproduce the transport reels will also be turning to insure you that you are hearing the result of recording on analogue tape. Should you choose not to have the reels turning, simply clicking on them will turn their motion off.
The sound of analogue magnetic tape recording may be new or un-familiar to some born in the digital age. The goal of the design of all analogue tape recorders was the same - to provide a transparent, colorless method of media storage. The machine we modeled was quite successful in its day, at accomplishing this goal. But because of the state of the art at the time of this machine’s development, it still had a wide variety of limitations: Tape saturation, tape noise, harmonic distortion, modulation noise, phase shift and limitations in frequency response to name but a few.
Although many think that analogue tape will improve the sonic quality of their signal, by today’s standards and measurements it does quite the opposite. Measured by modern technology it lowers the overall resolution of a signal. In fact the signal to noise ratio of an analogue tape recording is not good by today’s standards. It fails to accurately reproduce both high and low frequencies. Its THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) measurements are not good by current standards (more than 1% THD) and yet listeners still find its sound pleasing.
So just why is this sound so desirable? Well for a number of reasons, but firstly, contrary to measurements and the theoretical loss of high frequency response, because of the non-linearity of the NAB standard, coupled with the third harmonic distortion created by the analogue recording process, the ultimate subjective result is a slight increase in the quantity and clarity of the higher frequencies.
Even as digital recording has come of age, and with hindsight 20/20, what many considered to be a limitation of analogue tape recording, has in fact become desirable. Digital has been criticized by many as being clinical and cold sounding, while analogue technology has been touted as sounding warm, clear and musical. Therein lies the big difference in what you should hear in the plugin. Granted, if you want to play with the settings (and please feel free to do so) you can create some very dramatic tape effects of saturation, noise, etc. But by using the Kramer Master Tape with its default setting, it will provide you with an extremely accurate model of, not only tube analogue tape recording, but of analogue tape recording on what many considered to be the premier tube analogue tape recorder of its era.
A description of the sound of the Kramer Master Tape is that it is best ‘felt’ as a warm, sweet and clear musical sound. Start there as your basis and then experiment with the controls to discover all the additional sonic qualities available to you, and choose those that best suit your tastes and your style of music.
It is not possible to create a model with this level of detail and flexibility and at the same time keep its resource demands low. Running Kramer Master Tape does require a fair amount of system resources as you might expect. If you want to use the plugin on individual tracks, please do so, as there are no ‘rules’ in our art form. But Kramer Master Tape may perform best on sub-mixes of drums and percussion, strings, guitars, vocals and anything that requires analogue ‘warmth and clarity.’ Also, don’t forget what the plugin could contribute to digitally sampled instruments and digital synthesizers. Many will find that across an entire mix and especially in mastering, Kramer Master Tape may prove to be invaluable. The Kramer Master Tape plugin is the result of almost two years of failures and triumphs, and contains the heart and soul of many contributors. Waves’ sincerest hope is that you will enjoy Kramer Master Tape, and that it will become an invaluable component in your sonic toolkit.
Kramer Master Tape used in conjunction with the Kramer HLS and the Kramer PIE finally completes the magic of the original Kramer Olympic Studio recording chain.
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0.981429 |
What is it with Latin America?
Cuba was another Latin American country that was fairly well off before Communism. To give a back of the hand to Max Weber as well (and, as a Protestant who appreciates capitalism, I disagree with him every which way), Communism even made a poor country of the Mecklenburg-Thuringia belt inhabited by German Protestants and a poor country of that Bohemian area which had been the heartland of Austria-Hungary's industrial plant.
Yet, somehow, Latin America seems possessed by the dybbuk of Don Quixote, or worse. Five years after Hitler and Mussolini go down, Argentina, the region's wealthiest and best-educated country, decides that Fascism is the wave of the future and falls for Peron. After China quietly realized that Mao was a major disaster, a college professor leads a Maoist revolt in Peru. Now, after the obvious failures of Communism, the Chavez-Madero crowd wishes to take Venezuela down the same path.
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0.977269 |
Spock was born on January 6th, 2230 in the city of Shi'Kahr on the planet Vulcan. His mother was Amanda Grayson, a Human school teacher, and his father, Sarek, was a Vulcan scientist and diplomat. For a time, Spock grew up alongside his half-brother, Sybok (the son of Sarek from a previous mate) until Sybok was ostracized for rejecting Vulcan principles of logic and choosing to embrace emotion. Spock's mixed parentage caused difficulties throughout his early life. His own father, despite having married a Human woman, was somewhat ambivalent about his son's half-Human nature at his birth. For her part, Amanda watched Spock's stiff-lipped anguish caused by torment at the hands of other Vulcan children, who repeatedly attacked and teased him to provoke emotional responses, knowing that his "Human half" was suffering. As a child, Spock was betrothed to T'Pring, in accordance with traditional Vulcan marriage procedure. In 2237, at the age of seven, Spock decided (prematurely, and without parental knowledge or approval) to undertake the kahs-wan maturity trial in the Vulcan wilderness in an attempt to prove himself. His pet sehlat, I-Chaya, tagged along against his master's wishes, and defended Spock from the attack of a carnivorous, venomous le-matya. The intervention of an older cousin saved Spock from the le-matya, but I-Chaya was left badly wounded. Faced with the stark choice of a painfully extended life or a peaceful release for I-Chaya, Spock logically opted for the latter. That decision marked his choice of following in the philosophies of Surak: logic and emotional control. Many years later, in 2269, the accidental creation of an alternate timeline created a universe where Spock was killed in his childhood. Using the Guardian of Forever, Spock returned to the Vulcan of his youth and assumed the role of Selek, the nearly-forgotten cousin who saved his life during the kahs-wan ordeal. Sarek gave Spock his first lessons in computers, setting him on the path of a scientific career. Against his father's wish that he complete his instruction at the Vulcan Science Academy in the family tradition, Spock expressed a desire to join Starfleet. The argument came to a head in 2250 with Spock's final decision, causing a rift that kept them from speaking to each other for eighteen years.
As a science officer under the command of Captain Christopher Pike, Spock was wounded in the leg when Pike's landing party was attacked on Rigel VII in 2254. As the ship proceeded to the Vega colony for medical care, a radio wave distress call forced Pike to divert the ship to Talos IV. Still limping, Spock joined a landing party that transported to the barren surface of the planet, where Talosians captured Pike; he was the first of the ship's crew to realize that the Talosians had powerful illusory abilities. Spock's final report, along with Pike's, recommended a ban on visitation to the planet. Starfleet's General Order 7 supported that judgment. On Earth briefly in 2261, Spock met Leila Kalomi. Although she declared a love for Spock, his Vulcan control prevented him from showing any emotion in return until the spores on the planet, Omicron Ceti III, infected him. Under their influence, he became peaceful and happy, but Captain Kirk infuriated him, thus killing the spores and returning him to reality. Spock's service under Pike (eleven years, four months, and five days) inspired considerable respect and loyalty from the young officer. In 2267, Spock risked his life and career for the sake of his former captain.
After Pike's promotion to fleet captain, James T. Kirk assumed command of the Enterprise in 2265, with Spock as his First Officer. An early mission, attempting an extra-galactic probe, was disastrous. Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell, a close friend of the new captain, developed enhanced psionic abilities when the Enterprise encountered an energy barrier at the edge of the Milky Way Galaxy. Spock examined the tapes of an earlier ship, the SS Valiant, that had encountered the same barrier and was destroyed. As Mitchell's powers increased geometrically, Spock believed he had become extremely dangerous and feared that he would destroy the ship. Spock therefore advised Kirk to either strand Mitchell on the uninhabited, desolate world of Delta Vega, in order to isolate him from galactic civilization, or kill Mitchell before it was too late. Kirk hesitated, and initially attempted the former, but the scope of Spock's concerns were eventually borne out, and Kirk was forced to kill Mitchell. The Enterprise repelled the first Romulan incursion of Federation space in over a century on stardate 1709.2. Spock and the bridge crew became the first Starfleet officers to make visual contact with Romulans, who finally revealed their Vulcan-like appearance to Starfleet. Lieutenant Stiles briefly suspected Spock of being a Romulan agent until Spock saved his life in the course of battle.
Spock kidnapped Fleet Captain Christopher Pike, his former commander, and hijacked the Enterprise. Pike had been crippled when a baffle plate ruptured during an inspection of an old Class J starship and was confined to a wheelchair, unable to speak. Spock wanted to return him to Talos IV, where they had visited years earlier; he wished to return Pike to the Talosians there so he could enjoy the rest of his life in an illusory reality and would not have to continue enduring his disability. After a lengthy inquiry into the matter, and in light of the Talosian-provided images, Kirk allowed Pike to beam down. Commodore Jose I. Mendez also dropped all charges against Spock. While commanding an away mission aboard the Galileo on stardate 2821.5, the shuttlecraft crashed on the surface of Taurus II. Giant hostile creatures killed two crewmembers while the shuttle was stranded there. Spock, aided by Lieutenant Commander Montgomery Scott, eventually launched the shuttle. Knowing that it could not break free of the planet's gravity, Spock ignited the shuttlecraft's remaining fuel, using it as a flare. The gamble paid off, it alerted the Enterprise, which turned around and rescued the team. After being thrown back in time to Earth of 1969 and interacting with that planet's US Air Force, Spock was able to recreate a time warp with a slingshot maneuver around the sun. Later, when Kirk was court-martialed for causing the death of Lieutenant Commander Benjamin Finney, Spock proved that Finney had altered the Enterprise's computer tapes to frame Kirk. Spock, along with Kirk, helped disable a computer that controlled the lives of a civilization on Beta III and allowed no free thought or creative thinking. Spock helped Kirk to retake the Enterprise after Khan Noonien Singh, a 20th century Augment dictator whom the Enterprise's crew had found in stasis, commandeered the starship. Spock flooded the ship with gas, disabling Khan and his followers. On stardate 3192.1, Spock and Kirk were taken prisoners on Eminiar VII, which had been at war for over five hundred years with the planet Vendikar. Computers fought the war virtually so that the destruction of actual warfare did not devastate the two worlds, thus preserving both civilizations. Whenever the computer registered a hit, the affected citizens reported to a disintegration chamber and were vaporized. When the Enterprise entered orbit around Eminiar VII, it became a legitimate target for Vendikar. The war computer soon declared that a tricobalt satellite explosion had destroyed the Enterprise; as a result, Eminiar officials expected the crew to report to the disintegration stations. They abducted Kirk and Spock to ensure compliance, but the two escaped captivity and destroyed the computers on Eminiar VII. With the threat of a real war looming over the inhabitants of both planets, Spock and Kirk sought to negotiate a peace between Eminiar VII and Vendikar. Later, on the mining planet Janus VI, an unknown creature was killing miners there. After locating the creature, Spock mind-melded with it; he discovered that the creature was called a Horta and determined that its killing of the miners was an attempt to protect its young. The miners had been unintentionally killing the Horta's offspring by destroying silicon nodules which were really the creature's eggs. Spock negotiated a pact between the Horta and the miners: The miners would leave the eggs alone and the Horta, in turn, would help the miners locate valuable minerals. Spock and Kirk later became trapped on Organia, a planet of medieval culture, during a Klingon occupation of the planet. The Klingons wanted to use Organia as a base in their war against the Federation. The Organian council refused the Federation's help, and after the Klingons invaded and took control of Organia, Kirk and Spock had civilian identities imposed on them, with Spock being given the identity of a merchant. They then became involved in sabotage. After the Klingons captured them, the Organians set Spock and Kirk free. Just as war began to break out, the Organians revealed themselves to be powerful energy beings, once humanoid but now evolved. They neutralized both sides weaponry and stopped the war. On stardate 3134.0, Spock and Kirk traveled back in time using the Guardian of Forever to retrieve Dr. Leonard McCoy. McCoy had entered the time portal and somehow changed history. Spock discovered that McCoy changed history by saving the life of Edith Keeler, a social worker who, in the altered timeline, led a pacifist movement that delayed the United States of America's entry into World War II, thus allowing Adolf Hitler to win the war. Spock persuaded Kirk that allowing Keeler to die in an auto accident was only way to restore the timeline. Near the end of the year, a neural parasite that destroyed the colony on Deneva also attacked Spock. He submitted to an experiment that destroyed the creature inside him but also left him blind. However, the blindness was only temporary due to an inner set of eyelids that all Vulcans possess. In late 2267, the Enterprise encountered a probe called Nomad that had destroyed multiple star systems and their inhabitants. Spock mind-melded with the probe and discovered that it was an old Earth probe originally tasked with seeking out new life. Somehow damaged in space, it had merged with an alien probe on a mission to sterilize "imperfect" biological organisms from soil. These two missions had merged into sterilizing or improving anything that was not "perfect." Using its own logic against it, Kirk destroyed the probe. During an encounter with what was known as the planet killer the Enterprise with Spock on it was transported to a different quantum reality and the year 2379. When Captain Kirk was transferred to the Enterprise-E the Enterprise was converted to a training ship and Spock was given command.
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0.92734 |
Kevin Yannick Steen (born May 7, 1984) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Kevin Owens.
Brock Edward Lesnar (/ˈlɛznər/; born July 12, 1977) is an American professional wrestler, mixed martial artist, and former football player. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand.
Shinsuke Nakamura (中邑 真輔 Nakamura Shinsuke, born February 24, 1980) is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand and is the current United States Champion in his first reign. Prior to his main roster debut, Nakamura competed in WWE's developmental brand, NXT, where he is one of only two wrestlers (along with Samoa Joe) to have held the NXT Championship on more than one occasion. In January 2018, Nakamura won the 2018 Men's Royal Rumble match.
Mark William Calaway (born March 24, 1965), better known by the ring name The Undertaker, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE as a free agent.
effrey Logan Sciullo is an American professional wrestler and musician. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Elias.
Fergal Devitt (born 25 July 1981) is an Irish professional wrestler signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Finn Bálor.
Allen Neal Jones (born June 2, 1977), best known by the ring name A.J. Styles (also stylized as AJ Styles), is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand and is the current WWE Champion in his second reign. Long regarded as one of the world's best professional wrestlers, Styles has headlined numerous pay-per-view events internationally.
Colby Daniel Lopez (born May 28, 1986) is an American professional wrestler and actor currently signed to WWE under the ring name Seth Rollins. He performs on the Raw brand and is the current Intercontinental Champion in his second reign.
Adam Joseph Scherr (born September 6, 1983) is an American professional wrestler and former strongman currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Braun Strowman. He is the winner of the 2018 Men's Money in the Bank contract along with the titular match at the Greatest Royal Rumble event. He is also a former holder of the Raw Tag Team Championship with Nicholas, a 10-year-old fan.
Leati Joseph Anoaʻi (born May 25, 1985) is an American professional wrestler and a former professional gridiron football player. He is part of the Anoaʻi family and is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Roman Reigns. He is the current Universal Champion in his first reign.
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0.934391 |
My wallpaper smells. How long will the smell remain?
Most wallpapers emit an odour after hanging. This is caused by applying adhesive to the wallpaper. This smell will diminish as it dries. Good ventilation and an equable temperature will ensure that the smell disappears completely within a few days. Vinyl wallpaper may also emit a faint smell of vinyl under certain conditions (warmth, poorly ventilated area). There is also no reason to worry about this, as the smell will disappear completely with adequate ventilation. As vinyl wallpaper dries a little more slowly than other wallcoverings, the smell may take a bit longer to disappear.
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0.985839 |
How to visit Croatia ?
Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, Croatian and Hrvatska Republika Hrvatska listen, is a country in Southern Europe that extends from the eastern end of the Alps, on its borders in the north-west and the Pannonian plains northeast to the shore of the Adriatic Sea to the south through the mountainous center of the Dinaric Alps. It is surrounded by Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro. Its capital is Zagreb. Croatia is a candidate for accession to the European Union, it will join on 1 July 2013 and is a member of NATO.
Major cities in Croatia are Zagreb (the capital), Split, Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Osijek, Karlovac, Zadar, Brod, Velika Gorica, Pula, Šibenik, Varaždin, Bjelovar Vukovar, Čakovec.
How to go in Croatia ?
By Bus, The French company Eurolines serves Croatia.
By plane, The air routes between France and Croatia, provided by very few companies are unfortunately overpriced, including flights to Dalmatia (Split, Dubrovnik) during the summer.
By boat, Many boats taking the car runs daily between Italy and Dalmatia during the summer. The most common link connecting Split to Ancona, but many other lines exist.
By train, The rail network connects all major Croatian cities. There are direct lines from Austria, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Greece. There are indirect lines from almost all other European countries.
By car, From France: Expect a good day road starting from Lyon before crossing the Croatian border. Possibility of camping in Italy to Verona or Lake Garda, for example. from the north, another route is through Germany, Austria and Solvenia successively via Munich, Salzburg, Villach and Ljubljana. Austria and Slovenia, several long tunnels along the highway you will pass under the Alps.
From Belgium: Brussels starting, it takes a good couple of hours to get to the Croatian border to Maribor / Ptuj. Itinerary: Brussels-Cologne-Frankfurt-Nuremberg-Passau-Linz-Graz-Slovenia-Croatia. Tolls and taxes, nothing in Germany, Austria and vignette toll in Alpine tunnels, tolls in Slovenia (cheap) and Croatia (more expensive).
The prices are often a little cheaper than in the EU, but do not expect to pay nothing. A cheap restaurant, even in tourist areas, offers dishes of spaghetti or pizza between 35 and 50 Kn. Service is included. We must think about adding to the price of food, the drinks (about 20 Kn for a one liter bottle of mineral water almost mandatory, it takes a lot to get used to emphasize the tap water).
Food is often simple little card provided (risottos, goulachs, pizza, meatballs, ham), but the products used are fresh and are actually cooked and not reheated – for this reason, it is often expected in the long restaurants. Ajvar is also found, of cevapcici or pleskavica, especially in the interior of the country.
It is generally used to eating in restaurants, cafes merely serve as taverns, glaciers and sometimes tea. In the restoration, the service is often confusing for non-Croatian: slow, disorganization, extreme detachment servers – very poorly paid – which sometimes refuse to serve a customer they are sitting too far and may even forget to bring the bill! This is a legacy of the communist period.
In grocery stores, there is a relatively small number of products, and almost no products from organic agriculture. Some local products, such as figs, are also difficult to find in stores, people are at home and they do not think to sell.
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0.984572 |
Initially I was looking for a way to reduce the effect of piracy by another way of thinking about selling games. I see online gaming much like the board games one used to play with friends and family. Now they wouldn't sell at all if everyone had to pay x dollars per player. The same should affect online gaming. The idea is that one of you buy a game and in the price is included x number of friends. You essentially buy a multilicens.
Now to get more commercial games to Linux you could promote such an idea of multiple licensing among platforms. Hence getting the Linux edition for no extra cost when you buy a windows game. Adding more value and a more fun experience.
As a gamer I really like this idea. I play a few games that I have purchased through the Steam platform and the great thing about Steam is you can only be logged into your Steam account once, which helps cut down on piracy, but I can have my game on multiple computers. If I could have my game both on my Windows box and my Linux box but only be logged into one at a time would be great.
From a business stand point the question is are there enough positives to override the negatives of producing games for Linux? Not being in the industry I can't answer that question.
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0.981242 |
While the Russian government is busy "protecting" the rights of Russians in the Ukraine, the imperial secret police in Russia itself continues to repeatedly round up migrants.
Such, for example, did the police, the riot police and the secret service FSB conduct another "preventive raid" in the central market of Kaliningrad on March 22. They arrested 243 foreign citizens. However, according to the police department, only one (!) citizen of Uzbekistan of those arrested was identified as hiding from the investigation.
You can imagine what a howl would have raised by the Russian Foreign Ministry, if , for example, the Security Service of Ukraine together with the fascist “Pravy Sector” or the “National Guard” would have acted in such a way! What would they have said if they would have arrested 240 Russian citizens in Kiev as a "preventive measure".
However, such a policy of typical of Ukraine fascism has been the norm in Russia since a long time. Lawlessness and repression, especially against migrants, have become an integral part of the policy of the Russian regime.
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If a dog rushes out in front of you, what should you do? If a dog rushes out in front of you, what should you do?
Correct. You have a higher chance of surviving an impact with a small animal such as a dog than swerving into the path of an oncoming vehicle.
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Estate setting at the gateway to the Hamptons.
Property 7: Estate setting at the gateway to the Hamptons.
Property 11: Brand New!!! East end cottage along water!
Oasis With Diverse Attractions Nearby!!
Property 13: Oasis With Diverse Attractions Nearby!!
Westhampton Beach Oceanfront, 4 Bedrooms, Pool. Super Clean. Ready to Relax.
Property 16: Westhampton Beach Oceanfront, 4 Bedrooms, Pool. Super Clean. Ready to Relax.
Charming & Secluded 2 bedroom 1 bath sleeps 4 with hot tub and pool!
Property 17: Charming & Secluded 2 bedroom 1 bath sleeps 4 with hot tub and pool!
Property 24: Dorey · Ocean Views Largest Beach House Directly on Beach!
Tranquil, relaxing, brand new, house in beautiful Bellport Village.
Property 25: Tranquil, relaxing, brand new, house in beautiful Bellport Village.
Beautiful house on the bay close to beach and park.
Property 35: Beautiful house on the bay close to beach and park.
AMAZING DUNE RD WESTHAMPTON BEACH HOME STEPS TO THE BEACH GREAT RATINGS !!!
Property 38: AMAZING DUNE RD WESTHAMPTON BEACH HOME STEPS TO THE BEACH GREAT RATINGS !!!
Waterfront Home with recreational dock! Great Views! Close To Beaches!
Property 40: Waterfront Home with recreational dock! Great Views! Close To Beaches!
Rating Details: The property manager was very helpful. The vacation rental was spotless. I was very happy with the location. I was very satisfied with the condition of the vacation rental. Overall, I recommend this vacation rental. Reviewer Comments: First off, the property managers (or maybe owners) were wonderful. The house was very clean, had amazing waterfront views, at nearly sea level, which is very unique. The decor is a perfect "Beachy" type that makes you want to just stay in the house and chill with a cocktail or catch the sunset. Locally, La Plage is wonderful. It is a short walk if you want to get a great dinner or escape for a cocktail for a bit. Overall, a great place to consider for your stay.
Titus and Mary Elizabeth make you feel right at home. The back yard is peaceful, sit by the water and listen to the variety of bird calls. My sister and I traveled from the north shore to the south shore of Long Island, Patchogue being our last stop. It was the perfect ending to a great vacation.
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Share this article Share It is tasked with studying the lunar environment, cosmic radiation and the interaction between solar wind and the moon's surface. The probe will now continue with it's experiments, CNSA said. The Yutu-2 rover resumed operations and will perform experiments in the Von Karman Crater, China's space agency said Scientific instruments on board China's previous Chang'e-3 moon mission, sent in late , have withstood over 60 lunar nights and are still in operation, Xinhua said. The Chang'e 4 lander even spent some time at the beginning of its stay growing plants on the moon in a first-ever milestone. The mission started growing plants on the moon shortly after its historic arrival to the previously unexplored area. Just one day after revealing the success, however, China said its lunar cotton seedling were as good as dead.
As a gemstone, jade is broadly separated into two distinct classes: Nephrite jade is composed of minerals in the amphibole group, while jadeite is made up of minerals in the pyroxene group. The groups have different compositions. Hardness Rating Jade is a term applied by gemologists to describe certain types of metamorphic rock not because of a specific mineralogical composition, since two entirely different types of jade exist, but because of the texture of the rock itself. A gem's hardness rating is based on the Mohs Scale, a standard used by the gem industry. Friedrich Mohs , was a German geologist and mineralogist who developed a mineral classification database using physical characteristics rather than chemical composition. The higher the Mohs Scale number, the harder the gemstone.
That is the way it is. Totally ignorant and bigoted people with very poor educational level. They are deciding things. And they do not even think they are acting like small children by deciding who it is okay to name a school after. They turn it into Democrats versus Republicans. Neither would okay. I have read a lot about North versus South. It was way, way, way more complicated that the Lefties want it to be. Five Percent of the U.S. population was killed or wounded in the Civil War. I bet that Union Soldier who gave his life in that war did so so someone could have a name on that school and someone could not just change that school name due to petty prejudice. Those soldiers Union and Rebel fought for Honor and pride. And here is this man so filled with hatred and bias towards a man of his fellow race who wants to dishonor and erase Dr. Ben Carson. Shame on LeMar Lemmons.
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An unknown work by Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)?
A youthful work by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)?
Rudolf Krzyzanowski (1859-1911) married to Ida Doxat (1867-1939). His brother, Heinrich Krzyzanowski (1855-1933), was married in 1880 to Auguste Tschuppik (1861-1909).
Is Heinrich Tschuppik related to Auguste Tschuppik (1861-1909)?
In 1949 Austrian composer Heinrich Tschuppik discovered in the estate of his uncle Rudolf Krzyzanowski (1859-1911) a copy of an orchestrated score of 1876 of this work, on which Krzyzanowski had written "von Anton Bruckner". Both Mahler and Krzyzanowski were at that time Bruckner's pupils. A. Gürsching, who was not aware of this original orchestrated score, but only of a four stave particello also made by Krzyzanowski, thought it was Mahler's and (re-)orchestrated it on Mahler's way.
Heinrich Tschuppik is buried at Heiligenstadt friedhof (Aged 60, buried 13-06-1950, grave N-13-117z), Vienna, Austria.
The history of this ouverture-like symphonic movement in C-minor of 293 bars length, ascribed to Anton Bruckner (1824-1896), is most curious: After the Second World War, the Viennese composer Heinrich Tschuppik (0000-1950) discovered an unknown, music manuscript in the estate of his uncle, the composer Rudolf Krzyzanowski (1859-1911). He was a pupil of Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) and is known to Brucknerians because he, together with Gustav Mahler (1860-1911), prepared the Piano Arrangement of Bruckner's Third Symphony.
The manuscript constitutes an orchestral score of 43 pages, bearing the inscript »Rudolf Krzyzanowski cop. 1876« on the first page, and on the last page, in large, blue letters, »von Anton Bruckner«. Tschuppik immediately reported in public about his finding (›Ein neu aufgefundenes Werk Anton Bruckners‹, in: Schweizerische Musikzeitung 88/1948, p. 391; ›Bruckners Sinfonisches Praeludium‹, in: Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 8 September 1949).
He also prepared his own, clean copy of the score, copied out orchestral parts, and also arranged a four stave particello of the movement in two copies. Tschuppik had also shown the piece to Bruckner scholars Max Auer and Franz Graeflinger, and as well to the Swiss conductor Volkmar Andreae. Their opinion on Bruckner's authorship was positive, and Andreae agreed to give the first performance of the piece – meanwhile entitled Sinfonisches Praeludium by Tschuppik – with the Vienna Philharmonic (23 January 1949).
This performance, however, did not take place, as reported by Helmut Albert Fiechtner (›Verhinderte Bruckner-Urauffuehrung‹, in: Die Oesterreichische Furche, Wien, 29 January 1949): The members of the Vienna Philharmonic voted against Bruckner as the likely composer of the piece, and Leopold Nowak, who had been asked for his expertise in due course, was not able to come to a final result and asked the orchestra to publish a note that he »couldn't finish yet the examination«. Indeed, on 3 January 1949, Tschuppik had given Krzyzanowski's manuscript to the Music Collection of the Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library = ANL), where a photocopy was made, the manuscript returned to him thereafter.
Finally, the Munich Philharmonic under Fritz Rieger gave the premiere of the piece (7 September 1949). Shortly after this first performance, Tschuppik died (1950), and the public and scientific debate about the piece ended. Tschuppik's clean copy, his handwritten orchestral parts, and a photocopy of the four stave particello remained sleeping in the drawers of the archive of the Munich Philharmonic. The original piece was never performed again since then. Krzyzanowski's original manuscript remained in the possession of his descendants until the late Eighties. The photocopy of it was never entered in the inventory at the Music Collection of the ANL. Instead, Nowak kept it in his private possession. It was found amongst his estate and returned into the Music Collection only after his death in May 1991. Nowak also never published the expertise he had been asked for in 1949. This had some strange and remarkable consequences.
In 1948, Tschuppik had given some of the manuscripts of songs composed by his uncle as well as another copy of his own particello arrangement of the Praeludium to a Mrs. Gertrud Staub-Schlaepfer in Zurich. She studied the piece and came to a strange conclusion, which she wrote on top of the particello herself: »Koennte das nicht eine Arbeit f. Pruefung von Gustav Mahler sein? Krzyzanowski gab den Klavierauszug zur dritten Symphonie Bruckners (2. Fassung) heraus mit Mahler zusammen.« (»Could this perhaps be composed by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) for his examination? Krzyzanowski edited the piano arrangement of Bruckner's Third Symphony (second version) together with Mahler.«) On 7 September 1949 – half a year after Nowak had made the photocopy of the original score and, strangely, on the very day of the first and since then only performance of the Praeludium in Munich – she gave all this material which she had received from Tschuppik to the Music Collection of the ANL, perhaps with the positive intention to contribute to the solution of the question who actually composed the piece which Krzyzanowski copied.
The Sleeping Beauty remained behind the thorns for thirty years. Then the Mahler scholar Paul Banks discovered the Particello from the possession of Mrs. Staub-Schlaepfer in the Music Collection of the ANL and published an article in due course (›An Early Symphonic Prelude by Mahler?‹ in 19th Century Music 3/1979, p. 141ff). Nowak never returned the photocopy of the score into the Music Collection; Krzyzanowski's original manuscript was at that time still in private possession. Banks didn't even know anything about the first performance in 1949 (and certainly not about the existence of the full material in the Archive of the Munich Philharmonic!). So he assumed the Particello to be the only source for the piece and finally followed the suggestion of Mrs. Staub-Schlaepfer, arguing that the piece could be indeed one of the numerous lost works which Gustav Mahler had composed during his time at the Vienna Conservatory. Hence, a »lost piece by Gustav Mahler« was »rediscovered«, and since the Particello was the only known source, Berlin composer Albrecht Guersching was asked to make the movement performable and complement the orchestration. This »reconstruction« was first performed by the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra under Lawrence Foster (15 March 1981) as »Symphonisches Praeludium by Gustav Mahler«.
Only thanks to the German Kapellmeister Wolfgang Hiltl (Niedernhausen), the truth came to the light in 1985, when he published a lengthy study on the piece, which he had discovered in the archive of the Munich Philharmonic (›Ein vergessenes, unerkanntes Werk Anton Bruckners?‹, in: Studien zur Musikwissenschaft / Beihefte der Denkmaeler der Tonkunst in Oesterreich, Vol. 36, Tutzing 1985). Unfortunately this truth seems to be unwanted: His article was largely ignored by musicology; the ›Mahlerization‹ was subsequently recorded (prominently by Neeme Jaervi for Chandos) and published by Sikorski, Berlin, where it remains in the catalogue as Mahler's piece, occasionally performed as such. The time and effort Hiltl put into a campaign for the original is remarkable: he published not only further articles, he also bought Krzyzanowski's original manuscript in the Nineties from Tschuppik's family, examined and edited it. Since 2002, the music has been available from Doblinger, Vienna. The full-size score contains both a facsimile of Krzyzanowski's manuscript as well as a modern edition; the parts are available on hire. Nevertheless, and strangely, the piece remains to be unperformed by a professional ensemble to this day (2006)!
This is hard to understand. On the one hand, one may argue we have only Krzyzanowski's copy and his word that this music was composed by Bruckner. Documentary research gave no further evidence; no further manuscripts from Bruckner's own hand survive, and also in his letters and private annotations nothing is to be found about it. (An explanation for this may be that Bruckner, before he moved into the Belvedere in July 1895, had asked his secretary Anton Meissner to burn various old papers, obviously including many discarded music manuscripts.) On the other hand, it seemed to be no problem for many conductors and writers to accept the piece as allegedly by Mahler, in its secondhand-orchestration by Albrecht Guersching, and even pepped up with some untypical, special instruments (Piccolo, Double-Bassoon, Harp, Cymbal). Krzyzanowski's copy is laid out only for Bruckner's typical orchestra of double Woodwind, four Horns, two Trumpets, three Trombones, BassTuba, Timpani, and Strings.
There is not enough room in a short essay for a detailed description of the music. However, it seems clear from Hiltl's stylistic examination that the musical material itself is indeed all Bruckner's, and in particular because some of these ideas even anticipate some music from the Ninth Symphony, which certainly nobody can have known already in 1876! The form is quite unique – all three themes are merely lyrical (as later in the first movement of the Seventh Symphony). The first theme contains the core of the Main Themes of the First and Second Symphony in C minor, as well as allusions to Wagner's Walkuere, which Bruckner may have known from the piano score of 1865, or some orchestral extracts given in concerts in Vienna in 1872. (He first heard the entire Walkuere in Bayreuth in August 1876, which may suggest the Praeludium could be the composer's reaction to the Ringexperience. But this would leave only very little time for the conception and abandoning of it, and it being given to Krzyzanowski for copying, all in late-1876.) The soft first theme is, as being typical for Bruckner, repeated in full tutti (b. 43), leading into a dark chorale (b. 59, pre-shadowing the structure of the chorale theme from the Finale of the Ninth Symphony), and even a significant epilogue (b. 73), further to be used in the development (b. 160). The second theme (b. 87) reflects some ideas of the Third Symphony, and in particular the famous miserere of the D minor Mass as well. The closing theme is an energetic trumpet call with a repeated, remarkable minor Ninth, as at the beginning of the Adagio from the Ninth Symphony, also pre-shadowing the Trumpets at the end of the first movement of this work to be composed some 25 years later. The second part (b. 148) brings two elements from the main theme in variants, similar as in the first movement of the Ninth, leading into a threefold outburst of it in the dominant (b. 195), tonic (b. 201) and subdominant (b. 207). The recapitulation of the second theme is in fact a fugue (b. 221), with a development section which again reflects the Third Symphony (b. 249ff), leading into a climax, in which both first and second themes appear simultaneously (b. 267). The rather short coda is merely a final cadence with almost no thematic material left, only reflecting the earlier third theme, but not as a minor Ninth, but a repeated chain of minor Seconds (one may assume that this elaboration by Krzyzanowski, which sounds rather provisional, may have been filled up later with more concise motivic derivations, as tried out by Guersching in his unnecessary arrangement of the score).
It is impossible to know exactly for which purpose this short, serious movement was originally written. Due to stylistic similarities with compositions of that period, a likely assumption would be that it was conceived already in 1875 or 1876, at a time when Bruckner undertook various efforts to improve his financial situation and to push his own career. An official occasion for introducing such a piece might have been Bruckner's new post at the Vienna University (1875), the inauguration of the new Mauracher organ in St. Florian (19 November 1875), or the concert, in which Bruckner himself conducted again the now-revised Second Symphony in C minor (20 February 1876).
The score includes the Bass-Tuba, which Bruckner did not use before his Fifth Symphony (composed 1875/6, revised 1877/8). The first critical edition includes some revisions by Wolfgang Hiltl, in particular a more Brucknerian layout of playing indications and a correction of the most obvious shortcomings of Krzyzanowski's score. Since the edition contains both Krzyzanowski's score and the modern transcription, the editor found it unnecessary to include a ›Critical Commentary‹, which would only list all the differences which could be more easily taken from comparing it directly with the manuscript. Unfortunately the edition does not provide much information, except a short preface by the editor. His early essay from 1985 is not widely available. A new, comprehensive and generally available study on the entire topic would be most welcome.
In all, this Symphonic Prelude constitutes an extremely advanced, ›experimental‹ sonata movement, with a drastic second part combining development, recapitulation and coda to a unified and radical »zweite Abtheilung«. The musical language and structure, the dramatic sweep anticipates much of Bruckner's last composition, the symphonic choralwork Helgoland (1893). The musical quality of the score as surviving in Krzyzanowski's copy would deserve attention, performance and recording even if we had no hint at all that it might possibly be from Bruckner (note that Krzyzanowski himself never wrote something of a comparable originality). It is hard to understand why the beauty continues to sleep till this day.
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Has crowdspring permanently barred creatives from crowdspring for violating others' intellectual property rights?
Yes. While we are deeply saddened when we have to permanently remove someone from our community, we expect that people in our community will share the community's core values. This includes the protection of and respect for intellectual property.
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Identify specific English grammar points that need review. Use the study links to find out why a particular answer is correct or incorrect.
Determine which verb form can be used.
Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or the "Check 1-12" button.
It always takes a few months — get to get getting used to living in a new place.
— Be To be Being the new person in town can be an advantage (positive) and a disadvantage (negative).
An advantage is that everyone wants — meet to meet meeting you.
A disadvantage is that everyone expects — you remember you to remember his or her name.
It's a good idea — find to find should find a new friend who has similar interests.
You'll want a friend with similar interests — to in order in order to learn where particular activities take place.
New friends may invite — you join you to join them in sports or other activities.
You can ask — a friend tell you a friend to tell you about local customs.
Let – a friend explain a friend to explain to you how things are done in the new place.
A friend can advise you – when to be when being careful about what you say or wear .
At first, you may feel that it is — too overwhelming to overwhelming enough to manage.
After a while, you will be — too confident to confident enough to get around on your own.
Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or the "Check 13-25" button.
When you go to a shopping center, do you hate — get to get getting lost?
When I go shopping, it's always — hard find hard to find a place to park.
However, it's even harder — return to return to my car after shopping.
Afterwards, I have to stop — to think thinking about where I parked.
I — plan not to get don't plan to get to get lost. No one ever does.
However, now, I — plan not to get don't plan to get lost. I write down the parking section.
I'm — too embarrassed to ask embarrassed enough to ask for help.
I don't dare — tell to tell anyone that I can't find my car—again.
A security officer — advised me to try suggested me to try a new phone application.
The smart phone application will actually help — me find me to find my car.
He let me — try to try it out on his phone. It worked!
I was able — open to open a map and locate my car in just a couple of minutes.
In a perfect world, I would — rather have rather to have my car come to me.
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"Where the patent protects a product, in accordance with article 3(c) of Regulation No. 469/2009, only one certificate may be granted for that basic patent".
In the aftermath of the rulings in 2011, it was debated by scholars and others whether or not this statement could indeed be interpreted as a deliberate adjustment of the existing interpretation and principle – meaning that it would only be possible to obtain one SPC per basic patent regardless of the number of products protected by the patent. Thus, preliminary references regarding the interpretation of article 3(c) were later referred to the ECJ, including C-443/12, Actavis Group and Actavis UK, and C-484/12, Georgetown University.
On 14 November 2013, Advocate General Jääskinen released his opinion in the Georgetown University case. To the disappointment of many, Jääskinen did not address the important question on the number of SPC that may be issued on the basis of a basic patent. Instead he left it to the ECJ to decide on the matter. Commentators have been quick interpreting this to mean that the Advocate General supports one or the other interpretation, but – in fact – he does not say.
In order to answer the other questions referred to the ECJ, the Advocate General placed a prerequisite for an affirmative answer. He then went on to assess whether it should be possible for the patent holder to surrender a SPC for a product (A) protected by a basic patent as a mean to obtain a new SPC for another product (B) protected by the same basic patent in accordance with article 14 of the SPC regulation.
The Advocate General found article 14 of the SPC regulation applicable and, thus, argued for the preclusion of the application of national law. He stated that the surrender of a SPC should not have retroactive effect. Hence, a patent holder should not be able to surrender a SPC for one product in order to gain a SPC for another product based on the same basic patent.
Moreover, the Advocate General rendered that in a situation where an applicant has submitted several applications for SPC for various products protected by the same patent, it should be for the applicant to choose which of these applications that should be given priority as long as the applications are still pending. If the applicant has made no choice, it should be for the national authorities to decide which should be given priority in accordance with national law.
The pharmaceutical industry anticipates the ECJ ruling on the interpretation of article 3(c) of the SPC regulation. Should the ECJ rule that one may obtain "one certificate per basic patent", arguably SPCs granted on the basic of the principle "one certificate per product per basic patent" may be invalid.
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0.999345 |
A loan of $375 helped to purchase a 50-watt solar energy system with four lights for his home.
Sr. Rolando is married and has four children. He is a farmer who is currently growing beans. The community where he lives does not receive electricity, so Rolando is requesting a loan so that he can acquire a solar energy system that will provide light at night.
He will also be able to have a bit of a distraction by being able to watch television with his family. In addition, Rolando will be able to charge his mobile phone battery so that he can communicate with relatives who live far away.
Translated from Spanish by Kiva volunteer Ronan Reodica. View original language description.
El señor Rolando es casado y tiene 4 hijos, actualmente se dedica a la agricultura sembrando frijol. En la comunidad donde vive el señor Rolando no hay energía eléctrica es por eso que quiere adquirir un sistema solar para iluminarse por las noches y a la vez tener un poco de distracción viendo la televisión junto con su familia también poder cargar la batería de su celular para estar en comunicación con sus familiares lejanos.
It provides enough solar power to run multiple lights and appliances at once.
TECNOSOL is a for-profit renewable energy company that provides electricity and solar powered products to families living off the grid in Central America. It enables households to generate their own energy and replace toxic and expensive sources of light and heat like kerosene, diesel and wood.
Many of TECNOSOL's clients cannot afford the high upfront costs of buying solar products. Kiva loans help these households purchase clean energy products.
Solar home systems are much more than a solar lamp and can provide users with life changing amounts of power: enough power to run multiple lights, home appliances, radios, and TVs. These systems are modular, enabling clients to add solar panels and batteries to meet their increasing energy demands.
Kiva shares TECNOSOL’s commitment to expanding access to clean renewable energy for rural households living off the grid. Not only do solar home systems increase productivity and opportunity for borrowers and their families, they also enable them to save money on traditional sources of energy like kerosene and diesel, which are not only expensive but also hazardous to health.
We love working with TECNOSOL because it works in areas of Central America where other energy companies and microfinance institutions don’t go because the operational costs are too high and making loans carries risk. By believing in rural borrowers, TECNOSOL is helping to alleviate poverty and change lives.
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0.92707 |
How long does vitamin A toxicity last?
The intake of large amounts of vitamin A or retinol can result in chronic toxicity. The duration of this toxicity depends on the amount of vitamin A or retinol consumed. It is hard to pinpoint a time period as the time taken by every person’s body will differ. The toxicity decreases gradually with a decrease in the consumption of vitamin A.
Vitamin A toxicity lasts however long your body takes to process and break down. High doses can be extremely dangerous, but most of the time you would never reach toxic doses unless you’re eating liver from wild animals.
The supplement intake should be monitored in such cases.
Don’t overtake the orders from your doctor.
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0.9836 |
I drive the car. The car drives me.
Well, it's a no brainer. The first sentence is right the second is clearly wrong.
And yet, technology is turning the table and making the second sentence as correct as the first, and in 50 years time, may be, it will make the first sentence wrong, or at least quite unusual.
Delphi Automotive has successfully completed the first coast to coast trip with a self driving car from San Francisco to New York.
The trip, 3,400 miles long, started in San Francisco on March 22nd and ended in New York on April 2nd. A 9 days trip that was completed for 99% by the car in a self driving mode.
That meant harvesting and processing a huge volume of data: almost 3TB to be precise, 30% of the data contained in the US Library of Congress.
According to the experimenters that were "driven" by the car, the trip went smoothly and provided important feedback to further improve the car driving style and the overall safety.
Hence, the real challenge now is to make these technologies affordable. Not impossible if you consider that a Roomba vacuum cleaner that is today sold for some 300$ has technology that ten years ago would put the price in the 30,000-50,000 $ range.
So you see. Give it a bit of time and a sentence like "I kept sleeping as my car drove me to the office this morning" would become part of the morning chit-chat, as it is today saying "I felt so sleepy that I had to stop and drink a double Espresso!".
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Wombs for rent in India: Inside the 'house of surrogates' where poverty-stricken women carry babies for wealthy foreigners. House Of Surrogates documentary airs on BBC4 tomorrowSurrogates are paid $8k - but clinic takes $28k from clientsCommercial surrogacy now worth over £1billion a year By Deni Kirkova Published: 15:54 GMT, 30 September 2013 | Updated: 17:53 GMT, 30 September 2013 'These are Alexander and Katerina, I've had the names for two years,' says the Russian wife of British doctor Michael, 62, of the two embryos that have just been implanted in a surrogate mother.
Veronica, 33, was born with one fallopian tube and one ovary, leaving her unable to carry a child. She and her husband have travelled from the U.K to Dr Nanya Patel's clinic in rural Gujarat, India, where two of her fertilised embryos are to be carried by a virtual stranger. Scroll down for video Michael, 62, and wife Veronica, 33, have come all the way to India from the UK to Dr Patel's clinic '[The outside of the clinic] looks very ordinary. Veronica adds: 'My last chance of trying to have my own child is to use a surrogate... Loaded: 0% Adoption rate drops to all-time low, says Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Prospective parents face a lengthy wait between the time they are given official approval and the child's arrival.
ADOPTION has dropped to an all-time low, as prospective parents wait up to six years to give a home to a child from Asia. Just 333 children were adopted last financial year, the lowest number on record, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare will reveal today. And for the first time in 13 years, Australian children outnumbered foreign kids, with 55 per cent of adopted children coming from overseas.
Foster parents and step-parents are the most likely to adopt an Australian child already in their care. Adoption rates fall to 'lowest annual number on record' with 317 agreements finalised this year: AIHW. Updated The adoption rate across Australia has fallen, with the 317 permanent care arrangements finalised across the country this year the "lowest annual number on record", according to a report from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
The figure represented a drop of 9 per cent on last year when 348 permanent arrangements were finalised. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) released its Adoptions Australia 2013-14 report on Wednesday, comparing current trends in adoptions with previous versions of the report that date back to 1989-90.
The latest report noted there was a 76 per cent decline in adoptions in Australia in the last 25 years, with the most noticeable long-term fall in adoption of Australian children. About a third of all adoptions, 114, were children from overseas but that number is falling too. This year, the lowest annual number of international adoptions in the last 25 years was recorded. The surrogacy trap: why our laws need new life. Analysis Updated Should Australia's surrogacy law allow women to be paid for helping infertile couples?
Barbara Miller says while payment raises ethical dilemmas, there's no doubt current law needs to be changed. When Nicole Kidman and her husband Keith Urban thanked their "gestational carrier" for the birth of their daughter in 2010, they copped a lot of flak. The use of such a clinical term, some commentators argued, dehumanised the woman who had acted as a surrogate for them, enduring a pregnancy just so the celebrity couple could be parents again.
There's no doubting that the term hardly brings on the warm fuzzies, but some surrogates choose to use it. Take Kelly Rummelhart, an upbeat Californian mother of three children of her own, who has acted as a surrogate, using donor eggs, three times. When I spoke to her then, she told me she was "more comfortable" with the term gestational carrier: "Because that's what I am". Kelly says she became a surrogate to "help other people be parents". Daily Telegraph. To use this website, cookies must be enabled in your browser. To enable cookies, follow the instructions for your browser below. Facebook App: Open links in External Browser There is a specific issue with the Facebook in-app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set. This appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon.
The simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the Facebook app but not use the in-app browser. Open the settings menu by clicking the hamburger menu in the top right Choose "App Settings" from the menu Turn on the option "Links Open Externally" (This will use the device's default browser) Enabling Cookies in Internet Explorer 7, 8 & 9 Open the Internet Browser Click Tools> Internet Options>Privacy>Advanced Check Override automatic cookie handling For First-party Cookies and Third-party Cookies click Accept Click OK and OK Enabling Cookies in Firefox Enabling Cookies in Google Chrome.
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How can I limit standalone BLAST+ searches by organism?
You can limit your Standalone BLAST+ software by organism or taxonomic group if you use the list of GI numbers or accession numbers that corresponds to all of the sequence records for an organism or a taxonomic group in the database.
Note: The BLAST+ binaries generally work faster with the -gilist parameter than with the -seqids parameter.
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What costs are involved in closing? There are certain standard costs associated with closing the sale of a house. These costs are split between the buyer and the seller, as spelled out in the sales contract. As you or your realtor negotiate the sales contract for your new home, you should not only work to get the sales price you want, but also work to limit the number of closing costs for which you will be responsible. We will walk you through the closing costs, answering any questions you may have and explaining which costs are decreed by law to be yours and which are negotiable.
The Good Faith Estimate is a form that determines which mortgage is best for you. It shows the loan terms and settlement charges you will pay if you decide to go forward with the mortgage process and are approved for the loan.
This covers the administrative expenses for setting up and processing the loan. The loan origination fee may be a percentage of the mortgage amount.
One option for the homebuyer is to pay points to lower the interest rate at which the loan will be repaid. Each point equals one (1) percent of the mortgage amount. For example: on a $150,000.00 loan, 1 point would equal $1,500.00.
The appraisal fee may be incorporated into the closing costs or payment for such fee may be required by the lender at the time the loan application is submitted.
Typically the buyer is required to pay interest on the mortgage loan to cover the time between the closing date and when the first mortgage payment period begins. For example: If closing is on May 15th, your first monthly payment begins to accrue interest on June 1st, with your first mortgage payment due July 1st. At closing, an interest payment covering the accrual period between May 15th and May 31st may be required.
At closing, a payment may be required to fund the escrow account if the lender is paying home insurance, property taxes and/or other expenses out of the escrow account.
This closing cost is often prorated between the buyer and seller. If the seller has already paid the annual property taxes, the buyer typically reimburses the seller for the period during which the buyer will occupy the property. Likewise, if the taxes have not yet been paid, the seller typically reimburses the buyer for the period during which the seller occupied the property.
Homeowner's insurance covers replacement costs for damage caused by fire, wind or other disaster that might affect the value of the property. Typically, the insurance also includes personal liability and theft coverage.
This policy protects both the buyer and lender by ensuring a clear chain of title. It ensures that that the person who sells the property has the legal right to do so.
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It is commonly accepted that reward is an effective motivator of behavior, but little is known about potential costs resulting from reward associations. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural underpinnings of such reward-related performance-disrupting effects in a reward-modulated Stroop task in humans. While reward associations in the task-relevant dimension (i.e., ink color) facilitated performance, behavioral detriments were found when the task-irrelevant dimension (i.e., word meaning) implicitly referred to reward-predictive ink colors. Neurally, only relevant reward associations invoked a typical reward-anticipation response in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which was in turn predictive of behavioral facilitation. In contrast, irrelevant reward associations increased activity in a medial prefrontal motor-control-related region, namely the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), which likely reflects the preemption and inhibition of automatic response tendencies that are amplified by irrelevant reward-related words. This view was further supported by a positive relationship between pre-SMA activity and pronounced response slowing in trials containing reward-related as compared with reward-unrelated incongruent words. Importantly, the distinct neural processes related to the beneficial and detrimental behavioral effects of reward associations appeared to arise from preferential-coding mechanisms in visual-processing areas that were shared by the two stimulus dimensions, suggesting a transfer of reward-related saliency to the irrelevant dimension, but with highly differential behavioral and neural ramifications. More generally, the data demonstrate that even entirely irrelevant reward associations can influence stimulus-processing and response-selection pathways relatively automatically, thereby representing an important flipside of reward-driven performance enhancements.
Reward is known to be a driving force for adaptive behavior and learning, and numerous studies have demonstrated that animals quickly learn to maximize rewards when interacting with the environment (Schultz, 2002; Wise, 2004). Once established, stimulus–reward associations can influence sensory processing at an early stage, presumably by enhancing the neural coding of salient stimulus features (Lee et al., 2002; Serences, 2008; Pessoa and Engelmann, 2010). Such preferential-coding mechanisms trigger processing cascades that benefit behavior by increasing attention to the evoking stimulus (Small et al., 2005; Engelmann et al., 2009), as well as by interacting with higher order cognitive functions (Locke and Braver, 2008; Kouneiher et al., 2009).
More recently, the view that such reward-driven influences are exclusively beneficial has been challenged by observations that they can concomitantly induce behavioral costs (Pessoa, 2009). In line with this view, we recently demonstrated that reward associations in the task-relevant dimension (i.e., ink color) of a Stroop task facilitated responses, whereas behavioral detriments were found when the task-irrelevant dimension (i.e., word meaning) implicitly referred to reward-predictive colors (Krebs et al., 2010). These opposite effects suggest that reward associations were implicitly transferred to the irrelevant dimension, which in turn led attention astray.
By implementing our behavioral protocol in an fMRI study, we sought to determine the neural underpinnings of such detrimental reward-related effects. Based on the apparent generalization of reward associations across stimulus dimensions, we hypothesized that irrelevant reward-related words, similar to relevant reward-predictive colors, would engage visual object-representation areas within the fusiform gyrus (FG), which are known to be modulated by stimulus saliency and attention (e.g., O'Craven et al., 1999; Vuilleumier, 2005). In the irrelevant case, such a modulation may be triggered by an implicit, albeit salient, association, rather than reflecting a voluntary attentional mechanism.
We further predicted that the beneficial behavioral effects of relevant reward associations, which truly predicted potential reward, would be paralleled by increased activity within key regions of the reward-anticipation circuit, including the ventral striatum, which is particularly sensitive to stimulus–value associations (Knutson et al., 2001a,b; O'Doherty et al., 2004). In contrast, the interference induced by irrelevant reward associations may be due to an unspecific attentional disruption from the main task, similar to the effect of salient distractors (de Fockert et al., 2004). Alternatively, the interference could primarily arise at the response-control level, reflecting prepotent response tendencies to reward-related words. This notion is in line with parallel distributed processing models of Stroop interference proposing that incongruent words automatically coactivate the task-irrelevant stimulus–response pathway (Cohen et al., 1990; MacLeod, 1991; Banich et al., 2001; Botvinick et al., 2001; Zysset et al., 2001). If this were the case, salient, albeit irrelevant, reward-related words would likely engage medial frontal regions implicated in response-conflict monitoring (Ullsperger and von Cramon, 2001; Kerns et al., 2004; Ridderinkhof et al., 2004). In particular, we predicted modulations within the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) because of its involvement in situations in which alternative motor plans have to be initiated to overcome prepotent response tendencies (Rushworth et al., 2004; Nachev et al., 2005).
Nineteen healthy right-handed subjects participated in the present study (mean age ± SD: 22.6 ± 3.5 years, 10 female). One additional subject had to be excluded from the analysis because of poor general task performance. All participants gave written informed consent in accordance with the Duke Medical Center Institutional Review Board for human subjects and were paid a basic amount of $40 plus an average reward bonus of $15.
Participants performed a version of the classic Stroop task, responding to the ink color of words while ignoring their semantic meaning. Throughout all experimental runs, a small gray fixation square (visual angle 0.3°) was maintained in the center of a black screen. In each trial, a colored capitalized word was presented directly above fixation for 600 ms (Fig. 1A), randomly chosen from the following set: RED, YELLOW, BLUE, GREEN, or BROWN (vertical 0.8°, horizontal 2.1–4.6°). The word onsets were pseudorandomly varied with a stimulus onset asynchrony of 1.5–6 s to allow for effective event-related blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response estimation (Hinrichs et al., 2000). Each word was written in one of four ink colors (red, yellow, blue, or green), and participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible by pressing the button associated with the word's ink color (Color: task-relevant dimension) while ignoring its semantic meaning (Word: task-irrelevant dimension). Responses were given with the index and middle fingers of the left and right hands (color-button assignments and color-reward associations were counterbalanced across subjects). The semantic meaning of a given word could be congruent (Wc; e.g., GREEN in green ink), fully incongruent (Wi; e.g., RED in green ink), or incongruent-ineligible (Wii; e.g., BROWN in green ink) with respect to the ink color. Notably, although the latter trials (Wii) are incongruent at the perceptual level, similar to fully incongruent trials (Wi), they do not invoke any competition at the response level, which is why they are often labeled “incongruent response-ineligible” (Milham et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2006). Traditionally, these trials are used as a baseline to quantify the amount of behavioral benefits for congruent trials and detriments for fully incongruent ones as they introduce an intermediate level of processing (MacLeod, 1991; van Veen et al., 2001). Although we included incongruent-ineligible trials to match the previous behavioral protocol, they were not considered in the imaging analysis because of their exceptional position.
Two of the four possible ink colors represented typical Stroop trials (no reward, termed Color0), and responses to the remaining two colors were associated with monetary incentives (potential reward, termed Color$) (Fig. 1B). Fast and correct responses to the latter resulted in a 10-cent gain, whereas incorrect or slow responses resulted in a 10-cent penalty. To keep all participants at a similar reward ratio of 70% throughout the experiment, the response time (RT) window was adjusted dynamically based on individual performance, leading to a mean monetary gain of $3 per run. Specifically, after each trial, the hit rate was routinely updated in the background, and the response timeout for the next trial was shortened or extended by 10 ms if this rate was above or below 70%, respectively. Importantly, however, all analyses regarding RT and accuracy were based on the actual responses within a window of 150–1200 ms after word onset, whereas the adjustments only affected the interim visual feedback. Following a short training session, subjects completed five 8 min runs inside the fMRI scanner, yielding a total of 500 Color$ and 500 Color0 trials. During four breaks within each run, as well as at the end of each run, the updated dollar amount was displayed, serving as intermediate performance feedback.
Importantly, because of the relevant color–reward associations, the irrelevant semantic meaning of incongruent words could implicitly refer to a rewarded color (termed Wi$) or not (termed Wi0), which was equally distributed for Color$ and Color0 trials (Fig. 1B). Despite the words' implicit relation to the different ink–color subsets, word meanings were always task-irrelevant and never predictive of any reward. To simplify the nomenclature, however, we refer to incongruent words with implicit reward-related meaning as “irrelevant reward” trials with respect to the data analysis. This manipulation allowed us to investigate the direct effects of reward associations in the relevant dimension (Color$ vs Color0), as well as their indirect effects that were entirely irrelevant to the task (Wi$ vs Wi0).
The averaged RTs and error rates within the potential-reward and no-reward word categories were submitted to repeated-measures ANOVAs to verify the overall main effects of the relevant (Color: Color$, Color0) and irrelevant (Word: Wc, Wii, Wi$/Wi0) dimensions. To investigate differential effects of reward-related irrelevant information, we conducted additional 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVAs focusing on the two types of incongruent trials (Color$ vs Color0 × Wi$ vs Wi0).
fMRI images were acquired using a 3 tesla GE MR750 scanner with an eight-channel head-coil array. Each functional run consisted of 324 images acquired in an axial slice orientation (36 slices, 3 mm) using an interleaved scanning order (inward spiral sequence with SENSE acceleration factor of 2, TR = 1.5 s, TE = 25 ms, FOV = 192 mm, matrix size = 64 × 64, in-plane resolution = 3 × 3 mm). The first five volumes of each run were discarded to allow a steady magnetization to be reached.
For each participant, a T1-weighted high-resolution whole-brain anatomical scan (3D FSPGR sequence, FOV = 256 mm, yielding a voxel size of 1 × 1 × 1 mm) was acquired to enable coregistration and normalization. Participants were required to keep their eyes fixated on a centered square throughout the task, and fixation performance was monitored using an MR-compatible eye-tracking system (Viewpoint, Arrington Research).
Images were preprocessed and analyzed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping software package (SPM5). Anatomical images were coregistered to the SPM template and spatially normalized using the gray- and white-matter segmentation routine implemented in SPM5. Functional images were corrected for acquisition delay, spatially realigned, and coregistered to the original T1-weighted image. After resampling to a final voxel size of 2 × 2 × 2 mm, functional images were smoothed with an isotropic 6 mm full-width half-maximum Gaussian kernel. Before model estimation, a high-pass temporal filter of 128 s was applied.
A two-stage model was used for statistical analysis (Friston et al., 1995). BOLD responses were modeled by delta functions at the stimulus onsets for each event type, which were then convolved with a canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) plus temporal and dispersion derivatives. The resulting regressors were entered into a general linear model together with the six realignment parameters for each run. The analysis focused on correct trials only, and all erroneous trials were therefore modeled as regressors of no interest. Individual participants' contrast images were calculated using the amplitude (HRF) parameter and entered into a random-effects analysis using one-sample t tests for voxelwise comparisons (corrected for multiple comparisons on the cluster level p < 0.05; auxiliary p-value threshold p < 0.001; extent threshold k = 15) (Figs. 2, 3). Brain activity for relevant reward was derived by contrasting potential-reward and no-reward trials in the absence of irrelevant reward associations (RELEVANT REWARD contrast: Color$ > Color0, excluding Wi$ trials); activity related to irrelevant reward was derived by contrasting incongruent reward-related words to incongruent reward-unrelated words in the absence of relevant reward (IRRELEVANT REWARD contrast: Color0_Wi$ > Color0_Wi0).
To further verify the observed differential effects within NAcc and the pre-SMA, we performed region of interest (ROI) analyses using the MarsBar analysis toolbox (Brett et al., 2002). Spheres were centered around the local activity maxima (4 mm radius) derived from the voxelwise relevant reward (MNI coordinates x, y, z: −10, 10, 2) (Fig. 3A) as well as the irrelevant reward contrasts (x, y, z: 2, 8, 56) (Fig. 3B). The BOLD signal change was extracted for each condition of interest and analyzed with respect to the two types of reward associations, analogous to the voxelwise comparisons (Color$ − Color0; Color0_Wi$ − Color0_Wi0). It should be emphasized that, based on the ROI selection, one of the respective comparisons (as indicated by asterisks in Fig. 3) naturally reiterates the results of the voxelwise analyses (Kriegeskorte et al., 2009). Therefore, these ROI results should only be considered illustrative rather than inferential. The main purpose of this ROI-based signal extraction was, however, to assess whether the identified regions are sensitive to reward information in the respective opposite stimulus dimension. This approach allowed us to rule out that potential modulations by the respective opposite reward information in these regions remained undetected in the voxelwise comparisons. In addition, the extracted signal-change values were used to perform correlational analyses with RTs.
The main aim of the present study was to examine effects of relevant and irrelevant reward in the total absence of the respective opposite factor, that is, the RELEVANT REWARD contrast included only trials free from reward information in the irrelevant dimension and vice versa. These comparisons guaranteed that the observed effects are not directly confounded by the opposite factor, but they did not allow us to investigate a potential interaction between the two dimensions. To investigate such interactions across the whole brain, we performed a 2 × 2 voxelwise repeated-measures ANOVA focusing on incongruent trials only, analogous to the behavioral data analysis (significance threshold p < 0.001 uncorrected; extent threshold k = 15) (see Table 4).
Participants responded to the word's ink color (Color: task-relevant), which could be associated with obtaining reward or not (Color$ vs Color0), while ignoring the semantic meaning (Word: task-irrelevant), which could be congruent, incongruent, or incongruent-ineligible with respect to the ink color. A full representation of the task performance is provided in Table 1.
Overall, responses were faster in potential-reward trials (Color$, mean RT = 610 ms) as compared with no-reward trials (Color0, mean RT = 538 ms), reflected statistically in a main effect of relevant reward in the ANOVA (F(1,18) = 41.27, p < 0.001). Furthermore, in keeping with typical Stroop-interference effects, RTs were significantly modulated by the word meaning in a given trial, with fastest responses in congruent trials, intermediate in incongruent-ineligible trials, and slowest in incongruent ones (F(1,17) = 33.0, p < 0.001). No interaction between potential reward and conflict was observed (p > 0.7). Participants also committed fewer errors in potential-reward as compared with no-reward trials (Color$ < Color0: F(1,18) = 12.37, p = 0.002), as well as fewer errors in trials with congruent and incongruent-ineligible as compared with fully incongruent words (F(1,17) = 6.35, p = 0.004).
To test the interference effects specifically induced by reward-related (Wi$) incongruent words, we conducted an additional 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA focusing on incongruent trials of the potential-reward and no-reward trial types (Color$ vs Color0 × Wi$ vs Wi0). We again observed faster responses in potential-reward as compared with no-reward trials (Color$ < Color0: F(1,18) = 35.71, p < 0.001), but interference effects were significantly greater for incongruent words that were semantically related to reward (Wi$) across potential-reward and no-reward trials (F(1,18) = 21.45, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1C). No interaction of these factors was observed (p > 0.2).
Experimental paradigm and behavioral results. A, Colored words were presented for 600 ms each on a black background, separated by a stimulus onset asynchrony of 1.5–6 s. Participants responded to the word's ink color (task-relevant dimension) while ignoring its semantic meaning (task-irrelevant dimension). B, A subset of ink colors and the respective responses were associated with potential-reward (termed Color$; e.g., green/blue), and the remaining colors were not (termed Color0; e.g., red/yellow). Accordingly, task-irrelevant word meanings could not only be congruent, incongruent-ineligible, or fully incongruent to the ink color, but the latter word category could moreover implicitly refer to the potential-reward (Wi$) or the no-reward (Wi0) ink-color subset. C, Relative RT differences are depicted for all incongruent word categories compared with the congruent ones within both ink-color subsets (Color$: turquoise bars; Color0: orange bars). Error bars represent the SEM for the difference values; asterisks indicate significant paired t tests (***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; above single bar: difference relative to congruent words; between bars: difference between two word categories).
To identify brain regions that are specifically modulated by the actual prospect of reward as indicated by the ink color, we compared potential-reward to no-reward trials (RELEVANT REWARD contrast: Color$ > Color0) (Figs. 2A, 3A, Table 2). Importantly, we excluded all trials containing irrelevant reward associations (Wi$) to avoid interaction effects.
Cortical activity associated with relevant and irrelevant reward. A, The actual prospect of reward, defined by comparing relevant potential-reward with no-reward trials, engaged various prefrontal regions, including right dlPFC and inferior frontal junction, right IFG, and lateral frontopolar cortex (lf polar), as well as bilateral FG and inferior parietal cortex (IPC). B, Irrelevant reward information, defined by comparing incongruent reward-related with incongruent reward-unrelated words in no-reward trials, was associated with increased activity in dlPFC and FG, as well as in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG). C, Neural activity associated with relevant reward (white) and irrelevant reward (black) is overlaid to illustrate the activity overlap (gray) within right dlPFC and bilateral FG (display cutoff p < 0.001).
Differential activity patterns related to relevant and irrelevant reward associations. The NAcc was activated by relevant reward (A), whereas the pre-SMA was activated by irrelevant reward (B). ROI analyses of the extracted signal-change values confirmed that these regions were insensitive to the respective opposite type of reward information as indicated by ns (nonsignificant comparison). Asterisks indicate the reiterations of the voxelwise results (significant at p < 0.01). C, Furthermore, the NAcc activity increase that was selective for relevant reward (depicted as difference between Color$ and Color0) was correlated with response acceleration (depicted as RT difference between Color$ and Color0). D, In contrast, increased pre-SMA activity related to reward-related words (depicted as differences between Color0_Wi$ and Color0_Wi0) was associated with response slowing (depicted as RT difference between Color0_Wi$ and Color0_Wi0).
The voxelwise comparison yielded enhanced activity for potential-reward trials in the bilateral NAcc (Fig. 3A), a region that has been strongly associated with the processing of reward, along with regions related to cognitive control: the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) extending into the anterior insula, and lateral frontopolar cortex bilaterally (Fig. 2A). The cluster within the dlPFC comprises parts of the posterior middle frontal gyrus and extends into the inferior frontal junction. Furthermore, we found bilateral clusters of increased activity in the fusiform gyri (FG).
To isolate neural responses reflecting the processing of irrelevant reward information, we directly compared incongruent reward-related and incongruent reward-unrelated words of the no-reward trial category (IRRELEVANT REWARD: Color0_Wi$ > Color0_Wi0) (Figs. 2B, 3B, Table 3). These trial types differed exclusively regarding the reward-related meaning of the word, while both entailed response conflict and were nonpredictive of reward, thereby avoiding interactions between relevant and irrelevant reward processing in the same trial.
The voxelwise analysis revealed enhanced activity in medial and lateral frontal cortex (Figs. 2B, 3B). The cluster within the medial frontal wall corresponds closely to the pre-SMA region as it is located just rostral to the vertical commissure anterior (Vorobiev et al., 1998). The activity within the dlPFC mainly comprises the posterior middle frontal gyrus. Furthermore, irrelevant reward signals activated the bilateral FG, extending into the inferior temporal gyrus (Fig. 2B).
Despite the considerable overlap in lateral prefrontal and posterior cortical regions (Fig. 2C), the voxelwise comparisons revealed two regions that were highly selective for relevant and irrelevant reward information, respectively, namely the NAcc and the pre-SMA (Fig. 3). To further verify this dissociation, we extracted the BOLD response for all conditions of interest based on the ROIs derived from the relevant reward and irrelevant reward contrasts separately (for further details on ROI selection, see fMRI data analysis). These ROI analyses naturally reflected the results of the voxelwise comparisons (as indicated by asterisks), but revealed moreover that the NAcc (Fig. 3A) was indeed insensitive to irrelevant reward, whereas the pre-SMA (Fig. 3B) was insensitive to relevant reward (as indicated by ns).
To relate these differential activity patterns to task performance, we submitted the ROI-based difference values delineated in Figure 3 to an across-subjects correlational analysis with RT measures. Response speeding related to the processing of relevant reward, defined as the RT difference between Color$ and Color0 trials, was negatively correlated with the corresponding neural responses within left NAcc (Fig. 3C), indicating a facilitating influence of activity in this region on performance. In contrast, response slowing associated with the occurrence of irrelevant reward-related words, defined as the RT difference between Color0_Wi$ and Color0_Wi0 trials, was associated with activity increases in the pre-SMA (Fig. 3D), presumably reflecting this region's role in the inhibition of inappropriate responses associated with the task-irrelevant stimulus dimension and in the selection of the appropriate response (Isoda and Hikosaka, 2007). To assess whether the observed differential behavioral effects were independent, we tested whether the NAcc-associated speeding and the pre-SMA-associated slowing were statistically related across subjects. We found that neither the relative RT speeding (relevant) and RT slowing (irrelevant; r = −0.05, p = 0.819) nor the BOLD response within NAcc and pre-SMA (r = 0.22, p = 0.365) were significantly correlated across participants, indicating that both processes are mediated relatively independently by distinct regions.
To investigate whether any of the regions isolated by the independent contrasts exhibited an interaction between the two reward dimensions, we performed a voxelwise 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA focusing on incongruent trials only. Three cortical regions—right dlPFC, right IPC, and right FG—exhibited a significant interaction between relevant and irrelevant reward (Table 4). When extracting the signal change from these activated clusters, we found that the interaction in all three regions was due to a relatively larger activity increase for incongruent reward-related words in no-reward as compared with reward trials. In contrast, no voxelwise interactions were found in the other key areas of interest, namely the NAcc and the pre-SMA.
Consistent with our previous behavioral study, we found that relevant reward associations (i.e., ink colors indicating potential-reward trials) facilitated behavioral responses, whereas irrelevant reward associations (i.e., word meaning related to reward-predicting ink colors) impaired performance. These results suggest that the established reward associations in the relevant dimension generalized to a different dimension of the stimulus on the basis of a shared abstract color representation. Based on this “transfer” of reward associations, the entirely irrelevant word meaning seemed to also acquire saliency, thereby impairing performance. The present study focused on the neural underpinnings of these striking behavioral effects.
We hypothesized that reward associations, in both the relevant and irrelevant dimensions, would be reflected in increased neural activity within visual object-representation areas. Such a shared preferential-coding mechanism was indeed supported by the highly overlapping enhanced activity observed in the FG in response to reward associations in both dimensions. Considering the involvement of the FG in the processing of visual objects, along with its sensitivity to stimulus saliency and attentional modulations (e.g., O'Craven et al., 1999; Vuilleumier, 2005), the observed activity in this region likely reflects increased attention to the Stroop stimuli that hold salient information, regardless of the underlying dimension. Interestingly, the spatial spread of the FG activity appeared to be relatively more posterior for the color dimension and relatively more inferior for the word-meaning dimension. However, although it might appear tempting to propose a dimension-specific attentional enhancement in color-specific (McKeefry and Zeki, 1997) versus word-specific (McCandliss et al., 2003) areas within FG, the present data do not allow us to establish such a dissociation.
Despite the considerable activity overlap in the FG, the opposing behavioral effects related to the source dimension of the reward information suggest differential neural cascades following such preferential coding.
The observed behavioral facilitation in potential-reward trials is consistent with repeatedly observed beneficial effects of reward on performance in various task domains (Ramnani and Miall, 2003; Small et al., 2005; Locke and Braver, 2008; Engelmann et al., 2009; Kiss et al., 2009). Because relevant reward associations in the present paradigm are in line with the higher order task goal, preferential coding of these stimuli likely promotes cognitive-control functions to accomplish the task. Our imaging data support this view, in that we observed greater activity on potential-reward trials in lateral prefrontal regions implicated in the representation and maintenance of task goals, including dlPFC and IFG (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Braver et al., 2007). Moreover, these regions are sensitive to the behavioral relevance of a task (Taylor et al., 2004; Locke and Braver, 2008; Kouneiher et al., 2009). In the present study, not only should color naming per se be represented in the current task set, but also the specific color-reward mapping. In line with this view, we found increased activity in a lateral frontopolar region that has been related to maintaining a higher order goal while performing an ongoing task (Koechlin et al., 1999; Pochon et al., 2002).
Importantly, the anticipation of actual reward reliably activated the NAcc, a key region of the dopaminergic circuits that have been proposed to assign incentive values to behaviorally relevant stimuli (Knutson et al., 2001a; Schultz, 2002; O'Doherty et al., 2004; Wise, 2004; Knutson and Cooper, 2005). The highly selective NAcc response to relevant reward associations in the present paradigm presumably arises through interactions with prefrontal regions that promote the higher order goal of the task (Wise, 2004; Goto and Grace, 2005), an inference further supported by the inverse relationship between reward-related activity increase within this region and response speed across subjects.
It is important to consider whether the observed facilitation in reward trials is primarily related to the anticipation of reward or a specific combination of reward and punishment contingencies. First, the bonuses participants could potentially win were an addition to the hourly payment, which makes it unlikely that participants actually “feared” to lose money. Second, there is evidence that feedback related to both winning and avoiding-to-lose similarly activates the ventral striatum (e.g., Kim et al., 2006). Most importantly, the direct comparison between versions of the task that exclusively used reward and those entailing both reward and punishment (Krebs et al., 2010) did not reveal any differences regarding the behavioral facilitation.
The inducement of increased visual processing of reward-predictive stimuli in the relevant dimension (i.e., color naming) benefited performance, but reward associations in the irrelevant dimension (i.e., word meaning) appeared to be disruptive. This detrimental influence could be related to different mechanisms. One possibility is that preferential coding of a salient, albeit irrelevant, stimulus leads to a relatively unspecific attentional distraction from the color-naming task (de Fockert et al., 2004), thereby delaying responses. Alternatively, the acquired saliency of irrelevant reward-related words could act at the level of stimulus–response mappings by enhancing prepotent response tendencies for the irrelevant word meaning (MacLeod, 1991; Botvinick et al., 2001).
The present neural data support the latter notion, in that irrelevant but salient reward-related words specifically engaged the pre-SMA, which has been closely associated with the detection as well as the resolution of conflict at the response level (Ullsperger and von Cramon, 2001; Rushworth et al., 2002, 2004; Garavan et al., 2003; Nachev et al., 2005). In particular, the increased pre-SMA activity in response to irrelevant reward-related words might reflect the controlled selection of the correct response to overcome automatic response tendencies (Nachev et al., 2005; Isoda and Hikosaka, 2007) that have been amplified by implicitly transferred reward associations. According to this view, the correct motor output comes at the cost of delaying the responses (van Gaal et al., 2010, 2011), which is consistent with the observed positive relationship between pre-SMA activity and response slowing associated with reward-related incongruent words in the present data. The concomitant engagement of the right dlPFC in these trials presumably reflects reactive processes to help enforce the relevant task representation against the irrelevant one (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Egner and Hirsch, 2005).
Despite their prominent effects in cortical areas, there was no evidence that irrelevant reward associations were related to actual reward anticipation. The NAcc was virtually silent in these trials, which is in line with proposals that its activation strongly depends on the actual behavioral relevance of reward-related stimuli (Zink et al., 2004; Bjork and Hommer, 2007). The lack of robust neural reward-anticipation responses may thus indicate that reward-related words in the present paradigm acquire some kind of low-level saliency that is independent of the original reward context.
Considering that word reading is a highly overlearned process in itself, it appears possible that this low-level saliency may trigger the associated response-selection pathways in a rather automatic fashion, thereby bypassing not only reward-processing regions but also conscious awareness of response conflict. In line with this notion, it has been demonstrated that the motor-control functions of the pre-SMA, and in particular the inhibition and replacement of automatic responses, are even evident under subliminal conflict situations (Sumner et al., 2007; Sumner and Husain, 2008; van Gaal et al., 2010, 2011).
Of note, our analysis focused on the effects of irrelevant reward associations on trials in which no actual reward was at stake, thereby avoiding interaction effects between the processing of relevant and irrelevant reward associations in the same trial. Although beyond our main focus, it is likely that the processing of irrelevant reward signals is different in trials in which cognitive-control functions, and consequently performance, are concomitantly promoted by relevant reward (Pochon et al., 2002; Locke and Braver, 2008). Hence, responses to the relevant, and therefore truly reward-predicting, stimulus may be less vulnerable to any interference from the irrelevant dimension. This notion is supported by the observed voxelwise interaction in several areas that were part of the overlapping networks in the independent comparisons—the dlPFC, the FG, and the IPC. In all three of these regions, the interaction was driven by a relatively larger activity increase for incongruent reward-related words in no-reward as compared with reward trials.
The present study investigated the neural underpinnings of the recent behavioral observations that reward associations, which are meant to enhance performance for certain facets of a task, can concomitantly disrupt behavior for others (Pessoa, 2009; Padmala and Pessoa, 2010; Krebs et al., 2010; Rutherford et al., 2010). The present neural data indicate that reward associations influence low-level visual-processing and subsequent response-selection pathways relatively automatically, even when they are only implicitly transferred and entirely irrelevant to the task. Together, these studies results a fundamental flipside of reward associations on behavior and neural processing. Accordingly, they may also provide valuable insights into the mechanisms at play in a derailed reward system, such as in addiction (van Ree et al., 1999), where overrepresented reward signals (Bradley et al., 2003; Heinz et al., 2004) can substantially disrupt behavior and have major clinical ramifications.
(2001) Attentional selection and the processing of task-irrelevant information: insights from fMRI examinations of the Stroop task. Prog Brain Res 134:459–470.
(2007) Anticipating instrumentally obtained and passively received rewards: a factorial fMRI investigation. Behav Brain Res 177:165–170.
(2003) Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. Psychol Addict Behav 17:66–72.
(2007) Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: dual mechanisms of cognitive control (Oxford UP, New York).
(2002) Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox (abstract). Available on CD-Rom. Neuroimage, 16.
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(2009) Combined effects of attention and motivation on visual task performance: transient and sustained motivational effects. Front Hum Neurosci 3:4.
(2003) A midline dissociation between error-processing and response-conflict monitoring. Neuroimage 20:1132–1139.
(2004) Correlation between dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving. Am J Psychiatry 161:1783–1789.
(2000) Deconvolution of event-related fMRI responses in fast-rate experimental designs: tracking amplitude variations. J Cogn Neurosci 12:76–89.
(2007) Switching from automatic to controlled action by monkey medial frontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 10:240–248.
(2004) Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303:1023–1026.
(2006) Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? Neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain. PLoS Biology 4:e233.
(2009) Reward priority of visual target singletons modulates event-related potential signatures of attentional selection. Psychol Sci 20:245–251.
(2001a) Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 21:RC159.
(1999) The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition. Nature 399:148–151.
(2009) Motivation and cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 12:939–945.
(2010) The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task. Cognition 117:341–347.
(2002) Neural activity in early visual cortex reflects behavioral experience and higher-order perceptual saliency. Nat Neurosci 5:589–597.
(2008) Motivational influences on cognitive control: behavior, brain activation, and individual differences. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 8:99–112.
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(1997) The position and topography of the human colour centre as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain 120:2229–2242.
(2001) The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 12:467–473.
(2005) Volition and conflict in human medial frontal cortex. Curr Biol 15:122–128.
(2010) Interactions between cognition and motivation during response inhibition. Neuropsychologia 48:558–565.
(2009) How do emotion and motivation direct executive control? Trends Cogn Sci 13:160–166.
(2010) Embedding reward signals into perception and cognition. Front Neurosci 4:17.
(2002) The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: an fMRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:5669–5674.
(2003) Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation. Cereb Cortex 13:318–327.
(2002) Role of the human medial frontal cortex in task switching: a combined fMRI and TMS study. J Neurophysiol 87:2577–2592.
(2004) Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 8:410–417.
(2010) Value associations of irrelevant stimuli modify rapid visual orienting. Psychon Bull Rev 17:536–542.
(2008) Value-based modulations in human visual cortex. Neuron 60:1169–1181.
(2005) Monetary incentives enhance processing in brain regions mediating top-down control of attention. Cereb Cortex 15:1855–1865.
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(2004) A functional neuroimaging study of motivation and executive function. Neuroimage 21:1045–1054.
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What’s the advantage of Huawei ups power?
Now with the rapid development of IT industry, the use of computers is very extensive. Especially in some important occasions, some hospitals and even some of the work units, the use of computer equipment plays a very important role. We often use computer equipment in some important meetings, and uninterrupted power use can let us quickly finish the work with better performance. To us, the advantage of Huawei ups is that it can bring very useful application effects because of its reliable power supply and low power consumption, and one important point is that its maintenance is also very simple and easy to manage.
For our normal life, in some large hospitals, ct room server computer equipment plays a very important role. In addition, computer equipment power supply needs also should be continuously improved. So we need to use Huawei ups power to provide us with safe and stable, and efficient power supply effect, at the same time, it can provide us with safe, uninterrupted power to protect our work from any fault. Especially the computer equipment, its power supply needs are very important.
Because of the reliability of power supply, the machine can work normally. Application of Huawei ups power plays an important role in solving the problem of low power supply efficiency. I believe its use can solve the problem of low efficiency of power supply, and expand its telecommunications, and can improve its poor availability characteristics. During use, we can solve all kinds of problems resulting from use of the power grid under any occasions.
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Keeping your living space and workspace clean is easier said than done because it goes beyond just removing dust and stains. You also need to get rid of the hidden toxins and contaminants such as mold, mildew, and moss to keep the place healthy and well-maintained. Additionally, there are certain stains and contaminants that require extra efforts and better techniques to be eliminated. Over the years, pressure washing has emerged as a widely preferred cleaning technique for homeowners and business owners. This technique is done by professionals with the right kind of equipment, training, and experience. When you hire a professional service provider for the job, it is best to ask a few questions to verify their skills and suitability. Here are the five questions that you should ask for assessing a pressure washing service for your home or workplace.
1. Will you be available at a time that is convenient for me?
If you have a few providers shortlisted for the job, start by asking them about their availability. A cleaning service that is available as per your convenience would be the best one for you. When you hire for home cleaning, you should get it done when you have a holiday or the children are off to school. Similarly, businesses would want cleaners to be available for work during non-business hours so that there is a minimal interruption for the customers and employees. Ideally, seek a provider that is willing to come at the right time and finish the job within the deadline.
2. What are the skills, training, and experience your workers have?
Cleaners with the right skills and training will have complete knowledge of every aspect of power washing. From using the right equipment for cleaning materials for a specific surface, the right amount of washing pressure and more, they will have everything covered. The staff should also be trained regarding accessing the hard-to-reach areas easily and safely so that they can wash and clean your place well enough and without any safety hazards. Do not forget to ask them about their experience related to the type of properties that they have cleaned till date.
3. Do you use eco-friendly cleaning products?
Removal of certain kinds of stains and contaminants can be challenging; perhaps pressure washing is the only way to do it but there is a need to focus on sustainability too. Ask the agency if they use eco-friendly and biodegradable cleaning products because these ensure zero damage to the environment and safer air quality within your living space or workplace. You should also question the provider about the wastewater disposal measures because it should not damage the environment in any way. A professional service will always have the proper equipment to clean and dispose of wastewater effectively and sustainably.
Another key question that you should ask the commercial cleaning company is about their accident insurance. Even though you may get the best professionals working for you, accidents are never unavoidable. Therefore, it is essential to check whether they have a liability insurance and workers compensation insurance to cover such contingencies. If done, it frees you of the liability for any mistake or injury of the provider. Verify the facts they state by checking the insurance policy number and insurance provider.
5. Do you have a list of references?
The credibility of a cleaning company can be judged from the fact that it has a good reputation and satisfied clients vouching for its services. Ask the provider to share a list of references and clients they have worked for and cross check from genuine sources. You can also visit the website of the cleaning company and go through the client reviews and testimonials online to get a fair idea about the provider’s service quality. If the service provider fails to come up with good references, they are probably not good enough.
The choice of a cleaning company for a commercial or domestic pressure washing project should be made intelligently because you should not rely on an unscrupulous provider that gets the job half done. Of course, the cost is one criterion that you should bear in mind while comparing the providers but it should not be the only one. Pay attention to other factors like their service quality, focus on customer satisfaction and commitment to deadlines. This is one service that you do not take regularly but when you do it, have it done from the best provider who ensures nothing short of excellence in every aspect of the job.
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Obesity is when a person has excessive weight with a body mass index of 30. Morbid obesity is when a person has excessive weight with a body mass index of 35 or 40 or more.
Obesity is the condition in which a person has a body weight that is considered to be excessive as indicated by a body mass index of 30 or higher.
People who are obese often complain of tiredness and back pain and joint pain. They tire easily when completing mild exercise and often become short of breath. They also often snore and they have problems with low self-esteem. Obese individuals have more fat than the average person who is overweight.
The condition is diagnosed by measuring height and weight and using the body mass index (BMI) formula to determine where their weight falls on the BMI chart. Sometimes a measurement of waist circumference in addition to a body composition analysis is also done when diagnosing the condition. A value of 30 or greater indicates obesity.
The causes are likely to be a combination of several factors including genetics and environment. Genetics can impact how energy is spent and how fat is laid down in the body. Environmental variables include eating habits and lifestyle factors such as activity levels. Low activity and increased intake of food can cause the condition since not enough calories are then burnt relative to how much is taken in with food. Certain medications and medical conditions can also cause obesity.
There are multiple complications from being obese. Diseases such as diabetes type 2, liver and gallbladder problems, cardiovascular disease, cancer of the colon and breast, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and even sleep apnea are likely to develop if you are obese. Risk of death is slightly higher than a person of normal weight because of these complications, particularly after about 15 years.
Diet and lifestyle changes are recommended. Patients are encouraged to eat smaller portions of healthier foods and to increase their activity level greatly. Certain medications may be prescribed along with psychological therapy. Bariatric surgery is not a recommended treatment for people who are at this level of obesity (with a BMI of less than 35).
Morbid obesity is the condition in which a person has a body weight that is considered to be excessive as indicated by a body mass index of 40 or higher or 35 or higher along with health issues related to obesity.
What are the Symptoms of Morbid obesity?
People who have morbid obesity will have similar symptoms to people who are obese, but their ability to tolerate any exercise is very limited. They tend to have great difficulty in moving too much and also have joint and back pain. They also have trouble catching their breath if they do move and they are likely to have sleep apnea and snoring. Morbidly obese people will show excessive deposits of fat on the body.
How to Diagnose Morbid obesity?
Obesity is diagnosed by calculating a BMI for a patient and noticing that either the index is 35 and the patient has obesity-related illnesses such as diabetes type 2, or they have a BMI reading of 40. They are also at least 100 lbs. more than a healthy weight.
The causes of morbid obesity are often the result of an interaction of environment with genetic factors. Scientists have found that there are genetic changes that can place a person at higher risk of morbid obesity. The risk of extreme obesity is also higher in people who have a sibling or parent who is obese. The environment also plays a role and can greatly contribute to morbid obesity, especially when people make poor food choices and eat large portions. This combined with a sedentary lifestyle puts a person at risk of becoming morbidly obese.
The major complication of morbid obesity is heart disease and in fact, this is the main cause of death among the morbidly obese. People are also likely to develop type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis, and digestive problems such as liver and gallbladder disease, and GERD. Skin infections become more likely and people are at greater risk of cancers like breast and colon cancer. Risk of death in a morbidly obese person is higher than an obese person and can be as much as 12 times higher than a person of normal weight.
Morbid obesity often is best treated with bariatric surgery in which the stomach is either made smaller or part of the digestive tract is bypassed. Patients also need to learn to eat small portions of healthy food and to burn calories by exercising. Psychological therapy may be needed as well, and medication may be used.
Obesity is the condition of excess weight where the BMI is 30 or more. Morbid obesity is the condition of excess weight where the BMI is 35 or 40 or more.
In obesity, the BMI is 30. In morbid obesity, the BMI is 40 or greater, or 35 with health issues related to obesity.
The risk of death of an obese person is not as high as a person who is morbidly obese. A morbidly obese person has a higher risk of death than an obese person and can have as much as a 6 to 12 times greater risk of death than a person of healthy weight.
Moving and exercise for an obese person can be difficult. Movement in a morbidly obese person is extremely difficult, with exercise being equally challenging.
Obese people are best treated with a combination of changes in diet and activity levels, along with medication. Morbidly obese people are often best treated with bariatric surgery in addition to changes in lifestyle.
Obesity and morbid obesity are both conditions that can result in illness such as diabetes or heart disease.
Symptoms are similar in both morbid obesity and obesity, but morbidly obese people are even less able to exercise or move.
Obesity can be treated by a change in diet and exercise.
Morbid obesity is often best treated by bariatric surgery.
Dr. Rae Osborn. "Difference Between Obesity and Morbid Obesity." DifferenceBetween.net. January 17, 2019 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-obesity-and-morbid-obesity/ >.
Busetto, Luca. "Timing of bariatric surgery in people with obesity and diabetes." Annals of translational medicine 3.7 (2015).
Christou, Nicolas V., et al. "Surgery decreases long-term mortality, morbidity, and health care use in morbidly obese patients." Annals of surgery 240.3 (2004): 416.
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Upper Montclair, New Jersey, U.S.
Sterling Hayden (born Sterling Relyea Walter, March 26, 1916 – May 23, 1986) was an American actor and author. For most of his career as a leading man, he specialized in westerns and film noir, such as Johnny Guitar, The Asphalt Jungle and The Killing. Later on he became noted as a character actor for such roles as Gen. Jack D. Ripper in Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964). He also played the Irish-American policeman, Captain McCluskey, in Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather in 1972, and the novelist Roger Wade in 1973's The Long Goodbye. At six feet five inches (196 cm), he was taller than most actors.
He was born in Upper Montclair, New Jersey, to George and Frances Walter, who named him Sterling Relyea Walter. After his father died, he was adopted at the age of nine by James Hayden and renamed Sterling Walter Hayden. He grew up in coastal towns of New England, and as a child lived in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Washington, D.C., and Maine, where he attended Wassookeag School in Dexter, Maine.
Hayden was a genuine adventurer and man of action, not dissimilar from many of his movie parts. He dropped out of high school at the age of 16 and took a job as mate on a schooner. His first voyage was to Newport Beach, California from New London, Connecticut. Later, he was a fisherman on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, ran a charter yacht, and served as a fireman on eleven trips to Cuba aboard a steamer. He skippered a trading schooner in the Caribbean after earning his master's license, and in 1937 he served as mate on a world cruise of the schooner Yankee. After serving as sailor and fireman on larger vessels and sailing around the world several times, he was awarded his first command aged 22, skippering the square rigger Florence C. Robinson 7,700 miles from Gloucester, Massachusetts, to Tahiti in 1938.
Hayden became a print model and later signed a contract with Paramount Pictures, who dubbed the 6' 5" (1.96 m) actor "The Most Beautiful Man in the Movies" and "The Beautiful Blond Viking God". His first film, Virginia (1941), starred Madeleine Carroll, with whom he fell in love and married.
After two film roles, he left Hollywood and joined the Marines as a private, under the name "John Hamilton" (a pseudonym Hayden only used in the military). While at Parris Island he was recommended for Officer Candidate School. After graduation, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and was transferred to service as an undercover agent with William J. Donovan's COI office. He remained there after it became the OSS.
As OSS agent John Hamilton, his World War II service included sailing with supplies from Italy to Yugoslav partisans and parachuting into fascist Croatia. Hayden, who also participated in the Naples-Foggia campaign and established air crew rescue teams in enemy-occupied territory, became a first lieutenant on September 13, 1944, and a captain on February 14, 1945. He received the Silver Star (for gallantry in action in the Balkans and Mediterranean; "Lt. Hamilton displayed great courage in making hazardous sea voyages in enemy-infested waters and reconnaissance through enemy-held areas"), a Bronze Arrowhead device for parachuting behind enemy lines, and a commendation from Yugoslavia's Marshal Tito. He left active duty on December 24, 1945.
His great admiration for the bravery of the Communist partisans led to a brief membership in the Communist Party. He was apparently active in supporting an effort by the Communist-controlled motion picture painters' union to absorb other film industry unions. As the Red Scare deepened in U.S., he cooperated with the House Un-American Activities Committee, confessing his brief Communist ties and "naming names." His wife at that time, Betty de Noon, insisted that the 'names' her ex-husband provided were already in the hands of the Committee, which had a copy of the Communist Party's membership list. In any event, Hayden subsequently repudiated his cooperation with the Committee, stating in his autobiography "I don't think you have the foggiest notion of the contempt I have had for myself since the day I did that thing."
Sterling Hayden often professed distaste for film acting, claiming he did it mainly to pay for his ships and voyages. In 1958, after a bitter divorce, he was awarded custody of his children. He defied a court order and sailed to Tahiti with all four children, Christian, Dana, Gretchen and Matthew. Marin County Superior Court Judge Harold Haley would later order Hayden to repay Republic Pictures, who financed the trip via two promissory notes, nearly $50,000 for defaulting on an agreement to repay the debt. In 1960, he married Catherine Devine McConnell. They had two sons, Andrew and David, and were married until his death in 1986. McConnell also had a son from her first marriage, the journalist Scott McConnell.
"The sun beats down and you pace, you pace and you pace. Your mind flies free and you see yourself as an actor, condemned to a treadmill wherein men and women conspire to breathe life into a screenplay that allegedly depicts life as it was in the old wild West. You see yourself coming awake any one of a thousand mornings between the spring of 1954, and that of 1958 ‑ alone in a double bed in a big white house deep in suburban Sherman Oaks, not far from Hollywood.
"The windows are open wide, and beyond these is the backyard swimming pool inert and green, within a picket fence. You turn and gaze at a pair of desks not far from the double bed. This is your private office, the place that shelters your fondest hopes: these desks so neat, patiently waiting for the day that never comes, the day you'll sit down at last and begin to write.
"Why did you never write? Why, instead, did you grovel along, through the endless months and years, as a motion‑picture actor? What held you to it, to something you so vehemently professed to despise? Could it be that you secretly liked it—that the big dough and the big house and the high life meant more than the aura you spun for those around you to see?
In the 1970s, after his appearance in The Godfather, he appeared several times on NBC's Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder, where he talked about his career resurgence and how it had funded his travels and adventures around the world. Hayden bought a canal barge in the Netherlands in 1969, eventually moving it to the heart of Paris and living on it part of the time. He also shared a home in Wilton, Connecticut with his family and had an apartment in Sausalito.
Hayden was an accomplished author and wrote two acclaimed books: an autobiography, Wanderer (1962), and a novel Voyage (1976).
Sterling Hayden died of prostate cancer in Sausalito in 1986, age 70.
Wanderer. New York: Knopf. 1963. ISBN 1-57409-048-8.
Voyage: A Novel of 1896. New York: Putnam. 1976. ISBN 0-399-11665-6.
↑ 5.0 5.1 Krebs, Albin (May 24, 1986). "Sterling Hayden Dead at 70; an Actor, Writer and Sailor". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/24/obituaries/sterling-hayden-dead-at-70-an-actor-writer-and-sailor.html. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
↑ "Chef Julia Child, others, part of WWII spy network". CNN.com. Associated Press. August 14, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822201236/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/08/14/spies.revealed.ap/index.html.
↑ Schlesinger, Robert (August 20, 2008). "Arthur Schlesinger Jr.'s Not-So-Secret Career as a Spy". US News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/articles/opinion/2008/08/20/arthur-schlesinger-jrs-not-so-secret-career-as-a-spy.html. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
↑ 10.0 10.1 Schuon, Karl (1963). U. S. Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary. New York: Watts. pp. 99–100. OCLC 1360534.
↑ "HOLLYWOOD: To Break Out". TIME (New York: Time Inc.). February 9, 1959. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892194,00.html. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ "Film Actor Handed $49,518 Judgment". Reading Eagle. Associated Press (Reading, Pennsylvania): p. 12. August 6, 1961. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=chUrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k5wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=harold-haley%20marin&pg=3499%2C1610060. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
Hayden, Sterling (1977). Wanderer. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-07521-4.
Hayden, Sterling (1998). Wanderer. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. ISBN 978-1-57409-048-2.
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Article by Kirsty Hough: A town council is planning to demolish and rebuild a community centre to place its own office there at a cost of £1.2million, which will be partly funded from a council tax increase.
Article by The Echo: A new charitable organisation launched in Billericay this January held its first successful Afternoon Tea and get together for the elderly and isolated in the community.
The Co-op, on Stock Road, Billericay, was targeted last night, at around 9.20pm with thousands of pounds being stolen.
Article by Tommy Wathen: Meet Georgia Box - Colchester's own YouTube singing sensation that is taking on the UK Charts with her new original track, titled 'I Don't Want You Anymore'.
Article by Luke Lambert: Billericay Town returned to the top of the Isthmian Premier League after seeing off the challenge of Tonbridge Angels.
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0.976372 |
How do I measure my size?
For best results, measure yourself in your underwear. This prevents the possibility of getting measurements that are too big. Use a measuring tape with centimetres (cm) and don’t pull too tight around your body. All sizes are standard sizes.
Sizes and measurements may vary depending on the manufacturer, brand and shape.
To measure your waist, hold the measuring tape at the narrowest part of the waist.
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How do I Earn an International Law PhD?
PhD students often work more closely with professors and academic advisors than undergraduate students.
A dissertation that makes a unique contribution to the field of international law is required for the PhD.
Writing a dissertation is typically required to obtain a PhD in international law.
A law school candidate must have an undergraduate degree, a strong grade point average and a high score on the LSAT.
An international law PhD is the terminal or most advanced degree in international law and is given once a candidate has completed a dissertation that is an original contribution to this academic area. The international law PhD is completed after the candidate has earned the J.D., or Juris Doctor, and the LL.M., or Master of Laws. Earning an international law PhD will likely take between three and five years to complete, depending on the required coursework and the amount of research and writing.
A candidate for a PhD in international law must first earn the J.D. and the LL.M. The J.D. is a professional graduate degree in law that takes three years to complete. Once a student has finished his or her undergraduate education, he or she can apply to law school.
A law school candidate must have an undergraduate degree, a strong grade point average, and a high score on the LSAT, or Law School Admissions Test. Once admitted, the typical law school student will take core courses like criminal law, civil procedure, and legal research and writing. Students who wish to earn an international law PhD should take several courses in this area of law or work on a scholarly legal journal devoted to the field while in law school.
Beyond the J.D. is the LL.M., a graduate degree that requires the student to focus on international law specifically and research this area in depth. The requirements of the LL.M. vary between programs, but most take at least a year to complete. The LL.M. typically requires the successful completion of some advanced coursework and a research thesis that can later serve as a springboard for the PhD dissertation.
An international law PhD can take at least three years to finish in addition to the minimum of four years required for the J.D. and LL.M. Requirements vary significantly between PhD programs, and most are very selective. Most recipients of this type of law PhD become legal scholars or professors.
A candidate for this legal degree will typically have to complete advanced coursework in international law. A written or oral exam is also a common requirement. Once all required coursework has been completed, a student will began writing a dissertation under the supervision of a committee of law professors or an adviser.
A dissertation that makes a unique contribution to the field of international law is required for the PhD. A student will develop a research project under the guidance of his or her adviser or committee. Once the project is complete, the dissertation is submitted to the committee, which can accept or reject it. An oral defense of the project is a typical part of the submission process.
A law PhD can be referred to by different names in different countries and at different universities. The American university of Stanford uses the term postdoctoral degree or the acronym S.J.D. for Scientiae Juridicae Doctor. Other countries and universities may refer to this degree as the LL.D., or Legum Doctor; J.S.D., or Doctor of Juridical Science; or the Dr. iur, or Doctor of Law.
How Do I Choose the Best International Law Program?
How do I Become an International Lawyer?
How do I get a Business Law Degree?
What does a Dissertation Editor do?
What are Different Types of International Law Jobs?
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codec Short for coder-decoder. A device that converts an incoming analog signal into an encoded representation as a digital stream (the coder), and converts an incoming stream of digital signals into an analog signal (the decoder). Codecs are used in both telephone and video systems to convert an analog speech or video signal into a digital form, which can then be treated as a stream of data for the purposes of transmission and switching; the advantages are that digitally encoded signals can be transmitted at higher data rates, with lower error rates, and are more readily switched using packet-switching means than can be achieved by circuit switching.
All codecs operate by sampling the analog signal at a sufficiently high rate (of the order of twice the frequency of the highest Fourier component that is to be transmitted). At the transmitting end, the sampled signal is converted by an analog-to-digital converter to a digital form with the necessary precision, and the resulting bit stream is transmitted across the network to the receiver's codec. At the receiving end each sample is converted by a digital-to-analog converter to recreate an approximation to the original analog signal. These same techniques can be applied to the storing of a signal for later replaying.
A standard telephone codec operates at 8000 samples per second, and generates an 8-bit digital value for each sample, giving a total data rate of 64 000 bps. This is adequate for the realistic reproduction of speech, with a nominal frequency response up to 4 kilohertz and with a nominal accuracy of 0.4%. For broadcast-quality or high-fidelity audio transmissions, higher sampling rates and greater precision are used, giving a signal with a higher bit rate. It is also common to add redundancy to the digitally encoded signal to allow error recovery. For example, a normal compact-disk system uses two channels, each sampled approximately 44 000 times per second with 16-bit precision, giving a total data rate of 176 Kbytes/second.
A video codec must handle much higher sampling rates, and a variety of techniques are used. Rather than simply digitizing a standard broadcast composite video signal, which includes one or more audio channels as well as synchronization information, it is common practice to treat the video line and frame synchronization separately, and to isolate the audio from the video. It is also common to apply a considerable amount of data compression, in the digital domain, to reduce the overall bandwidth of the digital output. For videoconferencing the codec produces an encoded output at 128 Kbps, which can be transmitted over two B-channels of ISDN; the result gives a high-grade audio signal but with noticeable degradation of the colored video image, especially where the scene includes rapid movement. Other systems use higher data rates, typically 2 Mbps, achieving correspondingly improved video quality. For broadcast-quality video very high sampling rates are required, with a resulting high bandwidth for the digital signal.
"codec." A Dictionary of Computing. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"codec." The Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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0.999983 |
Question: What was the point of Clark asking Aunt Bethany if her cat eats jello?
Chosen answer: Because there was cat food in her jello mould. He's pointing out the absurdity of someone adding cat food to jello.
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0.999944 |
Why do people of other races all look alike?
I've seen The Departed twice, but I still don't understand it. The first time I watched it, I was utterly confused, and the plot still didn't make much sense on the second viewing. I know exactly why this is – it's because I find it very hard to tell the difference between Leonardo DiCaprio and Matt Damon. I've been told that this might have something to do with the "other-race effect," which makes it difficult for us to identify people of other races or ethnic groups. But I'm not so sure – I can easily distinguish Robert DeNiro from Jack Nicholson, or Humphrey Bogart from Cary Grant.
Nevertheless, the other race effect is a well established phenomenon that we've known about for nearly a hundred years. "To the uninitiated American," wrote Gustave Feingold in 1914, "all Asiatics look alike, while to the Asiatics, all White men look alike."
But why does this happen? It could be because we have more experience of members of our own race and so find it easier remembering their faces. Or it could be because people of other races are generally perceived to have fewer unique personal attributes and, therefore, to have more in common with one another. These explanations aren't mutually exclusive, and two recent studies provide evidence for both.
In the first of these studies, Heather Lucas and her colleagues of the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at Northwestern University recruited 18 white female undergraduates and showed them colour photographs of the faces of white, black, Hispanic and east and south Asian adult men, presented in random order on a computer screen. The participants were asked to pay close attention to the faces and try to remember them for a recognition test. Afterwards, they were shown some of the same faces again, as well as some new ones, and asked to indicate whether or not they had seen each one before.
Participants wore an elastic electroencephalography (EEG) cap containing 59 electrodes, so that the electrical activity of their brains could be recorded throughout the experiment. The researchers focused on two event-related potentials, or neural responses associated with particular events – the N200 potential, which is recorded from the frontal lobes and associated with encoding of novel visual stimuli, and the P2 potential in the junction of the occipital and parietal lobes, which is thought to be sensitive to the characteristic features of a stimulus and, in this case, may be associated with extraction of facial features.
As expected, the participants recognised same-race faces more accurately than other-race faces, and this corresponded with larger N200 and P2 responses during the first phase of the experiment. Similarly, other-race faces that were accurately recognised evoked larger N200 and P2 responses than those which were later forgotten. Moreover, the researchers could predict which faces would be accurately recognised during the recall phase from the brain responses alone.
Why were some of the other-race faces recognised more accurately than others? The researchers hypothesised that some might be more distinctive than others, leading to better encoding of unique facial features, and ran a second experiment to test the idea. This time, they showed the same photos to 96 different white females, and asked them to rate how distinctive, stereotypical and approachable each one was, on a scale of one to five. Afterwards, the participants performed the same face recognition test as in experiment one.
In general, other-race faces were rated as being more stereotypical than same-race faces, but those perceived to be more distinctive were rated as less stereotypical. Faces expressing a positive emotion were rated as more stereotypical and approachable, regardless of race. Not surprisingly, the researchers found a relationship between distinctiveness ratings and accuracy of recognition – the more distinctive a face, the more likely it was to be accurately recognised later on.
Analysis of the electrophysiological data revealed that the other-race faces rated as being less stereotypical or more distinctive evoked larger N200 and P2 responses, compared to other-race faces that were rated as less distinctive or undistinctive. By contrast, stereotypicality ratings of same-race faces were not reflected in the neural responses.
Lucas and her colleagues believe this is the first study to correlate electrophysiological recordings with memory performance for other-race faces. They interpret the results to mean that same-race faces are encoded elaborately, with an emphasis on the unique facial features that help us to distinguish one person from another. For other-race faces, however, this individuating information is encoded less robustly. Consequently, we have a poorer memory for other-race faces, and are therefore less likely to recognise them or to distinguish between them. Distinctive other-race faces appear to be an exception, however, and may be processed in a similar way to same-race faces.
The other study comes from Robert Caldara's lab at the University of Glasgow, and looks at how the brain's responses change with repeated exposure to same-race and other-race faces. The brain is well known to adapt to familiar stimuli, so that the neural activity evoked by them decreases with repeated exposure to them. Faces evoke a larger N170 response in the occipital and temporal lobes than other visual stimuli, but the size of this response decreases when the same face is seen again.
Caldara's group recruited 12 white and 12 east Asian participants, and used EEG to monitor the N170 response while they viewed sequences of two faces. In each sequence, the faces were either white or east Asian; some sequences consisted of the same face with a different expression, while others contained faces of two different people. The participants were simply asked to indicate whether or not the two faces in each sequence were the same.
Both groups of participants found it more difficult to identify the other-race faces. This was reflected in the neural activity, too – the N170 response was significantly decreased when participants viewed same-race faces a second time, but not when they saw other-race faces again. Interestingly, the neural responses obtained when the white participants saw the same east Asian face twice were no different from those obtained when they saw two different white faces.
The other-race effect has been consistently observed in whites, but these findings suggest that it may be a generalised response that occurs in people of all races. Caldara and his colleagues put forward an explanation for the "all look alike" phenomenon, based on their findings. The N170 is an early response to visual stimuli, which occurs in a time window associated with categorising objects. The researchers therefore suggest that the other-race effect may occur because the brain encodes other-race faces primarily according to the racial group they belong to, rather than by distinguishing features.
Another factor that is likely to contribute to the other-race effect is familiarity – or, rather, lack thereof. In a 2003 study, researchers showed black and white participants from South Africa and England photographs of black and white faces and then asked them if they had seen each of the faces before. Both groups identified same-race faces more accurately than other-race faces, but some of the black participants could accurately identify white faces.
This was directly related to the amount of inter-race contact – the black participants who were best at recognising other-race faces were students who came into regular contact with whites at university. Feingold had hit the nail on the head in his 1914 paper: "Individuals of a given race are distinguishable from each other in proportion to our familiarity, to our contact with the race as whole."
How, then, can my failure to tell the difference between Matt Damon and Leonardo DiCaprio be explained? It's clearly not because I think all white people look alike – I've been surrounded by them for most of my life, having lived in London for over 30 years. A more likely explanation is that I haven't seen enough of their films to recognise the facial features that others use to tell them apart. Or perhaps they're just not very distinctive, and look very similar to one another.
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0.999915 |
I got dumbbells and an exercise ball. I can do a few workouts with these two.
Can anyone recommend any home gym equipment you've found effective for muscle building workouts at home?
Add a chin up bar first. That's enough to get full workout if you add bodyweight exercises. Next easiest is a selection of kettlebells. Ideally, a barbell and squat rack and a bench and you have all you need.
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0.925177 |
In India and China the main religions — Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism — have a continuous history. Yet in the Middle East and the Mediterranean religion was radically altered by the monotheism of Israel.
In the East the sources of religion flow from their beginnings right up to the present day. In India the Hindu scriptures (starting with Rg Veda) date to the late Ancient period, while the Hindu epics and the teachings of Buddha date from the Classical Age. In China, the traditions of Daoism and Confucianism, as well as the importation of Buddhism, date from the Classical Age. The fusion of Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism is often referred to as the Chinese religion, although Confucianism is often seen more as a social and moral philosophy than a religion. These Hindu and Chinese traditions were established in the Classical Age and then flowed through the Middle Ages to become part of the Modern Age. There were, however, interruptions — in India, the Buddhism of the emperor Ashok (3rd century BC) and the Islam of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire (c. 1290-1707 AD); in China the legalism of Qin Shi Huangdi (210-212 BC) and the communist period of the last 50 years , which took a particularly anti-religious direction during Mao's Cultural Revolution from 1966-to 1976. While a large portion of the Indian subcontinent became Muslim, and while communism pushed the Chinese toward secularism, none of these things destroyed the foundations of Hinduism or the Chinese religion. For instance, the powerful current of Islam affected India deeply — and from there flowed all the way to Indonesia — yet there are still about a billion Hindus in India.
In the Middle East and the Mediterranean, on the other hand, there was a massive theological shift from polytheism to monotheism between 300 and 700 AD. This shift had everything to do with the Jewish tribes, who 1) had polytheistic Middle Eastern roots, 2) became fiercely monotheistic at some point early on in the Classical Age, and 3) gave birth to Christianity in the late Classical Age and to Islam early in the Medieval Age.
Toward the end of the Classical Age, Christians gained the upper hand in the Roman Empire, and then proceeded to distance their version of monotheism from Greco-Roman and other forms of polytheism. In the late Classical Age councils established dogma about the nature of God and Jesus, all the time resisting the notion that Jesus, the Holy Ghost, Mary, the saints, and figures like Satan constituted any form of polytheism. They rejected any religious system that differed — even Zoroastrianism, which contained a similar scenario in which a variety of mythic figures operated, and in which a Supreme Being (Ahura Mazda) wins the cosmic struggle between Good and Evil, eventually redeeming even the most evil of creatures (Ahriman).
Like Islam after it, Christianity may have spread so extensively partly because of the clarity and simplicity of its message. Starting in the Middle East and Greece, it spread throughout the Roman Empire, and then to Northern and Eastern Europe, the Americas, the Philippines, Sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, etc. Islam spread an even more clear and uncompromising form of monotheism in which God has no all-important Son, no Virgin gives birth to such a Son, etc. Islam spread outward from the Middle East, all the way from Morocco to Indonesia.
While Classical learning existed in Medieval Jewish, Christian and Muslim realms, Classical religion was labelled myth, and Classical philosophy was only respected if it could be squared with monotheism. In Christianity, Augustine reconciled Plato's idealism with the Christian Heaven (the Ideal City of God), and Aquinas used aspects of Aristotelian analysis to explain the existence of God and His Great Chain of Being. In Islam, Classical pagan questioning of monotheism was pre-empted by the Seljuk Persian, Al-Ghazali (1058-1111). Mixing jurisprudence, theology, and mysticism, Al-Ghazali managed not only to reconcile orthodoxy with mysticism but also to distance Islam from Neoplatonism in the process. For instance, the Andalusian physician and philosopher, Avicenna (or Ibn Sina) was, according to , "one of the prime targets of al-Ghazali" because of his “unified study of Plato, Aristotle, and Neoplatonism.” Al-Ghazali “was obliged to denounce the philosophers … in order to forestall a neo-pagan renaissance within Islam” (Cyril Glassé, Concise Encyclopedia of Islam). It's perhaps ironic — or paradoxical, depending on one's view of Islamic iconoclasm — that while Islamic writers re-transmitted much Classical thinking to Europe, the type of free-thinking that slipped into the Christian world with the Renaissance was cut short in the Islamic world.
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0.999998 |
In the following sentence, is it appropriate to place a comma both before and after the name Cindy Wagner?
"Your account representative, Cindy Wagner, and I are available to answer your questions."
Both myself, and your account representative Cindy Wagner, are available to answer your questions.
I would write: Both I and your account representative, Cindy Wagner, are available to answer your questions.
I would also write: Your account representative, Cindy Wagner, and I are avaible to answer your questions.
'A' Or 'An' Before MBA?
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0.940681 |
How to change the device name and icon via Web GUI?
Step 4: Click "Access Control" in the menu list.
Step 5: Find the device to modify.
Find the device in the list.
Click More in the Action field.
Step 6: Click the "EDIT" icon.
Step 7: Change the device name and icon and then click the "APPLY" button.
Step 8: After appling the settings, the page will be redirected back to "Device Detail".
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0.999946 |
Some cat owners are familiar with this scene: the cat backs up toward a vertical surface, holds up its tail and sprays urine in several short bursts. That cat is not simply urinating outside his litter box, but rather marking territory with urine. The difference between regular urination and spraying is in the position and choice of location - when urinating, a cat uses a squatting position on horizontal surfaces.
Spraying is not a litter box problem. A cat can have a spraying problem while at the same time properly using his litter box for defecating and urinating. The distinction is important - spraying has different causes and needs to be dealt with differently. If you think you may be dealing with litterbox avoidance, please read this article: Litterbox Problems in Cats - The Ultimate Guide.
Please note: cats may suffer from medical conditions that make them urinate outside the litter box. If you encounter any problem that involves urinating outside the litter box (spraying or otherwise), always consult your veterinarian! Some of these conditions may be life threatening if not treated in time.
Cats are territorial creatures. They may use a variety of signals to mark their territory and set clear boundaries to other cats. Feline marking codes include scratch marks, scent rubbed off their skin, uncovered feces, and urine sprayed in strategic locations.
It is perfectly normal for unaltered males to make territorial claims by spraying. This behavior begins with sexual maturity and is triggered by hormonal changes. With time, however, it can become an inherent part of the cat's behavioral repertoire.
Females in heat also tend to spray. This is apparently a form of announcement. The female lets the males in her vicinity know that she's in heat by releasing special scents in her urine and spraying it in key locations.
Spraying can occur even with neutered males and females. Some people prefer to wait and neuter a male cat after he has reached sexual maturity. By then, spraying may become a fixed behavior - the cat will spray simply out of habit.
Spraying is connected with territorial marking. A cat may sometimes begin to spray when he or she perceives a territorial threat. This threat may be a new cat or dog, or possibly feral cats that come near the house. Often, the threat is less obvious - the cat is generally insecure, or is overstressed for some reason, and reacts by spraying.
The first thing you should do is have the cat examined by a vet. Any problem that involves changes in urinating habits may indicate one of several medical conditions that need immediate veterinary attention. Further actions should be taken only after the vet gives your cat a clean bill of health.
If the cat is unaltered, you should get it neutered as soon as possible. In many cases, this will completely solve the problem.
If you suspect that the reason for the spraying pattern is some perceived threat from another cat or dog, analyze the problem and try to accommodate your cat with the space and privacy it needs. If the problem has to do with cats that are outside the house, you should minimize your cat's exposure to those cats.
Never punish your cat for spraying. Never hit the cat or rub its nose in the urine. Cats cannot be taught by punishment. In fact, punishing the cat will probably cause him more stress, thus making the problem worse.
The smell of urine may encourage the cat to spray again on the same spot. You should clean the stain thoroughly by using special products that completely neutralize any odors rather than just covering them up. Avoid products that contain ammonia, since these may actually remind the cat of the smell of urine.
There is a special product called Feliway, which can be very effective when dealing with problem spraying. Make sure you read all the instructions and use it properly to get the best results.
If the problem persists, try to consult an animal behaviorist. Spraying can be a difficult problem to solve. It's better to call in an expert quickly rather than let the problem get worse. Your vet can usually refer you to a local cat behaviorist. In some cases a behaviorist or a vet will recommend a course of medications to calm the cat down and reduce its stress level.
123Carol and MsKatieB purraised this.
I have a fixed female that sprays when I change furniture, bedding on my sleeping arrangements, etc.. I corrected her once from going after another female and I suspect she peered where the female was.
This has to be an insecure territory battle. She is jealous of the other cat.
Now me and my home smells like spray when the scenery changes.
It’s in the air. She lets it off like a cigarette in a box. A secrete fart.
I enjoyed this article, although I can't find the author?
Please do post any specific questions about spraying problems (or any other cat-related question) in the forums. That's where members can chime in and provide advice. Thanks!
So I have 2 cats and my roommate had a cat. I had my boyfriends cat since it is cold outside and she has to stay outside at his place. my roommate has a rug that her cat peed on a few times when he was a kitten. She recently got rid of her cat. It's been 2 weeks since that and now my boyfriends cat started peeing on that rug when she didn't before. Is she doing this cause she smells my roommates cats pee and its an unfamiliar cat to her now?
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0.993308 |
In a nutshell: This beer was a tasty experiment that left me pleased. While I didn’t find all of the flavors I was hoping for the honey aftertaste made it incredibly drinkable and something worth buying again.
Review: The beer poured an incredibly dark amber color, with a sweet head that was retained throughout the drink. It had honey notes in the smell that left a wonderful honey after taste. The beer had a full body and great consistency, with a very bready malt backbone but the sweetness from the honey overtook the other tastes, I didn’t get kola nut, poppy seed or guarana. (Or I wasn’t looking in the right places.) The beer was overall incredibly refreshing and pleasant to drink. With how sweet it was It’s good for a pint or two but not something I could drink all night.
3 out of 5: Worth a Try.
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0.944758 |
1.) What do you enjoy doing together? Do you enjoy hiking in the mountains, or eating at fine dining restaurants? Movies on the couch? The answer to this question will help to determine WHERE we take your engagement photos, and that location will help you to figure out WHAT to wear.
2.) Most people have clothes that are appropriate for their favorite activities. If you enjoy hiking, you probably own a pair of hiking boots (or 3). High-end dining? You've probably got several fashionable dresses or suits on hand. Movies on the couch? Your favorite jeans and sweatshirt are probably close by. Depending on your location, you want to take your appropriate clothes, and go one step up in formality. For example: swap your hiking boots and quick-dry pants for a pair of jeans and nice pair of shoes with a sweater. Another example: swap your fashion-forward dress for a formal gown and matching suit. Your jeans and sweatshirt? Swap in a business casual look.
2.) Colors and patterns: Pick one neutral (black, beige/tan, white, navy blue, grey, denim, metallics) and two colors (blue/red, orange/blue, green/purple, pink/light blue, yellow/dark blue, cream/medium blue). Make sure each person has the neutral color on, and ONE each of the two colors. If one person has a bold print/pattern on, the other person should have either no print/pattern or a very simple complimentary one. Plaids are okay, but avoid strips at all costs.
3.) Be prepared with a second outfit to change into- one that is either more casual than your first, or more formal. The same color and pattern rules apply, but choose a different set of colors.
4.) Accessories are key. Choose jewelry, ties, suspenders, belts, scarves, and other accessories to compliment your clothes.
5.) Make sure you get your engagement ring cleaned a day or two before your session. This will help it to really sparkle in your portraits, and it's usually a free service provided by your jeweler.
6.) Ladies, if you can, get your hair and makeup done by a professional. I would highly recommend C. Johnson Makeup, Genica Lee Makeup Artist, Jewel Hair Design, or if you have your own trusted individual, please see them. Additionally, avoid facials and spray tans the week before your portrait session- if you feel the need to get one (or both) of these treatments, please schedule them 7-10 days in advance so that your skin has a chance to normalize before your portraits. Gentlemen, please get your hair cut a few days in advance, and ask your barber to trim your eyebrows and beard if necessary.
As part of my services to my couples, I'm always happy to help coach you through wardrobe choices, provide recommendations, or send reminders as needed. I want you guys to feel loved and cared for during this process so that your photos turn out beautifully and will be ones that you treasure for years to come.
If you're struggling with this topic, what are some of your questions or challenges? Leave me a comment below!
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0.999938 |
In what might be a sequel to the scenario in which she and her husband shut out members of the public from their relationship and wedding, singer, Simi, on Monday shut out fans from commenting on her message to her husband, Adekunle Gold, who is celebrating his birthday today.
On her Instagram page this morning, she shared a rare photo from their private wedding with a lovely message.
Her followers were however unable to comment as the music star had disabled the comment section on the post. It is not certain why, but it may be part of a decision not to allow public comments on matters between two love birds.
Newspeakonline recalls that their long relationship and courtship remained in the realm of speculation until they announced their engagement and then wedding. Their wedding was also held privately in the presence of a handful of friends and family members somewhere in Victoria Island, Lagos, on January 9, 2019.
Hours later, Simi posted another video where she sang a part believed to be from an unreleased song. The post then provided an avenue for some eager fans to express their feelings about the post as well as the comment blockade.
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0.934474 |
Epirus /ɨˈpaɪərəs/ is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania. It lies between the Pindus Mountains and the Ionian Sea, stretching from the Bay of Vlorë and the Acroceraunian mountains in the north to the Ambracian Gulf and the ruined Roman city of Nicopolis in the south. It is currently divided between the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece and the counties of Gjirokastër, Vlorë, and Berat in southern Albania. The largest city in Epirus is Ioannina, seat of the region of Epirus, with Gjirokastër the largest city in the Albanian part of Epirus.
A rugged and mountainous region, Epirus was the north-west area of ancient Greece. It was inhabited by the Greek tribes of the Chaonians, Molossians, and Thesprotians, and home to the sanctuary of Dodona, the oldest ancient Greek oracle, and the most prestigious one after Delphi. Unified into a single state in 370 BC by the Aeacidae dynasty, Epirus achieved fame during the reign of Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose campaigns against Rome are the origin of the term "Pyrrhic victory". Epirus subsequently became part of the Roman Empire along with the rest of Greece in 146 BC, which was followed by the Byzantine Empire.
The historical region of Epirus is generally regarded as extending from the northern end of the Ceraunian mountains (modern Llogara in Albania), located just south of the Bay of Aulon (modern Vlorë), to the Ambracian Gulf (or Gulf of Arta) in Greece. The northern boundary of ancient Epirus is alternatively given as the mouth of the Aoös (or Vjosë) river, immediately to the north of the Bay of Vlorë. Epirus's eastern boundary is defined by the Pindus Mountains, that form the spine of mainland Greece and separate Epirus from Macedonia and Thessaly. To the west, Epirus faces the Ionian Sea. The island of Corfu is situated off the Epirote coast but is not regarded as part of Epirus.
The definition of Epirus has changed over time, such that modern administrative boundaries do not correspond to the boundaries of ancient Epirus. The region of Epirus in Greece only comprises a fraction of classical Epirus and does not include its easternmost portions, which lie in Thessaly. In Albania, where the concept of Epirus is never used in an official context, the counties of Gjirokastër, Vlorë, and Berat extend well beyond the northern and northeastern boundaries of classical Epirus.
Epirus is a predominantly rugged and mountainous region. It is largely made up of the Pindus Mountains, a series of parallel limestone ridges that are a continuation of the Dinaric Alps. The Pindus mountains form the spine of mainland Greece and separate Epirus from Macedonia and Thessaly to the east. The ridges of the Pindus are parallel to the sea and generally so steep that the valleys between them are mostly suitable for pasture rather than large-scale agriculture. Altitude increases as one moves east, away from the coast, reaching a maximum of 2637m at Mount Smolikas, the highest point in Epirus. Other important ranges include Tymfi (2496 at Mount Gamila), Lygkos (2249m), to the west and east of Smolikas respectively, Gramos (2523m) in the northeast, Tzoumerka (2356m) in the southeast, Tomaros (1976m) in the southwest, Mitsikeli near Ioannina (1810m), Mourgana (1806m) and Nemercke/Aeoropos (2485m) on the border between Greece and Albania, and the Ceraunian Mountains (2000m) near Himara in Albania. Most of Epirus lies on the windward side of the Pindus, and the prevailing winds from the Ionian Sea make the region the rainiest in mainland Greece.
Significant lowlands are to be found only near the coast, in the southwest near Arta and Preveza, in the Acheron plain between Paramythia and Fanari, between Igoumenitsa and Sagiada, and also near Saranda. The Zagori area is a scenic upland plateau surrounded by mountain on all sides.
The main river flowing through Epirus is the Vjosë (Aoös in Greek), which flows in a northwesterly direction from the Pindus mountains in Greece to its mouth north of the Bay of Vlorë in Albania. Other important rivers include the Acheron river, famous for its religious significance in ancient Greece and site of the Necromanteion, the Arachthos river, crossed by the historic Bridge of Arta, the Louros, the Thyamis or Kalamas, and the Voidomatis, a tributary of the Vjosë flowing through the Vikos Gorge. The Vikos Gorge, one of the deepest in the world, forms the centerpiece of the Vikos–Aoös National Park, known for its scenic beauty. The only significant lake in Epirus is Lake Pamvotis, on whose shores lies the city of Ioannina, the region's largest and traditionally most important city.
The climate of Epirus is Mediterranean along the coast and Alpine in the interior. Epirus is heavily forested, mainly by coniferous species. The fauna in Epirus is especially rich and features species such as bears, wolves, foxes, deer and lynxes.
Epirus has been occupied since at least Neolithic times by seafarers along the coast and by hunters and shepherds in the interior who brought with them the Greek language. These people buried their leaders in large tumuli containing shaft graves, similar to the Mycenaean tombs, indicating an ancestral link between Epirus and the Mycenaean civilization. A number of Mycenaean remains have been found in Epirus, especially at the most important ancient religious sites in the region, the Necromanteion (Oracle of the Dead) on the Acheron river, and the Oracle of Zeus at Dodona.
In the Middle Bronze Age, Epirus was inhabited by the same nomadic Hellenic tribes that went on to settle in the rest of Greece. Aristotle considered the region around Dodona to have been part of Hellas and the region where the Hellenes originated. According to Bulgarian linguist Vladimir I. Georgiev, Epirus was part of the Proto-Greek linguistic area during the Late Neolithic period. By the early 1st millennium BC, all fourteen Epirote tribes including the Chaonians in northwestern Epirus, the Molossians in the centre and the Thesprotians in the south, were speakers of a strong west Greek dialect.
Tribes of Epirus in antiquity.
Unlike most other Greeks of this time, who lived in or around city-states, the inhabitants of Epirus lived in small villages and their way of life was foreign to that of the poleis of southern Greece. Their region lay on the periphery of the Greek world and was far from peaceful; for many centuries, it remained a frontier area contested with the Illyrian peoples to the north. However, Epirus had a far greater religious significance than might have been expected given its geographical remoteness, due to the presence of the shrine and oracle at Dodona – regarded as second only to the more famous oracle at Delphi.
The Epirotes, speakers of a Northwest Greek dialect, different from the Dorian of the Greek colonies on the Ionian islands, and bearers of mostly Greek names, as evidenced by epigraphy, seem to have been regarded with some disdain by some classical writers. The 5th-century BC Athenian historian Thucydides describes them as "barbarians" in his History of the Peloponnesian War, as does Strabo in his Geography. Other writers, such as Herodotus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Pausanias, andEutropius, describe them as Greeks. Similarly, Epirote tribes/states are included in the Argive and Epidaurian lists of the Greek Thearodokoi (hosts of sacred envoys). Plutarch mentions an interesting element of Epirote folklore regarding Achilles: In his biography of King Pyrrhus, he claims that Achilles "had a divine status in Epirus and in the local dialect he was called Aspetos" (meaning unspeakable, unspeakably great, in Homeric Greek).
Beginning in 370 BC, the Molossian Aeacidae dynasty built a centralized state in Epirus and began expanding their power at the expense of rival tribes. The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of Macedon, in part against the common threat of Illyrian raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess Olympias, niece of Arybbas of Epirus, married King Philip II of Macedon. She was to become the mother of Alexander the Great.
On the death of Arybbas, Alexander of Epirus succeeded to the throne and the title King of Epirus in 334 BC. He invaded Italy, but was killed in battle by the Romans in 331 BC. Aeacides of Epirus, who succeeded Alexander, espoused the cause of Olympias against Cassander, but was dethroned in 313 BC. His son Pyrrhus came to throne in 295 BC, and for six years fought against the Romans and Carthaginians in southernItaly and Sicily. The high cost of his victories against the Romans gave Epirus a new, but brief, importance, as well as a lasting contribution to the Greek language with the concept of a "Pyrrhic victory". Pyrrhus nonetheless brought great prosperity to Epirus, building the great theater of Dodona and a new suburb at Ambracia (now modern Arta), which made his capital.
The Aeacid dynasty ended in 232 BC, but Epirus remained a substantial power, unified under the auspices of the Epirote League as a federal state with its own parliament, or synedrion. However, it was faced with the growing threat of the expansionist Roman Republic, which fought a series of wars against Macedon. The League steered an uneasy neutral course in the first two Macedonian Wars but split in the Third Macedonian War (171 BC–168 BC), with the Molossians siding with the Macedonians and the Chaonians and Thesprotians siding with Rome. The outcome was disastrous for Epirus; Molossia fell to Rome in 167 BC and 150,000 of its inhabitants were enslaved.
The Roman conquest marked the end of Epirus' political independence. In 146 BC, Epirus became part of the province of Roman Macedonia, receiving the name Epirus vetus ("Old Epirus"), to distinguish it from Epirus nova("New Epirus") to the north. Its coastal regions grew wealthy from the Roman coastal trade routes, and the construction of the Via Egnatia provided a further boost to prosperity.
When the Roman Empire was divided in two in 395 AD, Epirus became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (subsequently the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire), ruled from Constantinople. The city of Ioannina was likely founded in the 6th century AD. In the Early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes are believed to have settled in the region, though the extent of such settlement is unclear. These tribes are believed to have been completely hellenized by the eve of the 13th century, if not before. Parts of Epirus came under the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th and 10th centuries, but Byzantine control in the region was completely re-asserted following the destruction of the First Bulgarian Empire by Basil II. An Aromanian presence in Epirus is first mentioned in the late 11th century. Jewish communities are attested throughout the medieval period in Arta and Ioannina.
When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Michael Angelos Komnenos Doukas seized Aetolia and Epirus and established an independent state known as the Despotate of Epirus with Arta as its capital. Epirus, and the city of Ioannina in particular, became a haven for Greek refugees from Constantinople for most of the century. The Despotate of Epirus ruled over Epirus and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos and the Gulf of Corinth, much of southern Albania (including Durazzo), Thessaly, and the western portion of Greek Macedonia, extending its rule briefly over central Macedonia and most of Thrace following the aggressive expansionism ofTheodore Komnenos Doukas who established the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224. During this time, the definition of Epirus came to encompass the entire coastal region from the Ambracian Gulf to Dyrrachium (modern-dayDurrës, in Albania) and the hinterland to the west up to the highest peaks of the Pindus mountain range. Some of the most important cities in Epirus, such as Gjirokastër (Argyrokastron), were founded during this period. In 1337, Epirus was once again brought under Byzantine imperial rule.
The Despotate of Epirus in the Middle Ages.
In 1348, taking advantage of the civil war in Constantinople between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos, the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan conquered Epirus, with a number of Albanian mercenaries assisting him. It is during this time that an Albanian presence in Epirus is first mentioned. The Byzantine authorities in Constantinople soon re-established a measure of control by making the Despotate of Epirus a vassal state, but meanwhile Albanian clans invaded, seized most of the region, and founded two local, short-lived entities, centered in Arta (1358–1416) and Gjirokastër (1386–1411) by the Losha and Zenebishi clans, respectively. Only the city of Ioannina remained under Greek control during this time. Although Albanian clans gained control of most of the region of Epirus by 1366-7, they didn't replace any Greek or Serbian central authority in the region but remained divided in clans. Ioannina became a center of Greek resistance, and the Greeks of Ioannina offered power to three foreign rulers during this time, beginning with Thomas II Preljubović (1367–1384), followed by Esau de' Buondelmonti (1385–1411), and finally Carlo I Tocco (1411–1429). The latter finally succeeded in ending the rule of the Albanian clans and unifying Epirus. But internal dissension eased the Ottoman conquest, which proceeded with the capture of Ioannina in 1430, Arta in 1449, Angelokastro in 1460, and finally Vonitsa in 1479. With the exception of several coastal Venetian possessions, this was the end of Frankish rule in mainland Greece.
Epirus was ruled by the Ottomans for almost 500 years. Ottoman rule in Epirus proved particularly damaging; the region was subjected to deforestation and excessive cultivation, which damaged the soil and drove many Epirotes to emigrate so as to escape the region's pervasive poverty. Nonetheless, the Ottomans did not enjoy total control of Epirus. The Himara and Zagori regions managed to successfully resist Ottoman rule and maintained a degree of independence throughout this period. From 1443 onwards,George Kastrioti Skenderbeg led a 25-year revolt in Epirus nova against the Ottoman Empire and was in 1444 elected "general of the Turkish war" in what is referred to as the League of Lezhë, but died a fugitive in Venice. The Ottomans expelled the Venetians from almost the whole area in the late 15th century.
Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the city of Ioannina attained great prosperity and became a major center of the modern Greek Enlightenment. Numerous schools were founded, such as the Balaneios, Maroutsaia, Kaplaneios, and Zosimaia, teaching subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics and physical sciences. In the 18th century, as the power of the Ottoman Empire declined, Epirus became a de facto independent region under the despotic rule of Ali Pasha of Tepelena, a MuslimAlbanian brigand who rose to become the provincial governor of Ioannina in 1788. At the height of his power, he controlled all of Epirus, and much of the Peloponnese, central Greece, and parts of western Macedonia Ali Pasha's campaign to subjugate the confederation of the settlements of Souli met with fierce resistance by the Souliot warriors of the mountainous area. After numerous failed attempts to defeat the Souliotes, his troops succeeded in conquering the area in 1803. On the other hand, Ali, who used Greek as official language, witnessed an increase of Greek cultural activity with the establishment of several educational institutions.
When the Greek War of Independence broke out, the inhabitants of Epirus contributed greatly. Two of the founding members of the Filiki Eteria (the secret society of the Greek revolutionaries), Nikolaos Skoufas and Athanasios Tsakalov, came from the Arta area and the city of Ioannina, respectively. Greece's first constitutional prime minister (1844–1847), Ioannis Kolettis, was a native of the village of Syrrako in Epirus and was a former personal physician to Ali Pasha. Ali Pasha tried to use the war as an opportunity to make himself a fully independent ruler, but was assassinated by Ottoman agents in 1822. When Greece became independent in 1830, however, Epirus remained under Ottoman rule. In 1854, during the Crimean War, a major local rebellion broke out. Although the newly found Greek state tried tacitly to support it, the rebellion was suppressed by Ottoman forces after a few months. Another failed rebellion by local Greeks broke out in 1878. During this period, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople managed to shut down the few Albanian schools, considering teaching in Albanian a factor that would diminish its influence and lead to the creation of separate Albanian church, while publications in Albanian were banned by the Ottoman Empire. In the late 19th century, the Kingdom of Italy opened various schools in the regions of Ioannina and Preveza in order to influence the local population. These schools began to attract students from the Greek language schools, but were ultimately closed after intervention and harassment by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Throughout, the late period of Ottoman rule (from the 18th century) Greek and Aromanian population of the region suffered from Albanians raiders, that sporadically continued after Ali Pasha's death, until 1912–1913.
While the Treaty of Berlin (1878) awarded large parts of Epirus to Greece, opposition by the Ottomans and the League of Prizren resulted in only the region of Arta being ceded to Greece in 1881. It was only following theFirst Balkan War of 1912–1913 and the Treaty of London that the rest of southern Epirus, including Ioannina, was incorporated into Greece. Greece had also seized northern Epirus during the Balkan Wars, but the Treaty of Bucharest, which concluded the Second Balkan War, assigned Northern Epirus to Albania.
This outcome was unpopular among local Greeks, as a substantial Greek population existed on the Albanian side of the border. Among Greeks, northern Epirus was henceforth regarded as terra irredenta. Local Greeks in northern Epirus revolted, declared their independence and proclaimed the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in February 1914. After fierce guerrilla fighting, they managed to gain full autonomy under the terms of theProtocol of Corfu, signed by Albanian and Northern Epirote representatives and approved by the Great Powers. The signing of the Protocol ensured that the region would have its own administration, recognized the rights of the local Greeks and provided self-government under nominal Albanian sovereignty. The Republic, however, was short-lived, as when World War I broke out, Albania collapsed, and northern Epirus was alternately controlled by Greece, Italy and France at various intervals. Although short-lived, this state managed to leave behind a number of historical records of its existence, including its own postage stamps; see Postage stamps and postal history of Epirus.
Although the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded Northern Epirus to Greece, developments such as the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War and, crucially, Italian lobbying in favor of Albania meant that Greece would not keep Northern Epirus. In 1924, the area was again ceded to Albania.
In 1939, Italy occupied Albania, and in 1940 invaded Greece. The Italians were driven back into Albania, however, and Greek forces again took control of northern Epirus. The conflict marked the first tactical victory of the Allies in World War II. Benito Mussolini himself supervised the massive counter-attack of his divisions in spring 1941, only to be decisively defeated again by the poorly equipped, but determined, Greeks. Nazi Germany then intervened in April 1941 to avert an embarrassing, wholesale Italian defeat. The German military performed rapid military maneuvers through Yugoslavia and forced the encircled Greek forces of the Epirus front to surrender.
The whole of Epirus was then placed under Italian occupation until 1943, when the Germans took over following the Italian surrender to the Allies. Due to the extensive activity of the anti-Nazi Greek resistance (mainly under EDES), the Germans carried out large scaled anti-partisan sweeps, making wide use of Nazi-collaborationist bands of Cham Albanians, who committed numerous atrocities against the civilian population.
To deal with the situation, the Allied Military Mission in the Axis-occupied Greece (under Colonel C. M. Woodhouse), gave EDES partisans direct orders to counter-attack and chase out of their villages those units that used them as bases and local strongholds. Helped by Allied war material transferred from the recently liberated southern Italy, EDES forces succeeded and as a result several thousands of Muslim Cham Albanians fled the area and took refuge in nearby Albania.
With the liberation of Greece and the start of the first round of the Greek Civil War at the end of 1944, the highlands of Epirus became a major theater of guerrilla warfare between the leftist Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and the right-wing National Republican Greek League (EDES). In subsequent years (1945–1949), the mountains of Epirus also became the scene of some of the fiercest fighting of the second and bloodier round of the Greek Civil War. The final episode of the war took place on Mount Grammosin 1949, ending with the defeat of the Communists. Peace returned to the region in 1949, although because of official Albanian active involvement in the civil war on the side of the communists, the formal state of war between Greece and Albania remained in effect until 1987. Another reason for the continuation of the state of war until 1987 was that during the entire period of Communist rule in Albania, the Greek population of Northern Epirus experienced forced Albanisation. Although a Greek minority was recognized by the Hoxha regime, this recognition only applied to an "official minority zone" consisting of 99 villages, leaving out important areas of Greek settlement, such as Himara. People outside the official minority zone received no education in the Greek language, which was prohibited in public. The Hoxha regime also diluted the ethnic demographics of the region by relocating Greeks living there and settling in their stead Albanians from other parts of the country. Relations began to improve in the 1980s with Greece's abandonment of any territorial claims over Northern Epirus and the lifting of the official state of war between the two countries.
The collapse of the communist regime in Albania in 1990–1991 triggered a massive migration of Albanian citizens to Greece, which included many members of the Greek minority. Since the end of the Cold War, many Greeks in Northern Epirus are re-discovering their Greek heritage thanks to the opening of Greek schools in the region, while Cham Albanians have called for compensation for their lost property. In the post-Cold War era, relations have continued to improve though tensions remain over the availability of education in the Greek language outside the official minority zone, the minority's property rights, and occasional violent incidents targeting members of the Greek minority.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Epirus". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
^ Jump up to:a b c Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012, "Epirus", p. 527.
Jump up^ Liddell & Scott 1940, ἤπειρ-ος.
Jump up^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 22.
Jump up^ Strabo. Geography, 7.7.5.
Jump up^ Bahr, Johnston & Bloomfield 1997, p. 389.
Jump up^ Tandy 2001, p. 4; McHenry 2003, p. 527: "Epirus itself remained culturally backward during this time, but Mycenean remains have been found at two religious shrines of great antiquity in the region: the Oracle of the Dead on the Acheron River, familiar to the heroes of Homer's Odyssey."
Jump up^ Borza 1992, pp. 62, 78, 98; Minahan 2002, p. 578.
Jump up^ Hammond 1986, p. 77: "The original home of the Hellenes was 'Hellas', the area round Dodona in Epirus, according to Aristotle. In the Iliad it was the home of Achilles' Hellenes."
Jump up^ Aristotle. Meteorologica, 1.14: "Rather we must take the cause of all these changes to be that, just as winter occurs in the seasons of the year, so in determined periods there comes a great winter of a great year and with it excess of rain. But this excess does not always occur in the same place. The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance, took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous, a river which has often changed its course. Here the Selli dwelt and those who were formerly called Graeci and now Hellenes."
Jump up^ Georgiev 1981, p. 192: "Late Neolithic Period: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks."
Jump up^ Hammond 1998; Wilkes 1995, p. 104; Lewis & Boardman 1994, pp. 430, 434; Boardman & Hammond 1982, p. 284.
Jump up^ Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War, 1.8.
Jump up^ Strabo. Geography, 7.7.1.
Jump up^ Herodotus. Histories, 6.127.
Jump up^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Roman Antiquities, 20.10 (19.11).
Jump up^ Pausanias. Description of Greece, 1.11.7–1.12.2.
Jump up^ Eutropius. Abridgment of Roman History (Historiae Romanae Breviarium), 2.11.13.
Jump up^ Brock & Hodkinson 2002, J. K. Davies, "A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State and Monarchy", pp. 234–258.
Jump up^ Cameron 2004, p. 141: "As for Aspestos, Achilles was honored in Epirus under that name, and the patronymic [Ἀ]σπετίδης is found in a fragmentary poem found on papyrus."
Jump up^ cf. Athenian secretary: Aspetos, son of Demostratos from Kytheros c. 340 BC.
Jump up^ Roisman & Worthington 2010, Edward M. Anson, "Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What this Companion is About", p. 5.
Jump up^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1006.
^ Jump up to:a b Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 128.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 129.
^ Jump up to:a b Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 132.
Jump up^ Nicol 1984, "Introduction", pp. 4–5.
^ Jump up to:a b Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 133.
Jump up^ Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 135.
^ Jump up to:a b c Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 134.
Jump up^ Fine 1994, pp. 348–351.
^ Jump up to:a b Ellis & Klusáková 2007, Brendan Osswald, "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus", p. 136.
Jump up^ Sakellariou 1997, p. 268.
Jump up^ Fleming 1999, pp. 63–66.
Jump up^ The Era of Enlightenment (Late 7th century-1821). Eθνικό Kέντρο Bιβλίου, p. 13.
Jump up^ Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών, Αποκέντρωσης και Ηλεκρονικής Διακυβέρνησης Περιφέρεια Ηπείρου: "Στη δεκαετία του 1790 ο νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός έφθασε στο κορύφωμά του. Φορέας του πνεύματος στα Ιωάννινα είναι ο Αθανάσιος Ψαλίδας."
Jump up^ Fleming 1999, p. 64.
Jump up^ Jelavich & Jelavich 1977, p. 226.
Jump up^ Ramet 1998, p. 205.
Jump up^ Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002, Isa Blumi, "The Role of Education in the Albanian Identity and its Myths", p. 57.
Jump up^ Hammond 1976, p. 41: "Throughout this period bands of Albanians raiders pillaged and destroyed the villages of the Vlachs and the Greeks in Epirus, northern Pindus, the lakeland of Prespa and Ochrid, and parts of western Macedonia. One Albanian leader, 'Ali the Lion', emulated the achievements of 'John the Sword' and 'Peter the Pockmark' when he established himself as Ali Pasha, independent ruler of Ioannina. He and his Albanian soldiers, recruited mainly from his homeland in the Kurvelesh and the Drin valley of North Epirus, controlled the whole of Epirus and carried their raids far into western Macedonia and Thessaly. As we have seen, they destroyed the Vlach settlements in the lakeland and weakened those farther south. After the assassination of Ali Pasha in 1822 sporadic raids by bands of Albanians were a feature of life in northern Greece until the liberation of 1912-13."
Jump up^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 68–69.
Jump up^ Clogg 2002, p. 105: "In February 1913 the Greek Army seized Ioannina, the capital of Epirus. The Turks recognized the gains of the Balkan allies by the Treaty of London, in May 1913."
Jump up^ Clogg 2002, p. 105: "The Second Balkan War had short duration and the Bulgarians were soon dragged to the table of negotiations. By the Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) Bulgaria was forced to accept a little favourable regulation of the borders, even if she kept a way to the Aegean, in Degeagatch (modern Alexandroupolis). The sovereignty of Greece over Crete was now recognised, but her ambition to annex Northern Epirus with its large Greek population was stopped by the annexation of the area to an independent Albania."
Jump up^ Pettifer 2001, p. 4.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f King, Mai & Schwandner-Sievers 2005, Gerasimos Konidaris, "Examining Policy Responses to Immigration in the Light of Interstate Relations and Foreign Policy Objectives: Greece and Albania", pp. 64–92.
Jump up^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 130.
^ Jump up to:a b Stickney 1926.
Jump up^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 77.
Jump up^ Soteriades 1918: Map.
Jump up^ Miller 1966, pp. 543–544.
Jump up^ Ruches 1965, pp. 162–167.
Jump up^ Pettifer 2001, p. 7.
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When and where Justin Hartley was born?
Justin Scott Hartley (born January 29, 1977) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles that include Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions (2002–2006), Oliver Queen on The CW's superhero drama series Smallville (2006–2011), and Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless (2014–2016) which earned him an Emmy nomination. Hartley had also recurred on Revenge. As of 2016, he stars in the NBC drama series This Is Us.
How tall and how much weigh Justin Hartley?
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The Battle of St. Louis (San Luis in Spanish), also known as the Battle of Fort San Carlos, was an unsuccessful attack led by the British on St. Louis (a French settlement in Spanish Louisiana, founded on the West Bank of the Mississippi River after the 1763 Treaty of Paris) on May 26, 1780, during the Anglo-Spanish War. A former British militia commander led a force primarily of Indians and attacked the settlement. Fernando de Leyba, the Lt. Governor of Spanish Louisiana, led the local militia to fortify the town as best as they could and successfully withstood the attack.
On the opposite bank of the Mississippi, a second simultaneous attack on the nearby former British colonial outpost of Cahokia, occupied by Patriot Virginians, was also repulsed. The retreating Indians destroyed the crops and took captive civilians outside the protected area. The British failed to defend their side of the river and, thus, effectively ended any attempts to gain control of the Mississippi River during the war.
Armies - Spanish Forces was commanded by Spanish settlers and consisted of about 320 settlers and militia. British Forces commander was unknown and consisted of between 900-1,200 Soldiers.
Casualties - Spanish casualties were estimated to be 50-100 killed/wounded/captured. British casualties was approximately 4 killed and 4 wounded.
Outcome - The result of the battle was a Spanish victory. The battle was part of the Anglo-Spanish War 1779-83.
The Spanish entered the Revolutionary War in 1779. The British military planners in London wanted to secure the corridor of the Mississippi River against both Spanish and Patriot activity. Their plans included expeditions from West Florida to take New Orleans and other Spanish targets, including several expeditions to gain control of targets in the Upper Mississippi, such as the small town of St. Louis.
The expedition from West Florida never got off the ground because Bernardo de Gálvez, the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, moved rapidly to gain control of British outposts on the Lower Mississippi and threatened action against West Florida's principal outposts of Mobile and Pensacola.
Patrick Sinclair, the military governor at Fort Michilimackinac, organized the British expeditions from the north in present-day Michigan. Beginning in February 1780, he directed traders to circulate through their territories and recruit interested tribes for an expedition against St. Louis. Sinclair offered the fur traders the opportunity to control the fur trade in the upper parts of Spanish Louisiana as an incentive to participate.
The Chippewa chief, Matchekewis, was given overall command of the native forces. When the force reached Rock Island, they were joined by about 250 men from the Sac and Fox nations. These warriors were somewhat reluctant to attack St. Louis, but Hesse gave them large gifts to secure their participation in the venture. The diversity within the expedition led to some animosity among the tribes. The Chippewa and Sioux, in particular, had a history of conflict with each other. However, Wapasha and Matchekewis promoted unity during the expedition.
The village of St. Louis was primarily a trading hub on the Mississippi River that was governed by Lieutenant Governor Fernando de Leyba, a captain in the Spanish Army, but it was also the administrative capital of Upper Spanish Louisiana. Leyba was warned by a fur trader in late March that the British were planning an attack on St. Louis and the nearby American post at Cahokia. He began developing plans for the village's defense. He had an inexperienced militia force of 168 dispersed around the surrounding countryside and only 29 regular army soldiers of the Fijo de Luisiana Colonial Regiment.
Leyba developed a grand plan of defense that included the construction of four stone towers. Without funds or the time to get them from New Orleans, Leyba asked the villagers to contribute funds and labor to the construction of these fortifications and paid for some of the work from his private funds.
By mid-May, a single round tower had been built that was about 30 feet in diameter and 30 to 40 feet tall. The tower, dubbed Fort San Carlos, provided a commanding view of the surrounding countryside. As there did not appear to be sufficient time to build more towers, trenches were dug between the tower and the river to the north and south of the village. Three four-pound and two six-pound cannons from Fort Don Carlos were mounted in the tower, and other cannons were emplaced at each end of the line of trenches. Fort Don Carlos had been constructed earlier in 1767 on the south bank of the Missouri river, near its mouth, just 15 miles north of the village of St. Louis.
With a force of only 197 men, 168 of whom were inexperienced militia, it was highly probable that the opposing British and Indian combined force of 1,000 would overwhelm the Fort San Carlos. However, Leyba appealed to François Vallé, a 64-year-old French inhabitant, former captain of the French militia, who was located 60 miles to the South of the fort at the site of the French Colonial Valles Mines. Valle sent his two sons and 151 well-trained and equipped French militiamen and thus tipped the scale in favor of the defenders. By Royal Decree on April 1, 1782, King Carlos III of Spain conferred upon Francois Vallé the rank of lieutenant in the regular Spanish army, thus making him a Spanish don.
Valle also aided greatly in the Battle of Fort San Carlos because he gave the defenders of both forts a major tactical advantage by supplying them with genuine lead (instead of pebbles or stones) from his mines for musket balls and cannon balls. As a result of his contributions, Francois Valle was called the "Defender of St. Louis".
On May 15, Leyba was visited by John Montgomery, the American commander at Cahokia, who proposed a joint Spanish and American force to counter Hesse's expedition, an idea that never reached fruition.
On May 23, Leyba's scouts reported that Hesse's force had landed their canoes only 14 miles away and were coming overland.
On May 25, Hesse sent out scouting parties to determine the situation at St. Louis. These parties were unable to get close to the village due to the presence of workers in the fields outside the village.
On May 26, Hesse sent Jean-Marie Ducharme and 300 Indians across the river to attack Cahokia, while the remainder arrived around 1:00 pm near St. Louis. A warning shot was fired from the tower when they came into view. The Sioux and Winnebagoes led the way, followed by the Sac, Fox and fur traders, including Hesse, in the rear. Leyba directed the defense from the tower and opened fire on the approaching enemy from the trenches and tower when they came in range. On the first volley, most of the Sac and Fox fell back, apparently unwilling to fight, leaving many of the other participants suspicious of their motives in joining the expedition and complaining of their "treachery."
Wapasha and the Sioux persisted for several hours in attempts to draw the Spanish defenders out. They went as far as brutally killing some captives they had taken in the fields. Although this angered some of the townspeople, Lebya refused to grant permission to the militia to make a sortie. The attackers eventually withdrew and headed north, destroying crops, livestock, and buildings as they went.
On the other side of the river, Ducharme's attack on Cahokia was easily repulsed. George Rogers Clark made a timely arrival to lead Cahokia's defense. Clark's reputation as a frontier fighter made the Indian force reluctant to pursue the attack.
The village of 700 inhabitants lost between 50 and 100 people who were either killed, wounded or captured. Virtually all casualties were civilians. A year later, the Spaniards from St. Louis raided Fort St. Joseph and brought the captured British flag back to St. Louis.
Leyba died the following month. He was the subject of local criticism because he never formally recognized the efforts made by the citizenry in the town's defense. King Charles did not know he had died and promoted him to lieutenant colonel because of his valor in action.
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50ml whiskey mini-bottle. Can be consumed or used in crafting.
The Whiskey Mini-bottle is a consumable drink item and crafting component.
The Whiskey Mini-bottle is a small, bottled alcoholic beverage. It may be found in homes, diner kitchens, convenience stores, supermarkets, or gas stations. Consuming a Whiskey Mini-bottle restores a player's thirst bar by 2.9%, while adding 33% torpidity.
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What do you mean by socializing my puppy?
Working dogs are most effective when they are able to operate in distraction free situations that they are comfortable with. Dogs become uncomfortable when placed in a situation that they are not familiar with. For example, a dog that has never been around a group of people can be perfect on the training grounds with its master, but then be put into a hunting situation or field trial situation with strange people around and be too scared to leave its master’s side, or be so distracted that it doesn’t listen to commands. Some dogs are even prone to biting new people out of fear. This is where socialization as a puppy comes in. Socializing your puppy simply means that you are introducing them to new situations so that they will be able to follow commands without distraction at a later age.
Socialization should be done while your puppy is between 10-16 weeks old, as this is the age that puppies are most inquisitive and impressionable. At this age, you want to make sure every new experience for your puppy is enjoyable because these experiences are going to stick with it for the rest of its life.
Introduce your puppy to one or two people at a time. It is a good idea to keep its first interactions with other people limited to adults or older children since small children tend to be rough and can scare a puppy.
At first, social interactions should take place where the puppy is comfortable, such as an area it is used to playing in.
Puppies should be introduced to as many shapes and sizes of people as is possible. To a dog, a small child looks like an entirely different species than an adult. Your puppy should be introduced to children after it starts associating people with fun. Be sure to monitor the interaction so you can intervene if playing becomes too rough.
As your puppy starts to become comfortable with other people, try to take it with you everywhere you can. Pet stores like PetSmart where dogs are allowed inside are great for socializing your puppy with different people. Puppies always draw a crowd. Remember though, new scents and sounds can scare a puppy, so if your puppy starts to look like it’s getting scared or uncomfortable, don’t push it. Go somewhere else where it feels more comfortable.
Socializing your puppy will be an ongoing process throughout its developmental stages. Don’t force interactions. Allow your pup to investigate new people on its own and keep voices calm and level so as not to startle your puppy. If socialized properly, a dog will be comfortable no matter who they are around or how many people they are around.
Don’t forget that you can email any of your questions to [email protected] and we will be happy to follow up with you. Our next topic will be simple obedience so be sure to check back next Monday. As always, good luck with your gun dog!
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25th September was observed as Antyodaya Diwas across the country to mark the birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya, a noted philosopher, historian and political activist.
Antyodaya means uplifting of the weakest section of the society.
Several activities including blood donation camps, seminar, symposia were organised on this occasion across the country.
He was a well-known political personality and a thoughtful philosopher.
He was the coordinator and a famous leader of Jan Sangh, which is considered precursor to BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party).
He was a critic of both capitalism and communism.
He advocated his own brand of Integral Humanism which combined morality in politics and human centric approach to economics.
He strongly supported 'swadeshi' and small scale industrialization.
He upheld nationalistic ideals and believed that blindly adhering to Western ideologies wouldn't be a suitable path for India.
He founded Rashtra Dharma Prakashan publishing house in Lucknow and launched Rashtra Dharma, a monthly magazine, to advocate principles he held sacred.
Later he launched weekly Panchjanya and daily Swadesh.
He wrote the drama Chandragupta Maurya in Hindi and later wrote a biography of Shankaracharya.
Q. 25th September was observed as Antyodaya Diwas across the country to mark whose birth anniversary?
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Aren’t Lean and Agile just two names for the same thing?
This is a common question and a common misconception. The short answer is no, they are not the same. But you want the long answer, don’t you?
It’s easy to see why this misconception exists. Lean and Agile share the same goals: to increase the productivity of software development while simultaneously increasing the quality of the resulting software. To compound the confusion, the practices that make up the various Agile methodologies also support the Lean principles.
Agile has a different perspective from Lean and, generally, has a narrower focus. Conversely, Lean takes a wider view, preferring to look at the entire business context in which the software development is done. Lean views Agile software development methodologies as valid supporting practices of Lean software development.
In 2003, Mary and Tom Poppendieck published the first thorough mapping of Lean principles to software development in their book, Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit for Software Development Managers (Addison-Wesley Professional), and they refined this mapping in their second book, Implementing Lean Software Development: From Concept to Cash (Addison-Wesley Professional, 2006).
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What degrees can I take online without a high school diploma or GED and also with financial aid?
Here is an excellent article that addresses that specific topic: No High School Diploma? No Problem! How to Go to College Anyway.
What can I do with grant writing?
how does one teach for your online courses?
How do I apply for online adjunct position?
How to choose the custom essay writing service?
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The panic continues to grow about the Ebola virus, and Obama continues to do nothing to reassure Americans. He made one pitiful attempt at doing so, by saying that you can’t get Ebola by sitting next to someone on a bus, but that perhaps wasn’t the best choice of words.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), however, advises humanitarian aid workers from the United States who travel to countries currently experiencing Ebola outbreaks to “avoid public transportation” if they develop a fever or experience other Ebola-like symptoms while on their trip.
To be fair, the point that Obama was making is that Ebola is not an airborne virus, and just sitting in the vicinity of someone that has it does not mean that you will also get it. However, people who have Ebola tend to vomit violently without warning, so it’s probably best to heed the CDC’s warning and avoid public transportation next time you’re visiting somewhere like Liberia or Sierra Leone.
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The answer to my original question is that the value of China's industrial output, which includes mining and construction, is $4.73 trillion, while that for the United States is $3.24 trillion. China's industrial output is 46% greater than that of the United States. No other nation comes close to having so much industrial output as China or the United States. The value of China's agricultural output is also the largest in the world. In this case, it is 6 times that of the United States. It is the delivery of services that the U.S. excels in doing.
The per capital GDP for the United States is more than 6 times that of China. Germany has the second highest per capita GDP on the list and that of the U.S. is 32% higher. The United Kingdom and Japan both have per capita GDPs very nearly as great as that of Germany. This group has a per capita GDP more than twice that of Russia, whose per capita GDP is more than twice that of China, whose per capita GDP is more than twice that of India.
Is the U.S. More Socialist than Scandinavia?
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Alexander's days in central Asia were not all unhappy. After his troops had captured a fortress at a place called Sogdian Rock in 327 B.C. he met Roxana, the daughter of a local ruler. The two married and, at the time of Alexander's death, they had an unborn son.
Despite the fatigue of his men, and the fact that he was far from home, he pressed on into a land that the Greeks called "India" (although it was actually present-day Pakistan). He made an alliance with a local ruler named Taxiles who agreed to allow Alexander to use his city, Taxila, as a base of operations. He also agreed to give Alexander all the supplies he needed, something important given Alexander's long supply lines.
In exchange, Alexander agreed to fight Porus, a local ruler who set out against Alexander with an army that reportedly included 200 elephants. The two armies met at the Hydaspes River in 326 B.C., with Porus assuming a defensive position on its opposite bank. Alexander bided his time, he scouted the area, built up a fleet of ships and lulled Porus into a false sense of security, having his men make it appear that they were going to cross the river so many times that eventually Porus got tired of responding and just ignored the noise they made.
Alexander selected a spot on the river with a wooded island and, at night, managed to bring his troops across to the opposite bank. When Porus mobilized his forces he found himself in a predicament, his cavalry was not nearly as experienced as Alexander's and, as such, he put his 200 elephants, something the Macedonians had never faced in large numbers, up front.
Alexander responded by using his cavalry to attack the wings of Porus's forces, quickly putting Porus's cavalry to flight. The result was that Porus's horses, foot soldiers and elephants eventually became jumbled together. Making matters worse for Porus, Alexander's phalanx attacked the elephants with javelins, the wounded elephants going on a rampage stomping on both Alexander's and Porus's troops.
With his army falling apart Porus stayed until the end and was captured. Arrian wrote that Porus was brought to the Macedonian king and said "treat me like a king, Alexander." Alexander, impressed with his bravery and words, made him an ally.
In 324, Alexander's close friend, general and bodyguard Haphaestion died suddenly from fever. Haphaestion's death caused a drastic change in Alexander's personality, said Abernethy. "Alexander had always been a heavy drinker and the substance abuse began to take its toll. He lost his self-control and his compassion for his men. He became reckless, self-indulgent and inconsistent, causing a loss of loyalty by his men and officers. He had always had a violent temper and been rash, impulsive and stubborn. The drinking made these traits worse.
He began to press his men too hard. The vision was gone, causing the appearance of fighting just for fighting's sake. The soldiers became exhausted, frustrated and lost their purpose. They refused to go further and Alexander was forced to turn back."
Sailing south down the Indus River he fought a group called the Malli, becoming severely wounded after he himself led an attack against their city wall. After reaching the Indian Ocean he split his force in three. One element, with the heavy equipment, would take a relatively safe route to Persia, the second, under his command, would traverse Gedrosia, a largely uninhabited deserted area that no large force had ever crossed before. A third force, embarked on ships, would support Alexander's force and sail alongside them.
The Gedrosia crossing was a miserable failure with up to three-quarters of Alexander's troops dying along the way, his fleet being unable to keep up with them due to bad winds. "The burning heat and the lack of water destroyed a great part of the army and particularly the pack animals," Arrian wrote.
Why Alexander chose to lead part of his force through Gedrosia is a mystery. It could simply be because no one had ever attempted to bring such a large force through it before and Alexander wanted to be the first.
Alexander returned to Persia, this time as the ruler of a kingdom that stretched from the Balkans to Egypt to modern day Pakistan. In 324 B.C., he arrived in Susa, where a number of his innermost advisers got married.
Alexander took two additional wives in addition to Roxana, whom he had married in central Asia. One was Barsine, daughter of Darius III, and another a Persian woman who Arrian identified as Parysatis. Roxana likely did not take kindly to her two new co-wives and, after Alexander's death, she may have had them both killed.
Shortly before his death, Alexander was supposedly asked who his empire should go to. His answer was said to be "to the strongest man." Although he had an unborn son, and according to recent research an illegitimate son named Argaeus, there was nobody strong enough to hold his empire together. His generals fought over his land and in the end it was divided up into multiple states.
In 30 B.C., after the last of these states (Ptolemaic Egypt) was conquered by Rome, the Roman Emperor Octavian went to see the body of Alexander. The great king had been dead for nearly three centuries but was revered by the Romans.
"Perhaps the most significant legacy of Alexander was the range and extent of the proliferation of Greek culture," said Abernethy. "The reign of Alexander the Great signaled the beginning of a new era in history known as the Hellenistic Age. Greek culture had a powerful influence on the areas Alexander conquered."
Many of the cities that Alexander founded were named Alexandria, including the Egyptian city that is now home to more than 4.5 million people. The many Alexandrias were located on trade routes, which increased the flow of commodities between the East and the West.
"Goods and customs, soldiers and traders all mingled together," said Abernethy. "There was a common currency and a common language (Greek) uniting the many peoples of the empire. All religions were tolerated. It was to be a golden age that lasted from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. until 31 B.C., the date of the conquest of the last Hellenistic kingdom by Rome, the Lagid kingdom of Egypt."
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I am traveling to London with my boyfriend October 7-10 and we're trying to figure out what area to stay in. We're both in our early 30's and would like to be within walking distance to tourist sites, restaurants and bars. Is there a particular area that you'd recommend?
Also, if anyone has any can't miss shops, restaurants or bars in London please let me know. We love exploring new places! Thanks in advance for your help!
Try the Grange Tower Bridge Hotel! It's within a stone's throw of Tower Bridge and the Tower Of London. It gives easy access via the #15 bus to Saint Paul's Cathedral and Trafalgar Square, and Tower Hill Underground Station will connect you via the Circle/District Lines to Westminster and Parliament Square. I put my parents up there when they came to visit me, and my mom always wants to go back when she gets their emails!
There's so many different neighbourhoods in London. It's incredibly spread out so hard to be walking distance from everything you would want to see, so I'd recommend you get a Tube pass to make as much of your time as possible. One of my fave areas is around London Bridge - there's Borough Market which has great food tastings as well as amazing bars and cafes and you're close to the Thames for great walks to see the sites and check out the mix of old and new architecture. I've stayed at citizenM hotel London Bankside which was great value, cool, functional rooms, free wi-fi and, important for me, quiet enough to be able to sleep at night. A lot of the hotel accommodation at this price point in London can be, frankly, a bit depressing, but this was terrific. On the downside, the area's a bit removed from central London but it's easy to get anywhere on the underground. Buy a pass though - individual tickets are very expensive. If you're looking for an amazing meal, with a lovely view, try Dinner by Heston at the Mandarin Oriental in Knightsbridge - the dining room overlooks Hyde Park and it's world-class cooking for a relatively affordable price (although admittedly, not cheap!). Oxford St is a good place to explore for shopping & there are some good cafes, restaurants in side streets. At one end is Marble Arch and towards the other end is the The British Museum which is an extraordinary experience. You can also take a detour down Regent St towards Piccadilly and into the theatre district.
I'm 27, I travel to London for work a lot and lived there for the past year. There are so many amazing neighborhoods and restaurants all over the city, but if you want to be right in the heart of things, I would recommend anywhere in Soho or Covent Garden. From there it depends if you want a hotel right in the bustle or a bit off the beaten path. The main squares in those areas (Leicester Square, Picadilly Circus, and Oxford Circus) are comparable to Times Square, NYC in how busy/bustling they are, which appeals to some people but not to others. Perhaps look for a hotel a few blocks from those squares if you want something somewhat quieter but still walkable to all the main tourist sites and everything else you need!
Edit: You didn't specify budget, but I should clarify that these areas are probably more expensive than others. This recommendation is based on your requirement of being walking distance to tourist sites. Definitely try Airbnb. Have a great trip!
One of my favorite place in London is Covent Garden but it is quite touristy. East London is another great place. East London starts somewhere around Aldgate. This, believe it or not, is pretty much the epi-centre for all things trendy in London - in particular the areas of Shoreditch and Hoxton. There is a large South-Asian population in the area - particularly around Whitechapel and Bethnal Green. You can see this in the color, great food and lively markets - particularly around Brick Lane.
And like Natalie suggested, I would recommend AirBnB for your stay.
If you want to have everything nearby to walk to, the most attractive places I recommend are near Piccadilly Circus Travel Information Centre.
I usually try to get my hotels in London by using one of the blind bidding sites, either Priceline or Hotwire, I've gotten some amazing deals over the years (like the Marriott County Hall across from the House Of Commons for $90 USD in June 2013!) Of course, once you've bid and been accepted, you are locked in, no changes, no cancellations. www.betterbidding.com is a very useful guide for using either one.
If that makes you too nervous, you might have a look at Premier Inn, I just stayed in a new one in Holborn for 69£ for 1 night and 79£ for the other, I think though that their normal rate is going to be much higher. I've stayed at one in Earl's Court a couple of times, the Premier Inn Kensington Olympia, that one usually comes in lower than most of the others. 5 minutes on foot from the Earl's Court tube station, which means you have direct access to the Piccadilly line which is what serves Heathrow.
There's no one area that is the best to stay in, I tend to stay near the Gloucester Road tube station, Paddington, Earl's Court or if I get lucky, Westminster. The closer I am to a tube station and the more lines running through it, the happier I am.
As a general tip make sure your hotel is within the Zone 1 travel area. This will keep travel times and travel prices down to a minimum as attractions are spread all over the area, although it is true that the centre (Westminster, Soho, Covent Garden etc) have more than their fair share... but then again hotels (apart from the Travelodge London Covent Garden Hotel) are much more expensive there.
There's lots of hotels to choose from near Bayswater Rd, right by Hyde Park. You could also cycle to get to places in London through Barclay's Cycle Hire, a cheap and easy way to see the city without going on the underground.
I would look around Bayswater, Battersea or Kensington if I were you.
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This article is about the 19th century Russian invasion. For the World War I military campaign, see Caucasus Campaign. For the World War II military campaign, see Battle of the Caucasus.
The Caucasian War (Russian: Кавказская война; Kavkazskaya voyna) of 1817–1864 was an invasion of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire which resulted in Russia's annexation of the areas of the North Caucasus, and the Ethnic cleansing of Circassians. It consisted of a series of military actions waged by Russia against territories and tribal groups in Caucasia including: Chechnya, Dagestan, the Circassians (Adyghe, Kabarday), Abkhaz, Abazins, and Ubykh, as Russia sought to expand southward. In Dagestan, resistance to the Russians has been described as jihad.
Russian control of the Georgian Military Highway in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the Murid War in the east.
Other territories of the Caucasus (comprising contemporary Georgia, southern Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian empire at various times in the 19th century as a result of Russian wars with Persia.
The war took place during the administrations of three successive Russian Tsars: Alexander I (reigned 1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), and Alexander II (1855–1881). The leading Russian commanders included Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov in 1816–1827, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov in 1844–1853, and Aleksandr Baryatinskiy in 1853–1856. The writers Mikhail Lermontov and Leo Tolstoy, who gained much of his knowledge and experience of war for his book War and Peace from these encounters, took part in the hostilities. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin referred to the war in his Byronic poem The Prisoner of the Caucasus (Kavkazskiy plennik (Кавказский пленник), 1821). In general, the Russian armies that served in the Caucasian wars were very eclectic; as well as ethnic Russians from various parts of the Russian empire they included Cossacks, Armenians, Georgians, Caucasus Greeks, Ossetians, and even soldiers of Muslim background like Tatars and Turkmen.
The Russian invasion encountered fierce resistance. The first period of the invasion ended coincidentally with the death of Alexander I and the Decembrist Revolt in 1825. It achieved surprisingly little success, especially compared with the then recent Russian victory over the "Great Army" of Napoleon in 1812.
Between 1825 and 1833, little military activity took place in the Caucasus against the native North Caucasians as wars with Turkey (1828/1829) and with Persia (1826–1828) occupied the Russians. After considerable successes in both wars, Russia resumed fighting in the Caucasus against the various rebelling native ethnic groups in the North Caucasus. Russian units again met resistance, notably led by Ghazi Mollah, Gamzat-bek, and Hadji Murad. Imam Shamil followed them. He led the mountaineers from 1834 until his capture by Dmitry Milyutin in 1859. In 1843, Shamil launched a sweeping offensive aimed at the Russian outposts in Avaria. On 28 August 1843, 10,000 men converged, from three different directions, on a Russian column in Untsukul, killing 486 men. In the next four weeks, Shamil captured every Russian outpost in Avaria except one, exacting over 2,000 casualties on the Russian defenders. He feigned an invasion north to capture a key chokepoint at the convergence of the Avar and Kazi-Kumukh rivers. In 1845, Shamil's forces achieved their most dramatic success when they withstood a major Russian offensive led by Prince Vorontsov.
During the Crimean War of 1853–1856, the Russians brokered a truce with Shamil, but hostilities resumed in 1855. Warfare in the Caucasus finally ended between 1856 and 1859, when a 250,000 strong army under General Baryatinsky broke the mountaineers' resistance.
The war in the Eastern part of the North Caucasus ended in 1859; the Russians captured Shamil, forced him to surrender, to swear allegiance to the Tsar, and then exiled him to Central Russia. However, the war in the Western part of the North Caucasus resumed with the Circassians (Adyghe, Abkhazian, and Ubykh) resuming the fight. A manifesto of Tsar Alexander II declared hostilities at an end on June 2, 1864 (May 21 OS), 1864.
Among post-war events, a tragic page in the history of the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus (especially the Circassians), was Muhajirism, or population transfer of the Muslim population to the Ottoman Empire, and to a lesser extent Persia.
Many Circassians fled to the Ottoman Empire and, to a lesser extent, Persia. Circassians became the first target of Arab Armies during the first Arab-Israeli war. They helped to mobilize Jewish settlers during the siege of Circassian villages in Palestine by Arab armies, and to create an Israeli army. Circassians from Kosovo returned to Russia only after the civil war in Kosovo. There are many Circassians in Syria now who are preparing to repatriate. Some Circassians joined Cossacks. Grebensky (Row) Cossacks were of mixed Russian-Circassian origin from the very beginning. There were Mozdok Cossacks of Circassian origin as well. The genocide of Terek Cossacks during the Civil war was a continuation of the genocide of Circassians, former allies of the Russian Empire who supported the Communists. Adyghea, Oset, Kabardino-Balkarian, and Karachaevo-Circassian republics have some sovereign rights within Russia. The problems of Circassian republics within Russia originate from the distribution of many Circassian tribal lands among the allies of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, especially Vainahs and Turkic peoples. Many new settlers were exiled by Stalin in 1944, and some of their land was given to Georgians and Ossetians. Though numerous exiled people have returned, many lands, granted to them by the Russian empire, are still inhabited by the Ossetians, supported by Cossacks and Russians. The Georgians all left the lands given to them. They did not consider it theirs since the land was not within Georgia itself, but lands in a neighboring country. This still generates tensions (East Prigorodny Conflict) in the former war theaters of the Caucasian war.
↑ Michael Kemper (2010). "An Islamd of Classical Arabic in the Caucasus: Dagestan". In Companjen, Françoise. Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and ... Amsterdam University Press.
↑ Yale University paper Archived December 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Dubrovin, N. Russian: (Дубровин Н.Ф.) История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе, volumes 4–6. SPb, 1886–88.
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Spirulina and breastfeeding. Are they compatible?
A shred-like cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that has been cultivated in Mexico and Africa for centuries, and, is commonly used as food for humans and cattle. It is rich in protein, essential fatty acids, carotenoids, mucilage, mineral salts (Iron) and vitamins (A,B,E).
It is an expensive dietary supplemental product with no evidence on the efficacy for those alleged health benefit attributed by manufacturers.
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Parents need to help their only children socialize with other children. They also need to help them accept imperfection in themselves and others by being tolerant of it themselves. In order to keep only children from being rescuers, parents need to help these children develop patience and understanding of differences in others.
Please tell me, as a youngest child, the daughter who has two brothers 8 and 10 years older, what exactly am I - youngest, only, firstborn? I developed mental health problems in late adolescence, could this be solely the consequence of being spoiled or is it that I inherit the "worst" of both worlds? Because I notice other people don't seem to give me a chance.
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Add a new twist to your gym routine with boxing. There are dozens of incredible benefits boxing can contribute to your overall health and fitness level. It takes enormous physical and mental demands to engage in pugilism. Heck, even the Olympic Committee, sports scientist and ESPN have evaluated 60 different sports, and have concluded Boxing as the number one toughest sport in the world.
To increase your overall athleticism, look no further because boxing is the best sport for improvements to your human movement system. Regardless of if you are sparring in the ring against an opponent or just throwing punches at a heavy bag. At any age, boxing can offer you the best mental stress reliever while building your speed, agility, hand-eye coordination, power, and muscle definition.
There’s a reason why so many Hollywood actors seek boxing gyms as they’re looking to transform their bodies from fit to ripped. Does anyone remember Will Smith’s massiveness when he was in the biopic about Muhammed Ali? Or Mark Wahlberg in The Fighter? Boxing puts on muscle mass quickly.
Boxing is an excellent way to shake things up, and it hits the body in every which way. When you’re in the ring or beginning to train, boxing provides movement on all planes. Core rotation in the transverse plane, or forward lunge to generate power in the sagittal plane, or side steps to open up the hips in the frontal plane. There’s always a variety of plane movements.
Cardio and an athletes ability to transfer oxygen to muscles will increase too through incorporating pugilism to the weekly routine. A person’s VO2 Max (maximal oxygen consumption) will improve because it includes both aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Your first visit to the boxing gym, you’ll notice muscles will fatigue quickly. But after 3-4 weeks, something that was once difficult will begin to be done with ease.
In the first punch, a person will feel the added elements of power, speed, quickness, and stability. When the impact of hitting the bag happens, the beautiful muscle strengthening and bone density occur in both the hand and wrist. Plus with the resistance of hitting a heavy bag, there are musculoskeletal adaptations that occur with needing the ability to hold your posture and overall awareness and response from a person’s feet to their head. Though, the time to wrap the wrists for support and stability are crucial for longevity.
This sense of balance is also why many find themselves in a ring. Boxing can offer more than just physical transformations, but it also can contribute to mental clarity and become an incredible form of stress-relief. From the moment to wrapping your wrists to putting on the gloves, a person can morph into a different character and feel the mental awakening commence.
The training and movements are so precise and thought out, the mind and focus need to be laser sharp because the analytical aptitude of quick reaction time and speed can make or break an athlete. Plus an individuals durability to handle the physical punishment over a length of time is an active component and success to boxing. Whether or not in the ring or hitting a bag, the impact of the resistance will ricochet throughout the body. Travis Hill added that the blend of mental and physical engagement could lead to a spiritual awakening because when locked into the training, it offers a way to escape daily stresses and become light and free with each connection from a jab or hook.
Researchers have connected boxing to increasing a person’s overall mood because the ability to engage the entire body in a workout can reduce negative emotions, decrease anxiety, offer an outlet for anger while providing the individual a sense of peace and tranquility after the workout.
Boxing is a different form of cardio away from the monotony of a treadmill. It incorporates functional movements of a new skill, and just like many exercise programs, the more the skill is practiced and performed, the more refined it becomes. Boxing is a craft and one that requires time and energy. With each punch rep and every stability exercise associated with training, your body will thank you. You might even develop muscles you never knew existed in the process too.
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What is BMI and why should you not worry?
Body Mass Index is as widely used as it's misunderstood. People are fighting over whether to use BMI or not but neither side seems to understand that they're actually both wrong.
BMI is a way to measure overweight and obesity, as a marker for health. It doesn't measure actual fat though, but focuses on a more easily measured proxy – weight in relation to height.
This is a quick and efficient approach. Excellent for its intended purposes!
Those purposes, however, don't include you and me and so it's practically worthless for us.
The formula to calculate BMI with the metric system is: Weight (kg) / Height (m)^2.
And with the Imperial system: (Weight (lbs.) * 703) / Height (inches)^2.
If your resulting Body Mass Index is below 18.5 you're underweight, 18.5 - 25 you're normal weight, 25 - 30 you're overweight, and 30+ you're obese.
Except this is very misleading. Don't pay these numbers any mind. Unless you're a scientist.
Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874) was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer, and statistician.
Adolphe devised the so-called Quetelet Index in 1832, as a tool for tracking weight status in populations.
More than hundred years later, in 1972, the Quetelet Index was renamed to the Body Mass Index.
The usage is the same though. You take a group of people, run their height and weight through the above formula, average the result, and then use that number to determine the status of the group.
BMI for individuals is so blunt and crude it's useless for individuals but for bigger groups it's great. It can, for example, warn us about rising child obesity.
Now that you know not to use BMI for yourself – what should you use instead?
If you want to know exactly how much fat you're carrying around, to plan for a cut, then there's a wide selection of tools and methods for that. I recommend getting a plastic caliper. They're cheap, easy to learn, and fairly accurate. If you can afford it, a bod pod or dexa scan are even more accurate.
Strip down to your underwear.
Step in front of your bathroom mirror.
If you can't squat a shitload of weight yet, you simply have some more work to do.
The point is that you probably already know whether you're fat or not. Worrying about it makes no difference, so stop that and start focusing on the weight of your barbell instead.
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Four unexpected benefits when a small business offers mobile payments to customers.
What is a mobile payment? Instead of paying for goods and services with cash, check or credit/ debit cards, individuals and businesses today can transfer funds electronically from their debit/credit card or bank account to the vendor by using a smartphone, tablet or wearable device (watches, for example). This includes using your phone to pay for something in a store, waving your smart watch at a checkout counter with a contactless terminal, as well as payments made through an app, a mobile web browser or even a text message.
Cyber-hacking has become a very real threat to consumers and small businesses alike. Having your point-of-sale system compromised can be disastrous, especially if it causes customers to refrain from doing business with you again.
Accepting mobile payments can help alleviate some of the risk. Rather than storing customers’ credit card numbers, commonly called “card on file,” mobile payment apps use a one-time-use code or token to secure information. Instead of providing the actual card number, the payment app creates a unique code that is associated with the customer's card.
Loyalty programs are a good way to encourage repeat business, and incorporating mobile payments can create an enhanced user experience for your customers. But syncing the two together makes it even easier for shoppers to track rewards they're earning through the program. To take your loyalty program to the next level, you could incentivize customers by offering special discounts or rewards for choosing to pay via their mobile device.
Getting to know the people who are patronizing your business is important for identifying patterns in how often they spend and what they buy. Mobile payment technology allows small business owners to analyze customer data and identify the most significant trends. That information can then be used to tailor your marketing and sales promotions. This is another example of how syncing mobile payment technology and a loyalty program could pay dividends. Not only can you track patrons who frequent your business, but tracking your customer data also allows you to make personalized recommendations for products or services based on a particular customer's previous purchase history.
Additionally, linking your mobile point-of-sale system with an inventory management software can help you keep tabs on inventory trends. That can make it easier to plan ahead, so you're not running short of a particular item during a peak sales period.
Accepting mobile payments can give your business an edge over the competition and help to increase sales. But the ultimate goal is to make it easy for your customers to pay you, no matter what type of payment they prefer – cash, check, credit card, mobile payments or automated clearinghouse (ACH). Based on your customer base, you may select a comprehensive solution from a single partner that helps you accept both traditional and mobile payments, or select a la carte options from an array of vendors. Shop and compare solutions for the best payment acceptance solution for your business and your customers.
Creating customer convenience is a key reason to accept mobile payments, but Matt Steenson, head of PNC Business Banking, says the ultimate benefit to a small business is customer ease and loyalty, which ultimately drives sales.
Your spring to-do list shouldn’t be limited to your home. Now is the perfect time to give your finances a deep cleaning.
Your first job presents an opportunity to set yourself up for future financial success. PNC offers tips to help you get there.
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Having children is a big responsibilities for parents especially when it comes to nutrition. Now that they are getting older and experiencing school life, their nutritional needs also are increasing. Your child is encountering new challenges everyday and you want to give support by giving hi/her good health. You know that by giving your child proper nutrition today, you are establishing a healthy foundation to help him/her achieve success in the future. That s why good nutrition is very important. Consider this tip that I got from a television show.
It says that Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Having a healthy breakfast reduces fatigue and sleepiness in the mid-morning hours, improves alertness and concentration, and helps your child function more efficiently. Studies show that children who eat healthy breakfasts perform better academically. It is also important to serve variety of foods to children. A varied diet should include rice and its alternatives like corn and bread, fish and other seafoods, meat, poultry, eggs, vegetables, fruits and oils, sugars and beverages like milk and water.
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It should look like a mix between a skeleton and the Headless Horseman Character. The name obviously Would be Bane, The Bone-Breaking Behemoth. The 3 Abilities it would have= 1. Be able to Randomly place 5 Spike Traps anywhere in battle. 2. Be Able To Toss players in the air to cause fall damage. 3. Have the ability to weaken the players damage ration by using poison or acid of some sort.
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8 steps to design an effective website1. the ideaYou must choose a new idea and distinct from the rest of the other sites you should also see competition sites and what they offerEven those sites you develop yourself and also likes to be your idea of easy explanation and clarification and could be formulated2. planningIn this step you baltkhtabt for all stages of the work site from design and programming clearly and write everything on paperSo be clear vision for you and anyone reading idea3. DesignBakhtiaravdal the designer must design with the best pictures and wallpapers, the best color and line type suitable for the quality of the siteAnd all this must be consistent with the first altkhtabt4. programmingAt this point the site is fully programmable and link the site with a database and this is one of the most important stepsUsed in several programming languages.5. contentAt this stage we develop the final content of the site you will see site members and visitors and must take into account the limited size of imagesWhile maintaining quality as possible and put the maximum benefit in minimum number of linesShortcut to the maximum extent taking into account the clarification6. the testAt this stage we test site in all possible ways before we view the site for visitors and members even underestimateError rate to as little as possible and fill all gaps7. archiveNow we create a sitemap for search engines and add the site to all search engines and site deployment in all social networksSocial forums8.And now this last stage, which is one of the most important and no less important than the rest of the steps and strong management of the siteMonitoring and providing support to members and visitors.
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Do you feel younger or older than your age? No one can slow down time, but is it possible to slow down the effects of time on the body? Is it possible to feel well, have vitality, and be free of disease as we get older? What about having a good memory and a clear mind? Can we avoid the diseases that our parents suffered from?
Australia has an aging population, but I believe that age is not about how many candles are on your cake- it is about the health of your body and your mind. There is a local couple in their nineties that still play golf at the McLeod Golf Club! Is this just good genes, or do we have some control over our future health? What causes us to age anyway?
There are many factors behind aging, but the 3 most important ones are oxidative stress, glycation, and telomere shortening.
The body uses oxygen for energy production. However, the process of oxidation in the body causes free radicals, which can cause damage to the cells. So free radicals are naturally produced by the body, and while we can cope with some free radicals, too many causes problems. Free radicals are also caused by stress, poor diet, alcohol, smoking, pollution, pesticides and many other chemicals, radiation, inflammation, and infections.
Free radicals react with our cell membranes and other structures such as DNA, lipids and proteins by stealing electrons from these molecules and causing damage. When a free radical attacks these essential molecules, they change into free radicals themselves, causing a chain reaction that can cause the destruction of the cell.
which means they need to be constantly re-supplied to our bodies through the right foods and supplements.
Glycation occurs when the sugar from what we eat chemically binds to some of our DNA, proteins and fats, leaving them unable to do their jobs. This problem becomes worse as we get older, causing body tissues to malfunction, resulting in disease and death.
Telomeres have been compared with the plastic tips on shoelaces, because they prevent the ends of our chromosomes from fraying and sticking to each other. This would scramble our genetic information, causing cancer, other diseases, or death.
Yet, each time a cell divides, the telomeres get shorter. When they get too short, the cell can no longer divide and becomes inactive or dies. This process is associated with aging, cancer and a higher risk of death. So telomeres also have been compared with a bomb fuse.
In human blood cells, the length of telomeres ranges from 8,000 base pairs at birth, to 3,000 base pairs as people age, and as low as 1,500 in elderly people. (An entire chromosome has about 150 million base pairs.) Each time a cell divides, an average person loses 30 to 200 base pairs from the ends of that cell’s telomeres.
Cells normally can divide only about 50 to 70 times, with telomeres getting progressively shorter until the cells become inactive, die or sustain genetic damage that can cause cancer.
Geneticist Dr Richard Cawthon and his colleagues at the University of Utah found that in people over 60, those with shorter telomeres were three times more likely to die from heart disease and eight times more likely to die from infectious disease. Other recent studies have linked telomere length to an array of age-related conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, and Alzheimer’s.
These help stop the damage to DNA and cells from free radicals caused by oxidation in the body.
Most antioxidants come from plants and include vitamins A, C and E and carotenoids such as beta-carotene, minerals, phenolic compounds and other natural chemicals. Flavonoids are another powerful antioxidant and are contained in red wine and tea.
While good vitamin supplements containing antioxidants are available, it is also important to eat a variety of natural foods – fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, nuts, seeds and wholegrains – to help supply your body with a good range and quantity of antioxidants.
In one study, scientists exposed worms to 2 antioxidants, and the worms’ lifespan increased an average of 44%.
As mentioned earlier, these include poor diet, alcohol, smoking, pollution, pesticides and many other chemicals, radiation, inflammation, and infections.
This will reduce the level of glycation in your body, allowing the DNA and tissues to work more correctly.
For the sake of your physical and mental health and wellbeing, have a regular activity that reduces your stress, such as exercise, meditation, walking, or massage.
Long-term health problems cause a much higher level of free radicals in the body, especially those involving inflammation or infection, such as allergies. Please ask about treatment for any chronic problem at the clinic.
An enzyme called telomerase keeps telomeres from wearing down too much. A healthy diet and lifestyle, plus quality supplements, helps with telemerase activity, and combining several healthy habits may magnify the benefits. In one study, men with prostate cancer who meditated and used other relaxation techniques, ate a low-fat diet including whole grains, walked 30 minutes 6 days a week, and took supplements of fish oil and vitamins C and E, boosted their telomerase activity by 29 to 84%.
While we can’t offer you this yet, with the right nutritional support and treatments, we may be able to add many years of good health to your life. Imagine if you were given a car at birth, and told that this was the only one you would ever have your entire life, and that spare parts were very difficult to get – how well would you look after it? Your body is your most important physical possession. If you are interested in keeping your body younger for longer, retaining your mental clarity, and avoiding the sort of health issues that your parents or grandparents suffered, we can help out. We have created an Anti-Aging and Longevity program which is tailored to your individual requirements. If you would like to find out more, please ask for a free 10 minute phone consultation with Peter Mills, Head Therapist at the clinic.
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Marion County — Upper management for a Marion Oaks Dollar General store has not taken any extra precautions following three armed robberies.
As of October 30, 2016, the store, located at 896 Marion Oaks Manor and Highway 484, has been robbed three times. The location has not even been in business for a year.
During this last robbery, the armed thieves also robbed two customers — one was robbed of $20 and the other $22.
One of the customers was a 15-year-old boy who had gone to the store with his dad to purchase razors and shaving cream.
The clerk stated that one light-skinned black male and one dark-skinned black male walked into the store wielding handguns.
They pointed the guns at the clerk, at which time she screamed. Her screams then alerted a second clerk who was stocking merchandise.
The second clerk walked to the front of the store where she, too, was held at gunpoint.
According to reports, the armed robbers had the first clerk remove all of the money from the register.
The two suspects then fled the store on foot.
Witnesses outside the store stated that the “men” walked around the building and then took off running down the alley to the south of the store.
The store is located in a poorly lit area and surrounded by woods.
The light-skinned male was wearing khaki pants, a black hoodie’, and a camouflage bandanna around his face.
The second male was wearing grey pants, grey hoodie’, and had a white tank top wrapped around his face.
A store employee, who does not want to be identified, told Ocala Post that store policy prohibits employees from carrying handguns.
On Halloween, the Dollar General located at 7120 East Highway 25, Belleview, was also robbed at gunpoint.
The clerk said a black male in his teens, maybe early 20’s, entered the store wearing a black mask with teeth imprinted on it, a blue bandanna around the bottom of his face, a white t-shirt, black pants, black sunglasses, and a black baseball cap.
Initially, the clerk thought it was a prank and told the armed robber to leave.
The robber then jumped over the counter, put a black handgun to her face, and told her to empty the register.
The clerk told the robber that only the manager could open the drawer. The suspect then approached the manager and ordered him to open both registers.
During the robbery, the suspect told a customer to go to the back of the store. The customer then locked herself in storage room until police arrived.
No one was injured during the robberies.
Anyone with information can call the Marion County Sheriff’s Office at 352-732-9111, Crime Stoppers at 352-368-STOP, text a tip to 274637 using keyword 368-STOP, or visit www.ocalacrimestoppers.com. Anonymity is guaranteed.
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Who is liable if a guest at your party gets food poisoning or drives home drunk?
Hosts should be aware that if someone drives drunk or becomes sick after consuming food at a holiday party, the host could actually be liable. A 2012 survey found that almost three-fourths of homeowners had served food in their home that was prepared by someone other than themselves. That means more than 111 million homeowners in the United States have put themselves at risk for a lawsuit by just feeding their guests.
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A cat bite on the hand can turn into a hospital stay, according to a new study. A recent Mayo Clinic study shows that one out of three people who sought treatment for a cat bite to the hand were hospitalized. Published in February in the Journal of Hand Surgery the study looked at 193 patients who received treatment for a cat bite on the hand from January 2009 through 2011. Two thirds of those hospitalized during the study required surgery to flush out the infection in the wounds and middle-aged women were the most common bite victims.
…In a three-year retrospective study published in the February issue of The Journal of Hand Surgery, researchers reviewed records of 193 people who came to Mayo Clinic Hospital with cat bites to the hand…“Redness, swelling, increasing pain, difficulty in moving the hand and drainage from the wound are all signs that there may be an infection and that treatment should be sought,” said the senior author of the study, Dr. Brian T. Carlsen, a hand surgeon at the Mayo Clinic.
FOX News, Cat bites can lead to serious severe infections, hospitalization, Research published in the Journal of Hand Surgery, found that one out of three people who sought treatment for a cat bite on the hand were hospitalized, reported USA Today…"The bites lead to serious infections that can require multiple hospitalizations, antibiotics and sometimes surgery," study researcher Dr. Brian Carlsen, an orthopedic surgeon at Mayo Clinic, told USA Today.
Context: Dogs aren’t the only pets who sometimes bite the hands that feed them. Cats do too, and when they strike a hand, they can inject bacteria deep into joints and tissue, perfect breeding grounds for infection.Cat bites to the hand are so dangerous, 1 in 3 patients with such wounds had to be hospitalized, a Mayo Clinic study covering three years showed. Two-third of those hospitalized needed surgery. Middle-aged women were the most common bite victims, according to the research, published in the Journal of Hand Surgery. More information can be found here on Mayo Clinic News Network.
An ambitious health care research initiative launched last year between Optum and the Mayo Clinic has landed seven new partners with interests in public health, pharmaceuticals and the biosciences. The addition of groups that include pharmaceutical giant Pfizer and the University of Minnesota Nursing School is a sign that newly formed Optum Labs, based in Cambridge, Mass., is working to swiftly assemble the pieces for what it describes as an open center for research and innovation.
Context: Optum Labs, the collaborative research and innovation center founded by Optum and Mayo Clinic, announced this week the addition of seven new charter partners committed to improving the quality and value of patient care. The announcement follows the recent addition of AARP as Founding Consumer Advocate Organization of the collaborative. John Noseworthy, M.D., Mayo Clinic president and CEO, offers his perspective on the announcement in Mayo's the Future of Health Care blog.
Twenty-five years after the movie “Field of Dreams” gave birth to the ethereal character “Moonlight” Graham, another film is being made about the real Dr. Archibald Graham, a short-lived baseball player and longtime Chisholm doctor. This film, a documentary, will explore the long relationship between Graham and the Mayo Clinic in Rochester. We found out that he had come down here to the Mayo Clinic from Chisholm approximately 90 times,” said Mark Flaherty, a film producer and director who works for the clinic.
Reach: The Duluth News Tribune has a daily circulation of more than 26,800 and a Sunday circulation of more than 39,400. Its website receives more than 116,500 visitors each month.
Duluth News Tribune, Filmmaker seeks help, The Mayo Clinic is looking for help from Chisholm-area residents with its documentary on Doc Graham. Mark Flaherty, the film’s producer and director, is looking for photos, films, letters and other mementos associated with Graham. He will scan and immediately return photos and letters; films will be copied and returned.
Context: Most people are at least familiar with the name "Moonlight" Graham as a character in the book Shoeless Joe and the film “Field of Dreams," but fewer people know that "Moonlight” Graham was an actual person, not a fictional character. And long-time residents of the Chisholm, Minn., area who remember Dr. Archibald Graham as their beloved hometown doctor will have an opportunity to provide photos, film and other information as part of an upcoming documentary film on this remarkable man. Find out more information on Mayo Clinic News Network: Mayo Clinic Seeks Input For Film About 'Doc' Graham.
12News Arizona, Mayo Clinic: AZ students athletes suffering multiple concussions, A concussion specialist at The Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale says Valley doctors are clearing students to soon after suffering concussions. He recommends required baseline testing for all athletes.
Star Tribune, Pacemaker-like device offers hope to some epilepsy patients by James Walsh,…The device has helped Robison and more than 200 other patients across the United States, and now others who suffer from focal epilepsy… NeuroPace said an estimated 400,000 patients in the United States could benefit from the technology…Mayo Clinic facilities in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota all were involved in the clinical trials for the device and, as a group, enrolled the highest number of patients in those trials… “Technologically, this is really a huge step forward,” said Dr. Gregory Worrell, a neurologist with the Mayo Clinic in Rochester. “This is no longer research. This works,” said Dr. Joseph Sirven of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz.
Jacksonville Business Journal, Mayo's new partnership ramps up tech capabilities by Coleen Michele Jones, The Mayo Clinic’s new collaboration with Atlanta-based WellStar Health System will expand healthcare options for patients of both networks, particularly in the area of technology. Using digital tools such as eConsult, which lets physicians directly connect and exchange information, the two health care providers can increase their pool of knowledge and resources across a variety of platforms, Mayo said in a press release.
Post-Bulletin, Back and Forth: Mayo Clinic marks 150 by Harley Flathers, What does it take to plan a 150-year celebration like Mayo Clinic is doing? The Sesquicentennial Planning Committee is chaired by Dr. Kerry D. Olsen and Matt Dacy, a 30-year Mayo staff member. Olsen is a member of the Mayo Clinic Board of Governors, Mayo Clinic Board of Trustees and a surgeon in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Dacy leads a very full schedule as Director of Heritage Hall in the Department of Development. And you'll find history well documented in Matthews Grand lobby on the street level of the Mayo Building. Planning didn't just start. A team of Mayo Clinic employees works constantly on this 150-year story from 1864 until today.
MPR, Author Nora Gallagher on keeping the faith through illness, When author Nora Gallagher noticed a slight blur at the periphery of her right eye, she took a trip to the doctor — and found out she would go blind if the condition were left untreated…She wrote about it in her latest memoir, "Moonlight Sonata at the Mayo Clinic."
Pioneer Press (AP), NBC's Tom Brokaw diagnosed with cancer by Lynn Elber, Veteran TV newsman Tom Brokaw has been diagnosed with cancer, NBC News said Tuesday. The Mayo Clinic discovered last summer that Brokaw has multiple myeloma, a cancer affecting blood cells in the bone marrow, NBC News said. His doctors are optimistic about his treatment and encouraged by his progress since the August diagnosis, the network division said. In a statement released by NBC, Brokaw said he remains, in his words, "the luckiest guy I know."
Huffington Post, Tom Brokaw's Cancer, Explained, NBC News' Tom Brokaw was diagnosed with multiple myeloma last year, NBC News reported. Brokaw, who is 74, is a special correspondent at the network. He was diagnosed with the cancer, which affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, last August at the Mayo Clinic.
Las Vegas Sun, Chef Kerry Simon undergoes stem-cell transplants at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota by Robin Leach, Celebrity “Iron Chef” champion Kerry Simon underwent the first of two days of initial stem-cell transplants at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota on Wednesday. After today’s second set of spinal injections, Kerry will return to Las Vegas on Friday. Before he returns to Rochester in early March for more intensive sessions of stem-cell transplants, he will preside over his Feb. 27 celebrity chef and rocker showcase at the Keep Memory Alive event center in the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health downtown.
US News & World Report, Healthy Tips for Night Shift Workers by Laura McMullen…Try to wean off caffeine as your shift comes to an end. Avoid alcohol, too, as a way to fall asleep. "Sometimes there's a tendency to use alcohol as a sedative, but it's not good for sleep maintenance," says Eric Olson, co-director of the Center for Sleep Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. "As it metabolizes, it actually has a rebound effect and wakes you up."
KAAL, 5th Grader with Cancer Finds Bone Marrow Match, For most kids, putting on a sweatshirt isn't a problem. But 12-year-old Lacey McClain moves a little slower. She doesn't have much strength. Just 4 months ago, Lacey was diagnosed with cancer. "It was very emotional. It's not something that you ever think you're going to end up going through," says Lacey's mom Crissy Jurrens. Lacey has T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It's a type of blood cancer. Lacey says, "I've been trying to stay positive."
Outpatient Surgery Magazine, Floor Clings, How We Reinforced Our Commitment to Safety With Custom Floor Decals, To remind our hospital employees about the 5 Safe Behaviors, we created these custom floor decals and placed them on the floors in high-traffic areas at both the hospital and clinic for several weeks. We had to remove the decals because of wear, but we're pretty sure the floor clings helped us communicate our safety goals to our team. Martha Andres, MSN, BSN, RN, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz.
Charleston Gazette, 'Chronically in love', Couple's physical limitations nurture a deeper connection. Kyli Wolfson was losing hope. For most of her life, she had struggled with a lack of energy. She couldn't keep up with her peers in middle school gym class and tried to work with a teacher who didn't understand her and thought she was lazy…Wolfson and Wood share POTS as well as an associated condition called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. …They moved into an apartment near the Mayo Clinic, in Florida, to be close to good health care. Daily life could be a struggle.
Quad-City Times, Love endures, and good health with it by Deirdre Baker, Sidebar: LOVE AND LONGEVITY…Contemporary health benefits of marriage were identified in studies done by the Mayo Clinic in 2012 and by New York Times health reporter Tara Parker Pope, who wrote on the topic in 2010.
Ozarks First (CNN Health Minute), Broken Heart Can Be a Real Medical Condition, We've all been there. We lose a love, and the world just isn't the same. But for some people, going through a divorce, break-up or the death of a loved one can be devastating. So devastating that it can affect a person's health. Studies have shown those who suffer from Broken Heart Syndrome may go through a temporary heart condition with symptoms much like a heart attack, according to the Mayo Clinic. Additional coverage: FOX 19 Cincinnati, Toledo News Now, KREM Wash.
VOXXI Saludify, Dealing with Valentine’s Day depression by John Benson, This time of the year, the Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band seemingly grows in membership due to those dealing with Valentine’s Day depression. It turns out the Mayo Clinic does list a condition called Broken Heart Syndrome, but anyone who ever suffered through a breakup doesn’t need medical science to confirm such a state exists.
Ophthalmology Times, Probability of blindness from glaucoma has nearly halved by Rose Schneider, The probability of blindness due to glaucoma has decreased by nearly half since 1980, according to a study published this month in Ophthalmology, the journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. The researchers—a team based at the Mayo Clinic—speculate that advances in diagnosis and therapy are likely causes for the decrease, but caution that a significant proportion of patients still progress to blindness.
Post-Bulletin, Rochester council approves use of internal funds for DMC budget by Edie Grossfield, The city of Rochester will use its internal cash reserves to finance the 2014 budget for Destination Medical Center planning and oversight. The City Council met Monday in a committee of the whole meeting to discuss the matter. The strategy, suggested by city administrators and finance staff, will be a short-term solution and eventually will be replaced with long-term financing, they said. The city will bond to pay back the internal funds, with interest, and use local-option sales tax money and other financing tools then to pay back the debt from bonding.
Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal, Mayo Clinic expansion squeezes some businesses by Mark Reilly, The Mayo Clinic's multibillion-dollar expansion is generally considered a pretty good thing for Rochester business. Unless, that is, you're a Rochester business that's sitting on land marked for "future expansion." Minnesota Public Radio examines the lot of CJ's Midtown Lounge, a bar about two blocks from Mayo's main campus. A developer plans to knock down the building for a high-rise hotel. CJ's plans to move, but employees worry whether enough regulars will make the trip with them.
MPR, Some local businesses find Mayo Clinic expansion costly by Elizabeth Baier, At CJ's Midtown Lounge, dropping in for happy hour is like taking a trip back in time…A Rochester developer bought the building a few years ago and plans to demolish it to make way for a mixed-use, high rise development project with a hotel, apartment rentals, and upscale restaurants. The project is part of a booming real estate market in Rochester, particularly in the blocks near the Mayo Clinic's expanding downtown campus…"They can re-establish somewhere else, but it's a convenience, you see," she said. "Location is a convenience. And when they move, I'm not sure what will happen. It's not going to be the same. It's going to hurt the businesses."… "Once this place goes, there's not going to be anywhere downtown that people can go and drink and come in and just watch sports and play pool for anything a normal, everyday people can afford," bartender Laurie Peterson said.
eNews Park Forest Ill., Mayo Clinic Identifies a Key Cellular Pathway in Prostate Cancer, Mayo Clinic researchers have shed light on a new mechanism by which prostate cancer develops in men. Central to development of nearly all prostate cancer cases are malfunctions in the androgen receptor — the cellular component that binds to male hormones… “By uncovering this new and important pathway of androgen receptor destruction, we may one day be able to develop more effective treatments for a substantial proportion of prostate cancer patients who have developed resistance to standard antiandrogen therapy,” says Haojie Huang, Ph.D., Mayo Clinic biochemist and senior author of the paper.
News Medical, Two oncogenes work together to sustain population of cells in lung squamous cell carcinoma…A team of cancer biologists at Mayo Clinic in Florida is reporting in the Feb. 10 issue of Cancer Cell the discovery of two oncogenes that work together to sustain a population of cells in lung squamous cell carcinoma, which may be responsible for the lethality of the disease…"Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells in a tumor that can self-renew and grow indefinitely. They resist most treatments and are thought to be responsible for relapse," says the study's senior author, Alan P. Fields, Ph.D., the Monica Flynn Jacoby Professor of Cancer Studies at Mayo Clinic in Florida.
MedPage Today, What works, What Doesn’t, Oncology: Breast Cancer, MedPage Today posed the question to four leaders in the field: Dan Hayes, MD, of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Monica Morrow, MD, of Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, Eric Winer, MD, of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, and Edith Perez, MD, of the Mayo Clinic. Adjuvant therapy, anti-HER2 agents, and breast-conserving surgery led the upside, but all four said metastasis remains the most prominent downside.
Eau Claire Leader-Telegram, Study fuels debate over breast screenings, Yearly mammography screenings for women ages 40 to 59 do not reduce breast cancer deaths, even though they make a diagnosis of illness more likely, according to a long-term study of nearly 90,000 Canadian women…Dr. James Kinsella, a radiologist specializing in breast imaging at Marshfield Clinic Eau Claire Center, and Dr. Holland Ravelle, a radiologist and director of breast imaging at Mayo Clinic Health System in Eau Claire, recommend beginning at age 40 women get annual screening mammograms.
Toronto Star, Double mastectomies mean higher survival rates for some cancers by Theresa Boyle… Asked to comment on the study, Dr. Sandhya Pruthi, who works in the breast diagnostic clinic at the Mayo Clinic, noted that the study was a retrospective one, looking at patient charts as far back as 1975. “It’s a little older than I would like,” she said, explaining that survival rates have improved since that time owing to advances in medicine. For example, surgical techniques, genetic testing and MRI surveillance have been refined.
News Medical, Researchers personalize drug treatments for cholangiocarcinoma using genomic sequencing, Physicians at Mayo Clinic's Individualized Medicine Clinic and researchers at the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) have personalized drug treatments for patients with cholangiocarcinoma using genomic sequencing technologies…"In 3 out of the 6 patients we analyzed, we found compelling, treatable and unexpected genetic alterations that would never have been found by normal testing methods for cholangiocarcinoma," says Mitesh Borad, M.D., a Mayo Clinic oncologist and lead author of the paper.
The Times of India, Craze for sun tanning triggered skin cancer in women?, The overall incidence of skin cancer has increased nearly eight-fold in last four decades among middle-aged people, especially women, says alarming research. The researchers at Mayo Clinic suspect the rise can partly be attributed to the craze for tanning under the sun. What's alarming is that the incidence of cancer was found to be many times higher in women than in men. "The most striking finding was among women in that age group," said dermatologist Jerry Brewer of Mayo Clinic and principal investigator of the study.
Inside Science, Why Speed Skaters Perform Better At Higher Elevation…"People think somewhere between 5,000 and 7,000 feet there may be a sweet spot where the decline in maximal oxygen consumption is more than made up for by the better aerodynamics," said Michael Joyner, a physician-researcher at the Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minn., with a special interest in the physiology of endurance performance.
Psychology Today, The Olympics: 5 Things You Can Learn About Talent & Practice by Jonathan Wai, Guest post written by Michael Joyner, Professor of Anesthesiology at Mayo Clinic and blogger at Human Limits. Elite sports competition generates a lot of discussion and debate. Much is bar stool yapping about who was the best ever but some is more serious about topics that include the role of talent and practice in elite performance. So, here are a few thoughts about talent and practice that you might ponder during the Olympics.
Waseca County News, Help available in Waseca for speech and language disorders by Monica Anderson, speech-language pathologist, peaking and language abilities vary from person to person, but not just anyone can execute those skills. In fact, there is a surprisingly large segment of the population – an estimated 6 to 8 million people in the U.S., according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders – that suffers from speech and language disorders.
Waseca County News, Mayo Clinic Health System physician offers tips for safe snow shoveling by Scott Helmers, Urgent Care, shoveling snow can be good exercise when performed correctly. But taking on more than your body can handle or ignoring signs that you need to take a break may prove to be harmful.
Post Bulletin, Mayo Clinic turns red for awareness, Mayo Clinic on Friday celebrated National Wear Red Day for Heart Disease Awareness. On that day, Mayo Clinic invites everyone to wear red to raise awareness of heart disease, the No. 1 killer of both men and women in the United States. The celebration in the Gonda Building included heart-themed music. There was a panel presentation titled "Love Your Heart: What You Need to Know and Why."
WQOW Eau Claire, On the eve of Women's Heart Health Month, one woman shares her story by Kristen Shill, Seven years ago, chest pain woke Sharon Durbin up in the middle of the night. "I thought: this must be what a heart attack feels like," Sharon Durbin says. As a nurse, she ignored her instincts…"Women tend to be more in the caregiver role in their families. They think about everybody else's needs, they don't necessarily think about their own," Mayo Cardiac Center Registered Nurse Jan Favret says.
WBEZ Chicago, Windy City Links Ginger Wilson partners with AA women's group and Mayo Clinic, An initiative by a local Links chapter has lead to a nation-wide partnership between the African-American women’s group and the Mayo Clinic. The woman behind that is Ginger Wilson, the president of the Windy City Links Chapter. She joins us to talk about the women’s group, her struggles with a rare form of cancer and the initiative.
Courier-Journal, Paris can wait for Louisville's Antonita Slaughter…As the fourth-ranked Cardinals prepared for Sunday’s summit meeting at top-ranked Connecticut, Slaughter was almost as good to go as she ever was. The blood clot is gone. Her heart has been cleared for competition. She has been back in action since a few days after her discharge from the Mayo Clinic, and four times in the last six games she has been back in Jeff Walz’s starting lineup.
DogTipper, Uggie Shines a Spotlight on Mayo Clinic’s Caring Canines by Grace Sydney, On February 6th The Artist star Uggie and his doting Dad, trainer Omar Von Muller, paid a visit to the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida to regale Rover-loving fans with the Jack Russell Terrier’s adoption tale; show off some of his showbiz skills and meet some of the 19 volunteer dogs who brighten the days of the clinic’s patients and waiting room visitors through the Caring Canines program.
Medscape, A Tissue Test for Parkinson Disease? Medscape recently spoke with Charles H. Adler, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, about his past and future research into the potential of submandibular gland biopsy as a useful diagnostic tool in Parkinson disease (PD).
News4Jax Fla., How to tame your salt habit by Mayo Clinic News Network, f you're like many people, you're getting far more sodium than is recommended, and that could lead to serious health problems. You probably aren't even aware of just how much sodium is in your diet.
The Atlantic, New Report: Americans Love Pizza…A typical daily pizza serving accounts for more than half of our lycopene diet. Lycopene, the natural chemical that gives fruit like tomatoes its red color, has been found to have antioxidant and anti-cancer effects in animals, but it's not clear it has the same effect in humans, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Weight Watchers, Feed the pig, lose big, Who says you can't put a price on good health? People with a financial incentive to shed pounds were more likely to reach their goal than those with no money at stake, according to a year-long study conducted by Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. While the potential ka-ching was partly responsible for participants' success, the researchers concluded that the mere thought of losing money (for not reaching a weight goal) was equally motivating. "People are looking for creative ways to lose weight and keep it off." says senior study author Donald Hensrud, MD, a preventive medicine expert at Mayo Clinic.
Eau Claire Leader-Telegram, IV saline solution in short supply by Emily Miels, Hospitals in the Chippewa Valley are struggling to obtain enough intravenous saline solution but say the shortage hasn’t adversely impacted patient care…Kent Gierhart, in-patient pharmacy supervisor at Mayo Clinic Health System in Eau Claire, also said the shortage has not impacted patient care. “Really, it’s not an issue for us,” Gierhart said.
Des Moines Register, Brody clan to rally against cancer, Brody Middle School eighth-grader Isabela Rodriquez-Mireles is a cancer survivor. Brody parent Dan Twelmeyer is at Mayo Clinic fighting for his life against cancer. Brody music teacher Brandon Oliver and his mom, Brody secretary Sherri Oliver, are rooting for their dad and husband, cancer patient Ed Oliver…All of these people are bound together by Brody, but also by cancer.
Post-Bulletin, Dear Answer Man, what do you think the chances are that the words "Mayo Clinic Square" will be visible from Target Field, just like Sanford Health used to be visible from that end of the ballpark? — Bleacher Bum This is a hilarious question. If you're a regular at Target Field, home of the Minnesota Twins, you'll remember there was a low-grade controversy a few years ago about how Sanford Health, the big health care juggernaut in the eastern Dakotas and western Minnesota, had emblazoned its name on the nearby Target Center. Eventually, that big ad was removed.
Chest Physician, CVS takes health care seriously by John Ebbert, Mayo Clinic… This is no small gamble. But it’s one that will hopefully pay off. First of all, it’s the right thing to do in the interest of public health; 480,000 Americans still die of tobacco-related diseases annually. Second, the media attention and accolades received from President Obama, the American Medical Association, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids will, however short lived, bring recognition to the brand. CVS Pharmacy will now be identified as being concerned not only about patients who fill their prescriptions there, but also about the health and well-being of the communities in which the pharmacies operate. If another pharmacy chain follows suit, great, but CVS was first.
KAAL, Could Med City Ban Tobacco Sales in Drug Stores? by Jenna Lohse, The announcement of the first major drugstore chain to take cigarettes off their shelves may be the catalyst to similar actions all across the country. We talked with those locally to find out if this could become a city-wide issue in Rochester, a city known for health care. "If you reduce the convenience, if you reduce the availability, people are going to use it less,” said Dr. Taylor Hays, Director of Mayo Clinic’s Nicotine Dependence Center.
Bloomberg Businessweek, Minnesota Thrives as Land of 10,000 Levies Under Dayton: Taxes, Almost two dozen states cut taxes last year, most in the belief that lower levies stimulate the economy. Not Minnesota, which raised them on high-wage earners, business sales taxes and cigarettes by $2.1 billion. “We’ve never been a low-tax state,” said Governor Mark Dayton…Not least for companies. Dayton and the legislature, controlled by the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, have lavished hundreds of millions of dollars of incentives on employers such as electronics maker 3M Co. (MMM:US) and the Mayo Clinic…Tax breaks for expansions of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester and the Mall of America in Bloomington are investments that will deliver, he said. As for public money for the Vikings stadium -- committed after the team threatened to leave -- Dayton said he understands the resentment.
LA Times, Leonard Nimoy has lung disease, urges fans to quit smoking by Nardine Saad, Leonard Nimoy, best known as Mr. Spock of "Star Trek," has been diagnosed with a lung disease and is lobbying fans to quit smoking in order to prevent a similar fate of living less and not prospering… "I quit smoking 30 yrs ago. Not soon enough. I have COPD. Grandpa says, quit now!! LLAP," the living legend tweeted, adding his signature abbreviation for the half-Vulcan's "live long and prosper" motto.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult, according to the Mayo Clinic. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common COPD conditions.
CNN, 27 Being Evaluated for Possible Carbon Monoxide Exposure (Broadcast Video), Breaking News, Mayo Clinic Health System spokesperson Micah Dorfner is interviewed by phone.
Mankato Free Press, 'Diagnosis by exclusion' points to psychogenic illness in Springfield by Amanda Dyslin, There is still no definitive answer for what caused 30 students in Springfield to become ill last week, but "diagnosis by exclusion" has resulted in the Minnesota Department of Health pointing to psychogenic illness, said spokesman Doug Schultz. A battery of air-quality tests by numerous agencies, as well as tests conducted on the patients at Mayo Clinic Health System in Springfield, have not turned up any irregularities.
MedCity News, Wal-Mart, Lowes use “corporate-sponsored medical tourisim” to manage surgery bills, Beginning this year, employees in need of a knee or hip replacement with health coverage at a Wal-Mart or a Lowe's didn't have to choose surgery at their local hospital…Arkansas-based Wal-Mart Stores Inc., with 2.2 million employees in the United States, including 6,000 in Greater Memphis, launched a similar program last year for heart, spine and transplant surgeries, expanding a transplant tie with the Mayo Clinic since 1996. North Carolina-based Lowe's, with about 245,000 employees, has offered trips to the Cleveland Clinic for heart surgeries since 2010.
Star Tribune, Bloomington mobile X-ray company aids in convenience, lowering costs, As health care organizations come under increasing pressure to lower costs and improve patient care, they’re turning to companies like Professional Portable X-ray for help. Technologists with the Bloomington-based business can wheel their mobile X-ray machines into a long-term care facility and take an X-ray from bedside or a wheelchair, without having to risk moving a frail or elderly patient with dementia to an off-site location…PPX has relationships with all of the state’s major hospital systems, including Allina, HealthPartners, Fairview, the Mayo Clinic, Essentia and Sanford Health.
CNBC, Vestiage Names Laura Stall Vice President (press release), Vestiage, Inc. (NQB:VEST), the healthy aging company that owns both the RegiMEN™ and Monterey Bay Nutraceuticals™ supplement product lines, announced today that it has appointed Ms. Laura Stall as Vice President… RegiMEN™ was created by Youngerman and Mayo Clinic trained cardiologist Robert Burke, M.D.
Creston News Advertiser (Iowa), Thank you Creston Community, From Kylene and Cody Simpson, As most of you already know, Cody had a pancreas transplant at Mayo Clinic on Jan. 7, 2014, and we had to stay at Rochester, Minn., for 30 days, which meant a lot of road trips back and forth with four young boys… We have met several people at Mayo Clinic that are in way worse situations than we are and it makes us grateful.
KAAL, Blooming Prairie Driver Performed CPR On Her Father While Still in Vehicle, We have received new information in regards to that fatal crash in Blooming Prairie Wednesday morning. The victim's family has confirmed that Sarah Kerns was driving her mother and father to Mayo Clinic in Rochester when the accident happened… Sarah performed CPR on her father while they were still in the vehicle. Sarah was able to get her father breathing again. But Thomas says Marvin's heart stopped before first responders could get there and that they were unable to revive him once again.
Post-Bulletin, Singing group donates to pediatric clinic, Michael Veldman and Friends has donated $5,000 to the Mayo Clinic Health System Austin Foundation for the Karl R. Potach Pediatric Clinic, located on the Austin campus. The singing group, which has been together 11 years, donates part of the proceeds from its annual Christmas variety show to a local charity. This year, the members chose the pediatric clinic.
NY Times, The Real World Is Not an Exam by Abigail Zugar, M.D…Some medical educators have tried to bend the linear algorithms of the multiple-choice experience to the nuances of the actual clinical world. One set, from the Mayo Clinic, specifically set out to teach against the test. Instead of the usual call-and-response questions, the educators took their students through complicated, contradictory cases for which there were no clear “best” strategies, but many reasonably acceptable ones.
USA TODAY, Few stroke patients get clot-busting drug by Liz Szabo…Before giving tPA, doctors need to perform a CT scan to confirm that a patient's stroke is caused by a blood clot — which kills brain tissue by depriving them of oxygen – rather than by bleeding, says Robert Brown, a professor and chairman of neurology at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, who wasn't involved in the new study. Giving a clot-busting drug to someone whose stroke is caused by bleeding could be fatal.
USA TODAY, Vaccines reduce risk of strokes in children by Liz Szabo, A new international study finds another benefit to childhood vaccines: preventing strokes… Robert Brown, chair of neurology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Minnesota, called the study's findings "remarkable," noting that study was large and well-designed. "To lower the risk of stroke is noteworthy," Brown says.
KIMT, Mayo’s Center for Innovation receives award by Jeron Rennie, The Mayo Clinic is known for its world-class health care, but now they are getting an award of a different kind…Destination Imagination recognizes different companies for their impact on the world with creativity and critical thinking… “It’s tremendously humbling but now as I think about the next 150 years of Mayo Clinic history and reflect on the first 150 years of our history, to us it’s an immediate challenge for how we’re going to do better tomorrow,” said Dr. Douglas Wood, Medical Director for the Center for Innovation.
Chicago Tribune, Mayo Clinic Medical Edge: Talk to doctor before taking probiotics by Brent Bauer, M.D., General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, DEAR MAYO CLINIC: I keep hearing about all the health benefits of probiotics. Are there any negative side effects? Do I need to talk to my doctor before I take them?
WEAR Fla.,Local woman brings awareness to heart disease and donor program,…When Katlyn was 13 a sports physical led to the detection of her enlarged heart.. Since then she's had heart issues. "I've had open heart surgery, I've had stitches, I've had pain that I've never experienced, so it's been a rough ride." In December things slowly got worse and she was sent to the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville for further testing.
Weight Watchers, Doctor Who? Your relationship with your MD is one of the most important in your life. So he shouldn't be a stranger…Talk about your weight, You've noticed the numbers on the scale climbing over the last few years?but your doctor hasn't uttered a word about your weight. Don't be lulled into a false sense of security, since a Mayo Clinic study found that only 20 percent of obese patients are listed as such on their medical charts.
Prodigy MSN, Tips para hacer y consumir jugos: tendencia sana… BUSCA LOS NUTRIENTES ¿Los jugos hacen que se concentren las vitaminas y minerales? ¡Falso! De acuerdo con la Dra. Jennifer K. Nelson, miembro de la prestigiosa Mayo Clinic, los nutrientes de las frutas y verduras son los mismos en su forma natural y en su versión líquida.
La Salud, Protocolo médico reduce mortalidad por accidente cerebrobascular, En los pacientes con un gran accidente cerebrovascular que corta la provisión sanguínea a buena parte del cerebro, la aplicación del protocolo médico estandarizado y de cirugía para descomprimir la hinchazón pueden mejorar la expectativa de vida, descubrieron los científicos de Mayo Clinic en un estudio reciente.
Yahoo! México Noticias, En cuatro décadas los casos de cancer de piel se multiplicaron por 8, Según un reciente estudio hecho por profesionales de la prestigiosa Clínica Mayo de EE.UU, se suscitó una incidencia óctuple de cáncer de piel entre 1970 y 2009, tanto entre hombres y mujeres de mediana edad (40 a 60 años de edad), de EE.UU. El estudio se publicó en la revista científica Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
Vanguardia, El nuevo modelo de conductor designado… La Clínica Mayo señala que el IED se caracteriza por “repetidos episodios de impulsividad, agresividad, comportamiento violento o ataques verbales de ira, en los que reaccionas de forma desproporcionada con la situación”.
Yahoo! Mexico (NeoMundo), En cuatro décadas los casos de cancer de piel se multiplicaron por 8, Según un reciente estudio hecho por profesionales de la prestigiosa Clínica Mayo de EE.UU, se suscitó una incidencia óctuple de cáncer de piel entre 1970 y 2009, tanto entre hombres y mujeres de mediana edad (40 a 60 años de edad), de EE.UU. El estudio se publicó en la revista científica Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
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1903 - 1966 (62 years) Has more than 100 ancestors and 27 descendants in this family tree.
In his day, he was considered the finest satirical novelist writing in English. He also wrote travel books and biographies.
Writer, best known for such satirical and darkly humorous novels as Decline and Fall , Vile Bodies , Scoop , A Handful of Dust , and The Loved One , as well as for more serious works, such as Brideshead Revisited and the Sword of Honour trilogy, that are influenced by his own conservative and Catholic outlook. Many of Waugh's novels depict the British aristocracy and high society, which he savagely satirizes but to which he was also strongly attracted. In addition, he wrote short stories, three biographies, and the first volume of an unfinished autobiography . His travel accounts and his extensive diaries and correspondence have also been published.
American literary critic Edmund Wilson pronounced Waugh "the only first-rate comic genius the English have produced since George Bernard Shaw ," while Time magazine declared that he had "developed a wickedly hilarious yet fundamentally religious assault on a century that, in his opinion, had ripped up the nourishing taproot of tradition and let wither all the dear things of the world." Waugh's works were very successful with the reading public and he was widely admired by critics as a humorist and prose stylist, but his later, more overtly religious works have attracted controversy. In unpublished notes for an essay on Waugh, George Orwell declared that Waugh was "about as good a novelist as one can be while holding untenable opinions." Conservative commentator William F. Buckley, Jr. found in Waugh "the greatest English novelist of the century."
Born in London , Evelyn Waugh was the son of noted editor and publisher Arthur Waugh . He was brought up in upper middle class circumstances in Hampstead . His only sibling was his older brother Alec Waugh , who also became a writer. Both Arthur and Alec had been educated at Sherborne , an English public school , but Alec had been expelled during his final year and had then published a very controversial novel, The Loom of Youth, based on his school life. Sherborne therefore refused to take Evelyn and his father sent him to Lancing College , a school of lesser social prestige with a strong High Church Anglican character. This circumstance would rankle the status-conscious Evelyn for the rest of his life but may have contributed to his interest in religion, even though at Lancing he lost his childhood faith and became an agnostic . After Lancing, he attended Hertford College, Oxford as a history scholar. At Oxford, Waugh neglected academic work and was known as much for his artwork as for his writing. He also threw himself into a vigorous social scene populated by both aesthetes such as Harold Acton and Brian Howard , as well as members of the British aristocracy and the upper classes. His social life at Oxford influenced Waugh's personal transformation into something of a snob and provided the background for some of his most characteristic later writing. Waugh had at least two homosexual romances at Oxford (whether they had a physical dimension is unclear) before he began to date women in the late 1920s. Asked if he had competed in any sport for his College, Waugh famously replied "I drank for Hertford."
Evelyn Waugh as a student, by the British painter Henry Lamb (1883-1960), a member of Walter Sickert's Camden Town Group and later a member of the Bloomsbury Group.
Waugh's final exam results qualified him only for a third-class degree. He refused to remain in residence for the extra term that would have been required of him and he left Oxford in 1924 without taking his degree. In 1925 he taught at a private school in Wales. In his autobiography, Waugh claims that he attempted suicide at the time by swimming out to sea, only to turn back after being stung by jellyfish . He was later dismissed from another teaching post for attempting to seduce the matron, telling his father he had been dismissed for "inebriation". He was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker and worked briefly as a journalist , before he had his first great literary success in 1928 with his first completed novel, Decline and Fall . The title is from Gibbon , but whereas Gibbon charted the bankruptcy and dissolution of Rome , Waugh's was a hilariously witty account of quite a different sort of dissolution, following the career of the harmless Paul Pennyfeather, a student of divinity , as he is accidentally expelled from Oxford for indecency ("I expect you'll be becoming a schoolmaster, sir," says the College porter to Paul, "That's what most of the gentlemen does, sir, that gets sent down for indecent behaviour") and enters into the worlds of schoolmastering, high society, and the white slave trade . Other novels about England's "Bright Young Things" followed, and all were well received by both critics and the general public.
Waugh entered into a brief, unsuccessful marriage in 1928 to the Hon. Evelyn Gardner. (Their friends called them he-Evelyn and she-Evelyn.) Gardner's infidelity would provide the background for Waugh's novel A Handful of Dust . The marriage ended in divorce in 1930. Waugh converted to Catholicism and, after his marriage to Evelyn Gardner was annulled by the Church, he married Laura Herbert, a Catholic, daughter of Aubrey Herbert , and granddaughter of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon. This marriage was successful, lasting the rest of his life, producing seven children. His son Auberon Waugh achieved recognition as a writer and journalist.
Waugh's fame continued to grow between the wars, based on his satires of contemporary upper class English society, written in prose that was seductively simple and elegant. Often, it was inventive. (A chapter, for example, written entirely in the form of a dialogue of telephone calls.) His conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1930 was a watershed in his life and his writing. It elevated Catholic themes in his work. His deep and sincere faith, both implicit and explicit, can be found in all of his later work.
The period between the wars also saw extensive travels around the Mediterranean and Red Sea, Spitsbergen, Africa and South America. Sections of the numerous travel books which resulted are often cited as among the best writing in this genre. A compendium of Waugh's favourite travel writing has been issued under the title When The Going Was Good.
With the advent of World War II , Waugh used "friends in high places", such as Randolph Churchill - son of Winston - to find him a service commission. Though thirty-six years of age with poor eyesight, he was commissioned in the Royal Marines in 1940. Few can have been less suited to command troops. He lacked a common touch. Though personally brave, he did not suffer fools gladly. There was some concern that the men under his command might shoot him instead of the enemy. Promoted to captain, Waugh found life in the Marines dull.
Waugh participated in the failed attempt to take Dakar from the Vichy French in late 1940. Following a joint exercise with No.8 Commando (Army), he applied to join them and was accepted. Waugh took part in an ill-fated commando raid on the coast of Libya . As special assistant to the famed commando leader, Robert Laycock , Waugh showed conspicuous bravery during the fighting in Crete in 1941 , supervising the evacuation of troops while under attack by Stuka dive bombers.
Later, Waugh was placed on extended leave for several years and reassigned to the Royal Horse Guards . During this period he wrote Brideshead Revisited . He was recalled for a military/diplomatic mission to Yugoslavia in 1944 at the request of his old friend Randolph Churchill. He and Churchill narrowly escaped capture/death when the Germans undertook Operation Rösselsprung , and paratroops and glider-borne storm troops attacked the Partisan headquarters where they were staying. An outcome was a formidable report detailing Tito 's persecution of the clergy. It was "buried" by Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden as being largely irrelevant.
Much of Waugh's war experience is reflected in the Sword of Honour trilogy . His trilogy, along with his other work after the 1930s, became some of the best books written about World War II. Many of his portraits are unforgettable, and often show striking resemblances to noted real personalities. Many feel that the fire-eating officer in the Sword of Honour trilogy, Brigadier Ben Ritchie-Hook, was based on Lieutenant-General Sir Adrian Carton De Wiart VC , a friend of the author's father-in-law. Waugh was familiar with Carton De Wiart through the club to which he belonged. The fictional commando leader, Tommy Blackhouse, is based on Major-General Sir Robert Laycock , a real-life commando leader and friend of Waugh's.
The period after the war saw Waugh living with his family in the West Country at his country homes, Piers Court, and from 1956 onwards, at Combe Florey in Somerset , where he lived as a country squire. He bequeathed the latter to his son, the writer and journalist Auberon Waugh . He made his living through writing and became a self-parodying reactionary figure. He was bitterly disappointed when the Roman Catholic Church, which he in part loved for what he perceived as its timelessness, began to adopt modern vernacular liturgy and other changes.
Some of Waugh's best-loved and best-known novels come from this period. Brideshead Revisted ( 1945 ), is a brilliant evocation of a vanished pre-War England. Waugh revised the novel in the late 'fifties because he found parts of it 'distasteful on a full stomach' by which he meant that he wrote the novel during the grey privations of the latter war years (though his Diaries reveal that he made plenty of wartime visits to his club and to the Ritz for champagne and amusement). He described the novel as being about the effect of the grace of God on a diverse group of people. At the same time it was an elegy to an England he believed was being destroyed by Socialism. He partially retracted this view in his preface to the revised Brideshead; he said he didn't foresee when he wrote it, the 'cult of the English country house' which grew up after the war; after admitting this he concluded that in some ways the novel was 'a panegyric preached over an empty coffin'. Brideshead is a distinct halfway mark in Waugh's career. Though his work had become darker and more Catholic from the second half of Vile Bodies onwards, Brideshead represents the beginning of a more serious and middle-aged period for Waugh: when it was published he said he felt it to be 'his first real novel'. It divides critics and writers. Anthony Burgess said he was seduced by it and that he'd read it a dozen times and had 'never failed to be charmed or moved'; he also praised it for its 'superb comedy' (we might speculate that Burgess, being a lapsed Catholic, was more open to the book). On the other hand Kingsley Amis (whose Lucky Jim twits Waugh within its pages and, in Jim Dixon, gives an answering voice to the despised Hooper in Brideshead) condemned the book with 'there are few things I detest more than Roman Catholic baronial snobbery'. (Interestingly, Amis became Waugh-like as he grew older, taking a reactionary stance to modern life. He also calls Waugh a very rude name in his letters and says that Waugh only ever wrote one good book: Decline and Fall.) The Australian critic Robert Hughes called it 'the only vulgar novel Waugh ever wrote'. The American critic Edmund Wilson had similar distaste for Brideshead and the works that followed. The objections are legitimate but are directed almost entirely at the novel's politically Conservative and religiously Catholic content; judged as a piece of fiction, it is a great production by one of the best prose stylists in English.
The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold ( 1957 ) is amazing for its dispassionate recounting of the hero's steady descent into madness - the experience was actually Waugh's own, the result of taking medication which induced a bout of severe paranoia on a sea-voyage to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ). Less successful was Helena, ( 1953 ), a fictional account of the Empress Helena and the finding of the True Cross. Waugh regarded this novel as his best work, a verdict which few others have ever shared.
Latterly Waugh put on a lot of weight, and the sleeping pills he took, combined with a heavy intake of alcohol, cigars and little exercise, weakened his health. His writing productivity gradually ran down, and there was a very noticeable falling off in the quality of what fiction he did write (his last published work, Basil Seal Rides Again, taking up some of the characters from his very earliest satirical works, fails to reach any dramatic climax). At the same time, he continued to produce valuable journalism, where the demands of sustained construction were less severe; and his power of delivering fearsome insults remained intact. Upon hearing that Randolph Churchill had had a non-malignant tumour removed, Waugh complained: "It was a typical triumph of modern science to find the only part of Randolph that was not malignant and remove it." His duties as paterfamilias brought him little pleasure: "My unhealthy affection for my second daughter has waned. Now I despise all my seven children equally."
He died, aged 62, on 10 April 1966 , on returning home from Mass on Easter Sunday. His estate at probate was valued at £20,068. This did not include the value of his lucrative copyrights, which Waugh put in a trust for his children. He is buried at Combe Florey, Somerset.
Black Mischief ( 1932 ): Satire on Emperor Haile Selassie and his attempts to modernize his realm (Waugh was deeply critical of modernity and notions of rational progress).
Love Among the Ruins. A Romance of the Near Future ( 1953 ): A satire set in a dystopian quasi-egalitarian Britain, following the life of an arsonist released from prison.
Evelyn Waugh: Portrait of a Country Neighbour by Frances Donaldson , 1967 .
Evelyn Waugh by Christopher Sykes 1975 .
Evelyn Waugh: The Early Years 1903 - 1939 by Martin Stannard 1987 .
Evelyn Waugh: The Later Years 1939 - 1966 by Martin Stannard 1994 .
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The inflation rate in Denmark between 1973 and today has been 544.09%, which translates into a total increase of kr.544.09. This means that 100 kroner in 1973 are equivalent to 644.09 kroner in 2019. In other words, the purchasing power of kr.100 in 1973 equals kr.644.09 today. The average annual inflation rate has been 4.04%.
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An féidir backlinks GOV a cheannach?
Nuair a thagann sé ar na backlinks is cumhachtaí ó shuíomhanna gréasáin rialtais agus leathanaigh bhlag, is é seo rud amháin ba cheart duit a thuiscint ar dtús agus ar ndóigh. Is é an rud nach féidir leat backlinks GOV a cheannach i ndáiríre, ní féidir leat iad a thuilleamh. Sin an fáth faoi thíos go mbeidh mé ag léiriú an phróisis chun na cúlpháirtí luachmhara seo a thuilleamh i roinnt bealaí cruthaithe le húsáid a ndearna mé tástáil le déanaí ar mo shuíomh gréasáin féin - small wireless office network. Agus gur tasc cinnte a bheadh an-íogair, ba cheart dom a admháil. Ach is mian leat fós a bhfachtóir cumhachtach údaráis taitneamh a bhaint as, nach bhfuil tú? Mar sin, is é seo an chaoi ar féidir leat backlinks GOV a cheannach - ag infheistiú ach do chuid ama agus d'iarrachtaí i gceann díobh seo a leanas: trácht a dhéanamh ar bhlaganna an rialtais, ag scríobh faoi institiúid rialtais nó ar roinnt comhlachtaí gaolmhara, ag agallamh ar ghníomhaireacht nó ar bhall den phobal, ag tógáil leathanach acmhainne, chomh maith le brónach trom chun na backlinks tuillte sin a fháil ar ais. Mar sin, déanfaimid athbhreithniú ar gach cás a d'fhéadfadh cabhair a thabhairt duit a cheannaíonn tú backlinks GOV - ag íoc le do shaothar é sin.
Ag tabhairt tuairimí ar bhlagóga GOV tá na bealaí is coitianta chun backlinks rialtais a thuilleamh. Is cosúil le trácht ar bith eile ar an Idirlíon, áfach, níl an tasc chomh simplí agus is cosúil go dtiocfadh leis an gcéad amharc. Is é an rud nach bhfuil cead ag sciar na leonna de láithreáin ghréasáin a bhaineann le trácht a dhéanamh, nó ar a laghad, tá sé an-chosúil go gcuirfí ar ais ach cúlfhreastalaí gan leanúint. Mar sin, caithfidh tú go leor ama a chaitheamh chun na hiarrthóirí ceart a fháil chun naisc tráchta a fháil. Sin an tasc is dúshlánach anseo.
Tarraing aird níos mó ar do láithreán gréasáin nó ar bhlag - scríobh alt mór faoin institiúid rialtais nó ar a chomhlacht gaolmhar. D'fhéadfá scríobh faoi pholaiteoir chomh maith - tá agallamh ar bhall gníomhaireacht, nó is é tionchar mór an phobail bealach cruthaithe chun úsáid a bhaint as roinnt backlinks. Mar shampla, bheadh sé ina chinneadh dea-chruthaithe le hailt nó plé nideoige san Earnáil Fuinnimh a chruthú d'fhonn tithe, innealra, éifeachtach fuinnimh a thógáil nó a bhaineann le haon tionscal nó nideoige eile atá gaolmhar agus ábhartha. Féadfaidh na daoine sin a dhéileálann le ceimic nó cógaslann, mar shampla, comhoiriúnacht foirfe a fháil le comhlachtaí um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil, nó Eagraíochtaí Cúraim Sláinte atá faoi úinéireacht na rialtais.
Is maith an seans maith é an t-agallamh a thabhairt do pholaiteoir nó d'imreoirí a bhfuil dlúthbhaint acu freisin láithreáin rialtais. Is é gach rud atá uait anseo ná fógra a thabhairt don duine atá agallamh agus socraíodh gach rud roimh ré - sula dtosaíonn tú ag obair ar an alt luachmhar sin agus ar deireadh a fháil nasc ar ais chuig do láithreán gréasáin nó ar bhlag. Leid: smaoineamh ar roghnú aon dlí nua atá beartaithe a bhfuiltear ag súil go mbeidh tionchar ag do thionscadal nó do ghnó ar líne féin ar an iomlán.
Ag brath ar an nideoige, is féidir le húsáid ar leathanach acmhainní a bheith ina réiteach cliste i ndáiríre. I roinnt cásanna, mar shampla le gnó áitiúil, smaoineamh ar leathanaigh acmhainne a chruthú chun faisnéis phraiticiúil a sholáthar maidir le reachtaíocht áitiúil nó rialacháin oifigiúla a bheadh úsáideach d'úsáideoirí áitiúla. Chomh maith leis sin, smaoineamh ar liostaithe a fháil ar roinnt leathanaigh acmhainne atá ann cheana féin atá coitianta ag láithreáin ghréasáin rialtais.
Tar éis an tsaoil, is beagnach atá i gcónaí an t-árasán bealach dearbhaithe agus cruthaithe chun backlinks GOV a cheannach ó institiúidí an rialtais. Is é gach rud atá uait ná na pointí pian ceart a bhfuil an tábhacht is mó atá ann faoi láthair a aimsiú - agus a fhógairt go díreach le d'ábhar go díreach cad ba mhaith leo a chloisteáil. Ar ndóigh, ní mór duit an mothúchán ar ndóigh a bheith agat - agus do chuid píosa ábhar a chur chun cinn chomh leanúnach agus is féidir leat.
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What is the basic unit of discursive, communicative language — word, syllable, morpheme, or phoneme?
I will state my own preference for word as the basic unit of speech and, following that, of written language as well. How do I justify that preference?
When I'm writing or speaking, I will say to myself or others, "I'm thinking of a certain word", not "I'm thinking of a certain syllable / morpheme / phoneme".
General purpose dictionaries are arranged by words, not syllables, morphemes, or phonemes.
In doing discourse and frequency analysis, word is the primary unit under consideration.
In using software to input and sort the contents of a text, word is the main token relied upon. Even for writing in Sinographic languages, the most sophisticated systems take advantage of the notion of word for enhanced efficiency.
Handbooks of concepts and ideas are organized by words, not syllables, morphemes, or phonemes.
Even with terms like "twinkle" and "sprinkle", where there may be disagreement about how to break the syllables, people know that these two terms — based on their etymological roots and grammatical formation — are meaningful words.
When doing grammatical analysis of texts to extract precise meaning, it is essential to know where words begin and where they end, regardless of whether one marks them with spaces or not. That's what parsing is all about. If one is unable to parse an utterance, one will not know how to understand it.
I do not believe that "word" is privileged as an artifact of alphabetic writing. It is the fundamental unit of language that we use for thinking and speaking.
Isn't what constitutes a word determined by the grammar? That is, a word in a grammatical sentence can be replaced by a different word of the same grammatical category and the result will usually be grammatical, though not necessarily meaningful. The same cannot be said of syllables, morphemes, or phonemes.
I might not have made myself sufficiently clear in my comments about my Viatnamese-Bulgarian acquaintances: I am sceptical to the idea of "a word", but reading your posts on Language Log for several years, I am almost completely convinced by your arguments. It's just that I want maintain a healthy scepticism. When one of them gave an argument supporting this practice of putting spaces between morphemes it amounted to prescriptivism, in my opinion.
"I do not believe that "word" is privileged as an artifact of alphabetic writing. It is the fundamental unit of language that we use for thinking and speaking."
I don't agree with that, though; I don't think in language and I find it strange some people claim to do so.
After reading the DeFrancis' classic "Visible Speech", and the figures about his Chinese "phoneticity" in the second chapter, I unsuccessfully searched for an academic project dealing with a synchronic description, rather than etymological, of characters' "phoneticity"
(I am not referring to mnemonic aids).
I do not consider utopian, at least for the purported 80% of phonosemantic compounds out of the approximately 3500 characters necessary for full literacy, to carry out an investigation about synchronic meaningful patterns to arrange useful groups using "objective criteria".
Among such criteria could be radicals (and therir context, such as position), but also their glyphs and stroke orders, as well as various linguistic information of the words that certain morphemes can create.
Furthermore, an index of ambiguity for pinyin homophones, especially monosyllabic particles, would hekp solve the main disadvantage of the pinyin romanization.
as well as with the relationship between such "elasticity" and the surviving morphemes in truncated abbreviations and similar phenomena, such as what Prof. Ceccagno coined "metacompounds" – e.g., the apparent surviving morphemes in 卫视 'satellite T.V.' are at least the bound short version of the disyllabic elastic words 卫星 'satellite' and 电视 'television'.
Such elasticity, together with the logico-semantic ordering proposed in the 'CJKI Chinese Learner's Dictionary', would imply a historic pedagogical improvement in lexicophical resources.
In English, it's pretty obviously the word. In other languages – Icelandic, Hebrew, Inuktitut – it's not so obvious.
Well, that reads as if you were able to provide a clear-cut (intensional) definition of "word". In all those years I have failed to find a valid set of criteria (both necessary and sufficient). So if words are the basic unit of language, what are they? Or is it just the other way round: A word is whatever basic unit of (written, spoken, however specified) language there is in a given natural human language? Well, apparently that would involve some circular argument then, so this will hardly be your point. But perhaps it might make sense to establish such a relative terminology in typology at least, adding yet another layer of abstraction. Then we might come up with a primary concept of native learners in a given language, and instances of such primary concepts might differ indeed between languages typically.
Grapheme-based grammars (as are still common) seem a bit restricted for most purposes.
I do not "claim" to think in words; I do think in words — if I'm considering precise issues, topics, persons, places, notions, and so forth. If I'm just having emotions or impulses or feelings, then I'm not really thinking.
I'm about equally baffled by people who claim not to think in words, and those who claim more-or-less always to do so.
I think in words in many cases – e.g. just now, when composing this – but equally I think in nonverbal modes in other contexts, such as when visualizing a map.
So I wonder if there really are fairly fundamental differences in how people think, or if we're somehow talking past one another.
In English there are entities smaller than a word that nevertheless carry meaning. These are typically prefixes and suffixes. There's a difference between "clean" and "unclean". We wouldn't normally use "un-" standing by itself. But surely it's a language unit? Whereas "u-" (I mean omitting the "n") is not.
In English there are entities smaller than a word that nevertheless carry meaning. These are typically prefixes and suffixes.
More generally, in inflected languages (that is more inflected than English), does each form count as a distinct word? Even in English, do am/is/are/be/being count as distinct? How about jump/jumps/jumped/jumping?
Then with agglutinative languages is how we get to the (insert large number) words for snow.
What does "basic unit" mean, and, whatever it's supposed to mean, it's not clear to me that we must accept without question the notion that "discursive, communicative language" consists of basic units.
If "basic unit" means "unit that doesn't contain any smaller units", then that would exclude any word or multi-word unit that contained any bound morphemes.
If "basic unit" means "unit that doesn't contain any smaller units and that can stand alone" then would that include e.g. the "book" and "shop" elements of the word "bookshop" because they /can/ stand alone, even though they don't do so in this case? So "straw" in "strawberry" counts but "cran" in "cranberry" doesn't?
If "basic unit" means "word" (at least for English), then "bookshop" counts but "clothes shop" doesn't?
We don't /always/ think in words — it's possible to think of a notion but be unable to recall the word for it.
[(myl) These are good points. As I wrote to Victor, there's a deeply false presupposition in the question "What is the basic unit of ,.. language?", namely that there is a unique "basic unit" at all.
This is like asking "What is the basic unit of matter — quarks, photons, neutrons, atoms, molecules, crystals, liquids, gases, suspensions, …?" It's a nonsensical question. There's a complex set of "units" at different levels of description, along with principles about how they combine and other aspects of the relationships among them.
"it's possible to think of a notion but be unable to recall the word for it."
"When I'm writing or speaking, I will say to myself or others, 'I'm thinking of a certain word', not 'I'm thinking of a certain syllable / morpheme / phoneme'."
Your post on word in Sinitic draws attention to something that is very interesting on a more general level. I have for a long time been thinking that the common understanding of language (in all societies that have a history of writing) relates in fact to written not to spoken language, and written language provides the standard for speech. The traditional or historical academic study of language (philology) was the study of written language. If I am remembering correctly, the study of spoken language, which evolved into linguistics as we know it today only in the latter part of the first half of the 20th century, started quite separately with the anthropological (and ethnographic) study of non-written languages in the 19th. Even now most people with an academic or scientific interest in language study either spoken or written rather than language in all its forms.
Until we can express them in words, our thoughts are inchoate. And it is so wonderful to have precise words like "inchoate" to express our thoughts.
«jəsəratzạɬawnə wəlaχʷafawmət» awq’aq’ajt’ba, yənangʲạχʷan ʃəgʲə ʧawəjt’ma; t’qʷ’agʷəʧạq’awnə aʃəwq’awtʁạfan yənangʲạχʷan sạba ʃəfawdəblapɬaq’ay?
To the best of our knowledge the speaker of the text was illiterate, and certainly he was illiterate in Ubykh, which does not have and has never had a native writing system. Why, then, should he have any idea what constitutes a "word" in the language? Why should he consider a single utterance worth dividing into multiple subdivisions at all? And how should he have had any clue how many boundaries should appear in a sequence of at least nine non-segmentable morphemes (in the sequence «jə-sərat-zạɬ[a]-awnə wə-la-χʷa-f[a]-awmət»)? Now, I'm aware that anecdotes are not data and don't wish to engage in hasty generalisation. But this example does suggest that (in Ubykh at least, and therefore presumably in other human languages too) that at least some language users do perceive and define meaningful subdivisions in utterances, subdivisions that are innocent of influence from writing systems.
Tim Leonard: "Isn't what constitutes a word determined by the grammar? That is, a word in a grammatical sentence can be replaced by a different word of the same grammatical category and the result will usually be grammatical, though not necessarily meaningful. The same cannot be said of syllables, morphemes, or phonemes."
Can't it be said, though? If I take the first syllable of "twinkle," and replace it with a different syllable so I get "smankle," the result is grammatical (in that it follows the phonological rules of English), although it is not meaningful.
Until we can express them in words, our thoughts are inchoate.
I disagree. What about a composer creating a complex musical work? An architect imagining a detailed plan for a building? A sculptor perceiving a finished figure inside a block of marble? In such cases, the creator can put together a specific and complete work in their head without the need for words.
My housemate and I are both mathematicians, and for both of us thinking about math involves scribbling on a piece of paper. But for her, the scribbling almost always resolves into a kind of verbal diarrhea composed of sentences; my scribbling comes in the form of formulas, doodles, and diagrams with arrows, and almost never sentences.
This seems to support the notion that people's thoughts are verbal to different degrees.
Temple Grandin (who is autistic) titled her autobiography "Thinking in Pictures." She's not "nonverbal" (I had the privilege of interviewing her once) but she puts things into words after she has thought them. I mentioned that I sometimes dream in three columns of justified type and she thought that was very funny.
Putting our thoughts into words that accurately convey to others what we are thinking is a skill that we learn. Like other skills, when we become proficient it may be so automatic that we don't notice it.
But it is also true that putting our thoughts into words can clarify our thoughts, and let us spot holes in our arguments.
Someone once said that writing an article on a subject lets you know how well you understand the subject. And writing a computer program to implement an idea is a severer test still.
Most times I think in English, but often I think in Mandarin, and occasionally in Nepali or other languages. It all depends on what sorts of thoughts I'm having, and what language is most appropriate to those thoughts. Naturally, all my thinking is being done in the words of those languages. If it were not, how would I know what language I was thinking in?
Seems to me to what degree different people think in language is beside the point, as far as the main discussion here. The question is about if the word is a fundamental unit of language used in thinking when we think in language.
As a native speaker of British English, I am accustomed to thinking in terms of words, but I am not completely convinced that the same is true for all speakers of all languages, nor do I think that the latter can be taken as a given. I am also used to thinking in words (as opposed to "in terms of words"), at least when I am thinking consciously. But I am reasonably confident that not everyone thinks in words all of the time. One obvious example comes to mind. When an elderly person suffers from dementia, or when someone suffers a stroke but does not lose the power of speech, he or she may become desperate to communicate a need but be unable to do so because they cannot bring the necessary word to mind. They may (for example) know that want a physical object (a razor, a pen) or they may need help with some activity (shaving, writing), but they cannot find the word and their frustration is only too apparent. So I would argue that they have thought of their need, but not in terms of words, rather as an idea, a concept. And although such people are atypical, I nonetheless believe that if they can (and do) think other than in words, then so can (and perhaps do) we all.
But they are searching for words, and are frustrated at not being able to find them.
Writing something of no importance recently, I couldn't think of the appropriate word but knew I could express myself in several words. Wanting to use the single, precise word that I knew existed, I thought for a minute and came up with "vicarious." Granted, I was explicitly trying to write and not just to think, but before my realization my thought involved several words and with effort morphed into a single word, the mot juste.
I think the question of whether the "basic unit of language" is the "word", and whether language is integral to thought are entirely separate questions. In my opinion the latter is untrue, unless you define "thought" very narrowly; the former is up for debate, and as I said, professor Mair has convinced me that there probably is such a thing as a word.
VHM ("But they are searching for words, and are frustrated at not being able to find them") — yes, searching for words in order to communicate their need, yet they have been able to identify that need (i.e., think of that need) without words (or least without the key word) — that is the point that I was seeking to make.
The Ubykh quote about "two words" is indeed very interesting. How did the transcriber know where to put spaces in the transcription?
There are zillions of introductions that say that languages can be placed on a scale from analytic to polysynthetic, but don't say what makes a string of morphemes a "word", instead of a group of words. Why is Turkish evlerden "from the houses" one word, instead of two (evler den) or three (ev ler den)? Why is Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımız classified as one "word", instead of several? Turkish has vowel harmony, but (if I understand correctly) not all suffixes require it, so that's not enough to define a word. And other synthetic languages don't use vowel harmony, so how do they decide where a "word" stops?
I unsuccessfully searched for an academic project dealing with a synchronic description, rather than etymological, of characters' "phoneticity"
Could you possibly clarify what you mean by that with a couple of examples?
What a great article! Thank you so much for linking to it! One quibble from a cursory reading is that I don't think the comparison of the trochaic (stressed-unstressed) compounds and iambic (unstressed-stressed) phrases with English is valid (I find that the distinction between say \blackbird and black \bird is nowadays better handled by descriptions assigning one stressed syllable to the former 'blackbird and two stressed syllables to the latter 'black 'bird with the falling tone being assigned to the last stressed syllable by rule).
I'm pretty skeptical about many of Prof Mair's arguments there, but to Prof Liberman's point, I'm not certain that the idea of a base unit of language can't be defined.
I think I'd approach it something like this: what is the minimum kind of unit necessary for a language (or maybe even communicative) system? I think all the simple models of language systems I've seen have roughly two things in them: some meaning carriers, and some ways of combining the meaning carriers (words and grammar). Everything else seems a bit contingent – you might have morphemes into which the words can be broken, or you might not; you might have phonemes, but in the simplest systems you wouldn't need them, and in complex systems they are often unrecognised and do not exist outside of the "meaning carriers"/words.
These "meaning carriers" don't necessarily correspond exactly to words as they are defined in modern dictionaries, but I feel like they're closer to words than to anything else.
But in China, it's overwhelmingly common to say things like, "我在想一个字“. This kind of phenomenon just seems too culturally mediated to be a useful indicator.
I can think in language but it does not feel natural. I feel like translating. And I like translating. But not all the time.
MYL’s comment to a comment actually helps with the OP’s claim. The “basic unit”, I think, was deliberately coined in contrast with the fundamental (or indivisible) unit, and in the case of matter one could make a good case for molecules. As Richard Feynman liked to say, if civilization were to end and we could pass down one scientific statement to future intelligent beings, it would be that all matter is made of atoms (though he meant mostly molecules; in case of crystals, we could call each atom a molecule), because there is a whole lot one could explain with it, irrespective of the deeper theory of the inside of the nucleus. Atoms would be like morphemes, of course.
There are different degrees in which the (spoken) word is reflected in the written word (or rather in the word spacings), which calls to question whether such thing is equally natural in all languages. English may have a higher degree of agreement, but even there you have words like “have to” and “used to”. (You can almost see what constitute a word by watching a kid write.) German would be worse: those super long words are not actually words. It’s bordering on Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, which consist of equally spaced “zi”, for lack of a precise English term.
Ultimately what VHM meant by the basic unit being the word has a lot to do with how our brain processes (hearing) language.
A tentative definition (somewhat useless one): A word is the unit that the brain uses to retrieve information with, or equivalently to store information. By that standard, perhaps small (grammatical) words that “string” other words into sentences don’t count as words.
There's a pile of criteria that are used to define a "word" (grammatical, orthographic, phonological), but for a grammatical word one of the most usual criteria is syntactic unitariness; basically anything is a grammatical word if it can't be broken up by another word and if it must be moved or replaced as a unit in different sentence forms. So you can say I want purple shoes, and rearrange it to say The shoes that I want are purple, and break it up to say I want purple ballet shoes; but while you can say I want ice cream, you can't rearrange it to say *The cream that I want is ice, or break it up to say *I want ice vanilla cream. That shows that ice cream, although orthographically two words, is actually a single word for grammatical purposes. For heavily agglutinative languages it's sometimes a little more complicated to test for, but fundamentally the same. With your example, for instance, you can say Evlerden geldik "we came from our houses", but (to concoct an example) you can't just move the evler portion on its own: *Den geldiğimiz evlerdir "it is the houses that we came from".
In Ubykh, the morphemic richness can make testing for wordhood an apparent nightmare. A verb word can comprise ten or more overt morphemes with no trouble at all (ʃə-Ø-baʨ’a-ʁa-la-χʷa-f[a]-ạ́y-q’a-na-ma "we were no longer able to pass through underneath it") and an entire relative clause can form a single morphological word for the purposes of nominal morphology (since the demonstrative determiner jə- is directly prefixed to a noun stem, and the oblique-case marker –n suffixed to it, functionally jə́-qˁapˁ’ə-qʷˁạmˁa-də́-wa-mə-ɬ-ʁʷənə́-n "to this tree upon which there is [neither] branch [nor] knot" comprises a single grammatical word). But the order of elements within the grammatical word is firmly templatic (complex stems like this notwithstanding), incorporation is minimal, and defining where the word starts and ends is in practice quite easy, especially when compared to heavily incorporating languages like Mohawk or Inuktitut. I read a paper some years ago by David Rood (who worked on the polysynthetic and incorporating Wichita) in which he quite candidly admitted that the cues for determining wordhood in Wichita had still not been satisfactorily established.
@R. Fenwick, thank you, thank you! Now I feel like I've learned something new, especially with such good English examples to hang my intuition on.
I'd count poetry as evidence of units in language. Words don't break across lines*, and songs and poems often go back before writing and are transmitted orally independent of writing. Is there metrical poetry in Ubykh, Inuktitut and other highly synthetic languages? Georgian is agglutinative and has a major heritage of poetry.
*I barely managed to find any counterexamples in English. Tom Lehrer had one.
Oh, you have died for fair Gunda!"
She beat at the flesh of her thighs."
Is there a styleguide on comment formatting?
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0.999998 |
Skin is the largest organ in our body and it has several physiological functions. Mainly, it is a barrier that contains all our organs so It is the first and most important innate immune system. It keeps us protected from all pathogenic organism such as bacteria and viruses. Apart from its immunological functional, it also plays important roles in heat regulation, absorption, and sensation. Apart from the physiological function, Skin has the most important cosmetic appeal.
The epidermis typically consists of 5– 6 separate layers (depending on the body location) As the outermost portion of the skin, the epidermis plays a vital protective role against external factors that necessitates constant renewal (usually every 28 days), irregular or abnormal epidermis peeling will result in unhealthy look and rough texture of the skin. The Epidermis layer is further divided into the outermost non-living layer, the stratum corneum, and the living cellular layers of the stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Throughout the layers there are four types of cells It is composed of four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
lies beneath the epidermis and is divided into the more superficial papillary dermis and deeper reticular dermis. The main cell type in the dermis is the fibroblast, which is abundant in the papillary dermis and sparse in the reticular dermis. Fibroblasts synthesize most components of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), which includes structural proteins such as collagen and elastin, glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid, and adhesive proteins such as fibronectin and laminins. All wrinkles and skin tightening working mainly on the dermis layers.
or superficial fascia, is the layer below the dermis and above the underlying muscle is the. This layer is composed of both fatty and fibrous components. This layer is not involved in any cosmetic treatment.
Why do we have different skin color?
The number of melanocytes is similar for both light and dark skin types; however, the quantity and distribution of melanin within the epidermis differ. Light skin has less melanin per square centimeter and smaller melanosomes that are closely aggregated in membrane-bound clusters. Dark skin has more melanin and larger melanosomes that are distributed singly. In addition to differences in coloration, other histologic and pathophysiologic differences exist between light and dark skin. The stratum corneum is thicker in dark skin, which may contribute to skin conditions exacerbated by compaction, such as acne. The dermis also tends to be thicker in dark skin. Dermal blood vessels are more prominent and dilated, suggesting an exaggerated inflammatory response, which may contribute to increased susceptibility to hyperpigmentation.
Why do we age and get wrinkles?
A photoaged skin has slower, disorganized keratinocyte maturation and increased cellular adhesion relative to healthy, young skin. These factors reduce natural peeling and result in a rough and thickened stratum corneum which has impaired barrier function. The stratum corneum also has the poor light reflectance which is evident as dullness or a sallow (yellow-gray) discoloration. Water escapes more freely from the skin causing dehydration, which can be measured as increased water loss and results in dry skin. The disrupted epidermal barrier also allows for increased irritant penetration which can be associated with skin sensitivity, redness and itchiness. It aslo demonstrates pigmentary changes due to overactive melanocytes and disorganized melanin deposition in the epidermis. Regions with excess melanin are evident as hyperpigmentation and regions with melanin deficits appear as hypopigmentation.
All skincare procedures aim to restore the natural cellular structure of Epidermis and dermis. In general, skincare and skin rejuvenation procedures can be gentle, medium and aggressive. The treatment of choice depends on the client complain, skin type and other compatibilities.
Regular exfoliation with procedures such as chemical peels and microdermabrasion, combined with daily home skin care products, improves overall skin function and appearance and effectively treats photodamaged skin. These exfoliation procedures also referred to as superficial skin resurfacing treatments, remove the outer skin layers by chemical or mechanical methods, respectively. Their effects on the skin are based on the principles of wound healing whereby, controlled wounding of the epidermis with the removal of superficial skin layers stimulates cell renewal and generates a healthier epidermis and dermis. The skin’s natural cell turnover process is a complex series of steps that ultimately lead to the shedding of dead skin cells.
This process can be easily disrupted by aging, skin diseases, and environmental insults. Improper peeling leads to a dull complexion as well as rough, dry skin and is a key contributor to many common skin concerns. Regardless of the exfoliation method used the effects are similar, to regulate the skin’s natural epidermal renewal process, stimulate the production of ECM components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans, even melanin distribution, and improve epidermal barrier function. Histologic changes observed in the skin after a series of exfoliation treatments include a thinned, smoother stratum corneum, increased dermal thickness with enhanced production of new collagen and elastin, and increased skin hydration. Visible clinical improvements may be seen in rough skin texture, fine lines, pore size, superficial acne scars, acne, and hyperpigmentation. These procedures are good enough to considered gentle and good to for maintenance.
We, at Albany cosmetic and laser centre, are the most advanced skincare clinic in Edmonton. We combine the most advanced beauty machines with the most experienced medical staff in Edmonton.
In 1990, A park in Edmonton was named after James Ramsey. He was acknowledged for bringing the penny to Edmonton.
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0.999781 |
Have an honest conversation with yourself about these topics to put yourself in the best financial position.
Social Security beneficiaries often depend on their payments for the majority of their retirement income. In fact, among elderly Social Security beneficiaries, 21% of married couples and 44% of unmarried people rely on the government program for 90% or more of their retirement income.
This is why it's important for pre-retirees to figure the best time to take Social Security and how to plan for retirement. If you're close to retirement age, here are four simple questions you should ask yourself before you file for your Social Security benefits.
1. When would be the best time for me to file?
The answer to this question will be specific to your age, health, and the amount of money you have in other retirement accounts, etc. But, in general, filing for Social Security at 62, the earliest age you can do so, isn't necessarily a bad idea.
That's because many people end up retiring earlier than they had planned, and they need their Social Security check to help pay for their monthly expenses. Yes, working a few more years so that you reach your full retirement age (FRA) -- which ranges between 66 and older, depending on your current age -- will give you a larger monthly Social Security payment. But, in some cases, the extra money you receive each month may not be worth the extra years of work you'll put in.
Therefore, the answer to when you should file for benefits will ultimately come down to when you can afford to retire, how much money you need from Social Security, if you're in good enough health to continue working, and whether or not you'll receive Social Security benefits from your spouse, in addition to your own.
2. Am I ready to live on a tighter budget?
Most retirees have to cut back on their expenses in retirement, whether they're entirely dependent on Social Security for their income or not. But if you plan on using Social Security to cover the vast majority of your monthly bills, then consider that the current monthly check amount is just $1,413.
How much you receive each month from Social Security is based on your top 35 highest earning years (adjusted for inflation) and at what age you file for benefits. If you think you might file for benefits soon, it's a good idea to set up an account on the Social Security website and see what your estimated monthly benefit will be.
Keep in mind that the average length of retirement is about 18 years these days. And even with Social Security's annual cost of living adjustments (COLAs) -- which attempts to keep benefits increasing to keep up with inflation -- there's evidence showing that Social Security's purchasing power is still shrinking.
3. Do I have any other sources of income to access in retirement?
It's often suggested that retirees will need at least 80% of their annual pre-retirement income to live off of. But the actual amount will vary on your circumstances, of course, and some people will need more or less depending on how they want to live, or how much they plan on downsizing in retirement.
If you have a pension, or your spouse does, that can go a long way toward making up the difference between your monthly Social Security check and your bills. The growing number of Americans who retire without a pension will need to offset their monthly benefits check with their own savings.
Before you file for benefits, make sure you've done your math to figure out how much retirement savings you have, what expenses you'll be paying for, and factor in how long you believe you'll be in retirement.
There's no hard and fast rule for how much money you need saved up before you retire, though $1 million or more is a great goal to work toward. If you're nowhere near that amount, don't be too discouraged. A recent Fidelity Investments survey found that the average 401(k) has just $104,000 in it, and that's up from about $81,000 in 2013.
The point here is that whatever amount of time you have left before you retire, you should be adding as much as you can to your retirement savings. Social Security will help to cover costs, but it falls far short of the $48,885 that people age 65 to 74 spend on average each year, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
4. Would working a few more years be better?
After you've worked through these questions, you may conclude that working a few more years might be better for you in the long run. Working a little longer may not sound like fun, but it will allow you to earn additional income that you can throw into your retirement savings, and it will help you maximize your monthly Social Security payments the closer you get to your full retirement age.
There are also other benefits you'll receive from working longer. Research shows that delaying retirement could prolong your life. This, of course, depends on what type of job you do, but if you're able to keep working, you'll not only benefit from the additional money and a higher Social Security payment, it could make you feel more connected to your peers and help your health as well.
Deciding when to take Social Security can seem like an overwhelming decision, but asking yourself these questions first will help get you started. The more time you spend planning out your strategy and figuring out how much money you'll need in retirement, the more comfortable you'll feel when the day comes.
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0.985636 |
There lived a Crocodile in a lake surrounded by green grasses, sweetest jamun trees and beautiful mountains.
There also lived a happy Monkey at the jamun tree near the lake.
The Crocodile would visit the Monkey each day. The Monkey used to offer him with sweet jamun fruits from the tree.
One day, the Crocodile took the Jamun fruits to his wife.
The greedy wife Crocodile after having the fruits said to her husband, Imagine how sweet the monkeys heart would taste as he eats these jamuns every day.
So, the wife Crocodile asked her husband to bring the Monkey to their home.
Next day, the Crocodile went to the Monkey and invited him to his home for lunch.
The Monkey happily accepted the invitation and asked the Crocodile How I would come with you in the lake? I dont know swimming.
The Crocodile offered him a ride on his back.
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0.999997 |
Talk about A heroic deed.
Stories of men are full of heroic deeds. One of the acts of heroism that I have seen myself was that of my uncle, who was attacked by a huge tiger while we were once in our plantation.
My uncle, a young and well-built man, and I left our home early in the morning to do business in the plantation. When we reached there, we could hear some dogs barking from the distance. We, however, did not suspect anything. As usual, we began to do our work.
While we were working, we noticed some foot-prints of an animal. We then examined them closely and were satisfied that they did not belong to any member of the cat family, the most ferocious of animals. We then resumed our work. My uncle took a long knife and began to cut some sticks and branches of plants scattered throughout the plantation, while I did some other work.
Soon, however, I saw a movement in the bush at a short distance away. I was alarmed. I ran up to my uncle to draw this attention, but he was hardly interested in what I said. He kept on working. Shortly afterwards, my uncle himself observed the movement in the bush. Yet, he showed no signs of fear, and his composure dispelled my anxieties. He warned me to be careful, and picked up an axe that had been lying on the ground. He gave his knife to me. He moved slowly and cautiously towards the bush, ready for any attack.
To our horror, a huge tiger soon emerged from the bush. My uncle was prepared to face it, to escape seemed impossible. The tiger too seemed to be fully aware of the strength and courage of its adversary. It paused several times while advancing towards my uncle. Then, all of a sudden, it sprang on my uncle, but his agility enabled him to escape the sharp claws of the brute with the slightest injury. Now with the axe still in his firm grip, my uncle struck the tigers face again and again, until it was bleeding profusely. The length of the handle of the axe made it difficult for the tiger to get too close to my uncle. That the tiger was at a disadvantage was clear to me from the beginning.
In the end, however, the tiger collapsed and died. Within hours, after that all the people in our area heard of my uncle’s bravery, which saved both of us from death. It was indeed a greatest act of heroism that I had witnessed.
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0.943893 |
Our body is composed of many different organs and each of these organs carries a specific set of functions. The pharynx is a structure that is considered part of both the respiratory and the digestive tracts. But what is the function of the pharynx?
The pharynx is a fibromuscular cavity that is situated within the throat and is located posterior or at the back of the nasal and the oral cavities. This structure is also found posterior to the larynx. Although the pharynx varies in size depending on the body structure of every individual, this cavity is approximately 5 inches long. It is also divided into three significant regions namely the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx or the hypopharynx. This structure is also connected or linked to the base of the skull with the help of several thick connective tissues and muscle fibers. The walls of the pharynx is also made up of both longitudinal and circular muscles. This also houses the tonsils and the adenoids. The pharynx is considered to be an important part of the body. It plays different roles that aids in the overall function of both the digestive and the respiratory systems.
The pharynx is a common passageway of both food and air. This is the reason why it serves a dual purpose for two different systems. The lower or the inferior portion of the pharynx allows oly air to pass through while letting food and fluids pass by. On the other hand, the superior or the upper part of the pharynx is the one that allows the food to pass through. In addition to this, the pharynx also opens to two different passages. One is connected to the esophagus, wherein food and fluids are directed and the other is linked to the trachea where the air is passed through to the lungs.
The role of the pharynx in the digestive system is that it is the one that receives the food after being swallowed. Once the moistened and mechanically digested food or bolus is moved at the back of the tongue, the pharynx will be the one to receive it. With the help of the circular muscles that lines the walls of the pharynx, the bolus is then pushed through to the esophagus. This process is made possible by the swallowing reflex, which prevents the food from entering the windpipe or the trachea. This is aided by the epiglottis, which is a flap-like structure that covers the larynx that avoids the entrance of food towards the trachea. Because of this, aspiration and asphyxiation are prevented.
Aside from its work for the digestive system, the pharynx also plays a supporting role for the respiratory system. Just like the passage of food, the pharynx also acts as the passage of air. Once air is inhaled from the nose or the mouth, the pharynx will then direct it towards the larynx down to the trachea. The mucus lining that forms the walls of the oropharynx is designed to adapt both food and air. This is the reason why any injury or damage in the pharynx can already impede breathing as well as swallowing which can cause serious complications or health problems.
Aside from the mentioned responsibilities of the pharynx, this structure is also used in vocalization. Vocalization is defined as the process in which vocal sounds are produced. As the air is passed through to the pharynx and the larynx, the vocal cords in the latter begin to vibrate. This helps in the production of sound, which is used by humans in speaking.
In addition to this, the pharynx also helps in the equalization of the air pressure seen in the middle ear. The Eustachian tube or the auditory tubes are the ones that link the middle ear to the pharynx near the nasopharynx area. This opening alternately opens and closes in order to maintain equal air pressure in the middle ear. This likewise improves sound conduction in order to take place properly. The pharynx is also important in boosting immunity since the tonsils and the adenoids, which are considered body defenses, are located in this portion. These structures come handy by trapping different microbes and foreign particles in order to prevent it from entering the lungs.
These are just some of the common yet essential functions of the pharynx to our body. As we can see, the pharynx also deserves equal care and attention as much as the other major organs in our body do. Without proper care, problems could be experienced which can definitely and significantly alter the entire functioning of the body.
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0.990997 |
This function aligns movement data to a uniform time scale with a uniform temporal resolution throughout the complete movement sequence. This prepares the provided movement data to be interpretable by frames_spatial, which necessitates a uniform time scale and a consistent, unique temporal resolution for all moving individuals to turn recording times into frame times.
move or moveStack, which is allowed to contain irregular timestamps and diverging temporal resolutions to be aligned (see df2move to convert a data.frame to a move object).
character, either "secs", "mins", "hours", "days", indicating the temporal unit, to which res and digit are referring.
character, either "euclidean", "greatcircle" or "rhumbline", indicating the interpolation function to be used to interpolate locations of m to the aligned time scale. Interpolation is performed using move::interpolateTime.
# the tracks in move_data have irregular timestamps and sampling rates.
# use align_move to correct move_data to a uniform time scale and lag using interpolation.
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