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Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | the State of Israel would ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex, and guaranteed freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture. While formally equal according to Israeli law, a number of official sources acknowledge that Arab citizens of Israel experience discrimination in many aspects of life. Israeli High Court Justice (Ret.) Theodor Or wrote in The Report by the State Commission of Inquiry into the Events of October 2000: The Arab citizens of Israel live in a reality in which they experience discrimination as Arabs. This inequality has | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Country Reports on Human Rights Practices notes that: "Israeli-Arab advocacy organizations have challenged the Government's policy of demolishing illegal buildings in the Arab sector, and claimed that the Government was more restrictive in issuing building permits in Arab communities than in Jewish communities, thereby not accommodating natural growth." "In June, the Supreme Court ruled that omitting Arab towns from specific government social and economic plans is discriminatory. This judgment builds on previous assessments of disadvantages suffered by Arab Israelis." "Israeli-Arab organizations have challenged as discriminatory the 1996 "Master Plan for the Northern Areas of Israel," which listed as priority goals | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | increasing the Galilee's Jewish population and blocking the territorial contiguity of Arab towns." "Israeli Arabs were not required to perform mandatory military service and, in practice, only a small percentage of Israeli Arabs served in the military. Those who did not serve in the army had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household subsidies, and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. The Ivri Committee on National Service has issued official recommendations to the Government that Israel Arabs not be compelled to perform | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | cuts will also affect the children of Jewish ultra-orthodox parents who do not serve in the military, but they are eligible for extra subsidies, including educational supplements, not available to Palestinian Arab children." According to the Guardian, in 2006 just 5% of civil servants were Arabs, many of them hired to deal with other Arabs, despite the fact that Arab citizens of Israel comprise 20% of the population. Although the Bedouin infant mortality rate is still the highest in Israel, and one of the highest in the developed world, The Guardian reports that in the 2002 budget, Israel's health ministry | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
]
|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | allocated Arab communities less than 1% of its budget for healthcare facility development. In March 2010, a report released by several Israeli civil rights groups stated that the current Knesset was "the most racist in Israeli history" with 21 bills proposed in 2008 and 2009 that would discriminate against the country's Arab minority. A preliminary report commissioned by Israel's Courts Administration and the Israel Bar Association found in 2011 that Israeli Arabs are more likely than Israeli Jews to be convicted of crimes after being charged, more likely to be given custodial sentences, and were given longer sentences. It did | [
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"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | to Arabs, it took control of the land in question and compensated the JNF with an equivalent amount of land in areas not designated for development (generally in the Galilee and the Negev), thus ensuring that the total amount of land owned by the JNF remains the same. This was a complicated and controversial mechanism, and in 2004 use of it was suspended. After Supreme Court discussions and a directive by the Attorney General instructing the ILA to lease JNF land to Arabs and Jews alike, in September 2007 the JNF suggested reinstating the land-exchange mechanism. While the JNF and | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | a few days, and even if they did so involuntarily. Following the 1967 Six-Day War in which Israel occupied the West Bank, from where it annexed East Jerusalem, Israel then passed in 1970 the Law and Administration Arrangements Law allowing for Jews who had lost property in East Jerusalem and the West Bank during the 1948 war to reclaim it. Palestinian residents of Jerusalem (absentees) in the same positions, and Arab Israelis (present absentees), who owned property in West Jerusalem or other areas within the state of Israel, and lost it as a result of the 1948 war, cannot recover | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | their properties. Israeli legislation, therefore, allows Jews to recover their land, but not Arabs. In the early 2000s, several community settlements in the Negev and the Galilee were accused of barring Arab applicants from moving in. In 2010, the Knesset passed legislation that allowed admissions committees to function in smaller communities in the Galilee and the Negev, while explicitly forbidding committees to bar applicants based on the basis of race, religion, sex, ethnicity, disability, personal status, age, parenthood, sexual orientation, country of origin, political views, or political affiliation. Critics, however, say the law gives the privately run admissions committees a | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
]
|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
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"Israelis"
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | in the framework of a democratic state". According to Ishmael Khaldi, an Arab citizen of Israel and the nation's first high-ranking Muslim in the Israeli foreign service, while Israeli society is far from perfect, minorities in Israel fare far better than any other country in the Middle East. He wrote: I am a proud Israeli – along with many other non-Jewish Israelis such as Druze, Bahai, Bedouin, Christians and Muslims, who live in one of the most culturally diversified societies and the only true democracy in the Middle East. Like America, Israeli society is far from perfect, but let us | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | a child of theirs married a Christian. Knesset The Mossawa Center – an advocacy organization for Arabs in Israel – blames the Knesset of discrimination against Arabs, citing a 75% increase in discriminatory and racist bills submitted to the Knesset in the year 2009. According to the report, 11 bills deemed by the center to be "discriminatory and racist" were placed on the legislature's table in 2007, while 12 such bills were initiated in 2008. However, in 2009 a full 21 bills deemed discriminatory by the Mossawa Center were discussed in the Knesset. The reports categorizes as "racist" proposals such | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | as giving academic scholarships to soldiers who served in combat units, and a bill to revoke government funding from organizations acting "against the principles of the State". The Coalition Against Racism and the Mossawa Center said that the proposed legislation seeks to de-legitimize Israel's Arab citizens by decreasing their civil rights. Economic status Inequality in the allocation of public funding for Jewish and Arab needs, and widespread employment discrimination, present significant economic hurdles for Arab citizens of Israel. On the other hand, the Minorities at Risk (MAR) group states that "despite obvious discrimination, Israeli Arabs are relatively much better off | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | economically than neighboring Arabs." The predominant feature of the Arab community's economic development after 1949 was its transformation from a predominantly peasant farming population to a proletarian industrial workforce. It has been suggested that the economic development of the community was marked by distinct stages. The first period, until 1967, was characterised by this process of proletarianisation. From 1967 on, economic development of the population was encouraged and an Arab bourgeoisie began to develop on the margin of the Jewish bourgeoisie. From the 1980s on, the community developed its economic and, in particular, industrial potential. In July 2006, the Government | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | enterprises to receive money over the next 10 years. The Israeli government will, according to Dinur, solicit bids to operate the fund from various financial institutes and private firms, which must pledge to raise at least NIS 80 million (about US$19 million) from private investors. In February 2007, The New York Times reported that 53 percent of the impoverished families in Israel were Arabs. Since the majority of Arabs in Israel do not serve in the army, they are ineligible for many financial benefits such as scholarships and housing loans. Arab towns in Israel are reluctant to collect city taxes | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | from their residents. Sikkuy, a prominent Arab-Jewish NGO, found that Arabs as a group have the highest home ownership in Israel: 93% compared to 70% among Jews. While per capita income is lower in the Arab community, these figures do not take into account age (the average age in the Arab community is lower and young people earn less), the low percentage of women who join the workforce, and the large size of Arab families. In 2005, of the 40 towns in Israel with the highest unemployment rates, 36 were Arab towns. According to the Central Bank of Israel statistics | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | This puts the Arab employment at 68% of the Israeli average. The Druze and Christian Arabs have higher employment than Muslims. Imad Telhami, founder and CEO of Babcom, a call center in the Tefen Industrial Park with 300 employees, is committed to developing career opportunities for Arab workers in Israel. Telhami, a Christian Arab, was a senior executive at the Delta Galil Industries textile plant before establishing Babcom. He hopes to employ 5,000 workers within five years: "Israeli companies have been exporting thousands of jobs to India, Eastern Europe and other spots around the globe. I want to bring the | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | jobs here. There are terrific engineers in the Arab sector, and the potential is huge. In March 2010, the government approved a $216 million, five-year development plan for the Israeli Arab sector with the goal of increasing job accessibility, particularly for women and academics. Under this program, some 15,000 new employees will be added to the work roster by 2014. By the 2010s, the Israeli-Arab standard of living was found to be improving, with the number of middle class Arabs growing. In 2017, Haaretz, which termed Arabs as Israel's "new yuppies", reported that Arabs, especially women, were pursuing higher education | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | in increasing numbers, and increasingly seeking white-collar jobs. According to Professor Aziz Haidar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, in 2017 about 27% of Arabs were middle class (as opposed to 17% two decades before) and 3% were wealthy, and although most Arabs were still in lower-income brackets, the Arab middle class is expanding dramatically. Health The most common health-related causes of death are heart disease and cancer. Roughly 14% were diagnosed with diabetes in 2000. Around half of all Arab men smoke. Life expectancy has increased 27 years since 1948. Further, due largely to improvements in health care, the | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Arab represent 20% of the total Israeli population, in 2015 they accounted 35% of all doctors in Israel, and according to a study by the Tel Aviv University Arabs account about 35% of all pharmacists in Israel. The Arabic local council Arraba has one of the highest numbers of doctors per capita in the world. Education The Israeli government regulates and finances most of the schools operating in the country, including the majority of those run by private organizations. The national school system has two major branches – a Hebrew-speaking branch and an Arabic-speaking branch. The curricula for the two | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | systems are almost identical in mathematics, sciences, and English. It is different in humanities (history, literature, etc.). While Hebrew is taught as a second language in Arab schools since the third grade and obligatory for Arabic-speaking school's matriculation exams, only basic knowledge of Arabic is taught in Hebrew-speaking schools, usually from the 7th to the 9th grade. Arabic is not obligatory for Hebrew speaking school's matriculation exams. The schooling language split operates from preschool, up to the end of high school. At the university level, they merge into a single system, which operates mostly in Hebrew and in English. In | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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"Arabs"
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | 2001, Human Rights Watch described government-run Arab schools as "a world apart from government-run Jewish schools." The report found striking differences in virtually every aspect of the education system. In 2005, the Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education said that the Israeli government spent an average of $192 a year on Arab students compared to $1,100 for Jewish students. The drop-out rate for Arabs was twice as high as for Jews (12% versus 6%). There was a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector. According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the occupied | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | territories, "Israeli Arabs were underrepresented in the student bodies and faculties of most universities and in higher professional and business ranks. Well educated Arabs often were unable to find jobs commensurate with their level of education. According to Sikkuy, Arab citizens held approximately 60 to 70 of the country's 5,000 university faculty positions." Arab educators have long voiced concerns over institutionalized budgetary discrimination. An August 2009 study published by the Hebrew University's School of Education claimed that Israel's Education Ministry discriminated against Arabs in its allocations of special assistance for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and the average per-student allocation | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Druze and serves as the head of the Balad party's national council, founded the "Pact of Free Druze", an organization that aims "to stop the conscription of the Druze and claims the community is an inalienable part of the Arabs in Israel and the Palestinian nation at large". National Service Rather than perform army service, Israeli Arab youths have the option to volunteer to national service and receive benefits similar to those received by discharged soldiers. The volunteers are generally allocated to Arab populations, where they assist with social and community matters. there are 1,473 Arabs volunteering for national service. | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | According to sources in the national service administration, Arab leaders are counseling youths to refrain from performing services to the state. According to a National Service official: "For years the Arab leadership has demanded, justifiably, benefits for Arab youths similar to those received by discharged soldiers. Now, when this opportunity is available, it is precisely these leaders who reject the state's call to come and do the service, and receive these benefits." Intercommunal relations Surveys and polls In a 2004 survey by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa Jewish-Arab Center, 85% of Israeli Arabs stated that Israel has a | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | right to exist as an independent state, and 70% that it has a right to exist as a democratic, Jewish state. A Truman Institute survey from 2005 found that 63% of the Arab citizens accepted the principle that Israel is the state of the Jewish people. A 2006 poll by the Arab advocacy group the Center Against Racism showed negative attitudes towards Arabs. The poll found that 63% of Jews believe Arabs are a security threat; 68% would refuse to live in the same building as an Arab; 34% believe that Arab culture is inferior to Israeli culture. Support for | [
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"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
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"Arabs"
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | segregation between Jewish and Arab citizens was higher among Jews of Middle Eastern origin. In a 2006 patriotism survey, 56% of Israeli Arabs were not proud of their citizenship and 73% were not ready to fight to defend the state, but 77% said that Israel was better than most other countries and 53% were proud of the country's welfare system. Eighty-two percent said they would rather be a citizen of Israel than of any other country in the world. An Israeli Democracy Institute (IDI) poll in 2007 showed that 75% of "Israeli Arabs would support a constitution that maintained Israel's | [
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Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | status as a Jewish and democratic state while guaranteeing equal rights for minorities, while 23% said they would oppose such a definition". Another survey that year showed that 62% of Israel's Arabs would prefer to remain Israeli citizens rather than become citizens of a future Palestinian state. A separate 2008 poll found that 77% would rather live in Israel than in any other country in the world. Another 2007 poll by Sammy Smooha found that 63% of Jewish Israelis avoided entering Arab towns and cities; 68% feared the possibility of widespread civil unrest among Israeli Arabs; 50% of Israeli Arabs | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | justified Hezbollah's capture of IDF reservists Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev in a cross-border raid; 19% thought Israel was justified in going to war following the kidnapping; 48% justified Hezbollah rocket attacks on northern Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War; 89% of Israeli Arabs saw the IDF bombing of Lebanon as a war crime, while 44% of Israeli Arabs viewed Hezbollah's bombing of Israel as a war crime; 62% of Israeli Arabs worried that Israel could transfer their communities to the jurisdiction of a future Palestinian state, and 60% said they were concerned about a possible mass expulsion; 76% of | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
"Arab citizens of Israel",
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"Arabs"
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Israeli Arabs described Zionism as racist; 68% of Israeli Arabs would be content to live in the Jewish state alongside a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; 41% of Israeli Arab citizens denied the Holocaust ever happened. In 2007, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel reported a "dramatic increase" in racism against Arab citizens, including a 26 percent rise in anti-Arab incidents. ACRI president Sami Michael said that "Israeli society is reaching new heights of racism that damages freedom of expression and privacy". A 2008 poll on intercommunal relations by Harvard Kennedy School found that Arabs | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | and Jews in Israel underestimated the extent to which their communities "liked" one another. 68% of the Jews supported teaching Arabic in Jewish schools. A 2008 poll by the Center Against Racism found that 75% of Israeli Jews would not live in a building with Arabs; over 60% would not invite Arabs to their homes; 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of the right to vote; over 50% agreed that the State should encourage emigration of Arab citizens to other countries; 59% considered Arab culture primitive. Asked "What do you feel when you hear people speaking Arabic?" 31% said | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | hate and 50% said fear. Only 19% reported positive or neutral feelings. Surveys in 2009 found a radicalization in the positions of Israeli Arabs towards the State of Israel, with 41% of Israeli Arabs recognizing Israel's right to exist as a Jewish and democratic state (down from 66% in 2003), and 54% believing Israel has a right to exist as an independent country (down from 81% in 2003). Polls also showed that 40% of Arab citizens engaged in Holocaust denial. A 2010 poll of Israeli high school students found that 50% did not think Israeli Arabs were entitled to the | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | same rights as Jews in Israel, and 56% thought Arabs should not be elected to the Knesset. The figures rose among religious students. A 2010 Arab Jewish Relations Survey, compiled by Prof. Sami Smoocha in collaboration with the Jewish-Arab Center at the University of Haifa shows that 71% Arab citizens of Israel said they blamed Jews for the hardships suffered by Palestinians during and after the "Nakba" in 1948. 38% denied the Holocaust. The percentage supporting the use of violence to advance Arab causes climbed from 6% in 1995 to 12% in 2010. 66% say they reject Israel as a | [
"Israeli Arabs",
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Jewish and Zionist state, while 30% opposed its existence under any terms. 63% saw the Jews as "foreign settlers who do not fit into the region and will eventually leave, when the land will return to the Palestinians". A 2010 University of Maryland / Zogby International poll of 600 Arab Israelis compiled by Shibley Telhami found that 36 percent considered their Arab identity to be "most important", while 22% answered "Palestinian", 19% Muslim, and 12% Israeli. Amongst other things, a 2012 survey by Mada al-Carmel, the Arab Center for Applied Social Research, asked Arab students what obstacles they felt they | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | late 2014 through early 2015. Involvement in terrorist attacks Because Israeli Arabs have Israeli citizenship, they have become increasingly targeted for recruitment as operatives by organizations that attack civilians. According to the Israeli General Security Service (Shabak), from 2001 to 2004, at the height of the Second Intifada, there were 102 cases where some Arab-Israelis were involved in some way in terrorist attacks killing hundreds of Israelis. In 2001, for example, passengers disembarking from a train in Nahariya were attacked by an Israeli Arab who killed 3 and wounded 90. In March 2007, two Israeli Arabs were convicted of manslaughter | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | for smuggling a suicide bomber into Israel. From 2000 to 2004, some 150 Arabs from East Jerusalem were arrested for participation in such attacks. Hezbollah has taken advantage of family and criminal ties with Israeli-Arabs who can easily cross the border into Lebanon, meet with Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, transfer weapons, drugs and money to Israel, gather intelligence and recruit operatives. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in the village of Ghajar. Arab citizens of Israel have been convicted of espionage for Hezbollah. Arab-Israeli terror cells have been established, such as a cell in Reineh whose | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | members were arrested in February 2004. Violence against Arab citizens in Israel Alexander Yakobson of Jerusalem's Hebrew University has said "There is very little actual violence between Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. Given the length and the intensity of the conflict, that is both surprising and encouraging." In the 1956 Kafr Qasim massacre, 48 unarmed Arab citizens, returning to their village, were gunned down by an Israel Border Police platoon; a curfew had been imposed, but the villagers were not informed of it. Arab citizens have also been killed by Israeli security forces in the wake of violent demonstrations and | [
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Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | riots, such as the March 1976 Land Day demonstrations, which left 6 dead, and the October 2000 events in which 12 Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian from Gaza were killed. In 2005 an AWOL IDF soldier, Eden Natan-Zada opened fire in a bus in Shefa-Amr in northern Israel, murdering four Arabs and wounding twenty-two others. No group had taken credit for the terrorist attack and an official in the settler movement denounced it. Arab victims of terrorism Arab citizens have also been victims of Palestinian, Arab, or Islamist attacks on Israel and Israelis. For example, on 12 September 1956, three | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Palestinian folk dance, known as the dabke, continues to be taught to youth in cultural groups, and is often danced at weddings and other parties. Language Linguistically speaking, the majority of Arabic citizens of Israel are fluently bilingual, speaking both a Palestinian Arabic dialect and Hebrew. In Arab homes and towns, the primary language spoken is Arabic. Some Hebrew words have entered the colloquial Arabic dialect. For example, Arabs often use the word beseder (equivalent of "Okay") while speaking Arabic. Other Hebrew words that are regularly interspersed are ramzor (stoplight), mazgan (air conditioner), and mahshev (computer). The resulting dialect is | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | usually referred to as 'Israeli Arabic'. Such borrowings are often "Arabized" to reflect not only Arabic phonology but the phonology of Hebrew as spoken by Arabs. For example, the second consonant of מעונות (me'onot, "dormitory") would be pronounced as a voiced pharyngeal fricative rather than the glottal stop traditionally used by the vast majority of Israeli Jews. There are different local colloquial dialects among Arabs in different regions and localities. For example, the Little Triangle residents of Umm al-Fahm are known for pronouncing the kaph sound with a "ch" (as-in-cheese) rather than "k" (as-in-kite). Some Arabic words or phrases are | [
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|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
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| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | used only in their respective localities, such as the Nazareth word for "now" which is issa, and silema a local modification of the English word "cinema". Arab citizens of Israel tend to watch both the Arab satellite news stations and Israeli cable stations and read both Arabic and Hebrew newspapers, comparing the information against one another. Music and art The Palestinian art scene in general has been supported by the contributions of Arab citizens of Israel. In addition to the contribution of artists such as singer Amal Murkus (from Kafr Yasif) to evolving traditional Palestinian and Arabic music styles, a | [
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Arab citizens of Israel | [
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]
]
| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | Hebrew and Arabic cinema and theater. Mohammad Bakri, and Juliano Mer-Khamis have starred in Israeli film and television. Directors such as Mohammad Bakri, Elia Suleiman, Hany Abu-Assad, and Michel Khleifi have put Arab citizens of Israel on the cinematic map. Literature Acclaimed Israeli-Arab authors include Emil Habibi, Anton Shammas, and Sayed Kashua. See also Arab-Israeli peace projects Israeli Jews Israelis List of Arab citizens of Israel List of Arab members of the Knesset Racism in Israel Sumud Notes Further reading Morris, Benny, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, (2009) Yale University Press. Orgad, Liav (PhD), IDC, Hertzlia, "Internationalizing | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
]
|
Arab citizens of Israel | [
[
"Arab citizens of Israel",
"subclass of",
"Arabs"
]
]
| Arab ethnic group in Israel who mostly adhere to Islam | the issue of Israeli Arabs", Maariv, 19 March 2006. p. 7. "Israel's Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle" by Mark Tessler; Audra K. Grant. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 555, Israel in Transition. (Jan., 1998), pp. 97–113. . The Israeli Palestinians: an Arab minority in the Jewish state / Alexander Bligh 2003. (book) Tall shadows: interviews with Israeli Arabs / Smadar Bakovic 2006 English Book 313 p. Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, Israel's Arab Citizens / Laurence Louër; John King 2006 London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. Arab citizens in Israel: the ongoing conflict with the | [
"Israeli Arabs",
"Arab-Israelis"
]
|
1922 San Jose State Spartans football team | [
[
"1922 San Jose State Spartans football team",
"season of club or team",
"San Jose State Spartans"
]
]
| American college football team season | The 1922 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1922 college football season. San Jose State competed in the inaugural season of the California Coast Conference (CCC). The team was led by second-year head coach David Wooster, and they played home games at Spartan Field in San Jose, California. The team finished the season with a record of two wins, five losses and one tie (2–5–1, 0–3 CCC). The Spartans were outscored by their opponents 34-127 for the season, including being shutout in their last four games. Schedule Notes References San Jose | []
|
Großmugl | [
[
"Großmugl",
"country",
"Austria"
]
]
| municipality in Austria | Großmugl is a town in the district of Korneuburg in Lower Austria in Austria. It is situated about 15 km north of Stockerau within the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. Großmugl takes up about 64.49 square kilometers, 29.91 percent of which are forest. The giant tumulus The name of the village literally translates as "large steep hill," and refers to a nearby tumulus (locally known as the Leeberg) that is believed to have been erected by the people of the Kalenderberg culture, probably around 600-500 B.C. This was a northeastern subgroup of the Hallstatt culture, with a standard of living generally | []
|
Steve Cargile | [
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Cleveland Browns"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Dallas Cowboys"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Denver Broncos"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"New York Giants"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"educated at",
"St. Peter Chanel High School"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"place of birth",
"Cleveland"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"sport",
"American football"
]
]
| player of American football | Steven Glenn Cargile (born June 2, 1982) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Cleveland Browns and New York Giants. He played college football at Columbia University. Early years Cargile attended St. Peter Chanel High School, where he practiced football, basketball, track and baseball. As a senior in football, he was an All-state selection at wide receiver and All-conference at safety, while helping his team achieve a 13-1 record. He was named all-county in basketball, while helping hid team win the Division III state championship. He accepted a football scholarship | []
|
Steve Cargile | [
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Dallas Cowboys"
]
]
| player of American football | from Columbia University, where he played as a wide receiver in his first three years. As a sophomore, he appeared in 7 games a backup, tallying 14 receptions for 184 yards and 3 touchdowns. As a junior, he started 7 out of 10 games at wide receiver, making 24 receptions (fourth on the team) for 320 yards and 4 touchdowns. As a senior, he was converted into a strong safety, registering 10 starts, 99 tackles (led the team), 3 passes defensed, 2 interceptions and one forced fumble, while receiving Second-team All-Ivy League recognition. Professional career Dallas Cowboys Cargile was signed | []
|
Steve Cargile | [
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Dallas Cowboys"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Denver Broncos"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"New York Giants"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Tampa Bay Buccaneers"
]
]
| player of American football | as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2004 NFL Draft. He was waived on September 5 and signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 5, but was declared inactive for the game against the New York Giants. He was released on May 3, 2005. Tampa bay Buccaneers (first stint) After being out of football for a year, he was signed as a free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on January 10, 2006. He was cut on September 2. Denver Broncos On November 13, 2006, the Denver Broncos signed | []
|
Steve Cargile | [
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Cleveland Browns"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"New York Giants"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"place of birth",
"Cleveland"
]
]
| player of American football | him to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster and played in three games, after safety Nick Ferguson was placed on the injured reserve list. In 2007, he was tried at outside linebacker before being released on September 1 and later signed to the practice squad. On September 29, he was promoted to the active roster. He was cut on April 28, 2008, after playing mainly on special teams for the Broncos. Cleveland Browns On April 30, 2008, he was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. He was released on August 10. New York Giants On | []
|
Steve Cargile | [
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"New York Giants"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"member of sports team",
"Tampa Bay Buccaneers"
],
[
"Steve Cargile",
"sport",
"American football"
]
]
| player of American football | January 16, 2009, he signed with the New York Giants as a free agent. He was waived on August 1. Tampa Bay Buccaneers (second stint) On August 19, 2009, he was signed as a free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was released on September 5. He was re-signed on September 19 and cut 3 days later. Personal life Since 2011, he has worked as a professional scout for the New England Patriots. References Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:People from Bedford, Ohio Category:Players of American football from Ohio Category:American football cornerbacks Category:American football safeties Category:Columbia Lions football players Category:Dallas | []
|
Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit | [
[
"Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit",
"instance of",
"Video game"
],
[
"Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit",
"platform",
"Nintendo DS"
],
[
"Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit",
"genre",
"Role-playing video game"
],
[
"Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit",
"country of origin",
"Japan"
]
]
| video game | Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit is a role-playing video game published by Namco Bandai for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. Story The hero, a nameless teenage boy in Japan, is trying out his new guitar one sunny day when he suddenly finds himself whisked away to another world. He is woken by Tonto, an otomori and servant of the recently deceased Orochi, one of the seven wise dragons. Tonto informs the hero that he was summoned by Orochi to be his champion, raising and pitting dragon against dragon in a series of battles to change the world. Gameplay Most | []
|
Charles V. Blanchard | [
[
"Charles V. Blanchard",
"occupation",
"Politician"
],
[
"Charles V. Blanchard",
"given name",
"Charles"
],
[
"Charles V. Blanchard",
"family name",
"Blanchard"
],
[
"Charles V. Blanchard",
"residence",
"Massachusetts"
]
]
| American politician | Charles V. Blanchard (February 2, 1866 – February 20, 1939) was an American politician who served as a Massachusetts State Representative and as a Massachusetts State Senator. While he was a member of the Massachusetts House Blanchard developed a close friendship with Calvin Coolidge. Blanchard, it was rumored, taught Coolidge how to properly dress for various occasions. Blanchard did not seek reëlection to the senate in 1913. Blanchard was replaced by Charles W. Eldridge for the 1914 legislative term. Blanchard worked for many years for the N. E. Tel & Tel Co. Blanchard had a heart attack and died while | [
"Blanchard, Charles V."
]
|
Gabriele Mehl | [
[
"Gabriele Mehl",
"country of citizenship",
"Germany"
],
[
"Gabriele Mehl",
"place of birth",
"Hagenbach"
],
[
"Gabriele Mehl",
"family name",
"Mehl"
]
]
| German rower | Gabriele Mehl (born 25 February 1967, in Hagenbach) is a former German rower. She won a bronze medal at the Olympic Games in 1992. Career Mehl was Member of the rowing club "am Baldeneysee" in Essen, Germany. In 1987 and 1988 she and Meike Holländer formed a coxless pair team at the German Championship and scored second. At the World Championship in 1987 the team started as part of an Eight and scored fifth. In 1990, Mehl and Holländer participated as a coxless four team with Cerstin Petersmann and Sylvia Drödelmann. After their victory at the German Championships they scored | []
|
Gabriele Mehl | [
[
"Gabriele Mehl",
"country of citizenship",
"Germany"
],
[
"Gabriele Mehl",
"family name",
"Mehl"
]
]
| German rower | second at the World Championships in Tasmania. After the German reunification in 1990 the rowing clubs of western and eastern Germany united. As a newly formed coxless four team, Gabriele Mehl, Cerstin Petersmann, Judith Zeidler and Kathrin Haaker won the German Championship and scored third at the World Championship. In 1992, Gabriele Mehl was member of a coxless four with Antje Frank, Birte Siech and Annette Hohn at the Olympic Games 1992. They scored third, arriving after both the Canadian and the American team. Further reading Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland: Barcelona 1992. Die deutsche Olympiamannschaft. Frankfurt am Main 1992 | []
|
D. Gordon Smith | [
[
"D. Gordon Smith",
"educated at",
"Brigham Young University"
],
[
"D. Gordon Smith",
"educated at",
"University of Chicago Law School"
],
[
"D. Gordon Smith",
"employer",
"Brigham Young University"
]
]
| American legal academic | D. Gordon Smith (born 16 November 1962) is the current dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School of Brigham Young University (BYU). Smith has taught classes in business associations, contracts, corporate finance, law & entrepreneurship, and securities regulation. Smith was born in Bremerton, Washington. He received a bachelor's degree in accounting from BYU in 1986. He then went to the University of Chicago Law School where he earned his JD in 1990. He then was a clerk for W. Eugene Davis of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Smith spent three years with the law firm | []
|
D. Gordon Smith | [
[
"D. Gordon Smith",
"educated at",
"Brigham Young University"
],
[
"D. Gordon Smith",
"employer",
"Brigham Young University"
],
[
"D. Gordon Smith",
"employer",
"University of Wisconsin–Madison"
]
]
| American legal academic | of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom before joining the faculty of Lewis and Clark Law School. After being on the faculty there for a few years he was a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison until 2007 when he joined the BYU faculty with the appointment of being the Glen L. Farr Professor of Law. Smith's main expertise is in business law. He co-authored with Cynthia Williams the casebook Business Organizations: Cases, Problems and Case Studies. Sources Smith's vita BYU Law School bio of Smith listing of BYU law professors References Category:1962 births Category:Brigham Young University alumni Category:Brigham Young | []
|
Miss Kumari | [
[
"Miss Kumari",
"place of birth",
"Kottayam"
],
[
"Miss Kumari",
"country of citizenship",
"India"
],
[
"Miss Kumari",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Malayalam"
]
]
| Indian actress | Miss Kumari (1932–1969) was a Malayalam film actress active between 1949 and 1969. Early life Miss Kumari, whose real name was Thresiamma, was born on 1 June 1932, to Thomas and Eliyamma, at Bharananganam in Kottayam, Travancore, British India, which is now part of the state of Kerala. She had her primary education from Bharanganam Sacred Hearts high school, a school for girls run by Franciscan Clarist Sisters. After studies she worked as a teacher in the same school. Family She was married to Hormis Thaliath, a F.A.C.T engineer and the couple had three children: Johnny, Thomas and Babu. She | []
|
Miss Kumari | [
[
"Miss Kumari",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Malayalam"
]
]
| Indian actress | was forced to stop acting. Gradually, she disappeared from public gaze, confined to the four walls of her house. Johnny is in the movie industry, Thomas is an engineer in California and Babu is a Professor in Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi. Malayalam cinema Miss Kumari debuted in Malayalam with the 1949 film Vellinakshatram. She got her break through the 1950 box office hit film Nalla Thanka. Sathyan and Miss Kumari were elevated to stardom after the huge success of the film Neelakuyil (1954). She acted in more than 50 films, in a career spanning about two decades. She has | []
|
Edward Lee Howard | [
[
"Edward Lee Howard",
"given name",
"Edward"
],
[
"Edward Lee Howard",
"member of",
"Peace Corps"
],
[
"Edward Lee Howard",
"educated at",
"American University"
]
]
| CIA officer | Edward Lee Victor Howard (27 October 1951 – 12 July 2002) was a CIA case officer who defected to the Soviet Union. Pre-CIA career Howard served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Bucaramanga, Colombia. There he met Mary Cedarleaf in 1973, and they were married three years later in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1976, Howard earned a master's degree in business administration from the American University in Washington, D.C., and joined USAID. In February 1977, the Howards left for two years to live in Lima, Peru, where he worked on loan projects. There is no evidence to suggest that Howard | []
|
Edward Lee Howard | [
[
"Edward Lee Howard",
"country of citizenship",
"United States"
]
]
| CIA officer | was anything but a USAID loan officer. After Peru, the Howards returned to the United States, and he went to work in Chicago for a company doing environmental work. On March 19, 1983, the Howards had a son named Lee Howard. CIA career Howard was hired by the CIA in 1980 and was later joined by his wife, Mary, where they were both trained in intelligence and counter-intelligence methods. Shortly after the end of their training and before going on their first assignment, a routine polygraph test indicated that he had lied about past drug use, and he was fired | []
|
Edward Lee Howard | [
[
"Edward Lee Howard",
"country of citizenship",
"United States"
]
]
| CIA officer | contacting KGB officers in Austria in 1984 during a visit there. His information has been blamed for exposing Adolf Tolkachev who was then executed by the KGB. In 1985, the CIA was severely shaken by several security leaks that led to exposure of officers and assets. On August 1, 1985, after twenty-five years of service in the KGB, Vitaly Yurchenko walked into the US Embassy in Rome and defected to the United States. In the following interrogations by the CIA, he accused Howard and another officer, Ronald Pelton, of working for the KGB. In November of that year, Yurchenko himself | []
|
Edward Lee Howard | [
[
"Edward Lee Howard",
"given name",
"Edward"
]
]
| CIA officer | the following week. The following night, however, Howard disappeared. As he and his wife Mary drove back from a dinner away from their home, Howard leapt from the car as Mary slowed to round a corner. He left a dummy made from stuffed clothes and an old wig stand in his seat to fool the pursuing agents, and fled to Albuquerque, where he took a plane to New York City. Once at home, Mary called a number she knew would reach an answering machine, and played a pre-recorded message from Edward to fool the wiretap and buy her husband more | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Greater London"
],
[
"Uxbridge",
"historic county",
"Middlesex"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | Uxbridge () is a suburban town in west London, and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Hillingdon. west-northwest of Charing Cross, it is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Uxbridge historically formed part of the parish of Hillingdon in the county of Middlesex, and was a significant local commercial centre from an early time. As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century it expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1955, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It is a significant retail and | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"historic county",
"Middlesex"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | now stands, beside the Swan and Bottle public house. The Wixan were a 7th-century Saxon tribe from Lincolnshire who also began to settle in what became Middlesex. Anglo-Saxons began to settle and farm in the area of Uxbridge in the 5th century, clearing the dense woodland and remaining there for around 500 years. Two other places in Middlesex bore the name of the Wixan: Uxendon ("Wixan's Hill"), a name now preserved only in the street names of Uxendon Hill and Crescent in Harrow, and Waxlow ("Wixan's Wood") near Southall. Archaeologists found Bronze Age remains (before 700 BC) and medieval remains | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"historic county",
"Middlesex"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | of its residents "They will steal the very teeth out of your mouth as you walk through the streets. I know it from experience." For about 200 years most of London's flour was produced in the Uxbridge area. The Grand Junction Canal opened in 1794, linking Uxbridge with Birmingham. By 1800 Uxbridge had become one of the most important market towns in Middlesex, helped by its status as the first stopping point for stagecoaches travelling from London to Oxford. The development of Uxbridge declined after the opening of the Great Western Railway in 1838, which passed through West Drayton. A | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Greater London"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | terms of retail expenditure in Greater London at £311 million. Education Primary schools in Uxbridge include Hermitage Primary School, St Andrew's Church of England Primary School, St Mary's Catholic Primary School, Whitehall Infant School, and Whitehall Junior School. Uxbridge High School is a comprehensive secondary school in the town. Uxbridge is also home to Brunel University and the Buckinghamshire New University's nursing campus. The main campus of Uxbridge College is also in the town. Transport Uxbridge tube station is the western terminus for branches of the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines of the London Underground. The station, built in 1933, is | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"historic county",
"Middlesex"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | District and Yiewsley and West Drayton Urban District. Before the new building was completed, council services had been spread throughout Uxbridge and the rest of the borough and various buildings, as a result of the merging of the former district councils. Part of the original Middlesex County Council office building that stood on site was incorporated into the new Civic Centre. The centre's clock tower is the only visible section from the old building. The Uxbridge Cricket Club Ground and Uxbridge fire station were relocated as part of the new development, which became controversial owing to its size and cost. | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"historic county",
"Middlesex"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | of Britain Bunker). The area around the bunker was retained as an enclave under the RAF Uxbridge name, under the care of RAF Northolt. An additional guardian, a Hawker Hurricane in the colours of No. 303 (Polish) Squadron, was added to the area in November 2010. Sport and leisure Uxbridge has a Non-League football team, Uxbridge F.C., which plays at Honeycroft, West Drayton. Uxbridge Cricket Club is also based in Uxbridge and is a member of the Middlesex County Cricket League, a designated ECB Premier League. Hillingdon Sports and Leisure Complex has recently been refurbished and contains an indoor and | []
|
Uxbridge | [
[
"Uxbridge",
"historic county",
"Middlesex"
]
]
| Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-2010 | Martin DB5 and Star Wars robots. Charles Brown (1827–1905), was a British engineer and inventor of the Brown valve gear. Notes References Citations Sources Bainbridge, John. (2001) Middlesex Photographic Memories. Salisbury: Frith Book Company Cotton, Carolynne. (1994) Uxbridge Past. London: Historical Publications Crozier, Hazel. (2007) RAF Uxbridge 90th Anniversary 1917–2007. RAF High Wycombe: Air Command Media Services Hearmon, Carolynne. (1982) Uxbridge. A Concise History. Uxbridge: Hillingdon Borough Libraries Pearce, K. R. (2009) Uxbridge From Old Photographs. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Pearce, K. (2011) Uxbridge Through Time. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Sherwood, Philip. (2007) Around Uxbridge Past & Present. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Skinner, | []
|
Gjoko Zajkov | [
[
"Gjoko Zajkov",
"member of sports team",
"FK Rabotnički"
],
[
"Gjoko Zajkov",
"occupation",
"Football player"
],
[
"Gjoko Zajkov",
"place of birth",
"Skopje"
]
]
| Macedonian footballer | Gjoko Zajkov (Macedonian: Ѓоко Зајков; born 10 February 1995) is a Macedonian professional football player, currently playing for Charleroi. Early career Zajkov began his football career with FK Rabotnički. Career Born in Skopje into a family originally from Udovo, Gjoko Zajkov was playing in Macedonia for the youth team of Rabotnichki, until the summer in 2012 when he made his first appearance for the senior team of the club, competing in the Macedonian First League. He was voted best defender that year, at the age of 17. On 23 June 2014 he left Macedonia for the French club Stade Rennais | []
|
Gjoko Zajkov | [
[
"Gjoko Zajkov",
"country of citizenship",
"North Macedonia"
]
]
| Macedonian footballer | F.C., with whom he signed a three-year contract. After his first season in France, where he spent the majority of the time playing for the youth team of Rennais only, in the summer of 2015 he was loaned for one year to Charleroi in Belgium. International career He has been a member of Macedonian U-19 and U-21 national teams. Career statistics Club Honours Club Rabotnički Macedonian First League: 2013–14 Macedonian Football Cup: 2013–14 References External links Profile at Macedonian Football Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Macedonian footballers Category:North Macedonia international footballers Category:North Macedonia youth international footballers Category:Macedonian expatriate footballers Category:Belgian First | []
|
Donaldo Méndez | [
[
"Donaldo Méndez",
"occupation",
"Baseball player"
],
[
"Donaldo Méndez",
"member of sports team",
"San Diego Padres"
],
[
"Donaldo Méndez",
"country of citizenship",
"Venezuela"
],
[
"Donaldo Méndez",
"given name",
"Donaldo"
],
[
"Donaldo Méndez",
"position played on team / speciality",
"Shortstop"
],
[
"Donaldo Méndez",
"sport",
"Baseball"
]
]
| baseball player | Donaldo Alfonso Méndez (born June 7, 1978) is a former professional baseball player. A shortstop, he played parts of three seasons in Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres in 2001 and 2003. In a two-year career, Méndez was a .183 hitter with three home runs and 14 RBI in 72 games. But showed strong fielding skills. He finished his career playing for the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League in 2008. See also List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela External links , or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (VPBL) Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Águilas del | [
"Donaldo Mendez"
]
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"instance of",
"Ecoregion"
],
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"country",
"United States"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | The Ecology of the North Cascades is heavily influenced by the high elevation and rain shadow effects of the mountain range. The North Cascades is a section of the Cascade Range from the South Fork of the Snoqualmie River in Washington, United States, to the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia, Canada, where the range is officially called the Cascade Mountains but is usually referred to as the Canadian Cascades. The North Cascades Ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion in the Commission for Environmental Cooperation's classification system. The terrain of the North Cascades is composed of | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"country",
"United States"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | high, rugged mountains. It contains the greatest concentration of active alpine glaciers in the conterminous United States and has a variety of climatic zones. A dry continental climate occurs in the east and mild, maritime, rainforest conditions are found in the west. It is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rock in contrast to the adjoining Cascades which are composed of volcanics. The North Cascades has a diversity of plant and animal species. It contains more than 1630 vascular plant species. The range has a number of top predators, including bald eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, mountain lions and black bears. The | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"instance of",
"Ecoregion"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | a number of ecoregions, first getting higher and colder, then getting warmer, yet drier. Each of these component ecoregions can be described by either a tree indicator species, or by a lack of trees: western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, subalpine mountain hemlock, alpine, subalpine fir, and grand fir/Douglas fir. Western Hemlock Ecoregion The Western Hemlock Ecoregion huddles in the lower west-side elevations of the North Cascades. Western hemlock is found from sea level up to in elevation. In the Alpine Lakes Wilderness this ecoregion can be found in the lower elevations around The average annual temperature is and it gets | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"instance of",
"Ecoregion"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | between in precipitation per year. This ecoregion is evidenced by the dense stands of western hemlock, Douglas fir, western red cedar and red alder. The understory is primarily composed of salal, hazel, salmonberry, devil's club and Oregon grape. The western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is an extremely shade tolerant tree and it is common to find its seedlings and saplings in the understories of the forest floors. It prefers moist temperate conditions. As conditions get drier and colder they don't fare as well. Western hemlocks can reach over in height with a diameter of . They can be identified by their | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"instance of",
"Ecoregion"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | drooping leader at the top of the tree. It is not uncommon to find western hemlocks growing in a row on a nurse log. The Western Hemlock Ecoregion offers an abundance of life. Black-tailed deer graze in their understories. Fox, coyotes, cougars, and an assortment of herbivore mammals and birds can also be found in these low elevation forests. Silver Fir Ecoregion The mid-elevation forests in the North Cascades with an elevation between is the Silver Fir Ecoregion. The Silver Fir Ecoregion makes up for much of the valleys in the Alpine Lakes area. The average annual temperature in this | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | ecoregion is and the average precipitation in centimeters is between . Typical montane forests in this ecoregion is dominated by Pacific silver fir and also contains noble fir, Douglas fir, and Alaska yellow-cedar. Coarse woody debris is very characteristic of the Silver Fir Ecoregion, providing microsites for organisms. The Pacific silver fir zone is in some of the steepest parts of the topography and heavy snow often leads to avalanche gullies. In every major drainage basin along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains there is evidence of avalanche tracks breaking up the forested vegetation with nonforested vegetation. These gullies | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | provide sites of new successional growth as they move toward a coniferous forest again. Because of the dense forests of the Silver Fir Ecoregion, it was the preferred area for commercial logging prior to designation of areas as wilderness. The Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) is extremely tolerant of shade and does not fare as well in drought or warmer temperatures. It can grow as high as and reach in diameter. The understory communities of the Pacific silver fir can vary depending on moisture availability. Common understory shrubs include the vine maple, salal, Cascade Oregon grape, blueberry, mountain huckleberry, devil's | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | club, and fool's huckleberry. Common understory herbs are bear grass, twin flower, pipsissewa, dwarf dogwood or bunchberry, bead lily, trailing blackberry, low false Solomon's seal, foam flower, trillium, oak fern, and lady fern. The microclimate of the understory is moderated by the forest canopy causing the conditions to be cooler and moister in the summer and warmer in the winter. Pacific silver fir seedlings and saplings are often found growing under their own canopies or those of a mixed canopy forest. Along streams in this ecoregion, breaks in the forest are replaced by mountain alder, willow and vine maple and | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | herbs such as saxifrage, yellow willow-herb, monkey flowers, and bluebells can be found. Mountain alder and vine maple can also be found around lake edges and in areas of flat or gentle slopes, bogs, or marsh habitat. Examples of Pacific silver fir forests can be found in the Commonwealth Basin and the Snow Lake areas of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness. Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion Moving up in elevation from the Silver Fir Ecoregion, between about on the west side of the Cascade Range, the ecoregion shifts to the Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion. This ecoregion has a colder annual average temperature | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | of with average annual precipitation between . This ecoregion consists of mountain hemlock forests, subalpine meadows, streams, lakes, wetlands and avalanche gullies creating distinct patterns of new succession. In the lower ends of this ecoregion there are continuous closed canopy forests while the higher reaches will see mosaics of meadows with patches of mountain hemlock forests. The mountain hemlock forests consist of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, Alaska yellow-cedar, and Pacific silver fir. Washington's alpine and subalpine areas account for about 4.4% of its total land area. Progressing upward from the gradient of Silver Fir and Mountain Hemlock ecoregions, the mountain | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | Often there are invasions of trees into meadow areas and this reached a peak in the 1930s due to considerable warming. Invasions of meadows by trees can also occur with disturbances. The beauty of meadows is very popular amongst hikers. Wildflowers that are found in this ecoregion are the tiger lily, glacier lily, bead lily, queen's cup, columbine, aster, trillium, pearly everlasting, valerian, skyrocket, shooting star, penstemon, lousewort, mountain bog gentian, monkey flower, monkshood, bluebell, bellflower, bleeding heart, Tweedy's lewisia, balsamroot, wild orchids and more. The wildflowers are at their peak in the meadows and along streams from mid-July to | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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"Ecology of the North Cascades",
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | mid-August. The parklands of the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion draw their distinct characteristics from the climate and topography. The two dominant vegetation types of this mountain region, forests and meadows, have very distinct differences in their microclimates. The amount of solar radiation and UV exposure can vary substantially in our northern latitude largely based on the time of day, slope, season, cloud cover and vegetation. Temperatures adjust accordingly to this solar radiation and exposure. The parklands of this montane region have a much larger range of temperatures as compared to the hemlock forests. The range can be as much as while | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
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"Ecology of the North Cascades",
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | a year such as mountain goat, black-tailed deer, American black bear, elk, cougar, and many bird species. Only the whistling hoary marmot is restricted to alpine and subalpine areas. Besides the richness of mammals there is a richness of insects that are integral to the abundance of flowering plant species in this area. Another important pollinator in this area is the hummingbird. There is still much to be researched and discovered to better understand species interactions and reliance in both the alpine and subalpine ecosystems. Alpine Ecoregion The Alpine Ecoregion makes up much of the North Cascades. Alpine areas such | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | to the subalpine forests. There seems to also be evidence that there is a lower rate of parasitism and disease in these high alpine elevations offering yet another advantage to alpine species. The alpine grouse is one example of an alpine animal that has few blood infections or intestinal parasites. Other animal species in the summer months will migrate into the higher alpine elevations to avoid insects and forage in the meadows. Subalpine Fir Ecoregion The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion, descending down the east-side of the Cascade Range, reaches elevations between . This area has the same mean annual temperature of | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | as the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion, but a drastically lower annual average precipitation of between with a much larger portion falling as snow rather than as rain. The ecosystems in this ecoregion are the subalpine fir forests, subalpine meadows, avalanche gullies, and freshwater wetlands, streams and lakes. The subalpine fir forests in the North Cascades include Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, subalpine larch, and whitebark pine. The Engelmann spruce and the subalpine fir are commonly found together. In the higher boundaries of this ecoregion the subalpine fir takes on the krummholz form. The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion is characterized by its patches of | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"instance of",
"Ecoregion"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | forest and meadows in its upper range similarly to the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion. Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion Descending down the east side of the Cascade Range is the Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion with a very diverse forest. This forest has the most diverse trees of the forested ecoregions in Washington state which includes grand fir, Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western white pine, whitebark pine, western larch, and subalpine larch. This ecoregion has an annual mean temperature of and receives between of precipitation per year. The elevation range of this ecoregion is between . In | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"instance of",
"Ecoregion"
]
]
| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | the upper regions of this ecoregion, the dominant conifers are the mountain hemlock and subalpine fir and in the lower boundary the grand fir and Douglas fir dominate. There is a variety of understory vegetation in this ecoregion that includes pinegrass, elk sedge, sedges, low shrubs, vine maple, white alder, and huckleberry. This diverse landscape offers habitat to many species including grazers such as deer, elk, black bear, herbivores, and a variety of birds. Fauna A variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds and arthropods are found in the North Cascades. A small number of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) inhabit | []
|
Ecology of the North Cascades | [
[
"Ecology of the North Cascades",
"country",
"United States"
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| Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia | the far northern Cascades, near the Canada–United States border. A breeding pack of wolves was confirmed in Okanogan County in 2008, the first such pack in Washington state since the 1930s. Other predator species include mountain lions, black bears, fishers, and wolverines. Over 75 species of mammals occur in the range, including the mountain goat that lives in the high alpine tundra. Bird species include the bald eagle, osprey, and harlequin duck. Examples of amphibians occurring in the North Cascades include the western toad, Bufo boreas, and the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa. An unusual feature of the rough-skinned newt populations | []
|
Alison Gurney | [
[
"Alison Gurney",
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"University of Manchester"
],
[
"Alison Gurney",
"employer",
"University of Strathclyde"
],
[
"Alison Gurney",
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"1957"
]
]
| Professor of Pharmacology | Alison Marion Gurney (born 1957) is professor of Pharmacology at the University of Manchester. She previously held the W.C. Bowman Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Strathclyde, where she was the first female appointed to a science professorship and the first female Professor of Pharmacology in Scotland. She is known for her research into the pharmacology and physiological roles of ion channels, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Education Gurney was educated at Prestwick Academy before attending the University of Aberdeen, where she graduated with a BSc degree in Pharmacology in 1979, then University College London, where she obtained a | [
"Alison M. Gurney",
"A. M. Gurney"
]
|
Alison Gurney | [
[
"Alison Gurney",
"employer",
"University of Strathclyde"
]
]
| Professor of Pharmacology | she established a laboratory investigating ion channels in the cardiovascular system as a target for drugs to treat cardiovascular disease. While there she identified a positive feedback effect of cytoplasmic Ca2+ on cardiac calcium channels, a role for ATP-sensitive potassium channels in regulating the membrane potential of artery smooth muscle cells and the main features of the ion channels that set the resting potential of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. After 10 years in London, Gurney moved to Glasgow to take up the W.C. Bowman Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Strathclyde. For the next 10 years she continued | [
"Alison M. Gurney",
"A. M. Gurney"
]
|
Alison Gurney | [
[
"Alison Gurney",
"employer",
"University of Manchester"
]
]
| Professor of Pharmacology | studying the pulmonary circulation, identifying key roles for store-operated SOC channels and the two-pore-domain potassium channel TASK-1 in regulating pulmonary artery tone and in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Along with physicists Allister Ferguson and John Girkin, she founded the Centre for Biophotonics and acted as its Director for the next 5 years. In 2005, Gurney moved to the University of Manchester, where she continues to study ion channels in pulmonary artery disease, identifying KCNQ channels as a possible biological target for drugs to treat pulmonary hypertension. Recognition Gurney was awarded the British Pharmacological Society Sandoz prize for her research | [
"Alison M. Gurney",
"A. M. Gurney"
]
|
Mulatu Teshome | [
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"position held",
"President of Ethiopia"
],
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"place of birth",
"Arjo"
],
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"country of citizenship",
"Ethiopia"
],
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"occupation",
"Politician"
],
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"educated at",
"Peking University"
]
]
| former President of Ethiopia | Mulatu Teshome Wirtu (Ge'ez: ሙላቱ ተሾመ ውርቱ; born 1957) is an Ethiopian politician who was President of Ethiopia from 7 October 2013 to 25 October 2018. Biography Mulatu was born in the town of Arjo in Welega Province. He was educated in China, receiving his bachelor's degree in philosophy of political economy and doctorate in international law at Peking University. He received his Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in 1990. He taught at some "foreign universities and institutions", according to Speaker Abadula Gemeda. In the mid-1990s he | []
|
Mulatu Teshome | [
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"position held",
"President of Ethiopia"
],
[
"Mulatu Teshome",
"country of citizenship",
"Ethiopia"
]
]
| former President of Ethiopia | was Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Cooperation under Minister Girma Birru, and he was appointed as Minister of Agriculture in 2001. He was also Speaker of the House of Federation from 2002 to 2005. He served as Ethiopia's Ambassador to China, Japan, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. While serving as Ambassador to Turkey, he was elected as President of Ethiopia by a unanimous parliamentary vote on 7 October 2013. Girma Seifu of the Unity for Democracy and Justice, the sole opposition member of parliament, welcomed his election. Like his predecessors Girma Wolde-Giorgis and Negasso Gidada, he is Oromo. Mulatu has one | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
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"2012"
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"2012 in tennis",
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"Tennis"
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[
"2012 in tennis",
"sport",
"Tennis"
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"2012 in tennis",
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| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | This page covers all the important events in the sport of tennis in 2012. Primarily, it provides the results of notable tournaments throughout the year on both the ATP and WTA Tours, the Davis Cup, and the Fed Cup. Important Events January The Czech Republic has won the Hyundai Hopman Cup for the second time with top seeds Petra Kvitová and Tomáš Berdych going right through the week unbeaten in singles ending with straight-set singles victories in the final inside the Burswood Dome, Perth on January 7 against France's Marion Bartoli and Richard Gasquet. The mixed-doubles match was not played | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
"facet of",
"Tennis"
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[
"2012 in tennis",
"sport",
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| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | because the championship was decided in singles. Andy Murray began the season by playing in the Brisbane International making his debut appearance at the tournament as the top seed in singles and also winning the title against Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final. Estonian tennis player Kaia Kanepi won the Brisbane International by defeating Daniela Hantuchová in the final. Milos Raonic wins Aircel Chennai Open in Chennai, India, overcomes Janko Tipsarević in the final. Raonic did not drop serve during the tournament, becoming the first player to do so since Roger Federer at the 2008 Gerry Weber Open. Zheng Jie began | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
"facet of",
"2012"
],
[
"2012 in tennis",
"point in time",
"2012"
]
]
| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | the season by winning the ASB Classic over Flavia Pennetta as she retired due to injury. Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, began his 2012 season at the Qatar ExxonMobil Open in Doha, as the #3 seed of the tournament. After Roger Federer announced an unexpected withdrawal from the tournament due to a back problem, Tsonga had a walkover to the final where he defeated Gaël Monfils to become the champion of the Qatar ExxonMobil Open. Finland's best player ever, Jarkko Nieminen won the Apia International Sydney against Julien Benneteau Victoria Azarenka won her first tournament of the year by winning Apia International Sydney | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
"facet of",
"2012"
],
[
"2012 in tennis",
"point in time",
"2012"
]
]
| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | defeating the defending champion Li Na. David Ferrer won his first tournament of 2012 in Auckland, New Zealand at the Heineken Open over Olivier Rochus. Mona Barthel achieved her highest singles ranking of world no. 44 in singles on 16 January 2012 by defeating top seed Yanina Wickmayer in the final of Moorilla Hobart International claiming her first WTA Tour title. With this win, Mona became the first qualifier since September 2010 to win a WTA tournament. Victoria Azarenka has claimed her first Grand Slam title, becoming the first Belarusian player to win a Grand Slam in singles, by defeating | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
"facet of",
"2012"
],
[
"2012 in tennis",
"point in time",
"2012"
]
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| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | his 3rd Australian Open. It also marked the first time that he had defended a Grand Slam title. After winning the 2012 Australian Open, Djokovic is on the edge of history, as is having an opportunity to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slams at the same time (chances of completing a Golden Slam this year.), after winning the previous two in 2011. Nadal went on to become the first player to lose three Grand Slam finals in a row in the Open Era. Leander Paes completed a Career Grand Slam while | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
"facet of",
"Tennis"
],
[
"2012 in tennis",
"sport",
"Tennis"
]
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| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | Radek Štěpánek won his first ever Slam after winning the Australian Open in Men's Doubles. The unseeded Russian pair Svetlana Kuznetsova and Vera Zvonareva defeated the all Italian pair of Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in Australian Open in Women's Doubles. Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Horia Tecău won the Australian Open in Mixed Doubles tournament by defeating Elena Vesnina and Leander Paes. Mattek-Sands was the only American, man or woman, to win a title at the Australian Open. World number one wheel chair tennis player, Esther Vergeer defended her title against Aniek van Koot in the final of Australian Open in | []
|
2012 in tennis | [
[
"2012 in tennis",
"facet of",
"Tennis"
],
[
"2012 in tennis",
"sport",
"Tennis"
]
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| overview of the events of 2012 in tennis | Wheelchair Women's Singles. February In the first round of Davis Cup, Spain and the United States won all five matches against their respective opponents, Kazakhstan and Switzerland. France def. Canada, the Czech Republic def. Italy, and Argentina def. Germany by 4-1. Austria and Croatia won 3-2 against Russia and Japan, respectively. During the week of February 13, Roger Federer defeated Juan Martín del Potro to win the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, a 500 event on the ATP World Tour held in Rotterdam, Netherlands. After his defeat in Rotterdam, del Potro played the next week in Marseille, France, winning his | []
|
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