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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techtro_Swades_United_Women%27s_FC"}
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Indian professional association football club
Football club
Techtro Swades United Women's Football Club is an Indian women's football department of Techtro Swades United FC. The team is based in Una, Himachal Pradesh. It competes in the Himachal Women's League.
The club was established in March 2021. In the same month, they were crowned as the champions of inaugural edition of Himachal Women's League and advanced to Indian Women's League.
Competitive record
Honours
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a3c97754-5f74-4300-a230-30e33fe0f4cb
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Avgeropoulos"}
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Canadian actress
Marie Avgeropoulos (Greek: Μαρία "Μαρί" Αυγεροπούλου, born 17 June 1986) is a Canadian actress and model. She is best known for her role as Octavia Blake on The CW's post-apocalyptic science fiction television series The 100 (2014–2020).
Early life
Avgeropoulos was born on 17 June 1986 in Thunder Bay, Ontario to Greek parents. She grew up fishing, hunting and camping, spending most of her free time outdoors. She started playing drums when she was 16. After studying broadcast journalism for two years in her hometown, she moved to Europe. Several months later, she came back to Canada and settled in Vancouver.[citation needed] At the age of 20 she underwent surgery in order to remove a big tumour from her chest and throat, with her vocal cords being removed and put back in. This procedure affected her voice.
Career
One of her friends invited her for a casting call in Vancouver, which happened to be looking for drummers. A talent agent recognized her talent and invited her to appear in various national commercials. She caught the attention of director Chris Columbus. He hired Avgeropoulos for I Love You, Beth Cooper, which became her first feature film role. Her appearance in the film gave her the opportunities to star in more films, television shows and magazines.
In 2010, Avgeropoulos was cast as Kim Rhodes in the film Hunt to Kill, which became her break-out role.
Early in 2013, Avgeropoulos made her break-out in television after being cast for a recurring role in The CW's Cult. However, the series failed to attract viewers and after episode 7, the show was cancelled. The remaining six episodes of the show were broadcast later in the summer.
Not long after the show ended, The CW cast her as one of the main characters in their new sci-fi, The 100, to portray the character Octavia Blake.
Personal life
In late 2018, Avgeropoulos was involved in a domestic violence incident when she and her boyfriend allegedly began arguing in a car on the Ventura Freeway shortly after midnight on 5 August 2018. Avgeropoulos was on new medication mixed with alcohol, and was accused of striking him multiple times in the head, neck and arm, resulting in minor injuries according to the District Attorney's Office. She was then charged with domestic violence. Avgeropoulos' boyfriend wanted the charges dropped and stated that she does not pose a threat. The case was formally dismissed with all charges dropped, as there was no intent of harm on Avgeropoulos' part, but rather "an adverse reaction to medication that triggered the outburst."
She was previously in a relationship with American actor Taylor Lautner from 2013 until 2015.
Filmography
Film
Television
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American football and basketball coach
Roy L. Pierce was an American football and basketball coach. He was the 21st head football coach at Doane College in Crete, Nebraska, serving for five seasons, from 1928 to 1932, and compiling a record of 18–16–3. Pierce was also the head basketball coach at Doane from 1928 to 1933.
Head coaching record
Football
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Village in Bashkortostan, Russia
Tatarsky Meneuz (Russian: Татарский Менеуз; Bashkir: Татар Мөнәүезе, Tatar Mönäweze) is a rural locality (a village) in Bazitamaksky Selsoviet, Ilishevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 156 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.
Geography
Tatarsky Meneuz is located 37 km northeast of Verkhneyarkeyevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tashkichi is the nearest rural locality.
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44612443-6f76-48c7-a751-c7c6a9c686e6
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knipowitschia_mermere"}
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Species of fish
Knipowitschia mermere is a species of fresh water goby endemic to Lake Marmara and the associated basin of the River Gediz in Turkey where it can be found in shallow, poorly oxygenated water with plentiful weed growth. This species can reach a length of 2.4 centimetres (0.94 in) TL.
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9defae07-4338-4815-9600-d74548a77f0e
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Archaeological site in Corsica
Ceccia is an archaeological site in Corsica. It is located in the commune of Porto-Vecchio and has been dated to 1350 BC.
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Kalapani refers to the Indians who crossed the sea to live in the UK during the British regime in 18th and 19th century. The process of crossing the seas was called Kalapani and was banned in major Indian religions at that time.[citation needed] Expatriates were mainly sailors and servants who used to live with their British masters. A large number of concubines accompanied their men as well. In most parts, they went in an agreement to come back after a certain period of time which they failed in many cases. Many of them turned into beggars or prostitutes as a result. Later a law was passed to ensure the rights of expatriates.
Sailors
In 1803 there were more than two hundred sailors and by the year 1807, the number crossed over a thousand. Most of them were unable to return for lack of money and many were tortured and even killed by British captains.[citation needed] A company regulation was passed to protect their rights which merely protected them from dangers. Sailors had to escape and live in Britain to avoid death and torture. Despite having higher risks, sailors travelled to the UK for a better living. They were paid significantly higher than the farmers and fishermen.
Servants
Many servants who worked in British families living in India went to live with their masters in Britain. Revealing from their names it is found out that most of them were Muslims. They came basically from the Northern and Western part of India.
Munshi
Sailing was not prohibited in Islam and many Muslims went to the UK as a result. Some Muslim people called "Munshi" went to Britain and taught Arabic and Persian language to British people who intended to come to India for service or business.
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21432a7c-e68e-43b3-ad6e-0c02a87b1850
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Concert_1979"}
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Video by Amanda Lear
Live in Concert 1979 is the title of a video by French singer Amanda Lear, first released in 1980.
Background
The video originally consisted of highlights from Amanda's 1979 concert in Hamburg, Germany, filmed during her heyday as a disco singer and directed by Denis Taranto. The 30-minute material was released in 1980 with different covers as Amanda Lear Live and Live in Concert and featured mostly tracks from albums I Am a Photograph, Sweet Revenge and Never Trust a Pretty Face. Approximately half of the concert repertoire uses lip-synching.
In 2008, an expanded version of the video was released on DVD, including more songs, with the live material interspersed with clips from rehearsals. Behind-the-scenes footage is also included where Amanda is seen talking in French, Italian, English and occasionally German. Her husband, Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villèle, whom the singer had married just months before filming, also features in the video. In addition, on the 2008 DVD release a 1978 French interview was included.
Track listing
Credits
Release history
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Quito"}
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Quito, Ecuador.
Prior to 20th century
20th century
21st century
Bibliography
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Spanish footballer
Antonio Manuel Rodríguez Cabo (born 19 October 1969), also known as Oti, is a retired Spanish footballer.
Career
Antonio Rodríguez Cabo played for Bundesliga side VfL Bochum in the 1991–92 season, but failed to make a single first team appearance. Almost a decade later he played for Universidad de Las Palmas in the Segunda División, appearing 17 times in the 2000–01 season.
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By-election in New South Wales, Australia
Thomas Rutledge (12 March 1819 – 23 November 1904) was an Irish-born politician and pastoralist in New South Wales, Australia.
He was born at Ballynagdine in County Cavan to landowner James Rutledge and Martha Foster. In 1841 he migrated to New South Wales to Carwoola Station, owned by his brother William Rutledge, and purchased it off his brother not long after. He subsequently acquired several other pastoral properties, which he handed down to his sons over time. He became a Justice of the Peace in 1857 and was a magistrate for many years. He was also involved in horse racing, and owned Yattendon, the winner of the 1886 Sydney Cup.
He was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in the 1881 by-election, but retired at the general election in 1882 for health reasons and temporarily went to England in an attempt to recover.
Rutledge was ill for some years prior to his death. Rutledge died at Carwoola Homestead in 1904 (aged 86) from what was attributed as "senile decay" and was buried in the graveyard of St. Thomas' Church of England at Carwoola.
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9ec37943-9ca8-44ba-993e-5852a460864c
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooha_(film)"}
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1996 Indian film
Ooha is a 1996 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film written by and directed by Sivala Prabhakar. It stars Vikram, Ooha, Ali and Subhashri. The film was released on 12 January 1996 and was not successful at the box office.
Plot
Bosu's sister is cheated by her college-mate Mohan who dies after handing over her kid to Bosu. Therefore, Bosu, along with the kid, goes on a search for Mohan to avenge his sister.
Mohan, who has just completed his degree, gets a job in Ooha's father's company. He manages to trap Ooha in love. Her father accepts their marriage and decides to hand over the company to Mohan. However, Mohan is already to married to his cousin Vani after taking a dowry of 1 lakh from his uncle for his higher studies. Vani who used to stay in her hometown now returns to the city to live with Mohan. Ooha is unaware that Mohan is already married.
One day, a group of miscreants harass Vani but Bosu comes to her rescue. Ooha also joins, and they shame the miscreants in public. Later, Bosu meets Ooha and tells her that he's on a search for a cheat named Mohan but Ooha doesn't realize that it's the same Mohan she loves. Meanwhile, Mohan attempts to kill Vani by leaking the house gas but fails.
Ooha invites Vani to her wedding with Mohan. After seeing the photos on the wedding card, Vani is shocked to learn the truth about her husband. Mohan returns home and tells that he intends to move to another city for a job and asks Vani to go to her hometown for a month. Vani who realizes his ploy refuses to leave and gets beaten up by Mohan. One day, Bosu is hit by the miscreants in retaliation right in front of Vani's house. Vani treats him and feeds him for the day.
Bosu leaves but sees Mohan in the traffic. Bosu runs behind Mohan's car to catch him. Mohan arrives at his home and realizes that Vani is pregnant. Mohan tells her that he intends to marry Ooha and he kills her in rage as Bosu screams at him from the window. Mohan then hits Bosu and the kid with his car in order to kill them but they manage to survive. Bosu regains his consciousness in the night and thinks that the kid is dead, thus deciding to kill Mohan himself. However, Mohan's wedding with Ooha takes place by the Bosu arrives, so he escapes from there. Mohan then leaves to dump Vani's body to clean up the evidence, at the same time, Bosu manages to meet Ooha and tell her the truth.
During their wedding night, Ooha acts like usual and pranks Mohan that she fed poisoned milk to him. When Mohan hugs her in relief, she stabs him for his sins. Mohan escapes from there and stumbles upon the kid who wakes up and cries. Ooha gets the kid to remove her Mangala sutram and tells him that their marriage is void as it is removed by his own son. Mohan gains the strength to attack her from behind but Bosu manages to stab him with Trishulam. Mohan is killed while Bosu soon succumbs to his earlier wounds. Ooha walks away with the kid.
Cast
Soundtrack
The soundtrack album was composed by J. V. Raghavulu, while S. P. Balasubrahmanyam sang all five songs.
Tracklist
Production
Vikram and Ali had previously starred together Aadaalla Majaka, in which Vikram played the protagonist. However, in this film Ali was the protagonist and Vikram was the antagonist.
Reception
C. Narayana Rao of Zamin Ryot appreciated the direction and screenplay by Prabhakar. Rao added that Prabhakar brought novelty in his execution in an otherwise routine storyline. Vikram's performance as a villain was praised.
Box office
The film went unnoticed. Sivala Prabhakar took a break from direction and only returned in 2010 with Srimathi Kalyanam starring Vadde Naveen.
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Magazine about pottery in New Zealand
New Zealand Potter was a biannual, and later triannual, periodical magazine focused on the subject of pottery in New Zealand. It was co-founded in 1958 by potters Helen Mason and Doreen Blumhardt. After 40 years of publication, the magazine ceased with its 40th volume in 1998.
The history of the publication is divided into three periods. From 1958–1975 vol. 1, no.1 to vol 17, no. 1, were published by New Zealand Potter, Wellington, N.Z. in a black and white 20 cm tall format with a colour cover, sizing up to a 28 cm format in 1972. From 1975 to 1993 vol. 17, no. 2 to vol. 35, no. 3, were still published by New Zealand Potter, Wellington, but the format increased to a 30 cm tall size and the name abbreviated to "Potter". During this time the magazine began to be issued with pages in 4 colour print from 1985 onward. From 1994 to 1998 publication moved to New Zealand Potter Pub. Auckland, N.Z. and vol 36, no. 1 to vol 40, no. 2 reverted to using the original name in the same 30 cm tall format.
The content of the magazine covers a wide range of associated topics including coverage of the annual New Zealand Potters exhibition and other events, photography of pottery, illustrations, articles on indigenous pottery practices from outside New Zealand, biopic articles on local potters, technical and scientific articles, aesthetic writing, articles on associated handcrafts, gallery advertising, equipment advertising and obituaries.
Contributors to the magazine cover a wide range of figures within the New Zealand pottery community. Some notable contributors include Doreen Blumhardt, Helen Mason, Barry Brickell, Yvonne Rust, Mirek Smisek, Margaret Milne, Colleen Waata Urlich, John Parker, Len Castle, Roy Cowan, Peter Lange, Michael Cardew and Bernard Leach.
An anthology of articles selected from the years 1958 to 1967 was published in December 2017 under the title "New Zealand Potter: A Partial Archive", edited by Emma Bugden and published by Small Bore Books.
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1st episode of the 1st season of Deadwood
"Deadwood" is the first episode of the first season of the HBO original series of the same name. The episode was written by David Milch and directed by Walter Hill. It first aired on March 21, 2004.
Hill won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for the episode, and Milch was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing.
Plot
Seth Bullock, a Montana Territory marshal, watches over inmate Clell Watson, a man sentenced to death for stealing a horse. Lamenting his misfortune, Watson mentions that he, like Bullock, was headed to Deadwood, a camp on Indian land in the Dakota Territory. While Watson seeks to make his fortune prospecting in the gold-rich region, Bullock aspires to open a hardware store there with his business partner, Sol Star.
Watson attempts to make a deal with Bullock to secure his release, claiming to know of easy opportunities for thievery along the way to Deadwood, but his pleas are cut short by Star, who arrives informing Bullock that the owner of the stolen horse has gathered together a drunken mob. Rather than turn Watson over to the angry mob, Bullock takes him out to face them and publicly hangs him on the front porch, afterward writing down Watson's last words and giving them, along with his marshal's badge, to a member of the mob to convey them to Watson's sister.
Upon arrival in Deadwood with a wagon full of hardware goods, Star and Bullock rent a vacant lot from Dan Dority, who tells them that payment is due every morning to Al Swearengen, the proprietor of the Gem Saloon, a local brothel.
At the Gem, Swearengen converses with Whitney Ellsworth, a local prospector, when they discover that Trixie, one of the prostitutes, has shot a customer in the head after he became abusive. The customer survives for twenty minutes, but dies shortly after the arrival of Doc Cochran. Swearengen ruthlessly beats Trixie, furious at the possible effect of a customer's death on his business and reputation. Meanwhile, Cochran and Johnny Burns deliver the corpse to Mr. Wu, an associate of Swearengen's and leader of Deadwood's Chinese community, who feeds it to his pigs.
Wild Bill Hickok, a famous gunslinger, arrives in Deadwood, along with his companions Charlie Utter and Calamity Jane. During a delay on the road, Jane encounters a Norwegian family returning home to Minnesota. One of the three Norwegian children, Sofia Metz, smiles at Jane as they pass.
As Jane tends to the stock, Hickok and Utter check into E. B. Farnum's Grand Central Hotel and then visit Tom Nuttall's No. 10 Saloon. Nuttall and A. W. Merrick, editor of the local newspaper The Deadwood Pioneer, are noticeably impressed to meet the famous Hickok, but Jack McCall, a man at one of the poker tables, whispers to his fellow players that he is not impressed. As Hickok plays poker, Utter and Nuttall negotiate a fee for Hickok's regular appearance in the saloon.
Farnum reports Hickok's arrival to Swearengen, who is annoyed by the complication of having a famous former lawman in the camp. Brom Garret, a wealthy aspiring prospector from New York City, arrives at the Gem. Swearengen dispatches Farnum to collect Tim Driscoll, the owner of a nearby gold claim eyed by Garret. The team of Farnum, Driscoll, and Swearengen con Garret to purchase Driscoll's claim for $14,000. Driscoll goes beyond the scripted con, and works Garret up to pay $20,000. As Driscoll is heavily indebted to the Gem, Swearengen pockets the money and later has Dority stab Driscoll to death in Farnum's hotel, possibly because of Driscoll's jeopardizing Swearengen's hopes of future further fleecing of the tenderfoot Garret.
Star and Bullock hire Reverend Smith, the local pastor, to watch their goods as they explore the camp. Star and Bullock run into Ned Mason, a disoriented man who claims to have witnessed the massacre of a white family with two children by Sioux along the road to Spearfish, where the Norwegian family were headed. Bullock takes him to Nuttall's saloon, where he forces him to recount the story. Despite Bullock's urging to return to the scene to check for the third Norwegian child, Mason is reluctant, worried for his own safety. Hickok, who had remained at the saloon at poker, offers to ride with them as protection. As the search party leaves the saloon, Bullock confides to Hickok his suspicions about Mason's story.
News of the departing party reaches Swearengen, who is furious at the potential disruption to his business and resorts to offering free liquor and prostitutes at half price in an effort to keep his customers from joining the search, counseling them to wait until the following day. Upon arrival at the scene, the search party finds a ransacked wagon and the mutilated corpses of the Metz family. Bullock searches the area and finds young Sofia Metz, wounded but alive, lying under a bush nearby.
After dropping Sofia off with Doc Cochran, Bullock and Hickok confront Mason on the camp thoroughfare, stating that there was too much ransacking at the scene to be consistent with an Indian attack and that it was more likely a staged robbery. Mason tries to defend himself, arguing that he never would have returned to camp had he been involved, but Hickok says that he, like Mason, had often felt the need for sex and gambling after a kill. Cornered, Mason attempts to attack but is outdrawn and shot dead by Hickok and Bullock. From his window on the second floor of the Gem, Swearengen watches the events unfold until Trixie enters and, despite the brutal beating earlier, climbs into bed with him.
Production
Development and casting
Creator David Milch pitched to HBO a series set in Ancient Rome, exploring the introduction of law and order to a civilization. When HBO executives Chris Albrecht and Carolyn Strauss suggested that he change his setting due to the network already having Rome in development, Milch transposed the themes to 1800s Deadwood. In a later interview, Milch reflected, "It had seemed to me that the symbol of the cross as the organizing principle of behavior could be transliterated to the symbol of the badge, as a similar organizing principle." Milch wrote the role of Al Swearengen with Ed O'Neill in mind, having worked with him on the CBS series Big Apple, but executives were reluctant to build a series around an actor still associated with his lead role in Married... with Children. Powers Boothe was then cast in the role but was forced to withdraw due to illness, leading to the casting of Ian McShane. After Boothe recovered, he began playing Cy Tolliver on the series, a character introduced in the third episode of the first season.
Credits
The credited starring cast consists of Timothy Olyphant (Seth Bullock), Ian McShane (Al Swearengen), Molly Parker (Alma Garret), Jim Beaver (Whitney Ellsworth), Brad Dourif (Doc Cochran), John Hawkes (Sol Star), Paula Malcomson (Trixie), Leon Rippy (Tom Nuttall), William Sanderson (E. B. Farnum), Robin Weigert (Calamity Jane), W. Earl Brown (Dan Dority), Dayton Callie (Charlie Utter), and Keith Carradine (Wild Bill Hickok).
Guest stars
Awards
Director Walter Hill won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for "Deadwood", while writer David Milch received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series nomination. Hill also won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series.
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Overview of the events of 1993 in motoring
This article 1993 in motoring deals with developments in the automotive industry that occurred throughout the year 1993 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.
United Kingdom
Ford's successor to the Sierra was the Mondeo, launched in January 1993 with sales beginning in March. It would receive the European Car of the Year award - as the automaker's large family car to compete with the Vauxhall Cavalier. After 10 years as a separate model, the Ford Orion, became part the Escort range from which was originally created. In June, Ford launched the Maverick four-wheel-drive model, based upon the Nissan Terrano II in 3 and 5-door versions to rival the Vauxhall Frontera.
Rover expanded its range with the launch of the 600 Series, a compact executive saloon car based on the Honda Accord. Its arrival in April 1993 saw the deletion of the Montego saloon from the range after nearly a decade, although the estate remained in production, as did the even older Maestro hatchback.
Vauxhall replaced the decade-old Nova with the completely new Corsa in April 1993 which like its predecessor is produced in Spain and unlike the Nova came only as a 3 or 5-door hatchback.
Following the insolvency of DAF NV (see the Netherlands section), Leyland DAF went into receivership. Two new independent British companies were established as the result of management buyouts of the respective parts of the old company: Leyland Trucks in Leyland, Lancashire took over the UK truck manufacturing interests, and LDV Group in Washwood Heath took over the van making business.
France
The Peugeot 306, launched early in 1993, was the successor to the 309 and was also a partial replacement for the smaller, decade-old 205, which remains in production in lower numbers. Only 3 and 5-door hatchbacks were available at launch while saloon, cabriolet and estate bodystyles would arrive later
PSA launched of the all-new Xantia, a five-door large family hatchback that replaces the 11-year-old BX although the estate version wouldn't launch until late 1995 and the BX estate continued until July 1994.
Renault launches an all-new Laguna family car to replace its ageing R21. The continental launch came in December 1993, but British sales did not begin until April 1994.
Italy
Fiat launched the new Punto supermini late in 1993, with British sales beginning in April 1994. It was the replacement for the long-running Uno, which finished production in Italy in 1995 but remained in production in Poland and Brazil.
Germany
After 10 years of production, Mercedes-Benz replaced the 190E with the C-Class four-door compact executive saloon.
Sweden
Fourteen years after the original version was introduced, Saab launched an all-new 900 range using the Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Vectra platform. Production of the Volvo 240-series originated from the 140-series ends.
Spain
SEAT, the Spanish subsidiary of Volkswagen, introduced an all-new version of the Ibiza supermini styled by Italian designer Giugiaro.
Netherlands
DAF NV became insolvent. DAF Trucks was re-established as an independent truck maker following a management buyout of the Dutch interests of the company.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_and_Only"}
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First and Only is a military science fiction novel by Dan Abnett, set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe. Published in 1999, it is the first novel in the Gaunt's Ghosts series, which, as of 2019, consists of 16 novels and multiple short stories, as well as two spin-off novels (Titanicus and Double Eagle) and a companion book that acts as a mock history of the military campaign which forms the setting of the series.
The work is Abnett's first published novel, and was also the first novel published under Games Workshop's Black Library imprint. Prior to then, Games Workshop published short stories in its magazine Inferno!, and a limited number of novels, including Ian Watson's novel Space Marine and Inquisition War trilogy, under the label "Heretic Tomes."
As of 2006, it remained Black Library's best-selling title.
Publication history
Abnett first wrote a set of loosely connected short stories which appeared in Inferno! magazine (issues 4, 8, and 30). The next story, entitled "Vermilion Level", was written out to novel length as First and Only and published in 1999. The earlier-published short stories were subsequently incorporated as flashback-style chapters of Ghostmaker, the second volume of the series.
The first three novels of the series, First and Only, Ghostmaker, and Necropolis were collected, along with the short story "In Remembrance", into the omnibus The Founding, published by Black Library in 2007.
In 2013, First and Only was re-published as one of Black Library's three earliest-published and most influential novels, along with Graham McNeill's Nightbringer (also taking place in the Warhammer 40,000 universe), and William King's Trollslayer (the inaugural novel of the Gotrek and Felix series taking place in the Warhammer Fantasy universe).
In 2019, Black Library announced a limited edition hardcover re-publication to commemorate the novel's 20th anniversary.
Synopsis
In the 41st Millennium, the Tanith First light infantry regiment of the Imperial Guard is part of the massive Imperial force fighting to retake the Sabbat Worlds from the forces of Chaos. The regiment is informally called the "First And Only" (because it was actually formed from the survivors of three regiments raised just before their homeworld of Tanith was destroyed by the enemy), or sometimes "Gaunt's Ghosts", after their commanding officer, Colonel-Commissar Ibram Gaunt, and their superlative skills at stealth and infiltration tactics.
During their latest combat theatre, the Ghosts are instrumental in re-taking the world of Fortis Binary from the enemy, partnered with the Vitrian Dragoons regiment, while another regiment, the Jantine Patricians, feel cheated of glory.
Granted temporary R&R on Pyrites, the Ghosts escape a trap laid for them by the Patricians. Gaunt is contacted by an old friend, Fereyd, who warns him that the army's superior, Lord General Dravere, is conspiring to supplant Warmaster Macaroth as supreme commander of the campaign, and something hidden on the campaign's next target world, Menazoid Epsilon, is vital to the conspiracy.
While en route to Menazoid Epsilon, Gaunt's subordinate, Major Rawne, is abducted by Patrician soldiers and brutally interrogated by Inquisitor Heldane, who is assisting General Dravere's plans. The Ghosts rescue Rawne, and Heldane is badly wounded.
In the midst of the fighting on Menazoid Epsilon, Fereyd rendezvous with Gaunt, who leads him to an underground bunker containing an incredible find from mankind's "Dark Age of Technology": an intact Standard Template Constructor, an automated factory capable of mass-producing "Men of Iron" (self-aware robots). Dravere and Heldane's agents discovered evidence of the factory and realized they could build an army loyal to themselves that was powerful enough for any purpose.
Dravere, aware now that the Ghosts are working against his plans, declares them traitors and orders the Jantine Patricians to wipe them out. The small picket force of Ghosts that Gaunt left behind to guard their rear is killed to the last man by the Patricians, but not before inflicting three-to-one casualties on their attackers, which further enrages the Patricians' commander, Colonel Flense.
To Fereyd's surprise, Gaunt insists that the factory must be destroyed immediately. Fereyd is actually a puppet, being controlled by Heldane's psychic powers from his sickbed inside Dravere's headquarters vehicle. Heldane panics and orders Fereyd to kill Gaunt, but Major Rawne (who Gaunt suspected of being brainwashed by Heldane in captivity) saves Gaunt's life by shooting Fereyd in the head. This causes a massive feedback in Heldane's psychic energies that explodes, destroying Dravere's headquarters and killing both conspirators.
The novel is intercut with a series of flashbacks: the young Ibram Gaunt is orphaned when his father is killed in action, and raised by his father's commanding officer, General Aldo Dercius. But during his first campaign as a Commissar, Gaunt is approached by an enemy prisoner, a rogue psychic, who tells him the truth: his father died when Dercius fled the battle and left the elder Gaunt to die. Using his ostensible authority to punish cowardice, Gaunt confronts his "Uncle" Dercius and kills him in a sword duel.
After blowing up the factory, Gaunt and his small entourage are confronted by Colonel Flense, who reveals that he is General Dercius's son, and was forced to change his name and restart his career from scratch after the family disgrace. Flense tries to kill Gaunt, but Gaunt gains the upper hand and kills him instead.
When the Ghosts emerge from the bunker, they are confronted by the remaining Patricians, who are themselves ambushed and slaughtered by the Vitrian Dragoons, coming to the Ghosts' aid. With Dravere dead, there is no record of his orders declaring the Ghosts renegades, and the Patricians are posthumously disgraced and permanently disbanded.
Before he died, Fereyd tried to convince Gaunt that the Men of Iron could have been used to aid the Imperial forces as much as the Chaos forces. Remembering this, Major Rawne asks Gaunt why he decided to destroy them instead. Gaunt confides that the same psychic who told him the truth about his father's death also predicted his dilemma, years later, on Menazoid Epsilon, and warned him that leaving the Men of Iron intact would lead to nothing but disaster.
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205c871d-ffa2-4950-8211-70cb931d57a2
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill_Maternity_Hospital"}
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Hospital in North Lanarkshire, Scotland
Bellshill Maternity Hospital was a health facility at Bellshill in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
History
The hospital was built as a poor law hospital in the 1870s. It became an infectious diseases hospital in 1892 and a maternity hospital in 1917. An early obstetric flying squad was established at the hospital in the 1930s. It joined the National Health Service in 1948. A modern facility, designed by Gillespie, Kidd & Coia was opened by the Queen in July 1962. After maternity services transferred to Wishaw General Hospital in 2001, the buildings were demolished in 2003 and the site was subsequently redeveloped for residential use.
Famous births
Famous people born in the hospital include:
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English rugby league footballer
Michael Scott (born 23 September 1954) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He played at club level for Halifax (two spells), and Wigan, as a second-row, or loose forward, i.e. number 11 or 12, or 13.
Background
Mick Scott was born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.
Playing career
Challenge Cup Final appearances
Mick Scott played right-second-row in Halifax's 19–18 victory over St. Helens in the 1987 Challenge Cup Final during the 1986–87 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1987, and played as an interchange/substitute (replacing Second-row Les Holliday) in the 32–12 defeat by Wigan in the 1988 Challenge Cup Final during the 1987–88 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 30 April 1988.
County Cup Final appearances
Mick Scott played left-second-row in Halifax's 6–15 defeat by Leeds in the 1979 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1979–80 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 27 October 1979.
John Player Trophy Final appearances
Mick Scott played right-second-row in Wigan's 15–4 victory over Leeds in the 1982–83 John Player Trophy Final during the 1982–83 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 22 January 1983, and played as an interchange/substitute, (replacing interchange/substitute Steve Smith) in Halifax's 12–24 defeat by Wigan in the 1989–90 Regal Trophy Final during the 1989–90 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 13 January 1990.
Championship winner
Mick Scott was re-signed from Wigan by Halifax in July 1985 for a transfer fee of £10,000 (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £41,190 in 2014). He played in 32 games in all competitions in the 1985–86 season as Halifax pipped Wigan to the Championship by 1 point.
Honoured at Halifax
Mick Scott is a Halifax Hall of Fame Inductee.
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184f66fb-b3d3-4d8c-9a8a-2a015e0bfde7
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithomisa"}
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Genus of moths
Ithomisa is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae first described by Charles Oberthür in 1881.
Species
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a9318ff4-8227-4ca3-a8b8-11107e686ba5
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Groeber"}
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John Groeber (1903 – 1973) was a missionary who founded the Serima mission station for the Swiss Bethlehem Mission in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). He is best known for designing and building St. Mary's church on the Serima Mission grounds, and for training a number of artists and builders.
Early life and education
Groeber was born in Basel, Switzerland to a family of bakers who were among the city's Catholic minority. Groeber himself was religious from a young age, and attended Mass and other religious activities on a regular basis. He was also a painter, largely self-taught. Due to the family's limited resources, Groeber's education was cut short and he went to work as a draughtsman when he was sixteen. In this work he learned the basics of both architecture and construction, and worked on such buildings as the Federal Charter Archive.
By the late 1920s Groeber felt unfulfilled and was increasingly driven to join the priesthood. Because he had been a poor student and had not completed high school, he joined the Swiss Bethlehem Mission (SBM) at Immensee. In 1930 he was able to matriculate, and began his studies at the SBM theological seminary. After several years of seminary, Groeber enrolled at the Kunstgewerbeschule Lucerne, where he studied art for several years (although he did not get a degree as his superiors would not allow him to take the mandatory life drawing course).
Posting to Rhodesia
After being ordained, the SBM posted Groeber to Rhodesia in 1939. During his early years in Rhodesia, he worked on a series of construction projects for the SBM. He asked his superiors to let him build and run his own mission with an arts-oriented school, and in 1948 was assigned a new, isolated mission station at Serima.
At Serima, Groeber was able to build up a congregation with more than a thousand local converts, while also mobilizing them to provide support and labor to develop the mission station. A large complex, including a boarding school and church, were built over two decades, using bricks fired in a massive kiln. Students with an aptitude for construction were given scholarships and worked in the afternoons. By 1956 the school was built, and Groeber moved on to the construction of St. Mary's Church. This church combined the use of a modern architectural plan (inspired in part by the Federal Charter Archive) with African carving and artwork in the interior spaces. All the Serima artists were trained from scratch by Groeber and his former pupil Cornelius Manguma. These artists, plucked from mandatory art classes, worked in the afternoons, and were trained in drawing, patterning, pit firing, and woodcarving. Once Groeber was satisfied with their technical abilities, they were assigned subjects to carve for the St. Mary's interior. The students were expected to create their own designs, which were approved if they fit in with the overall iconography.
The exterior of St. Mary's was completed in 1958, and the interior was completed in 1966. Today it is considered to be one of Zimbabwe's architectural masterpieces, featuring a unique design combined with hundreds of carvings, murals, and ecclesiastical artworks that combine a coherent statement of Africanized Catholicism.[citation needed]
Serima artistic tradition
Groeber created a distinctive artistic style that made use of prescribed anatomical proportions, frontality, and Shona patterning. His most famous students were Joseph Ndandarika (who left Serima in 1959), Nicholas Mukomberanwa (left in 1960), and Cornelius Manguma (who taught art and carved much of the interior). In the early 1970s the Swiss Bethlehem Mission tried to preserve this tradition by posting Groeber and Manguma to Driefontein mission, where a carving school was established. This school opened in 1972 and still exists today. Manguma, who remained the head of the school for over a quarter of a century, continued to use most of Groeber's methods. His most famous student was Tapfuma Gutsa. The school has produced a vast array of religious carvings for clients all over the world.
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Colonel Roger Kirkby (c. 1649 – 8 February 1709) was an English soldier and politician, of Kirkby Ireleth in Lancashire, the eldest son of Richard Kirkby and his first wife Elizabeth Murray.
An ensign in the Coldstream Guards in 1670, he was a captain in Charles Wheeler's Regiment of Foot in 1678, and colonel in Sir James Leslie's Regiment of Foot in 1689. By this time, he had succeeded his father as Member of Parliament for Lancaster.
He was Governor of Chester from 1693 until 1702, and was chosen High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1709 but died in office.
On 7 August 1692, he married Catherine Baker, and had a son:
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b21c7aa8-9783-4198-a2db-b7577d041781
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Edgerton"}
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American politician
Edward H. Edgerton (August 31, 1863 – July 7, 1934) was a Vermont businessman, lawyer, judge, and politician who served as president of the Vermont State Senate.
Biography
Edward Henry Edgerton was born in Warren, Vermont on August 31, 1863. He graduated from Barre Academy in 1885 and settled in Rochester, where he became the Treasurer of the White River Lumber Company and was involved in several other business ventures.
Edgerton later studied law and established a practice in Rochester.
A Republican, Edgerton served in several local offices, including selectman and town clerk.
Edgerton served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911, and in the Vermont Senate from 1911 to 1913.
In 1912 he was elected Windsor County Assistant Judge, and he served from 1913 to 1921.
In 1924 Edgerton was again elected to the Vermont Senate. He served one term, 1925 to 1927, and was the Senate's President Pro Tempore.
Edgerton was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 1926, losing to Hollister Jackson, who went on to win the general election.
In 1928 Edgerton was again elected to the Vermont House of Representatives. He served one term, 1929 to 1931 and was chairman of the Ways & Means Committee.
Edward H. Edgerton died in Rochester on July 7, 1934. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Rochester.
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e2ccde5b-ce6f-4d1e-a6d7-80dd27a08571
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Root Into Europe is an ITV comedy-drama based on the character from William Donaldson's book The Henry Root Letters. Five episodes Written by Donaldson and Mark Chapman and produced by Aspect Film & TV for Central Independent Television, were first broadcast in May and June 1992. The series starred George Cole as Henry Root, and Pat Heywood as his wife, Muriel.
Henry Root, a fish dealer who disapproves of the impending European Union, declares himself England's 'European regulator' in a letter to the British Prime Minister, then John Major. He takes his wife Muriel (Pat Heywood) on a tour of Europe to represent English values to mainland Europe. His adventures are captured on a camcorder by his wife to be sent to the BBC upon his return for a future documentary, which one expects will never be made. The episodes bring him to France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands.
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3a38403d-8e84-464b-8637-52ed85595d0c
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinohimitsu"}
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Kinohimitsu (木の秘密, Kinohimitsu) is a functional[clarification needed] beauty and health brand owned by Kino Biotech, a leading integrated bio-nutraceutical and cosmeceutical public listed company in the Taiwan's GreTai Securities Market (GTSM) with its head office in Singapore. According to Euromonitor International, Kinohimitsu was the top selling beauty drink and collagen drink in Malaysia and Singapore between 2008 and 2010. The brand name, (木の秘密) means the secret of Nature.
Business
Kinohimitsu has a distribution network of more than 4,500 points of sales in Asia, namely China, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia. Kinohimitsu's products are sold in pharmacies, supermarkets and convenience stores.
In 2014, Kinohimitsu opened its first beauty counter in Singapore at OG Orchard Point.
History
Kinohimitsu was established in 1998 and its Healthpad was the first product to be launched by Kino Biotech, which then was certified by US FDA as a medical device. Following the success of Healthpad, Hot Health Pad with Far Infra-Red was launched.
In 2001, Kinohimitsu launched Beauty Drink 2500 mg, which was the first collagen drink in Southeast Asia.
Kinohimitsu Collagen Diamond 5300 mg is most widely known, and it remains the company's best-selling product with over 1 million bottles sold worldwide.[citation needed]
Famous celebrities such as China's Vicki Zhao, Hong Kong's Tavia Yeung and Singapore's Phua Chu Kang and Carrie Wong have also endorsed for Kinohimitsu.
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cee08e92-b3b3-4c75-9c6e-ae9bf90f589a
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German physiologist and biochemist
Hans Hermann Julius Wilhelm Weber (17 June 1896 – 12 June 1974) was a German physiologist and biochemist who worked on muscle structure and function. He was among the pioneers who helped establish the mechanism of muscle relaxation and contraction. His daughter Annemarie Weber also continued work in myosin biochemistry.
Weber was born in Berlin, son of physician Hermann Weber and Annemarie Becher. He studied at the Mommsen Gymnasium in Berlin and in 1914 he was conscripted and continued in military service until 1919 although he was wounded in 1916, allowing him to study medicine for a semester. After 1919 he continued his studies at Greifswald, Rostock and Heidelberg. His doctoral dissertation was under Hans Winterstein at Rostock and examined the role of lactic acid in rigor mortis induction. He received an MD in 1921 and worked in the laboratory of Otto Meyerhof at Kiel with a focus on muscle energetics. In 1922 he moved to Rostock to work again under Winterstein. He worked on the separation of myogen and myosin, following the work of Otto von Fürth and then began to examine the theories of muscle contraction. He then moved to Berlin where he worked under Peter Rona and interacted with Leonor Michaelis, Otto Warburg, and Kurt Hans Meyer. He moved to Münster University in 1927 and worked under Rudolf Rosemann and here he was able to produce myosin strands (actomyosin) and this was further developed by Alexander von Muralt and John Tileston Edsall at the Harvard Medical School in 1928 and the term Weber-Edsall myosin became commonplace. He became a chair of physiological chemistry at Königsberg University in 1939 but the war broke out and his studies were interrupted. However along with his colleague Manfred von Ardenne he was able to examine myosin using an electron microscope in 1941. Researchers in Moscow found that myosin was breaking down ATP while Albert Szent-Györgyi in Hungary found that ATP caused myosin to shrink. Work on isolating actin and myosin was begun by Brunó F. Straub. In 1944 the Nazi government funded Weber to study the use of animal serum albumin for human transfusion and he left Königsberg just before Soviet occupation. In 1946 he moved to the University of Tübingen and in 1954 he became director of the institute for physiology of the Max Planck Institute at Heidelberg. He worked here until his retirement in 1966.
He married Marga Oltmanns, a philosophy student at Rostock, in 1922 and they had two daughters and a son including Annemarie Weber who studied under her father.
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a80bf7db-0c83-469a-98f1-83e4710389b3
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_62"}
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Federal highway in Germany
Bundesstraße 62 or B62 is a German federal road. It connects Roth (Altenkirchen) with Barchfeld.
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06021bd0-a2b4-49ac-b9e0-a60809586224
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguamatics"}
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Linguamatics, headquartered in Cambridge, England, with offices in the United States and UK, is a provider of text mining systems through software licensing and services, primarily for pharmaceutical and healthcare applications. Founded in 2001, the company was purchased by IQVIA in January 2019.
Technology
The company develops enterprise search tools for the life sciences sector. The core natural language processing engine (I2E) uses a federated architecture to incorporate data from 3rd party resources. Initially developed to be used interactively through a graphic user interface, the core software also has an application programming interface that can be used to automate searches.
LabKey, Penn Medicine, Atrius Health and Mercy all use Linguamatics software to extract electronic health record data into data warehouses. Linguamatics software is used by 17 of the top 20 global pharmaceutical companies, the US Food and Drug Administration, as well as healthcare providers.
Software community
The core software, "I2E", is used by a number of companies to either extend their own software or to publish their data.
Copyright Clearance Center uses I2E to produce searchable indexes of material that would otherwise be unsearchable due to copyright.
Thomson Reuters produces Cortellis Informatics Clinical Text Analytics, which depends on I2E to make clinical data accessible and searchable.
Pipeline Pilot can integrate I2E as part of a workflow.
ChemAxon can be used alongside I2E to allow named entity recognition of chemicals within unstructured data.
Data sources include MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA Drug Labels, PubMed Central, and Patent Abstracts.
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d9ae8a5a-8de5-4d3c-8b2f-4d874434a558
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepard-class_fast_attack_craft"}
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The Type 143A Gepard class was a class of missile bearing fast attack craft (German: Schnellboot) and the last one in service with the German Navy before the remaining four operational ships were decommissioned on 16 November 2016. The Ghana Navy operates two such ships.
It is an evolution of the Albatros class, the main difference being the replacement of the second 76 mm gun by the RAM system. The Gepard-class vessels were gradually supplemented by Braunschweig-class corvettes and later replaced completely by them.
The ships in class were named after small to medium-sized predatory animals; Gepard is German for "cheetah".
List of ships
The "S" and the number are part of the ship's full name. When the ships were first commissioned, their designation included only the number; however, the crews petitioned for full names, and the decision was made to combine the original names with the additional animal name.
Since 1 July 2006, all ships had formed part of the 7. Schnellbootgeschwader (7th Fast Patrol Boat Squadron), whereas for the eight years prior the flotilla was split into (hulls S 76–S 80) 2. Schnellbootgeschwader (2nd Fast Patrol Boat Squadron), and (hulls S 71–S 75) 7. Schnellbootgeschwader. The squadron was stationed in Warnemünde, where both predecessor squadrons had been based.
Gallery
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taru_Kuoppa"}
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Finnish archer
Taru Kuoppa (born 14 November 1983) is a Finnish competitive archer. A member of the Finnish elite archery team since 2013, Kuoppa came close to her maiden podium triumph in the international scene, finishing fourth with her partner Antti Tekoniemi in the mixed team recurve at the 2014 European Championships in Yerevan, Armenia. Kuoppa currently[when?] trains at Lahden Vasama Archery Club in Lahti, under the tutelage of her coach Perttu Ronkanen.
Kuoppa was selected to compete for Finland in the women's individual recurve at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sitting at fourteenth from the classification stage of the competition with a score of 643 points, 14 perfect tens and 10 bull's eyes, Kuoppa was knocked out of the first round in an upset 3–7 performance by the unheralded Burmese archer San Yu Htwe.
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a5f83ec0-6b11-4c56-9baa-0af6b81a2c2f
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Day_(poetry_collection)"}
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Moving Day is a young adult book of poetry by Ralph Fletcher, illustrated by Jennifer Emery. It was first published in 2006.
Summary
Thirty-four short free verse poems that express the feelings of a twelve-year-old boy moving from Massachusetts to Ohio. Some of the topics include packing, the discovery of long-lost treasures, giving things away, and doing things one last time.
Reception
Kirkus Reviews said "The poet leaves pretension at the moving-van door and gives readers a real feel for the evocative emotions of a regular kid--and that regular kid was Fletcher himself. Emery's accompanying watercolor illustrations are like flashes of family history viewed through hand-swiped frost on windows of memory. They are simple, but they speak volumes. A fine collection." Mary Jean Smith in her review for School Library Journal said that "like shards of glass, Emery's pencil drawings with their watercolor washes mirror the loss and longing in these poems." and she describes the book as "excellent in relation to other titles on the same subject or in the same genre" Sylvia M. Vardell in her book Poetry People said that "the poems are loosely connected one to another to reveal the grieving process of separating from the familiar and slowly establishing new roots in a new place." and that "this collection is a reassuring voice for children who are dealing with one of life's most challenging transitions."
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9339a9fd-5ba5-4efb-bfd8-cbba33482b26
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Emery"}
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US government official and author (born 1957)
Christopher Beauregard Emery (born August 1, 1957) is an American author and former government official. He was a White House Usher during the Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton administrations. Emery later served as the chief information officer of the United States Department of Justice National Security Division and the Architect of the Capitol. He was chief enterprise architect of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Emery is the author of the memoir White House Usher: Stories from the Inside (2017).
Early life and education
Emery was born in Sykesville, Maryland. His father, Roy Frederick Emery Jr., served in the United Kingdom as a U.S. Army Air Force captain. He was later a dairy farmer and attorney in Ellicott City, Maryland, as well a thoroughbred horse breeder later in life. His Parisian mother, Jacqueline Nicole Marchal, served in French Indochina as a nurse in the French Army. She was later a French language teacher at Glenelg Country School, as well as a freelance French and German translator. Emery's parents were married in 1949 and moved from Cooksville, Maryland, to the historic 18th-century residence, Howard Lodge in 1959. Emery has two sisters, Ariane and Lynn. His parents divorced in 1971. His father remarried to actress Jennifer Bassey until his death in 1991. His mother later married former commercial pilot turned statistician Riaz Hussein Rana through which, Emery gained two stepsisters, including Natasha Gajewski.
Emery completed an associate degree from Howard Community College. In 1996, Emery graduated with a B.S. in information systems with a minor in management from the University of Maryland University College where he also completed graduate work in technology management.
Career
White House
Emery began his career at the White House as a computer specialist after answering a job advertisement in The Washington Post. Soon, White House Chief Usher Gary J. Walters hired him to replace the retiring Nelson Pierce as an assistant White House chief usher. Emery served as an usher in the Reagan Administration beginning in January 1986. In this capacity, he worked in a four-person office to oversee the White House estate, including managing the 89 residence staff. In addition, part of Emery's job was to carry out White House functions such as receptions, dinners, and conferences. In so doing, Emery worked in tandem with the First Family, the White House staff, the chief usher, the press office, the Secret Service, and military leaders. Emery gave personal tours of the White House to private guests including some notable figures such as: Barbra Streisand, Dana Carvey, Ted Williams, Joe DiMaggio, Julia Roberts, Tom Hanks, Julie Andrews, Johnny Carson, and Melanie Griffith.
On March 3, 1994, Emery's unusually abrupt firing was the subject of nationwide news when Hillary Clinton dismissed him for communicating with former first lady Barbara Bush. Despite passing several FBI investigations and background checks, Emery was fired by Hillary Clinton for "an incredible lack of discretion" after communicating twice with the former first lady. He was the first-ever White House usher to be fired. A White House usher does not typically change with administrations. White House Chief Usher Gary J. Walters was not permitted by the White House to testify before a Congressional subcommittee on Emery's dismissal. This led to some suspicions on Capitol Hill that the White House was attempting to avoid scrutiny about the firing.
Howard County administrator
After his dismissal from the White House, Emery worked for eleven months as a computer consultant. In March 1995, he was appointed council administrator of Howard County, Maryland, replacing former University System of Maryland assistant vice-chancellor Sheila Tolliver. As the council administrator, he oversaw a staff of 25 people with an operating budget of about $1 million. Views on his tenure are split along party lines. He has earned the praise of Republican Council Chairman Charles C. Feaga and Allan H. Kittleman. In June 1996, Emery publicly clashed with Democratic Councilman C. Vernon Gray over his alleged misuse of county funds and resources to aid in his campaign for a position with the National Association of Counties (NAOC). Weeks later, Gray wrongfully accused Emery of leaking NAOC campaign letters to The Baltimore Sun. Emery was vindicated by the Howard County Police Department; Gray subsequently found his letters in a different file in his office. Effective December 4, 1998, Emery resigned when Democrats regained the majority on the Howard County Council.
Later years
After his time as a council administrator, Emery returned to the federal government as a supervisory information technology specialist at the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) where he later served as the director of information resources management. Emery was promoted to chief enterprise architect of the AOC beginning in 2007. In this capacity, he oversaw the enterprise and technology management of the U.S. Capitol, Senate, the House of Representatives, the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Court. He contributed, along with other information enterprise professionals from the federal government, private sector, and academia, to the publication of The Integrated Enterprise Life Cycle: Enterprise Architecture, Investment Management, and System Development. With colleagues at the AOC and the National Science Foundation, Emery also published a paper for the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. In 2009, he became the chief information officer of the AOC.
In 2010, Emery served as the director of portfolio governance in the Office of the Chief CIO for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Two years later, in December 2012, he became the first chief information officer of the United States Department of Justice National Security Division. There he served on the DOJ CIO Council to help develop the strategic plan for the Department's information and technology goals for fiscal years 2015–2018.
Emery served as the chief enterprise architect for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 2015 to January 2020.[citation needed]
Selected works
Personal life
Emery is a past resident of Laurel, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. He was formerly married to Penny, with whom he has one daughter and three stepchildren.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengdu_Yangtze_River_Bridge"}
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Bridge in Chongqing, China
The Fengdu Yangtze River Bridge is a suspension bridge which crosses the Yangtze River in Fengdu County, Chongqing, China. Completed in 1996, it has a main span of 450 metres (1,480 ft) placing it among the longest suspension bridges in the world.
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1937 was the 44th season of County Championship cricket in England and resulted in a 19th championship success for Yorkshire. New Zealand were on tour and England won the Test series 1–0.
Honours
Test series
England defeated New Zealand 1–0 with two matches drawn.
County Championship
Leading batsmen
Leading bowlers
Hedley Verity topped the averages with 202 wickets @ 15.68
Annual reviews
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English politician
Thomas Browne (died 9 February 1597), of Betchworth Castle, Surrey, was an English politician.
Family
Browne was a descendant of Sir Thomas Browne, Treasurer of the Household to Henry VI, and related in the male line to the Viscounts Montagu of Cowdray, Sussex, and in the female line to Lord Buckhurst.
He was the eldest son of Henry Browne, esquire, of Betchworth Castle, Surrey, and his first wife, Katherine Shelley, the daughter of Sir William Shelley of Michelgrove in Clapham, Sussex, by Alice Belknap, daughter of Henry Belknap, esquire.
After the death of his first wife, Alice, Henry Browne married Mary Fitz Herbert, daughter of John Fitz Herbert, by whom he had no issue.
After the death of his second wife, Mary, Henry Browne married Eleanor Shirley, the daughter of Thomas Shirley (d.1545) of West Grinstead, Sussex, by Elizabeth Gorges, the daughter of Marmaduke Gorges.
After the death of Henry Browne, his widow, Eleanor, married, by licence dated 15 February 1548, William Sackville (d. 19 May 1556) of Bletchingley, Surrey.
By his father's first marriage to Katherine Shelley Thomas Browne had an only sister, Mary Browne, who married Cuthbert Blagden, gentleman. By his father's third marriage to Eleanor Shirley, Browne had five half brothers, Richard, Roger, John, Alexander, and Jasper, and two half sisters, Katherine Browne, who married a husband surnamed Hill, and Elizabeth Browne.
Career
Browne was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.
He was a Justice of the Peace for Surrey from about 1559, and was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey in 1570–71, and High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1582–83. He was a deputy lieutenant of Surrey by 1569, and was knighted in 1576.
He was elected Member of Parliament for Surrey in 1559, Wallingford in 1563, Arundel in 1571, and Bletchingley in 1572 and 1586.
He was among those involved in the examination of the translator Arthur Hall after his arrest in 1581.
Browne died 9 February 1597. His widow, Helen, left a will dated 18 August 1601.
Marriages and issue
Browne married firstly, before 16 December 1558, Mabel Fitzwilliam (born c.1540), eldest daughter and coheiress of the courtier Sir William Fitzwilliam of Windsor, Berkshire, by whom he had a son and two daughters:
Browne married secondly Helen or Ellen Harding, one of the daughters of William Harding (d. 7 September 1549), citizen and goldsmith of London, by Cecily Marshe, the daughter of Walter Marshe of London. William Harding was the elder son of Robert Harding (d.1515) of Knowle Park in Cranleigh, Surrey; his sister, Elizabeth Harding, married Humphrey Pakington, the brother of Sir John Pakington and Robert Pakyngton.
After the death of William Harding, Cecily Marshe married Robert Warner, who in 1557 purchased the wardship of her daughters, Helen (d.1601) and Katherine (d.1599). In 1559 Katherine Harding married Queen Elizabeth's Solicitor General, Richard Onslow, and Helen Harding married firstly, Richard Knyvet, by whom she had issue, and secondly, Thomas Browne, by whom she had a son, Richard Browne.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylopia_africana"}
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Species of flowering plant
Xylopia africana is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is found in west-central Africa. It is restricted to submontane and lower montane forests. It is threatened due to habitat loss by clearance of forest. It was first described as Melodorum africanum in 1862 by George Bentham.
Description
The tree Xylopia africana is up to 20 metres tall, DBH 30 cm. It has yellow to yellow-orange flowers. Its seed pods are 6.6-10.5 cm long and contain up to 5 seeds.
Distribution
Xylopia africana grows in montane and submontane mossy forests at elevations of 900–2000 m. It occurs in southeastern Nigeria (Obudu), western Cameroon (Mount Cameroon, Bakossi, Rumpi Hills, Fosimondi, Bali Ngemba), São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé Island) and Equatorial Guinea (Bioko island).
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Croatian handball player
Williams Černeka (born 19 September 1959 in Rijeka) is a former Croatian handball player. Since 2002 he has been the tehniko of RK Zamet
He is the father of Dario Černeka.
Honours
Zamet
Sources
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This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 570 of the United States Reports:
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Cameroonian footballer
Bertin Ebwellé Ndingué (born 11 September 1962) is a retired professional footballer who represented Cameroon at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He also took part in 1992 African Nations Cup. He played club football with Tonnerre Yaoundé, Persisam Putra Samarinda and Olympic Mvolyé.
He coached Tonnerre Yaoundé.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rivi%C3%A8re"}
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Paul Rivière (22 November 1912 – 15 December 1998) was a French Resistance fighter and politician. He joined the Resistance from 1941, took part in the Indochina and Algeria Wars.
Biography
Early life
Paul Rivière was born in Montagny in the Loire department in central France.
Resistance activities
In 1939, he was called up as an instructor for Cadets de Saumur. He was injured during the fighting for Pont de Gennes, then demobilised and returned to his position as literatur professor in the Saint-Joseph Jesuit Day School in Lyon.
In late February 1941, Father Chaillet, Jesuit in Lyon, put him in touch with Henri Frenay and Berty Albrecht and he became involved with the French resistance.
In early 1942, he abandoned propaganda for action and became liaison officer for Jean Moulin, General Charles de Gaulle's representative in France and the leader of the internal Resistance.
After a first airdrop, he was arrested and detained four months by Vichy France police. Upon his release, he continued his mission clandestinely until the end of War. With Mouvements unis de la Résistance (MUR), he was deeply involved in the organization of the radio transmission services and covert air operations for Southern France.
After the Jean Moulin arrest in Caluire, he was ordered by the Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action to reorganize the Landing-Airdrop Section (in French "Section Atterrissages-Parachutages" or SAP).
He controlled SAP until the end of War and was Head of Operations for the Rhône-Alpes Region where he organized the most important covert landing and airdrop operations : several hundred of tons of weapons and equipment and millions of French francs were so routed to the French resistance.
He also organized the transfer of numerous personalities and agents between France and London: General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Vincent Auriol, Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, François de Menthon, Henri Frenay, Daniel Mayer, Christian Pineau, Lucie and Raymond Aubrac.
After the war
He joined the military service in 1947 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was Inspector General of the French Armed Forces, then he was sent to Indochina for two years in 1953, to Konstanz in Germany in 1955 then in Algeria in 1956.
From December 1956 to 1959, he was Military Attache in Tokyo, then security adviser in Algeria until Évian Accords.
From November 1962 until 1978, he was member of the National Assembly, deputy of the Loire department from 1962 to 1978 and mayor of Montagny, Loire until 1983. During the same period, he sat on the Council of Europe.
He died on 15 December 1998 in Lyon and was buried in Montagny.
Pseudonyms during French resistance
Military honours
Bibliography
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Canadian printer and politician
George Wesley Norman (October 14, 1883 – November 12, 1970) was a printer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Saskatoon City in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1934 to 1938 as a Liberal.
He was born in Alliston, Ontario in 1883. Norman came to Saskatoon in 1902 to help his brother publish the Phoenix. In 1904, he established a commercial printing business. Norman was mayor of Saskatoon from 1927 to 1929. He retired from business in 1947 and moved to Vancouver, where he died in 1970 at the age of 87. Norman was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Saskatoon. Norman Crescent in Saskatoon's Avalon community is named in his honour.
He was an Alderman on Saskatoon city council in 1916 until 1926. (Saskatoon Star Phoenix Dec 9 1921 page 11, Saskatoon Star Phoenix Dec 12 1923). He came in second place in votes for Mayor in December 1926. Due to error with ballot counting a re-election was held in January 1927 and this time Norman won. The story was covered almost daily for two months in the Saskatoon newspaper Star-Phoenix. (Saskatoon Star Phoenix 1926 Dec 10 p3, 1926 Dec 15 p3, 1926 Dec 21 p3, 1927 Jan 15 p3, 1927 Jan 16 p3, 1927 Jan 25 p3, 1927 Jan 28 p3, 1927 Jan 31 p3, 1927 Feb 7 p3, 1927 Feb 8 p3, 1927 Feb 14 p3, 1927 Feb 15 p3)
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_Jury_(horse)"}
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Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
Jukebox Jury (foaled 15 February 2006) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. A successful and durable international campaigner, he won important races in each of his four seasons of racing and competed in Britain, France, Germany, Canada, Dubai, Ireland and Australia.
As a two-year-old in 2008 he showed great promise as he won the Royal Lodge Stakes and was placed in the Racing Post Trophy and Prix La Rochette. He had a delayed start to his second campaign but established himself as a top-class middle-distance performer with wins in the Rose of Lancaster Stakes, Grand Prix de Deauville and Preis von Europa as well as finishing second in the Canadian International Stakes. He won the Jockey Club Stakes at four but showed his best form a five-year-old when he won the Fred Archer Stakes, Prix Kergorlay and Irish St Leger.
He failed to recover fully from an injury sustained in the Melbourne Cup and was retired to become a breeding stallion in Germany.
Background
Jukebox Jury is a grey horse bred in Ireland by Paul Nataf. As a yearling in August, the colt (then officially described as bay) was sent to the Arqana sale at Deauville where he was bought for €270,000 by the trainer Mark Johnston. The colt subsequently entered the ownership of Alan Spence and was taken into training with Johnston at his Middleham stable.
He was from the fifth crop of foals sired by Montjeu whose wins included the Prix du Jockey Club, Irish Derby, Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. As a breeding stallion his other progeny included Motivator, Authorized, Pour Moi, Camelot, Scorpion, Hurricane Fly, St Nicholas Abbey and Hurricane Run. Jukebox Jury's dam Mare Aux Fees, from whom he inherited his grey coat, showed no racing ability but did better as a broodmare, producing several other winners including the Prix Vanteaux winner Belle Allure. She came from a largely French family which had produced several good winners including Tropique (Eclipse Stakes), Lightning (Prix d'Ispahan) and Soleil Noir (Grand Prix de Paris).
Racing career
2008: two-year-old season
Jukebox Jury began his racing career in a seven furlong maiden race at Goodwood Racecourse on 2 August in which he was ridden by Johnny Murtagh and started a 14/1 outsider. After racing towards the rear of the field he made progress on the outside, caught the leaders in the closing stages and won by a neck despite looking "green" (inexperienced) and hanging right near the finish. Fifteen days later the colt was sent to France and moved up in class for the Listed Prix François Boutin over 1400 metres at Deauville Racecourse and finished fourth, seven lengths behind the Richard Hannon Sr.-trained Soul City after hanging left in the last 200 metres. He returned to France on 7 September for the Group 3 Prix La Rochette at Longchamp in which he was again matched against Soul City. He was again beaten by the Hannon colt but produced a much better as he stayed on well to take third place, half a length and three-quarters of a length behind Soul City and Milanais.
The Group 2 Royal Lodge Stakes at Ascot Racecourse saw Jukebox Jury start the 8/1 fourth choice in the betting behind Cityscape, Orizaba (winner of the Vintage Stakes) and the Henry Cecil-trained On Our Way. After being restrained at the rear of the field in the early stages by his jockey Royston Ffrench the colt began to make progress approaching the final turn and was switched to the outside to make his challenge in the straight. He caught Cityscape 30 yards from the finish and won by three-quarters of a length. Ffrench was again in the saddle when the colt was stepped up to Group 1 class and started 2/1 favourite for the Racing Post Trophy at Doncaster on 25 October. He stayed on well in the straight but was hampered a furlong from the finish and was beaten into second place by Crowded House.
2009: three-year-old season
Jukebox Jury missed the spring of 2009 and made little impact on his seasonal debut when he finished last of seven in the Prix Daphnis over 1800 metres at Longchamp on 22 June. In a strongly contested edition of the Eclipse Stakes on 4 July he started a 50/1 outsider and came home sixth of the ten runners behind Sea the Stars. In August the colt was dropped back to Group 3 class for the Rose of Lancaster Stakes at Haydock Park and started 6/1 fourth choice in the betting. He was among the early leaders before being pulled back by Ffrench and then renewing his challenge in the straight. He overtook the favourite Campanologist inside the final furlong and won by one and a quarter lengths with the John Gosden-trained Duncan taking third place.
Ten days after his win at Haydock Jukebox Jury contested the Great Voltigeur Stakes over one and a half miles at York Racecourse and finished fourth behind Monitor Closely, Mastery and Father Time after stumbling a quarter of a mile from the finish. The colt was back in action less than two weeks later in France when he contested the Grand Prix de Deauville against older horses and started at odds of 9/4 against five opponents including Ideal World (Prix de Reux) and Kasbah Bliss (Prix Gladiateur). Jukebox Jury took the early lead and then settled in second behind Kasbah Bliss before regaining the advantage 300 metres from home. He just held off a late challenge from Pouvoir Absolu to prevail by a nose in a photo finish. Johnston commented "It wasn't the idea to make the running and Jukebox Jury is not the ideal horse for it, so we were delighted when Kasbah Bliss went on. We have had our eyes on the Canadian International since he won at Haydock, but for the moment we'll keep all our options open".
Jukebox Jury was moved up to Group 1 level when he was sent to Germany for the Preis von Europa over 2400 metres at Cologne on 27 September in which he again faced older opponents. He was made joint-favourite with the Sheema Classic winner Eastern Anthem just ahead of the Hardwicke Stakes winner Bronze Cannon with the best of the others appearing to be Toughness Danon (Furstenberg-Rennen), Enroller (John Porter Stakes) and Eliot (fourth in the German Derby). The colt started quickly before settling in second place behind Enroller and then went to the front 400 metres from the finish. Eastern Anthem produced a sustained effort but Jukebox Jury prevailed by a nose with a gap of two and a half lengths back to Eliot in third place.
For his final run of the season, as Johnston had predicted, Jukebox Jury was sent to Canada for the Pattison Canadian International at Woodbine Racetrack on 17 October. Ridden as usual by Ffrench he raced in second place before taking the lead in the straight but was overtaken in the final strides and beaten half a length by the six-year-old Champs Elysees.
In the 2009 World Thoroughbred Rankings, Jukebox Jury was given a rating of 118, making him the 87th best racehorse in the world and the best British three-year-old colt in the Long-distance division.
2010: four-year-old season
In early 2010, Jukebox Jury was sent to Dubai for the Sheema Classic at Meydan Racecourse on 27 March in which he finished fifteenth of the sixteen runners behind Dar Re Mi after fading badly in the straight. On his return to Europe he contested[clarification needed] the Jockey Club Stakes over one and a half miles at Newmarket Racecourse on 1 May and started the 13/8 favourite against four opponents, namely Claremont (Prix du Lys), Nanton (Mallard Stakes), Drill Sergeant (Duke of Edinburgh Stakes) and Halicarnassus (Bosphorus Cup). After racing in second place behind Drill Sergeant, Ffrench sent Jukebox Jury to the front with half a mile left and the colt kept on well to win by almost four lengths from Nanton.
Jukebox Jury was well beaten in his next two races, finishing seventh to Fame and Glory in the Coronation Cup and ninth to Harbinger in the Hardwicke Stakes. When sent to Germany for the Deutschland Preis at Hamburg on 17 July he produced a better effort as he finished fourth to Campanologist, beaten less than a length by the winner.
The 2010 World Thoroughbred Rankings saw Jukebox Jury drop to 178 in the rankings with a mark of 116.
2011: five-year-old season
After an absence of more than eleven months, Jukebox Jury returned in the Listed Fred Archer Stakes at Newmarket on 25 June in which he was ridden for the first time by Neil Callan. The Grand Prix de Paris winner Cavalryman started favourite with Jukebox Jury starting at odds of 11/2 in an eight-runner field which also included Allied Powers (Grand Prix de Chantilly) and Afsare (Hampton Court Stakes). In a change of tactics, he led from the start and stayed to win by three-quarters of a length from Cavalryman and Afsare who dead-heated for second place.
In the Glorious Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse a month later, Jukebox Jury partially recovered after being boxed against the inside rail to finish third, beaten a head and a neck by Drunken Sailor and Harris Tweed. In an exceptionally strong renewal of the Prix Kergorlay over 3000 metres at Deauville on 21 August, he started at odds of 5/1 in a thirteen-runner field which included Americain, Dunaden, Red Cadeaux, Kasbah Bliss, Gentoo (Prix du Cadran, Prix Royal Oak), Brigantin (Prix de Lutèce) and Manighar (Prix Chaudenay). Jukebox Jury led from the start, switched left in the straight and drew away from his rivals to win by three lengths from Kasbah Bliss. Johnston commented "The plan was to make the pace, he set a strong one and kicked off the bend. He loves it here" while Callan added, "The horse is very adaptable and I just let him bowl along in front, he enjoyed it when I let him do it when he won first-time-out this season."
The Irish St Leger at the Curragh on 10 September attracted a field of six runners and Jukebox Jury, ridden by Johnny Murtagh started 4/1 second choice in the betting behind the odds-on favourite Fame and Glory. The other four runners were Duncan, Red Cadeaux, Fictional Account (Irish St Leger Trial Stakes) and the 100/1 outsider Waydownsouth. Jukebox Jury led from the start and appeared to be dominating the race before Duncan (ridden by Eddie Ahern) moved up alongside him in the straight. The two horses raced head to head in the last quarter mile and crossed the line together. After examining the photo finish, the racecourse judges declared a dead heat.
On his final appearance of the season the horse was sent to Australia to contest the Melbourne Cup over 3200 metres at Flemington Racecourse on 1 November. Before the race a share in the horse was acquired by the Australian owners Kevin Bamford, Colleen Bamford and Gerry Ryan. Carrying a weight of 126 pounds (the second highest in the race) he finished in 20th place in the 23 runner field having sustained a hairline fracture to the cannon bone of his left foreleg.
Jukebox Jury remained in training in 2012 but suffered another setback and was retired from racing in September.
Stud career
At the end of his racing career, Jukebox Jury became a breeding stallion at the Gestut Etzean near Beerfelden in Germany. In December 2017 he moved to stand at Burgage Stud in Leighlinbridge Ireland. He had his first Grade 1 winner just 3 months later at the Cheltenham festival when Farclas won the Triumph Hurdle for Gordon Elliot.
Pedigree
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Protected area in the Republic of the Congo
The Lake Télé Community Reserve is found in the Republic of the Congo. It was established on the 10 May 2001. This site covers 4,389 square kilometres (1,695 sq mi) around Lake Télé. In August 2010, the Cooperation Agreement between the governments of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) on the Lake Tele - Lake Tumba landscape provided for creation of a trans-national protected area including the Lake Télé Community Reserve and the Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe area in the DRC.
The reserve is a huge area of inaccessible swamp forest, with no roads. In 2006 and 2007 researchers from the US-based Wildlife Conservation Society investigated the region, finding evidence of an estimated population of 125,000 Western lowland gorillas. This was more than the current estimated total population of the species.
The soil under this reserve contains major stores of peat which is rich in carbon. This discovery makes conservation of the area even more crucial, as if disturbed the carbon could escape into the atmosphere exacerbating global warming. In light of this discovery, the Wildlife Conservation Society advocated expansion of the reserve.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvce"}
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Village in Polog, North Macedonia
Prvce (Macedonian: Првце, Albanian: Përcë) is a village in the municipality of Tearce, North Macedonia.
Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Prvce had zero residents.
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 27 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sredersas"}
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Lithuanian-Australian art collector (1910–1982)
Bob Sredersas (born Bronius Šredersas; 4 December 1910 – 26 May 1982) was a Lithuanian-Australian art collector. Sredersas came to prominence after donating his private art collection of over 100 works to the City of Wollongong. The collection, which included pieces by artists such as Arthur Streeton, Grace Cossington Smith, Margaret Preston and Norman Lindsay, assisted in establishing the Wollongong Art Gallery.
After his death, details of Sredersas's involvement with the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in Nazi-occupied Lithuania were publicised and have led to questions surrounding his legacy.
Life in Lithuania
Sredersas was born in Simferopol, Crimea on 4 December 1910 to a middle-class family and grew up in Lithuania. After graduation from a high school in Ukmergė in 1933, he worked as a police officer for the Lithuanian Department of Security in the criminal section. In 1938, he attended training on informative news and a three-month chemical defense course. He worked on the surveillance of Soviet military movements.
It was previously believed that following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940, Sredersas stopped his police work. At risk from both Nazi and Soviet occupiers, he fled for Germany where he worked as a labourer. Sredersas himself was often unwilling to talk about his past. Documents uncovered after 2018, however, showed Sredersas had been employed by the SD in Kaunas, acquired German citizenship and had lodged an application to join the SS. After assessing the documents, Efraim Zuroff, of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre, said Sredersas "was an active participant in enforcing German directives and orders, and most likely was able to join the Waffen-SS, where he very likely participated in Holocaust crimes."
21st-century research by historian Konrad Kwiet found that Srederas worked as an intelligence officer in the Sicherheitsdienst from June 1941 to January 1945. He changed his name to Bronislaus Schroeders, but went back to using his Lithuanian name after World War II.
Life in Australia
After the war, Sredersas was registered as a displaced person in Flensburg, Germany. Sredersas sailed to Australia abroad SS Fairsea in 1950 and was temporarily housed in the Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre. He later settled in Wollongong. His immigration documentation gave his profession as farm labourer and stated that he was not a police officer or soldier. He worked as a labourer then later as a crane driver at Port Kembla steelworks in Illawarra. Sredersas used the name "Bob" in Australia for convenience and to avoid the chance of spelling mistakes. He later told a journalist: "My life began when I came to Australia." In contrast to the other steelworkers, Sredersas took no interest in sport or spending time or money at the pub. Instead, he spent his time gardening at his one-bedroom fibro cottage in Cringila and fishing.
In 1956, Sredersas began his art collecting by purchasing a 1917 watercolor, Herring Fleet at Sea St Ives, by Sydney Long at auction for one guinea. This demonstrated to Sredersas the affordability of high quality art works in Australia. He used McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art to assist with his buying and spent much of his time-off at Sydney auction houses. In his home, the walls were full of art, so paintings had to be stored under his bed and stacked on cupboards.
Sredersas's home was broken into in 1977 and 13 works of art, including carved ivory, were stolen. The break-in influenced his decision to leave his collection to the people of the City of Wollongong. The bequest compelled the council to open an art gallery in order to display the art. Sredersas said, "I have nobody but the people of Wollongong to leave [the artworks] to."
Sredersas never married and was remembered for living a simple life. He died in 1982.
As a result of his philanthropy, Sredersas was honoured with guest lectures, an exhibition space and several exhibitions in his name.
Reaction to war-time activities
In 2018, documents emerged around Sredersas's involvement with the Nazi Party and possibly the Holocaust. In January 2022, the City of Wollongong council were made aware of this documentation. The council said it was inappropriate for them to comment on the allegations. A spokesperson stated that "standard industry processes were followed for the donation of these artworks. As a result, these artworks were accepted in good faith." Gordon Bradbery, Lord Mayor of Wollongong, noted the concerning nature of the allegations and stated his disconcertment by the lack of action by the council.
In April 2022, the council engaged Sydney Jewish Museum to carry out an investigation, led by historian and Holocaust survivor Konrad Kwiet, into Sredersas's association with the Nazi party. In June 2022, following Kwiet's findings that Sredersas served as a Nazi intelligence officer from 1941 to 1945, Wollongong Art Gallery removed a plaque honouring Sredersas.
Art collection
Sredersas donated 76 or 88 paintings, 31 pieces of china, 11 artefacts from New Guinea, and 11 miniatures. The bequest has been nicknamed "The Gift" by the media and was valued at $1.5 million in 1990. The collection included works by the following artists:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_people"}
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Ethnic group in Indonesia
The Makassar or Makassarese people are an ethnic group that inhabits the southern part of the South Peninsula, Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in Indonesia. They live around Makassar, the capital city of the province of South Sulawesi, as well as the Konjo highlands, the coastal areas, and the Selayar and Spermonde islands. They speak Makassarese, which is closely related to Buginese and also a Malay creole called Makassar Malay.
History
The Makassar are an ethnic group originally from the southern coast of the island of Sulawesi. Their exploratory spirits have led to successful overseas explorations. This is exemplified by the Kingdom of Gowa (14-17th century), which succeeded in forming a vast Islamic empire with a large and strong naval force. Its territory included almost the entire island of Sulawesi, eastern Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, part of West Nusa Tenggara, part of Maluku and some small surrounding islands. The Makassar people made treaties with Bali and cooperated with Malacca and Banten, as well as some other kingdoms within the archipelago. Similar treaties were sometimes struck with foreign powers, especially with the Portuguese. However, until its fall, Gowa was also engaged in ongoing wars with the Netherlands.
The Makassar are known to have explored large sections of the world's oceans, reaching as far as South Africa. In South Africa there is an area called “Macassar”. It is suspected that the local population is of mixed indigenous and Makassar descent. Meanwhile, the name Maccassar is likely to have originated from the name for their ancestors' homeland. There are several places named Maccassar in South Africa and neighbouring Mozambique.
Contact with Australia
Makassar trepangers from the southwest corner of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) visited the coast of northern Australia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to collect and process trepang (also known as sea cucumber), a marine invertebrate prized for its culinary and medicinal values in Chinese markets. The term Makassan (or Macassan) is generally used to apply to all the trepangers who came to Australia, although some were from other islands in the Indonesian Archipelago, including Timor, Rote and Aru.
Fishing fleets began to visit the northern coasts of Australia from Makassar in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia from about 1720, but possibly earlier. While Campbell Macknight's classic study of the Makassan trepang industry accepts the start of the industry as about 1720, with the earliest recorded trepang voyage made in 1751, Regina Ganter of Griffith University notes a Sulawesi historian who suggests a commencement date for the industry of about 1640. Ganter also notes that for some anthropologists, the extensive impact of the trepang industry on the Yolngu people suggests a longer period of contact. Arnhem Land rock art, recorded by archaeologists in 2008, appears to provide further evidence of Makassan contact in the mid-1600s. Contact has even been proposed from as early as the 1500s.
At the height of the trepang industry, Makassans ranged thousands of kilometres along Australia's northern coasts, arriving with the north-west monsoon each December. Makassan perahu or praus could carry a crew of thirty members, and Macknight estimated the total number of trepangers arriving each year as about one thousand. The Makassan crews established themselves at various semi-permanent locations on the coast, to boil and dry the trepang before the return voyage home, four months later, to sell their cargo to Chinese merchants. Marege' was the Makassan name for Arnhem land, (meaning literally "Wild Country") from the Cobourg Peninsula to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Kayu Jawa was the name for the fishing grounds in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, from Napier Broome Bay to Cape Leveque. Other important fishing areas included West Papua, Sumbawa, Timor and Selayar. Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia in 1803, met a Makassan trepang fleet near present day Nhulunbuy. He communicated at length with a Makassan captain, Pobasso, through his cook, who was also a Malay, and learned of the extent of the trade from this encounter. Ganter writes that there were at most "1,000 Macassans" compared to the almost "7,000 British nestled into Sydney Cove and Newcastle." Nicholas Baudin also encountered 26 large perahu off the northern coast of Western Australia in the same year. Ganter states that the British settlements of Fort Dundas and Fort Wellington were established as a result of Phillip Parker King's contact with Makassan trepangers in 1821.
Using Daeng Rangka, the last Makassan trepanger to visit Australia, lived well into the 20th century and the history of his voyages are therefore well documented. He first made the voyage to northern Australia as a young man. He suffered dismasting and several shipwrecks, generally positive but occasionally conflicting relationships with Indigenous Australians, and was the first trepanger to pay the South Australian government trepanging licence in 1883, an impost that made the trade less viable. The trade continued to dwindle toward the end of the 19th century, due to the imposition of customs duties and licence fees and probably compounded by over fishing.[citation needed] Using Daeng Rangka commanded the last Makassar perahu, which left Arnhem Land in 1907.
Lifestyle
The main source of income of the Makassar is rice farming; however, they are also famous throughout Indonesia for their skill in trading and as fishermen. This includes the harvesting of sea cucumbers, a practice known as trepanging.
Labor division is strict because of the rigid separation of the sexes, as in all traditional Muslim communities. Men are engaged in matters outside the house such as farming, fishing, etc. Women are usually responsible for the household duties, while the man is the head of the family. While they are in public, respect should be shown to him by the wife and children. Usually the final decisions concerning the family are made by the husband. In rural areas, arranged marriage is still widely practiced.
Polygamy is accepted by the Makassar people, but, since a separate house must be provided for each wife, it is only practiced among the wealthy people.
Siri (respect and honor) is the social code by which the Makassar live. Anyone seriously offending another person's siri carries the risk of being killed, in which case authorities often refuse to intervene. The Makassar often help their neighbors in matters such as working in the rice fields and building houses.
Language
Makassarese language
The Makassarese language, also referred to as Basa Mangkasara (ISO code: mak), is the language spoken by the Makassar people. This language is classified as part of Makassaric branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup which in turn is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.
Makassar Malay language
Commonly known as "Logat Makassar" (Makassar Dialect; ISO code: mfp) is a creole of Malay. This language is used as the language of commerce in the port of Makassar, South Sulawesi. The number of speakers is reached 1.889 million inhabitants in 2000 and an estimated number of speakers of these languages continue to grow until it reaches ± 3.5 million inhabitants. The language is mostly used by Immigrants from outside the city of Makassar, Makassar City Population, Youth Makassar, or people who are not proficient in Makassarese. This language is spoken along the South Peninsula region of Sulawesi.
Religion
Around 16th century South Sulawesi was a center for trade of the region with Malay Muslim traders as well as Portuguese traders frequently visited the area. Native rulers were generally uncommitted to either Muslim or Christian religions and allowed both to maintain presence. Around 1537 Padre Manuel d’la Costa visited Gowa court, along with Portuguese representatives from Ternate. From Portuguese records some Gowan aristocracy decided to convert to Christianity.
According to Antonio de Payva, Portuguese trader and missionary from Malaccas, that had some success converting some Bugis kings from Ajatappareng, when a Portuguese missionary tried to convert 14th Gowa king, I Mangngarangi Daeng Manrabbia, he was reluctant to change his ancestral faith and will invite Malay priests to compare both religions first. Around 1593, He decided to embrace Islam and adopt the title of Sultan Aluddin. He then set Islam as the official religion of Gowa. Payva noted that Malay traders and priests are generally more accepted and trusted compared to Portuguese. Gowa had maintained relationship with traders from Java, Sumatra, Pattani, Pahang, Champa, and Johor ever since 9th Gowa king, Tum’parisi Kallona. According to the text Lontarak Patturiolonga, under the rule of 11th Gowa king, Tunipalangga, these traders were allowed to practice Islam and had special privileges. These communities requested Sultan Muda Alauddin Riayat Shah of Aceh to provide ulama for South Sulawesi, as he is known for sending ulama outside of Aceh.
Three Minangkabau ulama, Dato Ri Bandang, Dato Ri Tiro, and Dato Ri Patimang were sent to spread Islam in South Sulawesi. They visited Riau and Johor to learn about South Sulawesi culture from Bugis-Makassar sailors there. Facilitated by Sultan of Johor, they learned from Wali Songo of Java before eventually arriving in Somba Opu harbour in early 17th century. There are similarities of Islam with native practice of Dewata Sewwae in Luwu Kingdom, which was considered the spiritual center in South Sulawesi. Hence, when the rulers of Luwu converted first, they pushed for conversion in Gowa-Tallo, since they had the power and authority for pushing conversion in South Sulawesi which Luwu lacked. Conversion began slowly and peacefully and adapted with native Ammatoa practitioners centered in Bulukumba.
By 1611, most of the Makasar and Bugis kingdoms had converted. Presently, the Makassar are almost all Muslim, but some traditional pre-Islamic beliefs are still influential, especially in the remote areas.
Culture
Philosophy
Culture Siri 'Na Pacce is one cultural philosophy of Bugis-Makassar society.
Traditional attire
Baju bodo (lit. 'short blouse' in Makassarese) is a traditional upper garment of Makassarese women. The baju bodo has a rectangular shape, and is usually short-sleeved, i.e. half above the elbow. According to Makassar custom, the color of the baju bodo indicates the age or the dignity of the wearer. It is often used for ceremonies such as wedding ceremonies. But now, baju bodo is revitalized through other events such as dance competitions or guest welcome receptions.
Cuisine
Makassar cuisine uses a blend of agrarian and maritime ingredients. On west coast cities such as Makassar, Maros, and Pangkep, there are coastal areas directly adjacent to rice fields. Agricultural areas are quite extensive in the Maros and Pangkep regions. Rice and other crops such as bananas are abundant. Most dishes—mainly traditional kues and desserts—are predominantly made from rice and bananas.
Coastal areas of South Sulawesi are important producers of fish, with ponds on the west coast filled with bolu (milkfish), sunu (grouper), shrimps, and crabs. The tradition of fishing in coastal and high seas areas is also well-developed. Among others, tunas are most commonly caught.
The "agrarian pattern" is found in Makassarese dishes which are made from beef or buffalo. Prime examples are coto, konro, sop saudara, and pallubasa.
People who live in coastal cities high in maritime resources predominantly eat fish.
Differences between the Buginese and Makassar people
There is a common misperception that the Makassar people are identical and ethnically cognate to the Buginese people, and that the term Buginese and Makassar are terms that are coined by the Dutch colonials to create a division among them. All potentials were lost once the Sultanate of Makassar fell to the Dutch colonial, since these people were notoriously rebellious against the Dutch colonials. Wherever these people encounter the Dutch colonials, conflicts are bound to happen. Several notable figures centered in Gowa Regency that refused to surrender like Karaeng Galesong, migrated to Central Java. Along with his powerful naval fleet, they would engage in war against any Dutch vassals that they would encounter. Hence, the Dutch colonials at that time under Cornelis Speelman calls him the Si-Bajak-Laut, meaning "the pirate".
In linguistic terms, Makassarese and Buginese are distinct languages, even though both of these languages belong to the South Sulawesi group within the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages. In this category, the Makassarese language is in the same sub-category as Bentong, Coastal and Highland Konjo and Selayar; while Buginese is under the same sub-category as Campalagian language and along with another 2 languages spoken in Kalimantan, Embaloh and Taman. This differences between the Bugis and Makassar people are one of the characteristics that differentiate the two people group.
The idea that the Buginese and Makassar people are ethnically cognate derives from the conquest of kingdoms such as Bone state and Wajo Kingdom by the Sultanate of Gowa.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_De_Curtis"}
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Italian composer
Ernesto De Curtis (4 October 1875 – 31 December 1937) was an Italian composer.
Born in Naples, the son of Giuseppe De Curtis and Elisabetta Minnon, he was a great-grandson of composer Saverio Mercadante and the brother of poet Giambattista De Curtis, with whom he wrote the song "Torna a Surriento". He studied piano and received a diploma from the Conservatory of San Pietro a Maiella in Naples.
He died at Naples in 1937.
Works
Senza Nisciuno (Forsaken)
Sung in 1919 by Enrico Caruso (2:47)
A Guerra
Recorded in 1915 by Elvira Donnarumma (singer), Ernesto De Curtis (composer), and Libero Bovio (words), in Neapolitan language (3:22)
Problems playing these files? See media help.
He wrote over a hundred songs, including:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(book)"}
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1971 book by Mike Royko
Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago is a 1971 non-fiction book by Chicago Daily News columnist Mike Royko, about six-term Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley (1902–1976) and the political machine and municipal government over which Daley presided.
Overview
Boss outlines Daley's Irish working-class origins and his step-by-step rise through the rough-and-tumble hierarchy of the Chicago Democratic party machine, until he was first elected mayor in 1955 and went on to become influential in national politics. The book describes patronage and political strong-arm tactics in vivid detail and contains stinging depictions of precinct captains, aldermen, bureaucrats, judges, the Chicago Police Department, and of Daley himself. The final chapters cover the turbulent 1960s, with social unrest surrounding the Civil Rights Movement, violent confrontations between protesters and authorities, and the notorious, rowdy Chicago Democratic convention in 1968. The book concludes in 1970 with a determined, unrepentant Mayor Daley still in office.
Reception
Public and critical reception of Boss was solidly favorable and the book spent 26 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list, from April 4 through September 26, 1971.
Writing in The New York Times, Studs Terkel praised Royko as "Chicago's most incisive and impertinent journalist since Finley Peter Dunne" and added "only he could have written this book". Royko, said Terkel, writes with "a street wit, an elegant irony and a cool, though far from detached, indignation" to produce "a stunning portrait" that "probes not only into the psyche of a neighborhood bully but into the nature of the city that has so honored him".
Publishers Weekly called Boss a "classic" that gives "a detailed and, for some, eye-opening account of Daley's rise to absolute control of the Chicago Democratic political machine", adding that it "provides sardonic and sometimes hilarious reading".
Kirkus Reviews said that Royko "convincingly and energetically" describes Daley's rise and the many scandals and intrigues threaded through his career. "Without either sentimentality or moralism, Royko traces the integuments of machine politics: key offices; the significance of each scandal; the way Daley has used his dual status as party chairman and mayor to consolidate a one-man rule any Soviet apparatchik would envy".
In a retrospective 2012 review in The Huffington Post, Keith Koeneman (biographer of Daley's son, Richard M. Daley) recommended Boss as "one of the great books of American literature", saying it "has the qualities of a perfect photograph, capturing the unique essence of a person at a particular—and fleeting—moment in time".
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King of Champa
Kandarpadharma was the King of the Simhapura dynasty of Champa. He ruled from 629 to an unknown date, when he was succeeded by his son, King Prabhasadharma. His rule was peaceful and he sent two missions to China in 630 and 631.
Kandarpadharma was the first king in history officially to offer the title King of Champa: campāpr̥thivībhuj (lord of the land of Champa) and śrī campeśvara (Lord of the Cham) of Campādeśa (the country of the Cham) and Campāpura (the cities/state of Champa). Kandarpadharma was a member of Simhapura dynasty/Gangeśvara dynasty founded by Gangaraja.
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1991 single by Álvaro Torres
"Nada Se Compara Contigo" (English: Nothing Compares to You) is a ballad and title track performed by Salvadoran singer-songwriter Álvaro Torres from his studio album Nada Se Compara Contigo (1991). The track was written by Torres and produced by Enrique Elizondo. It was released as the album's lead single in Latin America and the United States, peaking atop the Billboard's Latin Songs chart, becoming the second number-one song in the chart for Torres as a songwriter, following "Te Pareces Tanto a Él" performed by Chilean performer Myriam Hernández, and his first as a lead performer.
The track debuted in the Billboard Latin Songs chart at number 24 in the week of January 4, 1992 climbing to the top ten four weeks later. The song peaked at number-one on March 7, 1992, replacing "Si Piensas, Si Quieres" by Brazilian singer-songwriter Roberto Carlos and Spanish performer Rocío Dúrcal and being succeeded by "Mi Mayor Necesidad" by Mexican band Los Bukis, two weeks later. Nada Se Compara Conitgo" was recognized as one of the award-winning songs at the first BMI Latin Awards in 1994.
Background
"Nada Se Compara Contigo" is a down tempo ballad which was written by Álvaro Torres inspired by his wife. Torres said he met a Mexican girl at a music event in a chinese restaurant and inmediatally fell in love with her; they continued dating in the same restaurant "because nobody could understand what we were saying". Eventually, that girl became his wife and he wrote her this song.
Charts
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_in_jazz"}
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Overview of the events of 1943 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1943.
Events
Album releases
Standards
Deaths
February
April
May
June
August
October
December
Unknown date
Births
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Unknown date
Bibliography
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llantrisant%E2%80%93Aberthaw_line"}
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Former rail line in Wales
The Llantrisant – Aberthaw line was a railway line built in two parts.
The Cowbridge Railway was a locally promoted railway line in South Wales, intended to connect the town to the nearby main line network at Llantrisant. The company was desperately short of money to construct the line, and a subscription of £10,000 from the Taff Vale Railway towards the construction costs ensured alignment to that company's system, so that Pontypridd, and not Cardiff, was the destination of through passenger trains. The line opened in 1865 and operated as a through line from Pontypridd in association with the Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway. The Company was always impoverished and from 1876 leased its line to the Taff Vale Railway. The TVR absorbed the Company in 1889.
High quality limestone workings at Aberthaw encouraged thoughts of a Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway. This opened in 1892, and was absorbed by the Taff Vale Railway in 1895. The Cowbridge and the Aberthaw sections were operated as a single entity.
The Taff Vale Railway introduced railmotors, which it called "motor cars", on the lines in 1905 and although they were successful, the lines remained loss-making. The passenger service from Cowbridge to Aberthaw was discontinued in 1932; that from Llantrisant to Cowbridge in 1951. A mineral working with a private siding remained in operation until 1975, but when that closed the line ceased to have any railway activity.
Taff Vale Railway
The Taff Vale Railway was planned to bring the iron production of works at Merthyr and Dowlais, as well as coal from certain collieries, to the docks at Cardiff for onward shipment to market.
It opened its main line in two stages, in 1840 and 1841; it was built on the standard gauge. It was immediately successful, and at the same time coal mining enjoyed a massive increase in volume in the area, so that coal became the principal traffic. This encouraged numerous further branch lines and colliery connections, and at the same time the railway encouraged the opening of new mines.
South Wales Railway
The South Wales Railway was promoted in 1843, to connect the Great Western Railway network at Gloucester to Milford Haven; it was to be a broad gauge line. Its route was the matter of considerable discussion, and at one stage it was assumed it would pass through Cowbridge. However the route as finally determined ran near Llantrisant, about five miles north of Cowbridge; the South Wales Railway opened in several stages but this section was opened on 18 June 1850. The mail road coach service through Cowbridge was almost immediately withdrawn, and the importance of Cowbridge was much diminished.
There is controversy as to whether the people of Cowbridge wanted the South Wales Railway to pass through their town, or resisted it, though it seems likely that engineering considerations took the line further north. As soon as the South Wales Railway opened there was a widespread feeling that the town must have a branch line if it could not be on the main line. A number of schemes were put forward, many of them remarkably ambitious and expensive, and for some time the proposals came to nothing.
Ely Valley Railway
The Ely Valley Railway opened its first line in 1860; it was a broad gauge line worked by the Great Western Railway. It had been built to serve iron and coal pits to the north of the South Wales Railway main line. It was not financially successful and it was dependent on its larger sponsor in 1861.
Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway
There were iron and coal pits in the area between Treforest and Llantrisant, and after a false start, the Llantrissant and Taff Vale Railway was incorporated by Act of Parliament on 7 June 1861.
It was to reach Llantrisant station on the South Wales Railway main line, but the final mile was over the Ely Valley Railway. As it was being financed by the Taff Vale Railway, the L&TVJR was on the narrow (standard) gauge, and the Ely Valley Railway was a broad gauge line.
The L&TVJR was to build from the Taff Vale Railway main line, about a mile below Treforest Station, to the Mwyndy branch of the Ely Valley Railway at Maesaraul, where there were important mineral deposits. Running powers were not granted from Maesaraul Junction to Llantrisant Station, which was about two miles south west of the village of that name. It opened the majority of its line in 1863, but the Ely Valley Railway stalled on the provision of mixed gauge track on its line, on which the L&TVJR was dependent.
A railway for Cowbridge
The promotion of the L&TVJR spurred the people of Cowbridge to move forward with their own scheme, and on 1 July 1861 a prospectus for the Cowbridge Railway was published. It was to run from Cowbridge to connect with the L&TVJR at Maesaraul, north of Llantrisant, crossing the South Wales Railway main line a little east of Llantrisant station, with a spur there to an interchange siding. The capital was to be £30,000, as it was claimed that the cost of construction would be far below the average cost of railway construction locally. The benefits would enable local farmers to get their produce to market cheaply as well as reducing the cost of bringing in coal, and also moving iron ore extracted at Llanharry to be transported away.
In November 1861 the Taff Vale Railway agreed to subscribe up to £5,000 towards the scheme, but subscriptions towards the cost of the railway were otherwise very difficult to secure. Indeed the Parliamentary deposit required to proceed with the Bill had to be loaned by the Taff Vale company.
At the committee stages of the Cowbridge Railway Bill, the South Wales Railway once again put forward the proposal that the branch should be built on the broad gauge, which would bring it into the "associated companies" of the broad gauge group. However this last-minute idea was not taken forward.
The Cowbridge Railway Act was accordingly passed on 29 July 1862; it had authorised capital of £35,000.
Securing subscriptions continued to be a serious difficulty, and the directors decided to approach the South Wales Railway for assistance; they met them on 4 November 1862. They asked the South Wales Railway to permit their company to reach the L&TVJR over the Ely Valley Railway, between Llantrisant and Maesaraul Junction. This would enable them to omit the construction of the northward part of their line above Llantrisant. The broad gauge interest had already shown itself to be hostile to such an incursion, but now the Great Western Railway offered to permit this, and to lay a third rail, forming "mixed gauge", to enable the running of standard gauge trains, for an annual rental of £400.
The Cowbridge directors thought this exceeded the interest on the capital outlay if they built the connecting line, so they decided not to proceed with the request at first, but after further consideration agreed that it was worth pursuing. In fact the GWR agreed to reduce the rental charge to £200, and on that basis the Cowbridge directors concluded an agreement in June 1863. The Board of Trade sanctioned the deviation of the authorised route by which the Cowbridge Railway entered Llantrisant station rather than crossing the South Wales Railway main line.
Construction
The first sod was cut on 9 June 1863. Work seemed to be progressing well and in June 1864 the company informed the Board of Trade of the intention to open for passenger traffic shortly; however this was soon realised to be premature, and was withdrawn. Subscriptions for shares continued to fall short, and in August 1864 it was announced that contractors had been paid with Lloyds Bonds, that is, promissory notes payable in two or three years.
Colonel Yolland, for the Board of Trade, visited the line on 17 December 1864. The third rail on the Ely Valley Railway was not yet ready so no rolling stock had reached the line. Yolland noted that the line was 5 miles 60 chains in length, and that gradients were steep, with a maximum of 1 in 45 near Ystradowen. The down platform of the South Wales Railway (by this time amalgamated into the Great Western Railway) had been altered so as to have a platform face on its south side for the Cowbridge trains, and there was a run-round loop. A standard gauge line owned by the GWR left the Cowbridge line at the west end, and crossed the main line to lead northwards to the Ely Valley line.
Yolland was not satisfied with the signalling arrangements at Llantrisant junction, which did not bring all the points and signals to a central interlocking. The waiting room at Llantrisant was so close to the platform edge as to risk accidents to passengers. Ystradowen station was on a very steep gradient, which could have simply been eased, and as it was a passing place, another platform was necessary on the loop line. Accordingly Yolland declined to pass the line for passenger operation. Moreover the L&TVJR had not provided signalling at Maesaraul Junction, intending to leave it until after the inspection. Inevitably therefore the inspection there failed and the opening of both the Cowbridge Railway and the L&TVJR section was refused also.
On 16 January 1865, the TVR brought an engine over Maesaraul Junction and the mixed gauge section of the Ely Valley Railway, on to the Cowbridge Railway. This engine then worked on the line as a trial. While this was satisfactory, the Taff Vale Railway Engineer, George Fisher, declared himself extremely unhappy with the Cowbridge Railway track. Fisher reported that the works on the line were exceptionally light, and had been executed in the cheapest possible manner. This would result, he thought, in costly maintenance and excessive wear and tear. Considerable alterations would be required before TVR engines could work safely over the railway, and the line would require constant attention and repair during its first year of operation.
Notwithstanding the deferral of passenger operation, an opening ceremony took place on 30 January 1865. An ordinary goods service was started on 8 February 1865, and it was decided that two trains a day would suffice. Messrs Griffiths and Thomas would maintain the line for twelve months, for £500 in cash.
Work on the alterations required by the Board of Trade was complete (except for Ystradowen station, temporarily deferred) and Captain Rich inspected the railway on 22 March 1865. He was satisfied and approved the opening for passengers. However he also inspected the Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway; he was dissatisfied with the signalling at Maesaraul Junction, and refused that opening. The third rail over the Ely Valley Railway was also incomplete, so the Cowbridge directors decided not to attempt to operate a passenger service on their own branch line until trains could run through to Pontypridd.
Opening and early performance
Eventually these difficulties were resolved and on 18 September 1865 the inaugural passenger train ran. The train service consisted of three round trips daily, of which two continued to and from Pontypridd. A Sunday service of two Cowbridge to Pontypridd round trips was also provided. With the exception of these Sunday trains, all trains were mixed, passenger and goods. Rolling stock was rented from the Taff Vale Railway. Receipts for the first month of operation amounted to £212.
Ystradowen station was opened in February or March 1866. "The Ystradowen station has recently been opened for passengers and goods." To relocate it away from the steep incline, it was now positioned some distance from the village it served.
During the second half of 1865, the gross receipts of the Company had been £951, with working expenses of £703. This did not make any allowance for maintenance and renewal of the permanent way. It was stated that "some time must elapse before the Cowbridge Railway Company can have a disposable balance of £1,000 per annum."
Faced with serious financial difficulties, the Cowbridge company was anxious to lease its line to the Taff Vale Railway, and proposals were submitted to the TVR in August 1866. The Cowbridge Company would lease its railway to the TVR for 3% per annum on capital of £52,000 until 1 January 1870; then 4% for five years and then 5%. Receipts of £1,436 against working expenses of £973 were declared, but this did not include the £200 paid to the GWR for the use of the Ely Valley line, nor for any maintenance of the permanent way which, in the first year alone had cost £500.
Paying £1,560 a year escalating, to lease a railway losing £237 a year escalating, was hardly attractive to the TVR, and they turned the offer down.
Financial problems
In April 1867 the ironmakers Guest & Co. issued writs against the Cowbridge Railway for payment of £817 owed for the supply of rails. Moreover the Lloyds Bonds which the company had issued to the contractors were becoming due for redemption, and in April 1867, the Company went into bankruptcy.
An auction of movable assets was held on 29 April 1867. R C Nichol-Carne, the Company chairman, purchased some items on his own initiative: the engine turntables, carriage shed, weighbridges, water tank and pump, and leased them back to the Company. Later in 1867 the National Provincial Bank was granted possession of the Cowbridge Railway for unpaid debts.
The poor standard of maintenance, compounding the inferior standard of construction, concerned the Taff Vale Railway, and in January 1869 the TVR Directors resolved that "notice be given to the Cowbridge Railway Company that if their line is not placed in good working condition previously to the 1st of March next, this company will feel obliged to withdraw its rolling stock and plant." The deadline passed but the pressure from the TVR continued, and the Cowbridge company gave notice that it would work the line itself from 5 April 1870.
A service of seven return trips between Cowbridge and Llantrisant was inaugurated, four on Sunday, although this was later reduced somewhat. The TVR was left to work into Llantrisant from Pontypridd, and was obliged to contribute to the tolls for using the Ely Valley Railway from Maesaraul, and to the Cowbridge itself for the use of the standard gauge accommodation at Llantrisant.
The Cowbridge company opened a new station at Llanharry in August 1871. The facilities were of the most basic kind.
In May 1872 the Great Western Railway altered the gauge of the track in South Wales: now its entire South Wales system was standard gauge, and this obviated the necessity for transshipment of goods at Llantrisant.
The Cowbridge company had taken over the working of its line, but of course that did not enable it to bring in more income, or to improve the standard of maintenance. In 1874 it emerged that most of the landowners had never received payment for the acquisition of their land in the first place, and lawsuits were now threatened. Repossession of the land was now a possibility.
Leased to the Taff Vale Railway
In March 1875, the Company once again approached the Taff Vale Railway. A lease was proposed, but again the Cowbridge put forward unrealistic terms. The TVR offered to lease the line for £1,500 per annum rising gradually to £2,000, and these terms were accepted by a shareholders' meeting on 4 May 1875. The effective date of the lease was 1 January 1876.
The TVR decided that a fortnight's closure was necessary to enable the necessary track relaying to take place. The passenger service was suspended from 30 November 1875, reopening on 13 December 1875. During this period one goods train ran a round trip daily.
On reopening, the through service to Pontypridd was reinstated, and as this reduced the frequent service between Llantrisant and Cowbridge, two extra round trips on the branch were put in.
In 1889 the TVR wished to tidy up the arrangement by which it was leasing independently built lines, and the Cowbridge Railway was absorbed by Act of 26 August 1889.
Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway
Aberthaw had long been a source of high quality limestone, which was in demand for burning to make lime. In 1881 Stephen Collier and David Owen went into partnership with a view to establishing lime kilns at Aberthaw. This was not immediately fruitful, but in 1888 works and equipment were provided and the industry took hold. At this time further railway developments in the general area were under consideration, and in November 1888 proposals were published for the Vale of Glamorgan line, which would connect Barry and Bridgend via Aberthaw.
The preparations for this motivated the Taff Vale Railway to give support to Collier and Owen, and proposals form a Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway were deposited in the same month. The TVR guaranteed 3+1⁄2% on the construction cost, and the Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway Act was passed on 12 August 1889, with capital of £90,000.
Construction of the line proceeded, and on 2 September 1892 Major H. A. Yorke of the Board of Trade inspected the line and passed it for passenger operation; it opened on 1 October 1892. The line was 6 miles 53 chains in length, and had cost £120,000 to build. A new station was provided at Cowbridge as the location of the old one did not lend itself to extending the line, and it was downgraded to the status of goods station. There were new stations on the line at St Mary Church Road, St Athan Road, and Aberthaw. There were three passenger trains a day, running between Aberthaw and Pontypridd.
The Taff Vale Railway was persuaded to acquire the Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway company, which it did from 1 January 1895, authorised by Act of 17 August 1894.
The lack of a loop to cross trains on the single line at Cowbridge proved to be an operational inconvenience, and a loop was installed, being commissioned in October 1897. The Vale of Glamorgan line opened in that year. It had an Aberthaw station adjacent to the Cowbridge one, but there was no direct connection between the two, for trains or for the public.
Motor cars
In 1903 the Taff Vale Railway experimented with what it called "motor cars": in fact railmotors, that is, single passenger coaches with an integrated small steam engine. The intention was to enable a service to remote and lightly trafficked areas by the provision of low-cost stopping places: in practice these were platforms 40 feet in length, at first with no shelter or other facilities.
The motor cars were introduced on the Pontypridd to Aberthaw service on 1 May 1905. Nine round trips per day were arranged using two motor cars; a conventional service and a mixed train also operated on the line. There were new stopping places, not able to be used by the conventional trains. They were at Trerhyngyll & Maendy, Aberthin, St Hilary and Llanbethêry. The motor cars had heating in the passenger saloons, a considerable benefit compared with the four-wheel coaches on conventional trains. From May 1908 all the passenger trains were operated by motor cars or auto-trains calling at all the stopping places but the railmotor service was withdrawn on 12th July 1920.
In 1884 the Taff Vale Railway had manufactured the "I" class outside-cylinder 4‑4‑0T locomotives. In later years they worked on the Cowbridge trains until they were displaced by the motor cars. However the railmotors generated more traffic than they could manage, and so the "I" class re-entered service in December 1907 on auto-trains.
Aberthaw cement works
In 1909 a significant development of iron ore extraction near Llanharry took place, with a long tramway being provided to make the connection. Further south, the Aberthaw & Bristol Channel Portland Cement Company opened a large cement manufacturing plant at Aberthaw in 1913; it was connected to both the Taff Vale line and the Vale of Glamorgan line although through freight traffic was not authorised. No further rail traffic to or from the works via the TV branch took place after 1932 when the line was closed south of Beaupre, 1mile-3chains south of Cowbridge. At that location, track to Aberthaw Low Level was lifted from June 1934 and the line further curtailed at Beggars Bush buffer stop at Cowbridge station, in 1947.
Decline of business
The passenger service on the Cowbridge to Aberthaw section had declined over a long period. The motor car platforms at Aberthin, St. Hilary and Llanbethêry were closed to passengers on 12 July 1920, so that only Trerhyngyll & Maendy remained open of the 1905 "platforms".
A census of passenger business on the line disclosed that in 1923, 66,140 tickets were sold at Cowbridge Station; the branch as a whole excluding Llantrisant sold 87,800. Just over 3,000 tickets were sold at the three stations south of Cowbridge in 1923.
The first daily bus service to Cowbridge was inaugurated in 1920, and proved much more convenient than the trains. A long standing complaint had been the poor connections with the GWR at Llantrisant, so that the dominant flow from Cowbridge to Cardiff was inconvenient by train: it was much better served by the new bus service.
In 1926, a review showed that in 1925, expenses incurred on the branch amounted to £18,423. Most of the income was from the iron ore mine at Llanharry, and the remainder of the line generated little: earnings for the three stations amounted to £133 for the whole of 1925.
This report resulted in suspension of the passenger service between Cowbridge and Aberthaw from 4 May 1926, but the service was reinstated on 11 July 1927. Ticket sales at Aberthaw in 1928 amounted to only 229 compared with 1,187 in 1923; at St Athan Road the figures were 451 against 1,232 for the same years. Passenger receipts from all three stations on the branch amounted to £60 for the whole of 1928, and the GWR announced its intention to withdraw the service between Cowbridge and Aberthaw from 5 May 1930.
The general goods business on the Aberthaw section declined too, as did the small private siding traffic, and the Aberthaw cement works increasingly used the Vale of Glamorgan line as its route for traffic forwarded. By 1932 the Cowbridge to Aberthaw line had become little used by the residual goods service, apart from a small amount of agricultural traffic. The service south of Beaupre siding was withdrawn, and the goods stations were closed on 1 November 1932. The last goods train was handled at Beaupre Quarry siding in 1947, after which the remaining 1 mile 3 chains of line south of Cowbridge was lifted.
Decline of the Cowbridge branch
In 1951, the withdrawal of the passenger service between Llantrisant and Cowbridge was announced: the date was fixed for 26 November 1951.
Llantrisant Station was closed to passengers on 2 November 1964. The goods service from Llantrisant to Cowbridge was withdrawn on 1 February 1965, and the branch was closed to all traffic south of Llanharry Iron Ore Mine.
The end of steel making at East Moors removed the market for the iron ore, with the result that the Llanharry mine ceased production on 25 July 1975, and with it the branch closed.
Topography
The course of the line was generally undulating, with a climb at 1 in 66 and 1 in 84 through Llanharry, and a climb at 1 in 45 to Ystradowen and a fall at 1 in 50 after it. South of Cowbridge there was a fall for a mile at 1 in 90 approaching St Mary Church Road but otherwise the gradients were unremarkable.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNA2"}
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Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Interferon alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNA2 gene.
Protein family
Human interferon alpha-2 (IFNα2) is a cytokine belonging to the family of type I IFNs. IFNα2 is a protein secreted by cells infected by a virus and acting on other cells to inhibit viral infection. The first description of IFNs as a cellular agent interfering with viral replication was made by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann in 1957. The history of this finding was recently reviewed. There are 3 types of IFNs: Interferon type I, Interferon type II and Interferon type III. The type II IFN, also called IFNγ, is produced by specific cells of the immune system. Unlike type I and type III IFNs, IFNγ has only a modest role in directly restricting viral infections. Type I and type III IFNs act similarly. However, the action of type III IFNs, also known as IFNλ, is limited to epithelial cells while type I IFNs act on all body's cells.
Type I IFNs form a family of several proteins: in humans, there are 13 α subtypes, 1 β subtype, 1 ω subtype and other less studied subtypes (κ and ε). IFNα2 was the first subtype to be characterized in the early eighties. As a result, IFNα2 was widely used in basic research to elucidate biological activities, structure and mechanism of action of type I IFNs. IFNα2 was also the first IFN to be produced by the pharmaceutical industry for use as a drug. Thereby, IFNα2 is the best known type I IFN subtype. The properties of IFNα2 are widely shared by the other type I IFNs, although subtle differences exist.
Gene and protein
The gene encoding IFNα2, the IFNA2 gene, is clustered with all other type I IFN genes on chromosome 9 and as all type I IFN genes, it is devoid of intron. The open reading frame (coding sequence) of IFNA2 codes for a pre-protein of 188 amino acids with a 23 amino acid signal peptide allowing secretion of the mature protein. The mature protein is made of 165 amino acids, one less than the other human IFNα subtypes. The secondary structure of IFNα2 consists of five α-helices: A to E, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal end. Helices A, B, C and E are organized as a bundle with a long loop between the helices A and B (the A-B loop) and two disulfide bonds which connect helix E to the A-B loop and helix C to the N-terminal end. Several variants, or allelic variants, have been identified in the human population. Among them, IFNα2a and IFNα2b are better known by their commercial name, Roferon-A and Intron A, respectively. Upstream of the coding sequence is the promoter region that contains sequences that regulate the transcription of the IFNA2 gene into a messenger RNA (mRNA). The amino acid sequences of IFNα2a and IFNα2b differ only at position 23 (lysine in IFNα2a, arginine in IFNα2b).
Synthesis
When a cell is infected by a virus, some components of the virus, mainly viral nucleic acids, are recognized by specialized cellular molecules such as RIG-I, MDA5 and some toll-like receptors (TLR). This recognition induces the activation of specific serine kinases, enzymes which activate by phosphorylation the IFN regulatory factors (IRF), IRF3 and IRF7. IRF3 and IRF7 are themselves transcription factors that translocate into the nucleus and activate the transcription of type I IFNs genes and thereby initiate the process leading to the secretion of IFN by the infected cells. The "danger" signals carried by viruses were the first IFN inducers described but it is now known that non-viral "danger" signals, such as some types of dead cells, can stimulate the synthesis of type I IFNs.
Mechanism of action
Induced IFNα2 is secreted by the infected cells and acts locally as well as systemically on cells expressing a specific cell surface receptor able to bind type I IFNs. The type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) is composed of two subunits, IFNAR 1 and IFNAR 2, which are expressed by all body's cells. After binding to its receptor, type I IFNs activate multiple cellular factors that transduce the signal from the cell surface into the nucleus. The main signaling pathway activated by type I IFNs consists of a series of events:
ISGs encode proteins that modulate cellular functions. Following viral infection, many ISGs lead to the inhibition of the viral spread. Several ISGs inhibit viral replication in the infected cells. Other ISGs protect neighbouring uninfected cells from being infected by inhibiting viral entry. Several hundreds of ISGs are known to be activated by type I IFNs and are listed in a searchable database named interferome (http://www.interferome.org/).
Function
The broad spectrum of ISGs explains the wide range of biological activity of type I IFNs. In addition to their antiviral activity, type I IFNs also inhibit the proliferation of cells and regulate the activation of the immune system.
Type I IFNs exert potent antitumor activity by several mechanisms such as:
Type I IFNs can have detrimental effects during viral and non-viral infections (bacterial, parasitic, fungal). This is due in part by the ability of type I IFNs to polarize the immune system towards a specific type of response in order to interfere with virus infections.
When improperly regulated, IFN production or IFN-induced signalling can result in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Clinical significance
If given orally, IFNα2 is degraded by digestive enzymes and is no longer active. Thus, IFNα2 is mainly administrated by injection essentially subcutaneous or intramuscular. Once in the blood, IFNα2 is rapidly eliminated by the kidney. Due to the short life of IFNα2 in the organism, several injections per week are required. Peginterferon alpha-2a and Peginterferon alpha-2b (polyethylene glycol linked to IFNα2) are long-lasting IFNα2 formulations, which enable a single injection per week.
Recombinant IFNα2 (α2a and α2b) has demonstrated efficiency in the treatment of patients diagnosed with some viral infections (such as chronic viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C) or some kinds of cancer (melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and various hematological malignancies). Yet, patients on therapy with IFNα2 suffer from adverse effects which often require to reduce or even stop the treatment. These adverse effects include flu-like symptoms such as chills, fever, joint and muscle pain, depression with suicidal ideation, and a reduction in the number of blood cells. Thereby, IFNα2 has been progressively replaced by better tolerated drugs, such as antiviral agents or targeted antitumor therapies. Chronic viral hepatitis C is the main indication for which IFNα2 remains widely used. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that endogenous type I IFNs plays a role in the induction of an immune antiviral response and that they can enhance the antitumor activity of chemotherapies, radiotherapies and some targeted therapies. Therefore, an important future goal for scientists is to modify IFNα2 in order to obtain an active molecule to be used in the clinic that does not exert adverse effects. Anecdotal evidence suggests interferon alfa 2b is effective antiviral treatment in COVID-19
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c11dc18d-91d2-4ff7-b451-e028d6437dcb
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsee-Ost_offshore_wind_farm"}
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Nordsee-Ost offshore wind farm is an offshore wind farm in operation in the eastern part of the North Sea German sector. The project was developed by RWE Innogy, a subsidiary of RWE.
The wind farm consists of 48 turbines with a total capacity of 295 MW. The 6.15 MW turbines were provided by REpower. Steel foundations for generators were supplied by Aker Verdal. Power converters were supplied by Woodward Governor Company. A consortium of Siemens and Prysmian built the high-voltage direct current submarine cable from the wind farm to the German transmission system operated by Transpower, a subsidiary of TenneT.
Delays in power line construction by Dutch TenneT delayed its operational start.
On 11 May 2015 the wind farm was officially put into operation.
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401f676f-69fc-4309-b8f2-26bbc97f07ae
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardarash-e_Sofla"}
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Village in West Azerbaijan, Iran
Bardarash-e Sofla (Persian: بردرش سفلي, also Romanized as Bardarash-e Soflá; also known as Jalālābād and Badarash-e Pā'īn) is a village in Aland Rural District, Safayyeh District, Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 199, in 30 families.
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5ec8abba-3c97-43e3-a1ed-ffbbea17b8d2
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhunjhunu_district"}
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District of Rajasthan in India
Jhunjhunu district is a district of the Indian state of Rajasthan in northern India. The city of Jhunjhunu is the district headquarters.
District location
The district falls within Shekhawati region, and is bounded on the northeast and east by Haryana state, on the southeast, south, and southwest by Sikar District, and on the northwest and north by Churu District.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census Jhunjhunu district has a population of 2,137,045, roughly equal to the nation of Namibia or the US state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 214th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 361 inhabitants per square kilometre (930/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.81%. Jhunjhunun has a sex ratio of 950 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74.72%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.88% and 1.95% of the population respectively.
Languages
Languages in Jhunjhunu district (2011)
Rajasthani (83.92%)
Hindi (10.03%)
Marwari (3.42%)
Urdu (1.70%)
Others (0.93%)
Shekhawati a dialect of Rajasthani Language and Hindi are mainly spoken languages. The language blends into Haryanvi along the Haryana border.
Places of interest
Industries
Famous copper mines are situated in the Khetri tehsil of the district. The Khetri Copper Complex of Hindustan Copper Limited is situated at a distance of 10 km from the Khetri town. It is the largest copper mine in India. It also has by-products i.e. sulphuric acid, fertilizer etc.
Education
Notable people
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70a0c3c0-a362-4a75-85a2-4dd105bc6780
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English footballer
George Charles Jacks (born 14 March 1946 in Stepney) is an English former professional footballer. His clubs included Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Gillingham, where he made over 150 Football League appearances. He joined near neighbours Gravesend & Northfleet in 1976 helping them to win the Southern League Cup in 1978. He was voted Player of the Year the following season. He joined Barking in 1981.
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ecdabb55-174d-41e8-be6e-feb5ccad6882
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null |
Thimbleby, with its variant Thymbleby, is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include the following:
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591f9b9a-c8b6-4de7-85ee-53cfcf97e37a
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabbay,_Harris"}
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Pabbay (Scottish Gaelic: Pabaigh) is an uninhabited island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland which lies in the Sound of Harris between Harris and North Uist. The name comes from Papey, which is Norse for "Island of the papar (Culdee)".
The island was once very fertile, supporting a three-figure population and exporting corn, barley and illicit whisky. Most of the stewards of St. Kilda were Pabbay men. The island was cleared for sheep in 1846. Pabbay is traditionally a home of Clan Morrison.
Pabbay lies within the South Lewis, Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development.
Footnotes
Coordinates: 57°46′14″N 7°14′3″W / 57.77056°N 7.23417°W / 57.77056; -7.23417
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04e25c91-5c03-4f2c-bf05-3440fe29cd6e
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Island_(Deception_Pass,_Washington)"}
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Strawberry Island is a small island in Island County, Washington, United States. It is located just east of Deception Pass, which separates Fidalgo Island (N) from Whidbey Island (S).
Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838–1842, found wild strawberries on the island and gave it the name Hautboy, after the variety of strawberry. In time, the more common name Strawberry became official.[verification needed]
Another Strawberry Island is located several miles north, near Cypress Island.
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9135a243-8287-4335-bd70-9f0417c419ab
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Monroney"}
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American politician
Almer Stillwell "Mike" Monroney (March 2, 1902 – February 13, 1980) was an American politician who served as a United States senator from Oklahoma from 1951 to 1969, and previously as the United States representative for Oklahoma's 5th congressional district from 1939 until 1951. A member of the Democratic Party, Monroney was the last Democrat to hold Oklahoma’s Class 3 Senate seat.
Background
He was born on March 2, 1902, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (then in Oklahoma Territory). His parents, A. E. "Doc" and Daisy Stillwell Monroney, had moved to Oklahoma Territory shortly after the Land Rush of 1889. Monroney graduated from the University of Oklahoma in 1924 with a degree in journalism. His college experience was distinguished with a Phi Beta Kappa key, the Bronze Letzeiser award for scholastic standing and activities, and membership in Pe-et, the university's oldest honor society.
Career
Monroney was a reporter for the Oklahoma News from 1924 to 1928. After hiring on with the Oklahoma News, he was assigned to report on local crime stories. Somehow, he scooped nearly every political reporter in the state by revealing that the well-respected Senator Robert L. Owen would not support former Governor John C. "Jack" Walton's bid for the Senate in 1924.
Monroney's career in journalism ended in 1928, when his father asked him to help with the family's furniture business. A few weeks later, his father died, leaving Mike as president of the company. In 1938 he ran for Congress as a Democrat and was elected, then reelected in the five next elections, until 1951. In 1932, Monroney married Mary Ellen Mellon.
House of Representatives
Monroney first ran for political office in 1937, when he entered the special election for the U.S. Fifth Congressional District against thirteen other Democrats. Although he was largely unknown, he at least came in third. He ran again in the next election (1938), and won the Democratic primary against the same number of hopefuls. He won the general election by a comfortable margin.
He was an active supporter of Presidents Roosevelt and Truman and most of their programs during his twelve years in the House of Representatives, even voting for the Taft-Wagner-Ellender Bill of 1949 that promised to build 810,000 public housing units. He was a strong supporter of foreign aid, joining the Herter Committee, which laid the foundation for the famous and highly successful Marshall Plan.
As a Representative, he co-authored the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. This was considered the only major reform of congress in the 20th Century. For this effort, he received the Collier's Magazine Award for Distinguished Congressional Service. In 1947–8, he served on the Herter Committee.
Senate
In 1950, Monroney challenged incumbent Elmer Thomas for the Democratic Party nomination to the U.S. Senate. Thomas had been politically powerful since Oklahoma was granted statehood, and was expected to win his fifth term in the Senate. Monroney upset him in the primary. The Republicans had already nominated Rev. W. H. "Bill" Alexander, pastor of Oklahoma City's First Christian Church. Monroney also won the general election. He served in that position until 1969, when he lost the seat to Henry Bellmon, formerly Republican Governor of Oklahoma.
Monroney was considered as a running mate for Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson in 1952, but was rejected for his lack of national recognition.
As a Senator, he sponsored the Automobile Information Disclosure Act of 1958. The law required that all new automobiles carry a sticker on a window containing important information about the vehicle. That sticker is commonly known as a "Monroney sticker". After the war there were many more Americans who wanted cars than there were cars and he saw that there was a need for consumer protection for the returning veterans. [citation needed]
As chairman of the Aviation Subcommittee of the Senate Commerce Committee, Monroney wrote and sponsored the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 that created the Federal Aviation Administration, to improve aviation safety and achieve better coordination of air traffic in the aftermath of several deadly air crashes. All private planes in the United States are registered at the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City. Air traffic controllers are also trained there. As a result of Monroney's contributions to aviation, he was known as "Mr. Aviation" in the Senate.
In 1958, Monroney was the supporter of a soft loan fund in the World Bank which later became the International Development Association. In 1961, he was awarded the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy by the National Aeronautics Association and in 1964 he received the first Tony Jannus Award for his distinguished contributions to the commercial aviation industry.
Monroney seemed unafraid of political controversies. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican from Wisconsin, was riding high in the Senate, and had become notorious for intimidating his opponents as enemies of the United States. Monroney and McCarthy clashed more than once in open debate. He played a part in having the Senate censure McCarthy for his extremist tactics. Monroney also risked losing his seat in 1956, when he refused to sign the Southern Manifesto that urged resistance to school desegregation. He voted for the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court.
He was voted by the Senate pages as "the nicest Senator." He lost reelection after thirty years of Congressional service in 1968 to former Republican Governor Henry Bellmon, who benefited from the coattails of the election of Richard M. Nixon as president.
Death
He died on February 13, 1980, in Rockville, Maryland. An active Episcopalian during his life, he left a $10,000 honorarium to the Episcopal Diocese of Oklahoma for the Casady School in Oklahoma City. After his death, half of the Senator's ashes and those of his wife were buried in Washington National Cathedral, where they had been active in the congregation. Mrs. Monroney served as a visitors guide at the cathedral every Friday afternoon for some 15 years. The other half of Senator Monroney's ashes was scattered at the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City.
Legacy
He was married to Mary Ellen Mellon of the Mellon banking family and had one son, Michael Monroney; four grandchildren, Erin Monroney, Alice Monroney, Michael Monroney, Jr. and Susanna Monroney Quinn; and four great-grandchildren.
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b9763b31-93da-473e-93ae-418796230f7e
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Hubbard"}
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Retired USAF colonel
Colonel Edward Lee Hubbard, USAF, (born May 18, 1938) is a retired American Air Force officer, author, artist, and internationally known motivational speaker.
Early life and education
Hubbard was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1938 to Mr. and Mrs. Jess E. Hubbard, and he remained in the area for the first 24 years of his life. He graduated from Shawnee Mission High School in May 1957. From December 1957 to August 1961, he worked in the men's garment industry.
Military service
Hubbard joined the United States Air Force Reserve at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base in 1955, at age seventeen. While there, he flew as a flight engineer in a C-119. In August 1961, he went on active duty and entered the aviation cadet program at James Connally Air Force Base in Texas for Basic Navigation Training. On July 6, 1962, he was commissioned and received his wings.
On July 20, 1966, while flying his 26th mission over North Vietnam, Hubbard and five others were shot down by two surface-to-air missiles. Hubbard was a First Lieutenant at the time. After running through the jungle for a number of hours, he was captured by the Viet Cong and put in a POW camp. There, he stayed in a six-by-six-foot cell and lived on less than 300 calories per day. After 2,420 days of being imprisoned, he was finally released on March 4, 1973, along with many others from his camp. This experience changed Hubbard's outlook on life.
After returning, Hubbard started using his new, positive way of thinking, and after only eight days of implementation – increased the productivity of a $350 million resource by 50%. He later inherited an organization designated "...the worst managed..." among 58 units by an Air Force audit. Within four months, Ed Hubbard turned the unit around and demonstrated statistically significant improvement in 96% of the audited areas.
During ten years as head of the largest safety organization in the Air Force, they shattered all records. They achieved 30% to 70% improvements in all categories, where a 3% improvement had long been the norm. Ed Hubbard's organization was recognized as "Best in the Air Force" for ten consecutive years, and a previously accepted, multimillion-dollar loss rate per year was reduced to less than fifty thousand dollars per year.
Hubbard retired from the Air Force as a colonel in 1990.
Honors and awards
Since March 22, 1983, a life-sized oil painting of Hubbard by artist, John Witt, hangs inside the Pentagon as part of the United States Air Force Art Collection.
In recognition of his contributions to the Air Force, Hubbard was inducted as an honorary Chief Master Sergeant in
September 1988.
Public speaking career and later life
When talking about being incarcerated, Hubbard said that nothing he learned in the Air Force prepared him for such an experience, but every day he spent in a cell taught him that survival is possible, even in the most dire situations. In 1985, he became involved in public speaking so that others could benefit from the lessons he learned in captivity. After retiring, he founded Positive Vectors, Inc., a firm dedicated to helping others overcome any obstacle, survive any ordeal, and reach any goal by developing the right state of mind. Since then, Hubbard has traveled all over the country and spoken to thousands of members of corporate America, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. His book, Escape from the Box: The Wonder of Human Potential, was published in January 1994. Hubbard currently lives in Fort Walton Beach, Florida with his wife, Jennifer.
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0bcf7b70-71bd-4d88-884a-cba5819d40f4
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoteuthis_danae"}
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Species of mollusc
Echinoteuthis danae is a species of whip-lash squid. Known only from specimens of paralarvae, the species may be the juvenile form of Echinoteuthis atlantica.
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bc0ad3bb-200a-48d5-a2c8-ea790b0475cd
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A2"}
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Motor vehicle
The Audi A2 (internally designated Typ 8Z) is a compact MPV-styled supermini car, with a five-door hatchback body style and four or five seats, produced by the German manufacturer Audi from November 1999 (for the 2000 model year) to August 2005. Based on the Audi Al2 concept car first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1997, the A2 was notable for being constructed from aluminium, which in combination with its efficient engines, made it an extremely economical car on fuel.
Packages available in Germany included 'Advance', 'Style', 'High Tech', and later 'S line'; whereas in the United Kingdom, the A2 was available in various trim levels, including: 'Standard', 'SE' (for 'Special Equipment'), 'Sport', 'Special Edition' (2005 only).
History
The A2 was produced at Audi's "aluminium" Neckarsulm plant in Germany on a special line purpose-built for it. It was the first five-door vehicle on sale in Europe with an average fuel consumption less than 3 litres per 100 kilometres (94.2 mpg‑imp; 78.4 mpg‑US), although these figures only applied to the special "3L" version with a diesel engine, automatic gearbox, stop-start system, less power and narrower tyres. Due to its construction, the average A2 weighs 830 kg. The last A2s to be produced were built in August 2005.
Styling
The A2 was a surprise when it debuted only two years after the original Al2 study. Many initial reviews, including those from What Car? and Autocar in the UK commented on the design.
Autocar's initial drive verdict
"The best thing about the A2 is that it isn’t merely a design exercise. Yes, it’s a great car to look at, sit in and touch, but it’s also a riot to drive".
The avant-garde styling did not, however, win favour with some potential customers. Audi was reported to be disappointed with the level of sales. The final production was only 176,377 units, in comparison to rival Mercedes-Benz's A-Class sales of 1 million.
Design, engineering and construction
The overriding theme in the design and engineering of the A2 was summarized by the then Audi UK product manager in an interview after the car won a design award in 2001 as "create a small Audi, not a cheap Audi", and the creative brief is said to have been "Transport four people from Stuttgart to Milan on a single tank of petrol".
The A2 is built with a considerable amount of aluminium and aluminium alloy, making it weigh significantly less than cars of similar size.[citation needed] Its reduced weight helps it to use much less fuel than vehicles using traditional steel monocoques. Under certain circumstances, consumption for the 1.2 TDI model can be as low as just over 2 litres per 100 kilometres (140 mpg‑imp; 120 mpg‑US). This version of the Audi A2 won the "Nordic Eco Run" fuel economy race in 2003, with a consumption of 2.62 L/100 km (107.8 mpg‑imp; 89.8 mpg‑US). Even the normal versions with petrol engines are capable of 5 L/100 km (56.5 mpg‑imp; 47.0 mpg‑US). The A2 was also notable for being the first Audi model since the 1970s Audi 50 (type 86) and Audi 100 (type 43) not to be offered with its 'trademark' quattro four-wheel drive option. The A2 has a coefficient of drag of between 0.25 and 0.29, depending on the specific version.
The A2 still uses a contemporary unibody construction, with significant elements of space frame principles, and it is tagged by Audi as an 'Audi Space Frame' design. The outer panels of the body have little or no structural function – similarities exist with the original Renault Espace – and the space frame bears the forces working on the car. The frame uses casts and extrusions which are laser welded together to make the space frame. Improvements in shell stability, durability and stiffness, lower weight, and more interior space are results of its construction. "The A2, on the other hand, was designed as an aluminum car and the spaceframe has been optimized by parts consolidation, using large, cost-effective castings instead of aluminum stampings".
Unfortunately, the cost of working with aluminium, particularly with small production runs, meant that the A2 was more expensive than other cars in its sector, competing with the A-class and losing. Much of the high production cost was due to so many parts not being "off the shelf" and being specifically optimized for the A2. From Autobild in 2003: "The A2 is not one of the models with the highest return on investment". The same article quotes the sales figures for 2002 as being 20,000 in Germany against 80,000 for the A-Class and "...lots of money for a car that is only 3.8m long."
Audi was the first manufacturer to try to incorporate lightweight building concepts using aluminium and associated alloys into a "mass market" vehicle.[citation needed] Previous efforts at using the Audi Space Frame were limited to the rather more expensive Audi A8. As a guide to the mass involved, the entire shell weighs so little that two people can easily pick it up, and the side panel over the doors including the A- and D-pillars weighs approximately 2 kg (4 lb). A 2002 model A2 with standard equipment has a mass of 895 kg (1,973 lb).
The A2 can thus be considered a trailblazer for various newer aluminium-based vehicles, such as the second generation Audi A8, the Audi TT, and Jaguar's recent X350 Jaguar XJ and 2006 Jaguar XK.
Parts of the A2 which are still made of steel include the bulkhead behind the front bumper (the "slam panel"), the wiper arm, standard A2 suspension components (the 3l ones are frequently of aluminium alloy), the rear brake drums and the exhaust system.
Interior
The A2 has a large interior space for the exterior dimensions, including a boot with 390 litres (13.8 cu ft) of space when the rear seats are in place. This is significantly larger than the luggage space of the next model in Audi's range, the Audi A3. Due to the "sandwich"-type construction, similar again to that of the Renault Espace or the Mercedes A-Class, the floorpan has an upper and a lower portion. The space in the middle is used to house various components, such as the fuel tank and the engine's electronics. The rear passengers also benefit, as their foot space reaches into this sandwich space, creating a comfortable seating position even for tall rear seat passengers. This is in direct contrast to the comfort available on the rear bench of an A-Class. To improve the weight distribution of the vehicle, its battery is located inside the boot, under the floor.
The A2's interior was very upmarket in comparison with other superminis.[citation needed] In both the UK and Europe, there were several choices of seat material and colour, comprising the standard Cirrus cloth, optional Matrix cloth, optional Alcantara/leather, or full pearl Nappa leather seat coverings. Sport models received sport seats with electrically adjustable lumbar support as standard in jacquard satin cloth. Seat materials were available in a choice of red, blue, beige ("jive" or "twist", code 4QC), pale grey ("platinum", code EC3), dark grey ("swing", 24S) or black ("soul", 6PS). Individual options were also available such as vivid yellow, red or blue seats, steering wheels, gear lever, handbrake lever and door armrests. The color.storm models introduced in 2003 brought bright colours to both the outside and inside of the A2, including "papaya" orange. Soft touch materials are used on the doors and contact areas in the centre console, though they have a tendency to wear over time, especially on the climate control keys.[citation needed]
Quattro GmbH – as Audi Exclusive – were prepared to customise the A2 in the same ways that they would any other Audi. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the number of "Individual" painted cars is extremely small; among the several thousand German A2 owners represented in the A2-freun.de forum, only two individual cars have ever been noted. The colours available corresponded to the extended Volkswagen Group palette at the time—including any Volkswagen Group colour and many others too—but the option was expensive, at around €2000. A set of 10 A2s is said to have been created in Almond beige with orange color.storm interiors as dealer demonstrators and at least two of these have been seen on the used market in the past. It is impossible to document the existence of these vehicles, not least due to the lack of co-operation from the German authorities in terms of freely available, reliable, colour information, and that used-car websites are not archived.
The A2 had many innovative ideas, such as the space floor storage system which was a box that slotted in the rear passenger foot well, a rear cup holder which unclipped, and a double (false) floor boot where items could be hidden from thieves or where the space saver spare wheel could be stored. The warning triangle and first aid kit are stowed directly to the left of the boot opening. The toolkit was stored, depending on equipment, next to the battery. If space was needed for the navigation system and/or the Bose subwoofer, it was moved to the sandwich compartment in front of the right-front seat (driver on UK cars, passenger on LHD ones). The headrests also do not need to be removed from the rear seats when they are folded, and a four-seater can have the rear seats removed in a matter of seconds. The rear seat belts have a clip in the upper section of the c-pillar, so that when the seats are folded and returned to their normal position, the belts do not get tangled. More examples of energy saving can be found in the glovebox light that only turns on when the lights are on and the freewheel pulley on the alternator belt, meaning that the alternator is only used when necessary. The climate compressor is also turned off when the ambient temperature drops below 5 °C. The ECON function of the climate control (where fitted) also turns off the auxiliary heating or the compressor, depending on temperature. This functionality is unaffected by the presence of fuel-powered or electrical auxiliary heating.
Service Hatch (Serviceklappe)
The front of the car included an unusual design feature called the "Serviceklappe" in German – this translates to "service hatch" or "service panel". On early cars, this was a glossy black panel at the lower edge of the bonnet (hood), where the radiator grille would normally be sited. Behind it are the filling points for oil and screen wash fluid and the dipstick. Thanks to these features, the bonnet does not need to be raised often.
The bonnet was widely rumoured to be sealed – Car and Driver wrote: "...feature of the A2 that may foretell the future: the sealed hood". Actually, the bonnet is easily removed, being held in place by two twist-lock catches. The bonnet, weighing 8 kg, then comes away from the car altogether, unlike the usual hinged flip-up arrangement on most other cars. Due to the service hatch, the bonnet does not need to be removed frequently for access to the engine.
Facelift and additional models
The service hatch is the most obvious indicator of the age of any particular A2. It was changed to matte black for the "color.storm" colour schemes, and for model year 2004 it acquired fake grille slats. However it can be changed easily, so it should not be taken as a reliable age indicator. Very little else was changed externally during the life of the car. Colours and wheels designs were changed mildly during the production run. The only other external indicator of the age of the car is the windscreen wiper. Very early models have a traditional blade, but starting in model year 2002, newer cars have a "flex" version ("Aerotwin" from Bosch, model 760).
Changes and additions
Pre-facelift Audi A2 TDI (UK)
Facelift Audi A2
Colour storm Imola Yellow
2000–2001
2002–2003
2003–2004
2005
Special versions
Audi also has a version of the A2 in its Neckarsulm plant which has been converted into a pickup truck by trainees – the "A2 Caddy". This was on public show for the first time at the A2-Club of Germany's annual meeting in Amberg, Germany, in August 2005. Pictures of the event are available on the German A2-freun.de site linked below.
Audi also released an S-line version in Germany as of late 2002, with 17" 9-spoke "RS4" style wheels (standard were 15"), sports seats with large side bolsters and lumbar support, special half-leather seat coverings with Pearl Nappa leather and Sprint cloth, leather handbrake handle, perforated leather gearstick and 3-spoke steering wheel and 10 mm lowered sports suspension. Additionally, the interior roof lining, the dashboard and carpets were black, the instrument faces titanium-coloured and an S-line badge was added to the rear doors. The driver information system and illuminated vanity mirrors for driver and passenger completed the package.
In the UK, the last Audi A2s (from early 2005 to June 2005) were badged as special edition models featuring a reduced price tag, digital climate control and a 'Concert II' radio with CD player as standard. They were the only models available in the UK at this time and were available with either the 1.4 petrol or 1.4 TDI engines. This special edition gave the A2 a final sales boost in the UK.[citation needed]
Lekker/DBM electric version
In October 2010, an A2 converted to electric power by Lekker Energie and DBM Energy completed an early morning 600-kilometre (370 mi) drive from Munich to Berlin on a single charge. Upon arrival, Rainer Bruederle, Germany's Economics Minister, called the test drive a "world record."
The car was said to still have 18% of its charge remaining on arrival in Berlin and the average speed was reported as being 90 km/h (56 mph). The "kolibri" batteries used in the design are so compact that the vehicle retains its four seats and boot space. A production version would be possible. "The technology could be implemented today. It is up to industry to use this potential," commented Mirko Hannemann, the head of DBM.
Remaining numbers in UK and Germany
The number of remaining A2s is decreasing over time. The aluminium chassis is frequently written off by insurers due to the relative dearth of "aluminium specialists" – for example one in all of Scotland – and the training and experience required to repair the shell. Welding is frequently required and aluminium is more difficult to weld than steel due to the lack of colour change when heated which acts as guide to temperature when welding steel. It is also usually welded with TIG welding which is a higher skill process than MIG welding that is commonly used with steel.
Other repair specialisations are subject to denial on the part of Audi both in the UK and Germany, especially when dealing with Open Sky. Certain dealerships, such as the mentioned Autohaus Rinner in Bad Tölz in southern Germany, have specialised in roof repairs and replacements.
The KBA ("Kraftfahrtbundesamt") released numbers on request and after payment to the German A2 club which indicate that around 70,000 A2s are registered in Germany as of end November 2010.[citation needed] Of those, less than 5,000 are 1.6 FSIs. This information was released on condition that it was not for publication, so the full statistics are only available to members. Colour information is not recorded.
1.2 TDI "3L"
The Audi A2 1.2 TDI had the lowest drag coefficient of any car in the world at the time of its launch. It was also one of the most economical and least polluting, only emitting 81 g/km (German emission standard D4) to 86 g/km (D3 emission standard) CO2 emissions. The Audi A2 3L reuses the engine and special gearbox developed for the equally efficient Volkswagen Lupo 1.2 TDI 3L.
Two versions of the car were available in Germany during its production run. The D4 version, which used only 3 L/100 km (94 mpg‑imp; 78 mpg‑US), was "standard." It had no power steering, air conditioning or other extras, with the only optional extra being body coloured door handles and wing mirrors. There were no optional extras because optional equipment adds weight and therefore reduces economy. It had a fixed rear seat cushion. The tested fuel economy was 2.88 L/100 km.
The second version, which was at least available in Germany, was a D3 version which was still capable of 3.0 L/100 km. This version had options for air conditioning, a winter package, and a comfort package, but was not available in all markets. Ordering these packages ensured power steering or spot lamps as part of a package. The OSS system was not available at all on the 3L.
Both versions had thinner glass, lighter seats, and 14" magnesium alloy wheels. The standard tyre fitment was 145/80 R14 T76 Bridgestone Ecopias or Continental Winter Tyres using very flat wheel covers to minimize turbulence. The engine block was also made from a light alloy, so even though it was a diesel, it weighed just 100 kg (220 lb).
The rear spoiler was reshaped, moved and extended through wind tunnel testing, and additional underbody panels were added to minimize drag to achieve a 0.25 cd figure. The car had an automated manual transmission with a Tiptronic mode on the selector. The car also had an ECO mode. When engaged it limited the power to 41 bhp (31 kW; 42 PS) (excluding kick down) and programmed the transmission to change up at the most economical point. ECO mode also activated the start/stop function, a feature that was new to European cars at the time. In ECO mode, the clutch was disengaged when the accelerator pedal was released for maximum economy, so the car freewheels as much as possible, with the clutch re-engaging as soon as the accelerator pedal or brake pedal is touched. The 3L also has only 4 wheel bolts and finned alloy brake drums at the rear, along with many aluminum suspension components. An internal presentation from Audi appears to indicate that the complete shell of a 3L A2 weighs around 15 kg (33 lb) less than that of a "normal" A2. The 3L has been noted on the Autobahn under non-scientific conditions to be faster at top speed than the standard A2, mainly as a result of the extremely long 5th gear ratio and the excellent aerodynamics.[citation needed]
A total of 6450 1.2 TDI models were built.
Technical specifications
The following internal combustion engines were available:
A2 Concept (2011)
At the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2011, Audi exhibited an entirely electric concept car, the A2 concept, previewing an expected new A2 production model. The superstructure made largely from aluminium, additional parts in Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer, and other construction techniques restrain the weight to only 1,150 kg.
A lithium-ion battery placed between the floor holds 24 kWh of usable charge. An electric motor is transversely mounted at the front of the vehicle, the electric motor delivers through the front wheels and uses a single-speed transmission. The vehicle will also incorporate shift-by-wire, brake-by-wire and steer-by-wire contactless technology, and LED matrix technology for the headlights and tail lights.
In June 2012, the UK's Car Magazine reported that Audi had put the electric A2 project on hold indefinitely, following disappointing European sales of other EVs, like the Nissan Leaf & Mitsubishi i-MiEV, and a projected retail price of over €40,000.
It was reported that, according to the director of e-mobility and sustainability strategy at Audi of America, the A2 electric concept was not a developmental prototype with a test program, but a one-off concept car to be shown at auto shows.
Technical specifications (2011 A2 concept)
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The Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Award for Best Special Make-Up Effects in a Motion Picture Made for Television or Special is one of the awards given annually to people working in the television industry by the Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild (MUAHS). It is presented to makeup artists who work in Special Effects makeup, or "Prosthetic makeup", whose work has been deemed "best" in a given year. In previous ceremonies, television films and specials were placed alongside miniseries, but this was changed in 2019, when miniseries nominees were placed alongside continuing series, while television films and specials were given this category.
Winners and nominees
2000s
Best Special Makeup Effects – Television (for a Mini-Series/Motion Picture Made for Television)
Best Special Makeup Effects in a Television Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
2010s
Best Special Make-Up Effects in a Motion Picture Made for Television or Special
2020s
Best Special Make-Up Effects in a Television Special, One Hour or More Program, or Movie for Television
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Place in Medelpad, Sweden
Bergeforsen is a locality situated in Timrå Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 1,563 inhabitants in 2010.
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The following are the statistics of the Swedish football Division 2 in the season of 2001.
League standings
Division 2 Norrland
Source: [citation needed]
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated
Division 2 Västra Svealand
Source: [citation needed]
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated
Division 2 Östra Svealand
Source: [citation needed]
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated
Division 2 Östra Götaland
Source: [citation needed]
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated
Division 2 Västra Götaland
Source: [citation needed]
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated
Division 2 Södra Götaland
Source: [citation needed]
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_family"}
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The history of the family is a branch of social history that concerns the sociocultural evolution of kinship groups from prehistoric to modern times. The family has a universal and basic role in all societies. Research on the history of the family crosses disciplines and cultures, aiming to understand the structure and function of the family from many viewpoints. For example, sociological, ecological or economical perspectives are used to view the interrelationships between the individual, their relatives, and the historical time. The study of family history has shown that family systems are flexible, culturally diverse and adaptive to ecological and economical conditions.
Definition of family
Co-residence and organization by kinship are both integral in the development of the concept of the family. A co-residential group that makes up a household may share general survival goals and a residence, but may not fulfill the varied and sometimes ambiguous requirements for the definition of a family.
Historiography
The history of the family emerged as a separate field of history in the 1970s, with close ties to anthropology and sociology. The trend was especially pronounced in the U.S. and Canada. It emphasizes demographic patterns and public policy. It is quite separate from genealogy, although it often draws on the same primary sources such as censuses and family records. An influential pioneering study came in 1978 called Women, Work, and Family. The authors, Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott, broke new ground with their broad interpretive framework and emphasis on the variable factors shaping women's place in the family and economy in France and England. It considered the interaction of production and reproduction in an analysis of women's wage labor and thus helped to bring together labor and family history. Much work has been done on the dichotomy in women's lives between the private sphere and the public. For a recent worldwide overview covering 7000 years, see Maynes and Waltner (2012).
History of childhood
The history of childhood is a growing subfield.
Family history methods
Early scholars of family history applied Darwin's biological theory of evolution in their theory of the evolution of family systems. American anthropologist, Lewis H. Morgan, published Ancient Society in 1877, based on his theory of the three stages of human progress, from savagery through barbarism, to civilization. Morgan's book was the "inspiration for Friedrich Engels' book", The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, published in 1884. Engels expanded Morgan's hypothesis that economic factors caused the transformation of primitive community into a class-divided society. Engels' theory of resource control and later that of Karl Marx was used to explain the cause and effect of change in family structure and function. The popularity of this theory was largely unmatched until the 1980s, when other sociological theories, particularly structural functionalism, gained acceptance.
The book, Centuries of Childhood by Philippe Ariès, published in France in 1960, had a great influence on the revival of the field of family history studies. Ariès used the analysis of demographic data to draw the conclusion that the concept of childhood was a concept that emerged in modern nuclear families.
Research methodology
Since the early 20th century, scholars have begun to unify methods of gathering data. One notable book by W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918), was influential in establishing the precedence of systematic longitudinal data analysis. Gathering church files, court records, letters, architectural and archeological evidence, art and iconography, and food and material culture increased the objectivity and reproducibility of family reconstruction studies. Studies of current family systems additionally employ qualitative observations, interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys.
Family of origin
In most cultures of the world, the beginning of family history is set in creation myths. In Works and Days, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod describes the epic destruction of four previous Ages of Man. The utopia that was the Golden Age was eventually replaced by the current Iron Age; a time when gods made man live in "hopeless misery and toil." Hesiod's second poem Theogony, described the Greek gods' relationships and family ties. Ancient Greeks believed that among them, were descendants of gods who qualified for priesthood or other privileged social status.
The Judeo-Christian tradition originates in the Bible's Book of Genesis. The first man and woman created by God gave rise to all of the humanity. The Bible reflects the patriarchal worldview and often refers to the practice of polygamy. In biblical times, men sought to prove their descent from the family of the prophet Moses in order to be accepted into the priesthood.
Roman families would include everyone within a household under the authoritarian role of the father, the pater familias; this included grown children and the slaves of the household. Children born outside of marriage, from common and legal concubinage, could not inherit the father's property or name; instead, they belong to the social group and family of their mothers'.
Most ancient cultures like those of Assyria, Egypt, and China, kept records of successors in the ruling dynasties to legitimize their power as divine in origin. Both the Inca king and the Egyptian Pharaoh claimed that they were direct descendants of the Sun God, and until the British Civil War, monarchs in England were considered second only to God and as God's representative on earth. Many other cultures, such as the Inca of South America, the Kinte of Africa, and the Māori of New Zealand, did not have a written language and kept the history of their descent as an oral tradition.
Many cultures used other symbols to document their history of descent. Totem poles are indigenous to the people of the Pacific Northwest. The symbolic representation of the pole goes back to the history of their ancestors and the family identity, in addition to being tied with the spiritual world.
European nobility had long and well-documented kinship relationships, sometimes taking their roots in the Middle Ages. In 1538, King Henry VIII of England mandated that churches begin the record-keeping practice that soon spread throughout Europe. Britain's Domesday Book from 1086, is one of the oldest European genealogy records. In ancient and medieval times, the history of one's ancestors guaranteed religious and secular prestige.
Christian culture puts notable emphasis on the family. There were two distinct family patterns that emerged in Christian Europe throughout the Middle Ages. In most of Southern and Eastern Europe, marriage occurred between two individuals who had lived with their parents for a long period of time. The man involved was older, usually in his late twenties, and the girl was often still a teenager. Their household would contain several generations, an occurrence demographers denote as a "complex" household. In contrast, areas in Northwestern Europe gave rise to a familial structure that was unique for the time period. The man and woman were typically around the same age, and would wait until they were in their early twenties to marry. Following the marriage, the couple would set up their own independent household (termed a "nuclear" household structure). This led to a lower birthrate, as well as greater levels of economic stability for the new couple. This also served as a check on the increasing population in Europe. Many women in this region during this time period would never marry at all. Historically, extended families were the basic family unit in the Catholic culture and countries.
In 1632, Virginia was the first state in the New World mandating a civil law that christenings, marriages, and burials were to be recorded. Historians of the family have made extensive use of genealogical data of the sort collected by organizations of descendants such as the National Society of Old Plymouth Colony Descendants, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society Sons of the American Revolution, and Society of the Descendants of the Founding Fathers of New England. The Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, a major scholarly organization in England founded in 1964, regularly consulted genealogists in developing their database for the history of the English family and statistical analysis of long-term demographic trends.
Evolution of household
The organization of the pre-industrial family is now believed to be similar to modern types of family. Many sociologists used to believe that the nuclear family was the product of industrialization, but evidence highlighted by historian Peter Laslett suggests that the causality is reversed and that industrialization was so effective in North-western Europe specifically because the pre-existence of the nuclear family fostered its development.
Family types of pre-industrial Europe belonged into two basic groups, the "simple household system" (the nuclear family), and the "joint family system" (the extended family). A simple household system featured a relatively late age of marriage for both men and women and the establishment of a separate household after the marriage or neolocality. A joint family household system was characterized by earlier marriage for women, co-residence with the husband's family or patrilocality, and co-residing of multiple generations. Many households consisted of unrelated servants and apprentices residing for periods of years, and at that time, belonging to the family. Due to shorter life expectancy and high mortality rates in the pre-industrialized world, much of the structure of a family depended on the average age of the marriage of women. Late marriages, as occurred in the simple household system, left little time for three-generation families to form. Conversely, in the joint family household system, early marriages allowed for multi-generational families to form.
The pre-industrial family had many functions including food production, landholding, regulation of inheritance, reproduction, socialization and education of its members. External roles allowed for participation in religion and politics. Social status was also strictly connected to one's family.
Additionally, in the absence of government institutions, the family was the only resource to cope with sickness and aging. Because of the industrial revolution and new work and living conditions, families changed, transferring to public institutions responsibility for food production and the education and welfare of its aging and sick members. Post-industrial families became more private, nuclear, domestic and based on the emotional bonding between husband and wife, and between parents and children.
Historian Lawrence Stone identifies three major types of family structure in England: in about 1450–1630, the open lineage family dominated. The Renaissance era, 1550–1700, brought the restricted patriarchal nuclear family. The early modern world 1640-1800 emphasized the closed domesticated nuclear family. Stone's conclusions have been disputed by other historians; Peter Laslett and Alan MacFarlane believe the nuclear family became common in England beginning in the thirteenth century.
Post-materialist and postmodern values have become research topics related to the family. According to Judith Stacy in 1990, "We are living, I believe, through a transitional and contested period of family history, a period 'after' the modern family order." As of 2019, there are more than 110 million single people in the United States. More than 50% of the American adult population is single compared to 22% in 1950. Jeremy Greenwood, Professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania has explored how technological progress has affected the family. In particular, he discusses how technological advance has led to more married women working, a decline in fertility, an increase in the number of single households, social change, longer lifespans, and a rise in the fraction of life spent in retirement. Sociologist Elyakim Kislev lists some of the major drivers for the decline in the family institution: women’s growing independence, risk aversion in an age of divorce, demanding careers, rising levels of education, individualism, secularization, popular media, growing transnational mobility, and urbanization processes.
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Branch of the Torricelli language family
The Kombio-Arapeshan languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family according to Laycock (1975), but this is doubted by Foley (2018).
Languages
Kombio-Arapeshan
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American chef
Melvin Jerome "Rome" Brown (born July 6, 1967) is an American chef who has worked for Colin Powell, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Cam Newton, Nancy Kerrigan, Priscilla Presley, and was personal chef to Shaquille O'Neal. His expertise is in Southern United States cuisine.
In 1986 he enlisted in the United States Army as a cook and later was the area chef at Disney's Contemporary Resort.
Personal life
Brown was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey and currently lives in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He has two children Jasmine and Joshua who appeared with him on The 700 Club in 2007.
Publications
Brown has authored two cookbooks: Eat Like A Celebrity: Southern Cuisine with a Gourmet Twist (released December 2013) and Carolina Soul: The down home taste of the Carolinas released (April 10, 2018). His first cookbook Eat Like A Celebrity: Southern Cuisine with a Gourmet Twist, was awarded 2014 Cookbook of the Year at the African American Literary Awards Show.
Television
Brown has cooked for many celebrities and heads of state, including Shaquille O'Neal and the current King of Sweden. He has also made television appearances as a competitor on Extreme Chef on the Food Network, two appearances on The 700 Club where he was interviewed by Pat Robertson, and I've Got Skills on ESPN.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lenz"}
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Fritz Gottlieb Karl Lenz (9 March 1887 in Pflugrade, Pomerania – 6 July 1976 in Göttingen, Lower Saxony) was a German geneticist, member of the Nazi Party, and influential specialist in eugenics in Nazi Germany.
Biography
The pupil of Alfred Ploetz, Lenz took over the publication of the magazine "Archives for Racial and Social Biology" from 1913 to 1933 and received in 1923 the first chair in eugenics in Munich. In 1933 he came to Berlin where he established the first specific department devoted to eugenics, at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics.
Lenz specialised in the field of the transmission of hereditary human diseases and "racial health". The results of his research were published in 1921 and 1932 in collaboration with Erwin Baur and Eugen Fischer in two volumes that were later combined under the title Human Heredity Theory and Racial Hygiene (1936).
This work and his theory of "race as a value principle" placed Lenz and his two colleagues in the position of Germany's leading racial theorists. Their ideas provided scientific justification for Nazi ideology, in particular its emphasis on the superiority of the "Nordic race" and the desirability of eliminating allegedly inferior strains of humanity – or "life unworthy of life" (Lebensunwertes Leben). Lenz was a member of the "Committee of Experts for Population and Racial Policy". He joined the Nazi party in 1937 while serving as the head of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics.
After World War II, Lenz continued to work as a Professor of genetics at the University of Goettingen. When questioned, Lenz said that the Holocaust would undermine the study of human genetics and racial theory. He continued to believe that eugenic theories of racial differences had been scientifically proven.[citation needed]
Two of his sons are Hanfried Lenz and Widukind Lenz.
Theories
For Lenz, human genetics established that the connection between racial identity and human nature was actually physical in character. This extended to political affiliations. Lenz even claimed that the revolutionary agitation in Germany after 1918 was caused by inferior racial elements, warning that the nation's racial superiority was threatened. He stated that "The German nation is the last refuge of the Nordic race … before us lies the greatest task of world history". For Lenz, this validated the racialised politics of the Nazis.
He justified the Nuremberg laws of 1935 in this way:
As important as the external features for their evaluation is the lineage of individuals, a blond Jew is also a Jew. Yes, there are Jews who have most of the external features of the Nordic race, but who nevertheless display Jewish mental tendencies. The legislation of the National Socialist state therefore properly defines a Jew not by external race characteristics, but by descent.
Likewise, Lenz took the view that Slavs were inferior to Nordic peoples, and that they threatened to "overrun the superior Volk (people)." In 1940, Lenz advised the SS that "The resettlement of the Eastern zone is … the most consequential task of racial policy. It will determine the racial character of the population living there for centuries to come."[citation needed]
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigshospitalet"}
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Hospital in Capital Region, Denmark
Rigshospitalet (meaning The National, State or Hospital of the Realm, but not usually translated) is the largest public and teaching hospital in Copenhagen and the most highly specialised hospital in Denmark. The hospital's main building is a 16-storey functionalist highrise, one of the tallest structures in the central parts of the city. Rigshospitalet neighbours the Panum Building which houses the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen. As a teaching hospital it is part of the framework organisation Copenhagen University Hospital.
Name
The Danish name is not usually translated to English. The prefix Rigs- is used in the names of some Danish state institutions, especially in a solemn or prestigious context or for authorities serving for the whole Danish Realm including Greenland and the Faroe Islands. It is the genitive of rige ('realm, kingdom, empire') and the cognate word is used similarly in Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and Dutch (and in German until 1945). The prefix Stats- ('of the state') is more widely used, but implies a slightly lower level in the hierarchy. Although Rigshospitalet was founded as a state hospital, as opposed to the normal hospitals operated by counties, the Danish term Statshospital was until 1977 used only for psychiatric institutions.
The hospital itself explains the name was given because its predecessor, Royal Frederick's Hospital, was handed over to the state and became open to patients from the whole Danish Realm.
Rigshospitalet is often abbreviated RH and colloquially also called Riget (literally meaning 'the realm' or 'the kingdom'), hence the name of von Trier's thriller TV series The Kingdom which was set at the hospital, and Stephen King's American version Kingdom Hospital.
History
Rigshospitalet was founded on 30 March 1757 as Kongelig Frederiks Hospital, named after King Frederick V and situated in Bredgade in central Copenhagen. The buildings are now occupied by the Danish Museum of Art & Design. Since 1903 the state has been the owner of the hospital (whereas other hospitals in Denmark are owned by the regions, formerly by the counties). In 1910 the hospital was renamed and moved to its present location in ten low buildings surrounding a central garden designed by architect Martin Borch. In 1970 most of the buildings were replaced by the present highrise concrete building designed by architect Jørgen Stærmose, while some of the surrounding older buildings still serve hospital functions. In 1995 the hospital was handed over to Hovedstadens Sygehusfællesskab (HS, The Capital Hospital Trust) which in 2007 was absorbed by the Capital Region. In 2007 a helipad was built on top of the hospital. Until then, rescue helicopters and helicopters transferring patients would land in the neighbouring park Fælledparken.
In 2021 Rigshospitalet was ranked as the worlds 15th best hospital by Statista and Newsweek.
Key figures
As of 2021, some key figures at Rigshospitalet are:
Services
Rigshospitalet's mission is to be Denmark's leading hospital for patients needing highly specialized treatment. Its main specialist role has been enhanced in recent years by the decision that it should serve as the host institution for many of Copenhagen's speciality departments. Because of this, other hospitals refer patients to Rigshospitalet for the unique expertise available there.
Rigshospitalet's neighbor, the Panum Building, houses the University of Copenhagen's Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. This proximity optimizes a close cooperation between the two in the fields of research and development. The Nordic Cochrane Centre and the University Centre for Nursing and Care Research are in Rigshospitalet.
With 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000 outpatients annually. In addition to its 8,000 personnel (7,000 full-time equivalents), the hospital trains, hosts, and has the in-service advantages of students of medicine and other health care sciences, as well as scientists working within Rigshospitalet under a variety of research grants.
Rigshospitalet has a trauma centre specialised at receiving severely injured patients. Ordinary emergency department treatment has been relegated to the other hospitals in Copenhagen.
Social and cultural significance
The hospital is the location of Lars von Trier's three-season television horror mini-series The Kingdom.
Queen Margrethe II's children, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim, were both born at Rigshospitalet (though the Queen had intended to give birth to her firstborn at Amalienborg Palace but had to be transferred to Rigshospitalet where Frederik was delivered by emergency C-section). Likewise, Frederik's four children, Christian, Isabella, Vincent and Josephine, and Joachim's four children, Nikolai, Felix, Henrik and Athena, were all born there.
Blood contamination
Two patients were infected with HIV at Rigshospitalet in February 2007 after getting a blood transfusion with infected blood. The blood had been tested for antibodies, where HIV infections in the very earliest phase potentially can be overlooked. The contagion could, according to experts, probably have been discovered if the blood had been tested with the newer nucleic acid test, which since 2009 is a requirement..
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Br%C3%BCck"}
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Gregor Brück (1485–1557) was a 16th-century figure of the Reformation, and Saxon Chancellor. He is also known by his latinised name Gregorius Pontanus. His role in the early 16th century in Germany, as legal advisor to Martin Luther, may be said to earn him the title of Lawyer of the Reformation. Although now much forgotten or unknown, his contribution to European history was almost certainly world-changing.
Life
He was born Gregor Henisch or Heinz, the son of Georgius Heinz, the mayor of Brück in Brandenburg. His older brother was Simon Heinz.
In autumn of 1502 he enrolled in the University of Wittenberg as "Gregorius Henrish von Brück" (meaning from the town of Brück). This "error", naming him after his birthplace, stuck with him for the rest of his life. He was awarded the degree of bachelor in December 1505. In 1506 he went to the University of Frankfurt to study law under Heironymus Schurff, and earned his doctorate in 1509. He then worked with the lawyer Henning Gode and quickly gained a strong reputation.
In 1519 he returned to Wittenberg as a town councillor at the request of Frederick the Wise. There he lived in a house on the southeast corner of the marketplace, facing the town hall. Martin Luther was a close neighbour and worked with him on drafting his arguments for the Diet of Worms, a pivotal point in the Reformation.
His neighbours to the west were Lucas Cranach the Elder and his son Lucas Cranach the Younger.
In the Wittenberg movement of October 1521, Gregor Brück was the chief negotiator between the church, the university and the town council in resolving issues within a legal framework. This movement brought about the abolition of Mass in the Wittenberg church where Luther preached. Gregor Brück also attended the Diet of Speyer in 1526 and again in 1529.
In January 1529 he resigned as councillor and was replaced by Christian Beyer. His role then appears to have changed to that of a legal advisor to the Reformation. In June 1530 he attended the Diet of Augsburg and presented the Holy Roman Emperor with the Augsburg Confession which had been written under his guidance by Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon and Justus Jonas.
On 22 September 1530 Gregor Brück represented the Protestant faith in the formal written declaration to the established Catholic church, delivered at Wittenberg town hall. This is arguably the formal beginning of the Reformation and start date of the Protestant church.
Later in 1531 he represented the Protestant faith at the creation of the Schmalkaldic League, an important peace treaty between the Protestants and Catholics, signed in 1532. In this role he was critical in maintaining peace and mutual acceptance between the diverging faiths in Germany. These roles appear to have been funded (and possibly conceived) by his patron Frederick the Wise and his successors. Throughout this period Gregor Brück remained legal advisor to Luther and Melanchthon.
After a major political change in Wittenberg in 1547 he lost his long-established functions. He then first went to Weimar, then to Jena in Thuringia, where he became Professor of Law at the Gymnasium, and was instrumental in raising its status to that of a university.
He died in Jena on 15 February 1557 and is buried in the Stadtkirche there.
Family
In 1515 he married Anna Bule (d.1527), daughter of the Wittenberg councillor, Kilian Bule. Following her death, in 1535 he married Barbara Wollner (d.1567).
Between the two wives he had at least 11 children , all of whom took the surname Bruck. The most notable was Christian Bruck, a Saxon Chancellor who married Barbara Cranach, daughter of Lucas Cranach the Elder and sister of Lucas Cranach the Younger. Their great grandson was the poet Goethe.
His daughter Barbara Bruck married Lucas Cranach the Younger. The Cranach's were his neighbours.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adam"}
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Scottish association football player
Charles Graham Adam (affectionately nicknamed Parched) (born 10 December 1985) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Adam started his senior career with Rangers. He spent much of his early senior career on loan to Ross County and St Mirren. While on loan to St Mirren during the 2005–06 season, Adam was part of the team that won both the Scottish Challenge Cup and First Division, playing in over thirty matches for the Saints. Upon returning to Rangers at the end of the 2006 season, he became a regular under managers Paul Le Guen and Walter Smith. Adam was also part of the Rangers team that reached the 2008 UEFA Cup Final.
After falling out of favour at Rangers during 2008–09, Adam was loaned out to English Championship side Blackpool. The loan was made permanent at the start of the 2009–10 season, and Adam became an integral part of the Blackpool side, captaining the team to a play-off victory over Cardiff City which resulted in their promotion to the Premier League. Adam shone in his first season in the Premier League, his performances being recognised with a nomination for the PFA Players' Player of the Year in April 2011; however, Blackpool were relegated the following month, and he transferred to Liverpool in July.
After one season at Anfield, Adam joined Stoke City in August 2012 for a fee of £4 million. He spent seven seasons with Stoke, making 179 appearances, before joining Reading in July 2019. Adam returned to his boyhood club Dundee in September 2020. He would captain them for two years and led them to promotion to the Scottish Premiership.
Adam played at under-21, B and full international levels for Scotland.
Club career
Rangers
Adam was part of the Dundee and Rangers youth set-ups. He won the Scottish Youth Cup with Rangers in 2001–02. He made his senior debut for Rangers on 14 April 2004 against Livingston. He played sporadically for Rangers thereafter, but did not become a first-team regular until the management of Paul Le Guen.
Adam made an appearance at the start of the 2004–05 season, and then joined First Division club Ross County on loan for the rest of that campaign. While in Dingwall, Adam made fifteen appearances, scoring twice, against Raith Rovers and St Mirren. He also played in the 2004 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Falkirk. County were ahead courtesy of David Winters 56th-minute goal. Adam was substituted in the 60th minute as was teammate Sean Higgins six minutes later. Neil Scally and Darryl Duffy then scored in 70 and 75 minutes respectively for Falkirk to come back to lift the trophy.
Adam then joined First Division side St Mirren on loan for the 2005–06 season. During his spell in Paisley, he again appeared in the 2005 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, however this time he was on the winning side as St Mirren defeated Hamilton Academical 2–1. He was also part of the team that won the First Division title in May 2006. In total he made 37 appearances and scored nine goals for the "Buddies" during a very successful stint in Paisley.
After playing for Rangers during a July 2006 pre-season trip to South Africa, including scoring a hat-trick against a Jomo Select side, Adam began the 2006–07 season with the club, and he started in their first league match against Motherwell. He continued to be a regular for Rangers as the season progressed, and scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 UEFA Cup win over Livorno on 19 October. This was one of fourteen goals Adam scored that season, including strikes against Israeli sides Hapoel Tel Aviv and Maccabi Haifa, as well as a goal in an end-of-season Old Firm match from a free-kick. On 16 April 2007, at the end of his first season in the first team, Adam was voted by Rangers fans as the club's Young Player of the Year at an award ceremony.
On 28 June 2007, it was announced that Adam had signed a new five-year contract with Rangers. Adam had scored his first UEFA Champions League goal on 19 September against VfB Stuttgart, and his second in the return fixture. Adam played against Panathinaikos and Werder Bremen in Rangers run to the 2008 UEFA Cup Final where he was an unused substitute as Rangers lost 2–0 to Zenit Saint Petersburg. That season Rangers also won the 2007–08 Scottish League Cup and the 2007–08 Scottish Cup, but Adam was suspended for the League Cup final against Dundee United and left out of the squad for the Scottish Cup final against Queen of the South.
Blackpool
On 2 February 2009, Adam signed on loan with English Championship club Blackpool until the end of the 2008–09 season, after caretaker manager Tony Parkes initially enquired about having Alan Gow loaned to the club again. Five days later, after an altercation with Richie Wellens, he was sent off on his debut for the Seasiders during a 3–2 defeat by Doncaster Rovers at Bloomfield Road.
On 25 February, after serving a three-match suspension, Adam scored twice, including a goal from just inside the halfway line, for the club's reserve team as they beat Accrington Stanley 4–2. Adam scored his first Football League goal for Blackpool in a 2–0 victory over Norwich City at Bloomfield Road on 7 March. Two days later he was named in the Football League's "Championship Team of the Week". His second goal for Blackpool came on 11 April in their 1–0 West Lancashire derby win over Preston North End at Deepdale. Tony Parkes publicly admitted he was keen to sign Adam permanently. He said, "I have spoken to our club secretary and we will be in touch with Rangers to see if we can do a deal for Charlie". At the end of the season, after two goals in 13 appearances, he returned to Rangers.
On 6 July 2009, Rangers confirmed that they had accepted a bid from Blackpool and that he was set to sign for the Seasiders the following day, subject to personal terms being agreed. The following day, Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed a deal had been agreed with the Ibrox club, but stressed that talks with Adam would take place on 9 July, once Adam had spoken with Rangers manager Walter Smith. Four weeks later on 2 August, with Adam still a Rangers player and having been on their pre-season trip to Germany, Smith confirmed that the player was in talks with Blackpool, saying, "Adam is talking to Blackpool at the moment. The clubs have agreed a fee and it will be up to Charlie and his representative."
In August 2009 Adam signed a two-year contract with Blackpool with the option of a further year, in a club-record transfer fee of £500,000. His competitive debut as a permanent Blackpool player was in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road later that month. His first goal came on 26 August in a 4–1 home win over Wigan Athletic in the League Cup.
In January 2010 he was named in the Press Association's Championship "Team of the Week", along with teammate Neal Eardley, following his performance two days before in the 3–2 home victory over Watford. That same month Adam won the Championship Player of the Month award and was voted the PFA Championship Fans' Player of the Month for January 2010. In March, Adam scored in his 50th league appearance for Blackpool, a 2–0 win at Plymouth Argyle. Just under a month later, Adam was named in the PFA "Championship Team of the Year".
Blackpool qualified for that season's play-offs. Adam scored a match-winning penalty against Nottingham Forest in the semi-final first leg, and Blackpool won the tie on aggregate. In the play-off final Adam scored a free-kick as Blackpool beat Cardiff City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and gained promotion to the Premier League.
In the fourth week of the 2010–11 Premier League season, Adam was named in the official Team of the Week. He was named again in week seven, alongside teammate Luke Varney. In early December, a tribunal ruled in favour of Adam in a dispute over unpaid bonuses from the previous season. They found that Blackpool were required to pay the player £25,000 for successfully avoiding relegation to League One. The club had argued that the promotion bonus (which had been stipulated in Adam's contract) superseded the 'survival bonus.' The panel upheld Adam's complaint, but did not agree with his second argument that the failure to pay the amount constituted a breach of contract on the club's part. As a result, both parties were responsible for their own legal fees – leaving Adam with a very small net gain from the venture.
In January 2011, Blackpool rejected a £4.5 million bid from Liverpool to buy Adam, an amount described by manager Ian Holloway as "disgraceful". Blackpool then rejected a transfer request that Adam had made to the club. He was one of seven nominees for the 2010–11 PFA Players' Player of the Year. However, Adam and his Blackpool teammates were relegated at the season's end. In May 2011, Blackpool activated an option to increase Adam's contract by a further twelve months.
Liverpool
In July 2011 Liverpool signed Adam from Blackpool for a fee of £6.75 million after having their initial bid rejected. He played the second half of Liverpool's friendly against Guangdong Sunray Cave in a 4–3 win on 13 July. On 13 August 2011, Adam made his full debut in Liverpool's first game of the 2011–12 Premier League, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Sunderland at Anfield. There, he assisted the opening goal from Luis Suárez from a free kick outside the area.
On 27 August 2011, Adam scored his first Premier League goal for Liverpool in a match against Bolton Wanderers which Liverpool went on to win 3–1. On 18 September 2011, Adam was shown a second yellow card for a challenge on Scott Parker in a 4–0 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur. Adam helped Liverpool beat local rivals Everton 2–0 on 1 October 2011. He then scored a penalty in a 2–0 win away at West Bromwich Albion. Liverpool reached the 2012 Football League Cup Final where they defeated Championship side Cardiff City in a penalty shootout, despite Adam missing his kick. They also made it to the 2012 FA Cup Final, which Adam missed due to injury as they lost 2–1 to Chelsea.
Stoke City
On 31 August 2012 Adam signed a four-year contract at Stoke City for an undisclosed fee believed to be around £4 million. He made his debut for Stoke the following day in a 2–2 draw against Wigan Athletic. After leaving Liverpool, Adam stated he left in order to play more games. He scored his first goal for Stoke in a 1–0 victory against Queens Park Rangers on 10 November 2012. He scored in another 1–0 win for Stoke two weeks later against Fulham. Adam was given compassionate leave after his father died on 17 December 2012. Adam then spent three months in and out of the team before returning to the starting line up in April and scored the winning goal against Norwich City which eased Stoke's relegation worries. He dedicated his goal to his father. Adam ended the 2012–13 season a poor note, being sent off against Tottenham Hotspur for two bookable offences.
Adam scored Stoke's first goal of the 2013–14 season as City beat Crystal Palace 2–1 on 24 August 2013. Adam then scored a penalty in a 3–3 draw with Swansea City and then in the next match against Sunderland in a 2–0 victory. Adam came off the bench to help Stoke to a 2–1 victory over Aston Villa on 21 December 2013 which earned him praise from manager Mark Hughes for his contribution. He scored Stoke's second goal against his former club Liverpool on 12 January 2014 in a 5–3 defeat. On 1 February 2014, Adam scored twice in a 2–1 win over Manchester United to help Stoke record a first league win over the Red Devils since 1984. His first goal however was later ruled by the Premier League as a Michael Carrick own goal. In the next match against Southampton on 8 February, Adam provided assists for both Stoke's goals in a 2–2 draw. He was given a three-match retrospective ban by the FA following an altercation with Olivier Giroud in a 1–0 win over Arsenal on 1 March 2014. On 11 May 2014 Adam scored the winning goal against West Bromwich Albion on the final day of the season which earned Stoke 9th place in the Premier League.
Adam scored his first goals of the 2014–15 against Sunderland and Swansea City. In November 2014 he lost his place in the side due to the form of Bojan Krkić. On 4 April 2015 Adam scored from 65 yards against Chelsea in a 2–1 defeat. Adam described his goal as a "once in a lifetime goal". Adam then went and scored four more goals in April and May including on the final day of the season in a 6–1 victory against his former club Liverpool. Adam ended the season by playing and scoring for Dundee in Julián Speroni's testimonial. Adam signed a new contract with Stoke on 20 June 2015.
Adam made 25 appearances in 2015–16, 11 of which were as a substitute. He scored once, on 30 April 2016 against Crystal Palace. He played 28 times in 2016–17, as Stoke finished in 13th position. Adam again scored one goal which was a penalty against Arsenal in December 2016. Adam struggled for playing time in 2017–18, making 14 appearances, as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship. Adam made two noticeable errors during Stoke failed survival bid as he saw his last minute penalty saved against Brighton & Hove Albion in February and was needlessly sent-off against Everton in March. Following relegation Adam criticised the behaviour of some of his teammates.
Adam struggled for playing time under Gary Rowett in the first half of the 2018–19 season before he was brought back into the squad by Nathan Jones in January 2019, before a calf injury disrupted his comeback. Adam revealed in April 2019 that he wanted to extend his contract at Stoke. However, after talks with manager Nathan Jones, Adam left Stoke at the end of the season.
Adam met with Blackpool's new owner Simon Sadler about possibly rejoining the club and hopefully finishing his career there. "But, out of the blue, I got an opportunity to go and play for Reading in the Championship."
In 2021, it was revealed that Adams had been nicknamed Parched by his teammates. This was not known to Adams at the time, and stemmed from a mistaken belief by his teammates that he was ingratiating with management when there was drinks break during training. The nickname came to prominence after being discussed by Peter Crouch on his podcast, That Peter Crouch Podcast.
Reading
On 22 July 2019, Adam joined Reading, signing a one-year contract. He scored his first goal for Reading from the penalty spot in a 3–0 victory over Derby County at the Madejski Stadium on 21 December 2019. Adam was released by Reading at the end of the season.
Dundee and retirement
On 15 September 2020, after training on his own and having considered an offer to play in Australia, Adam joined his boyhood club Dundee on a two-year deal, which he described as being a "dream" of his. In an interview with FourFourTwo, Adam stated he believed Dundee would be his final club, due to his age and happiness at Dens Park.
Adam made his debut for Dundee in a Scottish League Cup tie against Brora Rangers on 10 October 2020. His first goal followed in his first league game in a defeat to Hearts. After a successful start to his time with the Dee, during which he was made captain, Adam was awarded the SPFL's Championship Player of the Month for December. At the end of the season, Adam was named to PFA Scotland's Championship Team of the Year for 2020–21, as well as being shortlisted as a finalist for their Championship Player of the Year. Adam would captain the club to winning the Premiership play-offs and helping Dundee to a return to the Scottish Premiership. Afterwards, Adam described this achievement as the highlight of his career, stating: "This is the best. I've dreamed of playing for my boyhood club in the top division and we've managed to get there." Adam would also be included in the SPFL's Championship Team of the Season, and would be named the Championship Player of the Year.
Adam sustained a groin injury in a Premiership match against Motherwell in August 2021, and despite avoiding surgery he was ruled out for six weeks. He would make his return in October and be nominated Man of the Match in a home win over Aberdeen. Adam's final few months of the season would feature various highs and lows, with a dive against St Johnstone and an unfortunate "assist" for St Mirren both going viral along with the club being relegated, but also scoring impressive goals against Dundee United and in the club's final home game of the season against Hibernian, with the Dundee derby goal winning Dundee's Goal of the Season. Adam left Dundee following the end of his contract in May 2022.
On 21 September 2022, Adam officially announced his retirement from professional football at the age of 36.
International career
Adam was called up by national manager Alex McLeish to the Scotland squad for the first time on 11 May 2007 for a friendly against Austria and a Euro 2008 qualifying Group B match against the Faroe Islands. He made his debut at the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium in Vienna on 30 May as a 67th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 victory. He then made his competitive debut as a 77th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over the Faroe Islands at the Svangaskarð stadium in Toftir on 6 June.
Adam was recalled to the Scotland squad by manager George Burley for a friendly against Japan on 10 October 2009 at the Nissan Stadium, Yokohama, Japan. On 10 November 2009, Adam was drafted into the Scotland squad for the friendly against Wales four days later.
He replaced his former Rangers teammate Kevin Thomson, who pulled out due to illness. George Burley said of Adam: "He scored a cracking goal for Blackpool last weekend. He is a very good replacement. He has been playing consistently, is a quality player, and is getting a real benefit from playing regularly."
Personal life
Adam is the son of former professional player Charlie Adam, a midfielder who played for various Scottish clubs in the 1980s and 1990s. His father died on 17 December 2012, aged 50; the cause of death was publicly revealed as suicide in 2015. Adam's mother, Eleanor, fell ill with cancer, and was a big factor in his move back to Scotland. She died in December 2020. Adam's brother, Grant, is a goalkeeper who is currently playing for fellow Dundee-based side Lochee United. He has four other siblings: brothers Gary, Connor and Grant, and sister Nicola.
Adam grew up supporting Dundee. He attended Dundee's Braeview Academy, alongside fellow future footballers Garry Kenneth and Scott Robertson (the latter of which he would be reunited with at Dundee).
Adam is married to Sophie Anderson, whom he met in September 2009 in her hometown of Poulton-le-Fylde during a night out with some of his Blackpool teammates. They have two sons, Jack and Louis, and a daughter, Anabella. He moved with his family to Glasgow after signing for Dundee, having lived in Poulton-le-Fylde since his days at Blackpool.
Adam was arrested and charged with a drink-driving offence in December 2021. In January 2022 he pleaded guilty; he was fined £2000 and disqualified from driving for one year.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Ross County
St Mirren
Rangers
Blackpool
Liverpool
Dundee FC
Individual
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Quersin"}
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Belgian sport shooter
Henri Quersin (26 June 1863 – 24 October 1944) was a Belgian sport shooter. Competing for Belgium, he won a silver medal in team clay pigeons at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.
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Brazilian footballer
Ênio Oliveira Júnior, known as Eninho, (born 16 May 1981) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
Club career
Eninho was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. He played for Brazilian clubs Mogi Mirim, São Caetano, Portuguesa, Grêmio, Guarani, Vila Nova, Coruripe, CRB, Murici and Marília, and for South Korean clubs Suwon Samsung Bluewings, Daegu FC, Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors and Chinese club Changchun Yatai.
Changchun Yatai
On 31 July 2013, he made his debut for Yatai in a 1-1 away draw against Qingdao Jonoon in the Chinese Super League. On 21 September 2013, he scored his first goal for the club in a 2-0 home win against Dalian Aerbin. On 30 October 2013, he was sent off in an eventual 2-1 defeat away at Shanghai Shenhua, theremore missing the pivotal final home game against Liaoning Whowin. Yatai eventually won the game 1-0 and successfully stayed up.
Honours
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
Individual
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American nutrition and child health academic
Anna Maria Siega-Riz is an American nutrition, maternal and child health scientist and academic administrator. She is dean of the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences. Siega-Riz was previously associate dean for research and the Jeanette Lancaster Alumni Professor of Nursing at University of Virginia School of Nursing.
Education
Anna Maria Siega-Riz completed a Bachelors of Science in Public Health with a major in nutrition at UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health in 1982. She earned a Master of Science in Food, Nutrition, and Food Service Management from University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 1983. She obtained a Doctor of Philosophy in nutrition with a minor in epidemiology from Gillings School of Global Public Health in 1993. From 1994 to 1995, Siega-Riz completed postdoctoral research at the Carolina Population Center.
Career
Siega-Riz joined the faculty at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health as a research assistant professor in 1995. She became the associate dean for academic affairs and led the Reproductive, Perinatal, and Pediatric Program in the Department of Epidemiology. Siega-Riz is the associate dean for research and the Jeanette Lancaster Alumni Professor of Nursing at University of Virginia School of Nursing.
She served on the Dietary Guidelines Federal Advisory Committee from 2013 to 2015. She also served on the advisory council of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
She was a registered dietitian from 1983 to 2014. She speaks English and Spanish.
In 2019, she became a dean of the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences.
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857b4611-4503-4d23-ba71-7c054a563260
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirai_Station_(Tokyo)"}
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Railway station in Tokyo, Japan
Hirai Station (平井駅, Hirai-eki) is a railway station in Edogawa, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Hirai Station is served by the Chūō-Sōbu Line.
Station layout
Platforms
History
Hirai Station opened on 28 April 1899.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2010, the station was used by an average of 31,198 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
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3a518e44-6d70-4e74-8db8-f8619b78ec9e
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Boys_(film)"}
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2000 film by Curtis Hanson
Wonder Boys is a 2000 comedy-drama film directed by Curtis Hanson and written by Steve Kloves. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan, it is based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Michael Chabon. Michael Douglas stars as professor Grady Tripp, a novelist who teaches creative writing at a university but has been unable to finish his second novel.
The film was shot in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, including locations at Carnegie Mellon University, Chatham University, University of Pittsburgh, and Shady Side Academy. Other Pennsylvania locations included Beaver, Rochester and Rostraver Township. After the film failed at the box office, there was a second attempt to find an audience with a new marketing campaign and a November 8, 2000, re-release, which was also a financial disappointment. Despite this, the film received three Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards, including Best Adapted Screenplay, winning Best Original Song for Bob Dylan's "Things Have Changed".
Plot
Professor Grady Tripp is a novelist who teaches creative writing at an unnamed Pennsylvania university. He is having an affair with the university chancellor, Sara Gaskell, whose husband, Walter, is the chairman of the English department in which Grady is a professor. Grady's third wife, Emily, has just left him, and he has failed to repeat the grand success of his first novel, published years earlier. He continues to labor on a second novel, but the more he tries to finish it the less able he finds himself to invent a satisfactory ending. The book runs to over 2500 pages and is still far from finished. He spends his free time smoking cannabis.
Grady's students include James Leer and Hannah Green. Hannah and James are friends and both very good writers. Hannah, who rents a room in Grady's large house, is attracted to Grady, but he does not reciprocate. James is enigmatic, quiet, dark and enjoys writing fiction more than he first lets on.
During a party at the Gaskells' house, Sara reveals to Grady that she is pregnant with his child. Grady finds James standing outside holding what he claims to be a replica gun, won by his mother at a fairground during her schooldays. However, the gun turns out to be very real, as James shoots the Gaskells' dog when he finds it attacking Grady. James also steals a very valuable piece of Marilyn Monroe memorabilia from the house. Grady is unable to tell Sara of this incident as she is pressuring him to choose between her and Emily. As a result, Grady is forced to keep the dead dog in the trunk of his car for most of the weekend. He also allows James to follow him around, fearing that he may be depressed or even suicidal. Gradually, he realizes that much of what James tells him about himself and his life is untrue, seemingly designed to elicit Grady's sympathy.
Meanwhile, Grady's editor, Terry Crabtree, has flown into town on the pretense of attending the university's annual WordFest, a literary event for aspiring authors. In reality, Terry is there to see if Grady has written anything worth publishing, as both men's careers depend on Grady's upcoming book. Terry arrives with a date whom he met on the flight, a transvestite called Antonia Sloviak. The pair become intimate in a bedroom at the Gaskells' party, but immediately afterward, Terry meets James and becomes infatuated with him, and Antonia is unceremoniously sent home. After a night on the town, Terry and James semi-consciously flirt throughout the night, which eventually leads up to the two spending an intimate night together in one of Grady's spare rooms.
Tired and confused, Grady phones Walter and reveals to him that he is in love with Sara. Meanwhile, Walter has also made the connection between the disappearance of the Marilyn Monroe memorabilia and James. The following morning the police arrive with Sara to escort James to the Chancellor's office to discuss the ramifications of his actions. The memorabilia is still in Grady's car, which has conspicuously gone missing. The car had been given to him by a friend as payment for a loan, and, over the weekend, Grady has come to suspect that the car was stolen. Throughout his travel around town, a man claiming to be the car's real owner repeatedly accosted Grady. He eventually tracks the car down, but in a dispute over its ownership, the majority of his manuscript blows out of the car and is lost. The car's owner gives him a ride to the university with his wife Oola in the passenger seat, along with the stolen memorabilia.
Grady finally sees that making things right involves having to make difficult choices. Grady tells the story behind the memorabilia and allows Oola to leave with it. Worried that Grady's choice comes at the expense of damaging James's future, Terry convinces Walter not to press charges by agreeing to publish his book about Joe DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe.
Grady recounts the fate of the main characters: Hannah graduates and becomes a junior editor, James drops out and moves to New York to rework his novel for publication, and Terry "goes right on being Crabtree." Grady finishes typing his new book – now saved on a computer – which is an account of the recent events, then watches as Sara and their child arrive home.
Cast
Production
Development
After L.A. Confidential, Curtis Hanson was working on a screenplay of his own and reading other scripts with a keen interest for his next film. Actress Elizabeth McGovern advised Hanson to work with screenwriter Steve Kloves. When he was given the writer's script for Wonder Boys and was told that Michael Douglas was interested in starring, he "fell in love with these characters – and they made me laugh." Hanson also identified with Grady Tripp and the "thing building up inside him: frustration, hunger, yearning, et cetera."
Screenplay
Kloves, best known for writing and directing The Fabulous Baker Boys, returned to the film business after a self-imposed seven-year retirement to adapt Michael Chabon's novel for the money and also because he identified with Grady. He was originally going to direct the film as well but bowed out and Hanson came on board. Kloves had never adapted a novel before but was encouraged by Chabon to make the material his own. Additional changes were made once Hanson came on board. For example, he felt that James Leer would be a fan of Douglas Sirk's films as opposed to Frank Capra as he is in the novel.
Casting
Paramount was not interested in making a quirky, character-driven comedy drama until Douglas agreed to work well below his usual large fee. The actor gained 25 pounds for the film by consuming pizza, subs, and beer. One of the challenges for Hanson was to take a plot that, as he put it, "is meandering and, apparently, sort of aimless," and a character that "does things that even he doesn't really know why he's doing them," and try to create a "feeling of focus" to keep the audience interested. Another challenge the director faced was working in actual locations in very cold weather that was constantly changing.
Robert Downey Jr. was on probation during the winter of 1999 when Hanson considered him for a role in Wonder Boys. Hanson was cautious because of the actor's drug history and concerned because it would be a tough film shot in sequence in Pittsburgh in the winter. Downey flew to Pittsburgh and had a long dinner conversation with Hanson where they addressed his problems. The actor demonstrated a commitment to the project and Hanson hired him. Reportedly, Downey acted professionally for the entire four-and-a-half month shoot, but after it ended, he returned to Los Angeles and violated his parole.
In an interview with Marc Maron, actor Rob McElhenney stated that he was initially cast in a minor role as Holmes' love interest, but was informed by Hanson that he would be cut out of the film during post-production.
Filming
Paramount suggested shooting Wonder Boys in Toronto or New York City but after reading the book, Hanson realized how important Pittsburgh was to the story, that it was a "wonder boy," much like the film's main protagonist Grady Tripp, "it's a city that had this glorious past of wealth and success that ended. And then it had to deal with figuring out what's next. What happens after triumph?" Wonder Boys was filmed in Pittsburgh, including locations at Carnegie Mellon University, Chatham College, and Shady Side Academy. Other Pennsylvania locations included Beaver, Rochester, and Rostraver Township. Hanson felt that Pittsburgh was "right, emotionally and thematically" for the film. The city was experiencing a mild winter during the film's shoot and they had to use a lot of artificial snow.
Hanson contacted Dante Spinotti about working on the film in November 1998. They had worked previously together on L.A. Confidential. Spinotti had six weeks of pre-production, which he used to perform a variety of tests and shoot a number of important background plates for several scenes that take place at night, in cars. He knew that these scenes included some very critical acting and suggested using the green screen process for greater control. During pre-production, Hanson and Spinotti used the Kodak Pre View System to storyboard complicated sequences by altering digital still images in a way that simulated the imaging characteristics of camera films. Hanson suggested Spinotti see The Celebration for its technique of keeping the camera extremely close to the actors and carrying deep focus from one actor to the other. Spinotti suggested using a hand-held camera so that the film would not look static. On the first day of shooting, they incorporated some hand-held shots. Hanson liked the results and they used the technique extensively for the rest of the shoot.
Soundtrack
Hanson had been a fan of Bob Dylan's music since childhood and a great admirer of his soundtrack for Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Dylan admired Hanson's previous film, L.A. Confidential and after much convincing, screened 90 minutes of rough footage from Wonder Boys. Hanson picked Dylan because, as he said, "Who knows more about being a Wonder Boy and the trap it can be, about the expectations and the fear of repeating yourself?"
In addition to Dylan, Hanson built the score around nine singer-songwriters including Leonard Cohen and Neil Young. The entire soundtrack is integrated into the film with Hanson playing some of the songs for the actors on the Pittsburgh set to convey a scene's "aural texture," as he put it. The soundtrack features several songs by Bob Dylan, including one new composition, "Things Have Changed," which would win the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Hanson also created a music video for the song, filming new footage of Bob Dylan on the film's various locations and editing it with footage used in Wonder Boys as if Dylan were actually in the film. According to Hanson, "Every song reflects the movie's themes of searching for past promise, future success and a sense of purpose."
Reception
Box office
In its opening weekend, Wonder Boys opened at No. 7 in the US and Canadian box office and grossed a total of US$5.8 million in 1,253 theaters. It went on to gross $19,393,557 there and $14,033,031 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $33,426,588. Based on a $55 million budget, the film was a box office bomb.
Critical response
The film received largely positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 81% "Fresh" rating, based on 125 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Michael Douglas and Tobey Maguire do wonders in this clever dark comedy." On Metacritic, the film has a 73 out of 100 score, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.
In a four-star review, Roger Ebert, film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times, praised Wonder Boys as "the most accurate movie about campus life that I can remember. It is accurate, not because it captures intellectual debate or campus politics, but because it knows two things: (1) Students come and go, but the faculty actually lives there, and (2) many faculty members stay stuck in graduate-student mode for decades". Emanuel Levy of Variety wrote, "The movie's frivolous touches and eccentric details emphasize its dry, measured wit and the power of comedy to underscore serious ideas. Massively inventive, Wonder Boys is spiked with fresh, perverse humor that flows naturally from the straight-faced playing". A.O. Scott from The New York Times wrote, "The problem is that everyone involved seems to have agreed that it was a great idea for a movie and pretty much left it at that".
In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "Wonder Boys reminds us of a distant age (the '70s) when bad movies were better: not stupid teen romps but sad, off-kilter studies of adults adrift. It is a rare current example of that endangered species, the honorable failure". Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "C+" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Curtis Hanson may have wanted to make a movie that gleamed with humanity as much as L.A. Confidential burned with malevolence, but he's so intent on getting us to like his characters that he didn't give them enough juice." Looking back in his Salon.com review, critic Andrew O'Hehir felt that Hanson, "and cinematographer Dante Spinotti capture both Pittsburgh (one of the most serendipitously beautiful American cities) and the netherworld of boho academia with brilliant precision. If you went to a liberal-arts college anywhere in the United States, then the way Grady's ramshackle house looks in the wake of Crabs' enormous all-night party should conjure up vivid sense-memories".
Re-release
Many critics blamed Paramount's initial ad campaign for the film not finding a mainstream audience. The Wall Street Journal's Joe Morgenstern praised Douglas' work in the film, but criticized the poster, which featured a headshot of Douglas: "a raffishly eccentric role, and he's never been so appealing. (Don't be put off by the movie's cryptic poster, which makes him look like Michael J. Pollard.)" The Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan also slammed the poster: "The film's ad poster brings Elmer Fudd to mind." Hanson said that the poster made Douglas look "like he was trying to be Robin Williams". In an interview with Amy Taubin, Hanson said, "The very things that made Michael and I want to do the movie so badly were the reasons it was so tricky to market. Since films go out on so many screens at once, there's a need for instant appeal. But Wonder Boys isn't easily reducible to a single image or a catchy ad line".
Hanson felt that the studio played it safe with the original ad campaign. They also released it a week after the Academy Award nominations were announced and the studio spent more money promoting the films of theirs that were nominated and not enough on Wonder Boys. The studio pulled the film out of theaters and quickly canceled the video release. Hanson and the film's producer Scott Rudin lobbied to have it re-released. They designed a new campaign including posters and a trailer for the re-release that emphasized the ensemble cast.
Home media
Wonder Boys was released on VHS and DVD by Paramount Home Video in North America, Warner Home Video in international territories, except the United Kingdom and Universal Pictures Video and Vision Video in the United Kingdom in 2001.
Accolades
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eafccb2c-03bb-428a-9f19-17ac614e52a8
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu_(newspaper)"}
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The Kudzu was a counterculture underground newspaper published in Jackson, Mississippi starting in September 1968. Promising "Subterranean News from the Heart of Ole Dixie" and offering a blend of hip culture and radical politics, it was founded by members of the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), a student activist group affiliated with SDS. Founding editors were Cassell Carpenter, David Doggett, and Everett Long, students at Millsaps College in Jackson. Despite harassment by police and city officials it survived until May 1972.
Before launching Kudzu David Doggett, who had been hired as a full-time organizer for Mississippi by SSOC, spent a month living in the basement of The Great Speckled Bird, their sister newspaper in Atlanta, learning the mechanics of underground newspaper production. The paper was biweekly, but due to publishing delays it generally came out about once every three weeks during its first year, and about once every 6 weeks thereafter. The papers were sold at high schools, colleges, and downtown Jackson, with additional distribution at colleges and other locations across Mississippi. Over the life of the paper about 32 issues were published, with about 6000 copies printed of each issue. Because they could not find an affordable printer in Jackson, Kudzu was forced to go to The Louisiana Weekly, a black newspaper in New Orleans, to get the paper printed. The paper had few advertisers and was financed mostly out of the pockets of the editors, who lost the small amount of financial support they were receiving from SSOC when that group disbanded in mid-1969.
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32251a46-7598-49ca-9f40-01ecb632eb48
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhagium_pseudojaponicum"}
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Species of beetle
Rhagium pseudojaponicum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Podaný in 1964.
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149a4e55-89c6-4c72-8ad2-5fdeb432efe4
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Inflammation of parts of the eye
Medical condition
Keratoconjunctivitis is inflammation ("-itis") of the cornea and conjunctiva.
When only the cornea is inflamed, it is called keratitis; when only the conjunctiva is inflamed, it is called conjunctivitis.
Causes
There are several potential causes of the inflammation:
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cf88edcc-be0c-429e-a0a9-e51f44fc7fae
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The 2019 Big West Conference men's volleyball tournament was a postseason men's volleyball tournament for the Big West Conference during the 2019 NCAA Division I & II men's volleyball season. It was held from April 18 through April 20, 2019 at University of Hawaii's Stan Sheriff Center. The winner received the conference's automatic bid to the 2019 NCAA Volleyball Tournament.
Seeds
All six teams were eligible for the postseason, with the top two seeds receiving byes to the semifinals. Teams were seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records.
Schedule and results
Bracket
Hawai'i won the 2019 Big West Conference men's volleyball tournament. The title is their first Big West men's volleyball title.
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3ec562f2-b0ef-4f78-a0a7-525dfbf00b4a
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragogi"}
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Municipality in Northeast, Brazil
Maragogi is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Alagoas, 125 km north of the capital city of Maceió. It has 33,032 inhabitants, a city situated on the northern coast of Alagoas state, Brazil, being the easternmost city of that state.
As the main destination in the State of Alagoas after its capital city[citation needed], Maragogi attracts visitors from Maceió. From Japaratinga beach, on the southern tip, a ferryboat crosses Manguaba River into Porto das Pedras, where visitors find virtually deserted beaches. Maragogi was initially a small village called Gamela. In 1887, it was granted the status of an adopted the name of Isabel, to honor the Brazilian Princess who signed a law ending slavery in Brazil. Later on, in 1892, it was named as Maragogi after the river that baths the city. "Maragogi", according to some historians, comes from “Marahub-gy”, or river of the Marauba tribes.[citation needed]
Geography
Climate
Maragogi has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31 °C and minima of 22 °C and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with means of 26 °C and 17 °C and more rain.
Vegetation
Maragogi has a tropical forest. Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 78 inches or 2 meters) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. There are several common characteristics of tropical rainforest trees. Tropical rainforest species frequently possess one or more of the following attributes not commonly seen in trees of higher latitudes or trees in drier conditions on the same latitude.
Demographics
As of the census of 2007, the population was 25,726 hab. The estimated population in 2020 is 33,032.
Maragogi Ethnic Groups
According to the 2007 census, the racial makeup of the city was:
Maragogi Demographics History
1. Amerindians, Brazil's indigenous population, came from human groups that migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait around 9000 BC.
2. Portuguese colonists and settlers, arriving from 1500 onward.
3. Diverse groups of immigrants from Europe arriving in Maragogi during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. And now, because of tourism.
4. African slaves brought to the country from 1530 until the end of the slave trade in 1850.
Economy
Tourism
Maragogi is located on the Coral Coast – Costa dos Corais – 130 kilometers of continuous living tropical reefs on the coast of Northeast Brazil. The municipality is the second most visited city after Maceio the state capital of Alagoas.[citation needed]
Its major attraction is the "Galés", a group of tropical pools formed at low tide about 6 kilometers from the city's beach. They are served by 15 large registered catamarans leaving from various points in the municipal area. Individual tours are also available.
In 2015 the city started to host sports events, with the launching of the first Trail Running competition on the region: the WINGSMAN Maragogi and then started to become the destination for adventure and outdoors tourism along with the traditional tourist looking for the best beaches in the country.
Maragogi's history includes the battles between Dutch and Portuguese colonizers as well as the growth of the sugar cane and coconut plantations that formed the first wealth of the region. Today, it is tourism that provides the most important economic impact in the region. But, its potential remains unexplored. Even so, the busy waterfront in the City of Maragogi has a variety of restaurants, stores and stalls selling local arts and crafts.
Trips to snorkel or scuba dive the reefs can be interspersed by excursions on the reefs themselves or a sail (or even fish) on the local "jangada" sailing rafts. The deserted beaches of Maragogi and other rural attractions can be accessed by renting beach buggies readily available at the hotels and pousadas.
Places of interest
Maragogi Beach
Beaches in Maragogi have calm waters, without strong waves, with coral reefs and fine sands. During low tide, sand banks emerge forming natural pools, known as Croas (5 km away from the coast) and Galés (6 km away). "Jangadas" and boats can take tourists to these pools. On the beach's southern tip, between Vila de Japaratinga and Pontal, visitors find the less urbanized beaches with 20-m high sea cliffs. Visitors can also go on a boat ride to coral reefs 6 km away from the coast. Maragogi beach is near Maragogi River, with calm waves, flat sands and coral reefs.
Nearby Places
Porto de Galinhas (Pernambuco), Sao Migule dos Milagres (Alagoas), Japaratinga (Alagoas)
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dabee0b2-13ad-4627-b9f2-011c9f920ea3
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottille_17F"}
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Military unit
Flottille 17F is a squadron of French Naval Aviation which currently flies the Dassault Rafale M from Landivisiau Naval Air Base. It was formed during April 1958 at Hyeres Naval Air Base and flew the Vought F4U7 Corsair for training purposes.
Flottille 17F is nicknamed "La glorieuse". The symbol of the 17F flotilla is the osprey.
History
It quickly proved itself in the Algerian theater of operations and Tunisia.
The squadron was dissolved in 1962, but later reformed on 10 January 1964 using the Dassault Etendard IV M with the Super Etendard entering service on 5 September 1980, 17F was the first flotilla to use the Super Étendard Modernisé.
The Super Etendard aircraft composing the Flottille 17F regularly embarked aboard the French nuclear aircraft-carrier Charles de Gaulle.
Flottille 17F was involved in many conflicts such as:
Flotilla 17F was the last French unit to use the Super Etendard Modernisé aircraft which was retired on 12 July 2016.
Present day
The unit currently flies the Dassault Rafale M F3-R.
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0ae0bfc5-7105-4fc1-a7e8-e01a485b2e5b
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen_Cuts"}
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2000 compilation album
Xen Cuts is a compilation album released by Ninja Tune independent record label on their tenth anniversary. The album was released in a four-piece vinyl recording (ZEN49), as two-disc CD (ZENCD049) and as a three-disc CD (ZENCD049X) versions, with the third disc "Xen Cuts Missed Flipped and Skipped" also released separately (ZENCD49C). The compilation consists mainly of B-sides and other tracks previously unreleased on CD.
Disc one
Disc two
Disc Three (Xen Cuts Missed Flipped and Skipped)
Reception
Select gave the album a four out of five rating, stating that "Though so big it occasionally get airless, if you persevere it soon becomes clear how this is one of the highest quality labels in the land."
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249caae5-1b60-41a2-a747-0760ce5a620a
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramios"}
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Extinct genus of marsupials
Pyramios is an extinct genus of diprotodont from the Miocene of Australia. It was very large, reaching a length of about 2.5 m (8.2 feet) and a height of about 1.5 m (4.92 feet). Pyramios is estimated to have weighed 700 kg (1102-1543 pounds). It was comparable in size to its cousin Diprotodon, which is also in the family Diprotodontidae.
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f074fb80-2596-4e60-8fa5-1d232d157cce
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Arkansas (USA) non-profit electric cooperative
South Central Arkansas Electric Cooperative is a non-profit rural electric utility cooperative headquartered in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. It was organized July 31, 1940. It serves portions of eight counties in the state of Arkansas, in a territory generally west and southwest of Arkadelphia.
Overview
As of September 2005, the Cooperative had more than 1,770 miles of distribution lines, 9 substations and services 7,300 member accounts. Members are served in Clark, Dallas, Hempstead, Howard, Hot Spring, Montgomery, Nevada and Pike counties. The office is at 1140 Main Street, Arkadelphia.
Community
Each spring, South Central Arkansas Electric Cooperative selects two high school juniors to attend a tour to Washington, D.C., sponsored annually by Electric Cooperatives of Arkansas. Winners are selected through an essay contest. Applicants must be high school juniors and members of the Cooperative.
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2d6d10ff-4b8a-4469-ad57-1c7b716ad574
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Andersson_discography"}
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Benny Andersson has been active as a recording artist since 1964, when he joined Swedish rock-band The Hep Stars. With them, and more recently as a member of ABBA and Benny Anderssons Orkester, he became one of the most successful Swedish composers and artists. He also wrote the musicals Chess, Kristina från Duvemåla and Mamma Mia!.
This album-discography provides a comprehensive chronological summary of the work of Benny Andersson. For this reason, every studio-album and live-album which features Andersson as an artist is listed, excluding compilation albums. Besides that, it also includes the main releases from the musicals mentioned above as well as albums, which rely heavily on Andersson as composer and producer.
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
( * denotes that the album is still charting)
2020s
Also appears on
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c504cc81-180e-4ab3-9f38-92c7e96e8652
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Priesner is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
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a99e2f06-c5a6-4670-bfec-b5abe0aeb3da
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"}
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Series of wars fought in the Balkans from 1912-1913
The Balkan Wars refers to a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of its European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under the Ottoman Empire's control. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against the other four original combatants of the first war. It also faced an attack from Romania from the north. The Ottoman Empire lost the bulk of its territory in Europe. Although not involved as a combatant, Austria-Hungary became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus served as a "prelude to the First World War".
By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League. The First Balkan War began on 8 October 1912, when the League member states attacked the Ottoman Empire, and ended eight months later with the signing of the Treaty of London on 30 May 1913. The Second Balkan War began on 16 June 1913, when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its loss of Macedonia, attacked its former Balkan League allies. The combined forces of Serbian and Greek armies, with their superior numbers repelled the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked Bulgaria by invading it from the west and the south. Romania, having taken no part in the conflict, had intact armies to strike with and invaded Bulgaria from the north in violation of a peace treaty between the two states. The Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and advanced in Thrace regaining Adrianople. In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria managed to regain most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War. However, it was forced to cede the ex-Ottoman south part of Dobruja province to Romania.
The Balkan Wars were marked by ethnic cleansing with all parties being responsible for grave atrocities against civilians and helped inspire later atrocities including war crimes during the 1990s Yugoslav Wars.
Background
The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the European territory of the Ottoman Empire during the second half of the 19th century. Serbia had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although it lost a small area back to the Ottoman Empire in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885). All three countries, as well as Montenegro, sought additional territories within the large Ottoman-ruled region known as Rumelia, comprising Eastern Rumelia, Albania, Macedonia, and Thrace.
The First Balkan War had some main causes, which included:
Policies of the Great Powers
Throughout the 19th century, the Great Powers shared different aims over the "Eastern Question" and the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Russia wanted access to the "warm waters" of the Mediterranean from the Black Sea; it pursued a pan-Slavic foreign policy and therefore supported Bulgaria and Serbia. Britain wished to deny Russia access to the "warm waters" and supported the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, although it also supported a limited expansion of Greece as a backup plan in case integrity of the Ottoman Empire was no longer possible. France wished to strengthen its position in the region, especially in the Levant (today's Lebanon, Syria, and Israel).
Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary wished for a continuation of the existence of the Ottoman Empire, since both were troubled multinational entities and thus the collapse of the one might weaken the other. The Habsburgs also saw a strong Ottoman presence in the area as a counterweight to the Serbian nationalistic call to their own Serb subjects in Bosnia, Vojvodina and other parts of the empire. Italy's primary aim at the time seems to have been the denial of access to the Adriatic Sea to another major sea power. The German Empire, in turn, under the "Drang nach Osten" policy, aspired to turn the Ottoman Empire into its own de facto colony, and thus supported its integrity. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Bulgaria and Greece contended for Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace. Ethnic Greeks sought the forced "Hellenization" of ethnic Bulgars, who sought "Bulgarization" of Greeks (Rise of nationalism). Both nations sent armed irregulars into Ottoman territory to protect and assist their ethnic kindred. From 1904, there was low-intensity warfare in Macedonia between the Greek and Bulgarian bands and the Ottoman army (the Struggle for Macedonia). After the Young Turk revolution of July 1908, the situation changed drastically.
Young Turk Revolution
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution saw the reinstatement of constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire and the start of the Second Constitutional Era. When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire. It forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the defunct Ottoman constitution of 1876 and parliament. Hopes were raised among the Balkan ethnicities of reforms and autonomy. Elections were held to form a representative, multi-ethnic, Ottoman parliament. However, following the Sultan's failed counter-coup of 1909, the liberal element of the Young Turks was sidelined and the nationalist element became dominant.
In October 1908, Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity of the Ottoman political upheaval to annex the de jure Ottoman province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878 (see Bosnian Crisis). Bulgaria declared independence as it had done in 1878, but this time the independence was internationally recognized. The Greeks of the autonomous Cretan State proclaimed unification with Greece, though the opposition of the Great Powers prevented the latter action from taking practical effect.
Reaction in the Balkan states
Serbia was frustrated in the north by Austria-Hungary's incorporation of Bosnia. In March 1909, Serbia was forced to accept the annexation and restrain anti-Habsburg agitation by Serbian nationalists. Instead, the Serbian government (PM: Nikola Pašić) looked to formerly Serb territories in the south, notably "Old Serbia" (the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and the province of Kosovo).
On 15 August 1909, the Military League, a group of Greek officers, launched a coup. The Military League sought the creation of a new political system and thus summoned the Cretan politician Eleutherios Venizelos to Athens as its political advisor. Venizelos persuaded King George I to revise the constitution and asked the League to disband in favor of a National Assembly. In March 1910, the Military League dissolved itself.
Bulgaria, which had secured Ottoman recognition of her independence in April 1909 and enjoyed the friendship of Russia, also looked to annex districts of Ottoman Thrace and Macedonia. In August 1910, Montenegro followed Bulgaria's precedent by becoming a kingdom.
Pre-War treaties
Following the Italian victory in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, the severity of the Ottomanizing policy of the Young Turkish regime and a series of three revolts in Ottoman held Albania, the Young Turks fell from power after a coup. The Christian Balkan countries were forced to take action and saw this as an opportunity to promote their national agenda by expanding in the territories of the falling empire and liberating their enslaved co-patriots. In order to achieve that, a wide net of treaties was constructed and an alliance was formed.
The negotiation among the Balkan states' governments started in the latter part of 1911 and was all conducted in secret. The treaties and military conventions were published in French translations after the Balkan Wars on 24–26 of November in Le Matin, Paris, France In April 1911, Greek PM Eleutherios Venizelos’ attempt to reach an agreement with the Bulgarian PM and form a defensive alliance against the Ottoman Empire was fruitless, because of the doubts the Bulgarians held on the strength of the Greek Army. Later that year, in December 1911, Bulgaria and Serbia agreed to start negotiations in forming an alliance under the tight inspection of Russia. The treaty between Serbia and Bulgaria was signed on 29 of February/13 of March 1912. Serbia sought expansion to "Old Serbia" and as Milan Milovanovich noted in 1909 to the Bulgarian counterpart, "As long as we are not allied with you, our influence over the Croats and Slovens will be insignificant". On the other side, Bulgaria wanted the autonomy of Macedonia region under the influence of the two countries. The then Bulgarian Minister of Foreign Affairs General Stefan Paprikov stated in 1909 that, "It will be clear that if not today then tomorrow, the most important issue will again be the Macedonian Question. And this question, whatever happens, cannot be decided without more or less direct participation of the Balkan States". Last but not least, they noted down the divisions should be made of the Ottoman territories after a victorious outcome of the war. More specifically, Bulgaria would gain all the territories eastern of Rodopi Mountains and River Strimona, while Serbia would annex the territories northern and western of Mount Skardu.
The alliance pact between Greece and Bulgaria was finally signed on 16/29 of May 1912, without stipulating any specific division of Ottoman territories. In summer 1912, Greece proceeded on making "gentlemen's agreements" with Serbia and Montenegro. Despite the fact that a draft of the alliance pact with Serbia was submitted on 22 of October, a formal pact was never signed due to the outbreak of the war. As a result, Greece did not have any territorial or other commitments, other than the common cause to fight the Ottoman Empire.
In April 1912 Montenegro and Bulgaria reached an agreement including financial aid to Montenegro in case of war with the Ottoman Empire. A gentlemen's agreement with Greece was reached soon after, as mentioned before. By the end of September a political and military alliance between Montenegro and Serbia was achieved. By the end of September 1912, Bulgaria had formal-written alliances with Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. A formal alliance was also signed between Serbia and Montenegro, while Greco-Montenegrin and Greco-Serbian agreements were basically oral "gentlemen's agreements".[citation needed] All these completed the formation of the Balkan League.
Balkan League
At that time, the Balkan states had been able to maintain armies that were both numerous, in relation to each country's population, and eager to act, being inspired by the idea that they would free enslaved parts of their homeland. The Bulgarian Army was the leading army of the coalition. It was a well-trained and fully equipped army, capable of facing the Imperial Army. It was suggested that the bulk of the Bulgarian Army would be in the Thracian front, as it was expected that the front near the Ottoman Capital would be the most crucial one. The Serbian Army would act on the Macedonian front, while the Greek Army was thought powerless and was not taken under serious consideration. Greece was needed in the Balkan League for its navy and its capability to dominate the Aegean Sea, cutting off the Ottoman Armies from reinforcements.[citation needed]
On 13/26 of September 1912, the Ottoman mobilization in Thrace forced Serbia and Bulgaria to act and order their own mobilization. On 17/30 of September Greece also ordered mobilization. On 25 of September/8 of October, Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, after negotiations failed regarding the border status. On 30 of September/13 of October, the ambassadors of Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece delivered the common ultimatum to the Ottoman government, which was immediately rejected. The Empire withdrew its ambassadors from Sofia, Belgrade, and Athens, while the Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek diplomats left the Ottoman capital delivering the war declaration on 4/17 of October 1912.
First Balkan War
The three Slavic allies (Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro) had laid out extensive plans to coordinate their war efforts, in continuation of their secret prewar settlements and under close Russian supervision (Greece was not included). Serbia and Montenegro would attack in the theater of Sandjak, Bulgaria, and Serbia in Macedonia and Thrace.
The Ottoman Empire's situation was difficult. Its population of about 26 million people provided a massive pool of manpower, but three-quarters of the population lived in the Asian part of the Empire. Reinforcements had to come from Asia mainly by sea, which depended on the result of battles between the Turkish and Greek navies in the Aegean.
With the outbreak of the war, the Ottoman Empire activated three Army HQs: the Thracian HQ in Constantinople, the Western HQ in Salonika, and the Vardar HQ in Skopje, against the Bulgarians, the Greeks and the Serbians respectively. Most of their available forces were allocated to these fronts. Smaller independent units were allocated elsewhere, mostly around heavily fortified cities.
Montenegro was the first that declared war on 8 October (25 September O.S.). Its main thrust was towards Shkodra, with secondary operations in the Novi Pazar area. The rest of the Allies, after giving a common ultimatum, declared war a week later. Bulgaria attacked towards Eastern Thrace, being stopped only at the outskirts of Constantinople at the Çatalca line and the isthmus of the Gallipoli peninsula, while secondary forces captured Western Thrace and Eastern Macedonia. Serbia attacked south towards Skopje and Monastir and then turned west to present-day Albania, reaching the Adriatic, while a second Army captured Kosovo and linked with the Montenegrin forces. Greece's main forces attacked from Thessaly into Macedonia through the Sarantaporo strait. On 7 November, in response to an Ottoman initiative, they entered into negotiations for the surrender of Thessaloniki. With the Greeks already there, and the Bulgarian 7th Rila Division moving swiftly from the north towards Thessaloniki, Hassan Tahsin Pasha considered his position to be hopeless. The Greeks offered more attractive terms than the Bulgarians did. On 8 November, Tahsin Pasha agreed to terms and 26,000 Ottoman troops passed over into Greek captivity. Before the Greeks entered the city, a German warship whisked the former sultan Abdul Hamid II out of Thessaloniki to continue his exile, across the Bosporus from Constantinople. With their army in Thessaloniki, the Greeks took new positions to the east and northeast, including Nigrita. On 12 November (on 26 October 1912, O.S.) Greece expanded its occupied area and teamed up with the Serbian army to the northwest, while its main forces turned east towards Kavala, reaching the Bulgarians. Another Greek army attacked into Epirus towards Ioannina.
On the naval front, the Ottoman fleet twice exited the Dardanelles and was twice defeated by the Greek Navy, in the battles of Elli and Lemnos. Greek dominance on the Aegean Sea made it impossible for the Ottomans to transfer the planned troops from the Middle East to the Thracian (against the Bulgarian) and to the Macedonian (against the Greeks and Serbians) fronts. According to E.J. Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps (see First Balkan War, the Bulgarian theater of operations), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war. After the defeat of the Ottoman fleet, the Greek Navy was also free to occupy the islands of the Aegean. General Nikola Ivanov identified the activity of the Greek Navy as the chief factor in the general success of the allies.
In January, after a successful coup by young army officers, the Ottoman Empire decided to continue the war. After a failed Ottoman counter-attack in the Western-Thracian front, Bulgarian forces, with the help of the Serbian Army, managed to conquer Adrianople, while Greek forces managed to take Ioannina after defeating the Ottomans in the Battle of Bizani. In the joint Serbian-Montenegrin theater of operation, the Montenegrin army besieged and captured the Shkodra, ending the Ottoman presence in Europe west of the Çatalca line after nearly 500 years. The war ended officially with the Treaty of London on 30(17) May 1913.
Prelude to the Second Balkan War
After pressure from the Great Powers towards Greece and Serbia, who had postponed signing in order to fortify their defensive positions, the signing of the Treaty of London took place on 30 May 1913. With this treaty, the war between the Balkan Allies and the Ottoman Empire came to an end. From now on, the Great Powers had the right of decision on the territorial adjustments that had to be made, which even led to the creation of an independent Albania. Every Aegean island belonging to the Ottoman Empire, with the exception of Imbros and Tenedos, was handed over to the Greeks, including the island of Crete.
Furthermore, all European territory of the Ottoman Empire west of the Enos-Midia (Enez-Midye) line, was ceded to the Balkan League, but the division of the territory among the League was not to be decided by the Treaty itself. This event led to the formation of two ‘de facto’ military occupation zones on the Macedonian territory, as Greece and Serbia tried to create a common border. The Bulgarians were not satisfied with their share of spoils and as a result, the Second Balkan War broke out on the night of 29 June 1913, as Bulgaria confronted the Serbian and Greek lines in Macedonia.
Second Balkan War
Though the Balkan allies had fought together against the common enemy, that was not enough to overcome their mutual rivalries. In the original document for the Balkans league, Serbia promised Bulgaria most of Macedonia. But before the first war had come to an end, Serbia (in violation of the previous agreement) and Greece revealed their plan to keep possession of the territories that their forces had occupied. This act prompted the tsar of Bulgaria to invade his allies. The Second Balkan War broke out on 29 (16) June 1913, when Bulgaria attacked its erstwhile allies in the First Balkan War, Serbia and Greece, while Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire intervened later against Bulgaria, with Romania attacking Bulgaria from the north in violation of a peace treaty.
When the Greek army had entered Thessaloniki in the First Balkan War ahead of the Bulgarian 7th division by only a day, they were asked to allow a Bulgarian battalion to enter the city. Greece accepted in exchange for allowing a Greek unit to enter the city of Serres. The Bulgarian unit that entered Thessaloniki turned out to be an 18,000-strong division instead of the battalion, which caused concern among the Greeks, who viewed it as a Bulgarian attempt to establish a condominium over the city. In the event, due to the urgently needed reinforcements in the Thracian front, Bulgarian Headquarters was soon forced to remove its troops from the city (while the Greeks agreed by mutual treaty to remove their units based in Serres) and transport them to Dedeağaç (modern Alexandroupolis), but it left behind a battalion that started fortifying its positions.
Greece had also allowed the Bulgarians to control the stretch of the Thessaloniki-Constantinople railroad that lay in Greek-occupied territory since Bulgaria controlled the largest part of this railroad towards Thrace. After the end of the operations in Thrace, and confirming Greek concerns, Bulgaria was not satisfied with the territory it controlled in Macedonia and immediately asked Greece to relinquish its control over Thessaloniki and the land north of Pieria, effectively handing over all of Greek Macedonia. These demands, with the Bulgarian refusal to demobilize its army after the Treaty of London had ended the common war against the Ottomans, alarmed Greece, which decided to also keep its army mobilized. A month after the Second Balkan War started, the Bulgarian community of Thessaloniki no longer existed, as hundreds of long-time Bulgarian locals were arrested. Thirteen hundred Bulgarian soldiers and about five hundred komitadjis were also arrested and transferred to Greek prisons. In November 1913, the Bulgarians were forced to admit their defeat, as the Greeks received international recognition on their claim of Thessaloniki.
Similarly, in modern North Macedonia, the tension between Serbia and Bulgaria due to the latter's aspirations over Vardar Macedonia generated many incidents between their respective armies, prompting Serbia to keep its army mobilized. Serbia and Greece proposed that each of the three countries reduce its army by a quarter, as the first step towards a peaceful solution, but Bulgaria rejected it. Seeing the omens, Greece and Serbia started a series of negotiations and signed a treaty on 1 June(19 May) 1913. With this treaty, a mutual border was agreed between the two countries, together with an agreement for mutual military and diplomatic support in case of a Bulgarian or/and Austro-Hungarian attack. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, being well informed, tried to stop the upcoming conflict on 8 June, by sending an identical personal message to the Kings of Bulgaria and Serbia, offering to act as arbitrator according to the provisions of the 1912 Serbo-Bulgarian treaty. But Bulgaria, by making the acceptance of Russian arbitration conditional, in effect denied any discussion, causing Russia to repudiate its alliance with Bulgaria (see Russo-Bulgarian military convention signed 31 May 1902).
The Serbs and the Greeks had a military advantage on the eve of the war because their armies confronted comparatively weak Ottoman forces in the First Balkan War and suffered relatively light casualties, while the Bulgarians were involved in heavy fighting in Thrace. The Serbs and Greeks had time to fortify their positions in Macedonia. The Bulgarians also held some advantages, controlling internal communication and supply lines.
On 29(16) June 1913, General Savov, under direct orders of Tsar Ferdinand I, issued attack orders against both Greece and Serbia without consulting the Bulgarian government and without an official declaration of war. During the night of 30(17) June 1913, they attacked the Serbian army at Bregalnica river and then the Greek army in Nigrita. The Serbian army resisted the sudden night attack, while most of the soldiers did not even know who they were fighting with, as Bulgarian camps were located next to Serbs and were considered allies. Montenegro's forces were just a few kilometers away and also rushed to the battle. The Bulgarian attack was halted.
The Greek army was also successful. [better source needed] It retreated according to plan for two days while Thessaloniki was cleared of the remaining Bulgarian regiment. Then, the Greek army counterattacked and defeated the Bulgarians at Kilkis (Kukush), after which the mostly Bulgarian town was plundered and burnt and part of its mostly Bulgarian population massacred by the Greek army. [better source needed] Following the capture of Kilkis, the Greek army's pace was not quick enough to prevent the retaliatory destruction of Nigrita, Serres, and Doxato and massacres of non-combatant Greek inhabitants at Sidirokastro and Doxato by the Bulgarian army. The Greek army then divided its forces and advanced in two directions. Part proceeded east and occupied Western Thrace. The rest of the Greek army advanced up to the Struma River valley, defeating the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles, and continued its advance to the north towards Sofia. In the Kresna straits, the Greeks were ambushed by the Bulgarian 2nd and 1st Armies, newly arrived from the Serbian front, that had already taken defensive positions there following the Bulgarian victory at Kalimanci.
By 30 July, the Greek army was outnumbered by the counter-attacking Bulgarian army, which attempted to encircle the Greeks in a Cannae-type battle, by applying pressure on their flanks. The Greek army was exhausted and faced logistical difficulties. The battle was continued for 11 days, between 29 July and 9 August over 20 km of a maze of forests and mountains with no conclusion. The Greek king, seeing that the units he fought were from the Serbian front, tried to convince the Serbs to renew their attack, as the front ahead of them was now thinner, but the Serbs declined. By then, news came of the Romanian advance toward Sofia and its imminent fall. Facing the danger of encirclement, Constantine realized that his army could no longer continue hostilities. Thus, he agreed to Eleftherios Venizelos' proposal and accepted the Bulgarian request for an armistice as had been communicated through Romania.
Romania had raised an army and declared war on Bulgaria on 10 July (27 June) as it had from 28 (15) June officially warned Bulgaria that it would not remain neutral in a new Balkan war, due to Bulgaria's refusal to cede the fortress of Silistra as promised before the First Balkan War in exchange for Romanian neutrality. Its forces encountered little resistance and, by the time the Greeks accepted the Bulgarian request for an armistice, they had reached Vrazhdebna, 11 km (7 mi) from the center of Sofia.
Seeing the military position of the Bulgarian army, the Ottomans decided to intervene. They attacked, and, finding no opposition, managed to win back all of their lands which had been officially ceded to Bulgaria as a part of the Sofia Conference in 1914, i.e. Thrace with its fortified city of Adrianople, regaining an area in Europe which was only slightly larger than the present-day European territory of the Republic of Turkey.
Reactions among the Great Powers during the wars
The developments that led to the First Balkan War did not go unnoticed by the Great Powers. Although there was an official consensus between the European Powers over the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, which led to a stern warning to the Balkan states, unofficially each of them took a different diplomatic approach due to their conflicting interests in the area. As a result, any possible preventive effect of the common official warning was cancelled by the mixed unofficial signals, and failed to prevent or to stop the war:
The Second Balkan war was a catastrophic blow to Russian policies in the Balkans, which for centuries had focused on access to the "warm seas". First, it marked the end of the Balkan League, a vital arm of the Russian system of defense against Austria-Hungary. Second, the clearly pro-Serbian position Russia had been forced to take in the conflict, mainly due to the disagreements over land partitioning between Serbia and Bulgaria, caused a permanent break-up between the two countries. Accordingly, Bulgaria reverted its policy to one closer to the Central Powers' understanding over an anti-Serbian front, due to its new national aspirations, now expressed mainly against Serbia. As a result, Serbia was isolated militarily against its rival Austria-Hungary, a development that eventually doomed Serbia in the coming war a year later. Most damaging, the new situation effectively trapped Russian foreign policy: After 1913, Russia could not afford to lose its last ally in this crucial area and thus had no alternatives but to unconditionally support Serbia when the crisis between Serbia and Austria escalated in 1914. This was a position that inevitably drew Russia into an unwelcome World War with devastating results since it was less prepared (both militarily and socially) for that event than any other Great Power.
Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbia's territory at the expense of its national aspirations in the region, as well as Serbia's rising status, especially to Austria-Hungary's Slavic populations. This concern was shared by Germany, which saw Serbia as a satellite of Russia. These concerns contributed significantly to the two Central Powers' willingness to go to war against Serbia. This meant that when a Serbian backed organization assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the reform-minded heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, causing the 1914 July Crisis, the conflict quickly escalated and resulted in the First World War.
Epilogue
The Treaty of Bucharest
The epilogue to this nine-month pan-Balkan war was drawn mostly by the treaty of Bucharest, 10 August 1913. Delegates of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria, hosted by the deputy of Romania arrived in Bucharest to settle negotiations. Ottoman's request to participate was rejected, on the basis that the talks were to deal with matters strictly among the Balkan allies. The Great Powers maintained a very influential presence, but they did not dominate the proceedings. The Treaty partitioned Macedonia, made changes to the Balkan borders and established the independent state of Albania. Serbia gained the territory of north-east Macedonia, settled the eastern borders with Bulgaria and gained the eastern half of the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar, doubling its size. Montenegro gained the western half of the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar and secured the borders with Serbia. Greece more than doubled its size by gaining southern Epirus, the biggest part of southern Macedonia, including the city-port of Kavala in its eastern border. The Aegean Islands were annexed by the Greek Kingdom, apart from the Dodecanese, and the Cretan unification was completed and formalized. Romania annexed the southern part of Dobruja province. Bulgaria, even though defeated, managed to hold some territorial gains from the First Balkan War. Bulgaria embraced a portion of Macedonia, including the town of Strumnitza, and western Thrace with a 70-mile Aegean coastline including the port-town of Alexandroupolis.
The Final Treaties
The Bulgarian delegates then met the Ottomans for negotiations in Constantinople. Bulgaria's hope to regain lost territories in Eastern Thrace, where the bulk of Bulgarian forces had struggled to conquer and many died, was dashed as the Turks retained the lands they had regained in the counter-attack. The straight line of Ainos-Midia was not accepted for the eastern Border; the regions of Lozengrad, Lyule Burgas-Buni Hisar, and Adrianople reverted to the Ottomans. After this Treaty of Constantinople, 30 September 1913, Bulgaria sought an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against Greece and Serbia (in support of their claims to Macedonia).
This was followed by the Treaty of Athens, 14 November 1913, between the Turks and Greeks, concluding the conflict between them. However, the status of the Aegean Islands, under Greek control, was left in question. Especially the islands of Imvros and Tenedos strategically positioned near the Dardanelles Straights. Even after signing this treaty, relations between the two countries remained very bad, and war almost broke out in spring 1914.
Finally, the second Treaty in Constantinople re-established the relations between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire, concluding officially the Balkan Wars. Montenegro never signed a pact with the Turks.
Aftermath
The Balkan Wars brought to an end Ottoman rule of the Balkan Peninsula, except for eastern Thrace and Constantinople (now Istanbul). The Young Turk regime was unable to reverse their Empire's decline, but remained in power, establishing a dictatorship in June 1913. A large influx of Turks fled from the lost lands to the Ottoman heartland. By 1914, the remaining Empire saw a population increase of around 2.5 million. The estimated war dead were 122,000 killed in action, 20,000 of direct war wounds, and 82,000 of disease (according to Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis in Voini I Narodo-Nacelenie Europi [1960]).
A major issue was the partitioning of these Ottoman territories, inhabited by Greeks, Bulgarians, Aromanians, Serbs, Jews, Turks, Albanians, and other nationalities. Albanians were largely unsatisfied since the majority of their population was left outside of the country's borders, mostly in areas like Kosovo and Macedonia, but also in small areas of Montenegro and Greece. On the other hand, Greece also claimed parts of Southern Albania because of the Greek minority there. Serbia complained that it lost an area with access to the Adriatic Sea.
During and after the wars, the Greek fleet proved the only considerable naval power in the Aegean Sea, blocking the Turkish fleet inside the Dardanelles. The Hellenic Navy managed to liberate the Greek islands and boost the morale of the Greeks. However, the Greek populations in Asia Minor and Pontus faced the rage of the Young Turks' regime, answering for the defeat with embargoes, exiles, persecutions, and population exchange between Turkey and Greece.
All Balkan War conflicts
First Balkan War conflicts
Bulgarian-Ottoman battles
Greek–Ottoman battles
Serbian–Ottoman battles
Second Balkan War conflicts
Bulgarian–Greek battles
Bulgarian–Serbian battles
Bulgarian–Ottoman battles
Bulgarian–Romanian battles
Legacy
Citizens of Turkey regard the Balkan Wars as a major disaster (Balkan harbi faciası) in the nation's history. The Ottoman Empire lost all its European territories west of the River Maritsa as a result of the two Balkan Wars, which thus delineated present-day Turkey's western border. By 1923, only 38% of the Muslim population of 1912 still lived in the Balkans and majority of Balkan Turks had been killed or expelled. The unexpected fall and sudden relinquishing of Turkish-dominated European territories created a traumatic event amongst many Turks that triggered the ultimate collapse of the empire itself within five years. Paul Mojzes has called the Balkan Wars an ''unrecognized genocide''.
Nazım Pasha, Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army, was held responsible for the failure and was assassinated on 23 January 1913 during the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.
Most Greeks regard the Balkan Wars as a period of epic achievements. They managed to liberate and gain territories that had been inhabited by Greeks since ancient times and doubled the size of the Greek Kingdom. The Greek Army, small and ill-equipped compared to the superior Ottoman but also Bulgarian and Serbian armies, won very important battles. That made Greece a viable pawn in the Great Powers' chess play. Two great personalities rose in the Greek political arena, Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, the leading mind behind the Greek foreign policy, and Crown Prince, and later King, Konstantinos I, the Major General of the Greek Army.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville_High_School"}
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Public comprehensive high school in Oakville, Missouri, United States
Oakville High School (formerly Oakville Senior High School) is a public comprehensive high school in Oakville, Missouri that is part of the Mehlville R-9 School District.
In the 1960s, the district was struggling to keep up with skyrocking enrollments. Because of this, it was decided that a second high school needed to be built. Oakville High School was founded in 1969, originally being housed at the Jefferson Barracks Building in Mehlville until it moved into its present building at 5557 Milburn Road in 1973.
The school's colors are black and gold and the school mascot is the Tiger. The school uses similar branding to the University of Missouri Tigers, most notably with Oakville using the Missouri Tigers logo to represent them in athletics.
Student Body
Oakville has a co-educational student body of 1,684 in the 2022-23 school year, increasing by about 10% over the past five school years. Most students come from Bernard Middle School and Oakville Middle School, with a handful coming from Washington Middle School. The racial makeup of the school is approximately 83.5% White, 7.2% Black, 3.6% Asian, and 2.8% Hispanic.
Athletics/Activities
For the 2013–2014 school year, the school offered 27 activities approved by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA): baseball, boys and girls basketball, sideline cheerleading, boys and girls cross country, dance team, field hockey, 11-man football, boys and girls golf, music activities, scholar bowl, boys and girls soccer, softball, speech and debate, boys and girls swimming and diving, boys and girls tennis, boys and girls track and field, boys and girls volleyball, water polo, and wrestling. In addition to its current activities, Oakville students have won several state championships, including:
On May 12, 2022, the girls waterpolo team defeated Marquette to win the 2022 state championship. The team was led by offensive player of the year Senior Jenna Wolf with 206 Points and Senior Lauren Manning defensive player of the year. Brett Walters, an Oakville and University of Missouri graduate, coached the team and was named district coach of the year.
Notable alumni
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecce_railway_station"}
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Lecce railway station (Italian: Stazione di Lecce) (IATA: LCZ) serves the city and comune of Lecce, in the region of Apulia, Southern Italy. Opened in 1866, it is the southern terminus of the Adriatic Railway (Ancona–Lecce), and is also the terminus of two regional lines, the Martina Franca–Lecce railway and the Lecce–Otranto railway.
The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni. Train services on the Adriatic Railway are operated by or on behalf of Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.
Services on the Martina Franca–Lecce railway and the Lecce–Otranto railway are operated by Ferrovie del Sud Est (FSE).
Location
Lecce railway station is situated at Piazzale Oronzo Massari, a short distance to the south west of the city centre.
History
The station was opened on 15 January 1866, upon the inauguration of the final section of the Adriatic Railway, between Brindisi and Lecce. It remained a terminal station until 1 February 1868, when a new line was opened between Lecce and Zollino. That line now forms part of the Lecce–Otranto railway.
From the date of its opening until the nationalisation of railways in Italy, the station was operated by the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (English: Company for the Southern Railways, SFM). It was then taken over by the FS.
On 27 May 1907, the station was linked with Francavilla Fontana, by a railway line built to the Italian narrow gauge of 950 millimetres (37 in). This line later became the nucleus of the Martina Franca–Lecce railway, operated by the LSE. Since 1933, the Lecce-Maglie-Otranto railway, which serves as an extension of the Adriatic Railway, has also been operated by the LSE.
Train services
Adriatic Railway mainline trains depart from Lecce with destinations including Bari, Rome, Milan, Bologna, Venice and Turin.
The station is also served by regional trains operated by either Trenitalia or the FSE. Destinations linked by regional trains with Lecce include Bari, Foggia, Taranto, Manduria, Gallipoli (Italy), Otranto, Maglie, Santa Maria di Leuca, Novoli, Francavilla Fontana and Martina Franca.
The station is served by the following services:
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Finnish gymnast
Kaarina Koskinen (born 20 April 1944) is a Finnish gymnast. She competed in five events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiglo_Department"}
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Department in Cavally, Ivory Coast
Guiglo Department is a department of Cavally Region in Montagnes District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 259,381 and its seat is the settlement of Guiglo. The sub-prefectures of the department are Bédy-Goazon, Guiglo, Kaadé, and Nizahon.
History
Guiglo Department was created in 1969 as one of the 24 new departments that were created to take the place of the six departments that were being abolished. It was created from territory that was formerly part of Ouest Department. Using current boundaries as a reference, from 1969 to 1988 the department occupied the same territory as Cavally Region plus Duékoué Department of Guémon Region. This territory was organised into Moyen-Cavally Region in 2000.
In 1985, Guiglo Department was split in two in order to create Duékoué Department. In 1991, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Guiglo Department was included in the West Region, renamed Dix-Huit Montagnes Region in 1997.
Guiglo Department was divided again in 1996 to create Toulépleu Department. In 2000, it was included in the newly formed Moyen-Cavally Region.
A third division of Guiglo Department occurred in 2005 with the splitting-off of Bloléquin Department.
In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Guiglo Department became part of Cavally Region in Montagnes District.
Guiglo Department was divided for a fourth time in 2013 when two sub-prefectures were removed from it to create Taï Department.
Maps of historical boundaries
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_(song)"}
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2017 single by Selena Gomez
"Fetish" is a song by American singer Selena Gomez featuring guest vocals from American rapper Gucci Mane. It appears as an international bonus track on Gomez's third studio album, Rare (2020). The song was written by Gomez, Gucci Mane, Chloe Angelides, Brett McLaughlin, Gino Barletta, and its producers Jonas Jeberg, Joe Khajadourian, and Alex Schwartz.
"Fetish" received widespread acclaim from music critics, who complimented its experimental nature as well as Gomez's vocals and subsequent artistic growth. The song's music video was directed by Petra Collins and released on July 26, 2017. Commercially, the song reached the top 10 in Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Malaysia and Slovakia; the top 20 in Lebanon, New Zealand, the Philippines, Portugal and Spain; as well as the top 40 in Australia, Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was certified platinum by the RIAA for shifting a million units in the US.
Background and release
Gomez first teased "Fetish" through a short clip which debuted at the end of the music video for her previous single, "Bad Liar". Before the teasing, it was speculated rapper Gucci Mane would appear as the featured artist on a future release, with Mane confirming the collaboration during an interview with 99 Jamz radio station. Gomez followed with several cryptic images tied to the forthcoming song on her Instagram account. The image for the single cover was shot by fashion photographer Petra Collins, who also lensed her artwork for "Bad Liar". It shows Gomez next to a broken-down car carrying paper grocery bags. The single was released to digital music stores on July 13, while an accompanying "playlist video" premiered on Spotify and on her Vevo channel. The audio video features a shot that focuses on her lips while she performs the song. The single was serviced to US contemporary hit radio on July 25.
Composition and lyrical interpretation
"Fetish"
A 19-second sample of "Fetish", with Gomez singing the chorus. Described as a "seductive" track by Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone, it is a trap-pop, alt pop and R&B ballad with auto-tuned effects. Also featured in background vocals is the Scandinavian music tradition Kulning, possibly attributable to the Danish origins of producer Jonas Jeberg.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Fetish" is a trap-pop and alternative R&B ballad that contains a beat that blends R&B and electronic music. Its sound has been also described as alt-pop, "hazy" R&B. Lars Brandle from Billboard perceived the presence of auto-tuned effects in its production. Lyrically, the song explores themes of sexuality and sexual desire, in the chorus Gomez discusses the effect attraction has on a lover, while Mane's verse mentions the chemistry between these paramours, with Gomez's breathy vocals pairing around the beats. A writer from Bustle noted that "Gomez admits that while she totally understands why the object of her affection would be a little addicted to her, even when 'I push you out', they come running right back."
Critical reception
"Fetish" received widespread critical acclaim. Mike Wass of Idolator described the song as Gomez's "most scandalous" and "most adventurous" offering yet, stating her transformation into "pop's most experimental princess is all but complete." Wass concluded saying Gomez has "come into her own as an artist, confidently dabbling in sub-genres usually reserved for the alt crowd." XXL writer Peter A. Berry felt the "atmospheric, stripped down" instrumental is "perfect for the bedroom," while Mane's verse "adds an extra layer of dopeness." Time's Raisa Bruner called it a "slow-burning, seductive pop song [which] allows Gomez to play with the distinctive textures and rhythms of her voice, developing into a sinuous, alluring track that smartly dispenses with overbearing production, instead focusing in on the star attraction."
Music video
Background and synopsis
The music video was directed by Petra Collins and was released on July 26, 2017. The video opens with three shots of what appears to be Gomez soaking wet with her hair dripping seductively over her face in mirror images then shows Gomez in a pale-yellow dress, carrying bags of groceries similar to the song's cover artwork, on a seemingly normal suburban street, in a role that appears to be a beleaguered housewife, as noted by Stereogum. As the video progresses, Gomez takes part in a range of strange activities. Inside a suburban home, the singer is seen soaking wet (similar to the opening shots earlier) in a dining table with water sprinkling as if it is raining, with candles in the scenery. Then she eats soap, finds a broken glass of wine and proceeds to taste one of the broken fragments, puts lipstick over her teeth, ties a rope around her tongue into a bow, inserting her tongue through an eyelash curler and then writhes around on the kitchen floor, while Gucci Mane raps his verse in a smoky lit underground basement. The clip ends with a shot of Gomez smiling inside an industrial freezer.
Reception
Reviewing the clip, Tatiana Cirisano of Billboard felt it "gives off major Virgin Suicides-meets-Wild at Heart vibes." Entertainment Weekly's Nick Romano noted how the image of Gomez's character is "juxtaposed with her sinister obsessions."
The video's stylist Stella Greenspan drew references from Nobuyoshi Araki's photography books and Isabelle Adjani's performance in the 1981 film Possession to achieve a horror-film inspired aesthetic, within a story of a "good girl gone bad". Greenspan told Vogue:
As Selena’s character progresses, so do the clothes—the plain, pale yellow dress is so pretty, and then we see her in the crazier, Simone Rocha dress where she’s wet and you can see her underwear beneath... We wanted her to be autonomous, sexy, and in control of her sexuality, and the fashion played a huge role in that... For example, the Simone Rocha dress worked so well because of the way Simone designs her clothing and views femininity—her dresses are obviously so beautiful, but they also hold an ugliness in them. They’re layered, torn, colorful, and full.
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel adapted from Rare album liner notes.
Charts
Certifications
Release history
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Adams"}
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United States Navy admiral
Richard Donald Adams (June 14, 1909 – September 5, 1987) was an officer in the United States Navy who served during World War II, and attained the rank of Rear Admiral. Adams was also known as the first husband of actress Martha O'Driscoll, with the union ending in a well publicised divorce.
Early life
Adams was born in Ambridge, Pennsylvania, son of Arthur D. and Mary Adams (née Patterson). After graduating from Ambridge High School in 1927, Adams attended the Bellefonte Academy. In 1929 Adams received his appointment to the United States Naval Academy and graduated with the class of 1932.
Junior Officer
After his graduation from Annapolis, Adams was commissioned as an Ensign in the United States Navy. Adams spent the first years of his naval career on board the USS Lexington (CV-2) and as an Engineering Officer of USS Sturtevant (DD-240). From June 1934 until August 1935, Adams served as a student aviator at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Florida. During this time, Adams met his future wife and actress, 23 year old Martha O'Driscoll. In 1937, LTJG Adams resigned his commission and received a commission in the Naval Reserve.
After transferring to the Naval Reserve, Adams was employed as an engineer by the National Supply Company, which produced Superior brand Diesel engines. Adams wrote several instruction manuals while employed there. In June 1939, Adams took on employment as a Power Sales Engineer with the Engineering Equipment and Supply Company in Manila, Philippine Islands. In May 1941, he was called to active duty.
World War II
Recalled to active duty, Adams was assigned to the submarine tender USS Otus (ARG-20) as Engineering Officer. The USS Otus was assigned to the Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines. On December 10, 1941, she was slightly damaged when the Japanese conducted an air raid on the Cavite Navy Yard. The USS Otus was then withdrawn from the Philippines. In November 1942, Adams was transferred to the USS Barnes (CVE-20) as an Engineering Officer. On September 18, 1943, LTCD Adams married Martha O'Driscoll in a ceremony at Beverly Hills, California. In March 1944, LCDR Adams was transferred to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. He and served there until his release from active duty in February 1946.
Divorce
Adams met Martha O'Driscoll in 1935 while spending time at the O'Driscoll home in Beverly Hills. They were married September 18, 1943 in Beverly Hills and separated several months later. In August 1944, LCDR Adams' mother announced to the newspapers of O'Driscoll's intention to divorce her son. O'Driscoll announced her intention to divorce in January 1945, but because of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 it would be delayed until the end of the war. When Adams was released from active duty in March 1946, he contested the divorce. In March 1947, O'Driscoll established a new residence at the Hotel El Rancho in Las Vegas, Nevada with the intention of filing for divorce a second time. On July 18, 1947, O'Driscoll was granted her divorce from Adams. Less than 48 hours later, O'Driscoll married Navy veteran and Chicago businessman Arthur I. Appleton. At the same time, she announced her intention to retire as an actress.
Reserve career
Adams took command of Naval Reserve Sub-Repair Division 12–34 in September 1950. In April 1953, he received a new assignment as Commanding Officer of Naval Reserve (Surface) Brigade 12–2, at Treasure Island, California. In the summer of 1955, Adams attended the Senior Reserve Officers' course at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. In March 1956, CDR Adams spent two weeks at the Naval Amphibious Training Unit at Coronado, California. Beginning in July 1956, CDR Adams spent one year on recruiting duty on Treasure Island, California. At the same time, Adams was a Senior Member of the Naval Reserve Policy Board for the 12th Naval District. He was also Member and Subcommittee Chairman and later committee chairman, of the National Naval Reserve Policy Board in Washington, DC. From January 1958 until June 1963, Adams attended the Naval Reserve Officers School and took courses in Public Relations, International Law, International Relations, and Guided Missiles.
In April 1963, CDR Adams was promoted to rear admiral. After a short time with the Bureau of Naval Personnel, RADM Adams took command of the Naval Reserve Group 12-6 (L) at Treasure Island, California. This placed RADM Adams in command of more than 30 naval divisions. For two weeks in 1963, Adams was placed on active duty as Commander of the US Naval Base in New Orleans, Louisiana. In January 1964, RADM Adams reported for duty to support the public relations for the Commandant of the 12th Naval district. Adams retired from the Naval Reserve in 1965.
Later life
Since the war, Adams had been self-employed, being owner of RD Adams Company, San Francisco, engaged in rental and sales of materials handling equipment, and providing inspection services. He was also Manager of an exporting firm, Overseas Industrial Services, also in San Francisco.
Rear Admiral Adams was a member of the Navy League, US Naval Reserve Association, the Naval Order of the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Society of Naval Engineers. He died September 5, 1987, aged 78, and was interred at Golden Gate National Cemetery.
Awards
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6548715e-1590-4697-9265-0647ce12ac00
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Bey_Ishakovi%C4%87"}
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Ottoman general
Isa-Beg Ishaković (Turkish: İshakoğlu İsa Bey; fl. 1439–70) was an Ottoman Bosnian general and the governor of the Sanjak of Bosnia for most of his career. Of Bosnian noble origin, he was recruited after being held hostage by the Ottomans. He was a provincial governor during the 1450s and 1460s, first in charge of the Sanjak of Skopje, and then the Sanjak of Bosnia. He was instrumental in the Ottoman conquests in the region, and was one of the Sultan's most trusted generals.
Origin
There are two main theories about his father identity:
Biography
Isa Beg Ishaković conquered Hodidjed fortress in 1435, after it had been briefly reconquered by Matko Talovac in 1434.
Isa-Beg Ishaković was appointed as sanjak-bey (provincial governor) of the Sanjak of Skopje in the spring of 1439, in place of his father, Ishak-Beg, who was sent to lead military actions in Serbia. He was then appointed the sanjak-bey of Bosnia, briefly in 1463, and then from 1464 to 1470.[citation needed]
As governor of the province of Bosnia, Isa-Beg assured its future prosperity. He founded Sarajevo in 1461[citation needed] in the former Bosnian province of Vrhbosna. Between then and 1463 he built the core of the city's Old Town district, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a public bath, a hostel, and the Governor's castle (Saray), which gave the city its present name. In much the same way and year he also founded Novi Pazar (in Serbia), rendered from Turkish: Yeni Pazar, literally meaning "new marketplace", some eleven kilometers from the medieval settlement of Trgovište ("Trgovište" means "marketplace"). There he built a mosque, a marketplace, a public bath, a hostel, and a compound. He is also responsible for establishing a number of other cities and towns in the region.
Ishaković built many important buildings part of the Old Bazaar in Skopje, like the Čifte Hammam, Kapan Han, Ishak Bey Mosque (dedicated to his father Ishak-Beg, also known as Isaklija or Aladža), the madrasa (Islamic school) and library (within Isak-Beg's Mosque, one of the first Islamic libraries in Europe), and many other buildings that belonged to his endowment (waqf, Bosnian: vakuf).
Ishaković participated in ransom slavery in 1470 when he ransomed a highly positioned Ottoman official named Mustafa by releasing the wife of Croatian nobleman Ivan Marković and paying 500 ducats to Ragusan Frančesko Micalović, the agent in this transaction.
Family tree
After Franz Babinger in the Encyclopedia of Islam:
Annotations
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785fa64b-5405-4dea-91b2-33593dc92aef
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown_Shopping_Centre"}
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Shopping centre in suburban northern Dublin
Charlestown Shopping Centre is a shopping centre located on St. Margaret's Road, Dublin, Ireland, north of Finglas village. It opened in October 2007.
Shops
Dunnes Stores is the anchor tenant; other tenants include Sports Direct, Boots, Eddie Rocket's and Ulster Bank.
Later phases
Phase two of the shopping centre opened in October 2015. It consisted of a nine screen Odeon cinema, and a Leisureplex which includes bowling and Quasar facilities. Phase three consisted of 3 car showrooms and opened in 2019.[citation needed]
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8354c488-2ce4-4d6d-b7f6-f9048ee687f6
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildorrery"}
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Village in Munster, Ireland
Kildorrery (Irish: Cill Dairbhre, meaning 'oak-forest church') is a village in north County Cork, Ireland. It lies at the crossroads of the N73 road from Mallow to Mitchelstown and the R512 from Kilmallock to Fermoy.
This hilltop village has views to the east of the Galtee Mountains and Knockmealdown Mountains with Slievenamon in the distance. To the north the Ballyhouras – the Limerick road is flanked by two mountains, Castlegale and Carrigeenamronety (Carraigín na mBróinte). To the south, across the Blackwater Valley are the Nagle mountains, and to the west towards County Kerry the Paps are sometimes visible.
The village hosts an annual food fair in which local families (of various nationalities) allow people to sample the cuisine of their native countries.
The town has been the subject of a number of environmental concerns in the recent past including proposals for a municipal landfill at Ballyguyroe in 2001, and applications to An Bord Pleanála in 2004 and 2008 to place a landfill in the Ballyhoura Mountains near the village. Kildorrery is part of the Cork East Dáil constituency.
Economy
The local economy is based on agriculture. There is a large horticultural business, a national haulage firm and several small family run pubs and shops.[citation needed]
Education
The school on Fermoy Road was constructed in 1977 replacing the two-roomed "Old School" formerly known as Scart National School built at the height of the Great Famine in 1847.[citation needed]
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d3e7c072-1584-4fac-9cef-917736b76980
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7_(Philippine_TV_series)"}
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Filipino TV series or program
24/7 is a 2020 Philippine action drama television series starring Julia Montes. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Yes Weekend! Sunday block and worldwide via The Filipino Channel from February 23 to March 15, 2020, replacing The Haunted.
Plot
About a mother who can do everything for her beloved son. Mia (Julia Montes) is a security officer in Jacinto Pharmaceuticals and a single mother raising her son Xavier. One epidemic, a hybrid of dengue and malaria are spreading, where casualties are high and vaccines to cure it are not given by the company, for a certain reason. She tries desperately to beg her boss a dose, but declined. She stole a case full, but costed her life when Franco killed her in a market. The medicine works, but she died nonetheless. her son was cured, and became a poster boy for his mother's deed, and became a scientist and an inventor in 2045, creating a holographic stick.
The time would rewound back to 2020 where Mia saw news clips about her death in the mysterious stick. She decides to change the fate, by doing the same thing, but this time, she was more careful. She now tries to find clues about the epidemic, and tries to save as many victims as she could.
Cast and characters
Main cast
Supporting cast
Special Participation
Broadcast
The series aired on ABS-CBN's Yes Weekend! Sunday block and worldwide via The Filipino Channel.
From March 15, 2020, production of new episodes were temporarily suspended by the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon put in place because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, the show was put on hiatus and temporarily replaced by reruns of Wansapanataym in its timeslot until the closure of ABS-CBN's free-to-air network (Channel 2) on May 5, 2020 due to the cease and desist order issued by the National Telecommunications Commission on account of its franchise expiration.
The show was later cancelled due to the aforementioned circumstances.
Reception
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8a838045-6606-462a-8b8e-714a0f2a50c3
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