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Leslie Harrison Dam
The Leslie Harrison Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam across the Tingalpa Creek that is located in the South East region of Queensland, Australia.The main purpose of the dam is for potable water supply of the Redland City in Brisbane. The impounded reservoir is called Tingalpa Reservoir. The dam was named after Robert Leslie Harrison, a Queensland parliamentarian who died in April 1966.
Location and features
The dam is located between the suburbs of Capalaba, Chandler and Burbank, approximately southeast of Brisbane. The primary inflow of the reservoir is the Tingalpa Creek, not far above its confluence with the Brisbane River. The dam is one of a number of dams connected to the South East Queensland Water Grid, and the dam provides approximately 20% of the water supply for Redland City.
Completed in 1968, the earthfill dam structure is high and long. The dam wall holds back the reservoir when at full capacity. From a catchment area of that includes much of the northern slopes of the Venman Bushland National Park, the dam creates Tingalpa Reservoir, with a surface area of . Controlled gates were added to the spillway in 1984 to increase water supply to the region, and removed in 2014 to improve dam safety.The spillway has a discharge capacity of . Initially managed by the Redland City Council, management of the dam was transferred to Seqwater in July 2008 as part of a water security project in the South East Queensland region, known as the South East Queensland Water Grid. In 1984, the dam wall was raised and gates were installed, and in 2014, work began on improving the safety of the dam after Seqwater completed a major investigation of its operating dams, which includes draining the dam to approximately 50% capacity.
Dam improvement program
In 2012-13, an independent review of Seqwater's 26 referable dams found improvements were needed at a number of dams, including Leslie Harrison, to meet the revised Queensland Dam Safety Guidelines.
The detailed design for the upgrade of Leslie Harrison Dam has been completed. Construction is expected to begin in mid-2018 and will take around 12 months to complete, subject to weather. Features of the upgrade design include:
widening and strengthening of the dam wall
anchoring the spillway
improving resilience to extreme weather events and earthquakes
the gates will not be returned to the spillway.
Recreation
There are no plans to introduce recreation at Leslie Harrison Dam. In 2014, Seqwater engaged experts to conduct a water quality study and develop a screening tool to improve understanding of the impact recreation has on water quality in drinking water lakes. The landmark study was one of the most complex and comprehensive of its kind ever undertaken in Australia. In 2016, a water quality assessment was conducted at Leslie Harrison Dam using this screening tool. The assessment found, given the dam's role as a drinking water source for the Redlands, recreation cannot be considered because of unacceptable risks to water quality.
See also
List of dams in Queensland
References
External links
Tingalpa Reservoir
Category:Redland City
Category:Dams completed in 1968
Category:Geography of Brisbane
Category:Dams in Queensland
Category:Embankment dams
Category:Earth-filled dams
Category:1968 establishments in Australia
Category:Capalaba, Queensland
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St Mary Mounthaw
St Mary Mounthaw or Mounthaut was a parish church in Old Fish Street Hill in the City of London. Of medieval origin, it was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and not rebuilt.
History
The church stood on the west side of Old Fish Street Hill in Queenhithe Ward. It was originally built as a chapel for the house of the Mounthaunt family, from Norfolk, from whom the church took its name. In around 1234 the house and the patronage of the church were bought by Ralph de Maydenstone, Bishop of Hereford. He left it to his successors as bishop, who used the house as their London residence. One of them, John Skypp, personal chaplain to (and champion of) Anne Boleyn, was buried in the church.
The church was enlarged and partly rebuilt in 1609, partly at the cost of Robert Bennet, Bishop of Hereford. The next year new glass was installed, at the cost of Thomas Tyler and Richard Tichburne.
Destruction
Along with the majority of the 97 parish churches in the City of London, St Mary Mounthaw was destroyed by the Great Fire in September 1666. In 1670 a Rebuilding Act was passed and a committee set up under Sir Christopher Wren to decide which would be rebuilt. St Mary Mounthaw was not one of those chosen; instead the parish was united with that of St Mary Somerset, and the site retained as a graveyard.
It is possible that St Mary Mounthaw was reestablished in 1711, for there is a record of baptisms at that church from 1711 to 1812.
References
External links
Category:Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt
Category:Churches in the City of London
Category:Former buildings and structures in the City of London
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Club FM, Tirana
Club FM (100.4 FM) is a national radio station based in Tirana, Albania which focuses on new releases and current music hits. It first went on air in February 1998 by broadcasting gold music, but soon turned to a pop format. Its music genre is different from most other Albanian radio stations as it mostly plays commercial music and promotes professional musicians. The studios are located in the centre of Tirana at Hotel Rogner. AMC Love Radio and Radio Dee-Jay are located in the same building as well.
Programs
Its most famous programs have been:
Radiostars - Adi Krasta, Koloreto Cukali
Gjimnastika e Mengjesit - Koloreto Cukali, Ada Sula
Mesazhe Zemre - Anilda Kacaci
Taksi e Rezervuar - Koloreto Cukali with live connection to TV Klan
Live! - Sokol Balla
Mirmëngjes - Armir Shkurti
Promotional activities
Important singers and famous groups such as Bellini, Boney M, Antique, London Beat and Shaft have been invited by Radio Club FM to broadcast for its listeners in Albania.
In addition, the station has made it possible for listeners to take part in big concerts across Europe by singers such as Sting and Eros Ramazzotti.
References
Category:Radio stations in Albania
Category:Radio stations established in 1998
Category:Media in Tirana
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Matthew 27:11
Matthew 27:11 is the eleventh verse of the twenty-seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse brings the narrative back to Pilate's Court, and the final trial of Jesus.
Content
The original Koine Greek, according to Westcott and Hort, reads:
ο δε ιησους εσταθη εμπροσθεν του ηγεμονος και επηρωτησεν αυτον ο
ηγεμων λεγων συ ει ο βασιλευς των ιουδαιων ο δε ιησους εφη συ λεγεις
In the King James Version of the Bible it is translated as:
And Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying,
Art thou the King of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, Thou sayest.
The modern World English Bible translates the passage as:
Now Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying,
"Are you the King of the Jews?" Jesus said to him, "So you say."
For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 27:11.
Analysis
After the last verses describing the fate of Judas Iscariot, this verse returns to paralleling the passion narrative in other Gospels. The opening of the verse is unique to Matthew, resetting the narrative to the trial before Pilate.
The following exchange between Jesus and Pilate is a rare item found in all four Gospels. With variations it is also at Mark 15:2, Luke 23:3, and John 18:31-37.
This second interrogation closely parallels that of the first trial before the Sanhedrin in Matthew 26. The text implies that the Jewish leaders have briefed Pilate on the accusations they have against Jesus, and here he test them himself.
This is the second time in Matthew a Gentile has referred to Jesus as "King of the Jews." The previous time was the Magi from the East doing so at Matthew 2:2. However, nowhere else in Matthew, or the other Gospels has Jesus been referred to as "King of the Jews" prior to the trial. The Gospel nowhere explains how this title became known and so central to the trial. In several places Jesus refers to "the kingdom" and the "kingdom of David" and that he would have a special role in this kingdom to come, him being a king is not far removed from those notions. The nature of the title may be Gentile itself, with Jewish followers referring to Jesus as Christ rather than king and as representing Israel no the Jews. The title is also the one that would seem to be the most serious threat to the Romans. In later decades the Romans would forcibly suppress a number of religious movements, such as that of Theudas, but the era of Jesus was a largely peaceful one and there is no evidence of any such actions by Roman authorities in this period. Thus Pilate maynot have been much concerned by someone calling himself a christ or messiah, but proclaiming oneself as King, and thus a rival to the emperor, would have been a greater concern.
Jesus' response to Pilate is ambiguous. Various later scholars have interpreted it as an agreement with Pilate, a denial of the charge, and a response that does not commit either way. While others refer to Jesus with a series of titles, nowhere in Matthew does he refer to himself as messiah or king, a direct yes in response the question would have been out of character. Narratively the ambiguous reply does nothing to deny Jesus' messianic nature, but also does not have him admit the charges against him are correct, and thus the unjust nature of his execution is also maintained.
References
27:11
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Pseudochironomini
Pseudochironomini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
Genera & Species
Genus Pseudochironomus Malloch, 1915
P. anas Townes, 1945
P. articaudus Saether, 1977
P. badius Saether, 1977
P. chen Townes, 1945
P. crassus Townes, 1945
P. fulviventris (Johannsen, 1905)
P. julia (Curran, 1930)
P. netta Townes, 1945
C. prasinatus (Staeger, 1839)
P. pseudoviridis (Malloch, 1915)
P. rex Hauber, 1947
P. richardsoni Malloch, 1915
References
Category:Chironomidae
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Sapporo Municipal Subway
The is a mostly-underground rubber-tyred rapid transit system in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Operated by the Sapporo City Transportation Bureau, it is the only subway system on the island of Hokkaido.
Lines
The system consists of three lines: the green Namboku Line (North-South line), orange Tozai Line (East-West line), and blue Tōhō Line. The first, the Namboku Line, was opened in 1971 prior to the 1972 Winter Olympics. The Sapporo City Subway system operates out of two main hubs: Sapporo Station and Odori Station. Most areas of the city are within a reasonable walking distance or short bus ride from one of the subway stations.
The three lines all connect at Odori Station and with the JR Hokkaido main lines at Sapporo Station. At Odori and Susukino stations, it connects to the streetcar (tram) above. The system has a total length of 48 km with 46 stations. Except for the section of the Namboku Line south of Hirigishi Station, the tracks and stations are underground.
Technology
All lines of the subway use rubber-tired trains that travel on two flat roll ways, guided by a single central rail. This system is unique among subways in Japan and the rest of the world; while other rubber-tired metro networks, including smaller automated guideway transit lines such as the Port Liner, use guide bars, the Sapporo system does not because the central rail makes them superfluous (similar to some rubber-tyred trams, such as the Translohr and Bombardier Guided Light Transit).
There are differences between the technology used on the older Namboku Line and the newer Tōzai and Tōhō Lines. The Namboku Line uses a T-shaped guide rail, double tires, and third rail power collection, while the Tōzai and Tōhō Lines use an I-shaped guide rail, single tires, and overhead line power collection. Also, the surface of the roll ways is either made up of resin (on the entirety of the Namboku Line and the central section of the Tōzai Line) or steel (on the outer sections of the Tōzai Line and the entirety of the Tōhō Line).
Rolling stock
Namboku Line
1000/2000 series (2/4/6/8-car formation with 2 doors per side, from 1971 until 1999)
3000 series (8-car formation with 2 doors per side, from 1978 until 2012)
5000 series (6-car formation with 4 doors per side, since 1997)
Tōzai Line
6000 series (7-car formation with 3 doors per side, from 1976 until 2008)
8000/8300 series (7-car formation with 3 doors per side, since 1998)
Tōhō Line
7000 series (4-car formation with 3 doors per side, from 1988 until 2016)
9000 series (4-car formation with 3 doors per side, since May 2015)
Rolling stock gallery
Fares
Ticket prices range from 200 yen to 360 yen, depending on the distance to travel. Day passes and discount passes can be purchased at the vending machines. Prepaid "With You" cards can be used for the subway, streetcar and regular city routes offered by JR Hokkaido Bus, Chuo Bus and Jotetsu Bus.
One-day Cards offer unlimited rides on the subway, streetcar, and regular city routes offered by the Chuo, Jotetsu, and JR Hokkaido Buses (excluding some suburban areas) on the day of purchase. A subway one-day card, for use only on the subway, is also available. Donichika-Tickets allow for unlimited one-day ride pass for the subway to be used only on Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays.
Commuter passes offer unlimited rides between specific stations during their period of validity. There are two types of commuter pass: one for those commuting to their workplace and one for students; both are available for one- or three-month periods, and can be purchased from commuter pass sales offices located at major stations. All stations accept the SAPICA rechargeable IC cards which can be used as a fare card for the subway.
Shopping areas
There are two main shopping areas located underground, connected to the exits of three central stations on the Namboku line: Sapporo Station, Susukino Station, and Odori Station. Pole Town is an extensive shopping area that lies between Susukino and Odori stations. Aurora Town is a shopping arcade that is connected to Sapporo station. It links some of the main shopping malls in Sapporo, such as Daimaru, JR Tower, Esta, and Stellar Palace.
References
External links
Sapporo City Transportation Bureau
Sapporo Transportation Information
Sapporo at UrbanRail.net
Category:Transport in Sapporo
Category:Organizations based in Sapporo
Category:Underground rapid transit in Japan
Category:750 V DC railway electrification
Category:1500 V DC railway electrification
Category:1971 establishments in Japan
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Jill James
Sandra Jill James is an American biochemist and autism researcher who studies metabolic autism biomarkers. She works at Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, where she is the director of the Metabolic Genomics Laboratory, as well as the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences's department of pediatrics, where she has worked since 2002. She is also a member of the Autism Speaks Treatment Advisory Board, and is also a scientific advisor to the autism foundation N of One. Her current research focuses on the role of epigenetics in causing autism, as well as the effectiveness of supplements as a treatment for autism and the potential existence of abnormal metabolism in autistic children. This research is funded by a 5-year grant from the National Institutes of Health entitled "Metabolic biomarkers of autism: predictive potential and genetic susceptibility," as well as by a grant from Autism Speaks.
Education
James obtained her bachelor's degree in biology from Mills College in 1962, followed by an M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1982 and 1986, respectively.
Research
James, while at the NCTR, conducted research on the role of DNA methylation and cancer susceptibility, and also studied metabolic differences in children with Down syndrome. Her studies of children with Down syndrome showed that they have abnormal methionine metabolic pathways.
Leukemia
James has also researched children suffering from leukemia in Fallon, Nevada. She originally received a grant from the EPA to conduct this research in 2004, and presented preliminary results the following year, in which she reported that the Fallon children have a metabolic predisposition to develop leukemia, though the cancer itself is caused by environmental contaminants. She never published her final results, because she only had 20 blood samples--"not enough to reach a conclusive result."
Autism
James is best known for her autism-related research. Regarding autism, James' view is that the transsulfuration pathway is disrupted in autistic children, resulting in these children being deficient in glutathione, as well as vitamins such as vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, and that maternal glutathione deficiency may also be a risk factor for autism. She has also found that administering these compounds as supplements, as well as methylcobalamin and folinic acid, to autistic children can significantly restore their levels of glutathione and cysteine and may therefore be useful in the treatment of autism. In addition, she has produced evidence that autistic children also suffer from impaired methylation capacity and that, according to a study she presented at the 2005 Experimental Biology conference, they have a unique biological "fingerprint" in their blood which neurotypical children lack. With regard to this particular study, James said that "One interpretation of this finding is that children with autism would be less able to detoxify and eliminate these heavy metals." According to the official blog of Autism Speaks, James found that autistic children exhibit abnormal folate metabolism that is detectable by higher levels of plasma homocysteine, adenosine, and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in the mothers of these children. Her glutathione-related research has been cited by anti-vaccinationists such as Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Dan Olmsted, and David Kirby as evidence that autistic children lack sufficient glutathione to remove mercury from their bodies and are therefore more susceptible to the toxicity of mercury in vaccines. However, James herself has cautioned against such conclusions, saying they are an overstatement of what her research actually shows; with specific regard to Kirby's claims, she said, "I'm afraid Mr. Kirby is overstating our conclusions -- which did not mention mercury. We simply showed for the first time that children with autism have lower levels of the major intracellular antioxidant, glutathione, which incidentally happens to be the major mechanism for mercury elimination from the body." On March 27, 2012, the Jane Botsford Johnson Foundation awarded a $1.2 million research grant to Arkansas Children's Hospital to fund research into autism biomarkers; this research will be led by James. At the time the grant was being awarded, Johnson herself said that "Jill James' work at ACHRI holds great promise for the future of autism therapy and prevention."
In vitro studies
Another field of her research that has attracted attention is a number of in vitro studies she has conducted regarding the toxicity of thimerosal to neuronal and glial cells; which, she has concluded, is mediated by glutathione. She has said that these results "suggest that these children may have an increased vulnerability to pro-oxidant environmental exposures and a lower threshold for oxidative neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity."
References
External links
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Faculty page
Category:Autism researchers
Category:Living people
Category:Mills College alumni
Category:University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences faculty
Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Radok Lake
Radok Lake is a meltwater lake about long and marked by a slender glacier tongue feeding into it from the west, lying south-west of Beaver Lake and south-east of the Aramis Range, Prince Charles Mountains. It was plotted by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) from air photos taken by the RAAF Antarctic Flight in 1956. The lake was named for Uwe Radok, Reader (head) of Meteorology Dept at the University of Melbourne, who greatly assisted Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)'s glaciological program. With a depth of , Radok Lake is the deepest known lake on the Antarctic continent and the only known freshwater lake to host a floating ice tongue glacier. It is drained by Pagodroma Gorge in to Beaver Lake.
Radok Lake is an isothermal and non-stratified Lake, i.e. homogeneous water body.
Further reading
• Bernd Wagner, Holger Cremer, Limnology and Sedimentary Record of Radok Lake, Amery Oasis, East Antarctica, In: Fütterer D.K., Damaske D., Kleinschmidt G., Miller H., Tessensohn F. (eds) Antarctica PP 447-454. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32934-X_57
• McKelvey, B., & Stephenson, N. A geological reconnaissance of the Radok Lake area, Amery Oasis, Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctic Science, 2(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102090000062
• Wand U, Hermichen WD, Brüggemann E, Zierath R, Klokov VD. Stable isotope and hydrogeochemical studies of Beaver Lake and Radok Lake, MacRobertson Land, East Antarctica., Isotopes Environ Health Stud. 2011 Dec;47(4):407-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2011.630465. Epub 2011 Nov 17.
• K.R. Walker and A. Mond, MICA LAMPROPHYRE (ALNOITE) FROM RADOK LAKE, PRINCE CHARLES MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA, RECORD 1911/108
External links
Radok Lake on USGS website
Radok Lake on AADC website
Radok Lake on SCAR website
Arial photos of Radok Lake, Pagodroma Gorge and Beaver Lake
Satellite image
References
Category:Lakes of Antarctica
Category:Bodies of water of Mac. Robertson Land
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Pat W. Brunner
Patrick W. "Pat" Brunner (September 8, 1903 – April 2, 1971) was an American farmer, stationary engineer, and politician.
Born in the town of Lemonweir, Juneau County, Wisconsin, Brunner went to school in Mauston, Wisconsin. He then farmed and later was a stationary engineer. He was also in general merchandising. Brunner lived in Lyndon Station, Wisconsin. From 1941 to 1947, Brunner served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican. In 1948, Brunner moved to Madison, Wisconsin where he worked as a stationary engineer for the United States Forest Products Laboratory. In 1968, Brunner moved to Wausau, Wisconsin. Brunner died in Wausau, Wisconsin of a heart attack.
Notes
Category:1903 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:People from Juneau County, Wisconsin
Category:Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Category:Farmers from Wisconsin
Category:Wisconsin Republicans
Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:20th-century American politicians
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Aubers
Aubers is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is west of Lille.
Population
Heraldry
See also
Communes of the Nord department
References
INSEE commune file
Category:Communes of Nord (French department)
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Shadow Lady
is a manga series written and illustrated by Masakazu Katsura. It was canceled partway through its run, resulting in the severe compression of a new story arc and a finale.
Plot
Shadow Lady takes place in the fictional city of Gray City, around a girl named Aimi Komori. She leads an ordinary, unassuming life as a waitress in a cafe until a small oni (De-mo) attacks her in an alley. Oddly, it brushes eyeshadow on her, transforming her into the daring, flirtatious cat burglar "Shadow Lady". To remain on Earth undetected, De-mo takes a human form and they pass him off as her little brother.
Shadow Lady's crimes befuddle the Gray City police, and a detective named Bright Honda takes it upon himself to discover Shadow Lady's true identity. Bright is also an inventor, and uses his inventions to try to apprehend Shadow Lady, but like the regular police's efforts, he too fails continuously.
The final story arc centers around Demon Police coming to take De-Mo back to the Demon World and execute him, for the crime of giving the magic eyeshadow to a human. In an effort to spare De-Mo's life, Aimi agrees to use her powers as Shadow Lady to retrieve three Demon Stones hidden in the Human World. This arc is heavily compressed into a rushed final battle.
Characters
Aimi/Shadow Lady: The title character/protagonist of the series. Aimi is a mild-mannered, quiet, and shy girl who works as a waitress in Gray City. At night, however, Aimi puts on magic eyeshadow and becomes Shadow Lady, an energetic, flirtatious, and flamboyant cat burglar, and wreaks havoc on Gray City through various acts of burglary, as well as thwarting the police department's attempts to capture her. She has a crush on Bright Honda, which causes her to become very conflicted when she learns that he's in love with Shadow Lady.
De-Mo: A being from the Demon World who created the magic eyeshadow, the source of Shadow Lady's powers. De-Mo left the Demon World on a whim to see if a human could find any use for the magic eyeshadow that he makes, which had become very unpopular in the Demon World. His reason for giving it to Aimi was that she was the first human he came into contact with after arriving on in the Human World. He also is very knowledgeable about the Demon World, and fairly inventive, making numerous gadgets to aid Shadow Lady. He has a perverted streak in him as well. He lives with Aimi, fulfilling the role of a sidekick, and disguises himself as her younger brother.
Bright Honda: A detective with the Gray City Police Department. He has a knack for invention, and tries to incorporate his inventions into his police work (albeit fairly ineptly on most occasions). He also is obsessed with discovering Shadow Lady's secret identity, though his reasons for doing so change throughout the course of the series. At first, it appears that his intention in doing is purely to reform her (and use her powers for just causes, as opposed to mischief-making), but in a confrontation in the finale story arc, he alleges that he pursues her because he is in love with her. Before his obsession with Shadow Lady, however, Bright pursued inventing for recreation, and even put on demonstration shows for local children with Lime as a partner and fellow inventor.
Lime Hosokawa/Spark Girl: Bright's former inventing partner. During their time together, she also developed a crush on him that he did not reciprocate. An inventor herself, she invents a costume and various gadgets in order to become Spark Girl. As Spark Girl, she attempts to reveal Shadow Lady's secret identity as part of a plot to steal her powers to use them for good, as Bright wanted. Unfortunately, she is thwarted and humiliated by her fight with Shadow Lady. How she came into knowledge about how to reverse Shadow Lady's transformation however, is unclear.
Inspector Dory: An Inspector at the Gray City Police Department. Throughout the series, he actively pursues Shadow Lady, but never succeeds in catching her. The plans he uses as the series moves forward become progressively more ridiculous until the final story arc.
Powers and abilities
Shadow Lady's powers are derived from magic eyeshadow made by De-Mo. The standard color gives her a revealing costume (consisting of a revealing short black skirt, stockings, boots, long gloves and small wings), enhanced strength and agility, and feelings of immense elation and arousal. If the costume becomes extensively damaged she can spontaneously "freshen up" and cause it to rearrange itself on a molecular level to recover her. The small wings on her back don't allow her to fly or glide, but make her lighter on her feet, allowing for faster movement. She also has several other eyeshadow colors called "Expert Changes". These grant Shadow Lady extra abilities and enhancements, such as claws and other cat like abilities (Crimson Cat), bird wings that enable her to fly (Sapphire Bird), and super-speed and heightened jumping abilities (Saffron Bunny). In the final story arc however, Aimi's compact is destroyed, and the Expert Changes are lost.
Anything that removes the eyeshadow (such as wiping or washing it off) will immediately reverse the transformation. Exposing the costume to water causes a very violent reaction which weakens her until the costume finally breaks down and reverses the transformation completely.
Another World (alternate universe)
Though the story's canon alleges that Aimi first became Shadow Lady when De-Mo cornered her and put the magic eyeshadow on her, Katsura also published a one-shot comic offering an alternate story as to how Aimi first became Shadow Lady. This alternate story is comparable to stereotypical "magical girl" plots like Sailor Moon.
In "Another World", Aimi is an eighteen-year-old, shy, and physically inept high school student with low self-esteem, who also has a crush on Bright Honda, a transfer student. In order to give her a confidence boost (and to let her have some fun), Aimi's grandmother gives her the magic eyeshadow (which was a family heirloom), and Aimi transforms into Shadow Lady. To keep an eye on her, Aimi's grandmother also sprinkles some magic dust on one of Aimi's stuffed dolls and temporarily brings it to life as De-Mo, who acts as her sidekick in her brief misadventures. Though at first she is interested in mischief-making, Aimi/Shadow Lady eventually thwarts a jewel thief, which causes Bright to fall in love with Shadow Lady (much to Aimi's dismay) by the end of the comic.
The costume that Aimi dons as part of her transformation in "Another World" is not the same as what she dons in the main series. Instead of a short black skirt, the costume is the Saffron Bunny Shadow Expert Change. Also, instead of needing to remove the eyeshadow to reverse the transformation, it reverses itself on its own after a certain amount of time elapses.
References
External links
Category:1992 manga
Category:Dark Horse Comics titles
Category:Masakazu Katsura
Category:Shōnen manga
Category:Superheroes in anime and manga
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Kazuhiro Mizoguchi
is a Japanese former javelin thrower. He set the world best year performance in 1989, throwing 87.60 metres at a meet in San Jose, California, United States on May 27, 1989.
Achievements
References
IAAF Profile
Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:Japanese male javelin throwers
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Japan
Category:People from Wakayama Prefecture
Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Asian Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games
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Bernhard Knipperdolling
Bernhard Knipperdolling (c. 1495 – January 22, 1536) was a German leader of the Münster Anabaptists. He was also known as Bernd or Berndt Knipperdollinck or Knypperdollynck or Bertrand Knipperdoling (US); his birth name was van Stockem.
Early life
Born at the beginning of the sixteenth century in Münster, Knipperdolling was the son of a wealthy, patrician cloth merchant. Little is known of his life as a young man. He first came into the public eye when he became a guild leader in the city council. A follower of the preacher Bernhard Rothmann, in 1528 he showed his colours as a "bold and proud" Protestant by suing the Catholic Münster town council and the Bishop Franz von Waldeck at the Imperial Court of Justice. His position as guild leader meant he had the financial and political support of the guilds.
In January 1534, wandering Dutch Anabaptist preachers arrived in Münster proclaiming that a new prophet was on his way. They were soon followed by the "prophet" himself, the baker Jan Matthys of Haarlem. Knipperdolling became a passionate believer.
Beliefs
Initial (pre-conflict) pacifism
Anti-clerical, anti-imperial socially mobile merchant
Political pragmatist and strategist
Bernhard Knipperdolling taught that the righteous before the day of Judgment, [each person would] have a monarchy on earth and the wicked be destroyed, that men are not justified by their faith in Christ; that there is no original sin; that infants ought not to be baptized, and that immersion is the only mode of baptism; that every one has the authority to preach and administer the sacraments; that men are not obliged to pay respect to magistrates; that all things ought to be in common, and that it is lawful to marry many wives.
Anabaptist revolution
On February 10, 1534, Knipperdolling joined the movement to overthrow the town council and bishop, along with Jan Matthys and Jan Bockelson (or John of Leiden), one of Matthys' twelve disciples. He rallied the Anabaptists against conservative forces with "frenzied ecstasies". Accepted by the council, Knipperdolling won the elections of February 24, 1534, becoming Lord Mayor of Münster – this was the high point of the Anabaptist movement. His house became the centre of the Anabaptist movement; on January 15, 1534 the first believers' baptisms were performed there.
When Matthys made his demand for the execution of all "godless" citizens of Münster, Knipperdolling convinced him to allow people a week's time to be baptised, or leave the city. This avoided arousing international opposition against Münster and risking internal stability.
Knipperdolling organised military defenses against the Bishop's troops. He was also made chief executioner to the Twelve Judges; as chief executive he balanced out Bockelson, the Judges' spokesman. He was in charge of executions, "immigration officer", and the administrator of state property. Some of Matthys' policies went against Knipperdolling's best interests, such as the dissolution of the guilds and the confiscation of private property.
After Matthys' death on April 4, 1534, Knipperdolling supported the leadership of Jan Bockelson, who was crowned king, supported by poor non-Münsterite Anabaptists. Soon, however, he was claiming superiority to Bockelson and prophesying that "while Jan was king according to the flesh", he, Knipperdolling, was "called to be the spiritual king". This led to his brief imprisonment in 1535. On his release, Knipperdolling was named Stadholder (vice-king and governor) and executioner. His daughter Clara was married to Jan Bockelson after the introduction of polygamy.
In 1535, Knipperdolling's position of power was however once again lost when Heinrich Krechting became the king's right-hand man.
On June 24–25, 1535, the Bishop, with the aid of the deserter Henry Gresbeck, retook Münster. Knipperdolling, Bockelson and Bernhard Krechting were imprisoned and interrogated. On January 22, 1536, Knipperdolling, Krechting, and Bockelson were publicly tortured and executed in Münster. Their corpses were suspended in metal baskets from the Lambertuskirche (St. Lambert's Church), which had been the initial focus of the Anabaptist revolution.
Significance
As the worldly leader of the Münster Anabaptists, Knipperdolling was "Steigbügelhalter" (facilitator, literally "stirrup-holder") and chief executive of the movement. Knipperdolling represented the local Münsterite basis of the revolution and his path shows their mode of adaptation to the siege situation and the rule of the Dutch Jans.
His views also led to the creation of the Christian denomination, the Knipperdolings in the United States.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary the word "knipperdolling" once was used as a derogatory synonym for an Anabaptist and now generally refers to any person who is a religious fanatic.
See also
Münster Rebellion
References
:de:s:ADB:Knipperdollinck, Bernd
External links
Knipperdolling, Bernt (ca. 1490-1536) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
Picture of the cages at St. Lambert's Church
Online Biography of Bernhard Knipperdolling
Category:1495 births
Category:1536 deaths
Category:German Christian religious leaders
Category:People from Münster
Category:German Anabaptists
Category:German torture victims
Category:Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:16th-century executions by Germany
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Bruce Pandolfini
Bruce Pandolfini (born September 17, 1947) is an American chess author, teacher, and coach. A USCF national master, he is generally considered to be America's most experienced chess teacher. As a coach and trainer, Pandolfini has possibly conducted more chess sessions than anyone in the world. By the summer of 2015 he had given an estimated 25,000 private and group lessons. Pandolfini's playing career ended in 1970 after a loss to Grandmaster Larry Evans at the National Open in Las Vegas in 1970. After his final tournament game, his official USCF rating was 2241.
General approach
In his books and columns he has explained his methodology for individual instruction, indicating that it consists of four basic parts.
Regular review of the student's games and play;
Constant practice and examination without moving the pieces;
Gradual mastery of endgame basics and fundamentals;
Step-by-step instilling of the analytic method.
The latter he achieves by relentlessly posing relevant questions, until the student absorbs the process of determining reasonable options and making logical choices.
Influence on chess presentation
Starting in the 1980s, Pandolfini identified and filled a role producing books especially for novices and intermediate players. His books have been influential and continue to be steady best sellers.
While being one of the first chess writers in America to rely on algebraic chess notation, Pandolfini created and/or popularized a few other innovations in instructional chess writing. It had been common for chess authors to list several moves before showing a diagram. Pandolfini realized beginning players struggle with that format. Most of his books display larger diagrams, often with verbalized explanations (instead of a mere series of notated chess moves), so that beginning and casual players can examine chess games with greater ease and comprehension.
Another aspect to Pandolfini's teaching is his reliance on short, pithy, often counterintuitive statements to seize the student's attention and stimulate imagination.
Introduction to chess
Pandolfini was born in Lakewood, New Jersey, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. His interest in chess was first realized when he was not quite fourteen. He was browsing in a public library, when he came upon the chess section. There were more than thirty books on the shelf, and they all seemed fascinating to him. The library permitted an individual to take out a certain number of books at a time. Pandolfini took out an initial batch of six books and then went back enough times that day to clear out the entire section. Then he skipped school for a month, instead immersing himself in the withdrawn books.
Chess teaching career
Although Pandolfini hadn't played in many tournaments, he reached chess master strength by his late teens. His long and prolific chess-teaching career, however, didn't begin until immediately after Bobby Fischer won the World Chess Championship in 1972 from Boris Spassky in Reykjavik, Iceland, while Pandolfini was still working at the Strand Bookstore in Greenwich Village. During the match Pandolfini became an analyst for the PBS coverage. He served as an assistant to Shelby Lyman, the show's insightful moderator, and at the time, America's top chess teacher. It was Lyman who encouraged Pandolfini to pursue chess teaching as a career, and that's what he soon did.
Starting with private instruction and small seminars, Pandolfini, with George Kane and Frank Thornally, formed U. S. Chess Masters, Inc. (or USCM), an educational organization that structured systematized programs to a wide range of players. In 1973 the same group began teaching chess classes for credit at the New School for Social Research, the first such courses ever offered in America. Pandolfini would remain on the faculty of the New School until 1991.
Through the years, and while maintaining an active private practice, Pandolfini also taught chess and lectured on the game in many different schools and clubs, including the Shelby Lyman Chess Institute, Stuyvesant High School, Lehman College, New York University, Hunter College, the Harvard Club, the University of Alabama, the New York Athletic Club and the Rockefeller Institute.
The 1980s and beyond
In the 1980s Pandolfini's career took different turns. From 1980-1981 he was a spokesperson for Mattel Electronics, with his picture appearing on the box of Mattel's initial version of a computer chess game. During those same years Pandolfini became the director of the Chess Institute at the Marshall Chess Club, heading a staff of 23 teachers and masters. At about the same time, Pandolfini developed his longtime relationship with Simon & Schuster, creating the Fireside Chess Library in 1983. In addition to his Simon & Schuster involvement, Pandolfini published a number of books with Random House and several other publishers.
In 1984, Pandolfini became the executive director of the Manhattan Chess Club, then at Carnegie Hall, a position he retained until 1987. It was from the platform of the Manhattan Chess Club that Pandolfini and Faneuil Adams co-founded in 1986 the Manhattan Chess Club School, which would later be renamed as Chess-in-the-schools, an organization that since its formation has provided free chess instruction to thousands of New York City school children.
Several years later, Pandolfini was featured in Fred Waitzkin’s book Searching for Bobby Fischer (1988), a perceptive narrative on his talented son Josh and Josh’s successes in the world of children’s chess. The book would later become a Paramount film (1992) of the same title, in which Pandolfini, Josh’s real-life teacher, was portrayed by award winning actor Ben Kingsley. Pandolfini was the film’s chief chess consultant, training the actors and creating the scenario chess positions. Subsequent films Pandolfini consulted on were "Fresh" and "The Assassins."
In 1990, Pandolfini was the chief commentator at the New York half of the Garry Kasparov–Anatoly Karpov World Chess Championship Match. Later that same year, he was the head coach of the American delegation to the World Youth Chess Championships in Fon-du-lac, Wisconsin. In addition to co-creating the Chess-in-the-schools program for public schools, Pandolfini has been associated with various private institutions, including long-time relationships with Trinity, Browning, Dalton, and Berkeley Carroll.
In 2011 Pandolfini was elected to the American Chess Journalist’s Hall of Fame, and in 2012, he was named as Chess Educator of the Year by University of Texas at Dallas.
Pandolfini’s list of successful students is impressive, including Fabiano Caruana, one of the highest ranked chess players in history; Josh Waitzkin, subject of the film Searching for Bobby Fischer); Rachel Crotto, two-time U.S. Women’s Chess Champion; Jeff Sarwer, the 1988 Under-10 World Chess Champion and now professional poker player. Other grandmasters receiving lessons as children from Bruce include grandmasters Joel Benjamin, three-time U.S. Chess Champion; and Max Dlugy, 1985 World Junior Chess Champion. On the September 2015 USCF rating list, several of his students continue to be among the nation’s top ranked scholastic players.
Pandolfini's Teaching Principles
"Pandolfinisms":
Simplify when winning; complicate when losing.
Play the board, not the player, unless you know something about the player.
Sacrifice your opponent's pieces before sacrificing your own.
A principle says where to look, not what to see.
Master the principles so you can know when to break them.
Don't just do something. Sit there.
The biggest mistake is to think you can't make one.
Learn from your mistakes, especially not to repeat them.
Don't consider everything, just everything that matters.
Solve it yourself and it's yours for life.
Every win is first won in practice.
Don't ignore an opening move just because you used to rely on it.
Bad players can play good moves by accident.
No one ever won by resigning.
Convenient shortcuts to presentation:
Not only has Pandolfini relied on terse, often epigrammatic phrasings of principles, he typically provides useful constructs for remembering and reinforcing them. One aspect that Pandolfini has codified nicely concerns planning, an area of chess thinking with which students tend to have difficulty. Indeed, in choosing plans, students often opt for courses of action opposed to what they should be doing. For example, students thoughtlessly complicate when they should be simplifying or simplify when they should be complicating. The following chart, from "Pandolfini’s Chess Complete," is an example of his use of classification to enable students to recall and access basic chess strategies.
Enemy Problem – Do This Against It:
Bad minor piece – avoid its exchange; keep it restricted
Blocked pieces – keep them blocked
Cramped game – avoid freeing exchanges
Down the Exchange – use rook to set up winning endgame
Exposed king – threaten with pieces; set up double attacks
Ill-timed flank attack – counter in the center
Lack of development – look for tactics and combinations
Unprotected pieces – play for double attacks
Material disadvantage – trade pieces, not pawns
Weak castled position – open lines; invade on weak squares
Overextended pawns – attack with pieces
Pawn-grabbing – exploit disarray; storm the king
Pinned units – pile up on them
Early queen moves – attack it with development
Time trouble – find good, but surprising threats
Uncastled king – prevent castling; open the center
Under heavy attack – shun simplification until gain
Unfavorable majorities – create passed pawn
Weak pawns – fix, exploit and attack
Weak squares – occupy them
Writings
Pandolfini has written a monthly column for the magazine Chess Life titled "The ABC's of Chess" since 1979. This column once featured endgame lessons, then monthly tutorials on openings, but since the early 1990s has evolved into "Solitaire Chess," an instructional column inviting readers to guess the moves played in a single chess game. Pandolfini also has written regular features for the Chess Cafe ("The Q & A Way") and Chess.com, both of which offer online services. But it is as an author of chess books that his writings are perhaps best known. Pandolfini has to his credit more than thirty titles on the game of chess.List of Books, APPs, Videos, and DVDs by Pandolfini1980 Let's Play Chess (Simon & Schuster)
1985 Bobby Fischer's Outrageous Chess Moves (Fireside Chess Library)
1985 One Move Chess By The Champions (Fireside Chess Library)
1986 ABC's of Chess (Fireside Chess Library)
1986 Principles of the New Chess (Fireside Chess Library)
1986 Kasparov's Winning Chess Tactics (Fireside Chess Library)
1987 Russian Chess (Fireside Chess Library)
1988 Pandolfini's Endgame Course: Basic Endgame Concepts Explained by America's Leading Chess Teacher (Fireside Chess Library)
1988 Best of Chess Life and Review, Volume 1 (Fireside Chess Library)
1988 Best of Chess Life and Review, Volume 2 (Fireside Chess Library)
1989 Chess Openings: Traps And Zaps (Fireside Chess Library)
1989 Weapons of Chess: An Omnibus of Chess Strategies (Fireside Chess Library)
1990 Understanding Chess - Pandolfini on Video: Master teacher Bruce Pandolfini teaches the elements and tactical themes of chess
1991 Chessercizes: New Winning Techniques for Players of All Levels (Fireside Chess Library)
1991 More Chessercizes: Checkmate: 300 Winning Strategies for Players of All Levels (Fireside Chess Library)
1992 Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy (Fireside Chess Library)
1993 Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game (Fireside Chess Library)
1993 More Chess Openings: Traps and Zaps 2 (Fireside Chess Library)
1994 Square One: A Chess Drill Book for Beginners (Fireside Chess Library)
1994 Chess Target Practice: Battle Tactics for Every Square on the Board (Fireside Chess Library)
1995 Chess Thinking: The Visual Dictionary of Chess Moves, Rules, Strategies and Concepts (Fireside Chess Library)
1995 Chess Doctor: Surefire Cures for What Ails Your Game (Fireside Chess Library)
1996 Power Mates: Essential Checkmating Strategies and Techniques (Fireside Chess Library)
1996 Chess Starts Here (Waitzkin & Pandolfini) – Audio (Chess Beat LLC)
1997 Kasparov and Deep Blue: The Historic Chess Match Between Man and Machine (Fireside Chess Library)
1998 The Winning Way (Fireside Chess Library)
2003 Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess (Fireside Chess Library)
2003 Every Move Must Have A Purpose: Strategies From Chess For Business And Life (Hyperion)
2003 Every Move Must Have a Purpose: Strategies From Chess For Business And Life (Listen and Live Audio, Inc.)
2005 Q&A Way in Chess (Random House)
2005 Solitaire Chess (Random House)
2007 Treasure Chess: Trivia, Quotes, Puzzles, and Lore from the World's Oldest Game –Hardcover – (Random House)
2007 Pandolfini's Chess Challenges: 111 Winning Endgames (Random House)
2008 Let's Play Chess: A Step by Step Guide for New Players (The Pandolfini Chess Library – Russell Enterprises))
2009 Endgame Workshop: Principles for the Practical Player (Russell Enterprises)
2010 The Rules of Chess (Russell Enterprises)
2010 Chess Movies 1 (Russell Enterprises)
2011 Chess Movies 2: The Means and Ends (Russell Enterprises)
2012 Pandolfini's Mates in One: (An APP)Quotes by Bruce Pandolfini'''
"Playing chess gives us a chance to start out life over again, and this time, no one has more money than us, no one is more beautiful, no one lives in a better neighborhood, and we all go to the same school. Other than having the first move (and this benefit is shared equally) no one starts with any unfair advantage."
(Chess Life magazine)
"Chess is art. Chess is sport. But it's also war. You have to master on the order of a hundred thousand different chess ideas and concepts, patterns of pawns and pieces. That takes work. And you're going to lose a lot of games in the process, so you'll have to be able to make your peace with that, which isn't easy. Because there is no luck involved in the game, you have to face the fact that you lost because your opponent outwitted you. Ninety per cent of my students give up on tournament chess when they get into junior high school and the main reason is that they can't stand losing."
(New Yorker Interview, 6-4-01 p. 73))
"If you rely on your own judgment, either of two good things will happen. Either you’ll be right, and succeed, or you’ll be wrong, and learn something."
("Let’s Play Chess", 1980)
"We don't really know how the game was invented, though there are suspicions. As soon as we discover the culprits, we'll let you know."
(Chess Cafe, 2004)
"The polarity is clear. When you teach, you're trying to help someone (the student), and when you play, you're trying to hurt someone (the opponent). Both of these situations - being too sympathetic while playing or too antipathetic while teaching - are not necessarily perceived, since they tend to exist on the unconscious level." (2007)
"Chess is a creative process. Its purpose is to find the truth. To discover the truth, you must be uncompromising. You must be brave."
"The two most important forms of intelligence are the ability to read other people and the ability to understand oneself."
(ABC News Interview)
"After 1972, we lost so many great pieces of art. Hundreds of masterpieces he would have created if he had stayed a sane being. We feel the great loss. All chess players do."
(On Bobby Fischer’s estrangement from competitive chess, NY Times, Quote of the Day, 2012)
"Play as if the future of humanity depends on your efforts. It really does."
("Every Move Must Have A Purpose," Hyperion, 2003, his final advice to students)
References
External links
Category:American chess players
Category:Living people
Category:People from Brooklyn
Category:American non-fiction writers
Category:American chess writers
Category:American male non-fiction writers
Category:Chess coaches
Category:1947 births
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Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha was an Ottoman grand vizier. His ephitet Köse meams "beardless" . He was also known as Çorlulu Bahir Mustafa Pasha referring to his home town Çorlu . Before being grand vizier he was an imrahor ("governor of the royal stables")
First term
He was appointed as the grand vizier by the sultan Mahmut I on 1 July 1752. But the Sultan died on 14 December 1974. The new sultan Osman III dismissed Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha from the post on 17 February 1755. He was exiled to Midilli (Lesbos, now a Greek island) Later he was moved to Morea (now in Greece)
Second term
His second term as the grand vizier was quite short. He was appointed on 30 April 1756 and was dismissed on 3 December 1756. He was exiled to Rhodes (now a Greek island) But the new grand vizier Koca Ragıp Pasha was a fried of Köse Bahir Pasha and he helped him to be appointed to various posts in Midilli and Eğriboz (Euboea, now a Greek island). On 11 June 1758 he was appointed as the governor of Egypt, a seat he kept till 1762. Although he was appointed to the governorship of Aleppo (now in Syria) he refused to go the Aleppo.
Third term
His last term as the grand vizier began on 1 November 1763 during the reign of Mustafa III. However he was accused of corruption. He was dismissed on 30 March 1765. The next month he was executed in Midilli.
References
Category:1765 deaths
Category:Pashas
Category:18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Category:18th-century births
Category:People from Çorlu
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Kanyariri
Kanyariri is a settlement in Kenya's Central Province.
References
Category:Populated places in Central Province (Kenya)
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Exercitiegenootschap
An exercitiegenootschap (, exercise company) or militia was a military organisation in the 18th century Netherlands, in the form of an armed private organization with a democratically chosen administration, aiming to train the citizens and the lower bourgeoisie in use of muskets. Exercitiegenootschappen were propagated by Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, who translated an old book (1732) by Andrew Fletcher on arming a nation's citizens and so got the idea from Scotland. He also saw them as necessary due to the serious decline in the existing, Orangist schutterijen.
Cause and context
Exercitiegenootschappen were set up after the Scottish, American and Swiss examples of musket-armed citizens. The expenses of a standing army, the attracting of foreign officers into the national army and the neglect of the navy were all loudly criticised and reform was called for. The leaders of the Patriots tried to seek a solution during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, at the cheapest possible cost. Immediately the war (which had begun badly) developed disastrously, a wave of deprivation spreading through the country, and this result of the attempted reform was widely felt as a matter of national shame, with the harrowing contrast between the famous past and the miserable present becoming clear to everyone.
Organisation and structure
The first exercitiegenootschappen were set up in the beginning of 1783 in Deventer, Dordrecht or Utrecht. Quint Ondaatje was the leader of the exercitiegenootschap in Utrecht, and he soon spoke in deeds as well as words. He knew that the exercitiegenootschappen had to be organized firstly at provincial (and later at national) levels. In 1784 a number of nationally-organized free-corps (vrijcorpsen) signed the Acte van Verbintenis (Act of Agreement), in which they promised to come to the aid of each other as the Patriots saw necessary. This Act especially stimulated the exercitiegenootschappen and vrijcorpsen in the small cities to confidence and action. Gerrit Paape set himself the task of being a historian of these local societies.
Many people wanted to become a member, with Catholics and Mennonites no longer excluded. Not only many shopkeepers, but also ministers, such as François Adriaans van der Kemp, reported for duty. They exercised at least once a week, mostly on Sundays after the religious service or, in bad weather, actually inside the church. (There were almost no chairs, but a few benches for the nobility and members of the vroedschap). Members never needed to be wealthy enough to buy their own weapon, unlike in the schutterijen. Non-attendance earned a fine of a few stuivers.
Exercitiegenootschappen had the preference above free corps, being completely independent of the existing schutterij. Vrijcorpsen arose mainly in the countryside, because there was no schutterij for their area. After the Rotterdam exercitiegenootschap in 1784 was forbidden, more and more so-called "genootschappen in de wapenhandel" (societies for weapons training) sprang up, as in Bolsward, and they were very progressive for their time and would speak out regularly.
Escalation
An incident with the Austrian emperor Joseph II about the Scheldt, known as the kettle war - for two hundred years closed off by Holland and Zeeland - led to organization of the provincial armies in January 1785. Court Lambertus of Beyma took the initiative in Friesland, causing a wave of new exercitiegenootschappen and free-corps that spring. The Provincial States reached an understanding in their regulations. In the regulations of the exercitiegenootschappen, their underlying aim of bringing the people republican principles and petitioning for and demanding their participation in choosing the composition of the city administration had never been taken up.
Initial support, however, turned into a discouraging administration in the summer of 1785, with the aristocrats moving more and more towards the prince. At the beginning of August 1786 in Utrecht, the exercitiegenootschappen gathered together to commemorate the Battle of Dogger Bank, with 20,000 men marching through the city. At that meeting, a radical decision was taken: sixteen democratically chosen Patriots were appointed to the council. This was a unique event in Europe. A few weeks later Herman Willem Daendels, captain of the local exercitiegenootschap, was inspired to take action in Hattem, upon which all exercitiegenootschappen meetings and mutual support were banned in Friesland and Gelderland. Freedom of assembly had reached its limits.
In May 1787 the professors and students in Franeker were forbidden from joining the local exercitiegenootschappen or militia. East of Utrecht, the State army camped; there were several shootings, but not very many were hurt. Moreover it was a war in propaganda. In June 1787, the exercitiegenootschap of Gouda stopped princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, by the Vlist. A flying army unit under Adam Gerard Mappa occupied a number of cities in Holland, and another did the same in Friesland. They tried to take the vroedschappen into their own hands, shortly before Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick the commander of the troops of king of Prussia occupied the Republic, on 13 September. The Orange restoration became established, with its superior force of 20.000 soldiers. Stadholder William V was returned to his position. All the officers of the exercitiegenootschappen who had not already escaped to northern France were captured and condemned, if they had been involved in an occupation of the city hall or defending the cities ramparts.
References
Bibliography
Klein, S.R.E. (1995) Patriots Republikanisme. Politieke cultuur in Nederland (1766-1787).
Verweij, G. (1996) Geschiedenis van Nederland. Levensverhaal van zijn bevolking.
External links
Statutes of the exercitiegenootschap in Dordrecht
Image of the exercitiegenootschap in Utrecht (can be enlarged)
Category:Military history of the Netherlands
Category:Military units and formations of the Early Modern era
Category:Military units and formations of the Netherlands
Category:Militias in Europe
Category:Political history of the Netherlands
Category:The Patriottentijd
Category:Dutch words and phrases
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Conditioned (album)
Conditioned is the third full-length studio album from hardcore punk band, Straight Faced. It was released in July, 1998 on Epitaph Records and follows Broken released in 1996. The album was produced by Ryan Greene, and the track "Let's Do This" appeared on Epitaph Records' Punk-O-Rama Vol. 4 compilation. An alternative version of the track "Regret" appeared on Fearless Records' Flush Sampler and "Against" was featured in the Electronic Arts' PlayStation game, Street Sk8er''.
Track listing
Personnel
Straight Faced
Johnny Miller – vocals
David Tonic – guitar
Damon Beard – guitar
Kevin Norton – bass
Ron Moeller – drums
Production
Recorded at Motor Studios, San Francisco, California, USA
Produced by Ryan Greene
Mastered by Ramon Breton
References
External links
Epitaph Records album page
Category:Epitaph Records albums
Category:1998 albums
Category:Straight Faced albums
Category:Albums produced by Ryan Greene
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Quest for Bush
Quest for Bush is a free first-person shooter video game released by the Global Islamic Media Front (an al-Qaeda propaganda organization) in September 2006. Fitting its genre, the goal is to fight American soldiers through six levels and eventually to kill the boss, George W. Bush. The archive and filenames are all called Quest for Bush, because it's a modification of Quest for Saddam, released by Petrilla Entertainment in 2003. However, the title screen calls it Night of Bush Capturing.
External links
Quest for Bush / Quest for Saddam: Content vs. Context - 2006-09-26 review from Gameology.org
Way Radical, Dude - Now Playing: Video Games With an Islamist Twist - 2006-10-09, Washington Post
Further screenshots of the game and comparison of the source files with the original - 2009-12-23 (German)
Category:2006 video games
Category:First-person shooters
Category:Propaganda video games
Category:Torque (game engine) games
Category:Windows games
Category:Windows-only games
Category:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush
Category:Al-Qaeda propaganda
Category:Video games based on real people
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Farmers Cricket Club Ground
Farmers Cricket Club Ground is a cricket ground in Saint Martin, Jersey. It was opened in 2005 by Geoffrey Boycott and Mike Gatting and has hosted ICC World Cricket League matches. The ground is the home of the Farmers Cricket Club and the team Jersey.
History
The Farmers Cricket Club Ground was built after Jersey farmer Jim Perchard decided to turn his potato farm into a cricket field. Work on the ground started in 2003, and took 18 months. The ground was opened in 2005 by former England cricketers Geoffrey Boycott and Mike Gatting, and its first recorded international match was in July 2007 between Belgium Under-19s and France Under-19s. The ground hosted five matches during the 2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five, including one Jersey match against Botswana, which Jersey won by 7 wickets. In 2009, the Farmers Cricket Club Ground hosted a match between Guerney Under-19s and Ireland under-19s, as part of the 2009 European Under-19 Championships. Ireland scored 281, in an innings where Andrew Balbirnie top-scored for the Irish with 83 and 55 extras were conceded. In reply, Guernsey were bowled out for 49.
In 2013, the ground hosted four matches in the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Six. In May 2014, the ground hosted a 50-over and a 20-over match between Jersey and the Marylebone Cricket Club; Jersey won the 50-over match by 7 wickets, and the 20-over match by 2 wickets on the final ball of the match. After the death of Phillip Hughes, Farmers Cricket Club groundsman Jimmy Perchard organised a row of bats outside the ground, and changed the ground's scorecard to 63*.
Between 21 and 28 May 2016, the Farmers Cricket Club Ground was one of three grounds that hosted the 2016 ICC World Cricket League Division Five in Jersey; the other two were Grainville Cricket Ground and FB Playing Fields. The Farmers Ground hosted five matches.
Prettiest Pitch in UK
Farmers Cricket Club Ground has been voted into the top ten Club cricket grounds in United Kingdoms, after international cricket agency CricX asked its followers to send the picture of their favourite pitches. Many send the pictures of Farmers Cricket Club Ground, thus nominating it as one of the prettiest cricket pitches in the United Kingdoms.
References
External links
Cricinfo
Farmers Cricket Club Website
Category:Cricket grounds in Jersey
Category:Saint Martin, Jersey
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Gedo (disambiguation)
Gedo may refer to:
Gedo, an administrative region in southwestern Somalia
Gedo, a 2000 film
Gedo Senki, an anime film by Studio Ghibli
Keiji Takayama, Japanese professional wrestler who uses the ring name Gedo
Gedo, a fictional high school in the film Battlefield Baseball
Mohamed Nagy, an Egyptian footballer nicknamed Gedo.
Mohamed Nagy (footballer, born 1996), an Egyptian footballer nicknamed Gedo.
Gedō (band), a Japanese rock band.
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Crocodile snake eel
The crocodile snake eel (Brachysomophis crocodilinus) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Edward Turner Bennett in 1833. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the Indo-Pacific, including East Africa, the Society Islands, Japan, and Australia. Males can reach a maximum total length of 120 centimetres. It dwells at a depth range of 0–30 metres (most often at around 0–2 m), and inhabits coral reefs. It forms burrows in sand and lies in wait to ambush prey, leaving only its eyes exposed. Its diet consists of octopuses, species of Calcarina, and finfish.
The species epithet "crocodilinus", as well as the common name, refer to the species' crocodilian appearance. The crocodile snake eel is used in Chinese medicine.
References
External links
Category:Ophichthidae
Category:Fish described in 1833
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Tomás Brizuela
Tomás Brizuela (c. 1800 – 20 June 1841 ) was a soldier and caudillo in Argentina. He was a lieutenant of Facundo Quiroga in his home province of La Rioja, governor of La Rioja between 1836 and 1841, and died fighting against the dictatorship of Juan Manuel de Rosas.
Early career
Tomás Brizuela was born in the Province of La Rioja around 1800.
He was known as the "Zarco" for his blue eyes.
As a young man he joined the Federalist forces.
He accompanied Quiroga in the Battle of El Tala against Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid,
and as infantry leader in the Battle of Rincón de Valladares, where he earned promotion to Colonel.
He later fought in the Federal defeat of the Battle of La Tablada.
When the province was invaded by Lamadrid, after the Federal defeat in the Battle of Oncativo he was taken prisoner by Lieutenant Colonel Melián.
Lamadrid ordered him shot, but Melián saved his life.
In late 1830 Brizuela joined the fight to recover La Rioja for his party, and occupied the provincial capital.
On 3 February 1831 he was briefly appointed governor.
Soon after the news came of the victory of Quiroga in the Battle of Rodeo de Chacon, which gave him control of Cuyo.
Brizuela joined forces with Quiroga and was commander of the provincial army during the following years.
On 15 January 1836 he repulsed the invasion of San Juan Governor Martín Yanzón and counterattacked, occupying the city of San Juan and forcing Yanzón to flee. On 20 May 1837 he was appointed governor of La Rioja by the provincial legislature.
He did not achieve much as a governor. At this time his character changed completely, with him becoming an alcoholic.
Later years
In early 1840, the Liberals and Unitarians of the northern provinces formed the Northern Coalition and invited Brizuela to join.
He was named commander of the Coalition, but nobody accepted his orders. The Unitarian officers who arrived from Chile such as Colonel Juan Esteban Pedernera, sent to be his chief of staff, and those who come later with Lavalle, despised him for being an alcoholic and leader of irregular montoneras units.
Taking his role seriously, he tried to convince the Santiago leader Juan Felipe Ibarra to join him, but Ibarra refused and remained true to Juan Manuel de Rosas.
After his defeat in the Battle of Quebracho Herrado, the Unitarian General Juan Lavalle retreated northward.
La Rioja was invaded without difficulty by Nazario Benavídez and José Félix Aldao with 1,500 men, threatening Brizuela and Lavalle.
Lavalle abandoned the province for Catamarca, pursued by Oribe, while Aldao advanced towards Brizuela.
Still commanding 600 men, Brizuela retreated to the Famatina valley, in the west of the province.
He reached Sañogasta, where he was defeated. During the battle, on 20 June 1841 he was shot in the back by one of his officers, and died before being taken to the presence of Aldao.
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Bazán, Armando R., Historia de La Rioja, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1991.
Quesada, Ernesto, Lamadrid y a la Coalición del Norte, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1965.
Reyes, Marcelino, Bosquejo histórico de la provincia de La Rioja.
Robledo, Víctor Hugo Los Generales de Quiroga
Saldías, Adolfo, Historia de la Confederación Argentina, Bs. As., 1892.
Zinny, José Antonio, Historia de los gobernadores de las Provincias Argentinas, Ed, Hyspamérica, 1987.
Category:1800 births
Category:1841 deaths
Category:Argentine generals
Category:La Rioja Province, Argentina
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St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church (Baltimore, Maryland)
St. Elizabeth of Hungary is a historic Roman Catholic church complex located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore in the Baltimore-Linwood neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
Description
The complex developed over the period 1895-1926, and consists of four buildings: a two-story, gable-fronted brick structure erected in 1895 as the original church, parish hall, and rectory; a large stone Romanesque church building constructed in 1912; a three-story convent built in 1922; and a large three-story parochial school which was added to the site in 1926. The complex occupies a city block directly opposite Patterson Park. In 1931, the St. Elizabeth School had the largest student enrollment, 1,500 students, in the archdiocese. The church was founded to serve the German immigrant community in Baltimore.
St. Elizabeth of Hungary was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
References
External links
, including photo from 1994, at Maryland Historical Trust
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore
Category:Churches completed in 1895
Category:Patterson Park (neighborhood), Baltimore
Category:German-American culture in Baltimore
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Baltimore
Category:Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore
Category:Romanesque Revival architecture in Maryland
Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
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Jiang River
The Jiang River (, p Jiāng Shuǐ) is the ancient name of a river in China.
According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the river gave its name to Shennong's family.
According to the Guoyu, it was the birthplace of the Yan emperor.
It may be identical to the modern Wei River in Shaanxi.
References
Category:Rivers of China
Category:Former rivers
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Monument, Newcastle upon Tyne
Monument is an electoral ward of Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England. Created in 2018, the ward takes its name from Grey's Monument in Newcastle City Centre. It replaced most of Westgate ward and parts of South Jesmond and Ouseburn wards.
Overview
Monument ward is largely the city centre, including key features such as the Civic Centre, Northumbria University and Newcastle University campuses, the Royal Victoria Infirmary and St James’ Park football ground. It contains the city centre business, shopping, cultural and nightlife districts. Key transport links, including the Central Station and various Metro stations and bus stations are within this ward.
Education
There are no primary schools within the ward and only one secondary School (Discovery School), which is due to close in summer 2018. The ward is home to Newcastle College and Newcastle Sixth Form College and the city campuses of both Newcastle University and Northumbria University.
Recreation and leisure
Leazes Park is in the north-west of the ward. Facilities there include a bowling green, tennis courts and basketball courts, a fenced playground with swings, slides, climbing frames and spring toys.
The ward includes the city's main shopping, cultural and nightlife districts. Attractions include:
Bigg Market
Centre for Life
Chinatown
Discovery Museum
Eldon Square Shopping Centre and Northumberland Street
Grainger Town (including Grainger Market and Grey Street)
Great North Museum: Hancock
Newcastle City Hall
Live Theatre
the Quayside
St James' Park (home of Newcastle United F.C.)
Sport Central
Theatre Royal
The Gate
Tyneside Cinema
Tyne Theatre and Opera House
Transport
Newcastle's main railway station is in the south of the ward and there are six Metro stations: Haymarket and Central Station on the north-south route, St James and Manors on the east-west route, with both routes meeting st Monument Metro station.
Many local and regional buses serve Eldon Square or Haymarket bus stations, with most long-distance coaches serving Newcastle Coach Station.
Boundary
Monument ward is bounded by the River Tyne to the south. From the south-west corner, the boundary runs north joining William Armstrong Drive and then east on Scotswood Road and north again on to Park Road. It turns north-east on Westmorland Road, north-west on Rye Hill and north-east on Elswick Road, crossing the Westgate Road and continuing east on Corporation Street. Here the boundary heads northwards briefly on St James’ Boulevard and north-west on Barrack Road, turning north on the footpath through Leazes Park until it meets Richardson Road. The boundary heads north between the student accommodation and the Royal Victoria Infirmary, on to Claremont Street, crossing Claremont Road on to Jedburgh Road. Here the boundary heads south east on the A167/A167(M). Where the road crosses the B1307, the boundary turns off east, then south between the Army Reserves Centre and rear of Harrison Place and Gladstone Terrace. The boundary continues south on Byron Street, Falconar Street, Simpson Terrace, Argyle Street and Tower Street, where it crosses City Road and makes it way south to the Quayside and the River Tyne.
External links
Map of Monument ward, on the Newcastle City Council website.
Category:Wards of Newcastle upon Tyne
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KBPG
KBPG may refer to:
KBPG (FM), a radio station (89.5 FM) licensed to Montevideo, Minnesota, United States
Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport (ICAO code KBPG)
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Eduard Castle
Eduard Friedrich Ferdinand Castle [kastle] (November 7, 1875 in Vienna – June 8, 1959 in Vienna) was an Austrian-German Germanist and literary historian (Literatur- & Theaterwissenschaftler).
He participated in the establishment of the Wiener Volkskonservatorium.
He taught as a professor at Vienna University (1945-). He retired in 1949.
Literary works
Deutsch-österreichische Literaturgeschichte, 1937
Der große Unbekannte: Das Leben von Charles Sealsfield, 1952
References
http://www.adulteducation.at/de/historiografie/personen/217/
External links
Category:Linguists from Germany
Category:Linguists from Austria
Category:Germanists
Category:German literary critics
Category:Austrian literary historians
Category:German literary historians
Category:1875 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:German male non-fiction writers
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Isidore Dollinger
Isidore Dollinger (November 13, 1903 – January 30, 2000) was an American politician from New York.
Life
Dollinger was born on November 13, 1903, in New York City. He graduated from New York University in 1925, and from New York Law School in 1928. He was admitted to the bar in 1929.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Bronx County, 4th District) in 1937, 1938, 1939–40, 1941–42 and 1943–44.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (26th District) from 1945 to 1948, sitting in the 165th and 166th New York State Legislatures.
Dollinger was elected as a Democrat to the 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th, 85th and 86th United States Congresses, holding office from January 3, 1949, to December 31, 1959, when he resigned to take office as District Attorney of Bronx County.
He was a Justice of New York Supreme Court (1st District) from 1969 to 1973, and an Official Referee (i.e. a senior judge on an additional seat) of the Supreme Court from 1974 to 1975.
He died on January 30, 2000, in White Plains, New York, and was buried at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens.
See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
References
External links
Category:1903 births
Category:2000 deaths
Category:Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)
Category:New York (state) Democrats
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Category:New York state senators
Category:Members of the New York State Assembly
Category:Bronx County District Attorneys
Category:New York Supreme Court Justices
Category:New York University alumni
Category:New York Law School alumni
Category:Politicians from the Bronx
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:20th-century American judges
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Innocent Man (Mark Morrison album)
Innocent Man is the second studio album by British hip hop and R&B recording artist Mark Morrison, and released in the UK with a limited edition DVD release. It Morrison's second full-length studio album (excluding EP releases) since "Return of the Mack" in 1996. In 1997 Mark Morrison released an EP entitled Only God Can Judge Me on Warner Bros. The album was originally slated for an April 29, 2002 release on Death Row Records with promotional copies and album samplers of the Death Row version of the project being released, however the album remained unreleased due to label conflicts. In December 2004, Morrison encountered new label conflicts with 2 Wikid Records arose as Morrison fought to release the album on December 27, 2004 however this did not happen and the project was again put on hold due to the label owner having disagreements with Morrison. The project was set for an April 2005 release, but again the project was pushed back until 2006 when it was finally released on his own independent record label.
Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews. The Guardian gave it three stars, describing it as a 'credible return'. The Independent's view was indifferent. The album failed to chart.
Track listing
"Innocent Man" feat. DMX
"Blackstabbers" feat. Daz Dillinger & Tray Deee
"Dance 4 Me" feat. Tanya Stephens
"Lately" feat. Elephant Man
"Friday" feat. Grimm
"Nigga Ain't No Good"
"Best Friend" feat. Gabrielle & Conner Reeves
"Just a Man"
"Time To Creep" feat. Isyss
"Love You Bad"
"That's Life"
"Damn Damn Damn" feat. Adina Howard
"Wanna Be Your Man"
"Journeys" feat. Mica Paris & All Saints Road Community Choir
"Just a Man" feat. Alexander O'Neal
"Innocent Man" feat. Tippa Irie
References
External links
Mark Morrison Official Site
Mark Morrison Official MySpace
Category:2006 albums
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The Man Who Never Was (disambiguation)
The Man Who Never Was may refer to:
The nickname for "Major William Martin, R.M.", actually Glyndwr Michael; see also Operation Mincemeat
The Man Who Never Was (book), 1953 book by Ewen Montagu
The Man Who Never Was, a 1956 British film based on the novel
The Man Who Never Was (TV series), a 1966 ABC-TV television series
"The Man Who Never Was" (The Sarah Jane Adventures), the 2011 two-part series finale of The Sarah Jane Adventures
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Cooranga, Queensland
Cooranga is a locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Cooranga had a population of 133 people.
History
The locality was named and bounded on 14 September 2001, having been previously the unbounded locality of Cooranga North. The name Cooranga comes from a pastoral run name, which was probably taken from a creek name, reportedly a Kabi language word meaning war spear.
Community groups
The Cooranga North branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the Cooranga North Memorial Hall at 41 Cooranga North Niagara Road.
Education
There are no schools in Cooranga. The nearest primary schools are in Bell, Jandowae, and Jimbour. The nearest secondary schools are in Bell and Jandowae but these provide schooling only to Year 10. For Years 11 and 12, the nearest secondary school is Dalby State High School.
References
External links
Category:Western Downs Region
Category:Localities in Queensland
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Tursunali Rustamov
Tursunali Khaitmakhamatovich Rustamov (Russian: Турсунали Хаитмахаматович Рустамов; born 31 January 1990) is a Kyrgyzstani footballer who plays as a forward for Dordoi Bishkek.
Career
Club
On 23 February 2019, Rustamov signed for Khujand.
On 25 December 2019, FC Dordoi Bishkek announced the return of Rustamov for the 2020 season.
International
He is a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team. He made debut in the match vs. Kazakhstan, on 1 June 2012. On 6 September 2013, Rustamov scored his first goal in a 1–3 away defeat friendly against Belarus.
Career statistics
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 21 January 2019
International goals
Scores and results list Kyrgyzstan's goal tally first.
References
Состав сборной Кыргызстана
footballdatabase.eu
External links
Team announcement at uff.uz (in Russian)
Tursunali Rustamov at Footballdatabase
Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kyrgyzstan international footballers
Category:Kyrgyzstani footballers
Category:Kyrgyzstani expatriate footballers
Category:Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Association football forwards
Category:FC Alga Bishkek players
Category:FC Dordoi Bishkek players
Category:FC Alay Osh players
Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Category:Asian Games competitors for Kyrgyzstan
Category:Tajik League players
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Euspilotus simulatus
Euspilotus simulatus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
Category:Histeridae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Beetles described in 1910
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Purga United Church
Purga United Church is a heritage-listed church at Boonah Road, Purga, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1922. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005.
History
The Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual.
The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions.
The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original.
The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss.
Description
The church is a small building set about back from the front of an open grassy block, comprising 1746 square metres, facing Purga School Road. It is positioned about five metres from the western boundary. A second building, the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre (opened in 2001) is located at the rear eastern corner. Access to the block is gained through a gate facing Purga School Road or from a gate into the adjoining school property.
The form of the church is very simple. It is a small building, rectangular in plan, about eight metres long and five and a half metres wide. The design is functional; there is an absence of external decorative features. The lack of any obvious Christian iconography is notable. Concrete stumps have been used to replace the original timber and elevate the building to a height of approximately one metre. The space between the floor of the church and the ground is in filled with horizontal planks. The structure is timber framed and clad with weatherboard. All of the windows are tall pivoted sash windows. Each of these is divided into two frames, one on top of the other. Each frame is divided into four lights made of clear glass. The bottom frame of each window pivots about a horizontal axis in the middle of the frame. Access at the front of the building is via a porch and a set of double, ledge and brace timber doors. At the rear access is via a simple wooden door. It has an unpainted, corrugated iron, gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. The church is finished in white paint.
One of the narrow sides of the building faces the street. The entrance porch is located on this side. It is raised to the same height as the rest of the building and projects from the center of the elevation. Access to the porch is gained through two openings on either side, each with a set of steps. It has a gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. A window opens on each side of the porch. It is unlined and has a fibro floor.
The two side elevations are identical. Each has windows spaced equally along its length. Rear access is via a wooden ledge and brace door at the left end of the rear elevation. A set of steps lead to the door. The only window in the rear wall opens slightly to the right of center. Unlike the others, this window has a red corrugated iron awning. A green corrugated iron water tank and tank stand is positioned at the right end of the rear elevation.
The interior of the church comprises a single room that is unlined and unpainted with the exception of the window frames, which are finished in coloured varnish. The timber floor is bare, except for a long narrow carpet extending the length of the room along the center. A small wooden platform and pulpit are against the wall opposite the main entrance. The central part of the pulpit is about one and a half metres high. It consists of two square section posts joined with timber paneling. The bottom section of paneling comprises two vertical recessed panels. The top half consists of a single panel extending the full width of the central part of the pulpit. This panel is decorated with fretwork depicting an elliptical radiant sun motif surrounded by a floral pattern. Blue felt fabric is fixed to the rear of the panel and shows through the openings in the fretwork. On top of this is a book rest inclined at approximately twenty degrees and finished in blue felt fabric. Two shorter square section posts are set back from the front of the platform about one metre from each side of the central section of the pulpit. Each of them is joined to the central section by two wooden rails.
The church is furnished with rows of plain wooden pews. The old wooden organ reputedly dates from the opening of the church. The white glass light fittings are also reputedly original. A more recent fluorescent light is fitted along a beam above the pulpit. Framed historic photographs and a clock of recent manufacture are hung on the walls.
There are three gardens in the grounds. At the front western corner of the block, there is a memorial garden dedicated to Helen Kay Aquilina. There is a small landscaped garden, edged with concrete, in front of the church porch and another garden near the entrance to the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre at the rear of the block. Two benches are positioned along the western side of the church and another next to the memorial gardens. A chain wire fence surrounds the grounds.
Heritage listing
Purga United Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss.
References
Attribution
External links
Category:Queensland Heritage Register
Category:Purga, Queensland
Category:Uniting churches in Queensland
Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Category:1922 establishments in Australia
Category:Churches completed in 1922
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Common Ground (Richie Havens album)
Common Ground is a 1983 album by folk rock musician Richie Havens.
Album was recorded at Stone Castle Studios in Carimate (Como) Italy.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Pino Daniele and Richie Havens; except where indicated
"Death At An Early Age" (Greg Chansky)
"Gay Cavalier" (Pino Daniele, Richie Havens, William Rafael)
"Lay Ye Down Boys" (Ken Lauber, Merritt Melloy)
"This Is The Hour"
"Stand Up" (Pino Daniele, Kelvin Bullen)
"Dear John" (Maury Yeston)
"Leave Well Enough Alone"
"Moonlight Rain"
"Things Must Change"
Personnel
Richie Havens - vocal, arrangements
Pino Daniele - arrangements, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards
Allan Goldberg - arrangements
Joe Amoruso - keyboards
Jennifer Lessing - backing vocals
Linda Wesley - backing vocals
Jeremy Meek - bass
Tullio De Piscopo - drums
Enzo Avitabile - flute
Kelvin Bullen - guitar
Aldo Banfi - synclavier
Danny Cummings - percussion
Mel Collins - saxophone
Arnold David Clapman - cover artwork
Releases
The album was released on vinyl and tape.
Notes and sources
External links
http://www.allmusic.com/album/common-ground-mw0000845901
Category:Richie Havens albums
Category:1983 albums
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Andreas Schlüter (film)
Andreas Schlüter is a 1942 German historical drama film directed by Herbert Maisch and starring Heinrich George, Mila Kopp and Olga Tschechowa. It portrays the life of the eighteenth century German architect Andreas Schlüter.
The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hermann Asmus, Kurt Herlth and Robert Herlth.
Cast
Heinrich George as Andreas Schlüter
Mila Kopp as Elisabeth Schlüter
Olga Tschechowa as Countess Vera Orlewska
Theodor Loos as Prince Friedrich III.
Dorothea Wieck as Princess Charlotte
Marianne Simson as Leonore Schlüter
Karl John as Bildhauer Martin Böhme, ihr Bräutigam
Herbert Hübner as Minister Johann von Wartenberg
Ernst Fritz Fürbringer as Baron Eosander, Hofarchitekt
Eduard von Winterstein as Naumann, ein Freund Schlüters
Emil Heß as Ratgeber Dankelmann
Max Gülstorff as Geheimrat Kraut
Robert Taube as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Paul Dahlke as Ore Caster Johann Jacobi
Christian Kayßler as Prince von Anhalt-Dessau
Trude Haefelin as Mrs. von Pöllnitz
Franz Schafheitlin as Mr. von Harms
Otto Graf as Count Flemming
Ernst Legal as Professor Sturm
Paul Westermeier as Gießmeister Wenzel
Ernst Rotmund as Grünberg
Karl Hannemann as Dietze
Peter Elsholtz as Der Agitator
Hans Meyer-Hanno as Der Bauführer
Helmut Heyne as Der Zeichner
Carl Günther as Der Rittmeister
Herwart Grosse as Sekretär bei Wartenberg
Valy Arnheim as Zeremonienmeister
Hans Waschatko as Obermarschall
Klaus Pohl as Ein Kommissionsmitglied
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:1942 films
Category:German films
Category:Films of Nazi Germany
Category:German biographical drama films
Category:1940s biographical drama films
Category:German-language films
Category:Films directed by Herbert Maisch
Category:Films set in the 17th century
Category:Films set in the 1700s
Category:Films set in Berlin
Category:Terra Film films
Category:German historical films
Category:1940s historical films
Category:German black-and-white films
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Ohio State Route 261
State Route 261 (SR 261) is an east–west state highway located in northeastern Ohio that passes through Medina, Summit, and Portage counties. At a length of , SR 261 runs from a signalized intersection with SR 94 in Wadsworth to a signalized T-intersection with SR 59 in Franklin Township just east of Kent.
State Route 261's routing is more complicated than other state highways, frequently changing streets and direction. It runs through downtown Akron as two sets of one-way surface streets. It has a divided highway section from the outskirts of southern Kent to just east of SR 43. This divided section was originally planned to be limited access and tie in with another highway, SR 435, but this plan was never implemented.
History
SR 261 was commissioned in 1928 between SR 18, in Tallmadge, and Kent. In 1930 the highway was extended southwest to SR 8 in Akron. The route was extended west to Wadsworth, in 1937. The southeast section of the Kent bypass, between SR 43 and SR 59 opened between 1969 and 1971, with SR 261 be rerouted onto it then. The bypass of Kent west of SR 43 was completed in 1972, with SR 261 being rerouted onto that section then. In 1983 the highway was rerouted towards the northwest in the City of Akron.
Major intersections
References
External links
261
Category:Transportation in Medina County, Ohio
Category:Transportation in Portage County, Ohio
Category:Transportation in Summit County, Ohio
Category:Transportation in Akron, Ohio
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New San Jose Builders Victorias
The New San Jose Builders Victorias were a professional women's volleyball club in the Philippine Superliga (PSL). It was owned by New San Jose Builders, Inc., a real estate firm, and participated in the 2016 PSL Invitational Cup. The team was composed of players from the Perpetual Help Altas women's volleyball team with two guest players from DLSU-D Patriots and the EAC Generals.
For the succeeding indoor conference, the team partnered with Sonia Trading, Inc. (distributor of Amy's Kitchen food products) and played as Amy's Kitchen-Perpetual.
Honors
Team
References
See also
Amy's Kitchen-Perpetual
Category:Volleyball clubs in the Philippines
Category:Philippine Super Liga
Category:2016 establishments in the Philippines
Category:Volleyball clubs established in 2016
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Original (disambiguation)
Originality is the quality of novelty or newness in created works.
Original or The Originals may also refer to:
Books and publishing
The Original Magazine, arts and culture magazine in Pittsburgh
The Originals (comics), a 2004 graphic novel by Dave Gibbons
Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World, a 2017 book by American psychologist Adam Grant
Films and television
Original series, a media term
Original (film), a 2009 Danish/Swedish film
The Originals (film), a 2017 Egyptian film
The Originals (TV series), American TV series
The Originals (season 1), 2013
The Originals (season 2), 2014
The Originals (season 3), 2015
"The Original" (Westworld), an episode
Original Film, an American film production company
Original Productions, an American television production company
Music
Bands
The Originals (band), Detroit soul group, backing singers to Marvin Gaye
Rosie and the Originals
The Original (band), a dance music group known for their 1994 single "I Luv U Baby"
Original P, a funk band
Albums
Original, a 2004 album by Ella Koon
Originals (Kurupt album), a compilation album by Kurupt
Originals (Prince album), a compilation album by Prince
The Originals (Kiss album), 3-album re-release by Kiss
The Originals (The Statler Brothers album), 1979
The Originals, compilation album by Jethro Tull
The Original, an album by Remady & Manu-L
The Original (Burning Spear album), 1992
The Original (Sarai album), 2003
Songs
"Original" (Leftfield song), 1995
"Original" (Cir.Cuz song), a 2015 song by Norwegian duo Cir.Cuz featuring Emilia
"D. Original", a 1994 song by Jeru the Damaja
Other uses
Original (catamaran) (19th century), a catamaran built by Englishman Mayflower Crisp in Rangoon, Burma* Originality (album)
Original Software, a UK software-testing products and services company
The Original All Blacks, a New Zealand rugby team
The Originals (website), a book series and now website about every possible song or musical composition and its covers
See also
Origin (disambiguation)
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San Antonio Marriott Rivercenter
Marriott Rivercenter is a hotel located in San Antonio, Texas, USA. At a tip height of 546 feet (166 meters), the 38-floor hotel is the tallest building and second tallest structure in the city (the Tower of the Americas is taller). It is also the tallest hotel in Texas outside of Dallas. Its roof height, however, is 441 feet (134 meters), 3 feet shorter than the Weston Centre.
The hotel, which was completed in 1988, is located across the Riverwalk from the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center and overlooks the Rivercenter lagoon, an expansion branch of the famous San Antonio River Walk. The hotel is connected to the Rivercenter Mall at two levels and has direct access to the Riverwalk. The building was designed by RTKL Associates and is intended to emulate the twin bell towers of Mission Concepcion or the Cathedral of San Fernando.
The hotel is currently owned by Host Hotels and Resorts, along with the neighboring property Marriott RiverWalk located directly across Commerce St.
Both properties are managed by Marriott International.
In popular culture
Exterior shots of the building were used for the purgatory, "13th Floor" home of a newlywed couple that crashed into the building in the short lived Aaron Spelling syndicated television show Heaven Help Us.
See also
List of tallest buildings in San Antonio
References
Marriott Rivercenter at Emporis.com
Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1988
Category:Hotels established in 1988
Category:Skyscraper hotels in San Antonio
Category:Marriott International
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Java (programming language)
Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based, object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub,
particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.
Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).
The latest versions are Java 13, released in September 2019, and Java 11, a currently supported long-term support (LTS) version, released on September 25, 2018; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use, while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020. Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Since Java 9 (and 10 and 12) is no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version (currently Java 13) or an LTS release.
History
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee, the coffee from Indonesia. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar.
Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.
In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.
On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.
Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an evangelist. Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency. This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see the Android section).
On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.
In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.
Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers.
Principles
There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:
It must be simple, object-oriented, and familiar.
It must be robust and secure.
It must be architecture-neutral and portable.
It must execute with high performance.
It must be interpreted, threaded, and dynamic.
Versions
, Java 8 is supported; and both Java 8 and 11 as Long Term Support (LTS) versions. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:
JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)
JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1996)
J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)
J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)
J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)
J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)
Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)
Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)
Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014)
Java SE 9 (September 21, 2017)
Java SE 10 (March 20, 2018)
Java SE 11 (September 25, 2018)
Java SE 12 (March 19, 2019)
Java SE 13 (September 17, 2019)
Editions
Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are:
Java Card for smart-cards.
Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) – targeting environments with limited resources.
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) – targeting workstation environments.
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) – targeting large distributed enterprise or Internet environments.
The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, and exceptions. Refer to the separate platforms for a description of the packages available.
Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings.
Execution system
Java JVM and Bytecode
One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support.
This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their machine for standalone Java applications, or in a web browser for Java applets.
Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.
The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine for it, which translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language.
Performance
Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock free implementations of the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6.
Non-JVM
Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM-based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.
Automatic memory management
Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a non-existent object are called, a null pointer exception is thrown.
One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and complexity. Note that garbage collection does not prevent logical memory leaks, i.e. those where the memory is still referenced but never used.
Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.
Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.
As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons.
Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the parallel scavenge garbage collector. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap. For 90% of applications in Java, the Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS) garbage collector is sufficient. Oracle aims to replace CMS with the Garbage-First Collector (G1).
Having solved the memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kind of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions.
Syntax
The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the method).
Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces.
Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE.
Hello world example
The traditional Hello world program can be written in Java as:
public class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Prints the string to the console.
}
}
Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorldApp.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file with the .class suffix (HelloWorldApp.class, in this case). Only then can it be executed, or launched. The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with a non-public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file contains multiple classes, it is necessary to make one class (introduced by the class keyword) public (preceded by the public keyword) and name the source file with that public class name.
A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer.
The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers include the keywords private and protected.
The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are not designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class to operate.
The keyword void indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly.
The method name main is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a main() method. A Java program may contain multiple classes that have main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class to launch from.
The main method must accept an array of objects. By convention, it is referenced as args although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java 5, the main method can also use variable arguments, in the form of public static void main(String... args), allowing the main method to be invoked with an arbitrary number of String arguments. The effect of this alternate declaration is semantically identical (to the args parameter which is still an array of String objects), but it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array.
The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its public static void main(String[]) method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The String[] args parameter is an array of objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to main are often passed by means of a command line.
Printing is part of a Java standard library: The class defines a public static field called . The out object is an instance of the class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including which also appends a new line to the passed string.
The string "Hello World!" is automatically converted to a String object by the compiler.
Example with methods
// This is an example of a single line comment using two slashes
/*
* This is an example of a multiple line comment using the slash and asterisk.
* This type of comment can be used to hold a lot of information or deactivate
* code, but it is very important to remember to close the comment.
*/
package fibsandlies;
import java.util.HashMap;
/**
* This is an example of a Javadoc comment; Javadoc can compile documentation
* from this text. Javadoc comments must immediately precede the class, method,
* or field being documented.
*/
public class FibCalculator extends Fibonacci implements Calculator {
private static Map<Integer, Integer> memoized = new HashMap<>();
/*
* The main method written as follows is used by the JVM as a starting point
* for the program.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
memoized.put(1, 1);
memoized.put(2, 1);
System.out.println(fibonacci(12)); // Get the 12th Fibonacci number and print to console
}
/**
* An example of a method written in Java, wrapped in a class.
* Given a non-negative number FIBINDEX, returns
* the Nth Fibonacci number, where N equals FIBINDEX.
*
* @param fibIndex The index of the Fibonacci number
* @return the Fibonacci number
*/
public static int fibonacci(int fibIndex) {
if (memoized.containsKey(fibIndex)) return memoized.get(fibIndex);
else {
int answer = fibonacci(fibIndex - 1) + fibonacci(fibIndex - 2);
memoized.put(fibIndex, answer);
return answer;
}
}
}
Special classes
Applet
Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser. The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 8 in 2017.
Servlet
Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses (typically HTML pages) to requests (typically HTTP requests) from clients.
The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded by two standard Java technologies for web services:
the Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST services, and
the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) useful for SOAP Web Services.
JavaServer Pages
JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet, a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response.
Swing application
Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of the underlying platforms.
JavaFX application
JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications, as well as rich Internet applications (RIAs) that can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the standard GUI library for Java SE, but both will be included for the foreseeable future. JavaFX has support for desktop computers and web browsers on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. JavaFX does not have support for native OS look and feels.
Generics
In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors (ClassCastExceptions) from occurring, it would be type safe.
In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound.
Criticism
Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers, the implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot.
Class libraries
The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy during the 2010s. The class library contains features such as:
The core libraries, which include:
IO/NIO
Networking
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
Functional programming (Lambda, Streaming)
Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries, trees, sets, queues and double-ended queue, or stacks
XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
Security
Internationalization and localization libraries
The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
RMI and CORBA for distributed application development
JMX for managing and monitoring applications
User interface libraries, which include:
The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling events from those components
The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native) implementations of the AWT widgetry
APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
JavaFX
A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means by which the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third party applications are executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end users across the Internet
Licensing and documentation
Documentation
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and */, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are set off with the delimiters /* and */.
Implementations
Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for XP, while only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organization, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard.
The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger. Oracle has also released GraalVM, a high performance Java dynamic compiler and interpreter.
OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.
The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be compatible. This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun. As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows.
Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications.
Use outside the Java platform
The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed.
Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications with its own GUI system.
Android
The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android, built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications but does not use any of its standard GUI, SE, ME or other established Java standards. The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime.
Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony).
Controversy
The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices. District Judge William Haskell Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted, but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014. On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use. On March 2018, this ruling was overturned by the Appeals Court, which sent down the case of determining the damages to federal court in San Francisco.
Google filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States in January 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court towards Oracle's favor.
See also
C#
C++
Dalvik, used in old Android versions, replaced by non-JIT Android Runtime
Deterministic Parallel Java
List of Java virtual machines
List of Java APIs
List of JVM languages
Comparison of Java with other languages
Comparison of C# and Java
Comparison of Java and C++
Works Cited
References
External links
Category:Articles with example Java code
Category:C programming language family
Category:Class-based programming languages
Category:Computer-related introductions in 1995
Category:Concurrent programming languages
Programming language
Programming language
Category:JVM programming languages
Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages
Category:Object-oriented programming languages
Category:Programming languages created in 1995
Category:Programming languages
Category:Statically typed programming languages
Category:Sun Microsystems
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Chapelnoye
Chapelnoye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Volokonovsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 305 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.
References
Category:Rural localities in Belgorod Oblast
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Easy Does It (Julie London album)
Easy Does It is a 1968 album by singer Julie London.
By 1967, Julie London was on her way to exiting her long-term contract with Liberty Records. The album was released by Liberty Records under catalog number LRP-3546 as a monophonic recording and LST-7546 as a stereophonic.
Track listing
"Show Me the Way to Go Home"* - (Irving King aka Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly) - 2:39
"Me and My Shadow"* - (Dave Dreyer, Billy Rose, Al Jolson) - 3:00
"This Can't Be Love"* - (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 3:31
"Spring Will Be a Little Late This Year"** - (Frank Loesser) - 2:55
"Soon It's Gonna Rain"* - (Harvey Schmidt, Tome Jones) - 2:43
"I'll See You in My Dreams"** - (Isham Jones, Gus Kahn) - 3:41-
"April in Paris" - (Vernon Duke, Yip Harburg) - 3:20
"Bidin' My Time" - (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 3:50
"The Man I Love" - (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 3:29
"It Had to Be You" - (Isham Jones, Gus Kahn) - 3:34
"We'll Be Together Again" - (Carl T. Fischer, Frankie Laine) - 2:59
"The One I Love Belongs to Someone Else" - (Bronislaw Kaper, Walter Jurmann, Gus Kahn) - 2:26
Personnel
Julie London - vocals
Kirk Stuart - piano, organ, arranger
John Gray - guitar
Don Bagley - double bass, arranger*
Earl Palmer - drums
Allyn Ferguson - arranger**
Notes
References
Category:Liberty Records albums
Category:1968 albums
Category:Julie London albums
Category:albums arranged by Allyn Ferguson
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Sermyla riqueti
Sermyla riqueti is a species of brackish water and freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae.
Ecology
The pollution tolerance value is 3 (on scale 0–10; 0 is the best water quality, 10 is the worst water quality).
References
Category:Thiaridae
Category:Gastropods described in 1840
Category:Freshwater molluscs of Oceania
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Fatty Lawrence
Robert Landy "Fatty" Lawrence (May 6, 1903 – August, 1976) was a college football player who went on to become the superintendent of Nashville’s Water and Sewerage Services Department from 1932 to 1971; namesake of the Robert L. Lawrence, Jr., Filtration Plant. He was the father of William P. Lawrence.
Vanderbilt University
Lawrence was a prominent guard for Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores football team of Vanderbilt University from 1921 to 1924. He was a part of three conference titles.
1922
In the second week of play of 1922 against Henderson-Brown, Vanderbilt won 33 to 0. Lawrence recovered a fumble in the end zone for Vanderbilt's fourth touchdown. Lawrence also intercepted a pass in the scoreless tie with Michigan. He was mentioned as one of the players of the game in the 14 to 6 victory over Tennessee. The Nashville Banner said Lawrence had been "in there doing a man's job blocking a kick and tackling with the deadliness of a tiger unleashed in a cave of lions."
1924
He was selected All-Southern by his teammates.
References
Category:1903 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:Vanderbilt Commodores football players
Category:American football guards
Category:Players of American football from Tennessee
Category:People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Category:Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
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Politics of Punjab, India
Politics in reorganised present-day Punjab is dominated by mainly two parties. One is Shiromani Akali Dal(Badal) and the other is Indian National Congress. Since 1967, Chief Minister of Punjab has been predominantly from Jat Sikh community despite its 21 percent state population. Only exception was Giani Zail Singh, the Chief Minister of Punjab from 17 March 1972 to 30 April 1977 belonging to Other Backward Class (Ramgarhia OBC) community that has population of 31.3 percent. However Scheduled Castes (Dalit) community never had Chief Minister from community or proper representation in Government, despite having 32 percent population in the state. Other prominent party is Bahujan Samaj Party especially in Doaba region. In 1992 BSP won 9 seats Vidhan Sabha elections. Also BSP won 3 lok sabha seats from Punjab in 1996 general elections
and only Garhshanker seat in 1997 Vidhan Sabha elections. Communist parties too have some influence in the Malwa area. In the 2014 general elections, the first-time contesting Aam Aadmi Party got 4 out of 13 seats in Punjab by winning 34 of the total 117 assembly segments, coming second in 7, third in 73 and fourth in the rest 3 segments. The support for the Aam Aadmi Party increased later in Punjab. The current Government was elected in the 2017 Punjab Assembly elections and the Congress won 77 out of 117 Assembly seats with Captain Amarinder Singh as the current Chief Minister. The AAP, fighting its first assembly election in the state, won 20 seats. The incumbent BJP-SAD alliance came third with 18 seats.
History
Pre-1947 period
Before 1947 partition of Punjab, politics were dominated by Unionist Party as it was main party in united Punjab especially seen in 1937 elections.
1947–1966
During 1947-1966 Punjab was undivided and consisted of present-day Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
and Chandigarh. This meant that both population and religion factor of whole state was mixed and politics were dominated by Indian National Congress.
Political parties
Punjab has many political parties but only eight parties recognized by Election Commission of India and having presence in the state:
National parties in Punjab
Indian National Congress
Bhartiya Janta Party
Bahujan Samaj Party
Communist Party of India (Marxist) (Limited presence in Punjab)
Communist Party of India (Limited presence in Punjab)
Recognized state parties in Punjab
Aam Aadmi Party
Shiromani Akali Dal
Other Parties
Lok Insaaf Party
Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)
Punjab Ekta Party
Punjab Front
Revolutionary Marxist Party of India
Alliances in Punjab
National Democratic Alliance
Punjab Democratic Alliance
United Progressive Alliance
Constituencies
Following is the list of Parliamentary constituencies (PC) and Assembly constituencies (AC) of Punjab:-
See also
List of Incumbent Members of Parliament from Punjab, India
2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly
Politics of India
Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab, India
History of the Punjab
Punjabi people
Convener of Aam Aadmi Party (Punjab, India)
References
Category:Political parties in India
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Knefastia howelli
Knefastia howelli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
The length of the shell attains 31 mm, its diameter 11 mm.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Costa Rica.
References
External links
Zoologica : scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society.Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XLIII. Mollusks from the West Coast of Mexico and Central America Part X; Zoologica v. 36, 1951
Biolib.cz: Image of Knefastia howelli
Gastropods.com: Knefastia howelli
howelli
Category:Gastropods described in 1951
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Clive Dring
Clive Frederick Dring (born 30 June 1934) is a former English cricketer who played one first-class cricket match for Kent County Cricket Club. He was a right-handed batsman.
Dring was born in Shooter's Hill in metropolitan Kent in 1934. He was first spotted as a potential cricketer as a schoolboy and was selected for the Evening News Colts programme. He made four Minor Counties Championship appearances for the Kent Second XI between 1951 and 1955. His only first-class appearance came in 1955 against Lancashire at Old Trafford.
References
External links
Category:1934 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Shooter's Hill
Category:English cricketers
Category:Kent cricketers
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2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas
The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas will be held on November 3, 2020, to elect the four U.S. Representatives from the state of Kansas, one from each of the state's four congressional districts. The elections will coincide with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.
District 1
The 1st district takes in over half of Kansas, encompassing rural western and northern Kansas, including Manhattan, Salina, Dodge City, Emporia, Garden City, Hays and Hutchinson. The incumbent is Republican Roger Marshall, who was reelected with 68.1% of the vote in 2018. Marshall announced on September 7, 2019, that he would not be running for re-election, instead Marshall opted to run for the open U.S. Senate seat in Kansas.
Republican primary
Candidates
Declared
William Clifford, Finney County commissioner
Tracey Mann, former Lieutenant Governor of Kansas
Michael Soetaert, reverend
Troy Waymaster, state representative
Potential
Ken Rahjes, state representative
Declined
Tim Huelskamp, former U.S. Representative for Kansas's 1st congressional district (2011–2017)
Roger Marshall, incumbent U.S. Representative (running for U.S. Senate)
Democratic primary
Candidates
Declared
Kali Barnett, teacher
Christy Davis, concert director
Brandon Williams, local Walmart manager
District 2
The 2nd district encompasses most of eastern Kansas from Nebraska to Oklahoma save the Kansas City metropolitan area, including both the cities of Topeka and Lawrence. The incumbent is Republican Steve Watkins, who was elected with 47.6% of the vote in 2018. In August 2019, Watkins evaded questions about his political future coming from reporters who encountered him at a Fort Scott constituent meeting in Southeast Kansas where he had been talking about aiding veterans. Kansas State Treasurer Jake LaTurner had declared his intention to run for the seat of retiring U.S. Senator Pat Roberts, but was persuaded by Republican party officials to instead run against Watkins.
Republican primary
Candidates
Declared
Jake LaTurner, Kansas State Treasurer
Steve Watkins, incumbent U.S. Representative
Democratic primary
Candidates
Declared
Michelle De La Isla, mayor of Topeka
Withdrawn
Abbie Hodgson, former speechwriter for former Governor of Kansas Kathleen Sebelius
Endorsements
District 3
The 3rd district encompasses the Kansas City metropolitan area, including Kansas City, Overland Park, Lenexa, Shawnee, Spring Hill, DeSoto and Olathe. The incumbent is Democrat Sharice Davids, who was elected with 53.6% of the vote in 2018, unseating four-term Republican incumbent Kevin Yoder.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Declared
Sharice Davids, incumbent U.S. Representative.
Republican primary
Candidates
Declared
Amanda Adkins, Cerner Corporation executive and former Kansas Republican Party chairwoman
Adrienne Foster, former mayor of Roeland Park and Small Business Administration official
Sara Hart Weir, former CEO of the National Down Syndrome Society
Declined
Kevin Yoder, former U.S. Representative
District 4
The 4th district is located in south-central Kansas, taking in Wichita and the surrounding suburbs, including Derby and Newton. The incumbent is Republican Ron Estes, who won the 2017 special election for the seat vacated by Mike Pompeo and was re-elected with 59.4% of the vote in 2018.
Republican primary
Candidates
Potential
Ron Estes, incumbent U.S. Representative
References
External links
Official campaign websites for 1st district candidates
Kali Barnett (D) for Congress
Bill Clifford (R) for Congress
Christy Davis (D) for Congress
Tracey Mann (R) for Congress
Michael Soetaert (R) for Congress
Troy Waymaster (R) for Congress
Official campaign websites for 2nd district candidates
Jake LaTurner (R) for Congress
Steve Watkins (R) for Congress
Official campaign websites for 3rd district candidates
Amanda Adkins (R) for Congress
Adrienne Foster (R) for Congress
Sara Hart Weir (R) for Congress
Official campaign websites for 4th district candidates
Ron Estes (R) for Congress
Kansas
2020
House
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Ostrów, Opatów County
Ostrów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarłów, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Tarłów, north-east of Opatów, and east of the regional capital Kielce.
The village has a population of 120.
References
Category:Villages in Opatów County
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Roger Wheeler (businessman)
Roger Milton Wheeler Sr. (February 27, 1926 – May 27, 1981) was an American businessman, the former chairman of Telex Corp. and former owner of World Jai Alai. In 1981, he was murdered at age 55 in his car.
Early life
Roger Milton Wheeler was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Sidney Sea Wheeler and Florence Edith (née Kendall) Wheeler on February 27, 1926. He served in the United States Navy from June 28, 1943 until July 1, 1946.
Death
On May 27, 1981, he was murdered in his car while preparing to leave Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma, following his weekly game of golf.
He was purportedly murdered for uncovering an embezzlement scheme that was going on at his business, World Jai Alai. After retiring from the FBI, H. Paul Rico took a job as head of security for World Jai Alai. He saw the perfect opportunity to set up his former confidential informants Whitey Bulger and Steve Flemmi in a skimming operation there. The Winter Hill Gang was thought to have skimmed $10,000 per week from the parking lot operation at World Jai Alai, but this was never proven.
Upon discovering the thefts, Wheeler investigated; this created major problems for Bulger's group, and led to five or six murders, two of which remain unsolved. When a Bulger underling expressed relief that the emergency was finally over, Bulger replied: "No, it's not over… Roger Wheeler was a multi-millionaire… and he was connected. So dig in… because it's gonna go on for as long as it has to."
On March 14, 2001, three members of the Winter Hill Gang — Bulger, Flemmi and Johnny Martorano — were indicted for Wheeler's murder; two other alleged co-conspirators were already dead. In a plea bargain, Martorano confessed to some 20 murders by the gang, including Wheeler's. He was given a 15-year sentence, but was released in 2007 after serving only six years. Flemmi also pleaded guilty to the murder of Wheeler and others and is serving a life sentence. Bulger became a fugitive and was on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list from August 19, 1999, until his capture on June 22, 2011. In 2003, Rico, the former head of security for World Jai Alai and an associate of Bulger's, was also indicted for Wheeler's murder. He pleaded not guilty and died of natural causes while in custody awaiting his trial.
In popular culture
Wheeler's case was covered in the first-ever episode of long-running investigative show Unsolved Mysteries in January 1987.
In the Whitey Bulger biopic Black Mass (2015), Wheeler is portrayed by David De Beck.
References
External links
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Detective Mike Huff about his investigation into Whitey Bulgers involvement in the murder of Tulsan Roger Wheeler. First-person interview conducted on June 13, 2013 with Detective Mike Huff concerning his investigation into Whitey Bulger's involvement in the murder of Tulsan Roger Wheeler.
Roger Wheeler at Find a Grave
Category:1926 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:Murdered businesspeople
Category:People murdered in Oklahoma
Category:Deaths by firearm in Oklahoma
Category:Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Category:People murdered by the Winter Hill Gang
Category:American murder victims
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
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Barh
Barh is a town and subdivision in Patna district of Bihar, India.It is located on the southern bank of the Ganga River. It is well known for Umanath (Shiv Temple on shore of the Ganga). Umanath is a famous place for Hindu ritual cremation.
It is also famous for the Alakhnath Temple. Lai of Barh is famous for its rich taste. Lai is a sweet that looks like Laddu.
Etymology
Barh was one of the largest lentil- and pulse-producing regions of India during the British Raj. Situated on the southern bank of the river Ganges, some east of Patna, the town was a stopover for ships sailing to and from Calcutta, ferrying grains and lentils. The town's name may have derived from the Persian word bargah, which translates as 'twelfth' in English, as Barh's position in the order of such stopovers was twelfth.
The town is low-lying and was frequently flooded by the Ganges before the Bandh Road was constructed. The Hindi word for a flood is barh, and it has been alternatively suggested as the etymological origin of the name. Other sources suggest that the first sitting of the Bar in India was held here in 1884. Before this event the name of the town was Umanath Nagar, after the local Umanath Temple. After the event, the town began to be called Bar, as shown in various maps of India from 1834 to 1896, and Barh thereafter.
Demographics
India census, Barh block had a total population of 3,16,348, with 1,62,354 males and 1,53,994 females. Barh has an average literacy rate of 60%.
Places to visit
Umanath Mandir,
Alakhnath Mandir,
Shiv Shakti Dham Barh Bazar Machchhalhatta,
Vaishno Dham Mandir,
Gauri Shankar Mandir,
Gopinath Mandir Barh Bazar,
NTPC Barh.
Sati asthan,
Politics
Barh returns a member to the Bihar Legislative Assembly and forms part of the Munger Parliamentary Constituency. It is also the oldest subdivision of India.
History
Barh has been a prominent trading satellite town of patna even in pre-mughal and British period.
It was an intermediary town between river trade in patna and kolkata.
We find numerous references to barh in travelogues by european visitors and also in historical chronicles of islamic historians.
Peace Treaty of Barh
In 1495 pre-mughal period after sack of patna, Sikandar Lodi advanced towards bengal but a non-aggression pact was made between Delhi and Bengal armies led by hussain shah, whereby it was decided that territory to the east of Barh will be in control of Bengal ruler, while those to west in control of Delhi empire.
Sarai
In Mughal period, being a prominent trading destination ,Barh had a big sarai with 200 rooms made for travellers/traders made by Sher Shah Suri, which were of fine quality and have been mentioned by John marshall an East India company visitor during his visit to bengal in 1671 under reign of Aurangzeb .
Sufi saints Barh was popular site for sufi culture . Qadri saint of all-bihar importance was Diwan Syed Muhammad Jafar Binodpuri of Barh and had prominent followers during 1670-1690s.
Resistance to Maratha armies In 1748 Alivardi Khan(Nawab of Bengal army) camped in barh and defeated Marathas(under Mir Habib) at kala diara near bakhtiyarpur after they had sacked patna during one of the Maratha invasions of Bengal
Mir Qasim seize 1763. After the Battle of plassey (1757), the British had taken gradual control of Bihar. Mir Qasim (son in law of Mir jafar who had ditched siraj ud daulah in battle of Plassey) came from munger, butchered financial bankers jagat seth (who were supposed to be allies of the Britisher) at Barh before going on to raid Patna which had been now occupied by the Britisher. But eventually he lost in Battle of Buxar and Barh and Patna fell firmly under the dominance of the British Empire.
Rennell's Survey in 1776 James Rennell also called Father of Indian survey carried out a survey of Bengal and listed prominent destinations in Bengal. Barh(called Bar there) is prominently displayed on 1776 map implying it was prominent trading destination.
Trade
Barh was an important transit point for saltpetre(potassium nitrate) trade , which was widely used in explosives, making beautiful glasses and later on in fertilisers. Barh was also known for its high quality chameli ka tel (jasmine oil) which was exported.
Buchanan travelogues
in 1812 Botanist Francis Buchanan-Hamilton describes 5000 houses(≈30,000) people in barh town and many respectable muslim families living here.
Barh Dispensary.
In 1867. Barh dispendsary was opened by Britishers. in 1871 around 2500 patients seen/yr ≈25 per working day, floods damaged dispensary in 1871. restored by 1874 around 3768 patients seen/year.
Municipality Barh was also converted into a full-fledged municipality in 1870.
Barh Railway line On 10 November 1877, barh railway station was opened for public.
Plague Between 1890s to 1910, Barh and Patna were afflicted by plague. The population of extended Barh subdivision decreased from 4,08,256 in 1891 to 365,327 in 1901 due to plague.
Sati Incident in 1928, a young widow sampati kuer from Berhna village committed sati on funeral pyre of her deceased husband. British government suspected foul play and sentenced 10 people to prison including her brother Murlidhar pandey from berhna since sati pratha was outlawed 100 years back by British government. However villagers see this incident as miraculous, and the relevant site is commemorated as a special place of worship called sati sthan at old umanath temple in barh.
Transport
Barh lies on National Highway 31 which connects it to major cities. The town also has a railway station with the same name. Its major traffic is on Station Road.
NTPC Barh
NTPC Limited is India's largest power-generating company. The then prime minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, laid the foundation stone of the main plant of stage 1 of NTPC Barh Super Thermal Power Station on 6 March 1999. Then Union power minister Sushil Kumar Shinde inaugurated the main plant house of stage 2 of NTPC Barh on 29 May 2006. Around 3.3 GW of coal-generated power will be added at Barh. The three-unit 1.98 GW Barh I is being built by Russian firm Technopromexport (TPE), and the other two-unit 1.32 GW Barh II extension is being built by BHEL. On 12 October 2013, 660MW unit of NTPC Barh was synchronised with the grid.
References
Category:Cities and towns in Patna district
Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna
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Barry Cougle
Barry Cougle (born 28 May 1938) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Category:Living people
Category:1938 births
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Geelong Football Club players
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Tampax
Tampax (a portmanteau of tampon and pack) is a brand of tampon currently owned by Procter & Gamble and sold in over 100 countries.
The brand and product were created by Dr. Earle Haas, who filed a patent in the 1930s. The original product was designed from the start as flushable and biodegradeable.
In 1937, Tampax worked with the McCann Erickson agency for its marketing campaigns and in 1949 Tampax appeared in more than 50 magazines. From 1930s to 1940s Tampax chose sportswomen as their brand ambassadors.
During World War II, Tampax produced wound dressings for the military.
Tampax conducted medical studies in 1945 to prove the safety of tampons.
In 1984, the company was renamed Tambrands Inc.
Tampax was based in White Plains, New York until its sale to Procter & Gamble in 1997.
Marketing for the product includes the company's BeingGirl website.
References
External links
The Tampax FAQ website for young girls about puberty
Category:Procter & Gamble brands
Category:Feminine hygiene brands
Category:Products introduced in 1931
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Bryansk constituency
The Bryansk single-member constituency (No. 77) is a Russian legislative constituency in the Bryansk Oblast.
Members elected
By-elections are shown in italics.
Election results
2016
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Vladimir Zhutenkov
|United Russia
|166,146
|58.6%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Alexander Bogomaz
|Yabloko
|29,684
|10.5%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Konstantin Pavlov
|Communist Party
|27,840
|9.8%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Dmitry Vinokurov
|Liberal Democratic Party
|25,644
|9.0%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Valery Khramchenkov
|A Just Russia
|9,640
|3.4%
|-
|style="background: #E62020;"|
|Yelena Shanina
|Communists of Russia
|9,090
|3.2%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Aleksey Alkhimov
|Patriots of Russia
|3,973
|1.4%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Roman Lobzin
|Rodina
|3,563
|1.3%
|-
|style="background: #0047AB;"|
|Mikhail Lelebin
|Party of Growth
|3,191
|1.1%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Dmitry Kornilov
|Civic Platform
|2,450
|0.9%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| 281,221
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
2017
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Boris Paikin
|Liberal Democratic Party
|93,794
|52.0%
|-
|style="background-color: #0047AB" |
|Sergey Gorelov
|Party of Growth
|17,120
|9.5%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Alexander Kupriyanov
|Communist Party
|16,911
|9.3%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Sergey Kursenko
|A Just Russia
|11,123
|6.2%
|-
|style="background: #1E90FF;"|
|Vladimir Vorozhtsov
|Party of Pensioners
|8,814
|4.9%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Konstantin Kasaminsky
|Patriots of Russia
|6,928
|3.8%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Olga Matokhina
|Yabloko
|6,746
|3.7%
|-
|style="background: #E62020;"|
|Sergey Malinkovič
|Communists of Russia
|6,159
|3.4%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|Nikolay Alexeyenko
|Rodina
|4,890
|2.7%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| 172,485
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
Sources
77. Брянский одномандатный избирательный округ
References
Category:Russian legislative constituencies
Category:Politics of Bryansk Oblast
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Hyperbolic navigation
Hyperbolic navigation is a class of obsolete radio navigation systems in which a navigation receiver instrument on a ship or aircraft is used to determine location based on the difference in timing of radio waves received from fixed land-based radio navigation beacon transmitters. Measuring the difference in timing (phase) of radio signals received from two beacons gives the difference in distance of the receiver from the beacons. Plotting all of the potential locations of the receiver for the measured delay localizes the receiver to a hyperbolic line on a chart. Taking timing measurements from two pairs of beacons gives two such hyperbolic lines, and the receiver's location is at the intersection of the lines. The two lines may intersect in two points, in which case other navigation information is used to determine which point is the receiver's location.
Hyperbolic location systems were first used during World War I in acoustic location systems for locating enemy artillery. The sound of a shell being fired was received by several microphones, and the time of reception sent to a computing center to plot the location. These systems were used into World War II. The first hyperbolic radio navigation system was the World War II-era Gee, introduced by the Royal Air Force for use by RAF Bomber Command. This was followed by the Decca Navigator System in 1944 by the Royal Navy, along with LORAN by the US Navy for long-range navigation at sea. Post war examples including the well-known US Coast Guard LORAN-C, the international Omega system, and the Soviet Alpha and CHAYKA. All of these systems saw use until their wholesale replacement by satellite navigation systems like the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the 1990s.
Basic concepts
Timing-based navigation
Consider two ground-based radio stations located at a set distance from each other, say 300 km so that they are exactly 1 ms apart at light speed. Both stations are equipped with identical transmitters set to broadcast a short pulse at a specific frequency. One of these stations, called the "secondary" is also equipped with a radio receiver. When this receiver hears the signal from the other station, referred to as the "master", it triggers its own broadcast. The master station can then broadcast any series of pulses, with the secondary hearing these and generating the same series after a 1 ms delay.
Consider a portable receiver located on the midpoint of the line drawn between the two stations, known as the baseline. In this case, the signals will, necessarily, take 0.5 ms to reach the receiver. By measuring this time, they could determine that they are precisely 150 km from both stations, and thereby exactly determine their location. If the receiver moves to another location along the line, the timing of the signals would change. For instance, if they time the signals at 0.25 and 0.75 ms, they are 75 km from the closer station and 225 from the further.
If the receiver moves to the side of the baseline, the delay from both stations will grow. At some point, for instance, they will measure a delay of 1 and 1.5 ms, which implies the receiver is 300 km from one station and 450 from the other. If one draws circles of 300 and 450 km radius around the two stations on a chart, the circles will intersect at two points. With any additional source of navigation information, one of these two intersections can be eliminated as a possibility, and thus reveal their exact location, or "fix".
Absolute vs. differential timing
There is a serious practical problem with this approach - in order to measure the time it took for the signals to reach the receiver, the receiver must know the precise time that the signal was originally sent. This is not possible in the case of uncooperative signal sources (like enemy artillery) and even in modern times, GPS receivers with atomic clocks synchronized to the spacecraft are very rare.
In the 1930s, such precise time measurements simply weren't possible; a clock of the required accuracy was difficult enough to build in fixed form, let alone portable. A high-quality crystal oscillator, for instance, drifts about 1 to 2 seconds in a month, or . This may sound small, but as light travels , this represents a drift of 400 m per hour. Only a few hours of flight time would render such a system unusable, a situation that remained in force until the introduction of commercial atomic clocks in the 1960s.
However, it is possible to accurately measure the difference between two signals. Much of the development of suitable equipment had been carried out between 1935 and 1938 as part of the efforts to deploy radar systems. The UK, in particular, had invested considerable effort in the development of their Chain Home system. The radar display systems for Chain Home were based on oscilloscopes (or oscillographs as they were known at time) triggered to start their sweep when the broadcast signal was sent. Return signals were amplified and sent into the 'scope display, producing a "blip". By measuring the distance along the face of the oscilloscope of any blips, the time between broadcast and reception could be measured, thus revealing the range to the target.
With very slight modification, the same display could be used to time the difference between two arbitrary signals. For navigational use, any number of identifying characteristics could be used to differentiate the master from the secondary signals. In this case, the portable receiver triggered its trace when it received the master signal. As the signals from secondary arrived they would cause a blip on the display in the same fashion as a target on the radar, and the exact delay between the master and secondary easily determined.
Hyperbolic navigation
Consider the same examples as our original absolute-timed cases. If the receiver is located on the midpoint of the baseline the two signals will be received at exactly the same time, so the delay between them will be zero. However, the delay will be zero not only if they are located 150 km from both stations and thus in the middle of the baseline, but also if they are located 200 km from both stations, and 300 km, and so forth. So in this case the receiver cannot determine their exact location, only that their location lies somewhere along a line perpendicular to the baseline.
In the second example the receivers determined the timing to be 0.25 and 0.75 ms, so this would produce a measured delay of 0.5 ms. There are many locations that can produce this difference - 0.25 and 0.75 ms, but also 0.3 and 0.8 ms, 0.5 and 1 ms, etc. If all of these possible locations are plotted, they form a hyperbolic curve centred on the baseline. Navigational charts can be drawn with the curves for selected delays, say every 0.1 ms. The operator can then determine which of these lines they lie on by measuring the delay and looking at the chart.
A single measurement reveals a range of possible locations, not a single fix. The solution to this problem is to simply add another secondary station at some other location. In this case two delays will be measured, one the difference between the master and secondary "A", and the other between the master and secondary "B". By looking up both delay curves on the chart, two intersections will be found, and one of these can be selected as the likely location of the receiver. This is a similar determination as in the case with direct timing/distance measurements, but the hyperbolic system consists of nothing more than a conventional radio receiver hooked to an oscilloscope.
Because a secondary could not instantaneously transmit its signal pulse on receipt of the master signal, a fixed delay was built into the signal. No matter what delay is selected, there will be some locations where the signal from two secondary would be received at the same time, and thus make them difficult to see on the display. Some method of identifying one secondary from another was needed. Common methods included transmitting from the secondary only at certain times, using different frequencies, adjusting the envelope of the burst of signal, or broadcasting several bursts in a particular pattern. A set of stations, master and secondaries, was known as a "chain". Similar methods are used to identify chains in the case where more than one chain may be received in a given location.
Operational systems
Meint Harms was the first to have attempted the construction of a hyperbolic navigation systems, starting with musings on the topic in 1931 as part of his master's examination at Seefahrtschule Lübeck (Navigation College). After taking the position of Professor for Mathematics, Physics and Navigation at the Kaisertor in Lübeck, Harms tried to demonstrate hyperbolic navigation making use of simple transmitters and receivers. On 18 February 1932 he received Reichspatent-Nr. 546000 for his invention.
Gee
The first operational hyperbolic navigation was UK's Gee, first used experimentally by RAF Bomber Command in 1941. Gee was used both for bombing over Germany as well as navigation in the area of the UK, especially for landing at night. Several Gee chains were built in the UK, and after the war this expanded for four chains in the UK, two in France, and one in northern Germany. For a period following the formation of the International Civil Aviation Organization in 1946, Gee was considered as the basis for a worldwide standard for navigation, but the VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) system was selected instead, and the last Gee chain was eventually shut down in 1970.
Gee signals from a given chain were all sent on a single frequency. The master station sent two signals, the "A" signal that marked the beginning of a timing period, and the "D" signal which was essentially two "A"s to mark the end. In every period, one of the two secondaries would respond, alternating their "B" and "C" signals. The resulting pattern was "ABD…ACD…ABD…" A wide-band receiver was used to tune in chain and the output set to the operator's oscilloscope. As the stations were closely spaced in frequency, this sometimes resulted in the signals from several stations appearing on the display. To distinguish the chains in these cases, a second "A" signal, the "A1" or "ghost A", was sometimes keyed in, and the pattern of flashing on the display could be used to identify the chain.
The operator initially tuned in their receiver to see a stream of pulses on the display, sometimes including those of other chains which were nearby in frequency. He would then tune a local oscillator that started the trigger of the oscilloscope's trace so that it matched the clock at the master station (which could, and did, change over time). Next he would use a variable delay to move the start of the signal so one of the "A" pulses was at the very left side of the 'scope (the action is identical to the "horizontal hold" dial on an analog television). Finally the speed of the trace across the display would be tuned so the D pulse was just visible on the right. The distance of the B or C pulse from the A pulse could now be measured with an attached scale. The resulting delays could then be looked up on a navigational chart.
The display was relatively small, which limited resolution, and thus the determination of the delay. A measurement accuracy of 1 microsecond was quoted, which resulted in an accuracy of the determination of the correct hyperbolic to about 150 meters, and when two such measurements were combined the resulting fix accuracy was around 210 m. At longer ranges, 350 miles for example, the error ellipse was about 6 miles by 1 mile. The maximum range was about 450 miles, although several long-range fixes were made under unusual circumstances.
LORAN
The US had also considered hyperbolic navigation as early as 1940, and started a development effort known as Project 3 that was similar to Gee. Only halting progress had been made by the time they were introduced to Gee, which was already entering production. Gee was immediately selected for the 8th Air Force and the Project 3 team turned their attention to other uses, eventually considering convoy navigation in particular.
The new concept relied on the use of skywaves to allow the pulses to be received over very long ranges. This produced considerably more complex received signals than with Gee's line-of-sight system, and was more difficult to interpret. With that exception, however, the two systems were very similar in concept, and differed largely in frequency selections and the details of the pulse timing. Robert J. Dippy, inventor of Gee, moved to the US in mid-1942 to help with details of the ground stations. During this time he demanded that an airborne version of the receivers be made, and should be interchangeable with Gee. The resulting system emerged as LORAN, for LOng RAnge Navigation, and the first chain of two stations went live on June 1942. LORAN became LORAN-A when the design of its replacement started, this was initially the LORAN-B concept, but eventually replaced by the very long-range LORAN-C starting in 1957.
LORAN eventually selected 1.950 MHz as its primary operating frequency. 7.5 MHz was selected for daytime use as an additional channel, but never used operationally. In comparison to Gee's range through air, LORAN had a range of about over water, and over land. Operation was generally similar to Gee, but only one of the secondary signals was displayed at a time. A fix required the operator to measure one delay, then the other, and then look up the resulting delays on the charts. This was a time-consuming process that could take several minutes. The accuracy was quoted as 1% of range.
LORAN used two methods to identify a chain. One was the operational frequency, with four "channels", as in Gee. The second was the rate at which the pulses were repeated, with "high", "low" and "slow" rates. This allowed for up to 12 chains in any given area. Additionally, the originally steady repetition of the pulses was later modified to create another eight unique patterns, allowing a total of 96 station pairs. Any given chain could use one or more pairs of stations, demanding a large number of unique signals for widespread coverage.
Decca Navigator
The Decca Navigation System was originally developed in the US, but eventually deployed by the Decca Radio company in the UK and commonly referred to as a British system. Initially developed for the Royal Navy as an accurate adjunct to naval versions of Gee, Decca was first used on 5 June 1944 to guide minesweepers in preparation for the D-Day invasions. The system was developed post-war and competed with GEE and other systems for civilian use. A variety of reasons, notably its ease-of-use, kept it in widespread use into the 1990s, with a total 42 chains around the world. A number of stations were updated in the 1990s, but the widespread use of GPS led to Decca being turned off at midnight on 31 March 2000.
Decca was based on comparing the phases of continuous signals instead of the timing of their pulses. This was more accurate, as the phase of a pair of signals could be measured to within a few degrees, four degrees in the case of Decca. This greatly improved inherent accuracy allowed Decca to use much longer wavelengths than Gee or LORAN while still offering the same level of accuracy. The use of longer wavelengths gave better propagation than either Gee or LORAN, although ranges were generally limited to around 500 miles for the basic system.
Decca also had the inherent disadvantage that the signal could only vary by as much as 360 degrees, and that patterned repeated in a circle around the stations. That meant there were a large number of locations that met any particular phase measurement, a problem known as "phase ambiguity". Whereas Gee fixed you to one of two locations, Decca fixed you to one of hundreds.
Decca solved this problem though the use of an odometer-like display known as "decometers". Prior to leaving on a trip, the navigator would set the decometer's lane counter to their known position. As the craft moved the dial's hand would rotate, and increment or decrement the counter when it passed zero. The combination of this number and the current dial reading allowed the navigator to directly read the current delay and look it up on a chart, a far easier process than Gee or LORAN. It was so much easier to use that Decca later added an automatic charting feature that formed a moving map display. Later additions to the signal chain allowed the zone and lane to be calculated directly, eliminating the need for manually setting the lane counters and making the system even easier to use.
As each master and secondary signal was sent on a different frequency, any number of delays could be measured at the same time; in practice a single master and three secondaries were used to produce three outputs. As each signal was sent on a different frequency, all three, known as "green", "red" and "purple", were simultaneously decoded and displayed on three decometers. The secondaries were physically distributed at 120 degree angles from each other, allowing the operator to pick the pair of signals on the display that were sent from stations as close to right angles to the receiver as possible, further improving accuracy. Maximum accuracy was normally quoted as 200 yards, although that was subject to operational errors.
In addition to greater accuracy and ease of use, Decca was also more suitable for use over land. Delays due to refraction can have a significant effect on pulse timing, but much less so for phase changes. Decca thus found itself in great demand for helicopter use, where runway approach aids like ILS and VOR were not suitable for the small airfields and essentially random locations the aircraft were used. One serious disadvantage to Decca was that it was susceptible to noise, especially from lightning. This was not a serious concern for ships, who could afford to wait out storms, but made it unsuitable for long-range air navigation where time was of the essence. Several versions of Decca were introduced for this role, notably DECTRA and DELRAC, but these did not see widespread use.
LORAN-C
LORAN-A was designed to be quickly built on the basis of Gee, and selected its operating frequency based on the combination of the need for long over-water range and a selected minimum accuracy. Using much lower frequencies, in the kHz instead of MHz, would greatly extend the range of the system. However, the accuracy of the fix is a function of the wavelength of the signal, which increases at lower frequencies - in other words, using a lower frequency would necessarily lower the accuracy of the system. Hoping for the best, early experiments with "LF Loran" instead proved that accuracy was far worse than predicted, and efforts along these lines were dropped. Several halting low-frequency efforts followed, including the Decca-like Cyclan and Navarho concepts. None of those proved to offer any real advance over Decca; they either offered marginally improved range, or better range but too little accuracy to be useful.
Gee and LORAN-A became possible due to the development of the oscilloscope – before this the accurate measurement of time was not possible. LORAN-C became possible due to the development of the low-cost phase-locked loop (PLL) in the 1950s. A PLL produces a steady output signal with the same frequency and phase as an input signal, even if that input is periodic or poorly received. In this case the important feature was that the PLL allowed the re-construction of a continuous signal from a number of short pulses. A system using PLLs could receive a single pulsed signal, like Gee, and then re-construct a continuous tone for phase measurement, like Decca.
Re-using the Cyclan transmitters, the US Navy started experiments with such a system in the mid-1950s, and turned the system on permanently in 1957. Numerous chains followed, eventually providing around-the-world coverage near US allies and assets. Although less accurate that Decca, it offered the combination of reasonable accuracy and long ranges, a combination that obsoleted almost all other systems then in use and led to their gradual withdrawal. LORAN-C remained in service well into the satellite navigation era, until GPS finally led to its shutdown on 8 February 2010.
In basic operation, LORAN-C is more similar to Decca than Gee or LORAN-A, as its main way determining location was the comparison of phase differences between signals. However, at low frequencies and long ranges it would be difficult to know whether you are looking at the current phase of the signal, or the phase of the signal one cycle ago, or perhaps one reflected off the ionosphere. Some form of secondary information is needed to reduce this ambiguity. LORAN-C achieved this by sending unique details in the pulses so each station could be uniquely identified.
The signal was started off when the Master broadcast a sequence of nine pulses, with the precise timing between each pulses being used to identify the station. Each of the Secondary stations then sent out their own signals, consisting of eight pulses in patterns that revealed which station they were. The receivers could use the signal timings to select chains, identify secondaries, and reject signals bounced off the ionosphere.
LORAN-C chains were organized into the Master station, M, and up to five Secondary stations, V, W, X, Y, Z. All were broadcast at 100 kHz, a much lower frequency than earlier systems. The result was a signal that offered a daytime ground wave range of 2,250 miles, nighttime ground wave of 1,650 miles and skywaves out to 3,000 miles. Timing accuracy was estimated at 0.15 microseconds, offering accuracies on the order of 50 to 100 meters. In real-world use, the Coast Guard quoted absolute accuracy of 0.25 nautical miles, or better.
Omega
One of the last hyperbolic navigation systems to enter operational use was one of the earliest to be developed; Omega traces its history to work by John Alvin Pierce in the 1940s, working on the same basic idea as the Decca phase-comparison system. He imagined a system specifically for medium-accuracy global navigation, and thus selected the extremely low frequency of 10 kHz as the basis for the signal. However, the problem with phase ambiguity, as in the case of Decca, meant that the system was not practical at the time.
Where the phase-locked loop made LORAN-C a possibility, for Omega it was the introduction of inertial navigation systems (INS) that offered a solution - the INS was accurate enough to resolve any ambiguity about which lane the receiver was in. Experiments continued throughout the 1950s and 60s, in parallel with Decca's development of their almost identical DELRAC system. It was not until the 1960s, when ice-breaking ballistic submarines became a main deterrent force, that there was a pressing need for such a system. The US Navy authorized full deployment in 1968, reaching a complete set of 8 stations in 1983. Omega would also prove to be one of the shortest-lived systems, shutting down on 20 September 1997.
Omega stations broadcast a continuous-wave signal in a specific time-slot. In order to maintain precise timing of the slots for stations distributed around the world, stations were equipped with synchronized atomic clocks. These clocks also ensured that their signals were sent out with the right frequency and phase; unlike previous systems, Omega did not need to have a master/secondary arrangement as the clocks were accurate enough to trigger the signals without an external reference. To start the sequence, the station in Norway would initially broadcast on 10.2 kHz for 0.9 seconds, then turned off for 0.2 seconds, then broadcast on 13.6 kHz for 1.0 seconds, and so on. Each station broadcast a series of four such signals lasting about a second each, and then stood silent while other stations took their turn. At any given instant, three stations would be broadcasting at the same time on different frequencies. Receivers would select the set of stations that were most suitable for their given location, and then wait for the signals for those stations to appear during the 10 second chain. Calculation of the fix then proceeded in precisely the same fashion as Decca, although the much lower operating frequency led to much less accuracy. Omega's charts quote accuracies of 2 to 4 nautical miles.
CHAYKA
CHAYKA is the Soviet Union's counterpart to LORAN-C, and operates on similar principles and the same frequency. It differs primarily in details of the pulse envelopes. There are five CHAYKA chains distributed around the former Soviet Union, each with a master and between two and four secondaries.
Alpha
Alpha, more correctly known by its Soviet name, RSDN-20, is essentially a version of Omega deployed in the former Soviet Union starting in 1962. The initial system used only three transmitters running roughly in a line in Krasnodar, Revda and Novosibirsk, the later being the master station. In 1991 two additional stations came online at Khabarovsk and Seyda. The stations use frequencies between 11 and 14 kHz.
Satellite navigation systems
Two complicating factors for satnav systems are: (1) the transmitter stations (satellites) are moving; and (2) GPS satellite transmissions are synchronized with UTC (with a published offset), thus providing precise time. Item (1) necessitates that the satellite coordinates be known as a function of time (included in the broadcast messages). Item (2) enables satnav systems to provide timing as well as position information, but requires a more complex solution algorithm. However, these are technical differences from earth-fixed hyperbolic systems, but not fundamental differences.
See also
Multilateration
References
Category:Radio navigation
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Millepora complanata
Millepora complanata, commonly known as blade fire coral, is a species of fire coral in the family Milleporidae. It is found in shallow waters in the Caribbean Sea where it is a common species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Description
Fire corals are colonial coral-like organisms that secrete calcareous skeletons. Colonies of Millepora complanata have an encrusting base and thin upright plates or blades growing to a height of about . The surface of the blades is smooth and the outer margins irregular, with many stumpy protrusions. This fire coral is pale brown or cream coloured, with white tips to the blades. The feeding and defensive polyps are hair-like and project through fine pores on the surface of the blades. Contact with this fire coral by bare skin can cause a severe stinging sensation.
Distribution and habitat
Millepora complanata has a widespread distribution in the Caribbean Sea and is a relatively common species on reefs in shallow water at depths down to about . It often grows in areas with vigorous water movement and turbid waters, and is tolerant of siltation.
Biology
Some of the polyps of Millepora complanata are dactylozooids with hair-like processes and stinging cells that detect the presence of zooplankton and help entrap it. Other polyps are gastrozooids and their chief function is the ingestion of food for the colony. Copepods form the main part of the diet. The soft tissues of M. complanata contain zooxanthellae, symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates. These provide much of the organic carbon needed by the fire coral.
The reproduction of fire corals is complex and involves an alternation of asexual and sexual generations. The encrusting parts of the coral expand by the growth of stolons, and the edges of blades expand by sympodial growth. Sexual reproduction involves a sessile polyploid stage and the budding off of planktonic medusae. Broken off fragments of coral blades can successfully reattach to the substrate and M. complanata is one of the first coral species to recolonise damaged reefs.
Millepora complanata is susceptible to coral bleaching, a process by which stressed corals expel their zooxanthellae and turn white. In a mass bleaching event in the Caribbean in 1998 caused by thermal stress, both M. complanata and the closely related Millepora alcicornis were affected but M. alcicornis more severely so. Many colonies were killed but some, especially colonies of M. complanata, recovered and regained their colour over the course of a few months.
References
Category:Anthomedusae
Category:Corals described in 1816
Category:Fauna of the Caribbean
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List of BA CityFlyer destinations
BA CityFlyer operates scheduled and charter flights to the following destinations as of January 2020:
Current destinations
Scheduled destinations
Charter destinations
BA CityFlyer operates a number of weekend routes from regional airports as well as a programme of charter flights on behalf of a number of tour operators:
Austria
Salzburg – Salzburg Airport (Summer Seasonal)
France
Chambery – Chambery Airport (Winter Seasonal)
Toulouse - Toulouse–Blagnac Airport (Winter Seasonal)
Italy
Venice – Venice Marco Polo Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Verona – Verona Villafranca Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Portugal
Faro – Faro Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Spain
Alicante – Alicante airport (Summer Seasonal)
Barcelona – Barcelona El Prat Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Ibiza – Ibiza airport (Summer Seasonal)
Málaga – Málaga Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Menorca – Menorca Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Palma de Mallorca – Palma de Mallorca Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Reus – Reus Airport (Summer Seasonal)
Terminated destinations
BA Cityflyer has previously operated scheduled flights to the destinations
Denmark
Copenhagen – Copenhagen Airport
France
Lyon – Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport
Paris – Paris Orly Airport
Germany
Bremen – Bremen Airport
Hamburg - Hamburg Airport
Iceland
Reykjavik - Reykjavik Airport
Italy
Milan – Malpensa Airport
Poland
Warsaw – Warsaw Chopin Airport
Spain
Barcelona – Barcelona Airport
Granada - Granada Airport
Madrid – Madrid Airport
United Kingdom
Aberdeen – Aberdeen Airport
References
Category:Lists of airline destinations
Category:Oneworld affiliate destinations
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Soya Group
The Soya Group is a Swedish corporate group including the shipping line Wallenius Lines, the real estate company Wallfast and the water purification company Wallenius Water.
External links
Category:Holding companies of Sweden
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Health in Greece
Greece had the highest rate of male smokers in Europe in 2015: 53%.
See also
Healthcare in Greece
Smoking in Greece
Obesity in Greece
References
Category:Health in Greece
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Arthur Nelson
Arthur Nelson may refer to:
Arthur E. Nelson (1892–1955), American lawyer and politician
Arthur Nelson (footballer) (1909–1977), English footballer
Arthur Nelson (Australian politician) (1845–1913), New South Wales politician
Arthur C. Nelson, American urban planner, researcher and academic
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Nankiang horned toad
The Nankiang horned toad (Megophrys nankiangensis) is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae.
It is endemic to northern Sichuan and southern Gansu, China.
Range
It is found in:
Mount Guangwu, Nanjiang County, northern Sichuan (where Oreolalax nanjiangensis is also found)
Qingchuan County, northern Sichuan
Wen County, Gansu
Habitat
Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and rivers. It inhabits hill streams and surrounding shrubland habitat. It probably breeds in streams like other species of the genus. This species is known from Kuang-wu Shan in Nankiang County and Qingchuan in Sichuan Province, and Wenxian, in Gansu Province, China, from 1,600-1,850m above sea level.
It is threatened by habitat loss. The major threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation, especially due to infrastructure development for touristic activities. This species is listed as vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 square kilometers, it is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in Sichuan and Gansu, China.
References
Category:Megophrys
Category:Amphibians of China
Category:Endemic fauna of China
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Category:Amphibians described in 1966
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El Paisano Hotel
El Paisano Hotel is a historic hotel located in Marfa, Texas, United States. The hotel was designed by Trost & Trost and opened in 1930. The hotel may be best known as the location headquarters for the cast and crew of the film Giant (1956) for six weeks in the summer of 1955 The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1978.
The El Paisano Hotel was built by Charles N. Bassett of El Paso. It was designed by Henry C. Trost of Trost & Trost of El Paso, Texas in a Spanish Revival style. The hotel is a "U" shape plan with a fifty by fifty foot courtyard with a large fountain in the center.
The main customers of the El Paisano during the 1930s and 1940s were area cattle ranchers who came to Marfa to buy and sell their herds, and tourists who came to West Texas for the benefits of the dry desert air.
In 1955, George Stevens and a Warner Bros film crew came to Presidio County to film Giant. The El Paisano Hotel served as base of operations for the months during which time the film was being shot in the surrounding countryside. Stevens stayed at the El Paisano Hotel as did the 300 plus members of the cast and crew who included: James Dean, Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, Sal Mineo, Chill Wills, and Jane Withers among others.
The hotel began to go into decline in the 1960s and 1970s. El Paisano Properties Corp. bought the property in the late 1970s and converted the hotel's 65 rooms into 9 timeshare condominiums. Although 800 timeshare units were sold, the owners eventually abandoned the business and Presidio County foreclosed on the property for back taxes. Joe and Lanna Duncan purchased the property at auction for $185,000 in March 2001. After three years of renovations, the hotel reopened with 33 rooms and suites available for the public.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Presidio County, Texas
References
Category:Hotels in Texas
Category:Buildings and structures in Presidio County, Texas
Category:Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Category:Hotels established in 1930
Category:Trost & Trost buildings
Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in Texas
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Presidio County, Texas
Category:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Category:Marfa, Texas
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1992 in Uruguay
Events from the year 1992 in Uruguay
Incumbents
President: Luis Alberto Lacalle
Events
Sport
Unknown dates
Uruguay at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain
Births in 1992
January 22 - Gonzalo Barreto, footballer
July 27 - Ramón Arias, footballer
Deaths in 1992
References
Category:1992 in Uruguay
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Velle-le-Châtel
Velle-le-Châtel is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Haute-Saône department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Haute-Saône
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Wills Neck
Wills Neck is the highest summit on the Quantock Hills and one of the highest points in Somerset, England. Although only 1261 ft (384 m) high, it qualifies as one of England's Marilyns. It is situated about north west of the historic market town of Taunton.
The name 'Wills Neck' is derived from the Saxon word for 'stranger' or 'foreigner'. It relates to a local tribe the Wealas which according to legend fought the Romans at the site.
On a clear day it is possible to see Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Brecon Beacons, the Mendips and Blackdown Hills. It is sometimes even possible to see Pilsdon Pen, the second highest point in Dorset, the highest, Lewesdon Hill, is also visible.
The hill is formed from Hangman Grits laid down during the Devonian a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era spanning from the end of the Silurian Period, about Mya (million years ago), to the beginning of the Carboniferous Period.
Wills Neck was surveyed by schoolboys from Clifton College from 1922 and 1945, led by teacher William Cornish Badcock. They built a cairn at the highest point which has now been replaced, on exactly the same spot, by a modern Trig point.
A beer brewed by the Quantock Brewery has been named Wills Neck after the hill.
References
Category:Hills of Somerset
Category:Marilyns of England
Category:Hardys of England
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Cryptotermes
Cryptotermes is a genus of termites in the family Kalotermitidae. It is one of the economically most significant genera of drywood termites.
Species
There are about 70 species. Species include:
Cryptotermes abruptus Scheffrahn and Krecek, 1998
Cryptotermes bengalensis (Snyder, 1934)
Cryptotermes brevis (Walker, 1853)
Cryptotermes cavifrons Banks, 1906
Cryptotermes ceylonicus Ranaweera, 1962
Cryptotermes colombianus Casalla et al., 2016
Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light, 1921
Cryptotermes domesticus Haviland, 1898
Cryptotermes fatulus (Light, 1935)
Cryptotermes havilandi (Sjostedt, 1900)
Cryptotermes longicollis (Banks, 1918)
References
Category:Termite genera
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Juke joint
Juke joint (also jukejoint or jook joint) is the vernacular term for an informal establishment featuring music, dancing, gambling, and drinking, primarily operated by African Americans in the southeastern United States. A juke joint may also be called a "barrelhouse".
Classic juke joints found, for example, at rural crossroads, catered to the rural work force that began to emerge after the emancipation. Plantation workers and sharecroppers needed a place to relax and socialize following a hard week, particularly since they were barred from most white establishments by Jim Crow laws.
Set up on the outskirts of town, often in ramshackle, abandoned buildings or private houses — never in newly-constructed buildings —, juke joints offered food, drink, dancing and gambling for weary workers. Owners made extra money selling groceries or moonshine to patrons, or providing cheap room and board.
The term "juke" is believed to derive from the Gullah word joog or jug, meaning rowdy or disorderly.
History
The origins of juke joints may be the community rooms that were occasionally built on plantations to provide a place for Black people to socialize during slavery. This practice spread to the work camps such as sawmills, turpentine camps and lumber companies in the early twentieth century, which built barrel-houses and chock-houses to be used for drinking and gambling. Although uncommon in populated areas, such places were often seen as necessary to attract workers to sparsely populated areas lacking bars and other social outlets. As well, much like "on-base" Officer's Clubs, such "Company"-owned joints allowed managers to keep an eye on their underlings; it also ensured that the employees' pay was coming back to the Company. Constructed simply like a field hand's "shotgun"-style dwelling, these may have been the first juke joints.
During the prohibition in the United States it became common to see squalid independent juke joints at highway crossings and railroad stops. These were almost never called "juke joint"; but rather were named such as "Lone Star" or "Colored Cafe". They were often open only on weekends.
Juke joints may represent the first "private space" for blacks. Paul Oliver writes that juke joints were "the last retreat, the final bastion for black people who want to get away from whites, and the pressures of the day." Jooks occurred on plantations, and classic juke joints found, for example, at rural crossroads began to emerge after the Emancipation Proclamation. Dancing was done to so-called jigs and reels (terms routinely used for any dance that struck respectable people as wild or unrestrained, whether Irish or African), to music now thought of as "old-timey" or "hillbilly". Through the first years of the twentieth century, the fiddle was by far the most popular instrument among both white and Black Southern musicians. The banjo was popular before guitars became widely available in the 1890s.
Juke joint music began with the Black folk rags ("ragtime stuff" and "folk rags" are a catch-all term for older African American music) and then the boogie woogie dance music of the late 1880s or 1890s and became the blues, barrel house, and the slow drag dance music of the rural south (moving to Chicago's Black rent-party circuit in the Great Migration) often "raucous and raunchy" good time secular music. Dance forms evolved from ring dances to solo and couples dancing. Some Black people opposed the amorality of the raucous "jook crowd".
Until the advent of the Victrola, and juke boxes, at least one musician was required to provide music for dancing, but as many as three musicians would play in jooks. In larger cities like New Orleans, string trios or quartets were hired.
Mance Lipscomb, Texas guitarist and singer: "So far as what was called blues, that didn't come till 'round 1917...What we had in my coming up days was music for dancing, and it was of all different sorts." Musicians of that time had a degree of versatility that is now extremely rare, and styles were not yet codified and there was a good deal of shading and overlap.
Paul Oliver, who tells of a visit to a juke joint outside of Clarksdale some forty years ago and was the only white man there, describes juke joints of the time as, "unappealing, decrepit, crumbling shacks" that were often so small that only a few couples could Hully Gully. The outside yard was filled with trash. Inside they were "dusty" and "squalid" with the walls "stained to shoulder height".
In 1934, anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston made the first formal attempt to describe the juke joint and its cultural role, writing that "the Negro jooks...are primitive rural counterparts of resort night clubs, where turpentine workers take their evening relaxation deep in the pine forests." Jukes figure prominently in her studies of African American folklore.
Early figures of blues, including Robert Johnson, Son House, Charley Patton, and countless others, traveled the juke joint circuit, scraping out a living on tips and free meals. While musicians played, patrons enjoyed dances with long heritages in some parts of the African American community, such as the slow drag.
Many of the early and historic juke joints have closed over the past decades for a number of socio-economic reasons. Po' Monkey's is one of the last remaining rural jukes in the Mississippi Delta. It began as a renovated sharecropper's shack which was probably originally built in the 1920s or so. Po' Monkey's featured live blues music and "Family Night" on Thursdays. Run by Po' Monkey until his death in 2016, the popular juke joint has been featured in national and international articles about the Delta. The Blue Front Cafe is a historic old juke joint made of cinder blocks in Bentonia, Mississippi which played an important role in the development of the blues in Mississippi. It was still in operation as of 2006. Smitty's Red Top Lounge in Clarksdale, Mississippi, is also still operating as of last notice.
Juke joints are still a strong part of African American culture in Deep South locations such as the Mississippi Delta where blues is still the mainstay, although it is now more often featured by disc jockeys and on jukeboxes than by live bands.
Urban juke joint
Peter Guralnick describes many Chicago juke joints as corner bars that go by an address and have no name. The musicians and singers perform unannounced and without microphones, ending with little if any applause. Guralnick tells of a visit to a specific juke joint, Florence's, in 1977. In stark contrast to the streets outside, Florence's is dim, and smoke-filled with the music more of an accompaniment to the "various business" being conducted than the focus of the patrons' attention. The "sheer funk of all those packed-together bodies, the shouts and laughter" draws his attention. He describes the security measures and buzzer at the door, there having been a shooting there a few years ago. On this particular day Magic Slim was performing with his band, the Teardrops, on a bandstand barely big enough to hold the band.
Katrina Hazzard-Gordon writes that "[t]he honky-tonk was the first urban manifestation of the jook, and the name itself later became synonymous with a style of music. Related to the classic blues in tonal structure, honky-tonk has a tempo that is slightly stepped up. It is rhythmically suited for many African-American dances…", but cites no reference.
Legacy
The low-down allure of juke joints has inspired many large-scale commercial establishments, including the House of Blues chain, the 308 Blues Club and Cafe in Indianola, Mississippi and the Ground Zero in Clarksdale, Mississippi. Traditional juke joints, however, are under some pressure from other forms of entertainment, including casinos.
Jukes have been celebrated in photos and film. Marion Post Wolcott's images of the dilapidated buildings and the pulsing life they contained are among the most famous documentary images of the era. A juke joint is featured prominently in the movie The Color Purple.
Every April, a Juke Joint Festival is held in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
See also
Delta Blues
Junior Kimbrough
List of public house topics
References
Further reading
Cobb, Charles E., Jr., "Traveling the Blues Highway", National Geographic Magazine, April 1999, v.195, n.4
Hamilton, Marybeth: In Search of the Blues.
William Ferris; - Give My Poor Heart Ease: Voices of the Mississippi Blues - The University of North Carolina Press; (2009) (with CD and DVD)
William Ferris; Glenn Hinson The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife The University of North Carolina Press (2009) (Cover :phfoto of James Son Thomas)
William Ferris; Blues From The Delta Da Capo Press; Revised edition (1988)
Ted Gioia; Delta Blues: The Life and Times of the Mississippi Masters Who Revolutionized American Music - W. W. Norton & Company (2009)
Sheldon Harris; Blues Who's Who Da Capo Press 1979
Robert Nicholson; Mississippi Blues Today ! Da Capo Press (1999)
Robert Palmer; Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta - Penguin Reprint edition (1982) ;
Frederic Ramsey Jr.; Been Here And Gone - 1st edition (1960) Rutgers University Press - London Cassell (UK) and New Brunswick, NJ
idem - 2nd printing (1969) Rutgers University Press New Brunswick, NJ
idem - (2000) University Of Georgia Press
Charles Reagan Wilson - William Ferris - Ann J. Adadie; Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (1656 pagine) The University of North Carolina Press; 2nd Edition (1989) - -
External links
A collection of Juke Joint Blues musicians and playlists
Random House Word of the Day . Accessed 2006-02-02.
Junior's Juke Joint. Accessed 2006-02-01.
Juke Joint Festival. Accessed 2006-02-02.
Jukin' It Out: Contested Visions of Florida in New Deal Narratives
Juke Joint video
Juke Joint at Queens
Category:Types of drinking establishment
Category:Restaurants by type
Category:Blues
Category:African-American cultural history
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Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves
Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cans-et-Cévennes.
See also
Communes of the Lozère department
Causse Méjean
References
INSEE commune file
Department Web site
Saintlaurentdetreves
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Saint John the Baptist Church, Iași
Saint John the Baptist Church () is a Romanian Orthodox church located at 14 I. C. Brătianu Street in Iași, Romania. It is dedicated to the Beheading of St. John the Baptist.
In 1610, during the reign of Prince Constantin Movilă, a wooden church dedicated to Parascheva of the Balkans was built around the city's fish market. This was later moved to the site of the current church. Upon the insistence of his mother, the nun Elisafta, Prince Miron Barnovschi-Movilă began to build the latter from stone between 1626 and 1629. During his reign, the church was completed up to the top of the windows and a new dedication selected. Beheaded by the Ottomans in 1633, he did not live to see the church complete, as mentioned on a marble plaque above the foyer door. Instead, Vasile Lupu ensured it was finished. It has been suggested that Lupu performed the work out of remorse, as Barnovschi's execution was partly due to his insistences.
When it was done in 1634, it was the first fortified church in Moldavia. The style forms part of the traditional Moldavian architecture, but the bell tower is endowed with parapets. The bridge is entirely fortified, with gaps for arrows and rifles, and a path for lookouts. It has been speculated that the Ottoman ban on repairing military buildings did not apply to churches. The bell, from 1628, is Barnovschi's gift, and was cast at Lviv. The church was associated with the local beggars' guild. Paul of Aleppo visited in 1653, writing that he saw displayed in the nave a portrait of Barnovschi on a white horse. In 1803, upon the request of Metropolitan , it became a dependency of the .
Repaired in 1854 and 1873, the church had a small foyer added on the southwestern side in 1875. In 1913, the landowner Vasile Rusovici financed an extensive renovation that included a new fence, still in place. Other repairs took place in 1942, 1965 and, following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, in 1984-1986, with a new round beginning in 2006. The school for church singers in the parish yard functioned until 1948, when it was shut down by the communist regime.
The church is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.
Notes
Category:Religious buildings and structures in Iași
Category:Historic monuments in Iași County
Category:Romanian Orthodox churches in Romania
Category:Churches completed in 1634
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St. Mary Catholic Church (Korona, Florida)
The St. Mary Catholic Church (also known as the St. Mary Mother Church) is located at 89 St. Mary Place, Bunnell, Florida 32110. The architectural style of the wood framed St. Mary Catholic Church is Carpenter Gothic (Gothic Revival). In the early 1910s, after several families of Polish descent decided to relocate to Korona, Florida, they raised $1000 to build a Catholic church in the town. Korona means “crown” in Polish, signifying the patron saint of Poland, the Blessed Virgin Mary, who is also referred to as “Queen of Poland.” They constructed the church building in 1914 and originally named it St. Mary, Queen of Poland, Catholic Church, but later changed its name to St. Mary Catholic Church. The original St. Mary Catholic Church is still in use for daily mass, baptisms, funerals, weddings and silent prayer services.
From its beginning, the St. Mary Catholic Church building has been a focal point for the Korona community. It continues to remain intimately connected with the spiritual and cultural lives of the area's citizens. The St. Mary Catholic Church is the oldest church building in Flagler County.
The property where the St. Mary Catholic Church is located includes the Shrine of Saint Christopher and four other buildings: Parish Thrift Store, Storage Shed, Parish Center Office and the Main Church.
Architectural attributes
The St. Mary Catholic Church has 1955 square feet as it measures 31 feet wide by 62 feet long and includes a 3 feet wide by 11 feet long part of the garage extension that protrudes from the northeast corner of the building.
Exterior
Most of the building's exterior has white painted solid wood board and batten siding running horizontally. Wood lattice skirting covers the underfloor access areas around the bottom of the building. There are eight lancet windows in the building. These windows are tall and narrow with a pointed arch at the top, which mimic the architectural styling found in original Gothic churches. The glass in all of the lancet windows is clear and wavy, interestingly; the St. Mary Catholic Church has never had stained glass in any of its external lancet windows. The original building had two sections added on to the back in the 1930s. One add-on section was used as living quarters for the priest, which includes a living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and a safe and storage room. The other section was an automobile parking garage for the priest.
The front (west) side of the building includes a concrete porch (which replaced the original wood porch) that measures 12 feet wide by 5 feet long with four steps and right and left side round metal hand railings. Two four-paneled solid wood entrance doors with semi-circular tops, hinged to swing outward, lead the way into the church building. The porch includes two wood sitting benches and has a wood framed canopy roof with asphalt shingles that match the building's main roof. Wood pillars support the canopy roof and the fascia includes vertical jig-sawn wood trim fretwork supported by wood braces attached at a 45-degree angle. A sign on the left side of the entrance doors reads, “St. Mary’s Church – Built by a Group of Polish Immigrants in 1914.” There is one centrally located lancet window above the canopy. The bottom section has two vertical panes that are painted white, and the top section has three lancet shaped panes with clear wavy glass.
The right (south) side of the building includes three lancet windows in the original front section. Each of these windows has four vertical clear wavy glass panes in their bottom section, and two vertical panes and three lancet shaped panes with clear wavy glass in their top section. The rear add-on section of the right side includes three double hung windows with clear flat glass panes.
The left (north) side of the building includes four lancet windows in the original front section. Each of these windows has four vertical clear wavy glass panes in their bottom section, and two vertical panes and three lancet shaped panes with clear wavy glass in their top section. The rear add-on automobile garage section, on the northeastern corner of the building, includes two hinged swing-out wood garage doors with four panels each.
The back (east) side of the building includes a single wood rear entrance access door with a five-step concrete porch and wood handrail. There are three double hung windows (which are now covered with wood panels), and three double pane vertical windows in the garage section (which are now covered with wood panels). A wood framed canopy roof supported by two wood braces attached at a 45-degree angle extends the length of the three windows and entrance door and is covered with asphalt shingles that match the building's main roof. A vertical entrance space above the canopy roof has a hinged wood door that allows access into the attic space. A single air vent is installed near the peak of the roof in the original section of the building.
The wood framed gable roof on the original and add-on sections of the building are covered with matching asphalt shingles. Modern aluminum downspouts are installed on several areas around the building and gutters run the length of the roof. The steeple is located at the front (west) side of the building and includes four wood window openings with louvered air vents that have arrow point tops. The steeple's roof is covered with asphalt shingles that match the building's main roof. A Christian cross that is made from wood and finished with copper sheeting is affixed to the steeple's apex. A bell is installed inside the steeple that can be rung manually.
Exterior Picture Gallery
Interior
The interior of the church features fourteen pews, seven on each side of its central aisle. The walls in the church section, and the original sacristy room, are finished with chair molding installed horizontally at three feet six inches from the floor. Solid hardwood bead board wainscoting runs vertically from the floor to the chair molding. From above the chair molding, solid hardwood bead board wainscoting runs horizontally to the ceiling. The entire ceiling is finished with the same solid hardwood bead board wainscoting. The chair molding and all of the solid hardwood bead board wainscoting is painted white. The front entrance includes a confessional room with a single hung entrance door to the priest's area and a single hung entrance door to the parishioner's area, double entrance doors with semi-circular tops, a stairway that leads to the choir chamber and a single hung entrance door leading into a storage room under the stairway. The upper front section is the choir chambers that includes seating and a four-foot high railing wall.
The pulpit includes wood railings, a baptismal font, central altar, an additional smaller altar with a Statue of the Redeemer in Death, which is used at Easter services, and various statues, pictures and other church-related artifacts. A single hung entrance door leads into the church's original sacristy room.
The add-on section that was once the priest's living quarters includes a living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and a safe and storage room safe. This area is currently being used for the storage of furniture and church artifacts. The add-on section that was once the priest's automobile parking garage is currently being used for the storage of miscellaneous maintenance items.
Interior Picture Gallery
Shrine of Saint Christopher
The Shrine of Saint Christopher, the patron saint of travelers, was built in 1935 by Rev. Fr. Cornelius Hoffman, a missionary who had studied theology in Poland. It is located on property to the left (north) side of the St. Mary Catholic Church. The Shrine's base measures 28 feet by 40 feet and is 24 feet high. The Shrine was a gift to Korona and is a rest stop for motorists who can visit the shrine and pray to the Patron Saint of Travelers. Since the 1960s, the St. Mary Catholic Church performs special services called the Blessing of Automobiles where motorists are invited to have their cars blessed in front of the Shrine of Saint Christopher. The shrine has an altar on its west side that includes the following inscription: “Let us invoke god’s blessing on our visitors as they journey on their way along ways of peace and prosperity. May the almighty and merciful god lead them, and may the angel Raphael and St. Christopher accompany them on their journey. So they in peace, health, and joy, return unto their own.”
History of Korona, Florida
Rev. Michael Curley, bishop of St. Augustine, purchased land for $1.00 in the center of Korona and this was where a Catholic church building would be constructed. The church building was originally named St. Mary, Queen of Poland, Catholic Church, but later changed its name to St. Mary Catholic Church. This church immediately became the heart of the community, and is still an important symbol of the community of Korona.
Upon arriving in Korona the Polish families began building homes and farms in addition to their church. Since 1955, Korona has been part of the Bunnell post office service area.
The area's rugged wilderness, which included dense woodlands, heavy soil, insects, poor drainage and lack of reliable road transportation, other than the railroad, led to crop failures and difficulty transporting harvests to shipping centers.
By 1922, automobile transportation was improved as the Dixie Highway reached Korona. And, by the 1930s, U.S. Highway 1 was running through Korona. These roads made traveling to and from Korona, by way of automobiles, much easier and allowed access to many more areas that were not serviced by the railroads.
In 1926, Barney Trojanowski built the White Eagle Hotel. The first floor of the hotel was used as a grocery and feed store as well as a real estate office. The second floor had the family and patron rooms. The building was used as a social and recreation facility, and included a beer garden (after the repeal of Prohibition in 1934) and large dance floor in addition to being a hotel for many years. Many festivals and special events, including St. Mary Catholic Church sponsored events, were hosted here. In 1959, the White Eagle Hotel building was demolished to make room for the widening to four lanes of the U.S. Highway.
In 1935, the Shrine of St. Christopher was built by the flamboyant and charismatic Rev. Fr. Cornelius Hoffman, as a gift to Korona. Many community and church-related events have taken place at this shrine including the popular Blessing of the Automobiles. Since its construction, this shrine has brought many travelers to Korona, and is still a popular stop for motorists."
In 1940, infrastructure in Korona dramatically improved when electric service was connected to the area. Suddenly, the rural area of Korona had the means to improve its standard of living and expedite the modern development of the community.
As the Korona community continued to grow during the 20th century, the original St. Mary Catholic Church became too small for its parish. A new St. Mary Catholic Church was constructed and it was dedicated on October 8, 1994. This larger church can accommodate up to 500 people, including Polish-speaking parishioners who travel from communities many miles from Korona.
In 2011, a new Parish Center was constructed on the St. Mary Catholic Church property, which includes classrooms, offices and a social hall. In 2014, the St. Vincent DePaul Thrift was constructed on the St. Mary Catholic Church property, which provides affordable clothing and house wares to the needy of Korona and nearby communities.
References
External links
Carpenter Gothic Styling.
What is Carpenter Gothic Architecture?
Carpenter Gothic is a North American style popular between the 1840s & 1860s.
Category:Church architecture
Category:Landmarks in Florida
Category:Carpenter Gothic architecture
Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Florida
Category:Gothic Revival architecture
Category:American architectural styles
Category:Buildings and structures in Flagler County, Florida
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Elliott Hills
The Elliott Hills () are a group of low hills and nunataks, long, that mark the northwest end of the Gutenko Mountains, in central Palmer Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1974, and were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Commander David J. Elliott, U.S. Navy, Commander of LC-130 aircraft in aerial photographic and ice-sensing flights over extensive areas of the Antarctic continent during Operation Deep Freeze, 1970 and 1971.
References
Category:Hills of Palmer Land
Category:Nunataks of Palmer Land
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Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
The Mongol conquest of Russia was part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, where the Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev.
The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223, which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several Rus' principalities. The Mongols nevertheless retreated. A full-scale invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan followed, from 1237 to 1242. The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan. All Rus' principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480.
The invasion, facilitated by the beginning of the breakup of Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, had incalculable ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe, including the division of the East Slavic people into three separate nations: modern-day Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
Background
As it was undergoing fragmentation, Kievan Rus' faced the unexpected eruption of an irresistible foreign foe coming from the mysterious regions of the Far East. "For our sins", writes the Rus' chronicler of the time, "unknown nations arrived. No one knew their origin or whence they came, or what religion they practiced. That is known only to God, and perhaps to wise men learned in books".
The princes of Rus' first heard of the coming Mongol warriors from the nomadic Cumans. Previously known for pillaging settlers on the frontier, the nomads now preferred peaceful relations, warning their neighbors: "These terrible strangers have taken our country, and tomorrow they will take yours if you do not come and help us". In response to this call, Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old joined forces and set out eastward to meet the foe, only to be routed on April 1, 1223, at the Battle of the Kalka River.
Although this defeat left the Rus' principalities at the mercy of invaders, the Mongol forces retreated and did not reappear for thirteen years, during which time the princes of Rus' went on quarrelling and fighting as before, until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force. In the Secret History of the Mongols, the only reference to this early battle is:
"Then he (Chinghis Khan) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv, and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus. He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes, crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers, finally going to war with Kiev."
Invasion of Batu Khan
The vast Mongol army of around 25,000 mounted archers, commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai, crossed the Volga River and invaded Volga Bulgaria in late 1236. It took them only a month to extinguish the resistance of the weak Volga Bulgarians, the Cumans-Kipchaks and the Alani.
In November 1237, Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his submission. A month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of bloody battle, the city was totally annihilated and inhabitants slaughtered. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders, but they were defeated and ran for their lives. Having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow, the horde laid siege to Vladimir on February 4, 1238. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground. The royal family perished in the fire, while the grand prince retreated northward. Crossing the Volga, he mustered a new army, which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4.
Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen cities of modern-day Russia: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Galich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver and Torzhok. Chinese siege engines were used by the Mongols under Tului to raze the walls of Russian cities. The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk, whose boy-prince Vasily, son of Titus, and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks, killing 4,000. As the story goes, at the news of the Mongol approach, the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake, where, as legend has it, it may be seen to this day. The only major cities to escape destruction were Novgorod and Pskov. The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod, but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the wise decision to preemptively surrender.
In mid-1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia. In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernihiv and Pereiaslav. After many days of siege, the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240. Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych, Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities, Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskyi. The Mongols then resolved to "reach the ultimate sea", where they could proceed no further, and invaded Hungary (under Batu Khan) and Poland (under Baidar and Kaidu). Batu Khan captured Pest, and then on Christmas Day 1241, Esztergom.
Age of Tatar rule
This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley. Here they had their headquarters and held parts of Rus' in subjection for nearly three centuries. All of the Russian states, including Novgorod, Smolensk, Galich and Pskov, submitted to the Tatar-Mongol rule.
The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar "yoke", suggests terrible oppression, but in reality these nomadic invaders from Mongolia were not such cruel, oppressive taskmasters. In the first place, they never settled in the country, and they had little direct dealing with the inhabitants. In accordance with the admonitions of Genghis Khan to his children and grandchildren, they retained their pastoral mode of life, so that the subject peoples, agriculturists and dwellers in towns were not disturbed in their ordinary avocations. Golden Horde instituted census, taxes and tributes on the conquered lands, which were usually collected by local princes and brought to Sarai. It was only in the 14th and 15th centuries, with the rise of the Tatar khanates, that slave raids on the Slavic population became significant, with the purpose of trading slaves with the Ottoman Empire. The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of both Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and they largely prevented the settlement of the "Wild Fields" – the steppe and forest-steppe land extending from about a hundred miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea – and they ultimately contributed to the development of the Cossacks.
In religious matters, the Mongols were extremely tolerant. When they first appeared in Europe, they were shamanists, and as such they had no religious fanaticism. After adopting Islam they remained as tolerant as before, and the khan of the Golden Horde, who first became a Muslim, allowed the Rus' to found a Christian bishopric in his capital. Nogai Khan, half a century later, married a daughter of the Byzantine emperor and gave his own daughter in marriage to a Rus' prince, Theodor the Black. Some modern revisionist Russian historians (most notably the Soviet era historian and "Neo-Eurasianist" ideologist Lev Gumilev) even postulate that there was no invasion at all. According to them, the Rus' princes concluded a defensive alliance with the Horde in order to repel attacks of the fanatical Teutonic Knights, which posed a much greater threat to the Rus' religion and culture.
These points represent the bright side of Tatar rule, but it also had its dark side. So long as a great horde of nomads was encamped on the frontier, the country was liable to be invaded by an overwhelming force. These invasions were not frequent, but when they occurred they caused an incalculable amount of devastation and suffering. In the intervals the people had to pay a fixed tribute. At first it was collected in a rough-and-ready fashion by Tatar tax-gatherers; by about 1259 it was regulated by a census of the population; and finally its collection was entrusted to the native princes, so the people were no longer brought into direct contact with the Tatar officials.
Impact on development
Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the pope's envoy to the Mongol great khan, travelled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:
The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus' was uneven. Colin McEvedy (Atlas of World Population History, 1978) estimates the population of Kievan Rus' dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards. Centers such as Kiev took centuries to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the initial attack. The Novgorod Republic continued to prosper, and new entities, the rival cities of Moscow and Tver, began to flourish under the Mongols. Moscow's eventual dominance of northern and eastern Rus' was in large part attributable to the Mongols. After the prince of Tver joined a rebellion against the Mongols in 1327, his rival prince Ivan I of Moscow joined the Mongols in crushing Tver and devastating its lands. By doing so he eliminated his rival, allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow and was granted the title of Grand Prince by the Mongols. As such, the Muscovite prince became the chief intermediary between the Mongol overlords and the Rus' lands, which paid further dividends for Moscow's rulers. While the Mongols often raided other areas of Rus', they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator. This, in turn, attracted nobles and their servants who sought to settle in the relatively secure and peaceful Moscow lands.
Although Rus' forces defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, Mongol domination of parts of Rus' territories, with the requisite demands of tribute, continued until the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480.
Historians argued that without the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus', the Rus' would not have unified into the Tsardom of Russia and, subsequently, the Russian Empire would not have risen. Trade routes with the East went through Rus' territory, making them a center of trade between east and west. Mongol influence, while destructive to their enemies, had a significant long-term effect on the rise of modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Historiography
The Mongol conquest of Rus' left a deep mark on Russian historiography. The ability of pagan nomads from inner Asia to subjugate Russia is according to Charles J. Halperin a source of embarrassment among the "educated Russian society". This embarrassment is thought to be a contributing cause to the emergence of New Chronology pseudohistory that claims the conquest is a forgery.
Influence on Rus' society
Historians have debated the long-term influence of Mongol rule on Rus' society. The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus', the breakup of the ancient Rus' nationality into three components and the introduction of the concept of "oriental despotism" into Russia. Historians also credit the Mongol regime with an important role in the development of Muscovy as a state. Under Mongol occupation, for example, Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy, postal road network (based on Mongolian ortoo system, known in Russian as "yam", hence the terms yamshchik, Yamskoy Prikaz, etc.), census, fiscal system and military organization.
The period of Mongol rule over Russia included significant cultural and interpersonal contacts between the Russian and Mongolian ruling classes. By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames (for example, a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name "Aksak" and his descendants were the Aksakovs) Many Russian boyar (noble) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov (descendants of Bulgak) and Chaadaev (descendants of Genghis Khan's son Chagatai Khan). In a survey of Russian noble families of the 17th century, over 15% of the Russian noble families had Tatar or Oriental origins.
The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade. In the religious sphere, St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak, or tax collector, while a nephew of Khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde. In the judicial sphere, under Mongol influence capital punishment, which during the times of Kievan Rus' had only been applied to slaves, became widespread, and the use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure. Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves (with execution for a third arrest).
See also
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
Mongol and Tatar states in Europe
Mongol invasion of Europe
References
—Russia
Further reading
Atwood, Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004)
Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Blackwell, 1998)
Halperin, Charles J. Russia, and the golden horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history (Indiana University Press, 1985)
Sinor, Denis. "The Mongols in the West." Journal of Asian History (1999): 1-44. in JSTOR
Vernadsky, George. The Mongols and Russia (Yale University Press, 1953)
Halperin, Charles J. "George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia." Slavic Review (1982): 477-493. in JSTOR
Sources
Full Collection of Russian Annals, St. Petersburg, 1908 and Moscow, 2001, .
Category:13th century in Kievan Rus'
Category:History of Kiev
Rus
Category:Invasions of Belarus
Category:Invasions of Russia
Category:Invasions of Ukraine
Category:1230s conflicts
Category:1240s conflicts
Category:1230s in the Mongol Empire
Category:1240s in the Mongol Empire
Category:Batu Khan
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NPTX2
Neuronal pentraxin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPTX2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the family of neuronal pentraxins, synaptic proteins that are related to C-reactive protein. This protein is involved in excitatory synapse formation. It also plays a role in clustering of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors at established synapses, resulting in non-apoptotic cell death of dopaminergic nerve cells.
Clinical significance
Up-regulation of this gene in Parkinson disease (PD) tissues suggests that the protein may be involved in the pathology of PD.
References
Further reading
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Radoslav Stojanović (handball)
Radoslav "Rade" Stojanovć (born 20 September 1978) is a retired Macedonian handball player and current coach of GRK Ohrid.
References
http://www.eurohandball.com/ec/cl/men/2014-15/player/510301/Radoslav+Stojanovic
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Macedonian male handball players
Category:Sportspeople from Veles, North Macedonia
Category:Macedonian people of Serbian descent
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James Maxwell, 9th Baron Farnham
James Pierce Maxwell, 9th Baron Farnham (1813 – 26 October 1896) was an Irish peer, Nova Scotia baronet and Member of Parliament.
He was the son of Henry Maxwell, 6th Baron Farnham and Lady Anne Butler. He became a Member of Parliament for County Cavan on 17 February 1843. As Lieutenant Colonel of the 97th Foot he was severely wounded during the Crimean War.
On his brother's death, he succeeded on 4 June 1884 as 9th Baron Farnham, and later the next year, on 4 December 1885, he succeeded his distant cousin as 12th Baronet of Calderwood. He died unmarried and was succeeded by his nephew, Somerset Henry Maxwell.
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. ()
Peerage.com - Lt.-Col. James Pierce Maxwell, 9th Baron Farnham
External links
Cavan County Museum - The Farnham Gallery
Farnham Estate
Category:1813 births
Category:1896 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cavan constituencies (1801–1922)
Category:UK MPs 1841–1847
Category:UK MPs 1847–1852
Category:UK MPs 1852–1857
Category:UK MPs 1857–1859
Category:UK MPs 1859–1865
Category:Politicians from County Cavan
Category:19th-century Irish people
Category:Barons Farnham
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Onward to Freedom
Onward to Freedom is the first album of Tourniquet as The Tourniquet Ark. The album features many musicians, such as Marty Friedman and Chris Poland of Megadeth, Mattie Montgomery of For Today and Michael Sweet of Stryper. The album was released on November 11, 2014 via Tourniquet's own label, Pathogenic Records.
Critical reception
Darcy Rumble writes "Start to finish, Onward to Freedom is an excellent record. Compelling performances by a host of musicians bringing an important message will certainly stir listeners and inspire action. There is enough diversity among the songs that even upon repeated listens, OTF does not grow old.
Tourniquet’s captivating Onward to Freedom is musically powerful, lyrically moving. A must-have for heavy music fans, and lovers of Creation." "The best on this album comes early. Twelve songs, including three instrumentals and two public service announcement experiments. Leaving only seven actual Metal songs. ‘Onward to Freedom’ is solid, classic American Made Heavy Metal with plenty of skills and an important, heartfelt message. Recommended." reports Chad R. Shultz. Peter John Willoughby says "Ultimately it is up to the fans to decide whether they want another concept album full of animal welfare" Tom Metcalf of Untombed writes "What a great album! All the performances were solid and I don’t see myself becoming tired of it anytime soon. I tried to give a track by track explanation as to how each individual guest lend their set skill and I hope it helps! I hope that Tourniquet, the band, can get together to put out an entire CD with all the band members soon. For we the fans want it!!!!"
Track listing
Personnel
Tourniquet
Luke Easter - vocals (on track 9)
Aaron Guerra - guitar (on track 7)
Ted Kirkpatrick - drums
Additional musicians
Michael Sweet (of Stryper) - vocals (on track 2)
Mattie Montgomery (of For Today, Besieged) - vocals (on tracks 2 and 3)
Marty Friedman (of Megadeth) - guitar (on track 9)
Nick Villars (of The Great American Beast) - vocals (on tracks 3, 5, 11)
Chris Poland (of Megadeth) - guitar (on track 3)
Doug Pinnick (of King's X) - vocals (on track 6)
Rex Carroll (of Whitecross, King James) - guitar (on track 5)
Bruce Franklin (of Trouble) - guitar (on track 6)
Tony Palacios (of Guardian) - guitar (on track 11)
Ed Asner - narration
Gabbie Rae - vocals (on tracks 5, 12)
Blake Suddath (of Your Memorial) - vocals (on track 11)
Ashleigh Argota - vocals (on track 12)
Kevin Young (of Disciple) - vocals (on track 7)
Production
Josh Schroeder - producer
Consuelo Parra - cover art
Rex Zachary - cover art
Rick Narcarte - cover art
References
Category:Tourniquet (band) albums
Category:2014 albums
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Tony Dempsey
Tony Dempsey (born 11 May 1944) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Wexford constituency from 2002 to 2007.
Dempsey is a native of Davidstown, County Wexford and was educated at Enniscorthy Christian Brothers School, University College Dublin and St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. Prior to entering politics he worked as a secondary schoolteacher, and was a principal teacher of a large secondary school in Enniscorthy at the time of his election.
He was always widely known for his involvement with Gaelic games in County Wexford. He had been appointed chairman of Wexford County Board (the governing body of the Gaelic Athletic Association in the county) in 1976 at the age of 35, becoming one of the youngest ever persons to hold the position, and he had been involved with inter-county hurling and Gaelic football teams in Wexford either as a trainer, selector or manager. He trained the Wexford Junior Gaelic football team to a Leinster championship in 2000 when they defeated Dublin in the final. At the time of his election, he was manager of the Wexford Senior Hurling team.
Dempsey was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election. This was the first time that he had stood for election at any level. He had been chosen as a candidate in the hope of increasing Fianna Fáil's vote and obtaining three seats out of five in the constituency for the party. However, the strategy was unsuccessful and while he was elected, it was at the expense of a party colleague, Hugh Byrne. Dempsey did not contest the 2007 general election. He was elected to Wexford County Council at the 2009 local elections and re-elected at the 2014 local elections. He retired at the 2019 local elections.
References
External links
Tony Dempsey's page on the Fianna Fáil website
Category:1944 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Category:Alumni of University College Dublin
Category:Fianna Fáil TDs
Category:Hurling managers
Category:Heads of schools in Ireland
Category:Irish schoolteachers
Category:Irish sportsperson-politicians
Category:Local councillors in County Wexford
Category:Members of the 29th Dáil
Category:Politicians from County Wexford
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André Billardon
André Billardon (born 22 October 1940) is a French politician and member of the Socialist Party. He is the current mayor of Le Creusot and used to be a Minister during Pierre Bérégovoy's term of office, while François Mitterrand was president. Billardon was a mathematics teacher prior to his involvement in local politics in the third circonscription of Saône-et-Loire. Thus, he was elected as a député for the first time in 1978. He was then re-elected in every legislative election until 1992. He was then appointed Minister for the Energy. He carried out his duties from October 1992 to March 1993. He was again elected as a député in June 1997, until May 2002. He also used to be the chairman of the Communauté Urbaine Le Creusot - Montceau.
References
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:French socialists
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Grevillea leucoclada
Grevillea leucoclada is a shrub of the genus Grevillea native to a small area on the west coast in the Mid West region of Western Australia.<ref name=FB>{{FloraBase|name=Grevillea leucoclada|id=2031}}</ref>
The spreading intricate shrub typically grows to a height of and has glaucous branchlets. It has dissected, tripartite leaves that are deeply divided to midvein. The leaves have a blade that is long. It blooms between August and December and produces an axillary or terminal raceme irregular inflorescence with white flowers with white styles. Later it forms rugose, oblong or ellipsoidal, glabrous fruit that are long. The plant regenerates from seed only. It is similar to Grevillea intricata, which has the distinguishing features of having non-glaucous branchlets and an erect pollen-presenter.Grevillea leucoclada is found among medium to low trees in scrubland areas in the lower reaches of the Murchison River and the Geraldton sandplains. It grows in rocky, stony, gravelly or sandy soils in open shrub associations.
The species was first described in by the botanist Donald McGillivray in 1986 in the journal New Names Grevillea.
The specific epithet, leucoclada, derives from two Greek words: leucos (white) and clados (shoot/sprout) which were combined to give leucocladus, - a, -um'', describing the plant as having white shoots.
See also
List of Grevillea species
References
leucoclada
Category:Proteales of Australia
Category:Flora of Western Australia
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Kirkdale (ward)
Kirkdale is a Liverpool City Council Ward in the Liverpool Riverside Parliamentary constituency. It was formed for the 2004 Municipal elections from most of the former Vauxhall and Melrose wards and a small part of Everton ward.
Councillors
The ward has returned six councillors.
indicates seat up for re-election after boundary changes.
indicates seat up for re-election.
indicates change in affiliation.
indicates seat up for re-election after casual vacancy.
Election results
Elections of the 2010s
Elections of the 2000s
Two councillors were returned in the 2008 election.
After the boundary change of 2004 the whole of Liverpool City Council faced election. Three Councillors were returned.
• italics denotes the sitting Councillor
• bold denotes the winning candidate
See also
Liverpool City Council
Liverpool City Council elections 1880–present
Liverpool Town Council elections 1835 - 1879
References
External links
Liverpool City Council: Ward profile
Category:Wards of Liverpool
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Slaveco.
Slaveco. was a Canadian alternative rock band active from 2002 to 2003. The group was composed of three former members of the group OCEAN3, joined by Ken Chinn (Mr. Chi Pig), the lead singer of the influential skate punk band SNFU.
History
The band members first met when SNFU and OCEAN3 shared a touring bill, and later a practice space, in 2000. OCEAN3 bassist Matt Warhurst briefly played in SNFU the following year before the group entered a hiatus, coinciding with OCEAN3's breakup. Warhurst, along with former OCEAN3 bandmates guitarist Jay Black and drummer Shane Smith, next briefly played in the new group Based on a True Story with SNFU guitarist Marc Belke. Based on a True Story broke up the following year when Belke relocated to Toronto, and Black, Warhurst and Smith recruited Chinn to form the new group Slaveco.
The band took their moniker from Chinn's nickname for his former place of employment, Save-Co, and played a style of rock more diverse than SNFU's punk rock or OCEAN3's heavy metal styles. Slaveco. toured and began work on a full-length record, but the record was never completed. They became inactive late in 2003 when Belke, Chinn, and Warhurst returned their attention to SNFU, completing work on their seventh studio record and later recruiting Smith complete the touring lineup.
Following Slaveco.'s demise, all members remained musically active. Warhurst and Smith both spent time in Dave Ogilvie's industrial rock project Jakalope. Chinn and former bassist Ken Fleming formed a new incarnation of SNFU in 2007, which also featured Smith for a time.
References
External links
Slaveco. at MySpace
Category:Canadian alternative rock groups
Category:Canadian punk rock groups
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Tuyabuguz Reservoir
Tuyabuguz Reservoir (), also known as the Tashmore or Tashkentskoye more () is artificial lake located in Tashkent Province, south of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The reservoir provides irrigation for Tashkent Province.
References
External links
Tuyabuguz Reservoir, Geographic.org
Tuyabuguz
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Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
The Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars were a series of conflicts that took place in the last half of the 17th century in what was known then as the Cape of Good Hope (today it refers to a smaller geographic spot), in the area of present-day Cape Town, South Africa, between Dutch settlers who came from the Netherlands and the local African people, the indigenous Khoikhoi, who had lived in that part of the world for millennia.
The arrival of the permanent settlements of Europeans, under the Dutch East India Company, at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 brought them into the land of the local people, such as the Khoikhoi (called Hottentots by the Dutch), and the Bushmen (also known as the San), collectively referred to as the Khoisan. While the Dutch traded with the Khoikhoi, nevertheless serious disputes broke out over land ownership and livestock. This resulted in attacks and counter-attacks by both sides which were known as the Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars that ended in the eventual defeat of the Khoikhoi. The First Khoikhoi-Dutch War took place from 1659 - 1660 and the second from 1673 - 1677.
First Khoikhoi-Dutch War
Beginning of the War
The Khoikhoi nomadic people were disgruntled by the disruption of their seasonal visit to the area for which purpose they grazed their cattle at the foot of Table Mountain only to find European settlers occupying and farming the land. Their leader 'Doman' lived in the Fort de Goede Hoop at the time. One night Doman left the fort to join his clan where after he led several cattle-lifting excursions against the settlers. In 1659 the settlements farmers protested against the continual cattle theft and called an urgent council meeting with Jan van Riebeeck. The council, consisting of representatives of the Dutch East India Company and free burghers gathered to discuss the protest made by the free burgher farmers. The Company was not in favor for war and the free burghers made it clear that their only desire were to live in peace and trade with the natives, yet they could not endure any more harassment. The free burghers and the Company stated that they could not see any other way to attain peace and quietness in the area than to declare war on Doman's clan.
Settlements response
During the event of the council meeting, Doman and his party attacked a farm and murdered the cattle herder, a boy named Simon Janssen. News of the attack reached the fort soon thereafter and panic ensued throughout the settlement. The Khoisan clan called the Strandlopers, who lived near the Fort at the time, fled from Table Valley fearing to get caught up in the conflict. The burghers who were unable to defend themselves were evacuated to the Fort, while guards were stationed to protect the families who remained on the farms. Additional soldiers arrived by ship and guard houses were erected along the border of the settlement. Doman's clan were however difficult to apprehend.
Jan van Riebeeck decided upon the following measures as a temporary measure to make safe the area; deepening the existing redoubts, build additional three watch-houses, put up a strong fence, mounted patrols along the line and Boerboel dogs on farms. The fence line became the official border of the settlement.
Khoisan Involvement
During the war, a devastating virulent sickness occurred among the cattle of the settlers causing the death of at least four out of five of some of the flocks. The settlers instituted a prayer meeting every Wednesday to pray for relief from the dire situation and for victory. Another Khoisan clan under the leadership of Oedasoa, who were also at war with Doman's clan approached the settlers and offered an alliance. The Council decided to accept Oedasoa's advice on expedition matters but not to accept any men from his clan for the purpose of conducting military operations since they felt that additional manpower were unnecessary and costly. The arrival of 105 additional European soldiers greatly strengthened the garrison at the Cape. The additional men enabled the settlers to carry out several expeditions, of which most were unsuccessful. The Council approached Harry, the leader of the Strandloper clan for assistance with regards to expeditions, who pointed out that Doman's people had placed men as sentinels on every hill.
Skirmishes
Skirmishes between the mounted patrols and Doman's people erupted on several occasions where Doman's men were defeated owing to the advantage in weapons on the side of the settlers. During a particular skirmish, Doman was wounded and his party dispersed from the area. After the conflict ended, the Strandloper clan moved back to the area near the Fort where they had lived before and a time of peace emerged.
Peace treaty
On the 6th of April 1660 Doman and his followers arrived at the Fort and concluded a treaty. Both parties agreed that neither would molest each other in future and that Doman's people would only enter the settlements territory, and remain on the designated paths as pointed out, for the purpose of trade in order to replace the stolen cattle. It was further declared that the free burghers and the Company would retain ownership of the land occupied by them and that the settlers would not treat the natives harshly for what had happened during the war, upon which all parties agreed.
Second Khoikhoi-Dutch War
Beginning of the war
In 1672 the settlement dispatched explorers in search of Khoisan to trade with since they relied on trade with the Khoisan to obtain livestock for passing ships. The explorers discovered that the Chainouqua and Cochoqua clans were at war with each other. In November 1672 the governor at the Cape sent three hunters to Riebeek's Kasteel to hunt for meat when upon their arrival they were ambushed and robbed by Gonnema's gang. Gonnema, the chief of the Cochoquas, frequently plundered neighbouring Khoisan camps in the area. Gonnema was displeased because of the assistance which the settlement provided in trade with his enemies the Chainouquas. In June 1673 the governor sent another hunting party consisting of nine men with two wagons to hunt large game, the hunters went up into the mountains where they were surrounded and captured by the Cochoquas who detained them for several days and then murdered them at a place called Moordkuil.
Cochoquas attack on Saldanha Bay
Cochoquas, disguised as traders, arrived at the Company's trading post at Saldanha Bay on the 6th of July 1673 when suddenly they attacked and murdered four of the soldiers stationed there. The Chochoquas then plundered the outpost. Only one soldier managed to escape.
Settlements response
After receiving news of these attacks the counsel resolved to send soldiers in search of the Cochoquas. Ensign Hieronymus Cruse assembled and led 36 Freeburghers and 36 Company soldiers to the area of Twenty Four Rivers. Reinforcements in the form of eighteen horsemen under leadership of freeburgher officer Elbert Diemer were dispatched a few days later to assist Hieronymus Cruse in his mission.
The settlements combined forces marched across the area of Twenty Four Rivers when their scouts discovered a Cochoqua kraal among the mountains on the 18th of July. By the time the forces arrived at the kraal it had been abandoned. They found property belonging to the murdered settlers inside the abandoned huts. The following day the horsemen followed the fugitives resulting in the Chochoquas fleeing into the mountains and leaving their cattle behind. Hieronymus Cruse then took possession of the cattle ordered his forces to return to the fort.
When the forces stopped to set up camp for the night the Cochoquas mobilised an attack in an attempt to recover the cattle, during the skirmish one burgher was wounded and two horses killed while about twelve Cochoquas were fatally wounded. Gonnema failed to recover the livestock and the expedition forces reached the ford again on the 25th of July 1673 with eight hundred head of horned cattle and nine hundred sheep.
Dutch-Chainouqua Alliance
The Chainouquas, who were already at war with the Cochoquas, now allied with the settlers. On the 20th of August the Chainouquas with more than a hundred of their people arrived at the fort. They had captured four of Gonnema's followers and delivered them to the governor to be tried by a court. They were found guilty of participation in the murder of the burghers and were sentenced to death at the hands of the Chainouquas.
The war had been suspended for some months, owing to a fatal disease which had broken out among the Khoisan people. On the 24th of March 1674 the Chainouquas reported that their spies had located Gonnema's camp at the Little Berg River at Tulbagh Kloof whereafter it was resolved to send combined forces to that location. There were fifty freeburghers under command of Wouter Moster, four hundred Chainouquas under command of captains Klaas, Koopman, Schaecher, and Kuiper, and fifty soldiers under Ensign Cruse, who was also commandant-general of the expedition.
The Cochoquas anticipated and attack and fled leaving their possessions and livestock behind. The army seized eight hundred head of horned cattle and four thousand sheep. The spoils were divided among the soldiers and the Company.
1675 Cochoqua Offensive
In November 1675 Gonnema led a surprise attack at Tigerberg where the Chainouquas kept their cattle during which several of the herders were killed and a large portion of their cattle were taken. During the skirmish fifteen Cochoquas were killed. By the time reinforcements from the settlement arrived Gonnema had already escaped into the mountains.
1676 Dutch-Chainouqua Offensive
In 1676 the council dispatched a military expedition under the command of Lieutenant Cruse, in search of the Cochoquas, consisting of fifty foot-soldiers, twenty-three horsemen, fifty burghers and a large band of Chainouquas. They were unable to track down the Cochoquas location. It was then decided to send a spy named Jacob to locate Gonnema, the spy returned with news that the Cochoquas were at war with other Khoisan clans named the Namaquas and the Chariguriquas. Another force were dispatched under guidance of the spy Jacob to Saldanha Bay where they found and killed several of Gonnema's followers. They seized one hundred and sixty-five head of horned cattle and thirty sheep which was taken by the Chainouquas as spoils of war.
1677 Peace Treaty
On the 8th of June 1677 Cochoqua messengers arrived at the Castel of Good Hope to initiate peace negotiations of which the council were in favour. On the 24th of June a delegation of high ranking Cochoquas arrived at the Castle with nine head of cattle to negotiate for peace. The following terms were agreed upon; trade relations between the Cochoqua and the Dutch East India Company would be restored and the Cochoquas would deliver as tribute thirty head of cattle yearly to the return fleet of the Company. Furthermore, the Cochoquas would instruct their people to refrain from stealing livestock from the settlers and their allies and severely punish those who commit such a crime. The Cochoquas vowed not to wage war against any of the Companies allies.
Conclusion
Some modern scholars have observed that superior war-making ability was not the only means whereby the Dutch forced the Khoikhoi to submit and concluded that:
See also
Cape Colony
History of Cape Colony
Military history of South Africa
References
External links
South African Time Line with early history summarized.
Hunters and Gatherers: The Khoisan People of South Africa by Dr. Keith Tankard.
Category:Military history of South Africa
Category:Military history of the Cape Colony
Category:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
Category:1670s conflicts
Category:1670s in Africa
Category:1659 in Africa
Category:1673 in Africa
Category:1674 in Africa
Category:17th century in the Cape Colony
Category:Military history of the Dutch East India Company
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Donetsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after A. Solovyanenko
Donetsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after A. Solovyanenko was established in 1932 in Lugansk on the basis of fit-up theatre of Right-bank Ukraine. Since 15 March 1932 the theatre was transferred to Donetsk theatre group The first season opened on September 1, 1932 with opera Prince Igor composed by Alexander Borodin. On April 12, 1941, the Theatre opened the season in the new theater building by premiere of Mikhail Glinka's Ivan Susanin. On August 7, same year, the premiere of the first ballet performance Laurencia by Alexander Crain was held.
After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War part of the company was evacuated to Kirghizia, later, in June 1942, the theater moved to Przhevalsk city, where actors held concerts in hospitals and military units. In January 1944 the theater returned to Stalino and already in September, right after the liberation of the Donets Basin a premiere of Alexander Borodin's Prince Igor took place.
On October 2, 1977, the Theater was awarded with Academic status for significant contribution to the development of Soviet art.
In 1992 the Choreographic School of Vadim Pisarev, the People's Artist of Ukraine, was established in the Theater. Starting from 1994 the Theater has been hosting the International Festival "World Ballet Stars", Vadim Pisarev is as well the founder and art director.
On December 9, 1999 by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the theater was named after Soviet Ukrainian opera singer A. Solovyanenko.
Architecture
The theatre building was initially designed for drama theatre, construction works started in 1936. Ludwig Kotovskiy was the leading architect and overall management of construction project was scheduled by Solomon Krol'.
The theater building is made in classic style. On three sides approaches to the theater are organized. The auditorium and the lobby are decorated with stucco details. Initially, the auditorium was designed for 1300 seats, at the present time there are 976. Above the mezzanine and balcony of the auditorium, as well as in some niches of the foyer there are sculptural busts of composers, poets and decorative vases.
The theater is equipped with mechanized stage, the main stage area is 560 m2. It can withstand the load of up to 75 tons.
The troupe
Many famous artists started their career in Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, among them Yuri Gulayev, Anatoliy Solovyanenko, Nickolay Momot, Valentin Zemlyanskiy, Alexander Korobeychenko and others - they were the People's artists of Ukraine. The Theatre was named after prominent opera tenor Anatoliy Solovyanenko, awardee of Taras Shevchenko and Lenin Prizes, who was born in Donetsk. In different years on the stage of Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theatre such stars of Soviet Union art danced and sang, as Ivan Kozlovsky and Sergei Lemeshev, Maria Bieshu, Olga Lepeshinskaya, Marina Semenova, Klavdiya Shulzhenko and many others.
Current troupe of the Theatre includes:
Management
Director - Honoured Artist of Ukraine Vasiliy Ryabenkiy
Art Director - People's Artist of Ukraine Vadim Pisarev
Chief Choirmaster - People's Artist of Ukraine Ludmila Streltsova
Chief choreographer - People's Artist of Ukraine Evgeniya Hasyanova
Chief conductor - Honoured Artist of Ukraine Vasily Vasilenko
Opera
People's Artist of Ukraine's Tamara Lagunova (since 1977)
People's Artist of Ukraine Valentin Zemlyanskiy
People's Artist of Ukraine Nickolay Momot (since 1969)
Honored Artist of Ukraine Kaleria Kamenyanova
Honored Artist of Ukraine Petr Labatiy
Honored Artist of Ukraine, Anatoly Voronin
Honored Artist of Ukraine Vasily Sorokin (since 1966)
Ballet
Anastasia Aseyeva
Svetlana Bednenko
Roman Belgorodskiy
Yekaterina Botaikina
Maxim Valchik
Irina Komarenko, Honored Artist of Ukraine
Yulia Polgorodnik, Honored Artist of Ukraine
and many others.
See also
Donetsk
Donetsk National Academic Ukrainian Musical and Drama Theatre
References
External links
Donetsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre after A. Solovyanenko official site
Old pictures of the Theatre
Anatoliy Solovyanenko biography
Category:Theatres in Donetsk
Category:Buildings and structures in Donetsk
Category:Tourist attractions in Donetsk Oblast
Category:Opera houses in Ukraine
Category:Music venues completed in 1941
Category:Theatres completed in 1941
Category:Culture in Donetsk
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The Last Predators
The Last Predators is the third studio album from Norwegian black metal band Troll.
Track listing
"Bastards Last Breath" (Intro) – 1:09
"Fall of the Marbled Galaxy" – 3:07
"Seierens Stråler" (The Victory's Rays) – 2:55
"Mending the Instincts" – 3:50
"Colony X-11: Inflict Mythical Mayhem" – 3:04
"My Glance into the Narrow Room" – 2:32
"Eyes as in I" – 2:30
"A.T. the Riddle" – 3:40
"The Last Predators" – 4:02
"Frelserens Visjoner" (The Saviour's Visions) – 0:18
"Outro" – 0:55
Line-up
Sinister Minister Twice - vocals
Nagash (Stian Arnesen) - guitars, music
Blackheart (Amund Svensson) - synth, programming
Ursus Major - bass
Hellhammer - drums
Other information
All music composed by Nagash
All lyrics written by S.M. Twice
Distributed by Voices of Wonder AS
Mastered at T-4's Deepspace/2000
Nagash, Blackheart, and Hellhammer are also known as Lex Icon, Psy Coma, and Von Blomberg (respectively) in the black metal/industrial metal band The Kovenant.
Nagash has also played bass for Dimmu Borgir, as well as teamed up with their frontman Shagrath to form the rock band Chrome Division.
Hellhammer has played drums for both The Kovenant and Dimmu Borgir.
Category:Troll (Norwegian band) albums
Category:2001 albums
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Akina Nakamori singles discography
The singles discography of Japanese recording artist Akina Nakamori consists of 50 singles and eight promotional recordings.
Nakamori's music career began when she won the 1981 season of the talent show Star Tanjō!. After signing to Warner Pioneer, she released "Slow Motion" in 1982. Her debut studio album, Prologue peaked at number five in Japan. The follow-up, "Shōjo A" became number five hit and marked her popularity. Following the success, her second album, Variation (1982) topped on the Oricon Albums Chart and stayed atop for three weeks. Since its release, all of Nakamori's studio albums had achieved number one, until Stock (1988) peaked at number two. Her third studio album Fantasy (1983) spawned her biggest hit, "Second Love". Her fourth studio album New Akina Étranger (1983) yielded three number-three hits: "1/2 no Shinwa", "Twilight (Yūgure Dayori)", and "Kinku", which won a Japan Record Awards for Golden Idol at the 1983 ceremony. Her first compilation album, Best Akina Memoir was released in 1983 and debuted at number one in Japan. Her fifth studio album Anniversary was released in 1984, following the hit single "Kita Wing". Nakamori's sixth studio album Possibility (1984) yielded two singles: "Southern Wind" and "Jikkai (1984)". The latter won a Grand Prix at the 1984's Nippon Television Music Festival and became sixth best-selling song of 1984 in Japan.
As the lead single from Nakamori's seventh studio album Bitter and Sweet (1985), "Kazari ja Nai noyo Namida wa" was released in 1984. The Yōsui Inoue-penned song topped in Japan and became sixth best-selling song of 1985 there. Her eighth studio album D404ME (1985) met with a critical acclaim and yielded one hit single, "Meu Amor é...", which became second best-selling single of 1985 in Japan. The song earned Grand Prix at 27th Japan Record Awards and 1985's FNS Music Festival. Nakamori's second compilation album Best was released 1986 and spawned two singles: "Sand Beige (Sabaku e)" and "Solitude", both of which topped on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. Her ninth studio album, Fushigi was released in 1986. The highly experimental album stayed at number one for three weeks in Japan. Her tenth studio album Crimson (1986) sold 600,800 copies in Japan alone and became third best-selling album of that year in Japan. Her third compilation album CD'87 was released in 1987 and spawned four singles: "Desire (Jōnetsu)", "Gypsy Queen", "Fin", and "Tango Noir". "Desire (Jōnetsu)" is known as Nakamori's best-known work, winning Grand Prix at the numerous awards such as 28th Japan Record Awards, 1987's Japan Gold Disc Award and 1986's FNS Music Festival. Nakamori's first English-language studio album, Cross My Palm was released in 1987. The album reached number one in Japan and managed to entered the Billboard 200. The follow-up single, "Blonde" was released in the same year and became seventh best-selling single of 1987 in Japan. In the same year, Nakamori released a cover of the Tokiko Kato song, "Nampasen" to a critical acclaim and it won a Japan Gold Disc Award for The Best Single of the Year at the 1988 ceremony. Her twelfth studio album Stock (1988) failed to top the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart, although the album performed better than her last album, Cross My Palm. The follow-up, "Tattoo" attracted much attention for the sexual lyrics and bodycon dress costume. Her thirteenth studio album, Femme Fatale was released in 1988 and reached number one in Japan. Her fourth compilation album Best II was released in the same year and spawned five number one singles. The album itself has sold over 800,000 copies and became fourth best-selling album of 1989 in Japan. Her fourteenth studio album Cruise was released in 1989 and debuted at number one in Japan. However, one week before the release of the album, Nakamori attempted suicide at the house of her then-boyfriend, Masahiko Kondō and took one-year hiatus.
Nakamori's comeback single, "Dear Friend" was released in 1990. The song debuted at number one in Japan and stayed for two weeks there, selling approximately 550,000 copies. Her fifth compilation album Best III was released in 1992, followed by three number-three hits. As her first release from MCA Records, the double-A side single, "Everlasting Love"/"Not Crazy to Me" was released in 1995. The single, written by Ryuichi Sakamoto peaked at number ten in Japan. Her fifteenth studio album Unbalance + Balance (1993) spawned four singles, including Tetsuya Komuro-penned "Aibu". Nakamori's first cover album, Utahime was released in 1994 and reached number five in Japan. She released her sixteenth studio album La Alteracion in 1995, yielding one top twenty single "Genshi, Onna wa Taiyō datta". In 1997, her seventeenth studio album Shaker was released. The album was a minor success, only reaching number fourteen in Japan. Her eighteenth studio album Spoon was released in 1998 to a critical acclaim. The lead single from the album and Nakamori's first release from This One label, "Kisei (Never Forget)" was released in 1998 and has sold approximately 95,000 copies. In 1999, Nakamori's nineteenth studio album, Will was released without her permission. The album was a commercial failure, only reaching number fifty-two in Japan.
After parting way with This One label, Nakamori signed a new record deal with @Ease, and subsequently released a single "It's Brand New Day" in 2001. However, in 2002, Nakamori departed from the label and signed with Universal Music Japan. Her second cover album, Zero Album: Utahime 2 was released in March 2002 and reached number ten in Japan, selling approximately 223,000 copies and certificated Gold by Recording Industry Association of Japan. Nakamori's twentieth studio album Resonancia (2002) spawned two singles. Her re-recorded compilation album, Akina Nakamori: Utahime Double Decade (2002) peaked at number eight in Japan. Nakamori released her twenty-first studio album I Hope So in 2003. Her third cover album Utahime 3: Shūmaku (2003) was a moderate success, reaching number twenty-five on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart. Her twenty-second studio album, Destination (2006) reached number twenty in Japan. In the early 2007, Nakamori released two compilation albums: Utahime Best: 25th Anniversary Selection and Ballad Best 25th Anniversary Selection. Her fourth cover album, Enka (2007) was released to a commercial success, reaching number ten and certificated Gold by RIAJ. The album won a 49th Japan Record Awards for Planning Award at the 2007 ceremony. In 2009, Nakamori released her twenty-third studio album Diva to a moderate success, making it reach number twenty-nine in Japan. However, in October 2010, Nakamori announced she would take an indefinite hiatus due to her physically and mentally bad condition.
In August 2014, Nakamori's compilation albums, All Time Best: Original and All Time Best: Utahime Cover were simultaneously released to unexpected commercial success. Her comeback single, "Rojo (Tierra)" was released in the late 2014 and peaked at number eight in Japan. She performed the song on the Japanese music television program, 65th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen. Her twenty-fourth studio album, Fixer (2015) was also a commercial success, peaking at number seven in Japan. In 2017, Nakamori released two albums on the same day: Akina, her twenty-fifth studio album and Cage, her disco-influenced cover album. The albums reached number nine and eight respectively in Japan.
To date, Nakamori has sold more than 25.7 million records nationwide. She has 22 number one singles and 18 number one albums, being the nineteenth best-selling artist in Japan of all-time.
As lead artist
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Promotional singles
See also
Akina Nakamori
Akina Nakamori albums discography
List of best-selling music artists in Japan
Notes
References
External links
Category:Discographies of Japanese artists
Category:Pop music discographies
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Rules and Meanings
Rules and Meanings: The Anthropology of Everyday Knowledge. Selected Readings is an anthology of readings in cultural anthropology and the sociology of knowledge, edited by Mary Douglas and first published by Penguin Books in 1973 in their series Penguin Modern Sociology Readings. The background to the selection and the treatment of the 45 excerpts provided was a course on cognitive anthropology taught by Douglas at University College London. She not only selected the readings, but also provided a general introduction to the volume and a brief introduction to each of the eight sections. The theme running throughout is that "reality is socially constructed".
Contents
A number of writers are represented by multiple excerpts in more than one section. Each is listed below only at first mention.
Part One, "Tacit Conventions", contains excerpts from the writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Alfred Schütz, Harold Garfinkel and E. E. Evans-Pritchard.
Part Two "The Logical Basis of Constructed Reality", provides selections from works by Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss, James C. Faris, Edmund Husserl, and Godfrey Lienhardt.
Part Three, "Orientations in Time and Space", includes writing by Julius Alfred Roth, John Cage (from Silence: Lectures and Writings), M. L. J. Abercrombie, Lorna Marshall, Pierre Bourdieu and Peter Gidal.
Part Four, "Physical Nature Assigned to Classes and Held to Them by Rules", opens with an excerpt from Mr Justice Ormrod's summing up in the case Corbett v Corbett, and further includes passages penned by Robert Hertz, Franz Steiner, Mrs Humphry, Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, and Ralph Bulmer.
Part Five, "The Limits of Knowledge", again uses Wittgenstein and Husserl, as well as Basil Bernstein.
Part Six, "Interpenetration of Meanings", provides an excerpt from D. R. Venables and R. E. Clifford, Academic Dress of the University of Oxford (1957), as well as from Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), from an anonymous 19th-century etiquette manual (1872), from Lucy Grace Allen's Table Service (1915), and from the 7th edition of Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described (1943) by Adrian Fortescue and John Berthram O'Connell.
Part Seven, "Provinces of Meaning", includes excerpts from C. W. M. Hart and Arnold R. Pilling's The Tiwi of North Australia, Hermann Hesse's The Glass Bead Game, and Leo Sherley-Price's translation of the Little Flowers of St. Francis.
Part Eight, "Formal Correspondences", contains pieces written by S. M. Salim, Alan Segal, Roger Vailland, and M. A. K. Halliday.
References
External links
Re-edition as volume 4 of Mary Douglas: Collected Works, on google books.
Category:1973 non-fiction books
Category:Anthropology books
Category:Books about social constructionism
Category:Books by Mary Douglas
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The Reeling
"The Reeling" is a song by American electronic band Passion Pit. It was released on May 11, 2009, as the first single from the band's debut studio album, Manners. The song features background vocals from the PS22 Chorus. Generally well received by music critics, the single entered the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in September 2009. In the United Kingdom, the single originally peaked at number 137, but was re-issued in January 2010, where it performed slightly better at number 99. With this improved showing, the record company then re-issued "Sleepyhead" in March 2010. The song was featured on soccer video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2011.
A music video for the song premiered in April 2009. It depicts a carefree night on the town and uses ripped-paper visual effects. A remixed version of "The Reeling" was used on the trailer for the fourth season of the British TV series Skins.
Critical reception
Lou Thomas of the BBC praised the song's vocals and beats, and called it "unquestionably one of the greatest songs of 2009."
Emily Kendrick of This Is Fake DIY noted the song's exuberance and compared it vocally to the Bee Gees.
Louise Brailey of NME said the song's opening "sounds weirdly like an
old-school hardcore breakdown, before collapsing into starry disco-pop."
Mike Diver of Clash magazine said the song "combine[s] elements of the purest pop with compositional playfulness."
Matthew Cole of Slant Magazine credits the song's ability, along with album track "Moth's Wings," to combine decades worth of "party music" genres, including disco, house, rave, and 1980s rock.
Zach Kelly of Pitchfork Media described the song as sweet and earnest, adding that listeners "won't remember it the next morning, but it probably earned a grin the night before."
Andrzej Lukowski of Drowned in Sound called the song "quite annoying," though he gave the album a favorable review overall.
Chart performance
Track listing
References
External links
Official band website
Category:2009 singles
Category:Passion Pit songs
Category:2009 songs
Category:Columbia Records singles
Category:Frenchkiss Records singles
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NA-272 (Lasbela-cum-Gwadar)
NA-272 (Lasbela-cum-Gwadar) is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. It comprises the districts of Lasbela and Gwadar from the province of Balochistan. It was created in 2018 out of areas from NA-270 (Awaran-cum-Lasbela) and NA-272 (Kech-cum-Gwadar)
Members of Parliament
Since 2018: NA-272 (Lasbela-cum-Gawadar)
Election 2018
General elections were held on 25 July 2018.
See also
NA-271 (Kech)
NA-1 (Chitral)
References
272
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Garganji
Garganji (, also Romanized as Gārganjī) is a village in Gowharan Rural District, Gowharan District, Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 102, in 20 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Bashagard County
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One Piece: Burning Blood
One Piece: Burning Blood is a fighting video game developed by Spike Chunsoft and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. Based on the One Piece franchise, it was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. It is the first One Piece video game to be released on an Xbox video game console. It was released in Japan on April 21, 2016, in North America on May 31, 2016, and in Europe on June 3, 2016. The Windows version was released in North America on September 1, 2016, and in Europe on September 2, 2016. The game was not released for Xbox One in Japan.
Gameplay
One Piece: Burning Blood is a fighting game, which features a cel-shaded artstyle, similar to the One Piece anime. The game also features an "advanced battle system", which allows players to perform stronger attacks and block normal attacks from enemies. Similar to the Grand Battle! series, Burning Blood is a 1-on-1 (and up to 9 vs 9) fighting game. It focuses on fighting as well as devil fruit abilities, with Logia users being able to use their powers to avoid damage.
Development
On September 8, 2015, publisher Bandai Namco Entertainment trademarked three names, one of which is Burning Blood. The game was officially announced at Sony Computer Entertainment Japan Asia's Tokyo Game Show 2015 press conference.
Reception
The game debuted at number one of the Japanese sales charts, with 35,496 copies sold on PS4 and 32,682 sold on PS Vita in its first week in Japan. In four weeks PS4 and PS Vita versions sold 104,120 units in Japan.
It currently holds an aggregated score of 66 on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews", based on 40 reviews. IGN awarded it a score of 6.5 out of 10, saying "One Piece: Burning Blood is a bit too much for the uninitiated, and a bit too little for One Piece stalwarts." Destructoid awarded it 5.5 out of 10, saying " The combat here just isn't that fun, and no amount of colorful anime action will change that." Game Rant awarded it 2.5 out of five, saying "Even the gorgeous visuals created by developer Spike Chunsoft can’t save One Piece: Burning Blood from its biggest flaw, however: most of the time, the game seems dull" Hardcore Gamer awarded it a score of 3 out of five, saying "One Piece: Burning Blood is one of those middle of the road games that makes game reviewers weep...Neither good nor bad, it exists." Famitsu awarded it four scores of 8 out of 10, which equaled an overall score of 32/40.
Notes
References
External links
Category:3D fighting games
Category:Bandai Namco games
Burning Blood
Category:PlayStation 4 games
Category:PlayStation Vita games
Category:Spike Chunsoft video games
Category:2016 video games
Category:Versus fighting games
Category:Video games based on anime and manga
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Windows games
Category:Xbox One games
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2010–11 Israeli Hockey League season
The 2010–11 Israeli Hockey League season was the 20th season of Israel's hockey league. Eight teams participated in the league, and HC Metulla won the league title.
Regular season
Group A
HC Metulla 15
HC Ma'alot 9
Maccabi Metula 8
HC Bat Yam 4
Group B
HC Herzlia 18
Haifa Hawks 16
HC Bat Yam II (Holon) 3
Rehovot 3
Final tournament
3rd place
Icebergs Bat Yam – Maccabi Zairei Metulla 2:6 (2:0, 0:3, 0:3)
Final
HC Metulla - Monfort Ma'alot 5:1 (0:0, 1:0, 4:1)
External links
2010-11 season overview
List of Israeli champions on hockeyarenas.net
Israeli Hockey League Season, 2010-11
Category:Israeli League (ice hockey) seasons
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Cristina Nedelcu
Cristina Simona Nedelcu (born 28 February 1987 in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast who won the silver medal in the women's individual event at the 2008 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships in Ulm. During her career she won four world championships medals (one silver and three gold), four European championships medals (two gold and two bronze) and six times national women's individual champion .
References
External links
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Romanian aerobic gymnasts
Category:Female aerobic gymnasts
Category:Medalists at the Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships
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House of Hohenzollern
The House of Hohenzollern (, also , ) is a German royal dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania. The family arose in the area around the town of Hechingen in Swabia during the 11th century and took their name from Hohenzollern Castle. The first ancestors of the Hohenzollerns were mentioned in 1061.
The Hohenzollern family split into two branches, the Catholic Swabian branch and the Protestant Franconian branch, which ruled the Burgraviate of Nuremberg and later became the Brandenburg-Prussian branch. The Swabian branch ruled the principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen until 1849, and also ruled Romania from 1866 to 1947. Members of the Franconian branch became Margrave of Brandenburg in 1415 and Duke of Prussia in 1525.
The Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union after 1618 and were called Brandenburg-Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia was created in 1701, eventually leading to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871, with the Hohenzollerns as hereditary German Emperors and Kings of Prussia.
Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918 led to the German Revolution. The Hohenzollerns were overthrown and the Weimar Republic was established, thus bringing an end to the German monarchy. Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia is the current head of the royal Prussian line, while Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern is the head of the princely Swabian line.
County of Zollern
Zollern, from 1218 Hohenzollern, was a county of the Holy Roman Empire. Later its capital was Hechingen.
The Hohenzollerns named their estates after Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps. The Hohenzollern Castle lies on an 855 meters high mountain called Hohenzollern. It still belongs to the family today.
The dynasty was first mentioned in 1061. According to the medieval chronicler Berthold of Reichenau, Burkhard I, Count of Zollern (de Zolorin) was born before 1025 and died in 1061.
In 1095 Count Adalbert of Zollern founded the Benedictine monastery of Alpirsbach, situated in the Black Forest.
The Zollerns received the comital title from Emperor Henry V in 1111.
As loyal vassals of the Swabian Hohenstaufen dynasty, they were able to significantly enlarge their territory. Count Frederick III (c. 1139 – c. 1200) accompanied Emperor Frederick Barbarossa against Henry the Lion in 1180, and through his marriage was granted the Burgraviate of Nuremberg by Emperor Henry VI in 1192. In about 1185 he married Sophia of Raabs, the daughter of Conrad II, Burgrave of Nuremberg. After the death of Conrad II who left no male heirs, Frederick III was granted Nuremberg as Burgrave Frederick I.
In 1218 the burgraviate passed to Frederick's elder son Conrad I, he thereby became the ancestor of the Franconian Hohenzollern branch, which acquired the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1415.
Counts of Zollern (1061–1204)
until 1061: Burkhard I
before 1125: Frederick I
between ca. 1125 and 1142: Frederick II, eldest son of Frederick I
between ca. 1143 and 1150–1155: Burkhard II, 2nd oldest son of Frederick I
between ca. 1150–1155 and 1160: Gotfried of Zimmern, 4th oldest son of Frederick I
before 1171 – c. 1200: Frederick III/I (son of Frederick II, also Burgrave of Nuremberg)
After Frederick's death, his sons partitioned the family lands between themselves:
Conrad I received the county of Zollern and exchanged it for the burgraviate of Nuremberg with his younger brother Frederick IV in 1218, thereby founding the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. Members of the Franconian line eventually became the Brandenburg-Prussia branch. The Franconian line later converted to Protestantism.
Frederick IV received the burgraviate of Nuremberg in 1200 from his father and exchanged it for the county of Zollern in 1218 with his brother, thereby founding the Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. The Swabian line remains Catholic.
Franconian branch
The senior Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern was founded by Conrad I, Burgrave of Nuremberg (1186–1261).
The family supported the Hohenstaufen and Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire during the 12th to 15th centuries, being rewarded with several territorial grants. Beginning in the 16th century, this branch of the family became Protestant and decided on expansion through marriage and the purchase of surrounding lands.
In the first phase, the family gradually added to their lands, at first with many small acquisitions in the Franconian region of Germany:
Ansbach in 1331
Kulmbach in 1340
In the second phase, the family expanded their lands further with large acquisitions in the Brandenburg and Prussian regions of Germany and present-day Poland:
Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1417
Duchy of Prussia in 1618
These acquisitions eventually transformed the Franconian Hohenzollerns from a minor German princely family into one of the most important dynasties in Europe.
Burgraves of Nuremberg (1192–1427)
1192–1200/1204: Frederick I (also count of Zollern as Frederick III)
1204–1218: Frederick II (son of, also count of Zollern as Frederick IV)
1218–1261/1262: Conrad I/III (brother of, also count of Zollern)
1262–1297: Frederick III (c. 1220–1297), son of
1297–1300: John I (c. 1279–1300), son of
1300–1332: Frederick IV (1287–1332), brother of
1332–1357: John II (c. 1309–1357), son of
1357–1397: Frederick V (before 1333–1398), son of
At Frederick V's death on 21 January 1398, his lands were partitioned between his two sons:
1397–1420: John III/I (son of, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
1397–1427: Frederick VI/I/I, (brother of, also Elector and Margrave of Brandenburg, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
After John III/I's death on 11 June 1420, the margraviates of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach were briefly reunited under Frederick VI/I/I. He ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach after 1398. From 1420, he became Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. From 1411 Frederick VI became governor of Brandenburg and later Elector and Margrave of Brandenburg as Frederick I. Upon his death on 21 September 1440, his territories were divided among his sons:
Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
John II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
In 1427 Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg sold Nuremberg Castle and his rights as burgrave to the Imperial City of Nuremberg. The territories of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach remained possessions of the family, once parts of the Burgraviate of Nuremberg.
Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1398–1791)
1398–1440: Frederick I (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
1440–1486: Albert I/I/III Achilles (son of, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and Elector of Brandenburg)
1486–1515: Frederick II/II (son of, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
1515–1543: George I/I the Pious (son of, also Duke of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf)
1543–1603: George Frederick I/I/I/I (son of, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duke of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf and Regent of Prussia)
1603–1625: Joachim Ernst (1583–1625), son of John George of Brandenburg
1625–1634: Frederick III (1616–1634), son of
1634–1667: Albert II
1667–1686: John Frederick (1654–1686), son of
1686–1692: Christian I Albrecht
1692–1703: George Frederick II/II (later Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
1703–1723: William Frederick (before 1686–1723), son of John Frederick
1723–1757: Charles William (1712–1757), son of
1757: Christian II Frederick (1757–1791) (son of, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
On 2 December 1791, Christian II Frederick sold the sovereignty of his principalities to King Frederick William II of Prussia.
Margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1398–1604), later Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1604–1791)
1398–1420: John I (c. 1369–1420), son of Frederick V of Nuremberg
1420–1440: Frederick I (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)
1440–1457: John II (1406–1464), son of
1457–1486: Albert I/I/III Achilles (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Elector of Brandenburg)
1486–1495: Siegmund (1468–1495), son of
1495–1515: Frederick II/II (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)
1515–1527: Casimir (1481–1527), son of
1527–1553: Albert II Alcibiades (1522–1557), son of
1553–1603: George Frederick I/I/I/I (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Duke of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf and Regent of Prussia)
1603–1655: Christian I (1581–1655), son of John George,of Brandenburg
1655–1712: Christian II Ernst (1644–1712), son of Erdmann August
1712–1726: George I William (1678–1726), son of
1726–1735: George Frederick II/II (previously Margrave of Kulmbach)
1735–1763: Frederick IV (1711–1763), son of
1763–1769: Frederick V Christian (1708–1769), son of Christian Heinrich
1769–1791: Charles Alexander (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)
On 2 December 1791, Charles Alexander sold the sovereignty of his principalities to King Frederick William II of Prussia.
From 8 January 1701 the title of Elector of Brandenburg was attached to the title of King in Prussia and, from 13 September 1772, to that of King of Prussia.
Dukes of Jägerndorf (1523–1622)
The Duchy of Jägerndorf (Krnov) was purchased in 1523.
1541–1543: George I the Pious (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)
1543–1603: George Frederick I (also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and Regent of Prussia)
1603–1606: Joachim I (also Regent of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg)
1606–1621: Johann Georg von Brandenburg
The duchy of Jägerndorf was confiscated by Emperor Ferdinand III in 1622.
Brandenburg-Prussian branch
Margraves of Brandenburg (1415–1619)
In 1411 Frederick VI, Burgrave of Nuremberg was appointed governor of Brandenburg in order to restore order and stability. At the Council of Constance in 1415, King Sigismund elevated Frederick to the rank of Elector and Margrave of Brandenburg as Frederick I.
Margraves of Brandenburg-Küstrin (1535–1571)
The short-lived Margraviate of Brandenburg-Küstrin was set up as a secundogeniture of the House of Hohenzollern.
1535–1571: John the Wise, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (son of Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg). He died without issue. The Margraviate of Brandenburg-Küstrin was absorbed in 1571 into Brandenburg.
Margraves of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1688–1788)
Although recognised as a branch of the dynasty since 1688, the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Schwedt remained subordinate to the electors, and was never an independent principality.
1688–1711: Philip William, Prince in Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (son of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg)
1731–1771: Frederick William, Prince in Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (son of)
1771–1788: Frederick Henry, Prince in Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg Schwedt (brother of)
Dukes of Prussia (1525–1701)
In 1525 the Duchy of Prussia was established as a fief of the King of Poland. Albert of Prussia was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and the first Duke of Prussia. He belonged to the Ansbach branch of the dynasty. The Duchy of Prussia adopted Protestantism as the official state religion.
1525–1568: Albert I
1568–1618: Albert II Frederick co-heir (son of)
1568–1571: Joachim I/II Hector co-heir (also Elector of Brandenburg)
1578–1603: George Frederick I/I/I/I (Regent, also Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and Duke of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf)
1603–1608: Joachim I/I/III Frederick (Regent, also Duke of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf and Elector of Brandenburg)
1608–1618: John Sigismund (Regent, also Elector of Brandenburg)
1618–1619: John Sigismund (Regent, also Elector of Brandenburg, after 1618 Brandenburg-Prussia)
1619–1640: George William I/I (son of, also Elector of Brandenburg)
1640–1688: Frederick I/III William the Great Elector (son of, also Elector of Brandenburg)
1688–1701: Frederick II/IV/I (also Elector of Brandenburg and King in Prussia)
From 1701 the title of Duke of Prussia was attached to the title of King in and of Prussia.
Kings in Prussia (1701–1772)
In 1701 the title of King in Prussia was granted, without the Duchy of Prussia being elevated to a Kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire. From 1701 onwards the titles of Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of King in Prussia. The Duke of Prussia adopted the title of king as Frederick I, establishing his status as a monarch whose royal territory lay outside the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire, with the assent of Emperor Leopold I: Frederick could not be "King of Prussia" because part of Prussia's lands were under the suzerainty of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In the age of absolutism, most monarchs were obsessed with the desire to emulate Louis XIV of France with his luxurious palace at Versailles.
In 1772 the Duchy of Prussia was elevated to a kingdom.
Kings of Prussia (1772–1918)
Frederick William's successor, Frederick the Great gained Silesia in the Silesian Wars so that Prussia emerged as a great power. The king was strongly influenced by French culture and civilization and preferred the French language.
In 1772 the title King of Prussia was assumed. From 1772 onwards the titles of Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title King of Prussia.
In 1871 the Kingdom of Prussia became a constituent member of the German Empire, and the King of Prussia gained the additional title of German Emperor.
German Emperors (1871–1918)
In 1871 the German Empire was proclaimed. With the accession of William I to the newly established imperial German throne, the titles of King of Prussia, Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of German Emperor.
Prussia's Minister President Otto von Bismarck convinced William that German Emperor instead of Emperor of Germany would be appropriate. He became primus inter pares among other German sovereigns.
William II intended to develop a German navy capable of challenging Britain's Royal Navy. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 set off the chain of events that led to World War I. As a result of the war, the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires ceased to exist.
In 1918 the German empire was abolished and replaced by the Weimar Republic. After the outbreak of the German revolution in 1918, both Emperor Wilhelm II and Crown Prince Wilhelm signed the document of abdication.
Brandenburg-Prussian branch since 1918 abdication
In June 1926, a referendum on expropriating the formerly ruling princes of Germany without compensation failed and as a consequence, the financial situation of the Hohenzollern family improved considerably. A settlement between the state and the family made Cecilienhof property of the state but granted a right of residence to Crown Prince Wilhelm and his wife Cecilie. The family also kept the ownership of Monbijou Palace in Berlin, Oleśnica Castle in Silesia, Rheinsberg Palace, Schwedt Palace and other property until 1945.
Since the abolition of the German monarchy, no Hohenzollern claims to imperial or royal prerogatives are recognised by Germany's Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949, which guarantees a republic.
The communist government of the Soviet occupation zone depropriated all landowners and industrialists; the House of Hohenzollern lost almost all of its fortune, retaining a few company shares and Hohenzollern Castle in West Germany. The Polish government appropriated the Silesian property and the Dutch government seized Huis Doorn, the Emperor's seat in exile.
After German reunification however, the family was legally able to re-claim their portable property, namely art collections and parts of the interior of their former palaces. Negotiations on the return of or compensation for these assets are not yet completed.
Berlin's Old City Palace is being rebuilt and is scheduled to open in 2019. The Berlin Palace and the Humboldt Forum are located in the middle of Berlin.
Order of succession
The head of the house is the titular King of Prussia and German Emperor. He also bears a historical claim to the title of Prince of Orange. Members of this line style themselves princes of Prussia.
Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, the current head of the royal Prussian House of Hohenzollern, was married to Princess Sophie of Isenburg on 27 August 2011. On 20 January 2013, she gave birth to twin sons, Carl Friedrich Franz Alexander and Louis Ferdinand Christian Albrecht, in Bremen. Carl Friedrich, the elder of the two, is the heir apparent.
Royal House of Hohenzollern table
Swabian branch
The cadet Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern was founded by Frederick IV, Count of Zollern. The family ruled three territories with seats at, respectively, Hechingen, Sigmaringen and Haigerloch. The counts were elevated to princes in 1623. The Swabian branch of the Hohenzollerns is Roman Catholic.
Affected by economic problems and internal feuds, the Hohenzollern counts from the 14th century onwards came under pressure by their neighbors, the Counts of Württemberg and the cities of the Swabian League, whose troops besieged and finally destroyed Hohenzollern Castle in 1423. Nevertheless, the Hohenzollerns retained their estates, backed by their Brandenburg cousins and the Imperial House of Habsburg. In 1535, Count Charles I of Hohenzollern (1512–1576) received the counties of Sigmaringen and Veringen as Imperial fiefs.
In 1576, when Charles I, Count of Hohenzollern died, his county was divided to form the three Swabian branches. Eitel Frederick IV took Hohenzollern with the title of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Karl II took Sigmaringen and Veringen, and Christopher got Haigerloch. Christopher's family died out in 1634.
Eitel Frederick IV of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1545–1605)
Charles II of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1547–1606)
Christopher of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (1552–1592)
In 1695, the remaining two Swabian branches entered into an agreement with the Margrave of Brandenburg which provided that if both branches became extinct, the principalities should fall to Brandenburg. Because of the Revolutions of 1848, Constantine, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen abdicated their thrones in December 1849. The principalities were ruled by the Kings of Prussia from December 1849 onward, with the Hechingen and Sigmaringen branches obtaining official treatment as cadets of the Prussian royal family.
The Hohenzollern-Hechingen branch became extinct in 1869. A descendant of this branch was Countess Sophie Chotek, morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este.
Counts of Hohenzollern (1204–1575)
In 1204, the County of Hohenzollern was established out of the fusion of the County of Zollern and the Burgraviate of Nuremberg. The Swabian branch inherited the county of Zollern and, being descended from Frederick I of Nuremberg, were all named "Friedrich" down through the 11th generation. Each one's numeral is counted from the first Friedrich to rule his branch's appanage.
The most senior of these in the 12th century, Count Frederick VIII (d. 1333), had two sons, the elder of whom became Frederick IX (d. 1379), first Count of Hohenzollern, and fathered Friedrich X who left no sons when he died in 1412.
But the younger son of Friedrich VIII, called Friedrich of Strassburg, uniquely, took no numeral of his own, retaining the old title "Count of Zollern" and pre-deceased his brother in 1364/65. Prince Wilhelm Karl zu Isenburg's 1957 genealogical series, Europäische Stammtafeln, says Friedrich of Strassburg shared, rather, in the rule of Zollern with his elder brother until his premature death.
It appears, but is not stated, that Strassburg's son became the recognized co-ruler of his cousin Friedrich X (as compensation for having received no appanage and/or because of incapacity on the part of Friedrich X) and, as such, assumed (or is, historically, attributed) the designation Frederick XI although he actually pre-deceased Friedrich X, dying in 1401.
Friedrich XI, however, left two sons who jointly succeeded their cousin-once-removed, being Count Frederick XII (d. childless 1443) and Count Eitel Friedrich I (d. 1439), the latter becoming the ancestor of all subsequent branches of the Princes of Hohenzollern.
1204–1251/1255: Frederick IV, also Burgrave of Nuremberg as Frederick II until 1218
1251/1255–1289: Frederick V
1289–1298: Frederick VI (d. 1298), son of
1298–1309: Frederick VII (d. after 1309), son of
1309–1333: Frederick VIII (d. 1333), brother of
1333–1377: Frederick IX
1377–1401: Frederick XI
1401–1426: Frederick XII
1426–1439: Eitel Frederick I, brother of
1433–1488: Jobst Nicholas I (1433–1488), son of
1488–1512: Eitel Frederick II (c. 1452–1512), son of
1512–1525: Eitel Frederick III (1494–1525), son of
1525–1575: Charles I (1516–1576), son of
In the 12th century, a son of Frederick I secured the county of Hohenberg. The county remained in the possession of the family until 1486.
The influence of the Swabian line was weakened by several partitions of its lands. In the 16th century, the situation changed completely when Eitel Frederick II, a friend and adviser of the emperor Maximilian I, received the district of Haigerloch. His grandson Charles I was granted the counties of Sigmaringen and Vehringen by Charles V.
Counts, later Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1576–1849)
The County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen was established in 1576 with allodial rights. It included the original County of Zollern, with the Hohenzollern Castle and the monastery at Stetten.
In December 1849, the ruling princes of both Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen abdicated their thrones, and their principalities were incorporated as the Prussian province of Hohenzollern. The Hechingen branch became extinct in dynastic line with Konstantin's death in 1869.
Counts of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (1576–1634 and 1681–1767)
The County of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch was established in 1576 without allodial rights.
1576–1601 : Christopher (1552–1592), son of Charles I of Hohenzollern
1601–1623 : John Christopher (1586–1620), son of
1601–1634 : Charles (1588–1634)
Between 1634 and 1681, the county was temporarily integrated into the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
1681–1702: Francis Anthony, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
1702–1750: Ferdinand Leopold, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
1750–1767: Francis Christopher Anton, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Upon the death of Francis Christopher Anton in 1767, the Haigerloch territory was incorporated into the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
Counts, later Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1576–1849)
The County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was established in 1576 with allodial rights and a seat at Sigmaringen Castle.
In December 1849, sovereignty over the principality was yielded to the Franconian branch of the family and incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, which accorded status as cadets of the Prussian Royal Family to the Swabian Hohenzollerns. The last ruling Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Karl Anton, would later serve as Minister President of Prussia between 1858 and 1862.
House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen after 1849
The family continued to use the title of Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. After the Hechingen branch became extinct in 1869, the Sigmaringen branch adopted title of Prince of Hohenzollern.
1849–1885: Karl Anton (1811–1885)
1885–1905: Leopold (1835–1905), son of
1905–1927: William (1864–1927), son of
1927–1965: Frederick (1891–1965), son of
1965–2010: Friedrich Wilhelm (1924–2010), son of
2010–present: Karl Friedrich (1952–), son of
heir apparent: Alexander
In 1866, Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was chosen prince of Romania, becoming King Carol I of Romania in 1881.
Charles's elder brother, Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, was offered the Spanish throne after a revolt exiled Isabella II in 1870. Although encouraged by Bismarck to accept, Leopold declined in the face of French opposition. Nonetheless, Bismarck altered and then published the Ems telegram to create a casus belli: France declared war, but Bismarck's Germany won the Franco-Prussian War.
The head of the Sigmaringen branch (the only extant line of the Swabian branch of the dynasty) is Karl Friedrich, styled His Serene Highness The Prince of Hohenzollern. His official seat is Sigmaringen Castle.
Kings of the Romanians
Reigning (1866–1947)
The Principality of Romania was established in 1862, after the Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia had been united in 1859 under Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Prince of Romania in a personal union. He was deposed in 1866 by the Romanian parliament.
Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was invited to become reigning Prince of Romania in 1866. In 1881 he became Carol I, King of the Romanians. Carol I had an only daughter who died young, so the younger son of his brother Leopold, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, would succeed his uncle as King of the Romanians in 1914, and his descendants, having converted to the Orthodox Church, continued to reign there until the end of the monarchy in 1947.
Succession since 1947
In 1947 the Kingdom of Romania was abolished and replaced with the People's Republic of Romania. Michael did not press his claim to the defunct Romanian throne, but he was welcomed back to the country after half a century in exile as a private citizen, with substantial former royal properties being placed at his disposal. However, his dynastic claim was not recognised by post-Communist Romanians.
On 10 May 2011, Michael severed the dynastic ties between the House of Romania and the House of Hohenzollern.
After that the branch of the Hohenzollerns was dynastically represented only by the last king Michael, and his daughters. Having no sons, he declared that his dynastic heir, instead of being a male member of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen princely family to which he belongs patrilineally and in accordance with the last Romanian monarchical constitution, should be his eldest daughter Margareta.
The royal house is still very popular and in 2014 Prime Minister Victor Ponta promised a referendum on whether or not to reinstate the monarchy if he were re-elected.
Residences
Palaces of the Prussian Hohenzollerns
Palaces of the Franconian branches
Palaces of the Swabian Hohenzollerns
Property Claims
In mid-2019 it was revealed that Georg Friedrich Hohenzollern had filed claims for permanent right of residency for his family in Cecilienhof, or one of two other Hohenzollern palaces in Potsdam, as well as return of the family library, 266 paintings, an imperial crown and sceptre, and the letters of Empress Auguste Victoria.
Central to the argument was that Monbijou Palace, which had been permanently given to the family following the fall of the Kaiser, was demolished by the East German government in 1959. Lawyers for the German state argued that the involvement of members of the family in National Socialism had voided any such rights.
In June 2019, a claim made by Georg Friedrich that Rheinfels Castle be returned to the Hohenzollern family was dismissed by a court. In 1924, the ruined Castle had been given by the state of Rhineland-Palatinate to the town of St Goar, under the proviso it was not sold. In 1998 the town leased the ruins to a nearby hotel. His case made the claim that this constituted a breach of the bequest.
Coats of arms
Members of the family after abdication
Royal Prussian branch
Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia (1943–)
Prince Frederick of Prussia (1911–1966)
Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (1976–)
Prince Hubertus of Prussia (1909–1950)
Princess Kira of Prussia (1943–2004)
Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1907–1994)
Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1944–1977)
Prince Michael of Prussia (1940–2014)
Prince Oskar of Prussia (1959–)
Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1882–1951)
Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1906–1940)
Prince Wilhelm-Karl of Prussia (1922–2007)
Princely Swabian branch
Alexander, Prince of Hohenzollern (1987–)
Princess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern (1890–1966)
Prince Ferfried of Hohenzollern (1943–)
Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (1891–1965)
Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1924–2010)
Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (1932–2016)
Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (1952–)
See also
Coat of arms of Prussia
Family tree of the German monarchs
House Order of Hohenzollern
Iron Cross
Order of the Black Eagle and Suum cuique
Order of the Crown (Prussia) and Gott mit uns
Order of the Red Eagle
Prussian Army
Peleș Castle
Wilhelm-Orden
References
Further reading
Bogdan, Henry. Les Hohenzollern : La dynastie qui a fait l'Allemagne (1061–1918)
Carlyle, Thomas. A Short Introduction to the House of Hohenzollern (2014)
Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (2009), standard scholarly history
Koch, H. W. History of Prussia'' (1987), short scholarly history
External links
Official website of the imperial house of Germany and royal house of Prussia
Official website of the princely house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (in German)
Official website of the royal house of Romania (in Romanian)
Hohenzollern Castle
Sigmaringen Castle
Info about the House of Hohenzollern
European Heraldry page
Hohenzollern heraldry page
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NSTF – National Student Travel Foundation
The National Student Travel Foundation (Malta) – NSTF - was founded by public deed in 1977. It was set up by the students of the University of Malta for their international educational formation and 30 years since its founding, it still finds its raison d’etre in the interest it brings to students of all ages.
NSTF Objective & Philosophy
Objective
The main objective of the Foundation is:
"The direction and development of educational, cultural and social travel and exchange for students, scholars and youth at all educational levels in the nation, the expansion and improvement of services and promotion of a better understanding on an international level"
Philosophy
"Putting Young People First" is the philosophy that guides the National Student Travel Foundation right from recruitment down to the execution of every educational and cultural project it organizes. It seeks to provide all students with a unique non-formal educational experience with regard to the design and execution of the projects and the training of the volunteers themselves.
NSTF is a non-profit NGO, recognized as such by the Government of Malta, which is directly in touch with a large number of Maltese students through the various educational programs it organizes on a national level each year. These programs complement the educational efforts of local primary, secondary, post-secondary and tertiary educational institutions. It is also in contact with many youth NGOs overseas, such as MILSET (Mouvement International pour le Loisir Scientifique Et Technique) and its members, the Model European Parliament Foundation, et al., through its participation in various EU sponsored Youth Exchange programs and European/International events. All educational programs on a national level are held on a non-contributory basis for students.
NSTF executes deeds of a philanthropic nature associated with the restoration and preservation of Malta’s cultural heritage. It assists students to further their full-time tertiary education overseas through the NSTF Student Travel Bursaries Scheme and awards secondary school students for particular initiatives taken among their companions and in extra-curricular events through the NSTF Prize for Initiative.
NSTF also provides specific facilities for student and youth mobility through prestigious international affiliations and fosters the mobility and exchange of students at an international level through NSTS-Student and Youth Travel, incorporating personal travel experiences into one’s education process.
History
The popular trend of student travel came about after World War II and quickly spread throughout Europe and the western world. Maltese university students rapidly caught onto this trend. Through the international affiliations of the Student Representatives (SRC) they established their first contacts for what developed into a foremost organization that operated on a national level in the tertiary sector with strong international links. The Maltese Student Travel Department came into being in 1954 growing into the National Student Travel Service (NSTS) that remained an integral part of the SRC within the statues of the University of Malta.
The change in the national educational system in the late seventies and the dimensions and responsibilities of the operations assumed by the student and travel office created a difficult situation for the ‘status quo’. The university students, meeting in general assembly in 1976, unanimously resolved to constitute a separate legal and economic entity to be the successor of NSTS, but yet opted to maintain its public student character.
The National Student Travel Foundation (NSTF) was thus created by public deed signed on 10 June 1977, as a not-for-profit foundation of a public character and formally inherited the defunct NSTS by another deed dated 22 October 1977.
Current State
NSTF is directly in touch with a large number of Maltese students through the various educational programs it organizes on a national level each year. These programs complement the educational efforts of local primary, secondary, post-secondary and tertiary educational institutions. The NSTF Mini European Assembly is a simulation of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe where students represent a European country and discuss topics of European relevance. The Science Projects aim to promote a positive exchange of scientific ideas amongst students at a national and international level by celebrating the positive applications of science in all areas of Maltese society.
NSTF is also in contact with many youth NGOs overseas, such as MILSET (Mouvement International pour le Loisir Scientifique Et Technique) and its members, the Model European Parliament Foundation, et al., through its participation in various European/International events. All educational programs on a national level are held on a non-contributory basis for students.
NSTF assists students to further their full-time tertiary education overseas through the NSTF Student Travel Bursaries Scheme and awards secondary schools students for particular initiatives taken among their companions and in extra-curricular events through the NSTF Prize for Initiative.
NSTF also provides specific facilities for student and youth mobility through prestigious international affiliations and fosters the mobility and exchange of students at an international level through NSTS-Student and Youth Travel, incorporating personal travel experiences into one's education process.
Philanthropic dimension
NSTF regularly executes deeds of a philanthropic character associated with the restoration and preservation of Malta’s cultural heritage. In this respect, the NSTF was instrumental in the restoration of two Maltese paintings, one associated with Giulio Cassarino (1582–1637), a follower of Caravaggio as is evident in his work, and the other of Carlo Zimech (1696–1766), a priest-painter hailing from Żebbuġ. Both paintings are found in the church dedicated to Our Virgin of Sorrows in Pietà.
NSTF rendered possible the restoration of another masterpiece, "The Baptism of Christ" by Matteo Pérez d’Aleccio (1547–1616). After carrying out some work in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, he was brought to Malta by the Knights and commissioned for the narrative account of the Great Siege in the Hall of the Grand Council in the Grandmasters’ Palace and the Baptism of Christ altarpiece in St. John's Conventual Church, Valletta. His prestigious altarpiece long remained at the centerpiece of the Church until it was moved to the Sacristy in 1704, remaining there till 1996, when it was moved to the Museum of St John's. The painting had suffered enormously and NSTF intervened to sponsor a thorough cleaning and restoration operation in 1999.
The statue of Christ the Saviour was restored and transferred to its present position at the Archbishop's Seminary at Tal-Virtu with the financial help from NSTF in 1984.
The Foundation, in 1997, also actively supported the initial studies by experts from the Instituto Centrale per il Restauro of Rome who recommended the restoration works on the silver and gilded bronze reliquary containing the arm of St. John the Baptist. This was the work of Ciro Ferri (1634–1689), an Italian Baroque sculptor and painter who had worked on the extensive fresco decorations of the Quirinal Palace and the frescoed ceilings and other internal decorations in the Pitti Palace in Florence. This reliquary of St. John the Baptist is found at the Museum of the Co-Cathedral of St. John.
NSTF's involvement was crucial for the restoration and preservation of one of the oldest chapels still standing in its original form, the St. Michael, "Is-Sancier" found in the outskirts of Rabat. Architecturally, it is dated round the middle of the fifteenth century, with two reinforcing structures added later. The chapel had been used by farmers as a store for tools and manure, and as a cow shed. Two brothers built a wall to divide the chapel into two sections, each one having a door. In 1981, NSTF provided the funding to remove this rubble wall and restored the church.
Another philanthropic challenge was the installation of a stained glass window over the main altar of the neo-Gothic Chapel of the Addolorata, at Malta’s principal cemetery, after that an international contest was won by a well known French vitrier Emmanuel Chauche, who depicted the Resurrection from the Dead, calling upon the play of the sun’s rays on glass stained in indigenous colors, white and black.
On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of its founding, NSTF commissioned the restoration of the Mattia Preti masterpiece "The Martyrdom of St. Catherine of Alexandria" which was venerated as the main altar piece at the Church of St. Catherine in Valletta, adjoining the Auberge d’Italie. The firm "Sante Guido Restauro e Conservazione di Opere d’Arte" under the management of Sante Guido and Giuseppe Mantella were responsible for the restoration and provided the expertise for all the educational programmes linked to this restoration project. These included workshops for primary and secondary students, scholarships for art students in Malta and in Rome, and seminars for the general public.
NSTF Projects
NSTF Mini European Assembly
The Mini European Assembly is an educational simulation exercise, open to teams of students from post secondary and tertiary level institutions, where they discuss various issues related to European Affairs through the political perspective of the European country they represent both at Committee and Plenary Sessions. About 60 students take part during each edition of the Assembly. Another 15 past participants are involved in the running of the project.
Each Plenary session is chaired and addressed by a European personality. Presidents, Vice-presidents and Members of the European Parliament, European Commissioners, Secretary Generals and Presidents of the Council of Europe as well as Presidents and Ministers have addressed this Assembly over the past eighteen years. Past participants guide new participants in their workings each year. Introductory, training and team building sessions are held at the NSTF premises. For each new topic every month, Committee Meetings are also held at the NSTF premises. The Plenary Sessions are held at different venues - including the House of Representatives, the Courts of Justice, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Mediterranean Conference Centre, the Archbishop's Curia amongst others.
Participants are evaluated throughout the year by an adjudication panel and the winners participate in a Prize Tour to the major European Institutions in Brussels & Strasbourg organized by NSTF. The most commendable students are nominated "Ambassadors of the NSTF Mini European Assembly" and are given the opportunity, by the Foundation, to participate in similar even overseas, namely the European Youth Parliament and the Model European Parliament.
Throughout the years, the Assembly has served as an information platform for a considerable number of Maltese students to become well versed in European policies and institutions. It helps them formulate ideas for political measures about current affairs and demonstrates the range and variety of practices of intercultural dialogue. The Assembly is a means to assist the students in acquiring knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to enable them to deal with a more open and more complex society. It raises awareness to the importance of developing active European citizenship which is open to the world, respectful of cultural diversity and based on common values held in Europe. The Mini European Assembly also highlights the contribution of different cultures and expressions of cultural diversity to the enhancement of the way of life in the participating states. Many of these students go on to attain principal and influential roles within society, both locally and overseas, crediting the NSTF Mini European Assembly for preparing them for their significant work later on in life.
In December 2007, the NSTF Mini European Assembly was awarded second place in the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) prize for organized Civil Society. This was a great prestige for the Foundation as it meant that its efforts to educate Maltese youth on European issues, equip them with many skills necessary in today's world and instill in them broadminded attitudes has been recognized.
NSTF Science Programmes
NSTF Malta Student Science Forum
The NSTF Malta Student Science Forum is being organized for the 15th Year during this current academic year. Students aged 16–22 meet at five sessions to discuss a different scientific topic at each session. Students team up to prepare presentations on the various topics. Furthermore, a scientist specialized in the field being discussed is invited to aid discussion. This program is held in collaboration with the Malta Chamber of Scientists. Participants are evaluated throughout the year by an adjudicating panel and the winners participate in the London International Youth Science Forum as well as an International Wildlife Research Week held in Switzerland.
NSTF Contest for Young Scientists
This is the 14th Year that the NSTF Contest for Young Scientists is being organized for students aged fourteen to twenty one. The National Student Travel Foundation was nominated National Organiser for the EU Contest for Young Scientists by the Ministry of Education in 1997 and through the national contest selects participants for the EU Contest for Young Scientists as well as Expo Science Europe/International. This program is held in collaboration with the Malta Chamber of Scientists.
NSTF School Contest for Young Scientists
The NSTF School Contest for Young Scientists is now in its 8th year and caters for students aged eleven to fourteen. Students from Secondary Schools team up in groups of three to five persons and work on a science project of their choice. This project is then presented during the NSTF Science Week to other visiting students and the general public. This program is held in collaboration with the Malta Chamber of Scientists and the Malta Council for Science and Technology.
NSTF Science Art Contest
The United Nations declared 2010 to be the International Year of Biodiversity. It is a celebration of life on earth and of the value of Biological Diversity for our lives. In order to encourage our young children to reflect upon the value of Biodiversity, the four Themes chosen for this year's NSTF Science Art Contest are as follows: Life in Different Habitats (Cities, the Country, Jungles, Oceans and Seas, Deserts, the Polar Regions and Forests amongst others) Habitat Loss/Climate Change/Pollution (the Major Threats to Biodiversity), Facing Extinction and Different Ecosystems.
The best 50 artworks are then exhibited during the NSTF Science Week at Villa Bighi. This program is held in collaboration with the Malta Chamber of Scientists and the Malta Council for Science and Technology.
NSTF Little Scientists Village
The NSTF Little Scientists Village caters for primary school children to participate in hands-on science activities as well as create their own scientific interactive experiments. Activities include displays in various scientific forms using a variety of mediums such as theatre, art and music. The NSTF Little Scientists' Village project will be co-ordinated together with the Science Centre Department of Curriculum whereby they can offer their expertise in science teacher training. The target audience of this activity is schoolchildren aged between six and eleven.
NSTF Science Week
The NSTF Science Week is the peak of all Science Programmes offered by NSTF and is held in collaboration with the Malta Chamber of Scientists. The event targets students, youths, young researchers and entrepreneurs from Malta. Students’ projects are exhibited and schools are invited to visit. The exhibition is also open to the public. Foreign theatre companies have been invited over the past two years to put up performances related to Science. It is estimated that around 4,000 school children and youths visit throughout the week.
This prestigious event is also aimed at the corporate sector. Activities specifically designed for integrating education and business include lectures, half-day conferences, seminars, debates and demonstrations amongst others. Science related companies are also invited to participate by putting up educational stands about their products. The aim of these activities is to promote dialogue among the key players in the industry and raise the awareness of the contributions made by both sectors. The target audience for these activities shall be students and the general public as well as professionals, academia, entrepreneurs and scientists depending on the subject matter.
NSTS National Student Travel Service
The National Student Travel Service is an organization dedicated to student and youth educational travel. It was founded under the auspices of the National Student Travel Foundation (NSTF), itself a not-for-profit non-governmental organization (NGO). NSTS found its modest beginnings in 1954 when the Student Representatives Council (SRC) set up the Maltese Student Travel Department, which remained an integral part of the SRC within the statutes of the University of Malta. The dimensions and responsibilities of the operations assumed by the student and travel office lead the university students, meeting in a general assembly in 1976, to unanimously resolve to constitute a separate legal and economic entity. Through its various programmes it provides all students in Malta a unique non-formal educational and cultural experience. Its programs cater for young people from all levels of education. Read More
Accreditation and Membership
MILSET - International Foundation.
Category:Education in Malta
Category:International education industry
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2014 Negeri Sembilan and Selangor water crisis
The 2014 Negeri Sembilan and Selangor water crisis was a water crisis that began in the Malaysian states of Negeri Sembilan and Selangor and lasted from February to August 2014. Its roots can be traced to hot and dry climactic conditions in Peninsular Malaysia in early 2014, but other factors, including water infrastructure problems and political deadlock in negotiations between the government and private water concessionaires also played central roles. It was the worst water crisis in the state since the 1998 Klang Valley water crisis.
Causes
Meteorological background
Peninsular Malaysia experienced unusually hot and dry weather in early 2014, with a lack of rainfall in key catchment areas from which the water supply was sourced. Early speculations linked the dry weather to the El Niño effect, but no El Niño emerged in 2014.
Treatment plant shutdown
Offline treatment plants have been an ongoing problem in Selangor. In February 2014 two plants in the state were shut down due to ammonia contamination.
Politics
84% of the Selangor people believe that politics were the main factor responsible for the escalation of water shortages to crisis-level. Disagreements between Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS) and the state government slowed progress toward a stable water supply. The deadlines for agreement on a water distribution restructuring deal between the government and water concessionaires were postponed several times, while water supply to many households continued to be intermittent.
Effects
Negeri Sembilan
In Negeri Sembilan, the seven reservoir dams in the state suffered a substantial drop in water level. More than 8,000 homes were affected particularly in the areas of Sendayan, Rasah, Mambau and Seremban. On 19 February 2014, Negeri Sembilan Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), Mohamad Hassan declared a state of crisis following the water shortage – the worst the state has seen in decades.
The announcement had to be made after taps ran dry in several thousand households, due to the unusually long dry spell which has resulted in several water catchment areas drying up.
Natural-disaster relief personnel were dispatched to supply potable water to 8,000 households.
Selangor
Immediate
As river sources dried up, water levels fell to critical levels in seven of the state's dams, including as low as 31% of capacity at the Sungai Selangor Dam, which supplies more than 60% of the state's water.
These critically low reserve levels prompted water rationing affecting upwards of 6.7 million residents and lasting from March to May.
As a result of reduced access to water for commercial use, at least 30 companies in the state, especially in the food and drinks processing, rubber, chemical, electrical and tourism industries, suffered losses greater than MYR1 million.
Long-Term
In the wake of sustained problems with water infrastructure and supply in Selangor, negotiations are underway to return the four private water concessionaires operating in Selangor to state control.
Construction has been approved of the MYR993.89 million Langat 2 water treatment plant which was proposed to increase the state's output of treated water, alleviate pressure on other treatment plants, and provide an additional safety net in times of crisis.
See also
1998 Klang Valley water crisis
Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia
Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor
References
External links
Water level index at all dams in Selangor by Selangor Water Works Board (LUAS)
The Selangor water crisis: a timeline
Category:Health disasters in Malaysia
Category:2014 health disasters
Category:2014 in the environment
Category:2014 in Malaysia
Category:Water in Malaysia
Category:Environmental issues with water
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Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
In pre-Islamic Arabia, a variety of different marriage practices existed. The most common and recognized types of marriage at this time consisted of: marriage by agreement, marriage by capture, marriage by mahr, marriage by inheritance and Mutah or temporary marriage.
Prior to Islam, in the Arab world, women could not make decisions based on their own beliefs and had little control over their marriages. They were never bound by contract for marriage or custody of children and their consent was never sought. Women were seldom allowed to divorce their husbands and their view was not regarded for either a marriage or divorce. If they divorced, women were not legally allowed to go by their maiden name again.
They could not own or inherit property or objects, even if they were facing poverty or harsh living conditions.
Marriage by agreement
The first of the four common marriages that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia was marriage by agreement. This consisted of an agreement between a man and his future wife's family. This marriage could be within the tribe or between two families of different tribes.
Some women were forbidden from marrying outside of their tribe and had to either marry another member of the tribe or a stranger who would agree to live with the tribe.
In the case that involved a man and woman of two different tribes, the woman would leave her family and permanently reside with her husband. The children of these marriages were considered part of their father's tribe, unless a different arrangement had previously been made which returned the children to their mother's tribe.
The reason for intertribal marriages was to ensure the protection and possession of the children the couple would produce. Women in intertribal marriages had more freedom and retained the right to dismiss or divorce their husbands at any time. The women had precise rituals they used to inform their husbands of their dismissal, such as this: "if they lived in a tent they turned it around, so that if the door faced east, it now faced west, and when the man saw this, he knew that he was dismissed and did not enter".
Marriage by Mahr
Marriage by Mahr was a more traditional marriage practice. These marriages consisted of the groom or groom's father paying the bride "Mahr", to marry them. (Mahr is very important in Islamic marriage. Allah has used the word "faridah" for it. It means something fixed, decided and obligatory. It is obligatory on the husband to pay mahr to his wife unless she expressly by her own will without any pressure forgives him or returns the amount of mahr to him. Mahr belongs to the wife and it is to be given to her only. It is not the property of her parents or her guardian. No one can forgive the husband to pay the Mahr except the wife herself or, in case she did not go to her husband and the marriage ended without consummation, then in that situation her guardian can also forgive the mahr on her behalf. If a husband dies without paying mahr to his wife, it will be an outstanding debt on him and it must be paid before the distribution of his inheritance among his heirs. It helps the women during the time of divorce).
Marriage by capture
Marriage by capture, or "Ba'al", was a common pre-Islamic marriage practice. Most often taking place during times of war, marriage by capture occurred when women were taken captive by men from other tribes and placed on the slave market of Mecca. From the slave market these women were sold into marriage or slavery. In captive marriages men bought their wives and therefore had complete control over them. Women in these marriages had no freedom and were subjected to following their husband's orders and bearing his children. These women became their husbands' property and had no right to divorce.
Marriage by inheritance
Marriage by inheritance was "a widespread custom throughout Arabia, including Medina and Mecca". This practice involved the possession of a deceased man's wives (When a man died, his son inherited all his wives except his own mother) being passed down to his son. In such a case, the son has several different options. He could keep them as his wives, arrange a marriage by purchase for them to enter into from which he would receive a dowry for them, or he could simply dismiss them. In these cases, as in the majority of marriage practices at this time, the woman had little or no rights and was subjected to follow the orders or her inheritor.
Beena
Beena is a form of marriage used in pre-Islamic Arabia, in which a wife would own a tent of her own, within which she retained complete independence from her husband, according to William Robertson Smith. The term was suggested by John Ferguson McLennan, who noted that in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) the marriage when a husband goes to live in the wife's village is called "beena marriage", and suggested "beena" as a general term for this kind of marriage. The social system by which a couple lives with or near the wife's family is known by anthropologists as matrilocality.
Notes
References
William Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in early Arabia, (1885)
Category:Ethnography
Category:Types of marriage
Category:Pre-Islamic Arabia
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Anni-Kristiina Juuso
Anni-Kristiina Juuso (, born 4 May 1979, Ivalo, Finland) is a Sámi actress, who played the leading female role in the movies The Cuckoo and The Kautokeino Rebellion. She was awarded Russia's Best Actress award by both the movie academy and the press. Juuso has also received a State Movie Award, which was handed to her by Vladimir Putin. In addition to her acting career, Juuso works as a radio journalist for YLE Sámi Radio.
Biography
Anni-Kristiina Juuso studied at the Kallio Upper Secondary School of Performing Arts in Kallio, Helsinki. From 1998 to 1999, she studied theater at Lahti Folk High School in Lahti, Finland under the tutelage of Marietta Tevajärvi.
Awards
The Kautokeino Rebellion
Best Actress (2008) Amanda Award
The Cuckoo
Silver Dolphin Best Actress (2003) at Festróia - Tróia International Film Festival
Nika Best Actress (2003) at the Nika Awards
Golden Aries Best Actress (2002) from the Russian Guild of Film Critics
State Prize of the Russian Federation (2004)
External links
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Inari, Finland
Category:Finnish Sami people
Category:Finnish actresses
Category:Sami actors
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