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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arena"}
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L'Arena is an Italian local daily newspaper, based in Verona, Italy.
History and profile
Founded in 1866, shortly before the annexation of Veneto into the Kingdom of Italy, L'Arena is one of the oldest newspapers in Italy and the most popular newspaper in Verona. The owner and publisher of the daily is Società Athesis.
Carlo Terron, Italian drama critic and playwright, worked for the newspaper at the beginning of the 1940s.
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Nospitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps close to the town of Malbun, with a height of 2,091 metres (6,860 ft).
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Poltoranin"}
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Kazakhstani cross-country skier
Alexey Yurevich Poltoranin (Kazakh: Алексей Юрьевич Полтаранин, born April 29, 1987) is a Kazakh cross-country skier who has competed at the international senior level since 2004. He has three World Cup wins, one in 2010 and two in 2013. In the 2013 World Championship in Val di Fiemme he won two bronze medals. Most of his best results are in the classic technique.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2019 Poltoranin was one of five athletes caught doping by Bundeskriminalamt in a police raid in Seefeld, Austria. He was arrested before the start of the 15 kilometre classical race. He admitted to using blood doping.
His wife is biathlete Olga Poltoranina.
Athletic career
World Championships and Olympics
Poltoranin competed at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics, the World Ski Championships in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Poltoranin finished fifth in both the individual and team sprint at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
In the 2013 World Championship in Val di Fiemme, Poltoranin won two bronze medals. On the first day, Poltoranin competed in the classic sprint where he qualified to the semifinals, but he broke his ski poles at the start. On the next day, Alexey Poltoranin and Nikolay Chebotko won bronze at the men's team sprint. On the last day of the championship, he took bronze in the men's 50 km classic and finished after Johan Olsson and Dario Cologna. His other World Championship results include sixth in the team sprint in 2011 and seventh places at the 4×10 km relay in 2007 and the team sprint in 2009.
World Cup
The 2004/05 season was Alexey Poltoranin's first in the World Cup. First World Cup stage, where he competed, was 4 × 10 km relay in Gällivare in 2004, however he competed only in two races this season. Poltoranin claimed his first World Cup victory at the 15 kilometer classic race at Davos in 2010 and took that victory ahead of Alexander Legkov and Lukáš Bauer. For Kazakhstan, the victory of Poltoranin was the first win since March 1998 when Vladimir Smirnov won the 30 km in Lahti. In the 2011–12 season, he made only one victory, when he won Nordic Opening's 15 km classical handicap in Kuusamo. On December 17, 2011, he placed third at 15 kilometer classic in Rogla.
The 2013–14 season was more successful for Poltoranin, than previous years. He began his world cup run on November 11, 2012, in Gällivare, where he reached his first season podium finishing second in 15 km freestyle race. On December 2, 2012, he took third at Nordic Opening's 15 km classical handicap start in Kuusamo crossing the line 3.4 seconds behind Petter Northug. He finished Nordic Opening 3rd overall. Poltoranin won his first ever Tour de Ski stage in the 5 km classic individual in Toblach as Petter Northug finished second to maintain his overall lead. He also won stage 6 in Val di Fiemme and finished 11th overall in general classification. On January 19, 2013, Poltoranin won the men's 15-kilometre classical-style mass start race in a sprint finish, clocking 37 minutes, 11.6 seconds to beat Russia's Alexander Bessmertnykh by .01 seconds. On February 6, 2013, he won 1.5 k classic sprint in Davos. In the final run in Poltoranin coasted in comfortably with a time of 3:25.7, while Cologna narrowly out-sprinted Pellegrino for a second-place finish to please the home crowd. This was Poltoranin's first sprint victory on the World Cup. He placed second in last two stages of the season in Lahti and Drammen, where in both races was defeated by Petter Northug. Poltoranin finished 2012–13 World Cup season 4th overall with 995 points.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
Team podiums
Other career highlights
Asian Winter Games
2007 –
Changchun
2nd, freestyle sprint
2011 –
Almaty
1st, classical sprint
2011 –
Almaty
1st, team freestyle sprint (with Chebotko)
2011 –
Almaty
3rd, 10 km classical individual
2011 –
Almaty
1st, 30 km classical mass start
2011 –
Almaty
1st, 4 × 10 km relay (with Cherepanov / Chebotko / Velichko)
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manojit_Mohan_Dhar"}
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Manojit Mohan Dhar (1927–2003) was an Indian natural product chemist and the director of Central Drug Research Institute. He was known for his researches on peptides and the synthesis of the internucleotide bond and was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1971, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
Biography
M. M. Dhar, born on 13 January 1927, secured a PhD from Manchester University in 1952 for his thesis on peptides and joined Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) where he worked as a deputy director, heading the Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Botany and subsequently, as the director of the institute. Later, he worked as the counselor of science to the High Commission of India to the United Kingdom. His researches were focused on the constituents of a number of indigenous plants and he studied their structures with a view to find their therapeutic uses. Thus, he discovered the glycosidase activity of decapeptides, abortifacient properties of tetrapeptide, receptor mimicking of acetylcholines and immunostimulant and immunosuppressant qualities of compounds that target opioid receptors. He was known to have screened over three thousand indigenous plant species for studying their structures and through his researches, he suggested that the secondary metabolites of microbial origin were formed during the detoxification of toxic constituent of the microorganism. He identified several active ingredients in plants and developed a new method of synthesis of internucleotide bond, using pyrimidine and purine anhydronucleosides. He discovered that the synthesis of quinomycin A could be catalysed by a cell-free extract of streptomyces. He was also a part of the CDRI investigation on parasitic protozoa causing diseases such as amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, filariasis, malaria and helminthiasis.
Dhar published his research findings in a number of articles and his works have been quoted by many scholars. He was associated with Bombay Natural History Society and Indian Chemical Society as a life member and sat in the council of Indian National Science Academy from 1988 to 1990. A former chair (1982) of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, he served as the commissioner of India chapter of the International Whaling Commission in 1982 and was a member of the Indian delegation to United Nations Vienna Conference on S&T for Development in 1979, Man and the Biosphere Programme conference held in Paris in 1979, World Climate Conference of Geneva in 1979 and the Heads of Science meeting of Group of 77 in Delhi in 1982.
M. M. Dhar died on 26 May 2003 at the age of 76.
Awards and honours
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Dhar the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1971 and the A. V. Mody Research Foundation Award reached him 1975. In between, the Indian National Science Academy elected him as their fellow in 1973. The Central Drug Research Institute have instituted an annual award, Dr. M. M. Dhar Memorial Distinguished Career Achievement Award, for honouring excellence in research in chemical sciences.
Citations
Selected bibliography
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4540ae97-64d7-4363-a872-bd4489bfdda3
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_and_the_World"}
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The War and the World (Война и мир) is a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1916 and first published in 1917 by Maxim Gorky-led Parus Publishers, originally under the title Война и мiр.
The name of the poem is a wordplay on Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. In the pre-1918 Russian мiр meant "the world," "the Universe," as opposed to мир, "peace". In the modern Russian, the words are full homonyms.
Background
In the early September 1915 Mayakovsky joined the Petrograd military driving automobile driving school. The patriotic enthusiasm he experienced at the outset of the war now waned, he was quite unwilling to go to the frontline. "Shaven me up [for the service]. But now I don't want to go to the front anymore. Pose as a draftsman. Take nightly lessons from an engineer who teaches me to draw the autos. With publications it's even worse. Soldiers are forbidden to [get published]," he wrote in I, Myself.
It was while studying at the school that he started The War and the World which was finished in the course of 1916. While working upon the poem Mayakovsky often visited Gorky, recited new fragments and, apparently, received advice.
History
In the end of 1915, having finished Part 3 of the poem, Mayakovsky read it in the offices of Letopis magazine, with Gorky present. Approved for the publication by the staff meeting, it was banned by the Russian military censorship committee. In No.9 issue of the magazine it was marked as one of the works which "cannot be published for reasons… the editorial staff has no influence over." Public renditions of the poem were also banned.
Mayakovsky started publishing The War and the World in parts, in Letopis (The Prologue, Part 5, 1917, Petrograd), Desert Miracle almanac (Part 4, Odessa, 1917), Novaya Zhyzn newspaper (Part 3, 1917). For the first time the poem was published as a whole in the late 1917 by Parus Publishers, later to be included into Vladimir Mayakovsky's Collected Works, 1909-1919.
Gorky was the poem's most ardent champion who admired the anti-war pathos, but also its in-your-face language, totally devoid of subtlety ("like telegraph posts playing upon your nerves," as he put it). The Futurists received the poem negatively and accused the author of having torn with all the basic principles of the movement, apparently under Gorky's influence. Later Soviet literary historians eagerly explored this line, finding the two authors' rhetoric at the time in many ways similar.
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Triveni Supermarkets is a chain of retail supermarkets operating in the co-operative sector headquartered in Trivandrum, Kerala, India. This system is operated by the Kerala State Co-operative Consumers Federation Limited, which is a Public Sector undertaking in Cooperative Sector . Hence this chain is in principle used as a form of governmental intervention in the retail market in the state to control and limit retail prices. As of 2017, there are a total of 229 outlets throughout the state, including some mobile, floating supermarkets, coffeehouses and a noon meal scheme.
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Buess is a Swiss surname. Notable people with the surname include:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_short_track_speed_skating"}
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For the Winter Olympics, there are nine venues that have been used for short track speed skating. The 1988 events were held at the same venue with the curling events though both were demonstration events. Since then, the short track speed skating events have been held with the figure skating events.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Camping_World_East_Series"}
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23rd season of NASCAR's Camping World East Series
2009 NASCAR Camping World East Series
Previous
2008
Next
2010
The 2009 NASCAR Camping World East Series was the 23rd season of the Camping World East Series, a touring series sanctioned by NASCAR. Matt Kobyluck entered the season as the defending drivers' champion. Ryan Truex won the championship, 34 points in front of Eddie MacDonald.
This was the last season for the East Series with the Camping World title sponsorship. Because Camping World decided to be the title sponsor for the NASCAR Truck Series starting in 2009, they did not renew their title sponsorship of NASCAR's East and West Series after their contract for that ended at the end of the 2009 season. (So, they sponsored all three series for that year only.) K&N Filters became the new title sponsor for the East and West Series starting in 2010.
Schedule
The schedule was announced on December 24, 2008 with eleven races at ten different tracks. The series lost three tracks from last year's schedule (Stafford Motor Speedway, Music City Motorplex and Mansfield Motorsports Park) but gains one new track for this season (Tri-County Motor Speedway). The Tennessee State Fairgrounds was initially on the schedule but changes in management of the track (new management decided to eliminate NASCAR sanction) resulted in the loss of the event.
For the fourth year in a row, the regular season began at Greenville-Pickens Speedway on April 11. The series made its first appearance at Tri-County Motor Speedway two weeks later on April 25 before heading to Iowa for the series' third appearance at Iowa Speedway. The Iowa race was a combination East/West race where drivers from both series will compete against each other. Drivers are awarded points based on their finishing position against drivers in their series. (i.e. Highest finishing driver in the East gets first place points and the highest finishing driver in the West gets first place points)
Traditional stops at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, Thompson International Speedway, Adirondack International Speedway, and Lime Rock Park fill up the bulk of the summer schedule before the regular season finale at Dover International Speedway on September 25.
On March 16, 2009, NASCAR announced that Speed Channel would broadcast each race as part of a one-hour special that would air on Thursdays at 3 p.m. ET.
The 2009 season Toyota All-Star Showdown was held on January 30, 2010, and was televised on Speed Channel.
1 All races will air tape-delayed on Speed Channel on Thursdays at 3pm ET 2 Non-points event. This race airs live on Speed Channel.
2009 Series Races
NASCAR Home Tracks 150 presented by Kevin Whitaker Chevrolet
The NASCAR Home Tracks 150 presented by Kevin Whitaker Chevrolet was held at Greenville-Pickens Speedway on April 11.
Brian Ickler is hoping to use the NASCAR Camping World Series East as a launching pad. Performances like Saturday night at historic Greenville Pickens Speedway certainly don’t hurt his cause, as Ickler led nearly every lap from start to finish in winning the season-opening.
Ickler recorded his fourth career NASCAR Camping World Series East victory and seventh NASCAR Camping World Series victory overall.
Veteran Jody Lavender scored a career-best second-place finish, while Eddie MacDonald finished third. Josh Richards and Brett Moffitt, both making their first career NASCAR starts, rounded out the top five.
Ickler qualified second behind pole position winner Moffitt. A multi-car accident in Turn 1 on the start of the race caused a lengthy red flag before the end of the first lap. NASCAR decided to reset the lineup of the field with the exception of those cars involved in the accident and do a complete restart of the event. Several cars came into the pits to repair damage and would have to start at the rear of the field since they were considered to have pitted before the initial green flag. On the second attempt at the start, Ickler got the jump on Moffitt and quickly began to pull away from the field.
MacDonald, restarting on the outside of the front row, briefly took the lead by a nose on two restarts. Each time however, Ickler erased the lead and pulled out to a commanding lead. Ickler led four times for 146 laps. In addition, the victory gave Ickler a secured spot in the postseason NASCAR Toyota All-Star Showdown - a spot reserved for winners of the NASCAR Camping World Series events in 2009.
Fastest Qualifier: Brett Moffitt, Time: 20.691 Seconds, Speed: 86.994 mph (140.003 km/h)
Time of Race: 1 hrs., 22 mins, 9 seconds
Margin of Victory: 0.951 Seconds
Average race speed: 54.778 mph (88.157 km/h)
Cautions: Laps 11-13; 45-48; 99-103; 106-111; 113-118; 129-132; 135-141; 144-146. 8 for 38 laps.
Lead changes: 6 changes involving 2 drivers
Lap Leaders: Ickler 1-48, MacDonald 49, Ickler 50-111, MacDonald 112, Ickler 113-118, MacDonald 119-120, Ickler 121-150.
Total Laps Lead: Brian Ickler 146, Eddie MacDonald 4
Did not Qualify: None
Top 10 Driver Points: Brian Ickler 190, Jody Lavender 170, Eddie MacDonald 170, Josh Richards 160, Brett Moffitt * 155, Patrick Long 150, Steve Park 146, Matt Kobyluck 142, Alan Tardiff 138, Matt DiBenedetto 134
NASCAR Camping World Series East-Tri-County 150
The NASCAR Camping World Series East-Tri-County 150 was held at Tri-County Motor Speedway on April 25.
Matt DiBenedetto took just two starts to find Victory Lane.
The 17-year-old Grass Valley, Calif., driver passed Austin Dillon on a back-and-forth battle following a green-white-checkered finish to Saturday night’s Tri-County 150 to earn his first career NASCAR Camping World Series East victory.
DiBenedetto, a Joe Gibbs Racing development driver, and Dillon, a Richard Childress Racing development driver, swapped the lead six times over the second half of the race. The event was stretched to 165 laps due to a pair of late cautions. DiBenedetto led four times for 75 laps, while Dillon led three times for 15 laps.
On the final restart, Dillon got the jump from the second spot to take the lead. DiBenedetto, however, was able to nose underneath as they came to the white flag and took the lead going into Turn 1 of the final lap.
Rookie Alan Tardiff earned his first Coors Light Pole Award earlier in the day and brought home his best finish with a third-place run. Jody Lavender took over the points lead with a fourth-place finish, while Patrick Long rounded out the top five.
Fastest Qualifier: A.Tardiff *, 86.946 mph (139.926 km/h), 16.562 seconds
Time of Race: 1 hour 8 minutes 43 seconds
Margin of Victory: .340 seconds
Average Speed: 90.833 mph (146.182 km/h)
Lead changes: 8 among 4 drivers
Cautions: 8 for 43 laps
Lap Leaders: A. Tardiff 1-16; M. Kobyluck 17-75; M. DiBenedetto 76-101; A. Dillon 102-113; M. DiBenedetto 114-146; A. Dillon 147; M. DiBenedetto 148-162; A. Dillon 163-164; M. DiBenedetto 165
Laps Lead: Matt DiBenedetto 75, Matt Kobyluck 59, Alan Tardiff * 16, Austin Dillon 15
Standings: 1. J. Lavender, 330; 2. M. DiBenedetto, 324; 3. A. Tardiff, 308; 4. P. Long, 305; 5. E. MacDonald, 297; 6. M. Kobyluck, 281; 7. D. Armstrong, 273; 8. S. Park, 264; 9. D. Delaney, 262; 10. R. Duff, 260
Did not Qualify: None
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Henry II of Sonneberg (before 1249 – 1288) was the descendant of the von Sonneberg family and the founder of the Sonnefeld Monastery.
The death of Duke Otto II of Merania on 19 June 1248 at Niesten Castle brought the end to the Imperial Duchy of Merania, in whose service the Herren (Lords) von Sonneberg had managed properties in the areas of Coburg and Sonneberg. Because of his service, Henry II was given the Herrschaft (territorial dominion) of Sonneberg and the authority to govern it. In 1252 and around 1260 he acquired from the Benedictine Abbey of Saalfeld the extensive possessions in the surrounding areas of Sonneberg and Coburg.
In 1260, Henry II, with his wife Kunigunde, founded the Sonnefeld Monastery and furnished it with the properties from their own possessions. In 1279, with other associates of the Sonnefeld Monastery, he was found among the witnesses of the foundation charter of the Himmelkron Monastery, where the first nuns were assumed to have come from Sonnefeld.
Literature
Sources
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6cafc04f-b4bc-454c-a7f8-f077e1fa88bc
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omorgus_villosus"}
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Species of beetle
Omorgus villosus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
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1979f0f5-f24c-4474-b594-58fe8684c99b
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercargo"}
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Person employed on board a vessel by the owner of cargo carried on the ship
A supercargo (from Spanish sobrecargo) is a person employed on board a vessel by the owner of cargo carried on the ship. The duties of a supercargo are defined by admiralty law and include managing the cargo owner's trade, selling the merchandise in ports to which the vessel is sailing, and buying and receiving goods to be carried on the return voyage.
The supercargo has control of the cargo unless limited by other contracts or agreements. For instance, the supercargo has no authority over the stevedores, and has no role in the necessary preparatory work prior to the handling of cargo. Sailing from port to port with the vessel to which they are attached, supercargos differ from factors, who have a fixed place of residence at a port or other trading place.
History
During the Age of Sail from the 16th to the mid-19th century, the supercargo was the second-most important person aboard a merchant ship after the captain.
Sweden
On ships of the Swedish East India Company (1731–1813), the supercargo represented the company and was in charge of all matters related to trade, while the captain was in charge of navigation, loading and unloading of cargo as well as the maintenance of the ship. The captain was restricted to following written orders from the supercargo. A new supercargo was always appointed for each journey; he had to keep books, notes and ledgers about everything that happened during the voyage and trade matters abroad. He was to present these immediately to the directors of the Company on the ship's return to its headquarters in Gothenburg. The supercargo was fined for each day the books were delayed. Helping him in all this, he had a staff of assistants: a concierge, a cook, a footman and his own ship's court, consisting of seven persons. According to historical documents, the court remained busy throughout the voyage. The supercargo also had to maintain and run the company's factory at the trading destination.
Having the highest rank aboard the ship, the supercargo also received the highest salary. In addition to this, he received six percent of the value of the cargo which the ship carried home. Every person on board had the right to buy, bring home goods, and sell them in Sweden. The amount of goods permitted was regulated by the person's rank aboard the ship and his financial means. At the top of this list was the supercargo.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zba%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Devrek"}
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Village in Zonguldak Province, Turkey
Özbağı is a village in Devrek District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey.
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8e988478-e101-4768-9a7c-2f47c300f22f
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manish_Malhotra_Show"}
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The Manish Malhotra Show is an Indian talk show hosted by fashion designer Manish Malhotra, which premiered in 2005 on zOOm channel. The series was later syndicated on TV Asia USA.
The show features celebrity guests, industry moviemakers, and fashion tips. Some of the celebrities that have appeared on the show are: Sridevi, Urmila Matondkar, Smriti Irani, and so on.
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56cc25cd-e757-4c4d-8eb5-095cf563c8bb
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis"}
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Shedding of the exoskeleton in arthropods and other invertebrates
Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. The remnants of the old, empty exoskeleton are called exuviae.
After moulting, an arthropod is described as teneral, a callow; it is "fresh", pale and soft-bodied. Within one or two hours, the cuticle hardens and darkens following a tanning process analogous to the production of leather. During this short phase the animal expands, since growth is otherwise constrained by the rigidity of the exoskeleton. Growth of the limbs and other parts normally covered by the hard exoskeleton is achieved by transfer of body fluids from soft parts before the new skin hardens. A spider with a small abdomen may be undernourished but more probably has recently undergone ecdysis. Some arthropods, especially large insects with tracheal respiration, expand their new exoskeleton by swallowing or otherwise taking in air. The maturation of the structure and colouration of the new exoskeleton might take days or weeks in a long-lived insect; this can make it difficult to identify an individual if it has recently undergone ecdysis.
Ecdysis allows damaged tissue and missing limbs to be regenerated or substantially re-formed. Complete regeneration may require a series of moults, the stump becoming a little larger with each moult until it is a normal, or near normal, size.
Etymology
The term ecdysis comes from Ancient Greek ἐκδύω (ekduo) 'to take off, strip off'.
Process
In preparation for ecdysis, the arthropod becomes inactive for a period of time, undergoing apolysis or separation of the old exoskeleton from the underlying epidermal cells. For most organisms, the resting period is a stage of preparation during which the secretion of fluid from the moulting glands of the epidermal layer and the loosening of the underpart of the cuticle occurs. Once the old cuticle has separated from the epidermis, a digesting fluid is secreted into the space between them. However, this fluid remains inactive until the upper part of the new cuticle has been formed. Then, by crawling movements, the organism pushes forward in the old integumentary shell, which splits down the back allowing the animal to emerge. Often, this initial crack is caused by a combination of movement and increase in blood pressure within the body, forcing an expansion across its exoskeleton, leading to an eventual crack that allows for certain organisms such as spiders to extricate themselves. While the old cuticle is being digested, the new layer is secreted. All cuticular structures are shed at ecdysis, including the inner parts of the exoskeleton, which includes terminal linings of the alimentary tract and of the tracheae if they are present.
Physiology of ecdysis
Insects
Moulting (ecdysis) in southern hawker, Aeshna cyanea
Each stage of development between moults for insects in the taxon endopterygota is called an instar, or stadium, and each stage between moults of insects in the Exopterygota is called a nymph: there may be up to 15 nymphal stages. Endopterygota tend to have only four or five instars. Endopterygotes have more alternatives to moulting, such as expansion of the cuticle and collapse of air sacs to allow growth of internal organs.
The process of moulting in insects begins with the separation of the cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells (apolysis) and ends with the shedding of the old cuticle (ecdysis). In many species it is initiated by an increase in the hormone ecdysone. This hormone causes:
After apolysis the insect is known as a pharate. Moulting fluid is then secreted into the exuvial space between the old cuticle and the epidermis, this contains inactive enzymes which are activated only after the new epicuticle is secreted. This prevents the new procuticle from getting digested as it is laid down. The lower regions of the old cuticle, the endocuticle and mesocuticle, are then digested by the enzymes and subsequently absorbed. The exocuticle and epicuticle resist digestion and are hence shed at ecdysis.
Spiders
Spiders generally change their skin for the first time while still inside the egg sac, and the spiderling that emerges broadly resembles the adult. The number of moults varies, both between species and sexes, but generally will be between five times and nine times before the spider reaches maturity. Not surprisingly, since males are generally smaller than females, the males of many species mature faster and do not undergo ecdysis as many times as the females before maturing. Members of the Mygalomorphae are very long-lived, sometimes 20 years or more; they moult annually even after they mature.
Spiders stop feeding at some time before moulting, usually for several days. The physiological processes of releasing the old exoskeleton from the tissues beneath typically cause various colour changes, such as darkening. If the old exoskeleton is not too thick it may be possible to see new structures, such as setae, from the outside. However, contact between the nerves and the old exoskeleton is maintained until a very late stage in the process.
The new, teneral exoskeleton has to accommodate a larger frame than the previous instar, while the spider has had to fit into the previous exoskeleton until it has been shed. This means the spider does not fill out the new exoskeleton completely, so it commonly appears somewhat wrinkled.
Most species of spiders hang from silk during the entire process, either dangling from a drop line, or fastening their claws into webbed fibres attached to a suitable base. The discarded, dried exoskeleton typically remains hanging where it was abandoned once the spider has left.
To open the old exoskeleton, the spider generally contracts its abdomen (opisthosoma) to supply enough fluid to pump into the prosoma with sufficient pressure to crack it open along its lines of weakness. The carapace lifts off from the front, like a helmet, as its surrounding skin ruptures, but it remains attached at the back. Now the spider works its limbs free and typically winds up dangling by a new thread of silk attached to its own exuviae, which in turn hang from the original silk attachment.
At this point the spider is a callow; it is teneral and vulnerable. As it dangles, its exoskeleton hardens and takes shape. The process may take minutes in small spiders, or some hours in the larger Mygalomorphs. Some spiders, such as some Synema species, members of the Thomisidae (crab spiders), mate while the female is still callow, during which time she is unable to eat the male.
Eurypterids
Eurypterids are a group of chelicerates that became extinct in the Late Permian. They underwent ecdysis similarly to extant chelicerates, and most fossils are thought to be of exuviae, rather than cadavers.
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Thierry Zomahoun, born in Benin, West Africa, is a Benin-Canadian national. He is a political economist, an industry leader, a grand strategist and a global thought leader for innovative education initiatives. A former Board Director of the Canadian Council for International Corporation (CCIC), Zomahoun is currently the Chairman and CEO of The Niagara Forum (http://niagaraforum.ca), Canada’s global premier forum on geopolitics, science and innovation. The Niagara Forum is an international platform established to host highly strategic initiatives including a global gathering called global agora, a world leaders forum and a youth leadership lab. (http://niagaraforum.ca). As Chairman and CEO, he oversees a consortium of strategic initiatives including a think tank on geopolitics and five research chair programs (geomatics, biodiversity, finance, technology and entrepreneurship). Zomahoun is the Chairman and CEO of SPG Inc., an international high tech firm headquartered in Toronto (Canada). In 2013, He founded the Next Einstein Forum (NEF). The NEF is a global premier and pioneer forum on science and innovation in Africa. The first NEF edition (2016) took place in Senegal under the auspices of HE President Macky Sall. He successfully led the organization of the NEF second edition (2018) in Rwanda under the leadership of HE President Paul Kagame. In 2019, he founded The Kifra Prize to reward research excellence and breakthrough discoveries. In 2019, Zomahoun was named by The NewAfrican Magazine as one of the top 100 Most Influential Africans. In 2011, he joined the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) as the first President and CEO. He successfully led the institution from 2011 through to early 2020. He designed and spearheaded the growth of AIMS into a pan-African and an internationally acclaimed knowledge and math and science ecosystem of centres of excellence across multiple countries.
Innovative education advocacy
During his leadership at AIMS, he focused on developing and expanding a network of campuses for graduate scholarship and research in Mathematical Sciences. Saved from the streets by his grandmother, he learned the value of education at a young age and achieved graduate degrees from universities in Africa, Europe and North America. Since 2011, his work has focused on creating an enabling environment for the transformation of Africa through education.
Fluent in French and English, Zomahoun is a public advocate for altering perceptions about the potential of African youth and changing attitudes about Africa's role as a global hub for science. He told Jeffrey Marlow from Wired (website) at Falling Walls 2014 in Berlin that AIMS graduates are prepared to challenge the status quo. Through formal Masters programs, applied research and science school teacher training programs, the academic institutes produce scholars versed in critical thinking, independent reasoning and problem solving. His objective is to form a generation of young scientists and leaders to develop the continent using innovation and change the image of Africa to a continent where science is embraced.
During a meeting with parliamentarians in Ottawa, Canada in October 2014, Zomahoun told Carl Bernier in a Radio Canada interview, "With a new generation of young scientists we want to transform the image of Africa." What is different about Zomahoun's approach is that his researchers' topics are directly aligned to development issues. "We are creating young leaders in health sciences, technology, finance and other disciplines from the investment of partners like the Canadian government, he said. "Investment from them has been key to the success of our centres in South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Cameroon and Tanzania."
Zomahoun underlines the importance of arming graduates with employment skills as well. "Our plan is to close the skills gap in Africa, we want to train our scholars to take leadership roles in health sciences, planning, technology, telecommunications and banking," he told Anasthasie Tudieshe of Radio France International. This, Zomahoun believes, is important for youth career advancement and promotes employability.
With the goal of encouraging more youth to pursue science, Zomahoun told Luca Tancredi Barone from EuroScientist (Euroscience) in 2015 that, “With 80 per cent of African scholars pursuing humanities, his plan is to accelerate training for scientists in mathematics.” He believes that Mathematical Sciences provides the greatest benefit for Africa because the investment in infrastructure remains low. Zomahoun also noted with African projects such as the M-Pesa in Kenya and the Square Kilometre Array in South Africa, the continent will need more scientists like the ones trained at AIMS to ensure the programs succeed.
He also advocates for young women to pursue mathematical sciences. Zomahoun asserts that, “Women and youth must participate in change and development in Africa. “The next Einstein will be African and her education in science will be the basis for the development of the continent,” he said when interviewed by Aliou Kande of Le Monde.
Career, industry and initiatives
In 2013, Zomahoun founded the Next Einstein Forum (NEF), a global forum for science and technology, the first to take place on African soil, with the aim of making Africa a global centre for science discourse. The first NEF Global Gathering will take place in Dakar (Senegal) in March 2016.
Zomahoun joined AIMS in 2011. His academic team recruit the brightest post-graduate mathematics and science students in Africa and give them the opportunity to study with professors from international universities, in a 24-hour, tuition-free environment. The model proved effective in South Africa and when Zomahoun joined his mission was to replicate it across the continent. The expansion plan came to be known as the Next Einstein Initiative. Zomahoun’s focus is to ensure the institutes offer research and training opportunities that meet the highest international standards. “We must create the right environment for African scientists to thrive and remain at home to do their research and innovate,” Zomahoun told Philippa Thomas on BBC Four’s The World Tonight in 2014.
Zomahoun was invited to join the delegation of Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper to the Summit of the Organization of La Francophonie in Dakar, Senegal in 2014. He told Senegal’s Le Soleil, “With our partners, such as the Canadian Government, we ensure that they invest in science, research and mathematics to transform Africa through a socio-economic and technological development plan.”
In June 2015, Zomahoun secured a $25 million (USD) investment from the MasterCard Foundation enabling 500 scholarship students to pursue master's degrees in mathematical sciences and developing a mathematics teacher training program. The donation was announced in Cape Town on June 4, 2015.
Previously, Zomahoun has worked for Right to Play International, Aide et Action International, and ChildFund International. Zomahoun believes that science must focus on impact and be useful to society. On a panel at the World Economic Forum 2015, Zomahoun debated that sciences and mathematics can be harnessed to offer relevant solutions for global problems. AIMS has a student body that encompasses 42 African nationalities and attracts 150 to 200 instructors from 35 countries from around the globe each year.
Education, awards and memberships
Zomahoun holds an MBA from HEC Montréal and McGill University Desautels School of Management. He has a DEA [Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies] and a Postgraduate Diploma in development studies from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Switzerland). He earned another master's degree and a Bachelors Degree from the National University of Benin.[1]
Zomahoun has pursued his PhD in Political Science at the University of Guelph, Canada. He completed the coursework of his doctoral studies, but he had to put his fields research work on hold because of his heavy professional work load that spans several continent and multiple countries. While at the University of Guelph, Zomahoun was a teaching assistant in political economy with responsibility for Bachelors degree level students.
Zomahoun received several awards and was a member of several professional associations among which:
Bamako Forum Innovation Award (2020), NewAfrican Magazine Top 100 Most Influential Africans (2020), Development Leaders Award (2018), Stanford Who's Who Award (2010), Member, UK Trade Investment Task Force on Africa (2011-2013),Board Director, Canadian Council for International Corporation CCIC (2008-2010), Canadian Society of Associations Executives (2008-2010), Canadian Association of International Development Consultants (2008-2010).
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Reuss"}
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American business executive
Mark L. Reuss is the current President of General Motors.
Early life and education
Mark's father is Lloyd E. Reuss, former president at GM from 1990 to 1992. He received an undergraduate degree from Vanderbilt University in 1986 and an MBA from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1990.
Career
In 2001 he was appointed executive director of the Performance Division, then executive director of Global Vehicle Integration, Safety and Virtual Development in 2005, and held the position of President of General Motors North America from 2009 until 2013.
Later he served as a chairman and managing director of Holden, the Australasian General Motors (GM) operation from February 1, 2008 until September 1, 2009, overseeing GM's Australasian operations and is a director on the GM Asia Pacific Strategy Board.
Reuss was the vehicle line executive in charge of the highly criticized and unsuccessful Pontiac Aztek and Buick Rendezvous. However, he was praised for his tenure in the early 2010s for leading product development.
From September 1, 2009, Alan Batey took over his position as Reuss returned to the GM in the United States as a senior product development director.
On June 3, 2018, Reuss crashed the Corvette ZR1 pace car that he was driving in the first corner of the first pace lap of the second race at the 2018 Detroit Grand Prix, leading to a lengthy delay, and unwanted publicity for Reuss and General Motors. Reuss and passenger Mark Sandy were uninjured.
One year later, he got back in the Pace car for the 2019 Race 1 of the Grand Prix in hard rain – and led the field without incident. He also debuted the new Cadillac V-series at the race in full camo. In 2020 he was the honorary pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500.
Electric Corvette
On, April 27, 2022, General Motors president Mark Reuss announced that it is developing "an electrified and a fully electric" version of its Chevrolet Corvette.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahn_Jae-wook"}
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South Korean actor and singer
Ahn Jae-wook (born September 12, 1971) is a South Korean actor and singer.
Career
Ahn Jae-wook spent most of his childhood in his hometown, the district of Donam-dong in Seoul, before graduating from Seoul Institute of the Arts, where he majored in theater. After graduating in 1994, Ahn made his acting debut in Song of a Blind Bird, which was based on a real-life story, followed by supporting roles in several 1995–96 television series such as Hotel and Their Embrace. In 1997 he and costar Choi Jin-sil shot to stardom in the highly popular trendy drama Star in My Heart, which reached ratings of over 49%. It not only ignited trends in hairstyle, fashion and products featured in the series, Ahn also became a Korean Wave star, extending his popularity to China, Japan and Southeast Asian countries.
Star in My Heart likewise kick-started Ahn's music career. Forever, which was featured in the series' ending during the concert of his character Kang Min, sold over 700,000 copies, and became the title song of his debut album. He continued to compose and sing over the years, holding numerous concerts in Japan and China, and releasing albums such as Memories and Reds in Ahn Jae-wook.
In 1998, he played lead roles in three films – Rub Love with Lee Ji-eun, Tie a Yellow Ribbon with Kim Hye-soo, and First Kiss with Choi Ji-woo—but did not meet with box office success despite his popularity at the time. He also starred in Garden of Heaven with Lee Eun-ju in 2003, and the Korea-Japan telecinema project Triangle in 2009.
Instead, Ahn focused on the small screen, appearing in over 10 television series from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s. Among these were Goodbye My Love with Kim Hee-sun, Oh Pil-seung and Bong Soon-young (also known as Oh Feel Young) with Chae Rim, and I Love You (also known as Saranghae) with Seo Ji-hye.
As he entered his forties and his matinee idol status gave way to younger actors, Ahn returned to his stage roots. He played Daniel in Jack the Ripper (a Korean adaptation of the Czech musical Jack Rozparovač [cs]) from 2009 to 2011, then reprised the role in the musical's run in Tokyo, Japan in 2012.
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of broadcaster MBC, Ahn headlined Lights and Shadows in 2011. The sprawling drama, which spotlights Korean show business against the backdrop of history in the 1960s to the 1980s, was number one in its timeslot for 20 consecutive weeks.
Ahn then played the title role in the 2012 Korean staging of Rudolf, a musical about the 1889 Mayerling Incident involving the Crown Prince of Austria.
In February 2013 Ahn underwent brain surgery in the U.S. for a subarachnoid hemorrhage. After resting for a year, Ahn returned to work in April 2014 via the musical Le Roi Soleil. He celebrated his 20th anniversary in entertainment by holding a concert titled One Fine Day in October 2014.
In September 2017, It was confirmed that Ahn will be a fixed cast member in Netflix's variety show Busted!. Ahn's involvement in a drunk driving incident in February 2019 caused him to be omitted in the promotions of Busted's second season - including removal from the opening credits and promotional posters, as well as to skip the already-scheduled musical "Hero".
Personal life
Ahn married musical theatre actress Choi Hyun-joo on June 1, 2015. The couple met in 2014 when they were cast as lovers in the stage musical Rudolf.
Filmography
Television series
Web series
Film
Variety show
Theater
Radio program
Discography
Awards and nominations
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Musical artist
Jimmy Cozier Sr. (born 1954) is a jazz musician from New York City.
He plays saxophone, flute, and clarinet. He is the father of R&B singer Jimmy Cozier.
He has performed and toured with Panama Francis, Sam Rivers, Reggie Workman, Mongo Santamaria, and Abdullah Ibrahim. He played lead alto saxophone with the big bands of Cab Calloway, Frank Foster, Charlie Persip, Jaki Byard, and Chico O'Farrill.
Background
Cozier studied saxophone with Bill Barron, George Coleman, and William "Buddy" Pearson and clarinet with Charles Russo of the New York City Opera. He is the author of The Jazz Improviser's Woodshed Volumes 1–3 and is a member of the faculty of the Jazz at Lincoln Center Middle School Jazz Academy.
Cozier also leads ensemble workshops where he teaches jazz improvisation. He is a recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant.
Discography
With Chico O'Farrill
With Mongo Santamaria
With others
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythlipta_guttiferalis"}
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Species of moth
Polythlipta guttiferalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1909. It is found in Uganda.
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Klajdi is an Albanian masculine given name and may refer to:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Roma_J%C3%BAnior"}
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Brazilian businessman
Modesto Roma Júnior (born 5 December 1952) is a Brazilian businessman of the communications industry, and was the current president of Santos FC for three years.
Personal life
Roma was born in Santos, São Paulo. A journalism graduate, he abandoned his initial career after only three years, and became a businessman in the communications area shortly after. He is also the son of Santos FC's former president Modesto Roma, who took charge of the club from 1975 to 1978.
Santos FC
A Santos director from 2004 to 2009, under Marcelo Teixeira's reign (president of the club from 2000 to 2009), Roma submitted his presidential candidacy on 20 October 2014, being supported by Teixeira. On 13 December he was elected the new president, after winning by 1,329 votes.
Roma officially took charge of Peixe on 1 January 2015, with the club immerse in a severe financial crisis left by the previous administration, with players having unpaid wages.
Roma saw Aranha, Arouca, Leandro Damião and Eugenio Mena take legal actions against the club due to unpaid wages, but only the Chilean had a favourable decision; he managed to reach agreements with the others, while Damião lost his case. He also managed to pay the players' wages on 30 January, while saving a total of R$23 million of wages in the year, due to the departures.
After only signing players without paying any fee, Roma managed to gather a successful team during his first year in charge of Santos, winning the Campeonato Paulista and being runner-up in the Copa do Brasil. He also created a reserve team to serve as a transition between the youth setup and the main squad, copying the idea from the biggest European teams.
After a successful first year, Roma was highly criticized by the supporters during the 2017 campaign, mainly due to Lucas Lima's contractual problems. He was succeeded by José Carlos Peres on 10 December 2017. Peres later revealed that Roma was using the club's corporate card for personal reasons, whilst also paying a total of R$24 million in agent fees.
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Airport in Fujian, China
Longyan Guanzhaishan Airport (Chinese: 龙岩冠豸山机场) (IATA: LCX, ICAO: ZSLD), is a dual-use military and public airport serving the city of Longyan, Fujian Province, China.
Location
The airport is located in Liancheng County, and was formerly called Liancheng Airport. The airport has a handling capacity of 140,000 passengers and 800 tons of cargo. The airport was opened on April 25, 2004. 15,600 passengers passed through the airport in 2005.
Airlines and destinations
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_the_Desert"}
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American off-road racing association
The Best In The Desert (BITD) Racing Association is an American desert off-road racing association, based out of Las Vegas, Nevada. It was founded by Casey Folks, and is currently owned by his sons Daryl and Bryan Folks. BITD runs the Vegas To Reno, the longest off-road race in the United States.
Events
2022 season
Former
Media
Events are nationally televised on MavTV, its website, and the America One Sports Network.
Divisions
Best In The Desert has classes of Trick Trucks (aka Trophy Truck), buggies, motorcycles, Quads. Various events have different classes of racing vehicles.
Notable drivers
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3a36215e-9926-4522-8625-cc6e785f0551
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"}
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Village in Mersin Province, Turkey
Derebaşı is a small village in Bozyazı district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated to the northeast of Bozyazı. The distance to Bozyazı is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) and to Mersin is 207 kilometres (129 mi). The population of the village was 53. as of 2012.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts"}
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Region in southeastern Bangladesh
The Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bengali: পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রাম, romanized: Parbotto Chottogram), often shortened to simply the Hill Tracts and abbreviated to CHT, are group of districts within the Chittagong Division in southeastern Bangladesh, bordering India and Myanmar (Burma). Covering 13,295 square kilometres (5,133 sq mi), they formed a single district until 1984, when they were divided into three districts: Khagrachari District, Rangamati Hill District, and Bandarban District.
Topographically, the Hill Tracts are the only extensively hilly area in Bangladesh. It was historically settled by many tribal refugees from Burma Arakan in 16th century and now it is settled by the Jumma people. Today, it remains one of the least developed parts of Bangladesh.
The Chittagong Hill Tracts along with Ladakh, Sikkim, Tawang, Darjeeling, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, constitute some of the remaining abodes of Buddhism in South Asia.
Demography
According to the census of 2022, the population was 1,842,815 of whom 920,217 were tribal people and the rest were from the Bengali (Muslim and Hindu) community. The tribal populations include the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Tanchangya, Assamese, Keot (Kaibarta), Chak, Pankho, Mro, Murang, Bom, Lushei, Khyang, and Khumi, and differ markedly from the Bengali majority of Bangladesh in language, culture, physical appearance, religion, dress and farming methods.
The population of the three districts (zilas) totalled 1,598,000 in the provisional returns of the census of 2011, making the population density roughly 120 per km2. About 49.94% of the population are tribal people and mainly followers of Theravada Buddhism (41.74%); 50.06% of the inhabitants are Bengalis (44% Muslims and 6.06% Hindus) and Bengalis are the largest ethnic group. Muslim population in three districts are Bandarban 52.68%, Khagrachari 46.56% and Rangamati 36.22%.
Religion in Chittagong Hill Tracts (2022)
Buddhism (44.52%)
Islam (41.74%)
Hinduism (9.18%)
Christianity (3.26%)
Animism (1.3%)
Ethnic groups in Chittagong Hill Tracts (2022)
Bengalis (50%)
Chakmas (29%)
Marma (11%)
Tripuri (5%)
Mru (2%)
Tanchangya (1%)
Others (2%)
Language in Chittagong Hill Tracts District (1931)
Tibeto-Burman languages (51.06%)
Bengali (48.08%)
Austro-Asiatic languages (0.57%)
Dravidian languages (0.50%)
Naipali (0.23%)
Hindustani (0.02%)
Others (%)
Religion in Chittagong Hill Tracts among tribals (2022)
Buddhism (83%)
Hinduism (7%)
Christianity (7%)
Animism (2.5%)
Islam (0.5%)
Geography
The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), the only extensive hilly area in Bangladesh, lie in the southeastern part of the country (210 25' N to 230 45' N latitude and 910 54' E to 920 50' E longitude) bordering Myanmar on the southeast, the Indian state of Tripura on the north, Mizoram on the east and Chittagong district on the west. The area of the Chittagong Hill Tracts is about 13, 184 km2, which is approximately one-tenth of the total area of Bangladesh. The Chittagong Hill Tracts combine three hilly districts of Bangladesh: Rangamati, Khagrachhari and Bandarban districts. The mountainous rugged terrain with deep forests, lakes and falls gives it a different character from the rest of Bangladesh.
History
During the 15th century it was controlled by the Twipra Kingdom. It was the warzone between the Arakan Kingdom and the Twipra Kingdom. Under British control, the British East India Company appointed chiefs to collect taxes from people. This was done in regional areas known as Chakma Circle, Mong Circle, and Bohmong Circle. The early history of the Chittagong Hill Tracts is a record of constantly recurring raids by the eastern hill tribes (Mizo or Lushai) and of the operations undertaken to repress them. In the early 16th century the Chakma people came from Arakan (Burma) due to repression and hostility by Rakhaine people. The Chakma are the single largest tribe, comprising half of the tribal population. The Marma people are the second largest tribe. They came from Burma when Arakan was conquered by Burmese king Bodawpaya. The tribal peoples that emigrated from Burma due to repression by the Burmese king settled in the Hill Tracts with the consent of Subedar of Bengal, who was the representative of the Mughal emperor.
Mughal and early British records name the region Jum Bungoo, Jum mahal or Kapas mahal. In 1787, the East India Company made the region its tributary after battling tribal leaders.
British rule
The use of the name Chittagong for this area dates to the 1860 British annexation of the region, bringing it under the direct control of British India. Situated beyond the inland hills, Chittagong proper is a coastal area in the plains where the British were based. As colonial influence grew, "Chittagong" enlarged as well, expanding eastwards to subsume the Hill Tracts under its revenue-collection territory.
The recorded population increased from 69,607 in 1872 to 101,597 in 1881, to 107,286 in 1891, and to 124,762 in 1901. The census of 1872 was, however, very imperfect, and the actual population growth probably did not exceed what might be expected in a sparsely inhabited but fairly healthy tract.
When the 1901 census was taken there were no towns, and 211 of the villages had populations of less than 500 apiece; only one exceeded 2,000. The population density, excluding the area of uninhabited forest (1,385 square miles), was 33 persons per square mile. There was a little immigration from Chittagong, and a few persons had emigrated to Tripura. The proportion of females to every 100 males was only 90 in the district-born, and 83 in the total population. Buddhists numbered 83,000, Hindus 36,000, and Muslims 5,000.
The Chittagong Hill Tracts, combining three hilly districts of Bangladesh, were once known as Korpos Mohol, the name used until 1860. In 1860 it was annexed by the British and was made an administrative district of Bengal. Administratively, the Chittagong Hill Tracts were divided into three circles, namely the Chakma Circle, the Bohmong Circle, and the Mong Circle, each presided over by a hereditary chief from the Chakma and Marma peoples. As of today, it is a semi-autonomous region within Bangladesh comprising the districts of Chengmi (Khagrachari District), Gongkabor (Rangamati Hill District), and Arvumi (Bandarban District).
End of British rule
The last viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, who considered the grant of independence to India as his act of crowning glory, was ambitious to achieve this "superhuman" task in record time. He said that before accepting the post of viceroy, he had told George VI, who was his cousin: "I am prepared to accept the job only on one condition. India must be granted independence by July, 1948 and I will not stay there a day longer". Mountbatten came to India in March 1947 and this left him just about sixteen months to complete such a gigantic task. In reality, he achieved it in five months, on 15 August 1947, for which he was given much credit, despite intense violence.
The Boundary Commission's award was originally been to be made public on 13 August. But Mountbatten was reluctant to make this public. According to Philip Ziegler, the author of Mountbatten's official biography, the case of the Chittagong Hill Tracts was uppermost in Mountbatten's mind. Mountbatten "foresaw an Independence Day marred by rancour, Nehru boycotting the ceremonies, India born in an atmosphere not of euphoria but of angry resentment." So Mountbatten decided to announce the award only on 16 August when the celebrations were over. As Zeigler writes, "India's indignation at the award of the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan may have been a factor in making up Mountbatten's mind to keep the reports to himself till after independence".
Mountbatten was himself surprised by the ferocity of Vallabhbhai Patel's reaction to the issue. In his memoirs he wrote, "The one man I had regarded as a real statesman with both his feet firmly on the ground, and a man of honour whose word was his bond, had turned out to be as hysterical as the rest. Candidly I was amazed that such a terrific crisis should have blown up over so small a matter. However, I have been long enough in India to realise that major crises are by no means confined to big matters." Leonard Mosley in his book The Last Days of the British Raj puts it as "a matter for Mountbatten's conscience".
Conflict
The conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts dates back to when Bangladesh was the eastern wing of Pakistan. Widespread resentment occurred over the displacement of as many as 100,000 native people due to the construction of the Kaptai Dam in 1962. The displaced did not receive compensation from the government and many thousands fled to India.
After The Liberation War, a convoy of Bangladesh army was ambushed by Shanti Bahini militants from the Hill Tracts. More than 90+ soldiers were killed and several of them were heavily injured. This was the first bloodshed in the Hill Tracts. After this massacre, Bangladesh deployed an army there. After some days, the Shanti Bahini started killing civilians in the Tracts. Many soldiers of the Bangladesh army were killed or injured by them.
Following years of unrest, an agreement was formed between the government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders which granted a limited level of autonomy to the elected council of the three hill districts.
The 1997 Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord signed between the then-government of Sheikh Hasina and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti was opposed by opposition parties as well as a fraction of the tribal rebels. Opposition parties argued that the autonomy granted in the treaty ignored the Bengali community. The succeeding Khaleda Zia government promised to implement the peace treaty, despite their opposition to it during the previous government's term. According to the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs, a peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and Parbattya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti was signed on 2 December 1997.
Land use and environment
Tobacco cultivation
Tobacco cultivation is damaging the ecology of the area, with loss of indigenous trees such as Chukrasia tabularis (Indian mahogany), and soil fertility. Many of the farmers of Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachhari districts of Bangladesh have been losing their interests in cultivating indigenous crops like paddy, banana, maize, sesame, cotton, potato, pumpkin etc. as they became defaulters of loans provided by tobacco companies, they said.[clarification needed]
Environmental issues
Like other mountainous areas in South and Southeast Asia, the Chittagong Hill Tracts are undergoing deforestation and land degradation arising from environmentally unsuitable activities such as tobacco cultivation in sloping land, shifting cultivation and logging. Shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture or swidden cultivation, embraces a large variety of primitive forms of agriculture. It is a special stage in the evolution from hunting and food gathering to sedentary farming. Mankind began to change its mode of life from food gatherer to food producer about 7000 B.C. by adopting shifting cultivation. Some form of shifting cultivation has been practised in most parts of the world, but more intensive forms of agriculture have subsequently replaced it.
The present shifting cultivation system with short fallow period in the Chittagong Hill Tracts has accelerated erosion, land degradation, deforestation, and impoverishment of tribal people in CHT. If the present state of degradation is continued, most of the areas under shifting cultivation will be severely degraded and future generations will face more difficulties in eking out their livelihoods on further degraded land, although there is some scope for shifting cultivators to leave the degraded fields and move to other areas. It is estimated that on average eight hectares of land is necessary for the sustenance of a family in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. If this ratio is adopted, 1, 240, 000 ha land is required to sustain the present population; however, the total land available, excluding the reserve forest, is 928, 000 ha. Shifting cultivation, therefore, cannot fulfill even the subsistence requirements of the people. In such a situation, either large non-farm employment opportunities need to be created or more productive land-use systems need to be developed and adopted. Given the sluggish growth of the economy, there is limited scope for generating adequate non-farming employment opportunities in the near future. It is, therefore, imperative to replace the present shifting cultivation system with more productive and sustainable land use systems to enable people to secure their livelihoods.
Bibliography
Citations
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This is a list of mountains of the Swiss canton of Bern. Bern is one of the three cantons (with Valais and Graubünden) having summits above 4,000 metres. It is also one of the two cantons (with Vaud) extending over both the Alps and Jura. Topographically, the most important summit of the canton is that of the Finsteraarhorn (most elevated, most prominent and most isolated).
This list only includes significant summits with a topographic prominence of at least 150 metres (492 ft). There are over 160 such summits in the canton of Bern and they are mostly found in the Bernese Oberland and the Bernese Jura, in its southernmost and northernmost districts. All mountain heights and prominences on the list are from the largest-scale maps available.
List
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American politician
Bernard E. Gehrmann (November 6, 1920 – December 16, 2006) was a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
Biography
Gehrmann was born in Mellen, Wisconsin, on November 6, 1920. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Superior and served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. His father was Bernard J. Gehrmann who served in the Wisconsin Legislature and the United States House of Representatives. In 1945, Gehrmann married Mary Rose Jellish. They had five children. Gehrmann was a sales manager in Ashland and was the president of the Ashland County fair. In 1968, Gehrmann became secretary of the Wisconsin State Highway Department and the family moved to Dane County. Later, Gehrmann served in the Wisconsin State Transportation and Veterans Affairs departments. He died on December 16, 2006, in Madison, Wisconsin.
Political career
Gehrmann was a member of the assembly from 1965 to 1968. Previously, he was a member of the city council of Ashland, Wisconsin and the board of supervisors of Ashland County, Wisconsin. He was a Republican.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinas,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"}
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Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Colinas is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_agriculture_in_India"}
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India has a national tradition bound to agriculture fertility. In the North, the Indus valley and Brahmaputra region are critical agricultural areas graced by the Ganges and monsoon season. Based on 2011 World Bank data, only 17.5% of India's gross domestic product (GDP) is accounted for by agricultural production. It is a way of life for majority in the country mostly an estimation of 72% of the 1.1 billion people who live in rural India.
Agriculture in India defines familiar tradition, social relations and gender roles. Female in the agricultural sector, either through traditional or industrial means, subsistence or agricultural laborer, represents a momentous demographic group. Agriculture is directly tied to issues such as economic independence, decision-making abilities, agency and access to education and health services and this manner has created externalities such as poverty and marginalization, and compounded issues of gender inequality.*
Background on Indian agriculture
Based on 2012 data, India is home to the fourth-largest agricultural sector in the world. India has an estimated 180 million hectares of farmland with 140 million of which are planted and continuously cultivated. Yet India's agricultural profile is shadowed by the controversial impacts of Green Revolution policies that were adopted in the 1960s and 70s with pressure from the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank.
The Green Revolution brought a modern approach to agriculture by incorporating irrigation systems, genetically modified seed variations, insecticide and pesticide usage, and numerous land reforms. It had an explosive impact, providing unprecedented agricultural productivity in India and turned the country from a food importer to an exporter. Yet the Green Revolution also caused agricultural prices to drop, which damaged India's small farmers.
India's agricultural sector today still faces issues of efficiency due to lack of mechanization with poorer conditions of farmers, as well as small farm sizes. In India, traditional agriculture is still dominant as many farmers depend on livestock in crop production, for manure as fertilizers, and the use of animal-powered ploughs. According to 2011 statistics, the average farm in India is about 1.5 acres, minuscule when compared the average of 50 hectares in France and or 178 hectares in United States and 273 hectares in Canada.
The small farmer tradition of India can be drawn back to the first farm reforms of independent India. Known as the Laws of Divided Inheritance, the reforms were meant to limit the conglomeration of land, by mandating redistribution as land was divided among male inheritors from the prior generation. The perpetuation of these laws not only limits farm size but also bars women from ownership or inheritance. Furthermore, as small farmers face increasing competition with larger farm operations an increasing number of men migrate to city centers for higher wages and employment. Women are in turn left to support the family structure and support small farm lifestyle. In 2011, the agricultural sector workforce in the subcontinent was 75% women.
A statistical profile
In rural India, the percentage of women who depend on agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84%. Women make up about 33% of cultivators and about 47% percent of agricultural labourers. These statistics do not account for work in livestock, fisheries and various other ancillary forms of food production in the country. In 2009, 94% of the female agricultural labour force in crop cultivation were in cereal production, while 1.4% worked in vegetable production, and 3.72% were engaged in fruits, nuts, beverages, and spice crops.
Women's participation rate in the agricultural sectors is about 47% in tea plantations, 46.84% in cotton cultivation, 45.43% growing oil seeds and 39.13% in vegetable production. While these crops require labor-intensive work, the work is considered quite unskilled. Women also heavily participate in ancillary agricultural activities. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, Indian women represented a share of 21% and 24% of all fishers and fish farmers, respectively.
Despite their dominance of the labor force women in India still face extreme disadvantage in terms of pay, land rights, and representation in local farmers organizations. Furthermore, their lack of empowerment often results in negative externalities such as lower educational attainment for their children and poor familial health.
Gender division of labor
In India, the typical work of the female agricultural laborer or cultivator is limited to less skilled jobs, such as sowing, transplanting, weeding and harvesting, that often fit well within the framework of domestic life and child-rearing. In cotton seed production, they are engaged in pollination activity which requires patience and a little bit of precision. Many women also participate in agricultural work as unpaid subsistence labor. According to United Nations Human Development Report only 32.8% of Indian women formally participate in the labor force, a rate that has remained steady since 2009 statistics. By comparison, men constitute 81.1%.
Literacy
An estimated 52–75% of Indian women engaged in agriculture are illiterate, an education barrier that prevents women from participating in more skilled labor sectors. In all activities, there is an average gender wage disparity, with women earning only 70 percent of men's wage. Additionally, many women participate in agricultural work as unpaid subsistence labor. The lack of employment mobility and education render the majority of women in India vulnerable, as dependents on the growth and stability of the agricultural market.
Arranged marriages and caste
In rural India, women's role in the household is greatly defined by social structure and familial ties. Arranged marriages specific to each caste system, determine their economic worth, and are expected early on in a woman's life. Depending on caste and economic class a woman's role can be determined as one of more in the public eye or predominantly of seclusion; a life in which women are expected to care for children and maintain the household. The typical rural Indian household is a patriarchal and partilocal one, in which a husband, or in his stead the oldest son will make the decisions for a family.
Time allocation
In addition to rigorous agricultural work that is undervalued and underpaid, women are also responsible for the well-being of the household. They care for their children, provide nutrition or usually take part in subsistence agriculture, and do chores around the house. Based on time allocation studies, which pinpoint exactly how a woman's hours are spent throughout the week, Indian women spend about 25 hours in a week doing household chores and five hours in caring and community work.
Besides the 30 hours of unpaid work, women spend the same amount of time as men carrying out agricultural work. Daughters typically supplement or substitute for mother's unpaid work around the household. Considered female tasks, the opportunity cost of girls' time for school is higher than that of sons. Girls do significantly more housework than boys, which compromises their schooling.
Access to land and resources
Critical resources such as land are also unevenly distributed by gender. Women seldom enjoy property ownership rights directly in their names. They have little control over decisions made in reference to land. Even with land in their names, they may not have actual decision-making power in terms of cropping patterns, sale, mortgage and the purchase of land. In India, only 14.9% of households are female headed. Access to credit is difficult, since women lack many of the prerequisites for lending such as assets or ownership of property. Without access to capital or household decision making abilities women lack the resources that are necessary for their labor stability and stability of their households.
Furthermore, without access to support from the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, banks, and cooperative societies, women are excluded from information that would make their production more competitive in the agricultural markets. The traditional systematic denial of women as key producers in India's agriculture causes them to often be overlooked in the research and study, thus further entrenching the exclusion of women in roles of agency. According to Amartya Sen, and Martha Nussbaum’s Capability Approach, equality in access is critical step to economic empowerment to create gender equality. In conjunction, the early access to education and health services is critical to the capabilities and self-actualization of girls. The attainment of these necessary life structures is determined by cultural norms as well as the economic standing of the family.
Land ownership opportunities also have a critical impact on human development with freedom from violence. According to a 2005 study of marital violence and property ownership, 49% of propertyless women experience physical violence and 84% experienced psychological abuse. Ownership rights saw a drastic decrease in violence. Among women who owned both land and house there was only 7% physical violence and 16% psychological abuse.
Women farmers and the environment
Extreme climatic changes are among the factors that have begun to jeopardize agricultural production globally. India's agricultural sector which depends greatly on the variations in climate and weather is defined mainly by the monsoon season. The appropriate levels of precipitation that last from June to September, predicate a bountiful agricultural yield later on in the year. Monsoon seasons with insufficient or excessive precipitation, hurts the agricultural sector. Increasing temperatures and erratic precipitation has begun to exhaust agricultural land and create high variations of land. In the past couple of years, these trends have made a noticeable impact in India, causing droughts and unpredictable rainfall. Just one season of such weather patterns can be devastating to the livelihood of farmers, who can find no resilience in small farms.
The loss of biodiversity in India and specifically food crops is a serious concern of food security and sustainability of the agricultural sector in India. The connection between women farmers and environmental health is not simply for subsistence and survival. It also stems from a long-existing cultural valuation of India's agricultural fertility in ritual and practice. Women's connection to land is reflected in their almanac-like knowledge of plant varieties. Rituals and ceremonies in various parts of the country show this close relationship. There is Lohri, the harvest festival of Punjab or navadhanya puja, which translates to the worship of nine cereals, celebrations that take place in southern India. Both ceremonies celebrate the role of women in agriculture and fertility and importance of environment and biodiversity.
Furthermore, traditional agricultural methods heavily utilized by women subsistence farmers boast environmentally friendly features, such as seed preservation, natural fertilizers and crop rotation techniques that do not exhaust delicate soil. In the wake of Green Revolution's reforms, it is clear that many of the high yield recommendations had severe environmental impacts. The negative environmental impacts of the Green Revolution are barely beginning to show their full affect. The widespread chemical pollution in communities that utilize pesticides and herbicides is creating a public health problem, which has disproportionately impacted women.
In the state of Punjab, which was touted as a success of Green Revolution, cancer rates have skyrocketed. A 2008 study by Punjabi University a high rate of genetic damage among farmers, which was attributed to pesticide use. Ignorance on the appropriate use of pesticides, resulting in the heavy use, improper disposal, the use of pesticides as kitchen containers, and contamination of drinking water with heavy metals are contributing factors. In reaction to the health and monetary costs of inorganic farming many women are turning to organic farming practices. On a micro level women are organizing into collectives to exchange knowledge, organize organic seed sharing, to pursue organic and sustainable agricultural practices.
Cooperatives
Cooperatives have been long seen as a social institution providing partnership, solidarity and resources to women farmers as well as tackle gender inequality. In India they have had quite a success. In many instances in which women are barred from participation, women only cooperatives are critical in empowering and educating. Yet female participation in cooperatives is still relatively low and some argue because men are still seen as primarily in charge of agriculture and income generation. Only 7.5% of women participate in cooperatives as compared to 92.5% of men. Of India's 450,000 cooperatives with a membership of 204.5 million, there are only 8,171 women cooperatives with a total membership of 693,000 women.
Despite that, women-only cooperatives, which include cooperative banks, stores, food vendors, have done quite well and provided a whole range of services to their members. In India, with a view to involve women in the process of decision-making in local self-governing bodies including cooperatives, a 33% representation has been instituted and in a number of states all boards of directors have women serving on them. International organizations such as the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) have been working quite successfully in India with partners to form a membership of 1.24 million women in India. Fifty-four percent of members are agricultural workers.
India-EU Free Trade Agreement
Since 2007, India and the European Union have been in negotiation over a free trade agreement between the two bodies. It is an extension of the neoliberal policies posed by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank as developmentally advantageous to India. However, in the long run it is predicted that the EU-India FTA will not bring gains to the agricultural sector of India. Rather it is predicted by a study conducted by the Centre for Trade and Development in 2009, that the EU will benefit at the expense of the small Indian agricultural laborers and farmers. It is predicted there will be a small increase in agricultural exports that will be dwarfed by larger increase in agricultural imports. In addition, agricultural employment will decline in India. Furthermore, there is concern about the social impacts of opening up of the Indian market to European Unions agricultural goods such as general and specialty food crops.
The Free Trade Agreement may lead to increased imports of the products that women are typically involved in, such as cereal production, tea or coffee, confections, and oil seeds. With the EU's competitive advantage this will hurt a number of women farmers and laborers that are employed in these sectors. For example, EU dairy products, a heavily protected industry in the EU, will most likely enter Indian markets competing with smaller animal husbandry production methods specifically attached to women. Competition may threaten women's and their families’ livelihoods and create problems of food security and deepen gender inequality by stifling the expansion of capabilities for girls and women. Agro processing, the creation of cereals and grains mixtures, in India is a large employer of women workers and strong competition can adversely affect them. In addition, since the EU has considerably lower tariffs than those in India, the FTA will induce a loss of tariff revenue in India, which will have to reduce tariffs. This will bring about a loss of revenue source generally used by the government on social spending.
The FTA, as insisted by the EU, will also remove export restrictions and increase the liberalization of investment in agriculture in India. This does not bode well for smaller Indian agricultural production industries that have thus far been insulated from such rough competition for resources. As foreign investors begin to vye for power over agricultural or natural resources in India, women's access to resources and decision-making abilities will be further threatened. Women who do agricultural work for subsistence will be at risk of losing the basic resources such as water, seeds and other natural resources used to feed their families.
The Free Trade Agreement is still under negotiations. Since initial discussion of the free trade agreement, there has been a major public outcry due to problems, besides those agricultural cited above, that are predicted to arise. In April 2013, Germany supported the free trade agreement. Progress on the FTA has been delayed due to EU demands that India open its markets further. Europe currently waits on India to raise its cap on "FDI by foreign insurance companies from 26 to 49 per cent" and also decrease import duties for luxury items such as cars, wine and spirits.
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American politician (1861–1939)
Charles Peter Schuler (December 12, 1861 – January 11, 1939) was an American businessman and politician.
Schuler was born in Buffalo County, Wisconsin and went to the public schools. He lived in Winona, Minnesota with his wife and family and was involved with the bakery and grocery businesses. Schuler served in the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1911 and 1912 and was a Democrat.
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Village in Maharashtra
Village in Maharashtra, India
Saiwan is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Vasai taluka.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Saiwan has 419 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.25%.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala"}
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The Indian state Kerala is well known for its diverse forms of performing arts. The various communities in Kerala contribute to its rich and colourful culture.The most important traditional art forms of Kerala are Kathakali, Kalaripayattu, Koodiyattam, Theyyam, Mohiniyattam, Thullal, Padayani, Pulikali, Thiruvathirakali, Chakyarkoothu,kalaripayattu etc.
Performing arts of Kerala
Kerala Hindu Arts
Kerala Muslim arts
Kerala Christian arts
Others
Fine arts of Kerala
Arts promotion bodies
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Judo_Grand_Slam_Hungary"}
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Judo competition
The 2020 Judo Grand Slam Hungary was held at the László Papp Budapest Sports Arena in Budapest, Hungary from 23 to 25 October 2020.
Medal summary
Men's events
Source Results
Women's events
Source Results
Medal table
* Host nation (Hungary)
Source:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra"}
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City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Mansehra is a city in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and the headquarters of Mansehra District. It is the 71st largest city of Pakistan and 7th largest city in the province.
The name of the city (written in Hindko, Urdu and Gojri as مانسہرہ, and in Pashto as مانسهره) is derived from that of its founder, Sardar Maha Singh Mirpuri, who was a Sikh administrator and general in the Sikh Khalsa Army during the rule of the Khalsa Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The city hosts the Mansehra Shiva Temple, which is famous for its annual Shivarathri festival.
History
Maurya rule
The region came under the influence of the Nanda Empire of ancient India from 300 BCE, and with the rise of Chandragupta Maurya, the region came under the complete control of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka governed this area as a prince, imperial throne c. 272 BCE. he made it one of the major seats of his government. The Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on three large boulders near Mansehra record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law. These represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered writing in South Asia, dating to middle of the third century BCE, and are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.
Shungas, Kushans, and Guptas
The region was briefly and nominally controlled by the Shunga Empire. However, with the decline of the Shungas, the region passed to local Hindu and Buddhist rulers, and interrupted by foreign rulers. Many of these foreign rulers, like the Indo-Parthians, Sakas, and Kushans converted to Buddhism, and promoted these Indian religions throughout Central and South Asia. The region reached its height under the Buddhist ruler Kanishka the Great. After the fall of the Kushans, the region came under the control of the Gupta Empire of ancient India. During the period, Hindu and Buddhist art and architecture flourished in the area.
Hindu Shahi rule
With the decline of the imperial Guptas, the Hindu Shahis came to rule the area. The Hindu Shahis built two massive forts in the northern edges of the region. The forts were later renamed as "Kafirkots" (forts of the infidel). These Hindu Shahi forts were known for high towers and steep defensive walls. The Hindus also built many Hindu temples around the area, however, much of them are now in rubble. The Hindu Shahis remained in control of the area until their defeat by the Turkic Muslim army of Ghaznavids in the year 1001.
Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate & Mughals
For the next seven centuries the area was under the control of various Islamic empires and sultanates such as the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate and eventually the imperial Mughal Empire.
Durranis and Marathas
Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire, captured the region around the mid-1700s from the Mughal Empire, however, Durrani quickly retreated from the region. Ahmad Shah Durrani again invaded the region with Timur Shah Durrani having nominal rule. Durrani rule was interrupted by the Maratha Empire's under Raghunathrao, who drove out the Afghans, Following the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Durrani defeated the Marathas and recaptured Lahore, Sikh forces occupied the region after the Durranis withdrew. The Durranis invaded two more times, while the Sikhs would re-occupy the region after both invasions.
Sikh rule
The fall of the Afghan Durrani Empire made way for the Sikhs to rise to power under Ranjit Singh. The Sikhs gained control of the area in 1818. The town of Mansehra was founded by Mahan Singh Mirpuri, a Sikh governor. There were popular uprisings against Sikh rule, but these uprisings failed and the Sikhs remained in power until 1849 when the area came under British rule.[self-published source] The town is named in Mahan Singh Mirpuri's honor.
British period
By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Mansehra. To maintain peace in the area, the British took preventive measures by co-opting the local chiefs.
The British divided Hazara region into three tehsils (administrative subdivisions): Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur. In 1901, when the British formed the buffer province of North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Hazara was annexed into it.
During British rule, Mansehra was a small town. Its population according to the 1901 census was 5,087. During the British period, Mansehra was the headquarters of Mansehra Tehsil.
In 1976 Mansehra Tehsil was made district and Mansehra became the centre of it.
Organisation
Mansehra City is the administrative capital of District and Tehsil Mansehra. The City of Mansehra is administratively divided into four Union Councils: Mansehra City Wards No. 1–4 and Mansehra (Rural)/suburban. Each union council is divided into Mohallas.
Cultural festival
During the festival of Durgashtami, held in the first month of the Hindu calendar and the seventh month of the Nanakshahi calendar, about 400 local Hindus assemble on Bareri Hill to worship Devi (as Durga). Offerings are taken by a Brahmin of Mansehra. The assembly on each occasion lasts only one day. The site is ancient, as at the base of Bareri Hill are the boulders inscribed with the Edicts of Ashoka.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Langmann"}
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French film producer and actor (born 1971)
Thomas Langmann (born 24 May 1971) is a French film producer and actor, known for producing The Artist (2011), for which he received an Academy Award for Best Picture as producer in 2012.
Career
Langmann began his career as an actor in his father's films when he was a teenager, earning Cesar Award nominations for Most Promising Newcomer for Les années sandwiches in 1988 and Paris s'éveille in 1991, as well as a nomination for Best Supporting Actor in 1993 for Le nombril du monde. He became a film producer in the early 2000s. During the filming of Asterix at the Olympic Games, he was arrested for employing prostitutes and purchasing narcotics. In 2011, Langmann produced the black and white, silent film The Artist with director Michel Hazanavicius. He was unable to attract investors to the risky project and self-financed the film. He won the Academy Award for the film at the 2012 Oscars and won the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 other individuals.
Personal life
Langmann was born in Paris, France, the son of Anne-Marie Rassam and film director Claude Berri. His uncle was the late producer Jean-Pierre Rassam and his brother was the late French actor Julien Rassam. Both his mother and his brother committed suicide, in 1997 and in 2002, respectively, while his father died of a stroke in 2009. He has a younger half-brother from his father's later relationship, Darius Langmann. His father Claude Berri was Jewish, and his mother Anne-Marie Rassam, who was born in Lebanon, was Lebanese Christian.
In 2008, Langmann was sentenced to four months in prison for assaulting his long-term girlfriend Frédérique, with whom he had a daughter in 2002. Langmann married French journalist Céline Bosquet on 21 June 2013.
Filmography
As producer
As actor
Awards and nominations
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Clark_(Canadian_musician)"}
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Canadian musician
Musical artist
David J. Clark is a Canadian musician from Etobicoke, Ontario.
Official Biography 2023
Dave Clark is a Gemini award winning musician who has spent over three decades composing, performing, and recording original music. Dave is a multi- instrumentalist, vocalist, conductor, music producer, poet, educator, author, mastering engineer, and the leader of both the Woodshed Orchestra and the WoodChopperʼs Association improviserʼs orchestra. Dave has worked with singer/songwriter Gord Downie of the Tragically Hip (Can), guitarist Kevin Breit (Can), producer Chris Walla of Death Cab For Cutie (USA), drummer Neil Peart of Rush (Can), the Rheostatics band (Can), beatboxer Shlomo (UK), poet Jim Carroll (USA), griot Mansa Sissoko (Mali, West Africa), singer/songwriter Ron Sexsmith (Can), the Dinner is Ruined Band (Can), singer/songwriter Amanda Rhaeume (Can), the Sun Ra Arkestra (USA), trumpeter Rebecca Hennessy (Can), poet Lemn Sissay (UK), singer/songwriter Jane Siberry singer/songwriter Sarah Harmer (Can), dancer/choroegrapher Andrea Nann (Can), guitarist Andy Moor of the Ex (Netherlands),, author Paul Quarrington (Can), spoken word artist Paul Dutton (Can), photographer Dave Blumenfeld (Israel), painter/musician Matt James (Can), saxophonist Joanne Hetu (Can), music group Bellowhead (UK), saxophonist John Oswald (Can), singer/ngoni Jah Youssouf (Mali, West Africa), installation artists Fastwurms (Can), dancer Gauri Sharma Tripathi (UK), bassist/composer Michael Herring (Can), actress/musician Sook Yin Lee (Can), bata master Gilberto Morales Choing (Cuba), saxophonist Jean Derome (Can), singer/songwriter Robyn Hitchcock (UK), musician/producer Joe Lapinski (Can), saxophonist Alain Derbez (Mex), filmmaker Bey Weyman (Can), pianist Achim Kaufmann (Netherlands), singer/songwriter Suzie Vinnick (Can), violinist Jagdish Mistry (Ger), musician Stephen Fearing (Can), poet Lebo Mashille (South Africa), percussionist Colin Currie (UK), the Nihilist Spasm band (Can), artistic director Jude Kelly (UK), installation artists Camilla Singh and Sherri Hay (Can), ngoni player Abdoulaye Kone (Mali, West Africa), singer Julie Doiron (Can), singer Mica Levi (UK), Charles Spearin and the Happiness Project band (Can) and cellist Oliver Coates (UK), Choreographer Jennifer Goodwin (Can), saxophonist Michael Blake (USA), singer/songwriter Mary Margaret OʼHara (Can), accordionist Michael Ward - Bergeman (USA), guitarist Alex Lifeson of Rush (Can), amongst many others.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab%C3%B3wko,_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship"}
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Village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Grabówko [ɡraˈbufkɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pruszcz, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Pruszcz, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Świecie, 27 km (17 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz, and 34 km (21 mi) north-west of Toruń.
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Spanish footballer
Júlia Bartel Holgado (born 18 May 2004) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Barcelona.
Club career
Bartel as a junior has played for amateur clubs such as UE Castellbisbal and Sant Cugat FC before joining Espanyol's youth team. In 2019 she chose to sign with Barcelona when she was still 15 years old. After two years playing for youth and reserve teams of the club, she made her debut for the first team on 27 June 2021 against Eibar, replacing Vicky Losada who was playing her final game for the club, thus being 17 years and one month old, Bartel became the fourth youngest player to have ever played for the main team. On 16 April 2022, in what was only her third game (first time on the starting squad) and after having merely played a combined 66 minutes for the first team throughout her career, Bartel made an assist against Valencia for a goal scored by Aitana Bonmatí.
International career
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic delaying major youth national tournaments in 2020, Bartel has amassed extensive experience playing for many junior levels of Spain's national team. She scored an impressive goal against Portugal on 9 April 2022, and was one of the key proponents for Spain to reach the final round of 2022 UEFA Championship, having appeared in all 6 games played by Spain throughout the qualification phase.
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Brazilian footballer
Fernando Rech (born March 13, 1974 in Caxias do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian former footballer. He played either as a striker or an attacking midfielder.
Life and career
He has retired from football, his last club being Adelaide United in the Australian Hyundai A-League. He is known as Fernando, which was the name he wore on the back of his shirt at Adelaide United (he had previously worn Rech on his shirt in Australia).
In season 2001/02, while playing for the Brisbane Strikers in the now defunct National Soccer League, he won the Johnny Warren Medal for player of the year.
Club statistics
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A problem set, sometimes shortened as pset, is a teaching tool used by many universities. Most courses in physics, math, engineering, chemistry, and computer science will give problem sets on a regular basis. They can also appear in other subjects, such as economics.
It is essentially a list of several mildly difficult problems or exercises based on material already taught, which the student is expected to solve with a full written solution. There is no further research involved, and the goal is to learn and become familiar with the material and solving typical problems. They are usually issued once every week or two weeks, and due one or two weeks later. If used as part of a summative assessment they are usually given a low weight, between 10% and 25% of the total mark of the course for all problem sets put together, and sometimes will count for nothing if the student receives a better grade on the exam. Alternatively, problem sets may be used purely for formative assessment and do not count towards a degree.
Many students work in groups to solve them and help get a better understanding of the material, but most professors require each student to hand in their own individual problem set. Some professors explicitly encourage collaboration, some allow it, and some explicitly disallow it or consider it cheating. Most, however, do not disallow collaboration, because they see the goal as primarily pedagogical. This is to be distinguished from larger, more important assignments, for which students are still expected to work independently.
Collaboration on problem sets has caused controversy, including a media storm around a student of Ryerson University, Chris Avenir, who started a forum on the social networking site Facebook for others to post their solutions. The professor failed him for his actions and recommended him for expulsion; the university faculty appeal committee overturned the recommended penalty and instead gave a zero grade for the assignments that were done through the course of the semester.
Examples
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Empire_Chancellor"}
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World War II merchant ship of the United Kingdom
Empire Chancellor was a 9,917 GRT tanker which was built in 1945 by Sir J Laing & Sons Ltd, Sunderland for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1946 she was sold into merchant service and renamed Stanglen. Further sales saw her renamed Newminster in 1952 and Stanpark in 1954. In 1959 she was sold and renamed Granny Suzanne. She was scrapped in 1960.
Description
The ship was built by Sir J Laing & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. She was launched in 1945 and completed in July 1945.
The ship was 482 feet 7 inches (147.09 m) long, with a beam of 68 feet 3 inches (20.80 m) and a depth of 36 feet 1 inch (11.00 m). She had a GRT of 9,917 and a NRT of 5,922.
The ship was propelled by a 2-stroke Single Cycle Double Acting diesel engine, which had five cylinders of 27+9⁄16 inches (70.0 cm) diameter by 47+1⁄4 inches (120 cm) stroke. The engine was built by the North East Marine Engine Co (1938) Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. It developed 3,357 kilowatts (4,502 hp) at 105 rpm.
History
Empire Coleridge was built for the MoWT. She was placed under the management of J A Billmeir & Co Ltd. Her port of registry was Sunderland. The Code Letters GJWD and United Kingdom Official Number 169020 were allocated.
In 1946, Empire Chancellor was sold to the Stanhope Steamship Co Ltd and renamed Stanglen. She remained under the management of J A Billmeir. In 1952, she was sold to the Minster Steamship Co Ltd and renamed Newminster. She was operated under the management of Mitchell, Coutts & Co. She was sold back to Stanhope Steamship Co Ltd in 1954 and renamed Stanpark. In 1957, the Arab League blacklisted Stanpark for "carrying strategic material" to Israel. In 1959 she was sold to Tsavliris Shipping Co, London, and renamed Granny Suzanne. The ship was scrapped in 1960 at Piraeus, Greece.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarz%C4%85bkowo"}
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Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland
Jarząbkowo [jaʐɔmpˈkɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niechanowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Niechanowo, 13 km (8 mi) south of Gniezno, and 48 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_of_Nedjemankh"}
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Ancient Egyptian coffin
The coffin of Nedjemankh is a gilded ancient Egyptian coffin from the late Ptolemaic Period. It once encased the mummy of Nedjemankh, a priest of the ram-god Heryshaf.
Description
The coffin is 181 cm (72.25 in) long, 53 cm (20.875 in) wide, and 28 cm (11 in) deep. It is made of a combination of cartonnage (linen, glue, and gesso), paint, gold, silver, resin, glass, wood, and leaded bronze. The lid is covered with vignettes illustrating funerary spells, and has an inscription invoking gold and silver; inside is a figure of Nut, the goddess of the sky, partially covered with silver foil. On the base of the coffin is a djed pillar.
Provenance
The coffin is believed to have been looted from Egypt in 2011. Before its true history was known, it was purchased by New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art in July 2017 for 3.5 million euros, or about 3.95 million dollars.
The museum purchased the coffin from Christophe Kunicki, a Paris-based art dealer who advertised as specialising in "Mediterranean Antiquities", particularly "Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Near East antiquities". According to the ownership history received by the Met at the time, the coffin had been exported from Egypt in 1971 with a licence granted by the "Antiquities Organization / Egyptian Museum, Cairo." It was said to have been among the stock of Habib Tawadrus, a dealer since at least 1936, who operated Habib & Company across from Cairo's Shepheard's Hotel; a representative for Tawadrus's heirs exported the coffin to Switzerland, with a translation of the export license provided in February 1977 by the German embassy in Cairo, for use of the representative and new European owner. Egypt allowed the export of some antiquities prior to the passage of the Antiquities Protection Law of 1983. The museum believed the coffin to have remained in the collection of that family until its 2017 purchase.
Return to Egypt
In February 2019, the Metropolitan Museum was approached by the New York County District Attorney's Office, which presented the museum with evidence provided by the Egyptian government that the dealer’s 1971 export license had been forged. Further evidence showed the coffin had been stolen in 2011 and its ownership history was a fraud. The museum then shuttered the then-ongoing exhibition Nedjemankh and His Gilded Coffin, previously scheduled to run through April 21, 2019, and handed the coffin over to the Antiquities Repatriation Department of the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities.
Bibliography
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A synfire chain (synchronous firing chain) is a feed-forward network of neurons with multiple layers or pools. In a synfire chain, neural impulses propagate synchronously back and forth from layer to layer. Each neuron in one layer feeds excitatory connections to neurons in the next, while each neuron in the receiving layer is excited by neurons in the previous layer.
Activity
Activity along a synfire chain propagates in a synchronous or an asynchronous mode. In the asynchronous mode, an elevated firing rate in one pool will accumulate, and increase the firing rate in the next layer. In the synchronous mode, a volley of spikes in one layer will elicit a synchronous volley in the other, after one synaptic delay. It has been argued that the only stable mode of transmission is the synchronous mode.
History
The term synfire chain was first used by Moshe Abeles in 1982, to account for the appearance of synchronous firing sequences with long inter-spike delays, which resisted explanation in terms of the known properties of cortical physiology. This structure, with every neuron in one pool exciting all neurons in the second pool, was suggested by Griffith as a structure that can guarantee a fixed level of activity in a network of excitatory neurons. He called this structure a “complete transmission line”. Griffith did not study its properties in any detail. A fairly similar idea in which synchronized reverberations among neuronal populations transfer information was suggested by Hebb in 1949.
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d982e173-f5cc-4905-acb8-4b263ae1110f
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadual"}
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Village in Rajasthan, India
Chadual is a village in Sirohi district in the Indian state of Rajasthan
Geography
It is located about 25 km west of Sirohi.
Demographics
This village has many castes including Purohit, Rawal Brahmin, Rajput, Jain, Suthar, Mali, Prajapat, Bhatt Brahmin, Dewasi, Boda Prajapat, Meghwal and Bheel.
Governance
This village is represented by the Govt. Local Body Gram Panchayat tanwari.[how?]
Culture
This village has many Hindu temples and also one Jain temple.
Gallery
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Ghost town in Nevada, United States
National is an extinct town in Humboldt County, in the U.S. state of Nevada.
History
There are at least two stories about why the place is named "National". The W.P.A. states that the original town site was within the borders of Humboldt National Forest, hence the name. Paher and Carlson state that the name came from the National brand automobile that was driven by J. L. Workman who discovered the mining district in 1907.
A post office was established at National in 1908, and remained in operation until 1919.
In 1911–1912, addition to a post office, National had a two-story hotel, stores, saloons, a weekly newspaper (The Miner), a dentist and a doctor.
By 1915, the town was greatly diminished.
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f7a5852d-5471-4ecb-a4eb-533470304f10
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Nichols_Churchill"}
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American journalist
Caroline Nichols Churchill (December 23, 1833 – 1926) was a Canadian-born writer and newspaper editor in the United States, best known as the editor of the Queen Bee, a feminist publication prominent during the Colorado Suffrage movement. As a travel writer and editor, Churchill aimed to promote female independence in the post Civil War West, culminating ultimately in the right to vote in the state of Colorado. Her publications Over the Purple Hills, Over the Evergreen Hills, and Little Sheaves detailed the growth of California as well as her experiences in Texas, Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory and later Colorado. In 1988, she was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life
Caroline (nickname, "Kate") Maria Nichols was born in 1833 in Pickering, Ontario, located about 40 miles from Toronto. Not much is known about her immediate family apart from the fact that her parents were Americans. Her father was a prosperous tradesman who was nearly 50 at the time of her birth. Her formal schooling was very limited, amounting to several months to one year at most. She was mainly a self-taught learner who spent the long winters reading or sewing and mending for families in the nearby area.
Move to Minnesota (1857-62)
In the early 1850s, she married a man she referred to only as "Mr. Churchill". In 1857, Churchill and her young family moved to Minnesota for what she called the five longest years of her life. Outside St. Cloud, she lived an isolated pioneer life, experiencing Indian raids and warfare. Once while teaching in a rural school, she and others took shelter from an Indian attack. During the long months, she became an avid reader of the editor and Washington Correspondent Jane Grey Swisshelm, whom she later credited in The Queen Bee for opening her eyes to "the wrongs in which women suffer from the absolute power of the ruling class".
Mr. Churchill died in 1862, leaving her in poor health with a young daughter. In her 1909 autobiography, Active Footsteps, she refers to her coughing fits and weak lungs; some commenters on her life have taken this to mean she had tuberculosis, but it may have been another condition such as allergies. She believed, as many physicians did at the time, that "outdoor life was the only means in which even fair health could be obtained," and she and her daughter moved west to California to seek a milder climate. Churchill most certainly used her allergies to leave a traditional and rigid domestic setting in order to lead a life outside of traditional means.
Travel writing (1869-79)
In 1869, Churchill left her daughter with her sister and moved to California to seek a profession as a travel writer and a milder climate that might relieve her health problems. Her writings from this period covered travels in Texas, Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory, and especially California. For Churchill, this profession allowed her to make a cultural contribution to a mainly male-dominated literary world.
Published books
Before her work as an editor, Churchill was known as a travel writer and roving essayist. Her published works, Little Sheeves (1874) and Over the Purple Hills, or Sketches from Travel in California (1883) give illustrations of her experiences travel as an unaccompanied woman in the post-Civil War West.
The publication of Little Sheeves and Over the Purple Hills marked the emergence of Churchill as a public persona and literary figure, an area usually restricted to women. Her works and opinions broadened the public opinion of social ideas of what women of a certain social class could accomplish. As one of the first female travelers, she pioneered and vocalized freedoms for women before her work on legal enfranchisement began.
Her final published book was her autobiography, Active Footsteps, which detailed her life in Minnesota, her travels in the west, and her work in Colorado. Not much is known about her personal life, other than what is divulged in Active Footsteps. '
Travels in the West
During her time in California, Churchill's ideologies of equal treatment and feminist suffrage first began to take a political turn. She began to understand the effectiveness, as well as importance, of direct political action. She worked to overturn an 1872 San Francisco bill that punished prostitutes but excluded any consequences for their male clientele. Churchill wrote and presented a counter-bill that overturned the previous ruling page. She became well known in the area, and was offered a permanent position at The Pioneer by editor Emily Pitts-Stevens but turned down the job. Through her writing and its application to politics, Churchill realized that she could promote reforms for women, and could move other women to action through her writing.
Her works included essays, poems, and general sketches of the area. She also consistently lectured on manners and morals, often relating to women's rights as citizens. In her sketches of the area, she also took industries to task that did not treat women fairly. In one short essay, she created a set of rules regulating boarding houses in response to their poor treatment of women traveling alone - largely in response to injustices suffered by women traveling alone, including charging more for a room or sleeping in a bed-bug infested bed.
Growing sympathy
Her travels further exposed her to the lives and conditions of other races and ethnic groups in the West. Her legacy as a writer and editor is not only in pursuit of suffrage for women, but as an early voice of equal treatment for many immigrant and minority groups, including the Chinese and Native Americans, specifically the Ute tribe. While traveling in Yosemite National Park, she witnessed a white trail guide beating a Chinese worker, whom she confronted. While many westerners held negative views of Chinese immigrants, Churchill remained a defender of their rights in her writings throughout her life. Her writing reflected a belief that all peoples should have an equal opportunity to lead a life free from bodily harm and repression.
The Queen Bee and women's newspapers
Settling in Colorado and the Colorado Antelope
Churchill decided after her years of travel that she would permanently settle in California. However, traveling back from Chicago in 1879 to arrange publication of Purple Hills, she stopped to rest in Denver and decided that Colorado was the place for her to live. In Denver, she found a population – both male and female - who showed interest in progressive ideas on women's issues, which prompted her to begin her newspaper the same year. She used the byline "C.M. Churchill" for all her articles in this newspaper.
Bless your heart my dear sir, do you not know that all this stuff about woman's sphere is local twaddle ... A woman's sphere is to seek every good place and good thing in life and to shun the evil and bad. A man's sphere is no more nor no less.
—Caroline Churchill, Colorado Antelope, December 1879
She named her paper Colorado Antelope, which was supposed to mimic the forward strides of the movement toward Women's suffrage in the United States by describing a small animal that was hard to catch. The motto of the paper, "Come let us reason together," showed Churchill's attitudes on women's rights in the nineteenth century, and expressed her dedication to the "interests of humanity, woman's political equality and individually."
The paper was - as declared by Churchill - an instant success, after selling twenty-five hundred copies in the first three months and thus was able to reduce the subscription price from one dollar and fifty cents to one dollar a year.
The Queen Bee
In 1882, Churchill changed the title of her newspaper to the moniker The Queen Bee a name that represented her as much as her publication, as the editor and majority voice of the newspaper. The paper had grown in circulation, and Churchill was able to increase publications from monthly to weekly editions.
Each paper consisted of many of the same types of writings featured in her travel literature, and also included stories relating to women from other newspapers. Churchill consistently used her platform to editorialize her experience as a female traveler and specifically female journalist; she believed that most publications were specific to the needs and rights of men, not women.
The popularity of her paper prevented her from writing more books, although Churchill still traveled extensively in the Colorado area to promote her paper, seek advertisers, and even deliver papers herself to remote corners of the state.
While extremely popular among suffrage and liberal circles, Churchill was met with mixed reviews from many other journalistic agencies in the west. She did not shy away from challenging many male editors and their political positions from papers across the American West. These challenges varied from scathing reports to humorous adversaries, such as Dave Day from the Solid Muldroon, with whom she carried on a friendly and satirical correspondence. However, the Colorado Press Association as of 1881 refused to admit Churchill as an editor of distinction. While initially confident that she would reapply, her autobiography years later noted that she refused to have anything to do with them after.
Suffrage activities
The late nineteenth century in Colorado was host to a number of forces that ultimately led to suffrage - including the Women's Christian Temperance Union , the Farmer's Alliance populist political party, the merger of NWSA and AWSAA into NAWSA. However, what was most influential in regards to Churchill was the fact that by 1890 in Colorado, most women met in cities and were able to meet and discuss the incendiary topics she frequently discussed in The Queen Bee. Social democratic politics in the west was focused on suffrage, temperance, and populism - such as the Farmer's Alliance - in which Churchill consistently challenged, questioned, and at times affirmed.
Churchill and her writings that demanded equal suffrage were similar, but far more critical than most of the sentiments expressed by many of the women's clubs in Colorado at the time. Many of these clubs who aimed for suffrage practiced a "domestic ideology", or maintain that there were separate spheres of influence and importance for men and women. These clubs recognized the failings of the first suffrage referendum in 1887 - when the Colorado Constitution was first written and enfranchisement to women denied - and sought to align their politics with the voting body of men - keeping quite on any individual racial sentiments regarding the vast number of ethnic populations in the state.
One man said to me not long since, 'You must not champion the Chinaman, if you want help here'. Said I, 'Brother, I should be an American citizen if I were not a woman, and a slave to the trousers of the country, but I am partially free, and struggling for my freedom, and I shall take the liberty to champion whom and what I please, and your royal highness will be obliged to stand it, and with no back talk
—Caroline Churchill, The Queen Bee, October 1892
Churchill was willing to not only question the racial subtext which underlay the women's suffrage movement, but to constantly question, challenge, and applaud the actions of men in the state of Colorado. While she did not challenge any individual's right to suffrage, Churchill was critical of many racial groups - often targeting men's actions. While she was sympathetic to the hardships of many immigrant populations - most vocally the Chinese - she routinely challenged Anglo-American men for their drinking and violence, as well as their involvement against female enfranchisement. While her support of immigrant populations was groundbreaking, many women's suffrage groups thought she was too outspoken, and that criticizing different male groups hurt the overall chances of state suffrage. Her relationship with the Colorado Women's Christian Temperance Union, considered a major force behind suffrage, was rocky because Churchill was wary of women working on behalf of the male-dominated Church. This distrust in the church led to many more critical articles regarding the church, including her harshly unsympathetic views towards Mexican immigrants, on which she blamed a negative Catholic influence.
Throughout the entire suffrage movement, leading up to the 1893 Colorado women's suffrage referendum, Churchill continued to speak her mind, even if it was against the general practices of many women campaigning for the vote - she was insistent that she would not "curry favor" to the larger majority. While she remained an outsider of the movement, she continued to vocalize her thoughts and often, pioneering support for immigrants who were continually mistreated or abused.
Later life
Churchill's fame was most noted up to the suffrage amendment in Colorado in 1893. After women gained the right to vote, subscriptions for The Queen Bee declined. Churchill ceased to be a public presence or persona, and the last of her known efforts are pleas for more readers in 1895, when she announced a brief hiatus of the publication. The Queen Bee did not print another issue.
Aside from her public persona and writings, little is known about Churchill's personal life in Colorado or elsewhere. Historians are unclear about many facts in her later life. However, according to Find a Grave, she died in Colorado Springs, Colorado on January 14, 1926 and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery. Today, Churchill is celebrated by western historians as a key figure in the western suffrage movement and a pioneer as a female journalist.
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Tamm is a municipality in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Tamm may also refer to:
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5d3cbff1-f8a1-446e-8734-663a22401417
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasseque"}
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Commune in Benguela Province, Angola
Kasseque is an Angolan commune. It belongs to the municipality of Ganda, in the province of Benguela.
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Ukrainian footballer
Volodymyr Andriyovych Savoshko (Ukrainian: Володимир Андрійович Савошко; born 25 May 1995) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ukrainian club Feniks Pidmonastyr.
Personal life
His brother Oleksandr Savoshko is also a professional footballer.
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a0e67b1d-8070-4924-a67b-5aa3825a6fb6
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafnitz"}
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Place in Styria, Austria
Lafnitz (German pronunciation: [ˈlafnɪt͡s] (
listen)) is a municipality in the district of Hartberg-Fürstenfeld in Styria, Austria. It is situated on the upper course of the river Lafnitz.
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69e4ed86-ccd6-496c-8f18-b4518fd208ea
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Ins%C3%BAa"}
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Argentine association football player
Emiliano Adrián Insúa Zapata (born 7 January 1989) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Racing Club.
Insúa is a citizen of the European Union through one of his grandparents, who is Spanish.
Career
Early career
Insúa began his football career with youth team Pinocho in Villa Urquiza, Argentina, later moving to, Buenos Aires-based team, Boca Juniors. The left back did not break into the first-team at La Bombonera when he caught the attention of scouts Frank McParland and Paddy Murphy from Liverpool. After some solid performances for the Argentinian U17s, many clubs were desperate to sign him, a player who rarely had appearances for his then club, and Boca were also very keen to get a profit from this young prodigy which led to negotiations between Liverpool and Boca. The defender agreed to an 18-month loan deal with the Merseyside club on 28 November 2006, beginning his loan period in January.
Liverpool
Insúa made his first-team debut against Portsmouth on 28 April 2007, but made only one more league appearance that season. His loan deal was made permanent in August 2007 in the deal which saw Gabriel Paletta move to Boca Juniors.
The following season Insúa made only three more first-team league appearances but found success with Gary Ablett's Premier Reserve League winning team; along with other Liverpool youngsters. His performances impressed manager Rafael Benítez enough to offer him a new three-year deal at the club. In December 2008 Insua got a run of games in the Liverpool first team, due to an injury to Fábio Aurélio and also due to the form of Andrea Dossena. Insúa found himself starting in Liverpool's opening six Premier League games and the first tie of their UEFA Champions League campaign. He scored his first goal for the club in a Football League Cup match against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium on 28 October 2009.
In July 2010, despite being Liverpool's only senior left back available, a fee was agreed for him to join Fiorentina, although a contract was never signed.
Loan to Galatasaray
On 31 August 2010, he joined Galatasaray on a one-year loan deal with an option to transfer permanently next year on 30 June, when the deal expired. He wore the number 6 shirt. It was rumoured that Insúa would be returning to Liverpool in the January transfer window after Galatasaray manager Gheorghe Hagi stated that he did not want loan players in his squad and Insúa had reportedly expressed his desire to play for Liverpool under new manager Kenny Dalglish.
Return to Liverpool
Insúa returned to Liverpool for pre-season training following his loan spell. After being denied entry into China for passport reasons, Insua rejoined the Liverpool squad in Malaysia. He featured in Liverpool's 6–3 win over a Malaysian select team, coming on as a second-half substitute and scoring a goal.
Sporting CP
On 27 August 2011, Sporting CP announced that Insúa had signed for the club in a five-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He was given the number 48.
Insúa made his debut for Sporting on 15 September 2011 in the UEFA Europa League, scoring the first goal in a 2–0 victory over FC Zurich. On 29 September 2011, Insúa scored the second goal in a 2–1 victory against SS Lazio, again in the Europa League. He was sent off later in the match after earning a second yellow card.
Atlético Madrid
On 25 January 2013, Atlético Madrid announced that they have reached an agreement with Sporting Clube de Portugal for the transfer of Insúa, reportedly for €3.5 million.
Loan to Rayo Vallecano
On 1 September 2014 Insúa was loaned to fellow league team Rayo Vallecano, in a season-long deal.
VfB Stuttgart
On 11 July 2015 Insúa mutually terminated his contract with Atlético and signed with VfB Stuttgart until 2018. Insúa extended his contract with Stuttgart on 14 May 2018 until June 2020.
LA Galaxy
On 2 January 2020, Insúa signed with MLS side LA Galaxy.
Aldosivi
On 14 February 2021, Insúa agreed his return to Argentina after nearly 14 years abroad, joining Aldosivi in the Primera División on a free transfer and a deal running until December. Two days later, he was joined by his brother Emanuel, becoming teammates for the first time in their professional careers.
International career
The player succeeded on the Under-20s international scene, playing three games to finish with the runner-up medal at the 2007 South American Youth Championship, which served as a qualifier for the FIFA U20 World Cup where he played seven games, conceding just 4 goals in the entire tournament and aiding the Argentina Under-20 team to victory against the Czech Republic in the FIFA U20 World Cup final on 22 July 2007.
On 24 August 2009, Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez said that Diego Maradona was monitoring the progress of Insúa and considering calling him up for international duty with Argentina. Maradona eventually did call him up on 26 September 2009, for the crucial World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Uruguay, making his first start in a 2–1 win over Peru.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 5 November 2020
International
Honours
Liverpool
Atlético Madrid
VfB Stuttgart
Argentina
Personal life
Insúa's younger brother, Emanuel, is also a footballer and left back.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristine_Santanna"}
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Cristine "Saka" Santanna (born May 27, 1979) is a Georgian beach volleyball player of Brazil birth. She is partnered in the 2008 Summer Olympics with Andrezza "Rtvelo" Martins. Their nicknames mean Georgia in Georgian (Sakartvelo).
Santanna and her partner Martins' most notable win came when they defeated a Russian opponent in the Beijing Olympics just days after a war between Georgia and Russia started.
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42de4aab-487e-41fd-a4d1-b21174b19776
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham,_Victoria"}
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Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sandringham is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 16 km (10 mi) south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Bayside local government area. Sandringham recorded a population of 10,926 at the 2021 census.
History
Sandringham formed part of the early estates in the parish of Moorabbin purchased by Josiah Holloway in 1852. Named Gipsy Village, lots were sold between 1852 and 1854 notwithstanding little settlement taking place at the time. Bluff Town Post Office opened on 1 April 1868, closed in 1871, reopened in 1873 and was renamed Sandringham in 1887.
Today
Sandringham is one of Melbourne's bayside suburbs, located beside Port Phillip at the end of the Sandringham railway line. Sandringham is a popular location for beachgoers, sightseers, walkers, picnickers, photographers, cyclists and shoppers. It has a quaint village atmosphere with a number of cafes, coffee shops and restaurants (Greek, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Indian, Japanese), take-away food outlets, gourmet food outlets, clothing stores, boutique homewares, hairdressers, professional offices, multi-story apartments, real estate agents, bakeries, a modern bookshop, a news agency, Coles supermarket, a health food store, a chemist, an award-winning library, a historical society, a large modern police station, a medical centre, a Life Saving club, a hardware store, a wine store, a bank, a large modern hotel (The Sandy) with a balcony overlooking the bay, an English pub with live music, a bike track and a coastal walking track.
To and from the Melbourne CBD, it takes 27 minutes to reach Sandringham by train. Buses travel between the Sandringham railway station and St Kilda, Westfield Southland, Chadstone shopping centre and other places.
The Sandringham Yacht Club is host to a number of Sydney to Hobart yacht race winners.
The main streets are home to some elegant old buildings, including the railway station.
In the 2011 census the most common ancestries in Sandringham were English 29.3%, Australian 25.8%, Irish 9.7%, Scottish 9.3% and German 3.1%.
Sandringham is home to C Company of the Australian Army Reserve unit, 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment.
Sandringham was home to one of the last video rental stores which closed down in 2019.
The suburb is located within the federal division of Goldstein.
Education
Sandringham Primary School, that opened in 1855, is one of the oldest schools in Victoria. Sandringham Primary partially burned down on in the early morning of 1 February 2020.
Sandringham College - a State secondary college - has two campuses in east Sandringham, one on Bluff Road (Years 7–9) and one on Holloway Road (Years 10–12).
Private schools in the area include Firbank Girls' Grammar School junior school (known as Sandringham House) and Sacred Heart Parish Catholic School. Another school in the area is Sandringham East Primary, which celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2011. The Melbourne International School of Japanese, a part-time Japanese education programme, once held its classes at Sandringham East Primary.
Sports
The Sandringham Football Club, known as the Zebras, of the Victorian Football League, has had a number of players go on to play in the AFL, including Trevor Barker, Ian Cooper, radio personality Rex Hunt, Andrew Krakouer, Paul Dimattina, Matthew Warnock, Ted Richards and Tom Langdon. Its games record holder is Nick Sautner (202 games, 621 goals). The club's home ground is the Trevor Barker oval on Beach Road (opposite the end of Bridge Road).
Based at the RG Chisholm Reserve, Duncan Street, the East Sandringham Boys Cricket Club features in suburban competitions throughout the cricket season. The club has developed cricketers particularly at a junior level, notably Shane Warne who has on occasion returned to play for his junior club. The R G Chisholm Reserve (known locally as the Duncan Street Oval) is also home to the East Sandringham Junior Football Club, which produced future Brownlow Medallists Chris Judd and Jobe Watson.
The city also hosts the Sandringham Soccer Club, which features both a men's and a women's team.
The city also hosts the Sandringham Amateur Athletic Club which was founded at a meeting held on 8 April 1930. The first recorded event was an 880 yards handicap at the Beach Oval (now Sandringham Football Ground).
Notable residents
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The following is a list of libraries in Nigeria.
Listing
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3f37e997-1049-4dd8-82d5-230f9abe3ddc
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayqueriana"}
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Extinct genus of litopterns
Huayqueriana is an extinct genus of South American litoptern, related to Macrauchenia, and belonging to the same family, Macraucheniidae. It was formerly known as Macrauchenidia latidens, described in 1939 by Cabrera, but redefined as Huayqueriana in 2016 based on the earlier name convention of Rovereto 1914. The genus is named after the Huayquerías Formation and the eponymous Huayquerian South American land mammal age defined at the formation.
Classification
Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Schmidt et al., 2014, showing the position of Huayqueriana:
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Michael Trim may refer to:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerbach_(Kahl)"}
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River in Germany
The Westerbach is a right tributary of the Kahl in the northern Spessart in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.[citation needed]
It is 6.3 km (3.9 mi) long (7.2 km including Querbach) and begins at the confluence of Querbach and Huckelheimer Bach in Westerngrund. The Querbach rises in the Arzborn, a small opening in the mountainside on the Hoher Querberg, northeast of Huckelheim, near the border between Hesse and Bavaria. In Schöllkrippen the Westerbach empties in the Kahl.[citation needed]
Together with Sommerkahl, Reichenbach and Geiselbach, the Westernbach is one of the largest tributaries of the Kahl.[citation needed]
Tributaries
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c0ba8115-6ce1-4cd7-bcdb-fcd1b9c52575
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Cadwell"}
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U.S. Air Force general
Angela M. Cadwell is a retired United States Air Force major general who last served as the director for cyberspace operations of the United States Northern Command.
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Martin Beck Theatre treasurer
Dora Marie Chamberlain (1928 - 5 July 2016) was the Martin Beck Theatre treasurer.
She won the Special Tony Award in the 1947 edition, along Mr. and Mrs. Ira Katzenberg, Jules Leventhal, P.A. MacDonald, Burns Mantle, Arthur Miller and Vincent Sardi Sr. She died in Bluewater Health on 5 July 2016 at aged 87.
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51ac77af-d23d-45e8-ba47-2898751e95f6
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricornis_oldi"}
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Species of gastropod
Tricornis oldi, common name: Old's Conch, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.
Description
The shell size varies between 80 mm and 150 mm.
Distribution
This species is distributed in the Arabian Sea along Oman, and in the Indian Ocean along Somalia.
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5a64f57f-b6c6-461b-87fb-90cfb0d1692b
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Akuoko-Sarpong"}
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Ghanaian Journalist
Nana Adjoa Akuoko-Sarpong also known as AJ Akuoko-Sarpong (born on 2OctoberO28 1991) ,is a Ghanaian media personality at Citi FM and TV. She is also an event compere, content producer and developer, and voice-over artist.
Early life
AJ Akuoko Sarpong was born to Nana Kwame Akuoko-Sarpong, the paramount chief of the Agogo Traditional Area and Omanhene of the Agogo Traditional Area and Alice Afful Asamah as the last of 15 children. She grew up in Ghana and the UK.
She hails from Asante Akyem Agogo in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.
Education
Akuoko-Sarpong started her education at Sacs Kindergarten; from there, she went on to Alsyd Academy, later to Englebert School —in Accra, the capital of Ghana.
She moved to Akosombo International in the Eastern Region and later to Galaxy International School, where she changed from the Ghanaian system of education to the Cambridge System of the United Kingdom. She was home schooled for her A levels.
Akuoko-Sarpong received her first degree in Political Science and Theatre Arts from the University of Ghana, Legon.
She holds two Master's Degree; the first is on Master's Degree in Journalism from the Ghana Institute of Journalis, and; her second Master's Degree at the University of Professional Studies, Accra (UPSA) with a Master’s degree in Brands and Communication Management.
Career
Akuoko-Sarpong has over 13 years of experience in television and radio production and presentation, as well as event production, MCing, and media concept development.
Time at ghanamusic.com, YFM and EIB Network
AJ began her career working at Ghanamusic.com, where she took on the responsibilities of associate editor and on-air presenter for the website's events coverage. She was the host of the weekly music countdown show as well as interviewed many stars such as award winning rapper and actor Ludacris, American music star Lloyd, British rap sensations Sway and Donae, South African music Group Jozi, Nigerian Sensations D'banj, D'prince, Wande Coal, 2face Idibia, Neato-C, YQ, Int. Deejay Neptune, Ikechwuku, K-Switch, Desmond Elliot, Ramsey Nouah, Steele, Lynxx, Dede Mabiake, DenreleEdun, Dj Exclusive and many others. Also, this includes Ghanaian acts ranging from Samini, Sarkodie to Ghanaian hip-life legend, Reggie Rockstone, at many events across the years.
Whilst at Ghana music.com, she also worked at YFM Ghana from 2010 to 2014 as a Friday night segment presenter, amongst a myriad of part time industry based jobs.
After the merger of GHOne TV into the EIB Networks in 2015, she worked with the EIB Networks specifically, Starr FM, Live FM and GHOne TV as a presenter, producer and host of Wthe eekly Girl Talk Show, Tales from the Powder Room, Live from the Capital Radio Show on Live FM amo,ngst many other shows across the network.
She continued to work in lifestyle and entertainment, hosting a daily entertainment segment on TV each weekday morning on GH One TV’s morning show till Jan 2017 and hosting its equivalent on radio each weekday morning after TV on Starr FM’s Mid-Morning show, The Zone with Naa Ashorkor. She was also the host of the award-winning girl talk show “Tales from the Powder Room” on GHOne on Wednesday nights, a hard hitting and award winning Girl Talk show whicthatused on discussing social topics that women deal with in their everydaylLives. On the radio front, she was the Queen of Friday nights with her evening show, Live from the Capital, where she had serious unconventional conversations with some ofAtfrica’s hottest stars.
AJ has been a content producer since 2014 and in her role as content producer for the then independent GHOne TV, she was required to build bespoke TV shows and content for the channel’s growing and demanding viewership, with her key role being to ensure that each show would resonate with the African viewer while meeting international standards. She has produced shows such as, Tales from the Powder Room, Friday Night Live, as well as assisted in the production of reality shows such as ‘It Takes Two,’ Miss Maliaka Beauty Pageant, and "Guess Who’s Coming for Dinner Cooking" amongo thers. And also for radio, she produced two seasons of the highly successful, female empowerment Radio Program and event, The Starr Woman Project for Starr 103.5 FM. She went on to develop shows at EIB, such as 12 Days of Christmas TV Show, NX Entertainment Segment on GH Today Breakfast Show.
Time at Citi FM/TV
Before joining Citi TV in 2017, she was a presenter with EIB Network where he hosted Tales from the Powder Room on GHOne TV. As of August 2021[update] she, works as a broadcast journalist at Citi FM and Citi TV.
After 5 years as Senior Presenter and Producer at GHONE TV and 2 Years at EIB Networks in 2017, she moved to the Citi Breakfast Show on Citi FM with Bernard Avle. After a year on the Citi CBS, she progressed to host the mid-morning show “Brunch in the Citi” in 2018 on Citi FM, every weekday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
She once hosted Hall of Fame on Citi TV and syndicated on ABN TV in London and the Host of Music Reality Show, Voice Factory on Citi TV. She was also the Host of the Chat on Citi TV. She is currently the host of Ghana’s longest running relationship talk show in Ghana, Sister Sister on Citi TV.
AJ has also being an event MC, and she has hosted a number of events, including Ghana Music Honor 2017, Ghana Events Awards 2017, Ghana Music Awards Red Carpet 2018, December to Remember Concert 2017/2018, Miss Communicator 2017, DSTV I Factory Showcase, IPMC 25th Anniversary, First Choice 20th Anniversary, the Office of the 2nd Lady of Ghana in collaboration with UNFPthe A Dinner against SGBV, Enteand the rtainment Achievement Awards 2021, among others.
Honours and awards
In early 2017, Sarpong was honored by students of the Elizath Sey Frances Hall of the University of Ghana, Legon.
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Caldwell Airport may refer to:
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William James Grant (1929–2009) was archdeacon, then dean of Tuam, in the Church of Ireland in the last quarter of the 20th century.
Grant was born in 1929, and ordained in 1959. After curacies in Ballymacarrett and Belfast he was the incumbent at Grand Falls from 1963 until 1966; and Assistant Chaplain to the Dublin branch of the Mission to Seamen. He was the incumbent at Fethard from 1970 until 1977 when he became Domestic Chaplain to the Bishop of Tuam. He was appointed Archdeacon of Tuam in 1980; and Dean of St Mary's Cathedral, Tuam a year later, holding both positions until 1993.
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Here is a partial list of Taiwanese television shows:
News
Studio shows
Comedy shows
Talk shows
Entertainment/variety shows
Competition shows
Dramas
Historical dramas
Reality dramas
Reality shows
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Australian politician and lawyer
Terence Michael McRae (11 January 1941 – 5 August 2006) was an Australian politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Labor Party and member for the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Playford from 1970 to 1989.
Early life
McRae was born in 1941 to Irish Australian parents. He went to school at Saint Ignatius' College then studied law at the University of Adelaide and was admitted to the bar in 1963.
Politics
McRae first attempted to get elected to the seat of Torrens in 1968 but was defeated. He was successful at being elected to Playford in 1970.
As Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1982 to 1986 for the John Bannon Labor government he was responsible for the introduction of television coverage to South Australian Parliament.
Later life
After leaving parliament he resumed his law career. McRae died in 2006 while watching a football game at AAMI Stadium. He was survived by his wife Doreen and three children Jeremy, Sarah and Rebecca.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarach_Bay"}
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Coordinates: 52°26′3.08″N 4°4′57.14″W / 52.4341889°N 4.0825389°W / 52.4341889; -4.0825389
Clarach Bay is a small bay on the coast of Ceredigion, Wales, to the north of Aberystwyth, where the Afon Clarach flows into the sea. It has given homes to the two main caravan parks of Clarach Bay Holiday Village and Glan Y Mor Leisure Park plus a few smaller ones for holiday makers, the coastal paths runs from Aberystwyth to Borth via Clarach.
Clarach Bay
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Matushka Olga Michael (February 3, 1916 – November 8, 1979), also known as Olinka, was a Eastern Orthodox priest's wife from Kwethluk village, on the Kuskokwim River in Alaska.
Life
Matushka Olga was a Native Alaskan of Yup'ik origin. Her husband was the village postmaster and manager of the general store, and later archpriest, Father Nikolai Michael. Serving her community not only as a priest's wife, but also as a midwife, Matushka Olga gave birth to and raised several children, many of whom she gave birth to without the aid of a midwife of her own.
Matushka Olga was known for her empathy and caring for those who had suffered abuse of all kinds, especially sexual abuse. While her family was poor, she was generous to those who were poorer, often giving away her children's clothes to the needy. She was also known for her ability to tell when a woman was pregnant, even before the woman herself had missed her period.
When Matushka Olga reposed, many people from miles around wanted to come to her funeral, but since it was November, the winter weather made it impossible. But a wind from the south brought warm weather, thawing the ice and snow to make the trek to Kwethluk possible. When the mourners exited the church to take her body to the graveyard, a flock of birds followed. The ones who dug her grave found that the ground, too, had thawed. The evening after her funeral, the normal harsh winter weather returned.
Potential glorification
Olga receives veneration in the region in which she lived her earthly life, and personal veneration from many Orthodox women touched by her life story. It is said that she has appeared to those in need of healing, sometimes alongside the Mother of God. She has not been formally glorified yet by any jurisdiction.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(I)_thiocyanate"}
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Chemical compound
Copper(I) thiocyanate (or cuprous thiocyanate) is a coordination polymer with formula CuSCN. It is an air-stable, white solid used as a precursor for the preparation of other thiocyanate salts.
Structure
At least two polymorphs have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. They both feature copper(I) in a characteristic tetrahedral coordination geometry. The sulfur end of the SCN- ligand is triply bridging so that the coordination sphere for copper is CuS3N.
Synthesis
Copper(I) thiocyanate forms from the spontaneous decomposition of black copper(II) thiocyanate, releasing thiocyanogen, especially when heated. It is also formed from copper(II) thiocyanate under water, releasing (among others) thiocyanic acid and the highly poisonous hydrogen cyanide. It is conveniently prepared from relatively dilute solutions of copper(II) in water, such as copper(II) sulphate. To a copper(II) solution sulphurous acid is added and then a soluble thiocyanate is added (preferably slowly, while stirring). Copper(I) thiocyanate is precipitated as a white powder. Alternatively, a thiosulfate solution may be used as a reducing agent.
Double salts
Copper(I) thiocyanate forms one double salt with the group 1 elements, CsCu(SCN)2. The double salt only forms from concentrated solutions of CsSCN, into which CuSCN dissolves. From less concentrated solutions, solid CuSCN separates reflecting its low solubility. When brought together with potassium, sodium or barium thiocyanate, and brought to crystallisation by concentrating the solution, mixed salts will crystallise out. These are not considered true double salts. As with CsCu (SNC)2, copper(I) thiocyanate separates out when these mixed salts are redissolved or their solutions diluted.
Uses
Copper(I) thiocyanate is a hole conductor, a semiconductor with a wide band gap (3.6 eV, therefore transparent to visible and near infrared light). It is used in photovoltaics in some third-generation cells as a hole transfer layer. It acts as a P-type semiconductor and as a solid-state electrolyte. It is often used in dye-sensitized solar cells. Its hole conductivity is however relatively poor (0.01 S·m−1). This can be improved by various treatments, e.g. exposure to gaseous chlorine or doping with (SCN)2.
CuSCN with NiO act synergically as a smoke suppressant additive in polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
CuSCN precipitated on carbon support can be used for conversion of aryl halides to aryl thiocyanates.
Copper thiocyanate is used in some anti-fouling paints. Advantages compared to cuprous oxide include that the compound is white and a more efficient biocide.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogradsky_instability"}
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In applied mathematics, the Ostrogradsky instability is a feature of some solutions of theories having equations of motion with more than two time derivatives (higher-derivative theories). It is suggested by a theorem of Mikhail Ostrogradsky in classical mechanics according to which a non-degenerate Lagrangian dependent on time derivatives higher than the first corresponds to a Hamiltonian unbounded from below. As usual, the Hamiltonian is associated with the Lagrangian via a Legendre transform. The Ostrogradsky instability has been proposed as an explanation as to why no differential equations of higher order than two appear to describe physical phenomena. However, Ostrogradsky's theorem does not imply that all solutions of higher-derivative theories are unstable as many counterexamples are known.
Outline of proof
The main points of the proof can be made clearer by considering a one-dimensional system with a Lagrangian
. The Euler–Lagrange equation is
Non-degeneracy of
means that the canonical coordinates can be expressed in terms of the derivatives of
and vice versa. Thus,
is a function of
(if it was not, the Jacobian
would vanish, which would mean that
is degenerate), meaning that we can write
or, inverting,
. Since the evolution of
depends upon four initial parameters, this means that there are four canonical coordinates. We can write those as
and by using the definition of the conjugate momentum,
The above results can be obtained as follows. First, we rewrite the Lagrangian into "ordinary" form by introducing a Lagrangian multiplier as a new dynamic variable
,
from which, the Euler-Lagrangian equations for
read
,
,
,
Now, the canonical momentum
with respect to
are readily shown to be
while
These are precisely the definitions given above by Ostrogradski. One may proceed further to evaluate the Hamiltonian
,
where one makes use of the above Euler-Lagrangian equations for the second equality. We note that due to non-degeneracy, we can write
as
. Here, only three arguments are needed since the Lagrangian itself only has three free parameters. Therefore, the last expression only depends on
, it effectively serves as the Hamiltonian of the original theory, namely,
.
We now notice that the Hamiltonian is linear in
. This is a source of Ostrogradsky instability, and it stems from the fact that the Lagrangian depends on fewer coordinates than there are canonical coordinates (which correspond to the initial parameters needed to specify the problem). The extension to higher dimensional systems is analogous, and the extension to higher derivatives simply means that the phase space is of even higher dimension than the configuration space.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loewner%27s_torus_inequality"}
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In differential geometry, Loewner's torus inequality is an inequality due to Charles Loewner. It relates the systole and the area of an arbitrary Riemannian metric on the 2-torus.
Statement
In 1949 Charles Loewner proved that every metric on the 2-torus
satisfies the optimal inequality
where "sys" is its systole, i.e. least length of a noncontractible loop. The constant appearing on the right hand side is the Hermite constant
in dimension 2, so that Loewner's torus inequality can be rewritten as
The inequality was first mentioned in the literature in Pu (1952).
Case of equality
The boundary case of equality is attained if and only if the metric is flat and homothetic to the so-called equilateral torus, i.e. torus whose group of deck transformations is precisely the hexagonal lattice spanned by the cube roots of unity in
.
Alternative formulation
Given a doubly periodic metric on
(e.g. an imbedding in
which is invariant by a
isometric action), there is a nonzero element
and a point
such that
, where
is a fundamental domain for the action, while
is the Riemannian distance, namely least length of a path joining
and
.
Proof of Loewner's torus inequality
Loewner's torus inequality can be proved most easily by using the computational formula for the variance,
Namely, the formula is applied to the probability measure defined by the measure of the unit area flat torus in the conformal class of the given torus. For the random variable X, one takes the conformal factor of the given metric with respect to the flat one. Then the expected value E(X 2) of X 2 expresses the total area of the given metric. Meanwhile, the expected value E(X) of X can be related to the systole by using Fubini's theorem. The variance of X can then be thought of as the isosystolic defect, analogous to the isoperimetric defect of Bonnesen's inequality. This approach therefore produces the following version of Loewner's torus inequality with isosystolic defect:
where ƒ is the conformal factor of the metric with respect to a unit area flat metric in its conformal class.
Higher genus
Whether or not the inequality
is satisfied by all surfaces of nonpositive Euler characteristic is unknown. For orientable surfaces of genus 2 and genus 20 and above, the answer is affirmative, see work by Katz and Sabourau below.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_(magazine)"}
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Indian film magazine
Screen was an Indian weekly film magazine published by Indian Express Limited. Established in 1951, it was owned by The Indian Express Group. The magazine was acquired by Star India in 2015 and subsequently ceased publication.
The magazine's content focused on India's Hindi film industry, a.k.a. Bollywood, located mainly in Mumbai. It also had an e-magazine version.
History
Screen was first published on 26 September 1951 with Manorama Katju as its managing editor. She was succeeded in 1959 by S.S. Pillai who died in post in 1977. The magazine was founded by The Indian Express Group.
B. K. Karanjia who was previously editor of Filmfare, remained the editor of Screen for 10 years. Udaya Tara Nayar, previously a staff writer for the magazine, was editor between 1988-1996 and 1998–2000. Film journalist, Bhawana Somaaya was the editor of the magazine from 2000 to 2007. In 2007, she was succeeded by Priyanka Sinha Jha, a former Society magazine and HT Style/Saturday editor.
Screen awards
Screen organized and sponsored the Screen Awards for movies in Hindi cinema, established in 1995. It also sponsored Screen Gold Medal for excellence in direction at the Film and Television Institute of India, established in 1967. Star group continues to sponsor annual 'Star Screen' Awards.
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Role-playing game system
The Cortex System is a collection of related roleplaying games. Its most recent iteration, Cortex Prime, was designed by Cam Banks and published by Fandom Tabletop. Prior versions appeared in the licensed roleplaying games published by Margaret Weis Productions, where it was used as the house system. Cortex is an adaptable game system focusing on characterization and story development.
Game mechanics
Cortex is an extendable and modifiable game, but with some consistent mehanics. Characters are described with a number of trait sets, such as attributes, skills, relationships, or powers. Each trait within each set is rated with a die size. For example, a strong but unintelligent character might have Brawn d10 and Brains d4. When rolling dice, players select one trait from each set and roll their dice together as a pool. Dice that roll 1 are 'hitches', and represent something going wrong in the attempt. The highest two die results are added together for the player character's effective total. Another die not used in the total is selected as the effect die, the size of which determines the magnitude of the die roll's effect.
Players have access to a limited pool of "plot point" tokens, which can be spent in a number of ways. Prominent among these is to roll more than one die from a single trait set, or to add additional die results to the total.
Most Cortex games include Distinctions as one of the trait sets, which describe what makes the character distinctive. These traits are rolled as a d8 when they are beneficial. When the distinction hinders the character, however, it is rolled as a d4, and the player earns a plot point.
History
Sovereign Stone, produced by Sovereign Press, Inc and published by Corsair Publishing, based on the eponymous novels of Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, was the earliest iteration of the sysem. The game was written by Larry Elmore and Don Perrin.
Cortex Classic
In 2004, the rights to the 'Sovereign Stone game was transferred to Margaret Weis Productions, where the system was used for the Serenity Role Playing Game, published in 2005. The game system was used, with minor amendments, for the Battlestar Galactica Role Playing Game in 2007 and the Supernatural Role Playing Game in 2009. The underlying system was released as Cortex Role Playing Game System.
Cortex Plus
In 2009, Cortex development was passed to Cam Banks, who refined it into "Cortex Plus" by introducing its roll-and-keep system and streamlining all ranked stats to use die sizes that could be rolled in various conflicts. Cortex Plus saw its debut in 2010 with Smallville Roleplaying Game and Leverage: The Roleplaying Game. Both games were developed concurrently, with design notes passed between writing teams, but each game featured unique variations on the basic Plus engine.
The next round of development saw Banks create Marvel Heroic Roleplaying, published in 2012. This game focused on fights and action scenes. The core game was originally slated to be followed by a long series of supplements, each focusing on a different period of Marvel's fictional history. In 2013, Margaret Weis Productions announced that it would not be renewing its Marvel license, and the game went out of print.
The Cortex Plus Hackers Guide, a complication of many different 'hacks' of Cortex Plus, was initiated in January 2013. Without the licenses for the three existing games, the Hacker's Guide presented three 'flavors' of Cortex Plus: drama, action, and heroic. Monica Valentinelli then developed the 2014 Firefly Role-Playing Game, published in 2014. This utilized a variant of the Leverage rule set.
Cortex Prime
On November 1, 2016, Margaret Weis Productions released a statement announcing that Cam Banks and his new design studio Magic Vacuum had licensed the Cortex system and would be "taking over the design, development, and publishing of games based on these rules... for 2017 and beyond," coinciding with "Margaret’s retirement from RPG development to focus on her current novel and film projects."
Banks then set out to normalize the four games of the Cortex Plus era as well as the preceding four Classic games into a single, unified system. This iteration, Cortex Prime, was funded via Kickstarter in April 2017. Prime discards the drama, action, and heroic flavors of Plus and instead offers a modular system that can be custom-built for vastly different play experiences. As part of the Kickstarter stretch goals, five volumes of "spotlight" mini settings by 22 authors, were also planned and funded.
In September 2019, Fandom Tabletop acquired the rights to Cortex from MWP and hired Cam Banks as their new Cortex Creative Director. Fandom intends to publish the Cortex Game Handbook in 2020. In 2021, Fandom plans to publish the five volumes of spotlights, as well as two licensed game settings: Tales of Xadia: The Dragon Prince Roleplaying Game based on The Dragon Prince television show, and Legends of Grayskull: The Masters of the Universe Roleplaying Game based on The Masters of the Universe franchise.
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080b4215-3c23-4463-b11a-bc5a1961c432
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Logan_(politician)"}
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British Conservative politician
Mark Rory Logan (born 28 January 1984) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolton North East since the 2019 general election.
Early life
Logan was born and grew up in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. He graduated from Queen's University Belfast, and then earned two master's degrees, one from the London School of Economics and the second from Wadham College, University of Oxford. Before becoming an MP, he worked in the Foreign Office at the British Consulate-General Shanghai where he was responsible for media and communications. Logan also worked for the Chinese conglomerate Sanpower Group.
Political career
In 2017, he contested the East Antrim seat for the Conservative Party, coming in 6th place with 2.5% of the vote. He was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for Bolton North East at the 2019 general election, ultimately winning the seat with a 0.9% majority and a swing of 4.7%.
Logan regularly campaigns for a direct train link from Bolton to London.
He is a founding member of the Parliamentary Export Programme webinar series, which seeks to help local businesses increase international sales.
Logan was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Northern Ireland Office in March 2022. He resigned on 6 July 2022 in protest at Boris Johnson's conduct in the Chris Pincher scandal, calling his position "almost impossible".
Electoral history
2019 general election
2017 general election
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Species of beetle
Oreodera lateralis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795.
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Wikipedia list article
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory.
Memory biases
There are many different types of memory biases, including:
Footnotes
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Mexican telenovela
Doña Macabra is a Mexican telenovela produced by Ernesto Alonso for Telesistema Mexicano in 1963.
Cast
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Frick"}
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American baseball administrator and sportswriter
Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the New York American, he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from 1934 to 1951. He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to 1965.
While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in baseball history. He extinguished threats of a player strike in response to the racial integration of the major leagues. During Frick's term as commissioner, expansion occurred and MLB faced the threat of having its antitrust exemption revoked by Congress. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1970. The Ford C. Frick Award recognizes outstanding MLB broadcasters.
Early life
Frick was born on a farm in Wawaka, Indiana, and went to high school in Rome City, Indiana. He took classes at International Business College in Fort Wayne, then worked for a company that made engines for windmills. He attended DePauw University, where he played first base for the DePauw baseball team and ran track. He graduated in 1915. He had been a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Frick went to Colorado to play semipro baseball in Walsenburg.
After his stint as a baseball player, Frick lived in Colorado Springs. He taught English at Colorado Springs High School and at Colorado College. Frick moonlighted for The Gazette, covering sports and news until he left to work for the War Department near the conclusion of World War I. When the war was over, Frick worked in Denver for the Rocky Mountain News. Frick returned to Colorado Springs to take a job with the Evening Telegraph, which later merged with The Gazette. Around this time, he had given some thought to starting his own advertising agency.
In 1921, a flood devastated much of Pueblo, Colorado. When other reporters had flown in to cover the flood their airplanes had become stuck in muddy conditions, leaving them stranded in Pueblo. Frick had a pilot fly him there, but instead of landing they circled low over the city while Frick took notes and photographs. He was able to file his story a day earlier than other reporters. The recognition from the flood helped Frick get a position with the New York American in 1922. Frick was also a broadcaster for WOR in New York.
NL President
In 1934, he became the NL's public relations director, and then became president of the league later that year.
In June 1937, Cardinals pitcher Dizzy Dean began to publicly criticize the NL and Frick. In response, Frick said that he was suspending Dean until the pitcher issued a written apology. Dean indicated that he would not apologize and that he would boycott the 1937 All-Star Game, suspended or not. The Cardinals made peace with Frick so that Dean could return to play. He appeared in the All-Star Game, but he sustained a toe injury in the game. The injury altered his delivery and he later injured his arm, never returning to All-Star form.
A Communist Party USA newspaper known as the Daily Worker asked Frick in 1937 about the feasibility of racially integrating baseball. Frick said that there was no rule discriminating against players on the basis of race. He said that professional baseball required ability, good habits and strong character. Disingenuously, he asserted that he was not aware of a case in which race had played a role in the selection of a major league player.
In the late 1930s, Frick played a central role in establishing the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. He gathered a team of representatives from the major news wire services, including Davis Walsh of the International News Service, Alan J. Gould of the Associated Press, and Henry L. Farrell of United Press International. They took the idea to the Baseball Writers' Association of America and that organization became the voting body for Hall of Fame elections.
When several members of the St. Louis Cardinals planned to protest Jackie Robinson's breaking of baseball's color barrier, Frick threatened any players involved with suspension. While president of the NL, Frick served on DePauw University's board of trustees. He was also president of the school's alumni association, helping to create the DePauw Alumni Fund.
In 1951, some baseball owners had become displeased with Happy Chandler's service as commissioner and did not want to renew his contract. In September, the owners elected Frick to replace Chandler in a twelve-hour meeting that the Chicago Tribune called "their all-time peak in dilly-dallying". The owners were able to quickly narrow the candidates down from five unnamed nominees to two frontrunners, Frick and Warren Giles. The owners deadlocked until Giles decided to remove his name from consideration. Giles, who had been president and general manager of the Cincinnati Reds, succeeded Frick as NL president.
Baseball Commissioner
Frick agreed to a seven-year contract worth $65,000 each year. When he assumed the office, Frick said that he was surprised to be elected even though he knew he was a candidate for the position. Just before his announcement, the major league team owners voted that the commissioner's office should be located in a city with two major league teams. Frick decided to relocate the office from Cincinnati to New York.
In 1957, Frick addressed an organized campaign of ballot stuffing for that year's All-Star Game in which most of the ballots originated from Cincinnati and had stacked the NL team with Reds. In response, Frick overruled the fan vote, removed two Reds from the starting lineup and appointed two replacements from other teams. He then took the vote away from the fans and kept it that way for the remainder of his tenure.
Frick presided over the expansion of the American and National Leagues from eight to ten teams. Faced with a Congress threatening to revoke baseball's antitrust exemption, Frick had initially favored the development of a third major league within organized baseball, but relented when the established league owners objected and pursued their own expansion plans. Following expansion, the regular season was extended to 162 games from 154 in order to maintain a balanced schedule.
Inaction was sometimes cited by Frick's critics as one of his weaknesses. Writers often derided Frick for his hands-off approach to baseball matters. Writer Jerome Holtzman described Frick's term as commissioner by saying that he "sailed a smooth course and seldom descended from his throne. When asked why he absented himself from the many battles below, he often said, 'It's a league matter.'... In retrospect, he understood his role. He was a caretaker, not a czar." Frick's critics also accused him of favoring the NL in his rulings, such as how the 1960s expansion teams would be stocked.
The "asterisk"
Frick's most highly criticized decision as commissioner was to request baseball record-keepers to list the single-season home run records of Babe Ruth and Roger Maris separately in 1961, based on the length of the season played. Frick called a press conference to issue a ruling that a player must hit more than 60 home runs in his first 154 games in order to be considered the record holder, giving birth to a misunderstanding that an asterisk was placed next to Maris' record when Maris did so in a newly expanded 162-game season. Frick indeed called for some "distinctive mark" next to it in the "record books"—the asterisk as a designation was immediately suggested by New York Daily News sportswriter Dick Young—but MLB actually had no direct control over any record books until many years later. It all was merely a suggestion on Frick's part; while he and Ruth had been friends, enough for Frick to have been at Ruth's deathbed, he lacked any authority as baseball Commissioner to make any of it so. Within a few years, the controversy died down and all prominent baseball record keepers listed Maris as the single-season record holder.
Retirement
In 1960, Frick said that he would probably retire when his contract expired in 1965. He said that his remaining goals for his term as commissioner were to complete the expansion process and to convince Congress to allow each baseball league to set its own television policies.
He maintained involvement with the Baseball Hall of Fame, serving as chairman of the board in 1966 and serving on the Veterans Committee from 1966 to 1969. Frick himself was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1970. He was said to have chastised Hall of Fame voters at a meeting of the Baseball Writers' Association of America after they elected no major league candidates in the 1971 Hall of Fame balloting.
Legacy
The Baseball Hall of Fame created the Ford C. Frick Award in 1978, and presents the award annually to a baseball broadcaster for major contributions to the game. Frick was posthumously inducted into the DePauw University Athletic Hall of Fame.
In the 2001 made-for-television film 61*, Frick was portrayed by actor Donald Moffat.
Personal life
Frick married Eleanor Cowing in 1916. His son Fred attended Fordham Preparatory School with future baseball executive Buzzie Bavasi. Bavasi was planning to attend law school, but Frick introduced him to Larry MacPhail of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Bavasi was given a job in minor league baseball, where he began to work his way up the organization.
Near the end of Frick's term as commissioner, he purchased a second home in Broadmoor, Colorado, though he maintained his primary residence in New York.
Frick died on April 8, 1978 at age 83, at a hospital in Bronxville, New York. He had suffered a series of strokes in his later years. Upon his death, commissioner Bowie Kuhn said Frick "brought the game integrity, dedication and a happy tranquility far removed from the turbulence of today." He is interred in Christ Church Columbarium in Bronxville.
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VAST Data is a technology company that focuses on data storage, specifically flash memory. Founded in 2016, VAST has offices in the United States, UK, France, Germany, Australia and Israel. VAST Data was founded with the aim of replacing multiple storage tiers with one solid state platform.
VAST Data is being used by the National Institutes of Health and Harvard University to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as by Ginkgo Bioworks for genomic studies.
History
VAST was founded in 2016 by Renen Hallak, a former engineer of R&D at XtremIO, Shachar Fienblit, formerly at Kaminario and Jeff Denworth, formerly at CTERA Networks. Mike Wing of Dell is a part of the leadership team at VAST Data.
VAST Data's launch was supported by Dell and Goldman Sachs.
As of April 2020, the company had 145 employees, most of which were remote workers.
In April 2021, VAST moved to a software licensing model called Gemini that enables customers to separate the hardware purchasing cycle from the software licensing cost.
Technology
VAST Data uses Intel's Optane (or 3D Xpoint-based) NVMe SSDs. 3D XPoint non-volatile memory is integrated into VAST Data's architecture, as hardware mechanism to handle computational storage software tasks such as erasure coding, large stripe write shaping, and other software mechanics, so that lower cost, high density NAND Flash-based SSDs can be effectively used behind the 3D XPoint high performance SSDs.
VAST Data's technology allows for collapsing multiple storage tiers into one that has decoupled compute nodes, which are accessed using NVMe-oF. After data reduction occurs, around 2PB of space is available. The single VAST Data tier uses wide data stripes, with the purpose of global erasure coding. NVMe-linked Databoxes contain flash drives for data and Optane XPoint for metadata. VAST storage enclosures are connected to servers through NVMe-oF, using either 100Gb/s Ethernet or Infiniband.
VAST Data, with regard to universal storage, uses Flash-QLC and 100 percent persistent global namespace. It supports artificial intelligence applications along with more classical applications such as Web Content or Search.
Its Year 2020 storage architecture release, known as LightSpeed, combines three core elements to deliver parallel and higher scalable performance for AI and HPC. These elements are:
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass,_West_Virginia"}
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Census-designated place in West Virginia, United States
Cass is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community on the Greenbrier River in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 38 at the 2020 census. The community, founded in 1901, was named for Joseph Kerr Cass, vice president and cofounder of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company.
History
Cass was created in 1901 as a company town for those who worked for West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, logging the nearby Cheat Mountain. The cut logs were brought by rail to the town, where they were processed for use by paper and hardwood-flooring companies throughout the United States. Cass's skilled laborers, who worked in the mill or the locomotive repair shop, lived with their families in 52 white-fenced houses, built in orderly rows on a hill south of the general store.
In 1960 the mill closed. In 1963, the state bought the logging railroad and converted it into a tourist attraction, carrying passengers into the vast Monongahela National Forest. In the late 1970s, the state bought most of the town and its buildings for the new Cass Scenic Railroad State Park. In 1982 the mill burned down.
The Cass Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Current status
The community has a general store, a restaurant, a history museum, and 20 houses refurbished for tourist lodgings. Cass Scenic Railroad State Park runs from the town to the half way point called Whittaker Station. Here a restored loggers' camp has been created on the mountain. Then the railroad continues up the Mountain to Bald Knob (the third highest peak in West Virginia). On Fridays the trains make runs to the ghost town of Spruce, West Virginia (currently[when?] not in service). A small number of privately-owned homes remain in the area of the community, while the majority of land and homes in Cass is owned by the State of West Virginia.
Cass is the northern terminus of the Greenbrier River Trail.
Demographics
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentinus_flexipes"}
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Species of fungus
Lentinus flexipes is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
Synonyms:
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Set of procedures in which all doctors are trained
Medical model is the term coined by psychiatrist R. D. Laing in his The Politics of the Family and Other Essays (1971), for the "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained". It includes complaint, history, physical examination, ancillary tests if needed, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis with and without treatment.
The medical model embodies basic assumptions about medicine that drive research and theorizing about physical or psychological difficulties on a basis of causation and remediation.
It can be contrasted with other models that make different basic assumptions. Examples include holistic model of the alternative health movement and the social model of the disability rights movement, as well as to biopsychosocial and recovery models of mental disorders. For example, Gregory Bateson's double bind theory of schizophrenia focuses on environmental rather than medical causes. These models are not mutually exclusive. A model is not a statement of absolute reality or a belief system but a tool for helping patients. Thus, utility is the main criterion, and the utility of a model depends on context.
Other uses
In psychology
In psychology, the term medical model refers to the assumption that psychopathology is the result of one's biology, that is to say, a physical/organic problem in brain structures, neurotransmitters, genetics, the endocrine system etc., as with traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, or Down's syndrome. The medical model is useful in these situations as a guide for diagnosis, prognosis, and research. However, for most mental disorders, exclusive reliance on the medical model leads to an incomplete understanding, and, frequently, to incomplete or ineffective treatment interventions. The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), addresses this point in part, stating,
However, in the absence of clear biological markers or clinically useful measurements of severity for many mental disorders, it has not been possible to completely separate normal and pathological symptom expressions contained in diagnostic criteria. This gap in information is particularly problematic in clinical situations in which the patient's symptom presentation by itself (particularly in mild forms) is not inherently pathological and may be encountered in individuals for whom a diagnosis of "mental disorder" would be inappropriate.
The Critical Psychiatry Network, a group of psychiatrists who critique the practice of psychiatry on many grounds, feel that the medical model for mental illness can result in poor treatment choices.
Germ theory of disease
The rise of modern scientific medicine during the 19th century has a great impact on the development of the medical model. Especially important was the development of the "germ theory" of disease by European medical researchers such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. During the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the physical causes of a variety of diseases were uncovered, which, in turn, led to the development of effective forms of treatment.
Concept of "disease" and "injury"
The concepts of "disease" and "injury" are central to the medical model. In general, "disease" or "injury" refer to some deviation from normal body functioning that has undesirable consequences for the affected individual. An important aspect of the medical model is that it regards signs (objective indicators such as an elevated temperature) and symptoms (subjective feelings of distress expressed by the patient) as indicative of an underlying physical abnormality (pathology) within the individual. According to the medical model, medical treatment, wherever possible, should be directed at the underlying pathology in an attempt to correct the abnormality and cure the disease. In regard to many mental illnesses, for example, the assumption is that the cause of the disorder lies in abnormalities within the affected individual's brain (specially their brain neurochemistry). That carries the implicit conclusion that disordered behaviors are not learned but are spontaneously generated by the disordered brain. According to the medical model, for treatment (such as drugs), to be effective, it should be directed as closely as possible at correcting the theorized chemical imbalance in the brain of the person with mental illness.
Importance of diagnosis
Proper diagnosis (that is, the categorization of illness signs and symptoms into meaning disease groupings) is essential to the medical model. Placing the patient's signs and symptoms into the correct diagnostic category can:
For example, if a patient presents to a primary care provider with symptoms of a given illness, by taking a thorough history, performing assessments (such as auscultation and palpation), and, in some cases, ordering diagnostic tests the primary care provider can make a reasonable conclusion about the cause of the symptoms. Based on clinical experience and available evidence, the health care professional can identify treatment options that are likely to be successful.[citation needed]
Other important aspects
Finally, adherence to the medical model has a number of other consequences for the patient and society as a whole, both positive and negative:
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Maros Water Park is one of water park existing in Maros district, South Sulawesi and was built and ready to soft launch in October 2009. It is planned to be opened in January 2013. It contains outbound area, cottages, restaurant, mini water park, semi olympic pool and body slide. It is surrounded with natural hills, fresh water on site, and with a couple of caves.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"}
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Architectural feature of mosques
A minaret (/ˌmɪnəˈrɛt, ˈmɪnəˌrɛt/; Arabic: منارة, romanized: manāra, or Arabic: مِئْذَنة, romanized: miʾḏana; Turkish: minare; Persian: گلدسته, romanized: goldaste) is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim call to prayer (adhan), but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence. They can have a variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires.
Etymology
Two Arabic words are used to denote the minaret tower: manāra and manār. The English word "minaret" originates from the former, via the Turkish version (minare). The Arabic word manāra (plural: manārāt) originally meant a "lamp stand", a cognate of Hebrew menorah. It is assumed to be a derivation of an older reconstructed form, manwara. The other word, manār (plural: manā'ir or manāyir), means "a place of light". Both words derive from the Arabic root n-w-r, which has a meaning related to "light". Both words also had other meanings attested during the early Islamic period: manār could also mean a "sign" or "mark" (to show one where to go) and both manār and manāra could mean "lighthouse".
Functions
The formal function of a minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the muezzin can issue the call to prayer, or adhan. The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night. In most modern mosques, the adhān is called from the musallah (prayer hall) via microphone to a speaker system on the minaret.
Additionally, minarets historically served a visual symbolic purpose. In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the qibla wall. Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the call to prayer. They served as a reminder that the region was Islamic and helped to distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture. They also acted as symbols of the political and religious authority of the Muslim rulers who built them.
Construction and design
The region's socio-cultural context have influenced the shape, size and form of minarets. Different regions and periods developed different styles of minarets. Typically, the tower's shaft has a cylindrical, cuboid (square), or octagonal shape. Stairs or ramps inside the tower climb to the top in a counter-clockwise fashion. Some minarets have two or three narrow staircases fitted inside one another in order to allow multiple individuals to safely descend and ascend simultaneously. At the top of the stairs, a balcony encircles the upper sections of the tower and from here the muezzin may give the call to prayer. Some minaret traditions featured multiple balconies along the tower's shaft. The summit often finishes in a lantern-like structure and/or a small dome, conical roof, or curving stone cap, which is in turn topped by a decorative metal finial. Different architectural traditions also placed minarets at different positions relative to the mosque. The number of minarets by mosques was also not fixed: originally only one minaret accompanied a mosque, but some later traditions constructed more, especially for larger or more prestigious mosques.
Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region. In the construction of the tall and slender Ottoman minarets, molten iron was poured into pre-cut cavities inside the stones, which then solidified and helped to bind the stones together. This made the structures more resistant to earthquakes and powerful winds.
Origins
The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures. The early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer from the doorway or roof of the house of Muhammad, which doubled as a place for prayer, and this continued to be the practice in mosques during the period of the four Rashidun Caliphs (632–661).
The origin of the minaret is unclear. Many 19th-century and early 20th-century scholars traced the origin of minarets to the Umayyad Caliphate period (661–750) and believed that they imitated the church steeples found in Syria in those times. Others suggested that the these towers were inspired by the ziggurats of Babylonian and Assyrian shrines in Mesopotamia. Some scholars, such as A. J. Butler and Hermann Thiersch, agreed that the Syrian minarets were derived from church towers but also argued that the minarets of Egypt were inspired by the form of the Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria (which survived up until medieval times). K. A. C. Creswell, an orientalist and important early-20th-century scholar of Islamic architecture, contributed a major study on the question in 1926 which then became the standard scholarly theory on the origin of minarets for roughly fifty years.Creswell attributed the origin of minaret towers to the influence of Syrian church towers and regarded the spiral or helicoidal minarets of the Abbasid period as deriving from local ziggurat precedents, but rejected the possible influence of the Pharos Lighthouse. He also established that the earliest mosques had no minarets and he suggested that the first purpose-built minarets were built for the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat in 673. In 1989 Jonathan Bloom published a new study which argued that the first true minaret towers did not appear until the 9th century, under Abbasid rule, and that their initial purpose was not related to the call to prayer.
References on Islamic architecture since the late 20th century often agree with Bloom's view that the mosques of the Umayyad Caliphate did not have minarets in the form of towers. Instead of towers, some Umayyad mosques were built with platforms or shelters above their roofs that were accessed by a staircase and from which the muezzins could issue the call to prayer. These structures were referred to as a mi'dhana ("place of the adhān") or as a ṣawma῾a ("monk's cell", due to its small size). An example of these platforms is documented during the reconstruction of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in 673 by Mu'awiya's local governor, Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari, who was given orders by the caliph to add one to each of the mosque's four corners, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus which had a ṣawma῾a above each of the Roman-era towers at its four corners. Historical sources also mention such features in mosques in other parts of North Africa. In another example, under the Umayyad Emirate of al-Andalus, emir Hisham I ordered the addition of a ṣawma'a to the Great Mosque of Cordoba in 793.
A possible exception to the absence of tower minarets is documented in Caliph al-Walid's renovation of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina in the early 8th century, during which he built a tower, referred to as a manāra, at each of the mosque's four corners. However, it's not clear what function these towers served. They do not appear to have been used for the call to prayer and may have been intended instead as visual symbols of the mosque's status. Historical sources also reference an earlier manāra, built of stone, being added to the mosque of Basra in 665 by the Umayyad provincial governor, but it's not entirely clear if it was a tower or what form it had, though it must have had a monumental appearance.
The first known minarets built as towers appeared under Abbasid rule. Four towers were added to the Great Mosque of Mecca during its Abbasid reconstruction in the late 8th century. In the 9th century single minaret towers were built in or near the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall of mosques. These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of around 3:1. One of the oldest minarets still standing is that of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, built in 836 and well-preserved today. Other minarets that date from the same period, but less precisely dated, include the minaret of the Friday Mosque of Siraf, now the oldest minaret in Iran, and the minaret opposite the qibla wall at the Great Mosque of Damascus (known as the "Minaret of the Bride"), now the oldest minaret in the region of Syria (though its upper section was probably rebuilt multiple times). In Samarra, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in present-day Iraq, the Great Mosque of Samarra was built in the years 848–852 and featured a massive helicoidal minaret behind its northern wall. Its design was repeated in the nearby Abu Dulaf Mosque (861). The earlier theory which proposed that these helicoidal minarets were inspired by ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats has been challenged and rejected by some later scholars including Richard Ettinghausen, Oleg Grabar, and Jonathan Bloom.
Bloom also argues that the early Abbasid minarets were not built to host the call to prayer, but were instead adopted as symbols of Islam that were suited to important congregational mosques. Their association with the muezzin and the call to prayer only developed later. As the first minaret towers were built by the Abbasids and had a symbolic value associated with them, some of the Islamic regimes opposed to the Abbasids, such as the Fatimids, generally refrained from building them during these early centuries. The earliest evidence of minarets being used for hosting the call to prayer dates to the 10th century and it was only towards the 11th century that minaret towers became a near-universal feature of mosques.
Regional styles
Iraq
The oldest minarets in Iraq date from the Abbasid period. The Great Mosque of Samarra (848–852) is accompanied by one of the earliest preserved minarets, a 50-metre-high (160 ft) cylindrical brick tower with a spiral staircases wrapped around it, standing outside the walls of the mosque. It is the tallest of the early minarets of the Abbasid period and remains the most massive historic minaret in the world, involving over 6000 cubic meters of brick masonry. The Abu Dulaf Mosque, built near Samarra and finished in 861, has a smaller minaret of similar shape.
In the later Abbasid period (11th to 13th centuries), after the Seljuk period, minarets were typically cylindrical brick towers whose square or polygonal bases were integrated into the structure of the mosque itself. Their main cylindrical shafts were tapered and culminated in muqarnas cornices supporting a balcony, above which is another small cylindrical turret topped by a dome. Two examples of this style are the Mosque of al-Khaffafin and the Mosque of Qumriyya.
Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia
Starting with the Seljuk period (11th and 12th centuries), minarets in Iran had cylindrical shafts with square or octagonal bases that taper towards their summit. These minarets became the most common style in the eastern Islamic world (in Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia). During the Seljuk period minarets were tall and highly decorated with geometric and calligraphic design. They were built prolifically, even at smaller mosques or mosque complexes. The Kalyan Minaret in Bukhara remains the most well known of the Seljuk minarets for its use of brick patterned decoration. The tallest minaret of this era, the Minaret of Jam, in a remote area of present-day Afghanistan, was built circa 1175 by the Ghurids and features elaborate brick decoration and inscriptions. The Qutb Minar in Delhi, the most monumental minaret in India, was built in 1199 and was designed on the same model as the Minaret of Jam.
In later periods, however, minarets in this region became generally less monumental in comparison with the mosques for which they were built. The tradition of building pairs of minarets probably began in the 12th century, but it became especially prominent under the Ilkhanids (13th-14th centuries), who built twin minarets flanking important iwans such as the mosque's entrance.
The rise of the Timurid Empire, which heavily patronized art and architecture, led to what is now called the "international Timurid" style which spread from Central Asia during and after the 15th century. It is categorized by the use of multiple minarets. Examples of this style include the monuments of Mughal architecture in the Indian subcontinent, such as the minarets on the roof of the south gate in Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra (1613), the minarets on the Tomb of Jahangir (1628-1638), and the four minarets surrounding the mausoleum of the Taj Mahal. Elsewhere in India, some cities and towns along the coast have small mosques with simple staircase minarets.
Egypt
The styles of minarets has varied throughout the history of Egypt. The minaret of the 9th-century Ibn Tulun Mosque imitated the spiral minarets of contemporary Abbasid Samarra, though the current tower was reconstructed later in 1296. Under the Fatimids (10th-12th centuries), new mosques generally lacked minarets. One unusual exception is the Mosque of al-Hakim, built between 990 and 1010, which has two minarets at its corners. The two towers have slightly different shapes: both have square bases but one has a cylindrical shaft above this and the other an octagonal shaft. This multi-tier design was only found in the minarets of the great mosques at Mecca and Medina at that time, suggesting a possible link to those designs. Shortly after their construction, the lower sections of the minarets were encased in massive square bastions, for reasons that are not clearly known, and the tops were rebuilt in 1303 by a Mamluk sultan.
Under the Ayyubids (late 12th to mid-13th centuries), the details of minarets borrowed from Fatimid designs. Most distinctively, the summits of minarets had a lantern structure topped by a pointed ribbed dome, whose appearance was compared to a mabkhara, or incense burner. This design continued under the early Bahri Mamluks (13th to early 14th century), but soon began to evolve into the shapes distinctive to Mamluk architecture. They became very ornate and usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. This configuration was particularly characteristic of Cairo. The minaret of the al-Maridani Mosque (circa 1340) is the first one to have an entirely octagonal shaft and the first one to end with a narrow lantern structure consisting of eight slender columns topped by a bulbous stone finial. This style later became the basic standard form of Cairene minarets, while the makhbara-style summit disappeared.
Later minarets in the Burji Mamluk period (late 14th to early 16th centuries) typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level. The stone-carved decoration of the minaret also became very extensive and varied from minaret to minaret. Minarets with completely square or rectangular shafts reappeared at the very end of the Mamluk period during the reign of Sultan al-Ghuri (r. 1501–1516). During al-Ghuri's reign the lantern summits were also doubled – as with the minaret of the Mosque of Qanibay Qara or al-Ghuri's minaret at the al-Azhar Mosque – or even quadrupled – as with the original minaret of al-Ghuri's madrasa.
Maghreb and al-Andalus
Minarets in the Maghreb (region encompassing present-day Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and historic al-Andalus (present-day Spain and Portugal) traditionally have a square shaft and are arranged in two tiers: the main shaft, which makes up most of its height, and a much smaller secondary tower above this which is in turn topped by a finial of copper or brass spheres. Some minarets in the Maghreb have octagonal shafts, though this is more characteristic of certain regions or periods; e.g. the minarets of the Great Mosque of Chefchaouen, the Great Mosque of Ouazzane, the Kasbah Mosque of Tangier, and the Great Mosque of Asilah in Morocco or the Ottoman-era minarets of Tunisia such as the Youssef Dey Mosque and the Hammouda Pacha Mosque. Inside the main shaft a staircase, and in other cases a ramp, ascends to the top of the minaret.
The minaret at the Great Mosque of Kairouan, built in 836 under Aghlabid rule, is the oldest minaret in North Africa and one of the oldest minarets in the world. It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters. The first two levels are from the original 9th-century construction but the third level was reconstructed at a later period. Another important minaret for the architectural history of the region is the minaret built by Abd ar-Rahman III for the Great Mosque of Cordoba in 951–952, which became the model for later minarets in the Maghreb and al-Andalus. Jonathan Bloom has suggested that Abd ar-Rahman III's construction of the minaret – along with his sponsoring of other minarets around the same time in Fez – was partly intended as a visual symbol of his self-declared authority as caliph and may have also been aimed at defying the rival Fatimid Caliphs to the east who did not endorse the construction of minarets at the time. Other important historic minarets in the region are the Almohad-era minarets of the Kutubiyya Mosque and the Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh, the Hassan Tower in Rabat, and the Giralda in Seville, all from the 12th and early 13th centuries.
Turkey
The Seljuks of Rum, a successor state of the Seljuk Empire, built paired portal minarets from brick that had Iranian origins. In general, mosques in Anatolia had only one minaret and received decorative emphasis while most of the mosque remained plain. Seljuk minarets were built of stone or brick, usually resting on a stone base, and typically had a cylindrical or polygonal shaft that is less slender than later Ottoman minarets. They were sometimes embellished with decorative brickwork or glazed ceramic decoration up the level of their balconies.
Ottoman architecture followed earlier Seljuk models and continued the Iranian tradition of cylindrical tapering minaret forms with a square base. Classical Ottoman minarets are described as "pencil-shaped" due to their slenderness and sharply-pointed summits, often topped with a crescent moon symbol. The presence of more than one minaret, and of larger minarets, was reserved for mosques commissioned by the Ottoman sultans themselves. Taller minarets often also had multiple balconies along their shafts instead of one. The Üç Şerefeli Mosque in Edirne, finished in 1447, was the first sultanic mosque to have multiple minarets with multiple balconies. Of its four minarets, the northwestern minaret was the tallest Ottoman minaret up to that time, rising to 67 metres. Its height was only surpassed by the minarets of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (1574), which are 70.89 meters tall and are the tallest minarets in Ottoman architecture. Later Ottoman minarets also became plainer and more uniform in design. The trend of multiple minarets culminated in the six minarets of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) in Istanbul.
China
Next to the Huaishengsi Mosque in Guangzhou is the Tower of Light, also known as the Guangta minaret (1350). The mosque and the minaret merge aspects of Islamic and Chinese architecture. Its circular shaft and the double staircase arrangement inside it resembles the minarets of Iranian and Central Asian architecture, such as the Minaret of Jam.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rolleston"}
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English physician and zoologist
George Rolleston MA MD FRCP FRS (30 July 1829 – 16 June 1881) was an English physician and zoologist. He was the first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to be appointed at the University of Oxford, a post he held from 1860 until his death in 1881. Rolleston, a friend and protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley, was an evolutionary biologist.
Life
Rolleston was born at Maltby Hall, near Rotherham, Yorkshire, England. His parents were Rev. George Rolleston (rector and squire of Maltby) and Anne Nettleship; his brother, William Rolleston, became a prominent politician in New Zealand.
Rolleston was educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Gainsborough; Sheffield Collegiate School; Pembroke College, Oxford and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. He qualified with the degrees of BA (1850, 1st Class), MA and MD. The same year he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, and took a First Class in Classics. After qualifying as a physician, Rolleston became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851, holding posts at the British Civil Hospital, Smyrna (during Crimean War), and Assistant Physician, Children's Hospital, London (1857). Gradually he became more interested in zoology, and spent the rest of his career as a zoologist, and on the human sciences. His research included comparative anatomy, physiology, zoology, archaeology and anthropology. In 1860, he was elected to the newly founded Linacre Professorship of Anatomy and Physiology, which he held to the time of his death. He became FRCP in 1859, was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 June 1862, and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in 1872. He was a member of the Council of the Oxford University, its representative in the General Medical Council, and also an active member of the Oxford Local Board.
In 1861, Rolleston married Grace, daughter of John Davy FRS and niece of Sir Humphry Davy; they had seven children. Having suffered from kidney disease for over a year, he died of uremic convulsions in Oxford in 1881 and is buried with his wife, who died in 1914, in Holywell Cemetery there. He had gone to Italy and France to seek treatment but returned to England a week prior to his death after his condition did not improve and finding out that Grace was seriously ill. In Who Do You Think You Are?, his great-grandson Frank Gardner, while researching on why his grandfather John Rolleston (George's son) was so reticent about his childhood, discovered that Grace suffered from a mental breakdown after her husband's death and was committed to Warneford and Chiswick asylums and that a thirteen-year-old John had witnessed one of his mother's breakdowns.
Rolleston's anthropological archive is now in the Ashmolean Museum, along with the archaeological material resulting from his excavations. A bust of him sits in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
One of his sons was Sir Humphry Rolleston, an eminent physician himself. His great grandson is the BBC journalist Frank Gardner.
Career
As a zoologist, Rolleston was a protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley, and took part in both of the critical sessions at the 1860 British Association meeting in Oxford. Rolleston was one of the organisers for the meeting: he arranged for Huxley to stay at Christ Church during the meeting, and to have a crocodile skull in Huxley's room for study. Huxley was instrumental in Rolleston's appointment to the Linacre chair that very year, backing him against Owen's candidate. Rolleston wrote him a 'you'll never regret this' letter.
As an expert on the brain, Rolleston was present on the Thursday, when Huxley denied Owen's claim that human brain had parts that apes did not, and again on the Saturday for the debate on Darwin, where his opponent was Bishop Samuel Wilberforce. Rolleston was an Anglican, but a liberal in his religious beliefs, as was Huxley's other supporter in the brain debate, William Henry Flower. Huxley organised his FRS, as he did for Flower; and the two men acted as liaison between the X-Club and the Royal Society. Rolleston remarked later that whenever he lectured on evolution, he was asked 'Was I an atheist or a Unitarian?' and some of Huxley's attacks on the Old Testament did cause him anguish.
Rolleston was so identified with Huxley at this time that he appeared as one of 'Tom Huxley's low set' in the ironical skit Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor, Owen versus Huxley (publ. George Pycraft 1863) as 'Charlie Darwin the pigeon-fancier and Rollstone' cheer on their barrow-boy. This vivid broadsheet was certainly well informed: it mentions Owen's disgraceful maltreatment of Gideon Mantell. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1869.
Publications
Footnotes
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Cantoni"}
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Former France international rugby league footballer & club coach
Vincent Cantoni (Laguiole, 10 March 1927 – Grenade, 28 October 2013) was a French rugby league footballer who represented France national rugby league team in the 1954 World Cup. He was the father of the French former rugby union international Jack Cantoni.
Cantoni toured Australia and New Zealand in 1951 with the French side.
He died in 2013.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Smith_(frontiersman)"}
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Frontiersman, farmer and soldier in British North America
James Smith (November 26, 1737 – April 11, 1813) was a frontiersman, farmer and soldier in British North America. In 1765, he led the "Black Boys", a group of Pennsylvania men, in a nine-month rebellion against British rule ten years before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. He participated in the Revolutionary War as a colonel of the Pennsylvania militia and was a legislator in the Kentucky General Assembly. Smith was also an author, publishing a memoir about his captivity by Native Americans in his Narrative in 1799, and in 1812 an in-depth analysis of Native-American fighting techniques, based on observations during his captivity.
Early life
Smith was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in an area now part of Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Some later sources suggest that he had little formal education.
French and Indian War and aftermath
In May 1755, he worked on the Braddock Road, a road built west from Alexandria, Virginia in support of General Edward Braddock's ill-fated expedition against the French. He was captured by Delaware Indians and brought to Fort Duquesne at the Forks of the Ohio River, where he was forced to run a gauntlet before being given over to the French. He was adopted by a Mohawk family, ritually cleansed, and made to practice tribal ways – ultimately gaining respect for Indian culture. He escaped near Montreal, but was jailed by the French for four months until his release in a prisoner exchange with the British. He returned to the Conococheague Valley in Pennsylvania and took up farming, marrying Anne Wilson in May 1763.
During Pontiac's War, he fought in the 1763 Battle of Bushy Run and accompanied the 1764 British expedition led by Henry Bouquet into the Ohio Country. When the unrest subsided, however, the British allowed trading with the Native Americans to resume, angering the colonists.
Black Boys Rebellion
In the 1760s, Smith took part in an unofficial band called Black Boys, so-called because they resided in Black's Town (then named after resident James Black, present-day Mercersburg, Pennsylvania) and disguised themselves in Native American dress, were upset with British policy regarding American Indians following Pontiac's War. On March 6, 1765, they stopped a pack train and burned goods, including rum and gunpowder, that Irish-born official George Croghan sought to trade to Native Americans, out of hatred for the Native Americans.
British authorities, however, supported Croghan's trading, and this led to the Black Boys Rebellion. The rebels laid siege to Fort Loudoun in the Pennsylvania mountain country and captured enough soldiers to exchange them two-for-one for settlers imprisoned, rightly or wrongly, for raids on wagon trains. The rebellion subsided in November.
In June 1766, Smith left to explore Kentucky.
In 1769, Smith and the Black Boys surprised Fort Bedford, freeing some prisoners being held there.
Later in 1769, while passing through Bedford with two companions, Smith was accosted by several men intent upon his arrest for being the leader of the Black Boys. Shots were fired, and one of Smith's companions was accidentally killed. Smith was initially found guilty of murder and jailed for four months before being exonerated and released. During his jail time, a group of 300 people, some of them Black Boys, came to free Smith from the jail, but Smith convinced them to return home in peace.
American Revolutionary War
Smith represented Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania at the 1776 Constitutional Convention.
When the American Revolutionary War broke out, he joined the Pennsylvania militia as captain, and was made a colonel in 1778.
Smith described his orders for at least one action against Indians: "In case of an attack, the officers were immediately to order the men to face out and take trees – in this position the Indians could not avail themselves by surrounding us, or have an opportunity of shooting a man from either side of the tree."
After his wife died in 1778, Smith moved to Westmoreland County. In 1785, he married Margaret Irwin. By the late 1780s, he and his family were living in Bourbon County, Kentucky. He served as a member of the Kentucky General Assembly for a number of years.
In 1799, he published his narrative, An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith, consisting of an autobiography and an analysis of Indian culture.
Missionary work
Smith became a Presbyterian missionary to the Native Americans, aided by the knowledge he had acquired of their customs in his early captivity. His son became a Shaker, but he himself, after living with his son among the Shakers for a few months, concluded they were a cult and denounced them in a pamphlet entitled Remarkable Occurrences Lately Discovered Among The People Called Shakers, printed in 1810. He continued his attack in another pamphlet, "Shakerism Detected", also printed in 1810.
In 1812, in response to the nation's continuing troubles with the Indians, Smith published "A Treatise on the Mode and Manner of Indian War".
Death
According to the May 8, 1813, edition of the Kentucky newspaper The Reporter, "DIED, at the house of Mr. John Rodgers, Green County, on Sunday, the 11th of April, Colonel JAMES SMITH, late of Bourbon County ... after an illness of four weeks" from an unspecified disease.
Book, film, and television
James Smith was the subject of the 1937 book The First Rebel by Neil H. Swanson. He was portrayed by John Wayne in the 1939 movie Allegheny Uprising, which was based on the book. A segment in the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America shows a dramatization of Smith running the Native American gauntlet, following his capture in 1755.
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French film editor (1925–2014)
Claudine Bouché (27 September 1925 – 7 April 2014) was a French film editor. She was known for her collaborations with noted French filmmakers Michel Boisrond, François Ozon, and especially François Truffaut. In 1977, Film Comment ranked her among the 75 top film editors.
Career
She began her editing career on the 1951 comedy farce Mr. Peek-a-Boo for Jean Boyer. She went on to edit many of the films made by Michel Boisrond, most notably La Parisienne (1957) and Come Dance with Me! (1959), both starring Brigitte Bardot.
Bouché edited six films for French New Wave filmmaker François Truffaut, starting with the 1960 releases Shoot the Piano Player and The Army Game. Bouché and Truffaut again collaborated on the acclaimed, influential Jules and Jim and the short Antoine and Colette (part of the omnibus project Love at Twenty), both released in 1962. Bouché subsequently edited Truffaut's The Soft Skin (1964) and The Bride Wore Black (1968).
After a six-year hiatus, Bouché returned as editor of the popular 1974 softcore pornographic film Emmanuelle. She edited several more films in the 1970s and served as editorial associate on George Roy Hill's 1979 romantic comedy A Little Romance.
In the 1980s, she edited four films for French writer-director François Leterrier: Les babas cool (1981), Le voleur d'enfants (1981), Le garde du corps (1984) and Tranches de vie (1985). She also did uncredited work on Peter Sellers' final film, the 1980 comedy The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu and co-edited Paul Morrissey's 1985 drama Le Neveu de Beethoven [fr].
More recently, Bouché was recruited by François Ozon to help edit his films Criminal Lovers (1999) and Water Drops on Burning Rocks (2000). She retired from editing after the latter film, though she received special thanks in the credits of the 2002 film The Truth About Charlie.
Selected filmography
Personal life
Bouché was born in France on 27 September 1925. From 1937 through 1943, she attended the Collège de Jeunes Filles in Fontainebleau, France. In her later life, she lived in Paris.
She died on 7 April 2014 at the age of 88.
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elloe_Kaifi"}
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Marvel Comics character associated with the Hulk
Comics character
Elloe Kaifi is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Publication history
She first appeared in Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #92 in the 2006 Hulk storyline Planet Hulk and was created by Greg Pak and Carlo Pagulayan.
Fictional character biography
Prior to the events of Planet Hulk, Elloe Kaifi was the daughter of Ronan Kaifi, a member of a high-ranking family on the planet Sakaar. Enjoying a relatively carefree life for most of her early years, Elloe's life changed when her father spoke out against the Red King, resulting in his titles being stripped from him and he, his daughter and her bodyguard Lavin Skee being sent to the gladiator training school, the Maw. When her father protested at his treatment, he was killed by the guards shortly before the training battle began, of which Elloe and Lavin were two of the seven survivors. Initially lacking combat skills, Elloe received training from Skee before she left the group to try to aid rebels in an attack on the emperor.[volume & issue needed]
After she and her fellow rebels were captured and brought before her former comrades in the arena, shortly after their third victory in the arena over the 'Silver Savage', the gladiators were ordered to kill Elloe and the others to earn their freedom. Hiroim the Shamed revealed that Lavin Skee had been killed in battle earlier, and that the others had formed a Warbound Pact; thus, since Skee had served Elloe, the Warbound could not kill her without violating their oath. Although their obedience discs were activated, the Warbound were freed when the Surfer destroyed the discs, allowing them to escape and begin a rebellion against the Red King.[volume & issue needed]
Although physically the weakest member of the Warbound — particularly after Miek's evolution — Elloe remained one of the members most dedicated to the death of the Red King. However, she retained her old family loyalties; after the Red King was killed in a fight with the Hulk and her mother was discovered to be one of the King's remaining supporters, Elloe fought against fellow Warbound Miek in the arena before the Hulk told both of them to cease.[volume & issue needed]
Traveling to Earth
Following the destruction of Sakaar, Elloe travelled to Earth with the remaining members of the Warbound to seek revenge on the Illuminati who exiled Hulk (using a special armor to make her the physical equal of her teammates). During the fight with the Avengers, Elloe takes down Spider-Man. Later she is shown working alongside Hiroim to capture Doctor Strange, where she defeated Ronin and Echo, who were soon electrocuted by the others soldiers while Hiroim easily bested Iron Fist. After this fast fight, Hiroim says to Elloe to take the trio to the arena while he attacks Doctor Strange, although he was defeated by the Sorcerer Supreme before he went on to confront the Hulk.[volume & issue needed]
At the arena, Elloe is almost slain by the infiltrating hero Cloud 9. She is saved when Cloud 9's companions talk her out of completing her actions.
In World War Hulk's "Aftersmash" one-shot followup, Elloe is heavily wounded, impaled on a spear to end hostilities between Sakaarians and Hivelings, who had been killing each other over Miek's complicity in the destruction of Sakaar. It is also revealed that though she was not part of Miek's betrayal, she had harbored a shameful secret in that part of her was glad when Crown City was destroyed, because it gave her an excuse to give in to her anger and hatred.
She is shown alive, but gravely injured with the remaining Warbound when they are transported to Gammaworld, a massive energy dome placed over the Southwestern United States by The Leader. Elloe's injuries were then healed by Kate Waynesboro administering medical nanites, her own alien physiology, and the gamma radiation.
During the Civil War II storyline, Elloe Kaifi was with the Warbound when they hear that Bruce Banner is dead.
Other versions
Marvel Zombies Return
In the 4th issue, Hulk along with the Warbound reach the moon in hopes to start World War Hulk but instead meets Zombiefied versions of Giant Man and the Immortals. At the end of battle only Hulk and Elloe remain of Warbound until Hulk realizes he has been bitten. He turns instantly, rips her in half and eats her.
What If?
Elloe Kaifi was featured in some issues of What If:
Powers and abilities
Because of her training for the Olympia Imperia, Elloe possesses the physical conditioning, stamina, dexterity and agility of a top athlete. She is also a skilled hand-to-hand combatant due to her training.
In other media
Television
Film
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taybad"}
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City in Razavi Khorasan, Iran
Taybad (Persian: تايباد, also Romanized as Tāybād, Taīabad, and Tayebad; also known as Tāyebāt and Ţayyebāt) is a city and capital of Taybad County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46,228, in 10,230 families. While most Iranians, and especially most Iranian Persians, are predominantly Shia, a majority of the population of Taybad are Persian Sunnis. Taybad is near the border with Afghanistan, and there is an official crossing point to Islam Qala in Afghanistan.
Melons and watermelons are the souvenirs of Taybad.[citation needed] Taybad has a suitable climate for cultivating these fruits compared to other parts of Iran.[citation needed]
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Ben Tavera King (born 1952) is a Latin American musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer from the United States. He has recorded various genres from Tex-Mex to new-age and is proficient on numerous stringed instruments including guitar, lute, and vihuela.
King received notice in the 1980s and early 1990s on public radio for his releases, many of which were issued on his own labels, Inner Ear Records, Talking Taco Music, and Iago Records. He has composed the music for several PBS programs including Heritage and Mujeres Con SIDA. The album entitled Themes Of Passion was composed as the soundtrack for the PBS special, Los Mineros.
His most commercially successful album was 1990's Coyote Moon which peaked at #5 on the Billboard World Music Albums chart.
Discography
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Footballer; football manager (born 1967)
Ian Bogie (born 6 December 1967) is a former footballer, and former manager of Gateshead and Stockport County. He spent two decades as a professional player, from 1985 up until 2001 he was playing in the English Football League, where he made 382 appearances.
Started out at Newcastle United in the mid-1980s, he signed with Preston North End in 1989, moving on to Millwall two years later. In 1993, he joined Leyton Orient, and after another two years moved on to Port Vale, where he saw out the century. A legend at Vale, he made over 150 appearances. He then had spells at Kidderminster Harriers, Bedlington Terriers and finally Gateshead.
He moved into management once his playing career had finished, taking up the reins at Gateshead in 2007. He guided the club to two successive promotions via the play-offs in 2008 and 2009 to take them from the Northern Premier League to the Conference National, before he was sacked in December 2012. He was appointed manager of Stockport County in March 2013, and was unable to save the club from relegation out of the Conference.
Playing career
Newcastle United
Having developed his skills at the Wallsend Boys Club Bogie signed for his hometown club Newcastle United as an apprentice in July 1984, turning pro in December 1985 just after his eighteenth birthday. A skillful, ball playing midfielder in the Paul Gascoigne mould he was favourite to take over from the Tottenham bound England star in the Newcastle team. However, after only 21 games for the Toon Army in which he scored one goal, manager Jim Smith's traded him to Preston North End in exchange for striker Gary Brazil; he was valued by Smith at £100,000 mark. Bogie was originally against the move, preferring to stay and fight for his place but after much persuasion by both Smith and Preston boss John McGrath he finally moved to Deepdale.
Preston North End
Having finally joined Preston, Bogie made his debut in a home league match versus Bristol Rovers, a game that ended 1–1. Bogie did however endear himself to the Preston fans immediately with his silky ball playing skills. His time at Deepdale was though a frustrating one for Bogie, Preston and the fans, with the club beginning to struggle and Bogie himself frustrating the fans with some indifferent performances despite his obvious ability. After two and a half years at Preston in which he played 91 games scoring 12 goals, Bogie exercised his right to speak to other clubs at the end of his contract and in August 1991 signed for Millwall for a tribunal set fee of £145,000.
Millwall and Orient
His time at Millwall was much the same as at was at Preston with Bogie at times frustrating the fans despite his obvious talent, bordering at times on the sublime to being completely ineffective. In just over two years at The Den Bogie played 57 games scoring just 1 goal before being sold to Leyton Orient for £75,000 in October 1993.
His time at Orient was difficult however for although Bogie was by now regularly putting in some excellent performances and he rarely missed a game. He was voted by his fellow professionals in the team of the year at the annual PFA awards and was voted Orient player of the year as well as scoring goal of the season. After 78 games and 5 goals, Bogie was sold to Port Vale in March 1995 for £50,000 after Orient encountered financial problems.
Port Vale
At Vale Park Bogie now began putting in the sort of consistent match winning displays that had until this time evaded him. A favourite with the Vale fans he was a member of the giant-killing Vale team that knocked Everton out of the FA Cup in 1996 and reached the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup at Wembley, eventually losing out to Genoa. He scored twice against Everton, a late equaliser in the original tie at Goodison Park and then once again in the replay. His cult status was elevated further by his penchant for scoring winning goals against local rivals Stoke City. In a 1–0 victory at Vale Park in 1996, Bogie silenced the Stoke City following with a winning goal just 12 seconds after the kick-off. This would be the quickest goal ever scored by a Port Vale player and was described by Bogie as "one of my best-ever goals." He played in the 1996 Anglo-Italian Cup Final, as Vale lost 5–2 to Genoa. In five years at Vale Park Bogie played 180 games in all competitions scoring 12 goals, before being handed a free transfer in April 2000 and signing for Kidderminster Harriers in August of that year. He later described his spell at Vale Park as "the best time of my career."
Kidderminster and home
Bogie's time at Aggborough was to be short lived, with him playing just 28 games in seven months before his contract was terminated by mutual consent after he picked up a back injury in March 2001 He chose to return to his native North East and to Northern League side Bedlington Terriers where he took on the role of player-coach. He stayed with Bedlington until hanging up his boots at the end of the 2003–04 season when he then took over as manager of Northern Football Alliance Premier League club Walker Central. Bogie stayed there until the summer of 2006 when he left to take on the role of assistant manager of Northern Premier League side Gateshead.
Management career
Gateshead
Bogie was confirmed as the new Gateshead manager on 4 May 2007. He initially joined Gateshead as assistant manager at the start of the 2006–07 season but took charge in a caretaker role after Tony Lee was sacked at the beginning of March. Gateshead ended the season with a 12 match unbeaten run, with Bogie as assistant to Derek Bell for the first three and caretaker manager for the final nine of these games. This put Bogie and his players in a final position of ninth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division.
In his first full season, Bogie guided the Gateshead team to third in the NPL during the 2007–08 season which meant the team qualified for the play-offs. On 3 May 2008, Gateshead beat Buxton 2–0 and therefore were promoted to the Conference North. In the 2008–09 season he guided them to a second successive promotion with a second-place finish in the Conference North, beating favourites AFC Telford United 1–0 in the play-off final, picking up the January manager of the month award along the way with his side playing some outstanding football during the campaign.
He picked out a gem of a player in Lee Novak for a fee of £3,500 from Newcastle Blue Star. Novak won the golden boot award and was bought by League One side Huddersfield Town for a fee that has brought Gateshead a North East non-league record fee of £150,000. His team retained their Conference National status in 2009–10, finishing above the relegation zone on goal difference (though this was later made into a two-point gap after Salisbury City were expelled from the division). On 28 April 2010, Bogie signed a new two-year contract which made him Gateshead's first full-time manager in over half a century. Under his charge the "Tynesiders" posted a 14th-place finish in 2010–11, reaching the semi-final of the FA Trophy and winning the Durham Challenge Cup. Gateshead pushed on again in 2011–12, flirting around the play-off spots all season before finishing in eighth position; they also reached the FA Cup second round and the quarter-finals of the FA Trophy. He signed a one-year extension to his contract in May 2012. He then lost top-scorer Jon Shaw to Luton Town, and attempted to replace him with former Hartlepool United stalwart James Brown. He further signed defender Glenn Wilson, goalkeeper Adam Bartlett, attacker Ryan Donaldson, and defender Chris Bush. However, after opening the 2012–13 season with six leagues without defeat, Gateshead struggled with poor form. On 10 December 2012, Bogie and assistant Terry Mitchell were relieved of their duties at the club.
"A highly popular and respected figure on Tyneside, Ian Bogie leaves having helped transform Gateshead from part-time also-rans to a professional club with genuine aspirations of returning to the Football League. Despite their variable form over the past few months, this will have been a tough call for chairman Graham Wood – a lifelong Gateshead supporter – who is the first to acknowledge Bogie's achievements, but wants the club to be competing at the top of the table.
— Analysis from Matthew Raisbeck of BBC Newcastle.
Stockport County
Bogie was announced as manager of Stockport County in March 2013, with the club sitting two points above the Conference National relegation places. This came only two months after he was interviewed for the position, but lost out to Darije Kalezić. He had been considered the best experienced choice for the position, whilst Kalezić had not previously worked in England; Bogie had rejected the offer of becoming Kalezić's assistant. His first game in charge was a 1–0 win at Edgeley Park over fourth-placed Newport County. Despite picking up eight points in their remaining seven fixtures they were relegated at the end of the 2012–13 season.
Despite a positive string of results in pre-season friendlies, Bogie resigned from his post on 31 August 2013 after a 3–1 defeat to Harrogate Town which left the "Hatters" with just one point from their first five matches.
Coaching
By September 2019, he was coaching the under-16 team at Newcastle United.
Personal life
He married Kim and had three children. His hobbies include stamp collecting and trainspotting.
Career statistics
Playing statistics
Source:
Managerial statistics
As of 21 April 2013.
Honours
Player
Individual
Newcastle
Port Vale
Manager
Individual
Gateshead
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7b2c63c7-5971-49dc-9b4a-7b10be4f7482
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Solitude"}
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Beautiful Solitude (Chinese: 又寂寞又美好, which literally means "Lonely and Wonderful,") is a picture book, authored and illustrated by Jimmy Liao, completed in 2003.
The book was created when Jimmy Liao was diagnosed with leukemia. That time was marked by feelings of gloom, and during his cancer treatment, he lived alone: both enjoying and enduring the accompanying loneliness. At that time, Jimmy used pictures as an outlet and a source for hope. Throughout the picture book, Jimmy uses dark colors and a monotone drawing style to help demonstrate his feelings of solitude and wonder. The language in the book is simple, but touching.
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66a84753-1aae-41f2-90a9-ed619eab99ea
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English cricketer
Arthur Edward Heatley (25 October 1865 – 1 July 1941) was an English cricketer. Heatley's batting and bowling styles are unknown. He was born at Brighton, Sussex.
Heatley made a single first-class appearance for Essex against Yorkshire at Thrum Hall, Halifax in 1894. In this match, he scored 7 runs in Essex's first-innings before being dismissed by Thomas Foster, while in their second-innings he ended unbeaten on 13. Yorkshire won the match by 7 wickets.
He died at Ingrave, Essex on 1 July 1941.
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6c7c2ee2-91f6-4f93-98de-c38645b76c0d
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Australian politician
Reg Macey (born 9 December 1936) is a former Australian politician.
Macey was born in Melbourne to Reginald George Gordon and Nelly Gwendoline Macey, and trained as a teacher. He taught in Technical Schools from 1957 until 1968. While on a teaching scholarship, he taught part-time at a Primary School in 1969 and again in 1972. In his other teaching years he was seconded to the Victoria Police, and was an Education Officer there for a total of 12 years. On 18 May 1963 he married Patricia Anne Martin, with whom he had three children; Leah, Martina, and Keiran. Their marriage was dissolved in 1987, and on 29 October 1988 Macey married Maureen Griffiths, with whom he had a son, Griffith Macey. They separated in 2004. Macey was commissioner of the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works from 1974 to 1978 and area commissioner from 1978 to 1981 and 1984 to 1985. He was a South Melbourne City Councillor from 1973 to 1981 and from 1982 to 1985, serving as mayor from 1977 to 1978 and 1978 to 1979. In 1985 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council as a Liberal, representing Monash Province. He held his seat until 1992, when he resigned.
He resigned from supporting the Liberal Party in 2004 when, as he described it, '.. the Liberals abandoned Sir Robert Menzies' dream of “an Australian nation … in which every family is enabled to live in, and preferably to own, a comfortable home at reasonable cost and with adequate community amenities,” as articulated in his 1945 Liberal Party constitution. ' (5) He described his critical turning point was when the Treasurer in the then LNP Federal Government, Peter Costello, ignored a Productivity Commission recommendation from an Enquiry which he had commissioned...
"The Australian Government should, as soon as practicable, establish a review of those aspects of the personal income tax regime that may have recently
contributed to excessive investment in rental housing. The focus of the review should be on the Capital Gains Tax provisions. ". Treasurer Costello ignored that recommendation. Macey claims that, consequently Australian housing unaffordability careered out of control.
Subsequently, in 2013, he founded the Australian Affordable Housing Party which was registered for federal elections in 2017, with Macey as its President. Macey founded the party before the 2013 election along with a group of mature voters who were concerned about their adult children's ability to become first home owners (4) The party announced on Facebook that Macey had been replaced as party President by its Bennelong byelection candidate Anthony Ziebell in February 2018. Macey explained this development as follows...
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20dbfcd1-84f0-4a78-8c26-3747fb13af1c
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American physician
Augustus Crouch Kinney (July 26, 1845 - March 24, 1908) was an American physician and scientist in the state of Oregon. A native of Iowa, his family moved to Oregon Country when he was an infant where he was raised and started his medical career. He practiced the majority of his career in Astoria, Oregon, and was a leading expert on tuberculosis.
Early life
Augustus Kinney was born on July 26, 1845, to Robert and Eliza Lee (née Bigelow) Kinney in Muscatine, Iowa. Two years later he traveled the Oregon Trail with his family in a wagon train that included Joel Palmer and his family. Kinney's family settled in the Chehalem Valley of what is now Yamhill County, Oregon, where his father grew an orchard. His father also was a member of the Oregon Constitutional Convention and territorial legislator. Augustus earned his education at Pacific University in Forest Grove, and at McMinnville College (now Linfield College) in McMinnville, before entering medical school.
In 1866, he married Jane Welch, and the marriage did not produce any children. He started his medical training at Willamette University College of Medicine in Salem where he graduated in 1869, and the next year he graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now New York University School of Medicine) in New York City. Kinney was one of eleven children in the family, with eight living to adulthood, including his younger brother Alfred who also graduated from medical school.
Career
In 1871, Kinney began a medical practice in Portland, Oregon, where his brother joined him. He left Portland in 1873 for California, where he remained until 1875 when he returned to Oregon. Kinney set up practice in Astoria where he remained until his death. His treatments for tuberculosis received notoriety from around the world and was considered a leading expert on the disease in the United States. Kinney was also a frequent contributor to medical journals.
Later life
Kinney did some scientific work in addition to his medical work. This included studying the Nehalem Beeswax along the Oregon Coast, which Kinney believed was ozocerite. He also donated a collection of fish from Astoria to the Smithsonian Institution in 1888. Augustus Kinney died on March 24, 1908, at the age of 62 at the Fabiola Hospital in Oakland, California, of cancer and was buried at the IOOF Cemetery (now Salem Pioneer Cemetery) in Salem. His nephew Augustus, from his brother Alfred, also was a doctor who studied tuberculosis.
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3fad04ff-a4f2-4b1b-b871-156c4708151a
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1920"}
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United Nations resolution adopted in 2010
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1920, adopted unanimously on April 30, 2010, after reaffirming all previous resolutions on the Western Sahara including 1754 (2007), 1783 (2007), 1813 (2008) and 1871 (2009), the Council discussed prospects for a settlement of the dispute and extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until April 30, 2011.
The Security Council reaffirmed its commitment in assisting Morocco and the Polisario Front for a lasting, mutually acceptable solution which provides for self-determination for the people of Western Sahara.[citation needed] In this regard, full co-operation was required from the concerned parties and neighbouring states in the region with the United Nations. It noted proposals submitted to the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon by both parties and invited them to demonstrate their political will to resolve the conflict. At the same time, several rounds of negotiations were also recognised, and stressed the need for both sides to adhere to their obligations to make progress on the "human dimension" of the conflict.
The resolution anticipated family visits by land and by air, with full co-operation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. It was recognised that the status quo was unacceptable, and welcomed the commitment of both sides to continue negotiations for the benefit of the people in the territory.
Both parties were then urged to adhere to the military agreements reached with MINURSO regarding a ceasefire. The parties were called upon to continue to show political will and continue unconditional negotiations under the auspices of the Secretary-General. Assistance was from other countries was invited in this regard, including funding for confidence-building measures such as family visits.
Finally, the Secretary-General was requested to keep the Council regularly informed on progress made during the negotiations, providing a report before the end of MINURSO's mandate period, set at April 30, 2011. He was also required to make sure both parties complied with MINURSO with regards to the United Nations sexual exploitation and abuse policy and for troop-contributing countries to ensure full accountability.
The resolution avoided mention of human rights, due to disagreements over its use in resolutions by some members of the Council. Austria, Mexico, Nigeria, Uganda, the United Kingdom and United States supported its inclusion while China did not. Other members of the Council, such as Mexico and Nigeria, were concerned that only a small number of Council members were involved in consultations regarding the resolution and the absence of a mention of Resolution 690 (1991) which formed MINURSO's original mandate. Both Morocco and the Polisario Front welcomed the adoption of Resolution 1920 as a basis for further negotiations, but disputed the issue of human rights in the territory.
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6fb31371-d143-45fb-ae97-9a9803234d71
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Desi Americans may refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term
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b1ff0486-2073-4ca6-ae93-42bb28605514
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_Emendadas_Ecological_Station"}
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The Águas Emendadas Ecological Station (Portuguese: Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas) is an ecological station in the Federal District, Brazil. It protects an area of cerrado biome in excellent condition, including savannah, scrub and forest. Streams flow from the station north into the Tocantins River basin, which connects to the Amazon River basin, and south into Río de la Plata basin. The flat terrain floods in the rainy season and lets fish pass between the river basins.
Location
The Águas Emendadas Ecological Station is in the northeast of the Federal District and has an area of 10,547 hectares (26,060 acres). It is in the administrative region of Planaltina. It is a fully protected conservation unit for protecting the natural environment and supporting basic and applied research in ecology and for education in conservation. Public access is only allowed for researchers and for educational purposes. The unit has administration buildings and an Environmental Information Center with an auditorium. The unit is crossed by five roads, and animals are often killed by vehicles.
History
The Águas Emendadas Biological Reserve was created in August 1968 with an area of 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres). Later it was doubled in size with the addition of the Mestre D´Armas or Bonita lagoon. It was reclassified as an ecological station by federal law 11.137 of 16 June 1988. Due to the excellent state of conservation of the ecosystems, in 1992 UNESCO declared it one of the areas that comprised the nucleus of the Cerrado Biosphere Reserve.
Hydrology
Águas Emendadas lies on the height of land between the Tocantins River basin in the north and the Paraná River basin in the south. The Vereda Grande stream running to the north meets the Maranhão River, a tributary of the Tocantins. The Brejinho stream running south combines with the Fumal stream which feeds the São Bartolomeu River, which joins the Corumbá River, which in turn meets the Paranaíba River and forms the Paraná. Since the area is very flat, parts may flood during the rainy season from December to March. This allows fish from the two rivers basins to mingle.
Environment
Vegetation includes the range of cerrado flora from open fields to scrub, dry and flooded gallery forest and marshland. Fires occur in the dry season between May and October. They used to be rare, but with the greater human population in the region now occur almost annually. The scorched vegetation revives when the rains come. There are large numbers of animals including the maned wolf, pampas deer, armadillo and anteater. Birds include toucans, parrots, caracara and seriemas.
Sources
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362b4d26-3f0d-47ce-a895-49e21130279d
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