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List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Greece
See also
Lists of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Europe
References
Greece
Category:Geology of Greece | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Korman (Pivara)
Korman () is a village in Pivara municipality in Kragujevac city district in the Šumadija District of central Serbia. It is located east of the city.
It has a population of 692.
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Category:Populated places in Šumadija District
Category:Kragujevac | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
MV Tahitien
The MV Tahitien was a 1953 built ocean liner and later cruise ship originally built for the French shipping company Messageries Maritimes along with her sister the Caledonien.
History
Tahitien was put into service for the Marseilles to French Polynesia run. She operated in this service until the heavy competition from the Jet airliner industry caught up with Messageries Maritimes, who ended their passenger services and sold nearly their entire fleet, including Tahitien. She would next be owned by the Limassol based Aphrodite Cruises (later named Mediterranean Sun Lines) who renamed her the Atalante. Atalante was extensively refitted for low fare cruising in the Mediterranean, a role she became mildly popular carrying out.
The Atalante would be rebuilt again in 1978 and 1993, allowing her facilities and accommodations to be improved. After the Oceanos sank in 1991 Atalante was leased to the Epirotiki Lines, who renamed her Homericus. Her name was reverted to Atalante in 1992 and she was laid up. Later that year Atalante was purchased by Paradise Cruises. Paradise carried out her 1993 refit, which saw her superstructure extended and a showlounge added. She operated once again as a cruise ship, and her service prospered fairly successfully until scrap metal prices skyrocketed in summer 2004. Although she was in good condition, Atalante sailed to Alang, India in 2005, where she was beached and scrapped. Her sister Caledonien was scrapped in 1975.
References
Category:1953 ships
Category:Passenger ships of France
Category:Ships of France | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Joan Kingston
Joan Margaret Kingston (born January 8, 1955 in Sussex, New Brunswick) is a nurse, teacher and former political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. She represented New Maryland in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Liberal member from 1995 to 1999.
She was born in Sussex, New Brunswick and educated at the University of New Brunswick. She was president of the Nurses Association of New Brunswick and an instructor at the University of New Brunswick. Kingston served in the province's Executive Council as Minister of the Environment and Minister of Labour. She was defeated in the 1999 general election. Kingston is currently employed in the Office of the Premier of New Brunswick.
References
External links
List of Women MLAs, New Brunswick Legislative Library
Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
Category:Members of the Executive Council of New Brunswick
Category:Women MLAs in New Brunswick
Category:Women government ministers of Canada | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Isaac Tutumlu
Isaac Tutumlu Lopez (born 5 July 1985) is a Spanish racing driver. He currently races in the ADAC GT MASTERS, having formerly raced in the World Touring Car Championship, International GT Open, Porsche Supercup, Daytona 24 Hours and others.
Racing career
Tutumlu began his career racing in the karting championships in Catalonia (Spain). He moved into cars by competing in the Mitjet Series in 2007. In 2008 he won the Catalunya Touring Car Championship. In 2009 he began racing in GTs, competing in five rounds of the Porsche Supercup as well as starting International GT Open and Spanish GT Championship races.
At the start of 2011 he entered the Superstars Series in a BMW M3 for the Spanish team Campos Racing. However, he would only participate in the first three rounds of the season. Later in the year he returned to the Porsche Supercup.
Porsche Supercup
Tutumlu first entered the Porsche Supercup when he entered five rounds at the championship with SANITEC Racing, starting with the Nürburgring. He raced in the championship until the penultimate round at Monza, as a guest driver he was ineligible to score points.
He returned to the championship in 2011, beginning with a single race for MRS Team PZ Aschaffenburg at Monaco, however he was disqualified from the results. He reappeared at the Hungaroring with SANITEC Aquiles MRS Team and did two further races at Spa-Francorchamps and Abu Dhabi for Attempto Racing.
He returned to the Porsche Supercup in 2012 with Attempto Racing, starting with the second round of the championship at Barcelona.
World Touring Car Championship
In 2012 he signed to race in the World Touring Car Championship with Proteam Racing, again in a BMW. He was forced to miss the fourth round of the championship at the Slovakiaring due to damage sustained on his car in Marrakech. After the Race of Slovakia, he announced he would leave Proteam and the WTCC to return to the Porsche Supercup.
Blancpain Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe
In 2015 he was confirmed as a driver in the Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe. Isaac didn't race in the first weekend of the year at Monza and started his season in Silverstone driving for Leipert Motorsport. He's team-mate is the Austrian Gerhard Tweraser.
Personal life
Isaac Tutumlu Lopez is of Kurdish descent from his father side and is from Spanish descent from his mother side. Tutumlu is the son of football agent Bayram Tutumlu who is from Turkey.
Racing record
Complete Porsche Supercup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
‡ Not eligible for points
Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Barcelona
Category:Spanish people of Kurdish descent
Category:Turkish Kurdish people
Category:Spanish racing drivers
Category:World Touring Car Championship drivers
Category:Porsche Supercup drivers
Category:Superstars Series drivers
Category:International GT Open drivers
Category:Kurdish sportspeople
Category:24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Category:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
Category:ADAC GT Masters drivers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)
The Bahr el Ghazal is a historical region of northwestern South Sudan. Its name came from the river Bahr el Ghazal. The name translates as "sea of gazelles" from Arabic.
Geography
Bahr el Ghazal borders the Central African Republic to the west. It is an area of swamps and ironstone plateaus inhabited mainly by the Dinka people, who make their living through subsistence farming and cattle herding plus Luwo and Fartit tribes.
Administrative divisions
Bahr el Ghazal consists of the following states:
Lakes
Northern Bahr el Ghazal
Warrap
Western Bahr el Ghazal
Abyei Area
Between October 2015 and January 2020, the region consisted of the following states:
Eastern Lakes State
Gok State
Western Lakes State
Aweil East State
Aweil State
Tonj State
Twic State
Lol State
Wau State
Gogrial State
Abyei Area
History
It was historically subject to raids by the Fur invaders from the neighboring region of Darfur. The khedive of Egypt made Bahr al Ghazal his province in 1864. Powerful native merchants, who set themselves up as princes complete with armies, emerged in the area. The most powerful of them, al-Zubayr, fought and defeated a joint Turkish/Egyptian force sent to Bahr el Ghazal in 1873. The khedive conceded defeat and made Bahr el Ghazal a nominal province of Egypt, with al-Zubayr as its governor. It came under Mahdist control in 1884, when Karam Allāh Muḥammad Kurkusāwī was appointed governor (emir)1738
The region was visited by the anthropologist Edward Evans-Pritchard in 1929. The region was later incorporated into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and became the ninth province after being split from Equatoria in 1948, and later a province, and then state, under the Republic of Sudan. In 1996, the region was divided into the four current districts as part of an administrative reorganization of the country. During the condominium period of joint British-Egyptian rule, the area was administered by British district officers; because of annual flooding and difficult traveling conditions, the area became part of what was known colloquially in the British Sudan Service as "The Bog", with British District Officers known as "Bog Barons" (Wyndham, 1937).
The region has been affected by civil war for many years. It was a scene of fighting in the First Sudanese Civil War. In 1982, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was formed there by John Garang to fight the Northerners-dominated government in Khartoum. This was the beginning of what quickly became known as the Second Sudanese Civil War. The subsequent conflict lasted until 2003 and killed more than two million people. A substantial fraction of the population of the region is internally displaced or refugees in neighboring countries.
Under legislation approved by the government of South Sudan in 2011, Bahr el Ghazal could host a planned city at Ramciel intended to serve as the new national capital. If a new capital at Ramciel is built, it would mark a shift away from the power center in Equatoria, though Ramciel is located very close to the border between Lakes state and Central Equatoria.
See also
1998 Sudan famine
References
Wyndham, R, 1936, The Gentle Savage, A Journey in the Province of Bahr El Ghazal, commonly known as 'The Bog', (New York: William Morrow and Company).
External links
Bahr-el-Ghazal, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Category:Regions of South Sudan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2019 Shymkent Challenger
The 2019 Shymkent Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Shymkent, Kazakhstan between 6 and 12 May 2019.
Singles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 29 April 2019.
Other Entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Andrey Golubev
Grigoriy Lomakin
Dmitry Popko
Dostanbek Tashbulatov
Dimitriy Voronin
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
Anton Chekhov
Timofei Skatov
The following players received entry into the singles main draw using their ITF World Tennis Ranking:
Gijs Brouwer
Sanjar Fayziev
Konstantin Kravchuk
Karim-Mohamed Maamoun
Alexander Zhurbin
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Timur Khabibulin
Vladyslav Manafov
Champions
Singles
Andrej Martin def. Dmitry Popko 5–7, 6–4, 6–4.
Doubles
Jurij Rodionov / Emil Ruusuvuori def. Gonçalo Oliveira / Andrei Vasilevski 6–4, 3–6, [10–8].
References
Shymkent Challenger
2019
Category:2019 in Kazakhstani sport
Category:May 2019 sports events in Asia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Semnocera procellaris
Semnocera procellaris is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from South Africa.
The larvae feed on Ekebergia species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a large, irregular, very oblong, transparent blotch-mine, beginning at or near the margin of the leaf as a wide gallery which soon widens into a blotch.
References
Category:Gracillariinae
Category:Moths of Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bharanakoodam
Bharanakoodam is a 1994 Malayalam film, written and directed by Sunil. The film was produced by V. Varghese under the banner of Surya Creators and distributed by Star Plus Release. It stars Babu Antony and Geetha in the lead roles.
Cast
Babu Antony as Dany
Geetha as Manju
Narendra Prasad as Devaraj
Lalithasree as Excise Minister Parukutty
Vijayaraghavan as P. K. Raghavan
Rajan P Dev as Alexander
Sukumaran as Commissioner Venugopal
Vijayan as Tamil Nadu Minister
Beena Antony as Mini
Janardanan as Minister Aravindakshan
Kuthiravattam Pappu as Minister Paaraadan
M. G. Soman as C. M. Damodhara Menon
KPAC Sunny as Minister
Shammi Thilakan as CI Sojan
Santha Devi as Manju's maid
Augustine as Minister Suresh Chambakulam
Kozhikode Narayanan Nair as Member of Ministry
Abu Salim as Abu
T. S. Krishnan as Indran
Priyanka as Neeli
Bindu Varappuzha as Party Member
Tony as Alexander's assistant
Pavithran as Party Member
Swapna Ravi as Commissioner's wife
References
External links
Category:1990s Malayalam-language films
Category:Films directed by Sunil
Category:Indian films
Category:1994 films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton
Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno is a canton of the province of Guayas in the Republic of Ecuador. Its official name was given in honor of Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (1859 – 1951), who served three times as the president of Ecuador. It is also known as Jujan, a name which came from a regional plant. The canton covers an area of . Its canton seat is also known as Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno or Jujan.
As of the census of 2001, there were 19,982 people residing within the canton limits.
Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
Mestizo 50.5%
Montubio 38.0%
Afro-Ecuadorian 6.9%
White 4.2%
Indigenous 0.3%
Other 0.1%
Geography
The Jujan canton is located in the west of the province of Guayas. It is bordered on the north by Los Rios province; on the south by Milagro canton; on the east by the Simón Bolívar canton; and on the west by the cantons of Samborondón and Yaguachi.
References
External links
Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (Jujan) at Gobierno Provincial del Guayas
Category:Cantons of Guayas Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Starcross railway station
Starcross railway station is a small station on the Exeter to Plymouth line in the village of Starcross, Devon, England. It is down the line from and measured from via .
It is on the shore of the River Exe estuary and is linked to a pier used by the ferry to Exmouth on the other side of the estuary. One of the South Devon Railway engine houses, which formerly powered the trains on this line, is situated alongside the station.
The station is managed by Great Western Railway, who operate all trains serving it.
History
The station was opened by the South Devon Railway on 30 May 1846. It only had a single platform at this time, the second one being added in November 1848. It was provided with a train shed until 1906 when the station was rebuilt.
Trains were worked by atmospheric power from 13 September 1847 until 9 September 1848. The engine house was subsequently used as a Methodist chapel; a youth club; a coal store; a museum of the atmospheric railway; and is currently the home of the Starcross Fishing and Cruising Club.
The South Devon Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 February 1876, which in turn was nationalised into British Railways on 1 January 1948.
Public goods traffic was withdrawn from 6 September 1965 and coal traffic ceased on 4 December 1967. The station became unstaffed on 3 May 1971 and the old station building was finally demolished in 1981. The footbridge, which had been erected in 1895, was replaced by the present structure in 1999.
Description
Access to the platform for trains towards Exeter is up a few steps from the main A379 road through the village; the platform for trains towards Dawlish is reached by a footbridge. This second platform also serves as the access to the pier used by the Starcross to Exmouth Ferry, which forms a link in the South West Coast Path.
There is a waiting shelter on the platform for trains to Exeter but the other side is open to the elements.
Services
Starcross is served by Great Western Railway trains in both directions on an approximately hourly basis during the day (with extras at peak periods). Most trains run between and ; on Sundays the service is less frequent and most trains only run between and Paignton. The route from Exeter St Davids through Starcross to Paignton is marketed as the "Riviera Line".
A few trains run from Bristol to and beyond, otherwise passengers travelling east or north change into main line trains at St Davids or at if travelling westwards.
There is one direct service in the morning to London Paddington with a return service in the evening. These services operate Mondays to Fridays only. The morning service to London runs via Bristol and the evening return runs via the Reading to Taunton line.
A ferry to Exmouth also operates on an hourly basis during the day, from Easter to October.
References
Further reading
Category:Railway stations in Devon
Category:Railway stations opened in 1846
Category:Former Great Western Railway stations
Category:Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
Category:Railway stations serving harbours and ports in the United Kingdom | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Valday Iversky Monastery
Valday Iversky Monastery () is a Russian Orthodox monastery founded by Patriarch Nikon in 1653. The monastery is located on an island in Lake Valdayskoye in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, close to the town of Valday. In the 17th century, the Valday Iversky Monastery was one of the most influential monasteries in Russia and a significant cultural center.
The monastery derives its name from the Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos. In the Valday Iversky Monastery, a copy of the icon of Theotocos Iverskaya was kept until the 1920s, when it disappeared. The name of the Iveron Monastery, in its turn, originates from Iberia, an ancient Georgian kingdom.
History
Nikon was elected Patriarch in 1652, and in 1653, he asked Tsar Alexey II permission to found a monastery in Valday. By the autumn of 1653, two wooden churches were in use. Nikon also ordered to transfer the relic of Saint Iosif of Borovichi to the monastery, which was done in February, 1654. In the same year, all lands around Lake Valdayskoye, including the selos of Valday, Borovichi, and Vyshny Volochyok, were declared the property of the monastery. The monastery became one of the biggest landowners in Russia.
In 1655, all monks from the former Orsha Kutein Monastery, located in the area of the present-day Belarus, moved to the Valday Iversky Monastery. One monk, Dionisy, was appointed a hegumen. This move was related to a difficult situation of the Orthodox Church in Poland.
In the second half of the 17th century, the monastery became a center of culture and education. In particular, the monastery started to print books, the second such institution in Russia after the Moscow Print Yard. Production of porcelain tiles, the first one in Russia, started in the monastery. In 1656, the first stone church was completed. Nikon, as well as a number of metropolitans, personally attended the sanctification. For this occasion, a copy of the icon of Theotocos Iverskaya was made and placed in the monastery. Simultaneously, Nikon issued a prohibition to make further copies of the icon.
In 1666, Nikon was deposed, and all monasteries he supervised, including the Iversky monastery, were abolished. However, already in 1668 the monastery was re-established, and the former monks, including the hegumen, Filofey, returned.
In the 18th century, the monastery slowly declined. Between 1712 and 1730, it was subordinated to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, located in Saint Petersburg. Much of the treasure kept in the Valday Iversky Monastery was transferred to the Lavra. An attempt to revive the former importance of the monastery was made in the 1850s. After the October Revolution, the monastery was first transformed into a labour cooperative in 1919, and in 1927, it was abolished. The monastery buildings housed a museum, a workshop, a hospital, a retirement home, and a recreation facility. The icon of the Theotocos Iverskaya disappeared in 1927 and was never recovered.
In 1991, the monastery was reopened. In the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Valday, a copy of the icon of the Theotocos Iverskaya, dating from 1854, survived. This copy was transferred to the monastery and remains there.
Architecture
The construction of the monastery started in the 1650s. The oldest stone church built in the monastery (1656), the Assumption Cathedral, remains intact. Much of the ensemble of the monastery was created in the 1670s by a local architect, Afanasy Fomin. From this period, the Cathedral of the Epiphany, the Church of Archangel Michael, the St. Michael Tower, and the hegumen's chamber remain. The walls and the remaining towers were built at later periods.
List of hegumens
The years of appointment and retirement/death for some hegumens are unknown or approximated.
Iakov (1653)
Ioil (1653-1654)
Dionisy I (1654-1655)
Dionisy II (1655-1658)
Iosif I (1658-1660)
Filofey (1660-1669)
Feodosy (1669-1672)
Yevmeny (1672-1681)
Iosif II (1683? - 1692)
Feognost (1692-1693)
Antony I
Tarasy I
Aaron
Veniamin I
Filaret (1731-?)
Serafim
Avraamy (? - 1734)
Trifily (1747 - ?)
Damaskin Askaronsky (1751-1758)
Pakhomy Dobrynya (1758-1769)
Viktor Onisimov (1770-1775)
Tarasy II Verbitsky (1775-1778)
Dorofey (1778-1783)
Amvrosy I Andriyevsky (1783-1791)
Nikolay Kizhdobryansky (1791-1795)
Innokenty Dubravitsky (1795-1796)
Antony Znamensky (1797-?)
Feofilakt Rusanov (1799)
Iustin Vishnevsky (1799-1800)
Amvrosy Protasov (1800-?)
Parfeny Pakhomov (1802-?)
Flavian Laskin (1804-1807)
Yevgraf Platonov Muzalevsky (1808-1809)
Veniamin II Zhukov (1809-1811)
Amvrosy III Kalos (1811-1816)
Vladimir Uzhinsky (1816-1819)
Gedeon (1819-1822)
Gerasim Gaydukov (1822-1829)
Arseny Kayzerov (1829-1840):
Innokenty II Areshnikov (1840-1847)
Pyotr (1848-1851)
Iriney (1851-1853)
Illarion (1853-1854)
Lavrenty Makarov (1854-1874)
Veniamin III Pozdnyakov (1874-1877)
Amvrosy Klimenko (1877-1883)
Leonid Ilyashkevich (1884-?)
Amvrosy (1903-?)
Iosif (1906-?)
Stefan (1991-1997)
Yefrem Barbinyagra (1997-2002)
Nil Mikhaylov (2002)
Nikandr Stepanov (2002-2007)
Yefrem Barbinyagra (2007-2012)
Antony Bitmayev (since 2012)
References
Category:Russian Orthodox monasteries in Russia
Category:Buildings and structures in Novgorod Oblast | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tel Aviv Pride
Tel Aviv Pride (Hebrew: מצעד הגאווה בתל אביב, Arabic: فخر تل أبيب) is a week-long series of events in Tel Aviv which takes place on the second week of June, as part of the international observance of Gay Pride Month. The key event, taking place on the Friday, is the Pride Parade itself which attracts over 250,000 attendees. As of June 2019, it is the largest LGBTQ Parade in Asia.
Historical background
Gay rights in Israel have progressed drastically since the years following the British Mandate over Palestine, when homosexuality was outlawed. The clause stated that “every man who allowed another man to have intercourse with him risked up to ten years of imprisonment.” In the 1960s, the Israeli Minister of Internal Affairs, Dr. Yosef Burg, described the phrase of "homosexual Jews" as an oxymoron given the biblical rejection of queer behavior. This provides a framework for the negative perceptions of homosexuality amongst Israeli politicians in the past. The legal code in Israel that once outlawed homosexuality was changed on March 22, 1988, effectively decriminalizing being gay.
The terms "pride" and "proud", in this context, seem to have been created in Israel, as the result of similarity of words. Since homosexuals were labeled "gay" in the United States and elsewhere, Hebrew-speaking people noticed the vocal similarity of the English word "gay" to the Hebrew word "גֵאה," pronounced "geh-eh", which means "proud". Israeli LGBTQ people soon transformed it to "proud", which evidently and understandably matched their own perceptions. Thus the labels "proud" and "Pride Parade" emerged spontaneously and became international.
Pride Parade
The first event that many consider to be the first 'Pride' event to take place in Israel was a protest in 1979 at Rabin Square. The first time that the Tel Aviv Pride Parade took place was in 1993.
The parade assembles and begins at Meir Park, then travels along Bugrashov Street, Ben Yehuda Street and Ben Gurion Boulevard, and culminates in a party in Charles Clore Park on the seafront. There were 200,000 participants reported in 2016, making it one of the largest in the world. The parade is the biggest pride celebration in continental Asia, drawing more than 200,000 people in 2017, approximately 30,000 of them tourists. There were more than 250,000 participants reported in 2018. There were more than 250,000 participants reported in 2019. As of June 2019, it is the largest LGBTQ event in Asia. location in Israel where "gay" events were organized and also the first city in Israel to host a gay pride parade.
As a part of Tel Aviv culture
In the early years of the Pride Parade, the majority of participants were politically motivated. Later on, as the Parade grew, people who took part came with the notion that the Parade should focus on LGBT rights, equality and equal representation, and should not be used as a stage for radical politics, which are not accepted by most of the Parade's participants. Gradually, the Parade came to be less political due to the scale and diversity of participation. In recent years, the Parade's reputation for inclusiveness, along with Tel Aviv's world-class status as a gay-friendly destination and a top party city, has attracted more than 100,000 participants, many of them from around the world.
By 2000, the Parade had evolved from being a political demonstration and became more of a social-entertainment event and street celebration.
The eleventh Tel Aviv Pride Parade, which took place in 2008, was accompanied by the opening of the LGBT Centre in Tel Aviv. This is the first municipal gay centre in Israel, whose purpose is to provide services specifically for members of the city's LGBT community such as health care, cultural events, meetings of different LGBT groups, a coffee shop, and many others.
During the 2009 Pride Parade, which coincided with the centennial celebration of Tel Aviv's historic establishment as a city, five same-sex couples got married in what was called "the wedding of the century" by the Israeli celebrity Gal Uchovsky.
The parade on 10 June 2011 grew to an estimated 100,000 participants and included official representatives of LGBT groups from global companies such as Google and Microsoft. (Tel Aviv boasts one of the largest concentrations of hi-tech companies of any city in the world.)
In 2012, the parade attracted crowds exceeding 100,000, making it again the largest gay pride event in the Middle East and Asia. The event is advertised all around the world by the Israeli Tourism Ministry, marking the city of Tel Aviv as "the" premiere LGBT tourism destination.
For 2014, with an anticipated parade attendance of 150,000, a decision was made to move the after-parade beach party from Gordon Beach to Charles Clore Park. The event was hosted by Israeli actress/supermodel Moran Attias, with performances by Dana International, Mei Feingold, and Ninet.
Criticism of the Parade
In Israel, LGBT activist groups have also criticized the Ministry of Tourism for disproportionately allocating funds to LGBT tourism as opposed to the real LGBT activist organizations. In 2016, the Ministry of Tourism spent $3 million on a campaign that concluded with a press release advertising a rainbow adorned airplane that the Ministry was going to use to transport gay bloggers and journalists to Israel. Meanwhile, Israeli LGBT organizations only receive one tenth of the amount budgeted for this advertisement on a yearly basis. This disproportionate spending angered leaders of the LGBT organizations and caused Chen Arieli and Imri Kalman, who were the co-chairs of The Aguda – Israel's LGBT Task Force, to threaten to cancel the parade. The parade still took place that year, but the main outcome of this threat was that the Ministry of Tourism suspended its budget to attract gay tourism and added separate items to its budget for the LGBT organizations.
Support for the Parade
Proponents of the Pride Parade argue that it is an effective mechanism of integrating the LGBTQ community into Israeli society. While the parade could have resulted in increased homophobia and anti-gay sentiment, it has fostered positive intergroup relationships. The parade is also supported financially and logistically by the Tel Aviv City Hall. This was the outcome of consistent requests made by Aguda, Israel's LGBT Task Force, in the first five years of the parade's existence.
See also
LGBT rights in Israel
LGBT history in Israel
TLVFest LGBT Film Festival
Jerusalem gay pride parade
Haifa Pride
References
External links
Toi Staff, Over 250,000 revelers flood Tel Aviv for Israel’s biggest ever Gay Pride parade, The Times of Israel, June 8, 2018
Information regarding Tel Aviv Pride on Gay Tel Aviv Website.
Category:LGBT culture in Tel Aviv
Category:Pride parades in Israel
Category:Recurring events established in 1993
Category:1993 establishments in Israel
Category:Summer events in Israel
Category:Festivals in Tel Aviv | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Childline
Childline is a counselling service for children and young people up to their 19th birthday in the United Kingdom provided by the NSPCC. They deal with any issues which cause distress or concern; some of the most common issues include child abuse, bullying, mental illness, parental separation or divorce, teenage pregnancy, substance misuse, neglect, and psychological abuse.
Confidentiality
Counsellors do not record calls but write down case notes of calls and sometimes counselling supervisors may also listen in to calls to make sure that they can help the best they can. If there is an immediate serious concern to someone's welfare notes may be passed onto relevant bodies, including the Police and the National Health Service. Callers are not required to provide their name, they can give as little or as much personal information as they wish.
History
In 1986 Esther Rantzen, presenter of That's Life!, a popular consumer TV show, suggested to the BBC that they create "Childwatch", a programme about child abuse that was screened on 30 October 1986 on BBC1, the aim being to try to detect children at risk before their lives were in danger. Viewers were asked if they would take part in the survey in an edition of That's Life!. A helpline was opened after the programme so that any child currently suffering abuse could call for help. Rantzen, together with her BBC producers Sarah Caplin and Ritchie Cogan, therefore suggested they should create a helpline specifically for children in danger or distress, to be open throughout the year, 24/7, and launch it on the programme. The project was made possible by a benefactor Ian Skipper who underwrote the charity for the first three years.
ChildLine joined the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in February 2006, and extra resources were pledged in an attempt to ensure that no child's call goes unanswered. Now, ChildLine accept calls 24/7.
UK operations
ChildLine has 12 counselling centres around the UK, staffed largely by volunteers. The bases are located in Glasgow, Aberdeen, Manchester, Liverpool, Prestatyn, Birmingham, Nottingham, London, Belfast and Foyle, supported by the online only centres at Leeds and Cardiff. A restructure in 2011 saw the closure of the ChildLine bases in Exeter and Edinburgh, with Swansea relocating to Cardiff. As many as 4,500 children phone ChildLine every day, though only 2,500 of these callers can be answered due to lack of resources. Since the merger with the NSPCC the service has expanded, and depends on public generosity to pay for the children's phone calls.
ChildLine raises funds through several channels, including direct donations through the NSPCC, partnerships, events such as The X Factor ChildLine Ball and through third-party fundraising organisations such as Justgiving.
ChildLine Scotland
Following ChildLine's merger with NSPCC in 2006, ChildLine Scotland was run by Children 1st under contract, available to all children and young people in Scotland up to 18 years of age. It had at that time bases in Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. The Edinburgh base has since closed.
As of March 2012, ChildLine Scotland is run directly by the NSPCC. In 2011 the NSPCC in Scotland began to work with partners to introduce new services for children and families.
International
Similar children's helplines using the name ChildLine have been formed in a number of countries. As of May 2013 these included ChildLine Botswana, ChildLine India Foundation, ChildLine Ireland (Leanbh), チャイルドライン (Japan), (Lithuania), ChildLine South Africa, National Child Protection Authority of Sri Lanka, Child Helpline Tanzania, ChildLine Trinidad and Tobago, as well as organizations in Namibia, Trinidad and Tobago, Gibraltar, Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Some of these are independent charities; others have been set up by existing children's charities or more general helplines.
ChildLine in Ireland is run by the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC). It was set up in 1989. In 2006 a text and online service, in association with Zamano, was established to increase the availability of the listening service for children in Ireland.
Childline Uganda helps people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS live a better life.
Telephone number
The freephone number, 0800 1111, was one of the first 0800 numbers to be issued in the United Kingdom. Before BT allocated this number to ChildLine, 0800 1111 was used as a test line number by technicians. Other early allocated 0800 numbers were 10 digit, including the prefix. ChildLine's number is one of only a handful of 8 digit 0800 UK numbers to ever have been allocated and the only one still in use.
ChildLine is also available on the harmonised European number for child helplines, 116111.
Young people can also contact ChildLine through their website. They have a "chat to us button" in which young people can click and chat to a member of their team live.
See also
Childline Concert
Child Helpline International
UNICEF
Youthline, a New Zealand counselling based service for youth, established in Auckland in 1970 by Father Felix Donnelly
References
External links
Childline UK
Category:Children's charities based in the United Kingdom
Category:1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Information by telephone
Category:Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom | {
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Teuchern
Teuchern is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approximately 10 km southeast of Weißenfels.
Sons and daughters of the town
Reinhard Keiser, composer, (1674-1739)
Johann Christian Schieferdecker, organist and composer, (1679-1732)
Peter Meyer, keyboardist and saxophonist of the Puhdys, (born 1940 in Wildschütz)
Jürgen Pahl, football goalkeeper, (born 1956)
References
Category:Towns in Saxony-Anhalt
Category:Burgenlandkreis
Category:Province of Saxony
Category:Bezirk Halle | {
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James Bean Decker House
The James Bean Decker House, at 189 N. 300 East (Utah State Route 47), in Bluff, Utah, was built in 1898. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is also a contributing building in the National Register-listed Bluff Historic District.
It is a large, two-story brick house whose exterior was originally brick, but was stuccoed in the 1950s.
It was built in 1895 for James Bean Decker (1853-1900) and his wife Anna Marie Mickelson Decker (b.1855). Both born in Utah, the Mormon couple was married in 1874. Decker was "called to settle the San Juan Region" and was part of the exploring expedition which came to the San Juan River in the summer of 1879, via northern Arizona. He was one of the original settlers who came across the Hole-in-the-Rock Trail from Escalante to Bluff in 1879-1880. He operated large cattle and sheep ranches, and became the county's first sheriff. He was also the first superintendent of the Bluff Sunday School. He died in the 1900 diphtheria epidemic in Bluff.
References
External links
Category:National Register of Historic Places in San Juan County, Utah
Category:Houses completed in 1898 | {
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Solid Ground (Peter Baldrachi album)
Solid Ground is the first solo album from Peter Baldrachi. The album received favorable reviews from The Big Takeover, Amplifier Magazine, The Noise, Indie Pages, and The Boston Globe,and was named one of the Top Discs of 2007 by Absolute Powerpop.
In 2008, the track "You're Gonna Miss Me Someday" appeared on Not Lame Recordings' "International Pop Overthrow, Vol. 11.
Track listing
Personnel
Peter Baldrachi – lead vocals, drums, percussion, backing vocals
Gary Rand – electric and acoustic guitars, lead guitar, piano, backing vocals
Alice Austin – backing vocals
Steve Buonomo – bass
Lester Goodwine – keyboards
Richard Mirsky – electric, acoustic and lead guitar on “You’re Gonna Miss Me Someday”
Karl Mogensen – electric guitar on “Breakdown”
David Horak – piano on “A Better Place” and Farfisa on “Round And Round”
Dave Leitch – bass on “Breakdown”
Production notes
Engineered by K.R. Mogensen
Additional engineering by Peter Harvey, Tarek Elzeneiny and Corbin Smith
Recorded at Kissy Pig, Allston, MA
Mixed by Pete Peloquin at Studio Metronome, Brookline, NH
Edited by Corbin Smith
Mastered by Jay Frigoletto at Mastersuite
References
Category:2006 albums
Category:Peter Baldrachi albums | {
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Gábor Ancsin
Gábor Ancsin (born 27 November 1990) is a Hungarian handball player for Ferencvárosi TC and the Hungarian national team.
Career
Ancsin made his senior debut in the Hungarian top division for Dunaferr SE in 2007. His talent was spotted soon and teams from Spain and Germany showed interesting in signing him. Finally, he chose Rhein-Neckar Löwen and moved to the Mannheim-based team in 2009.
Gábor was sent immediately on loan to second division side TSG Friesenheim by his club, with them he celebrated promotion to Handball-Bundesliga at the end of the season. The right back spent the next season by Frisenheim as well, however, the team did not manage to maintain its top division membership. In May 2011 the officials of Löwen and SC Pick Szeged announced that Ancsin joins the Hungarians on a two-year deal, during which period the German team have buy-out option.
"Ancsin is a great talent. If he takes the next evolutionary step in the next two years, he could be a candidate for the Lions. We will be watching him very closely" – Löwen manager Thorsten Storm commented the move.
Achievements
Nemzeti Bajnokság I:
Silver Medalist: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
Bronze Medalist: 2007, 2008, 2009
Magyar Kupa:
Finalist: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
EHF Cup:
Winner: 2014
Awards
Hungarian Youth Handballer of the Year: 2008
Hungarian Junior Handballer of the Year: 2011
References
External links
Gábor Ancsin career statistics at Worldhandball
Gábor Ancsin profile at SC Pick Szeged official website
Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Békéscsaba
Category:Hungarian male handball players
Category:Expatriate handball players
Category:Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Category:Rhein-Neckar Löwen players
Category:Handball-Bundesliga players
Category:SC Pick Szeged players
Category:Veszprém KC players | {
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Our Mann Flute
Our Mann Flute is an album by American jazz flautist Herbie Mann released on the Atlantic label in 1966. The album features tracks from sessions that produced the albums The Common Ground (1960), My Kinda Groove (1964) along with more recent recordings.
Reception
Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars.
Track listing
"Scratch" (Wayne Henderson) - 2:32
"Philly Dog" (Rufus Thomas) - 2:26
"Happy Brass" (Herbie Mann) - 2:09
"Good Lovin'" (Rudy Clark, Arthur Resnick) - 2:54
"Theme from "This Is My Beloved"" (Mann) - 5:07
"Frère Jacques" (Traditional) - 2:14
"Our Man Flint" (Jerry Goldsmith) - 2:40
"Fiddler on the Roof" (Jerry Bock, Sheldon Harnick) - 2:21
"Theme from "Malamondo" (Funny World)" (Ennio Morricone) - 2:16
"Down by the Riverside" (Traditional) - 2:34
"Monday, Monday" (John Phillips) - 2:57
"Skip to My Lou" (Traditional) - 2:20
Recorded in New York City on August 3, 1960 (track 3), February 13, 1964 (track 10), May 7, 1964 (track 5), October 29, 1964 (tracks 6, 8, 9 & 12), March 10, 1966 (track 7) and May 26, 1966 (tracks 1, 2, 4 & 11)
Personnel
Herbie Mann - flute - with various ensembles including:
Leo Ball, Doc Cheatham, Al DeRisi, Jerome Kail, Marky Markowitz, Joe Newman, Jimmy Owens, Ernie Royal, Ziggy Schatz, Clark Terry, Snooky Young - trumpet
Bob Alexander, Quentin Jackson, Jimmy Knepper, Joe Orange, Santo Russo, Chauncey Welsch - trombone
Tony Studd - bass trombone
Jerry Dodgion - flute, clarinet, alto saxophone
Richie Kamuca - clarinet, tenor saxophone
King Curtis - tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone
Pepper Adams - baritone saxophone
Dave Pike, Johnny Rae - vibraphone
Don Friedman, Jimmy Wisner - piano
Al Gorgoni, Mundell Lowe, Charles Macey, Attila Zoller - guitar
Milt Hinton, Jack Six, Knobby Totah, Reggie Workman - bass
Joe Mack - electric bass
Bruno Carr, Rudy Collins, Bernard Purdie, Bobby Thomas - drums
Willie Bobo, Gary Chester - timbales, percussion
Ray Barretto, Warren Smith, Carlos "Patato" Valdes - congas
Ray Mantilla - bongos
Michael Olatunji - percussion, vocals
George Devens - percussion
Maya Angela, Dolores Parker - vocals
Anthony Bambino, Hinda Barnett, Emanuel Green, Harry Katzman, Leo Kruczek, Gene Orloff, Paul Winter - violin
Charles McCracken, Kermit Moore - cello
), Herbie Mann (tracks 3, 10), Arif Mardin (track 7), Oliver Nelson (track 5), Richard Wess (tracks 6, 8, 9, 12), Jimmy Wisner (tracks 1, 2, 10, 11) - arranger, conductor
References
Category:1966 albums
Category:Herbie Mann albums
Category:Albums produced by Nesuhi Ertegun
Category:Atlantic Records albums
Category:Albums arranged by Oliver Nelson
Category:Albums arranged by Arif Mardin | {
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Olawale Adelusimi
Olawale Adelusimi (born April 1, 1983) is a Nigerian soccer defender who played for Crystal Palace Baltimore in the USSF Second Division.
Career
College and Amateur
Adelusimi came from his native Nigeria to the United States in 2002. He played two years of college soccer at Chandler-Gilbert Community College in Arizona, where he was twice selected to the All-ACCAC 1st Team, twice selected to the All-West Region I 1st Team and was a 2004 All-American Honorable Mention Selection. He transferred to Midwestern State University in his junior year, and helped them the Southwest Soccer Conference championship.
During his college years he also played with Thunder Bay Chill in the USL Premier Development League, and was part of the Chill squad which won the 2008 PDL championship title.
Professional
Adelusimi signed with Crystal Palace Baltimore in 2009, and made his professional debut on May 15, 2009 in a game against Western Mass Pioneers. Crystal Palace Baltimore released him during the 2010 pre-season.
Honors
Thunder Bay Chill
USL Premier Development League Champions (1): 2008
External links
Crystal Palace Baltimore player profile
References
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Nigerian footballers
Category:Yoruba sportspeople
Category:Crystal Palace Baltimore players
Category:Thunder Bay Chill players
Category:USL League Two players
Category:USL Second Division players
Category:Nigerian expatriate footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:People from Ondo City
Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in the United States | {
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Gush Torki
Gush Torki (, also Romanized as Gūsh Torkī) is a village in Saadatabad Rural District, Pariz District, Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11, in 4 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Sirjan County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Chlamydastis monastra
Chlamydastis monastra is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1909. It is found in Peru.
The wingspan is about 28 mm. The forewings are fuscous suffused with brown, especially towards the middle of the disc and three indistinct darker fuscous transverse series of cloudy dots starting from small distinct spots on the costa, the first curved outwards above the fold and inwards below it, preceded by pale raised scales in the disc, the second at first very oblique outwards, strongly curved in the disc, obsolete towards the dorsum, the third curved outwards on the upper half, forming a straight shade on the lower half. A clear round white discal dot is found at three-fifths, partially edged with dark fuscous, and connected with the first line by a longitudinal suffused dark fuscous bar. There is also a very undefined sinuate subterminal line indicated by slight whitish suffusion and edged posteriorly with darker suffusion, as well as some slight whitish suffusion towards the apex and a terminal series of dark fuscous marks. The hindwings are dark fuscous.
References
Category:Moths described in 1909
Category:Chlamydastis | {
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Tupiocoris californicus
Tupiocoris californicus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae.
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Insects described in 1859
Category:Dicyphini | {
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Djursholm Castle
Djursholm Castle (Djursholms slott) is a castle in Sweden.
Djursholm is located in Danderyd Municipality, within Stockholm urban area. The castle includes building components from the late Middle Ages. It was the main building on the estate Djursholm, which was owned by the House of Banér from 1508-1813. Nils Eskilsson (Banér), who was lord of Djursholm 1508 to 1520, built a new palace at the place where Djursholm Castle remains.
Djursholm Castle was the residence of both Privy Councillour Gustaf Banér and his son, Field Marshal Johan Banér. Svante Gustavsson Banér gave the castle its present appearance in the 17th century. By the mid 17th century the castle was its present size. The main hall was fitted at this time, with plaster ceilings, stairs castle was of limestone and oak, and walls hung with art wallpaper full of gilt leather (leather wallpaper) and other materials.
In 1891, Djursholms secondary school (Djursholms samskola) was started in the building. Until 1910, Djursholms secondary school operated on the premises. The first inspector of Djursholms samskolas was author Viktor Rydberg. Among the earliest teachers were Erik Axel Karlfeldt and Alice Tegner. Writer Elsa Beskow was an art teacher and her husband, theologian Natanael Beskow served as the headmaster of the school from 1897 to 1909.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/beskow.htm |title=Elsa Beskow (1874-1953) |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727173040/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/beskow.htm |archivedate=27 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the 1890s, the castle was restored in neo-Baroque style. Facade design was simplified by a new restoration from 1959 to 1961. A new entrance with modern suitability to the castle was built on the north side in 2003. Today it serves as the community center (kommunhus) in Danderyd Municipality.
See also
List of castles in Sweden
References
Other sources
Renqvist, K.E. Djursholm – vår hembygd'' (1961)
Category:Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Category:Castles in Stockholm County | {
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Corteolona
Corteolona is a frazione of the comune (municipality) of Corteolona e Genzone in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km east of Pavia. It was a separate comune until 2016.
Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Elachista helodella
Elachista helodella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from Delaware.
References
helodella
Category:Moths described in 1999
Category:Moths of the United States | {
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Siniestro Total
Siniestro Total (meaning literally 'total write-off' as in the insurance term for a vehicle that is beyond repair following a motor accident) is a Galician punk rock group from Vigo, Spain. It was founded in 1981 during the cultural movement called Movida viguesa by Julián Hernández, Alberto Torrado and Miguel Costas. After many changes in personnel, current members are Julián Hernández, Javier Soto, Óscar G. Avendaño, Ángel González and Jorge Beltrán.
Style
Their first album, ¿Cuándo se come aquí? (When do we eat?), features very short songs, with a marked punk style. In the second one, Siniestro Total II: El Regreso (Siniestro Total II: The Return), songs are essentially punk, but more instruments come to play. In the third one, Menos mal que nos queda Portugal (At least we still have Portugal), the punk evolves to a more classical rock, although lyrics are still punk. In the fourth one, Bailaré sobre tu tumba (I'll dance over your grave) the rock style continues. The fifth and sixth ones, De hoy no pasa (Today is the last time) and Me gusta cómo andas (I like the way you walk), the rock is still softer, becoming power-pop, whereas the lyrics continue being punk in essence.
The seventh, En beneficio de todos (For the general good), they get back to rock, and lyrics evolve and become more complex. The eighth and ninth ones, Made in Japan and Policlínico miserable (Miserable clinic), feature a harder rock (even heavy metal, and lyrics are darker and critic. In their tenth album, Sesión vermú (Vermouth session), the rock is softer. They make an unexpected turn in their eleventh album, La historia del blues (The history of blues), and they play blues, with lyrics based in someone else's work (Jack Griffin). With the twelfth one, Popular, democrático y científico (Popular, democratic and scientific), they return to rock, with a style close to grunge.
Members
Current members
Julián Hernández — guitar, vocals, drums, synthesisers (1981–present)
Javier Soto — guitar, backing vocals (1985–present)
Ángel González — drums (1988–present)
Jorge Beltrán — saxophone, backing vocals (1996–present)
Óscar G. Avendaño — bass, backing vocals (2001–present)
Former members
Miguel Costas — vocals (1981-1987, 1988-1994)
Alberto Torrado — guitar, bass, backing vocals (1981-1987)
Germán Coppini — vocals (1981-1983; died 2013)
Xoxe — electric guitar, vocals (1987-1988)
Segundo Grandío — bass, backing vocals (1988-2001)
Discography
Studio albums
:es:¿Cuándo se come aquí? (1982)
:es:Siniestro Total II: El Regreso (1983)
Menos mal que nos queda Portugal (1984)
Bailaré sobre tu tumba (1985)
:es:De hoy no pasa (1987)
Me gusta cómo andas (1988)
En beneficio de todos (1990)
es:Made in Japan (1993)
:es:Policlínico miserable (1995)
Sesión vermú (1997)
La historia del blues (2000)
Popular, democrático y científico (2005)
:es:Country & Western (2010)
Live albums
Ante todo mucha calma (1992)
Cultura popular (1997)
Así empiezan las peleas (1997)
Que parezca un accidente (2008)
La Noche de La Iguana (2014)
Compilation albums
Gran D Sexitos (1986)
¿Quiénes somos? ¿De dónde venimos? ¿A dónde vamos? (2002)
Collaborations
Héroes de los ochenta (1990)
Trabajar para el enemigo (1992)
Ojalá estuvieras aquí (1993)
Gato por liebre (1997)
L'asturianu muévese (1997)
La edad de oro del pop español (2001)
References
External links
Official site of Siniestro Total
Siniestro Total - Music Biography, Credits and Discography : AllMusic
Siniestro Total - lafonoteca.net
Category:Spanish punk rock groups
Category:Rock en Español music groups
Category:Galician musical groups | {
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Byōbu
are Japanese folding screens made from several joined panels, bearing decorative painting and calligraphy, used to separate interiors and enclose private spaces, among other uses.
History
Like many Japanese arts and Japanese crafts, folding screens originated in China; prototypes dating back to the Han dynasty have been found. The term "byōbu" figuratively means "protection from wind", which suggests that the original purpose of byōbu was blocking drafts. Byōbu were introduced in Japan in the eighth century, when Japanese craftsmen started making their own byōbu, highly influenced by Chinese patterns. Through different Japanese eras, byōbu evolved in structure and design, along with the techniques and materials used:
Nara period (646–794): The original form of byōbu was a single standing, legged panel. In the 8th century, multi-paneled byōbu made their appearance, and were used as furnishings in the imperial court, mainly in important ceremonies. The six-paneled byōbu were the most common in the Nara period, and were covered in silk and connected with leather or silk cords. The painting on each panel was framed by a silk brocade, and the panel was bound with a wood frame.
Heian period (794–1185): By the 9th century, byōbu were indispensable as furniture in daimyō residences, Buddhist temples, and shrines. Zenigata (), coin-shaped metal hinges, were introduced and widely used to connect the panels instead of silk cords.
Muromachi period (1392–1568): Folding screens became more popular and were found in many residences, dojos, and shops. The two-panel byōbu were common, and overlapped paper hinges substituted for zenigata, which made them lighter to carry, easier to fold, and stronger at the joints. This technique allowed the depictions in the byōbu to be uninterrupted by panel vertical borders, which prompted artists to paint sumptuous, often monochromatic, nature-themed scenes and landscapes of famous Japanese locales. The paper hinges, although quite strong, required that the panel infrastructure be as light as possible. Softwood lattices were constructed using special bamboo nails that allowed for the lattice to be planed along its edges to be straight, square, and the same size as the other panels of the byōbu. The lattices were coated with one or more layers of paper stretched across the lattice surface like a drum head to provide a flat and strong backing for the paintings that would be later mounted on the byōbu. The resulting structure was lightweight and durable, yet still quite vulnerable. If a person poked their finger into the surface of a panel and they missed a lattice member, their finger would likely pass clear through to the other side. After the paintings and brocade were attached, a lacquered wood frame (typically black or dark red) was applied to protect the outer perimeter of the byōbu, and intricately decorated metal hardware (strips, right angles, and studs) were applied to the frame to protect the lacquer.
Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) and early Edo period (1600–1868): Byōbu popularity grew, as the people's interest in arts and crafts significantly developed during this period. Byōbu adorned samurai residences, conveying high rank and demonstrating wealth and power. This led to radical changes in byōbu crafting, such as backgrounds made from and highly colorful paintings depicting nature and scenes from daily life, a style pioneered by the Kanō school.
Modern period: today byōbu are often machine-made, however hand-crafted byōbu are still available, mainly produced by families that preserve the crafting traditions.
Japonism
The screens were a popular Japonism import item to Europe and America starting in the late 19th century. The French painter Odilon Redon created a series of panels for the Château de Domecy-sur-le-Vault in Burgundy, which were influenced by the art of byōbu.
References
External links
Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System Byoubu entry
Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on byōbu
Byobu: The Grandeur of Japanese Screens, a companion Web site to an exhibition at the Yale University Art Gallery, which contains images and descriptions of noteworthy byōbu.
Category:Partitions in traditional Japanese architecture | {
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Seri-Vanija Jathaka Katha
Seri-Vanija Jathaka is one of the five hundred and fifty jatakas of the Buddha. A Jataka is, (means Birth) any of the stories of former lives of the Buddha, which are preserved in Buddhism. Some Jataka tales are scattered in different parts of the canon of Buddhist writings, including a group of 35 that were collected for didactic purposes. This Seri jataka has included as the third story in the first volume of the Jataka Tales Compendium
Introduction
The Tathāgata (The Blessed One preached this Seri Vanija Jathaka when he was in the Jethawanarama of Savatthi. revealing one of his previous lives as Bodhisattva (a being whose essence is enlightenment) taking the point of ethics of tittle-tattle, related to a non-persevering Bhikku. The Bhikkhu was brought to the presence to the Buddha and asked 'Why, bawath mahana, what is the reason to lose perseverance as an observer of the precepts and a part of the Ariya Maha Savaka Sangha? Do you wish to get rid of Dukkha by means of any way rather than following the ariya ata maga? You know, a trader named Seri lost a Golden Bowl worth hundred thousand Kahawanu and his own life because he lost his perseverance. Then the other Bhikkhus who were attended, made a request to unveil the story of Seri which was concealed by the darkness of Samsara. According to the Buddha, it was as follow.
The Jathaka Katha
Once upon a time, five aeons ago, the Bodhisattva was born in a family of trading cast and was famous named Kacchaputa, a dealer in pots and pans, in his age. One time, He reached the city of Andhapura, where was situated beyond the river Neelavahini, accompanied by another greedy trader called Seri, for business. Both of them apportioned the streets of the city amongst them and were selling their goods. At that time a rich family of nobility had become very poor. All the younger brothers, the children and the wealth were lost survived by one granddaughter with her grandmother. They lived by serving others for wages. There was in their house among other pots, a golden bowl which the great merchant had used to have his meals and being unused it was cov- ered with soot. They did not know that it was a golden bowl. The greedy merchant at that time was going through this street advertising his wares the young girl saw this merchant and appealed to the grandmother to buy a trinket for her. The grandmother replied
"We are poor, what can we give him for the trinket?"
The young girl reminded her of the bowl and being unable to escape her plead- ing she brought the bowl and gave it to the trader and asked him for a trinket in exchange. The greedy trader took the bowl and suspecting it to be a golden bowl drew a line over it by a needle and knowing it for certain that it was gold, through that he would take it by giving nothing and said.
"What value there in this bowl? Not even half a farthing"
He then threw it on the floor and went away.
Meanwhile, the Bodhisattva thought that it would be in order enter the street where one trader had already gone and left it and entered the same street shout- ing
"Trinkets for sale"
and came to the very door of that house. The young girl again made the same request to her grandmother who retorted that the earlier trader threw away the bowl and went away and there is nothing else to be offered to the next trader. The girl replied
"Grandmother, Dear, That trader was harsh: but this one is pleasant and soft spoken and we will give this bowl to him and get the trinkets."
The trader was invited to and the bowl was given to him who at once knew it to be a golden bowl and said.
"Mother, this bowl is invaluable and I don't have goods for such value"
The grandmother replied that the earlier trader threw it away saying it was not worth even half a farthing and it has turned to be golden bowl because of your goodness and merit and we will give it to you and you can give us something for it and take it away. The Bodhisattva then gave hundred pieces of gold coins (Kahavanu) and stock of goods worth five hundred retaining his scales, the bag and eight pieces of money. The Great Bodhisattva then speeded up to the river ferry, paid eight pieces to the ferry-man and jumped to the boat. The greedy trader meanwhile went to that house again and requested for the bowl saying that he will pay something. The grandmother and the girl scolded him telling that he made the pure golden bowl worth not even half a farthing whereas a righteous trader perhaps his teacher bought it for thousand pieces and went away. Hearing this he was so grieved that he lost the bowl and due to intense sorrow, he lost his senses, flung away the coins he had and the goods at the door of that house, threw away his upper clothes, took the scales in his hand like a club and chased after the Bodhisattva. Arriving at the river-side he saw the Bodhisattva crossing the river and shouted
"You ferry-man, will you stop that boat"
The Bodhisattva advised the ferryman not to reverse the boat but proceed. The greedy trader seeing the Bodhisattva proceeding despite this request was seized by intense sorrow. His heart was burning and warm blood oozed out from the mouth and from heart break he perished. Contracting hatred against the Bodhisattva. This is the first enmity of the Devadatta Sthavira har- boured against the Bodhisattva. The Bodhisattva thereafter died after engaging in charity and such other activities. The Lord of the Three Worlds explained this lesson and declared even as in the past, the trader Serivanija did not obtain the pure golden bowl worth hundred thousand and did not make an attempt to possess it. You the Sangha will grieve by not endeavouring to achieve the correct path like the golden bowl. And if you do not abandon the perseverance, you will achieve the Lokottara Dhamma. He then expounded the Four Noble Truths after which the persevering members achieved the Fruit of Arhat.
Revelation of Jathi
Connection The foolish trader at that time is the present Devadatta Sthavira and the intelligent trader at that time is myself, the Exalted Buddha, the Teacher of the Three Worlds.
References
Category:Buddhist texts | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Michelbeuern
Michelbeuern is a neighbourhood of the Alsergrund, the 9th district of Vienna. Today, the major part of its area is dedicated to the Vienna General Hospital.
The name Michelbeuern can be traced back to the Benedictine monastery of Michelbeuren in Salzburg. Its possessions in the Vienna area were mentioned in 1072 as Hof zu Waring. They comprised vineyards, meadows and forests mainly located in the area of today's Währing. In 1704, the construction of the Linienwall (the city fortifications that preceded today's Gürtel ringroad), the current area of Michelbeuren was separated from the Währing and was integrated into Alservorstadt. Apart from the Linienwall in the west, the area was confined by the river Als in the south and Währing river in the north. During ecclesial reforms under Joseph II., the monastic possessions were ceded to the city of Vienna for 10,000 guilders.
The area remained sparsely developed until the mid-19th century. The Brünnlbad baths and Brünnlmühle mill were located at the Als river (today's Lazarettgasse). The north housed a Vienna toll office (Verzehrungssteuer-Linienamt) while the center served mainly for brick production.
In 1836, the steam engine producer k.k. privilegierte Dampfmaschinenfabrik AG was founded in Eisengasse (today's Wilhelm-Exner-Gasse). In 1848-1853, the elevated area of Michelbeuern saw the construction of the psychiatric institution Niederösterreichische Landesirrenanstalt by architect Ferdinand Fellner. The building continued to serve this purpose until it was demolished in 1974 in order to make space for the new buildings of Vienna General Hospital.
Category:Alsergrund
Category:Geography of Vienna | {
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Boeing CH-47 Chinook
The Boeing CH-47 Chinook is an American twin-engined, tandem rotor, heavy-lift helicopter developed by American rotorcraft company Vertol and manufactured by Boeing Vertol (later known as Boeing Rotorcraft Systems). The CH-47 is among the heaviest lifting Western helicopters. Its name, Chinook, is from the Native American Chinook people of modern-day Washington state.
The Chinook was originally designed by Vertol, which had begun work in 1957 on a new tandem-rotor helicopter, designated as the Vertol Model 107 or V-107. Around the same time, the United States Department of the Army announced its intention to replace the piston engine-powered Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave with a new, gas turbine-powered helicopter. During June 1958, the U.S. Army ordered a small number of V-107s from Vertol under the YHC-1A designation; following testing, it came to be considered by some Army officials to be too heavy for the assault missions and too light for transport purposes. While the YHC-1A would be improved and adopted by the U.S. Marine Corps as the CH-46 Sea Knight, the Army sought a heavier transport helicopter, and ordered an enlarged derivative of the V-107 with the Vertol designation Model 114. Initially designated as the YCH-1B, on 21 September 1961, the preproduction rotorcraft performed its maiden flight. In 1962, the HC-1B was redesignated CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.
The Chinook possesses several means of loading various cargoes, including multiple doors across the fuselage, a wide loading ramp located at the rear of the fuselage and a total of three external ventral cargo hooks to carry underslung loads. Capable of a top speed of 170 knots (196 mph, 315 km/h), upon its introduction to service in 1962, the helicopter was considerably faster than contemporary 1960s utility helicopters and attack helicopters, and is still one of the fastest helicopters in the US inventory. Improved and more powerful versions of the Chinook have also been developed since its introduction; one of the most substantial variants to be produced was the CH-47D, which first entered service in 1982; improvements from the CH-47C standard included upgraded engines, composite rotor blades, a redesigned cockpit to reduce workload, improved and redundant electrical systems and avionics, and the adoption of an advanced flight control system. It remains one of the few aircraft to be developed during the early 1960s – along with the fixed-wing Lockheed C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft – that had remained in both production and frontline service for over 50 years.
The military version of the helicopter has been exported to nations across the world; the U.S. Army and the Royal Air Force (see Boeing Chinook (UK variants)) have been its two largest users. The civilian version of the Chinook is the Boeing Vertol 234. It has been used by civil operators not only for passenger and cargo transport, but also for aerial firefighting and to support logging, construction, and oil extraction industries.
Design and development
Background
During late 1956, the United States Department of the Army announced its intention to replace the Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave, which was powered by piston engines, with a new, gas turbine-powered helicopter. Turbine engines were also a key design feature of the smaller UH-1 "Huey" utility helicopter. Following a design competition, in September 1958, a joint Army–Air Force source selection board recommended that the Army procure the Vertol-built medium transport helicopter. However, funding for full-scale development was not then available, and the Army vacillated on its design requirements. Some officials in Army Aviation thought that the new helicopter should be operated as a light tactical transport aimed at taking over the missions of the old piston-engined Piasecki H-21 and Sikorsky H-34 helicopters, and be consequently capable of carrying about 15 troops (one squad). Another faction in Army Aviation thought that the new helicopter should be much larger, enabling it to airlift large artillery pieces and possess enough internal space to carry the new MGM-31 "Pershing" missile system.
During 1957, Vertol commenced work upon a new tandem-rotor helicopter, designated as the Vertol Model 107 or V-107. During June 1958, the U.S. Army awarded a contract to Vertol for the acquisition of a small number of the rotorcraft, giving it the YHC-1A designation. As ordered, the YHC-1A possessed the capacity to carry a maximum of 20 troops. Three underwent testing by the Army for deriving engineering and operational data. However, the YHC-1A was considered by many figures within the Army users to be too heavy for the assault role, while too light for the more general transport role. Accordingly, a decision was made to procure a heavier transport helicopter, and at the same time, upgrade the UH-1 "Huey" to serve as the needed tactical troop transport. The YHC-1A would be improved and adopted by the Marines as the CH-46 Sea Knight in 1962. As a result, the Army issued a new order to Vertol for an enlarged derivative of the V-107, known by internal company designation as the Model 114, which it gave the designation of HC-1B. On 21 September 1961, the preproduction Boeing Vertol YCH-1B made its initial hovering flight. During 1962, the HC-1B was redesignated the CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system; it was also named "Chinook" after the Chinook people of the Pacific Northwest.
The CH-47 is powered by two Lycoming T55 turboshaft engines, mounted on each side of the helicopter's rear pylon and connected to the rotors by drive shafts. Initial models were fitted with engines rated at 2,200 horsepower each. The counter-rotating rotors eliminate the need for an antitorque vertical rotor, allowing all power to be used for lift and thrust. The ability to adjust lift in either rotor makes it less sensitive to changes in the center of gravity, important for the cargo lifting and dropping. While hovering over a specific location, a twin-rotor helicopter has increased stability over a single rotor when weight is added or removed, for example, when troops drop from or begin climbing up ropes to the aircraft, or when other cargo is dropped. If one engine fails, the other can drive both rotors. The "sizing" of the Chinook was directly related to the growth of the Huey and the Army's tacticians' insistence that initial air assaults be built around the squad. The Army pushed for both the Huey and the Chinook, and this focus was responsible for the acceleration of its air mobility effort.
Improved and later versions
Improved and more powerful versions of the CH-47 have been developed since the helicopter entered service. The U.S. Army's first major design leap was the now-common CH-47D, which entered service in 1982. Improvements from the CH-47C included upgraded engines, composite rotor blades, a redesigned cockpit to reduce pilot workload, improved and redundant electrical systems, an advanced flight control system, and improved avionics. The latest mainstream generation is the CH-47F, which features several major upgrades to reduce maintenance, digitized flight controls, and is powered by two 4,733-horsepower Honeywell engines.
A commercial model of the Chinook, the Boeing-Vertol Model 234, is used worldwide for logging, construction, fighting forest fires, and supporting petroleum extraction operations. In December 2006, Columbia Helicopters Inc purchased the type certificate of the Model 234 from Boeing. The Chinook has also been licensed to be built by companies outside the United States, such as Agusta (now AgustaWestland) in Italy and Kawasaki in Japan.
Operational history
Vietnam War
The Army finally settled on the larger Chinook as its standard medium-transport helicopter, and as of February 1966, 161 aircraft had been delivered to the Army. The 1st Cavalry Division had brought its organic Chinook battalion (three Chinook companies) when it arrived in 1965 and a separate aviation medium helicopter company, the 147th, had arrived in Vietnam on 29 November 1965. This latter company was initially placed in direct support of the 1st Infantry Division. CH-47 crews quickly learned to mount a M60 machine gun in each of the forward doors. Sometimes they also installed an M60 or M2 machine gun to fire from the rear cargo door.
The most spectacular mission in Vietnam for the Chinook was the placing of artillery batteries in perilous mountain positions inaccessible by any other means, and then keeping them resupplied with large quantities of ammunition. The 1st Cavalry Division found that its CH-47s were limited to a payload when operating in the mountains, but could carry an additional when operating near the coast. The early Chinook design was limited by its rotor system which did not permit full use of the installed power, and users were anxious for an improved version which would upgrade this system.
As with any new piece of equipment, the Chinook presented a major problem of "customer education". Commanders and crew chiefs had to be constantly alert that eager soldiers did not overload the temptingly large cargo compartment. It would be some time before troops would be experts at using sling loads. The Chinook soon proved to be such an invaluable aircraft for artillery movement and heavy logistics that it was seldom used as an assault troop carrier. Some of the Chinook fleet was used for casualty evacuation, and due to the very heavy demand for the helicopters, they were usually overburdened with wounded. Perhaps the most cost effective use of the Chinook was the recovery of other downed aircraft.
At the Vietnam war’s peak US Army had 21 Chinook companies in Vietnam. Pilots discovered CH-47A’s transmission system could not handle the two gas turbines running at full power and high humidity and heat reduced the maximum lift by more than 20% in the low lands and 30% in mountain areas. More powerful, improved transmission and strengthened fuselages arrived in 1968 with the CH-47B, followed a few months later by the CH-47C. The CH-47s in Vietnam were generally armed with a single 7.62-mm M60 machine gun on a pintle mount on either side of the aircraft for self-defense, with stops fitted to keep the gunners from firing into the rotor blades. Dust filters were also added to improve engine reliability. At its peak employment in Vietnam, 22 Chinook units were in operation. Of the nearly 750 Chinook helicopters in the U.S. and South Vietnam fleets, about 200 were lost in combat or wartime operational accidents. The U.S. Army CH-47s supported the 1st Australian Task Force as required.
Four CH-47s were converted into ACH-47As by adding armor and improved engines. Its armament included two fixed forward firing 20mm cannons, one turret with 40mm automatic grenade launcher on the nose, five .50 in machine guns and two weapon pods on the sides that could carry either 70mm rocket launchers or 7.62mm miniguns. They arrived in Vietnam in 1966, and they engaged in six months of operational testing. They performed well in combat, but its high maintenance costs and need for CH-47s for troop transports and moving cargo was stronger. Three ACH-47 were lost. One collided with a CH-47 while taxiing. Another had a retention pin shake loose on a 20mm cannon and was brought down when its own gun fired through the forward rotor blades. The third was grounded by enemy fire and destroyed by enemy mortar rounds after the crew escaped.
Iran
During the 1970s, the United States and Iran had a strong relationship, in which the Iranian armed forces began to use many American military aircraft, most notably the F-14 Tomcat, as part of a modernization program. After an agreement signed between Boeing and Agusta, the Imperial Iranian Air Force purchased 20 Agusta-built CH-47Cs in 1971. The Imperial Iranian Army Aviation purchased 70 CH-47Cs from Agusta between 1972 and 1976. In late 1978, Iran placed an order for an additional 50 helicopters with Elicotteri Meridionali, but that order was canceled immediately after the revolution; 11 of them were delivered after multiple requests by Iran.
In the 1978 Iranian Chinook shootdown, four Iranian CH-47Cs penetrated 15–20 km into Soviet airspace in the Turkmenistan Military District. They were intercepted by a MiG-23M which shot down one, killing eight crew members, and forced a second one to land. Chinook helicopters were used in efforts by the Imperial Iranian loyalist forces to resist the 1979 Iranian revolution.
During the Iran–Iraq War, Iran made heavy use of its US-bought equipment, and lost at least eight CH-47s during the 1980–1988 period, most notably during a clash on 15 July 1983, when an Iraqi Mirage F1 destroyed three Iranian Chinooks transporting troops to the front line, and on 25–26 February 1984, when Iraqi MiG-21 fighters shot down two examples. On 22 March 1982, in Operation Undeniable Victory, a key operation of the war, Iranian Chinooks were landed behind Iraqi lines, deployed troops that silenced their artillery, and captured an Iraqi headquarter; the attack took the Iraqi forces by surprise.
Despite the arms embargo in place upon Iran, it has managed to keep its Chinook fleet operational. Some of the Chinooks have been rebuilt by Panha. As of 2015, 20 to 45 Chinooks are operational in Iran.
Libyan wars
In 1976, the Libyan Air Force purchased 24 Italian-built CH-47C helicopters, 14 of which were transferred to the Libyan Army during the 1990s. The Libyan Air Force recruited Western pilots and technicians to operate the CH-47 fleet.
The Libyan Chinooks flew transport and support missions into Chad to supply Libyan ground forces operating there in the 1980s. Chinooks were occasionally used to transport Libyan special forces in assault missions in northern Chad.
In 2002, Libya sold 16 helicopters to the United Arab Emirates, as due to the Western embargo and lack of funds, maintaining them was difficult. The sale to UAE was a $939 million package that included equipment, parts, and training. How many CH-47s are still in existence or operational during the ongoing Libyan civil wars that started in 2011 is not known.
Falklands War
The Chinook was used both by Argentina and the United Kingdom during the Falklands War in 1982.
The Argentine Air Force and the Argentine Army each deployed two CH-47C helicopters, which were widely used in general transport duties. Of the Army's aircraft, one was destroyed on the ground by a Harrier, while the other was captured by the British and reused after the war. Both Argentine Air Force helicopters returned to Argentina and remained in service until 2002.
Three British Chinooks were destroyed on 25 May 1982 when Atlantic Conveyor was struck by an Exocet sea-skimming missile fired by an Argentine Super Étendard. The sole surviving British Chinook, Bravo November, did outstanding service in the Falklands, even lifting 81 troops on one occasion.
Afghanistan and Iraq wars
About 163 CH-47Ds of various operators were deployed to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq during Operation Desert Shield and the subsequent Operation Desert Storm in 1990–91.
The CH-47D has seen wide use in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. The Chinook is being used in air assault missions, inserting troops into fire bases, and later bringing food, water, and ammunition. It is also the casualty evacuation aircraft of choice in the British Armed Forces. In combat theaters, it is typically escorted by attack helicopters such as the AH-64 Apache for protection. Its lift capacity has been found of particular value in the mountainous terrain of Afghanistan, where high altitudes and temperatures limit the use of helicopters such as the UH-60 Black Hawk; reportedly, one Chinook can replace up to five UH-60s in the air assault transport role.
The Chinook helicopters of several nations have participated in the Afghanistan War, including aircraft from Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Canada, and Australia. Despite the age of the Chinook, it is still in heavy demand, in part due its proven versatility and ability to operate in demanding environments such as Afghanistan.
On 6 August 2011, a Chinook crashed near Kabul, killing all of the 38 aboard. It was reportedly shot down with a rocket-propelled grenade by the Taliban while attempting to assist a group of U.S. Army Rangers. The 38 were members of NATO and allied forces, including 22 Naval Special Warfare operators, five U.S. Army Aviation soldiers, three U.S. Air Force special operations personnel, and seven Afghan National Army commandos. A civilian translator and a U.S. military working dog were also killed in the crash. The crash was the single deadliest during the entire Operation Enduring Freedom campaign. The previous biggest single-day loss for American forces in Afghanistan involved a Chinook that was shot down near Kabul in Kunar Province in June 2005 with all aboard killed, including a 16-member U.S. Special Operations team.
In May 2011, an Australian Army CH-47D crashed during a resupply mission in Zabul Province, resulting in one fatality and five survivors. The helicopter was unable to be recovered and was destroyed in place. To compensate for the loss, the ADF added two ex-U.S. Army CH-47Ds to the fleet which are expected to be in service until the introduction of the CH-47Fs in 2016.
On 6 August 2011, a U.S. Army CH-47D was shot down in Wardak Province, Afghanistan, while transporting reinforcements for a U.S. military unit engaged with the enemy, killing all on board: 38 troops and one U.S. military working dog.
Disaster relief and other roles
Since the type's inception, the Chinook has carried out secondary missions including medical evacuation, disaster relief, search and rescue, aircraft recovery, fire fighting, and heavy construction assistance. According to Suresh Abraham, the Chinook's ability to carry large, underslung loads has been of significant value in relief operations in the aftermath of natural disasters. Chinooks operators have often deployed their fleets overseas to support humanitarian efforts in stricken nations; Chinooks of the Republic of Singapore Air Force assisted in relief operations in neighboring Indonesia following the 2004 Asian tsunami, and after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Royal Air Force dispatched Chinooks to Northern Pakistan to assist in recovery efforts.
Three Japanese CH-47s were used to cool Reactors 3 and 4 of the Fukushima Nuclear power plant with sea water after the 9.0 earthquake in 2011; to protect the crew from heightened radiation levels, lead plates were attached to the floor.
In February 2020, Indian Air Force started using Chinooks at theatres such as Ladakh and Siachen Glacier to assist Indian forces deployed at the Indian borders with China and Pakistan.
Variants
HC-1B
The pre-1962 designation for Model 114 development aircraft that would be redesignated CH-47 Chinook
CH-47A
The all-weather, medium-lift CH-47A Chinook was powered initially by Lycoming T55-L-5 engines rated at , but then replaced by the T55-L-7 rated at engines or T55-L-7C engines rated at . The CH-47A had a maximum gross weight of , allowing for a maximum payload around Initial delivery of the CH-47A Chinook to the U.S. Army was in August 1962. A total of 349 were built.
ACH-47A
The ACH-47A was originally known as the Armed/Armored CH-47A (or A/ACH-47A). It was officially designated ACH-47A as a U.S. Army Attack Cargo Helicopter, and unofficially referred to as Guns A Go-Go. Four CH-47A helicopters were converted to gunships by Boeing Vertol in late 1965. Three were assigned to the 53rd Aviation Detachment in South Vietnam for testing, with the remaining one retained in the U.S. for weapons testing. By 1966, the 53rd was redesignated the 1st Aviation Detachment (Provisional) and attached to the 228th Assault Support Helicopter Battalion of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). By 1968, only one gunship remained, and logistical concerns prevented more conversions. It was returned to the United States, and the program stopped.
The ACH-47A carried five M60D 7.62 × 51 mm machine guns or M2HB .50-caliber machine guns, provided by the XM32 and XM33 armament subsystems, two M24A1 20 mm cannons, two XM159B/XM159C 19-Tube rocket launchers or sometimes two M18/M18A1 7.62 × 51 mm gun pods, and a single M75 40 mm grenade launcher in the XM5/M5 armament subsystem (more commonly seen on the UH-1 series of helicopters). The surviving aircraft, Easy Money, has been restored and is on display at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
CH-47B
The CH-47B was an interim solution while Boeing worked on a more substantially improved CH-47C. The CH-47B was powered by two Lycoming T55-L-7C 2,850 shp (2,130 kW) engines. It featured a blunted rear rotor pylon, redesigned asymmetrical rotor blades, and strakes along the rear ramp and fuselage to improve flying characteristics. It could be equipped with two door-mounted M60D 7.62 mm NATO machine guns on the M24 armament subsystem and a ramp-mounted M60D using the M41 armament subsystem. Some CH-47 "bombers" were equipped to drop tear gas or napalm from the rear cargo ramp onto Viet Cong bunkers. The CH-47B could be equipped with a hoist and cargo hook. The Chinook proved especially valuable in "Pipe Smoke" aircraft recovery missions. The "Hook" recovered about 12,000 aircraft valued at over $3.6 billion during the war; 108 were built.
CH-47C
The CH-47C principally featured more powerful engines and transmissions. Three sub-versions were built; the first had Lycoming T55-L-7C engines delivering . The "Super C" included Lycoming T55-L-11 engines delivering , an upgraded maximum gross weight of , and a pitch stability augmentation system. The T55-L-11 engines suffered difficulties, as they had been hurriedly introduced to increase payload; thus, they were temporarily replaced by the more reliable Lycoming T55-L-7C. The type was distinguishable from the standard "C" by the uprated maximum gross weight.
The type was unable to receive FAA certification to engage in civil activities due to the nonredundant hydraulic flight boost system drive. A redesign of the hydraulic boost system drive was incorporated in the succeeding CH-47D, allowing that model to achieve certification as the Boeing Model 234. A total of 233 CH-47Cs were built. Canada bought a total of eight CH-47Cs; deliveries of the type began in 1974. Receiving the Canadian designation "CH-147", these were fitted with a power hoist above the crew door; other changes included a flight engineer station in the rear cabin: operators referred to the configuration as the "Super C". The CH-47C was used widely during the Vietnam War, eventually replacing the older H-21 Shawnee in the combat assault support role.
CH-47D
The CH-47D shares the same airframe as earlier models, the main difference being the adoption of more powerful engines. Early CH-47Ds were originally powered by two T55-L-712 engines, the most common engine is the later T55-GA-714A. With its triple-hook cargo system, the CH-47D can carry heavy payloads internally and up to (such as containers) externally. It was first introduced into service in 1979. In air assault operations, it often serves as the principal mover of the 155 mm M198 howitzer, accompanying 30 rounds of ammunition, and an 11-man crew. The CH-47D also has advanced avionics, such as the Global Positioning System. Nearly all US Army CH-47D were conversions from previous A, B, and C models, a total of 472 being converted. The last U.S. Army CH-47D built was delivered to the U.S. Army Reserve, located at Fort Hood, Texas, in 2002.
The Netherlands acquired all seven of the Canadian Forces' surviving CH-147s and upgraded them to CH-47D standard. Six more new-build CH-47Ds were delivered in 1995 for a total of 13. The Dutch CH-47Ds feature a number of improvements over U.S. Army CH-47Ds, including a long nose for Bendix weather radar, a "glass cockpit", and improved T55-L-714 engines. As of 2011, the Netherlands shall upgrade 11 of these which will be updated to the CH-47F standard at a later date. As of 2011, Singapore has 18 CH-47D/SDs, which includes twelve "Super D" Chinooks, in service. In 2008, Canada purchased 6 CH-47Ds from the U.S. for the Canadian Helicopter Force Afghanistan for $252 million. With 1 CH-47D lost to an accident, the remaining five were sold in 2011 after the end of Canada's mission in Afghanistan and replaced with seven CH-147Fs.
MH-47D
The MH-47D variant was developed for special forces operations and has inflight refueling capability, a fast rope-rappelling system, and other upgrades. The MH-47D was used by U.S. Army 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. 12 MH-47D helicopters were produced. Six were conversions from CH-47A models and six were conversions from CH-47C models.
MH-47E
The MH-47E has been used by U.S. Army Special Operations. Beginning with the E-model prototype manufactured in 1991, a total of 26 Special Operations Aircraft were produced. All aircraft were assigned to 2–160th SOAR(A) "Nightstalkers", home based at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. E models were conversions from existing CH-47C model airframes. The MH-47E has similar capabilities as the MH-47D, but includes an increased fuel capacity similar to the CH-47SD and terrain following/terrain avoidance radar.
In 1995, the Royal Air Force ordered eight Chinook HC3s, effectively a low-cost version of the MH-47E for the special operations role. They were delivered in 2001, but never entered operational service due to technical issues with their avionics fit, unique to the HC3. In 2008, work started to revert the HC3s to HC2 standard, to enable them to enter service. They have since been upgraded to HC5 standard with a digital automated flight control system.
CH-47F
In 2001, the first CH-47F, an upgraded CH-47D, made its maiden flight; the first production model rolled out on 15 June 2006 at Boeing's facility in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, and first flew on 23 October 2006. Upgrades include Honeywell engines and the airframe featuring greater single-piece construction to lower maintenance requirements. The milled construction reduces vibration, as well as inspection and repair needs, and eliminates flexing points to increase service life. The CH-47F can fly at speeds of over with a payload of more than . New avionics include a Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit, and BAE Systems' Digital Advanced Flight Control System (DAFCS). AgustaWestland assembles the CH-47F under license, known as the Chinook ICH-47F, for several customers. Boeing delivered 48 CH-47Fs to the U.S. Army through August 2008; at that time Boeing announced a $4.8 billion contract with the Army for 191 Chinooks.
In February 2007, the Royal Netherlands Air Force became the first international customer, ordering six CH-47Fs, expanding their fleet to 17. On 10 August 2009, Canada signed a contract for 15 extensively modified and upgraded CH-47Fs for the Canadian Forces, later delivered in 2013–2014 with the Canadian designation CH-147F. On 15 December 2009, Britain announced its Future Helicopter Strategy, including the purchase of 24 new CH-47Fs to be delivered from 2012. Australia ordered seven CH-47Fs in March 2010 to replace its six CH-47Ds between 2014 and 2017. In late 2015, Australia has sought permission to order three more CH-47Fs. In September 2015 India approved purchase of 15 CH-47F Chinooks. On 7 November 2016, Singapore announced that the CH-47F would replace its older Chinooks, which had been in service since 1994. This would enable the Republic of Singapore Air Force to meet its requirements for various operations, including Search and Rescue (SAR), Aeromedical Evacuation (AME), and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
A CH-47F Block 2 is planned to be introduced after 2020. The Block 2 aims for a payload of with 4,000 ft (1,200 m) and 95 °F (35 °C) high and hot hover performance, eventually increased up to 6,000 ft (1,800 m), to carry the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle; maximum takeoff weight would be raised to . It features the composite-based Advanced Chinook Rotor Blade (derived from the cancelled RAH-66 Comanche) 20% more powerful Honeywell T55-715 engines, and the active parallel actuator system (APAS); the APAS enhances the digital advanced flight-control system, providing an exact torque split between the rotors for greater efficiency. A new fuel system combines the three fuel cells in each sponson into one larger fuel cell and eliminating intracell fuel transfer hardware, reducing weight by and increasing fuel capacity. Electrical capacity is increased by three 60 kVA generators.
The U.S. Army plans for a Block 3 upgrade after 2025, which could include a new 6,000 shp-class engine with boosted power capacity of the transmission and drive train developed under the future affordable turbine engine (FATE) program and a lengthened fuselage. The Future Vertical Lift program plans to begin replacing the Army's rotorcraft fleet in the mid-2030s, initially focusing on medium-lift helicopters, thus the CH-47 is planned to be in service beyond 2060, over 100 years after first entering service.
MH-47G
The MH-47G Special Operations Aviation (SOA) version is currently being delivered to the U.S. Army. It is similar to the MH-47E, but features more sophisticated avionics including a digital Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS). The CAAS is a common glass cockpit used by different helicopters such as MH-60K/Ls, CH-53E/Ks, and ARH-70As. The MH-47G also incorporates all of the new sections of the CH-47F.
The new modernization program improves MH-47D and MH-47E Special Operations Chinooks to the MH-47G design specs. A total of 25 MH-47E and 11 MH-47D aircraft were upgraded by the end of 2003. In 2002 the army announced plans to expand the Special Operations Aviation Regiment via an additional 12 MH-47G helicopters. The final MH-47G Chinook was delivered to the U.S. Army Special Operations Command on 10 February 2011. Modernization of MH-47D/E Chinooks to MH-47G standard is due for completion in 2015.
The British MOD confirmed that while the US does not currently export the model, the two countries are currently in discussion regarding the MH-47G. On 19 October 2018, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of a possible sale of 16 H-47 Chinooks (Extended Range) to the UK.
CH-47J
The CH-47J is a medium-transport helicopter for the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The differences between the CH-47J and the CH-47D are the engine, rotor brake and avionics, for use for general transportation, SAR and disaster activity like U.S. forces. The CH-47JA, introduced in 1993, is a long-range version of the CH-47J, fitted with an enlarged fuel tank, an AAQ-16 FLIR in a turret under the nose, and a partial glass cockpit. Both versions are built under license in Japan by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, who produced 61 aircraft by April 2001.
The Japan Defense Agency ordered 54 aircraft of which 39 were for the JGSDF and 15 were for the JASDF. Boeing supplied flyable aircraft, to which Kawasaki added full avionics, interior, and final paint. The CH-47J model Chinook (N7425H) made its first flight in January 1986, and it was sent to Kawasaki in April. Boeing began delivering five CH-47J kits in September 1985 for assembly at Kawasaki.
HH-47
On 9 November 2006, the HH-47, a new variant of the Chinook based on the MH-47G, was selected by the U.S. Air Force as the winner of the Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR-X) competition. Four development HH-47s were to be built, with the first of 141 production aircraft planned to enter service in 2012. However, in February 2007 the contract award was protested and the GAO ordered the CSAR-X project to be re-bid. The CSAR-X program was again terminated in 2009. In February 2010, the USAF announced plans to replace aging HH-60G helicopters, and deferred secondary combat search and rescue requirements calling for a larger helicopter.
Sea Chinook
For years US Navy has been operating different versions of the CH-53 helicopter. CH-47s regularly conduct ship-based operations for U.S. Special Forces and other international operators. Due to budget issues, technical problems and delays with CH-53K the director of the Pentagon’s cost assessment office recently directed US Navy to consider maritime versions of CH-47. It seems Boeing presented a concept after being requested. Naval versions must be protected against the corrosive seaborne environment and several other major changes would be required for CH-47 to be able to operate from aircraft carriers and amphibious ships. US and other countries regularly deploy their CH-47s for short periods to operate from amphibious ships or aircraft carriers.
Other export models
The Royal Air Force version of the CH-47C is designated Chinook HC1; its versions of the CH-47D are designated Chinook HC2 and HC2A.
The export version of the CH-47C Chinook for the Italian Army was designated "CH-47C Plus".
The HH-47D is a search and rescue version for the Republic of Korea Air Force.
The CH-47DG is an upgraded version of the CH-47C for Greece.
While the CH-47SD (also known as the "Super D") is a modified variant for Singapore of the CH-47D, with extended range fuel tanks and higher payload carrying capacity; the CH-47SD is currently in use by the Republic of Singapore Air Force, Hellenic Army and the Republic of China Army.
Eight CH-47Cs were delivered to the Canadian Forces in 1974. These helicopters were in Canadian service until 1991, with the designation CH-147. These aircraft were subsequently sold to the Netherlands and are now operated by the Royal Netherlands Air Force as CH-47Ds. Older aircraft will be phased out by 2020 and replaced by CH-47F-NL models.
Civilian models
Model 234LR (long range): Commercial transport helicopter. The Model 234LR can be fitted out as an all-passenger, all-cargo, or cargo/passenger transport helicopter.
Model 234ER (extended range): Commercial transport version.
Model MLR (multi-purpose long range): Commercial transport version.
Model 234UT (utility transport): Utility transport helicopter.
Model 414: The Model 414 is the international export version of the CH-47D. It is also known as the CH-47D International Chinook.
Derivatives
In 1969, work on the experimental Model 347 was begun. It was a CH-47A with a lengthened fuselage, four-blade rotors, detachable wings mounted on top of the fuselage and other changes. It first flew on 27 May 1970 and was evaluated for a few years.
In 1973, the Army contracted with Boeing to design a "Heavy Lift Helicopter" (HLH), designated XCH-62A. It appeared to be a scaled-up CH-47 without a conventional body, in a configuration similar to the S-64 Skycrane (CH-54 Tarhe), but the project was canceled in 1975. The program was restarted for test flights in the 1980s and was again not funded by Congress. The scaled-up model of the HLH was scrapped in late 2005 at Fort Rucker, Alabama.
Operators
Former operators
Accidents and incidents
On 6 May 1969 a CH-46 carrying 83 persons crashed southwest of Phước Vĩnh Base Camp, South Vietnam, killing 40 of those onboard.
On 18 August 1971, CH-47A helicopter, airframe 66-19023, was operated by the 4th Aviation Company, 15th Aviation Group. The helicopter was transporting 33 soldiers of the Heavy Mortar Platoon, 2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment, 56th Field Artillery Brigade from battalion headquarters in Ludwigsburg to Grafenwöhr for live fire training exercises. Fatigue failure of the rear rotor blade led to its separation causing structural damage resulting in the crash and explosion that killed all 37 on board, including four crew members. A memorial plaque that was placed near the crash site in the forest outside Pegnitz was stolen in 2009.
On 18 October 1974, a CH-47C, US serial 74-22058 assigned 147001 but was never marked with Canadian Forces. The aircraft was lost on its delivery flight to Canada following gear failure in main combining gear box, caused by undetected metal infraction in gear blank before machining. This failure led to drive shaft failure and loss of synchronization. Five fatalities. After a lengthy litigation, it was replaced by 147009.
On 14 July 1977, a U.S. Army CH-47 helicopter was shot down by North Korean forces after straying into the DMZ.
On 11 September 1982 at an airshow in Mannheim, Germany, a U.S. Army Chinook (serial number 74-22292) carrying parachutists crashed, killing 46 people. The crash was later found to have been caused by an accumulation of ground walnut shell grit used for cleaning machinery, which blocked lubrication from reaching transmission bearings. The accident resulted in the eventual discontinuation of the use of walnut grit as a cleaning agent.
On 4 February 1985, a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) CH-47C (A15-001) crashed into Perseverance Dam, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. The Royal Air Force (RAF) exchange pilot, Flight Lieutenant Charles Chubb was rescued from the submerged cockpit but later died in hospital.
On 6 November 1986, a British International Helicopters Chinook crashed on approach to Sumburgh Airport, Shetland Islands resulting in the loss of 45 lives and the withdrawal of the Chinook from crew-servicing flights in the North Sea.
On 1 March 1991, Major Marie Therese Rossi Cayton was killed when her U.S. Army Chinook helicopter crashed after colliding with a microwave tower during a dust storm. She was the first American woman to fly in combat during Desert Storm in 1991.
On 2 June 1994, an RAF CH-47 carrying 25 British MI5, police, and military intelligence experts and 4 crew, flew from Northern Ireland to Scotland for a conference crashed on the Mull of Kintyre
On 29 May 2001, a Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) CH-47D installing a sculpture onto Olympic Bridge in Seoul, South Korea failed to unlatch the sculpture. The helicopter's rotors struck the monument; then the fuselage hit and broke into two. One section crashed onto the bridge in flames and the other fell into the river. All three crew members on board died.
On 21 February 2002, a U.S. Army special forces MH-47E crashed at sea in the Philippines, killing all ten U.S. soldiers on board. No enemy fire was involved.
On 11 September 2004, a Hellenic Army Aviation CH-47SD crashed into the sea off Mount Athos. All 17 people on board were killed, including four senior figures in the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria.
On 6 April 2005, the U.S. Army CH-47D known as "Big Windy 25" crashed during a sandstorm near Ghazni, Afghanistan, killing all eighteen aboard (fifteen soldiers and three contractors). The pilots had been disoriented by the dust storm.
On 7 January 2013, a BV-234 N241CH owned by Columbia Helicopters, Inc., crashed shortly after taking off from the airport in Pucallpa, Coronel Portillo Province, Peru. All seven crew members were killed.
Aircraft on display
Argentina
H-91 - CH-47C on display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina in Morón, Buenos Aires.
Australia
A15-104 - CH-47D on display at the Australian Army Flying Museum in Oakey, Queensland.
Canada
147201 - CH-47D on display at the National Air Force Museum of Canada in Trenton, Ontario.
147206 - CH-47D preserved as a gate guardian at CFB Petawawa.
Italy
MM80840 - CH-47C on display at Volandia in Somma Lombardo.
United Kingdom
83-24104 - CH-47D forward section on display at Royal Air Force Museum London.
ZA717 - Chinook HC.1 preserved at Newark Air Museum in Winthorpe, England.
United States
59-4984 - YCH-47B on display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum in Fort Eustis, Virginia.
60-3451 - CH-47A on display at the United States Army Aviation Museum in Fort Rucker, Alabama.
61-2408 - CH-47A on display in a park across the street from the Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum in Fort Campbell, Kentucky.
64-13149 - ACH-47A on display at the Redstone Arsenal in Alabama.
65-7992 - Model 347 on display at the United States Army Aviation Museum in Fort Rucker, Alabama.
89-00153 - CH-47D on display at Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California.
90-00222 - CH-47D on display outside at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
Vietnam
65-8025 - CH-47A on display at the Khe Sanh Combat Museum.
66-0086 - CH-47A on display at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City.
66-19082 - CH-47A on display at the Vietnam Military History Museum in Hanoi.
Specifications (CH-47F)
See also
References
External links
CH-47D/F, MH-47E/G, CH-47 history, and Model 234 Chinook history pages on Boeing.com
ICH-47 on Leonardocompany.com
CH-47A/B/C, ACH-47A, CH-47D/F and CH-47 Chinook pages on Army.mil
CH-47F Chinook transport helicopter on airrecognition.com
CH-47 page on GlobalSecurity.org
CH-47 page on Vectorsite.net
"Boeing's New Combat-Ready CH-47F Chinook Helicopter Fielded to First US Army Unit"
Italian Chinooks – CASR Article
The Kopp-Etchells Effect – CH-47 Night Landings in Afghanistan. Michael Yon online magazine
Category:Boeing military aircraft
Category:Kawasaki aerospace
Boeing CH-47 Chinook
Category:Tandem rotor helicopters
Category:1960s United States military transport aircraft
Category:1960s United States helicopters
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1961
Category:Twin-turbine helicopters | {
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Turtle Trek
Turtle Trek is a 3D dome film projection theater located at SeaWorld Orlando in the United States. It was designed by Falcon's Treehouse and PGAV Destinations.
Summary
Guests first visit two naturalistic habitats, one filled with manatees and several species of freshwater fish, the other home to more than 1,500 saltwater fish and over a dozen sea turtles. Many of the manatees and sea turtles were rescued by the park's animal team or were born at SeaWorld.
Moving on from the habitat, guests enter a domed theater. Turtle Trek's theater is the world's first 360 degree dome theater to show a 3D film. The theater uses 34 projectors to seamlessly cover the entire surface of the dome, allowing the movie to be shown all around guests and even above them. Turtle Trek tells the story of a sea turtle's journey through life, from birth to adulthood. Guests are given a turtle's perspective of the ocean's wonders.
Turtle Trek is meant to inspire guests to help conserve natural environments. "Do a little, do a lot, but join us and do something to help the world and its animals," said Brian Morrow, the attraction's chief designer, regarding the attraction's message. "Turtle Trek is about the everyday heroes who can make a difference in nature."
See also
SeaWorld
SeaWorld Orlando
Turtle Talk with Crush, a Walt Disney World attraction
References
External links
Falcon's Treehouse, LLC
Category:Oceanaria in the United States
Category:Amusement rides introduced in 2012
Category:SeaWorld Orlando
Category:Amusement rides manufactured by Falcon's Treehouse
Category:2012 establishments in Florida | {
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Tonus peregrinus
, the wandering tone, or the ninth tone, is a reciting tone in Gregorian chant.
The chant example here is not identified as the tonus peregrinus in the Liber usualis (see LU, pp. 760–761), although it is in Aeolian mode. For the tonus peregrinus in its customary usage for Psalm 113, see LU p. 160.
Characteristics
As a reciting tone the does not fit in any of the original eight church modes, because a verse recited in this tone has a different tenor note in the first half of the verse from the second half of the verse. It is this diversion from a single recitation note which gives the name , literally "wanders".
Traditionally, the tenor note in the first half of a verse sung according to the is a tone higher than the tenor note in the second half of the verse. Also usually the last note of a melodic formula is a perfect fifth below the first tenor note.
History
In Gregorian chant the existed before the modal system was expanded beyond the eighth mode. Later the ninth tone became associated with the ninth mode, or Aeolian mode, which, in a more modern understanding of harmony, can be equalled with a standard minor mode.
The is an exceptional reciting tone in Gregorian chant: there it was most clearly associated with Psalm 113 (in the Vulgate numbering), traditionally sung in vespers. In Lutheranism, the is associated with the Magnificat (also usually sung in vespers): the traditional setting of Luther's German translation of the Magnificat ("") is a German variant of the .
Musical settings
variants appear in:
"Suscepit Israel" from the Magnificat in D major by Johann Sebastian Bach
Requiem by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (used in the Introit)
Miserere Mei, Deus by Gregorio Allegri
Sonata No. 4, Op. 98, by Josef Rheinberger (harmonized version is used as the second theme in the opening movement)
References
Notes
Sources
Mattias Lundberg. Tonus Peregrinus: The History of a Psalm-tone and its use in Polyphonic Music, Ashgate Publishing, 2012,
External links
"Meine Seele erhebet den Herren: Das Magnificat" ("The German Magnificat") at
Category:Musical terminology
Category:Melody types
Category:Psalm settings
Category:Magnificat settings | {
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WLW (disambiguation)
WLW is a radio station (700 AM) licensed to Cincinnati, Ohio, United States.
WLW may also refer to:
Media
The following radio station founded or previously owned by the Crosley Broadcasting Corporation:
WLVQ, a radio station (96.3 FM) licensed to Columbus, Ohio, United States, which formerly held the WLWF ("WLW-F") call sign
The following television stations founded or previously owned by the Crosley Broadcasting Corporation:
WLWT (channel 5 analog/35 digital) licensed to Cincinnati, Ohio, originally rendered as "WLW-T"
WTHR (channel 13 analog/13 digital) licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, which held the WLWI ("WLW-I") call sign from 1957 until 1976
WCMH (channel 4 analog/14 digital) licensed to Columbus, Ohio, which held the WLWC ("WLW-C") call sign from 1949 until 1976
WDTN (channel 2 analog/50 digital) licensed to Dayton, Ohio, which held the WLWD ("WLW-D") call sign from 1949 until 1976
WXIA (channel 11 analog/10 digital) licensed to Atlanta, Georgia, which held the WLWA ("WLW-A") call sign from 1953 until 1962
KALL, a radio station (700 AM) licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah, which held the KWLW call sign (a reflection of being on the same frequency as WLW) from 1997 until 1999
DWLW, a radio station owned by the Manila Broadcasting Company licensed to Lucena City in the Philippines.
Other uses
the IATA code for Willows-Glenn County Airport
Woolworths Group used WLW as an identifier on the London Stock Exchange
World League Wrestling, an independent professional wrestling promotion founded by Harley Race, based in Eldon, Missouri
Windows Live Writer, a desktop blog-publishing application
Women Loving Women, or women who are attracted to other women | {
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Thinking of You (Bogdan Raczynski album)
Thinking of You is a studio album by Bogdan Raczynski. It was released on Rephlex Records in 1999.
Track listing
References
External links
Thinking of You at Rephlex Records
Category:2000 albums
Category:Bogdan Raczynski albums
Category:Rephlex Records albums | {
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Manganello
Manganello is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jim Manganello (born 1976), American soccer player
Mike Manganello (born 1941), American jockey
Timothy M. Manganello (born 1950), American businessman | {
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Raheem L. Mullins
Raheem L. Mullins (born March 10, 1978) is an American lawyer and jurist currently serving as an Associate Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court.
Biography
Mullins received his Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 2001 and his Juris Doctor from Northeastern University School of Law in 2004.
He was nominated by Governor Dannel Malloy in 2012 to serve as a judge of the Superior Court. He became an Appellate Court judge in 2014. Prior to his appointment, Mullins was a prosecutor for the Appellate Bureau, Division of Criminal Justice, in Rocky Hill, and an assistant attorney general in the Child Protection Division in Hartford. He worked as a law clerk for the Honorable Frederick L. Brown of the Massachusetts Appeals Court from 2004 to 2005.
Connecticut superior court service
On January 19, 2012 Mullins was nominated to the Superior Court. Upon his appointment to the Superior Court, his nomination faced criticism because at the time, at 33, he was the second-youngest person ever to be nominated for a state judgeship. He was confirmed in February 2012.
Connecticut appellate court service
On March 14, 2014 Mullins nominated to the Connecticut Appellate Court to seat vacated by Stuart D. Bear who faced mandatory retirement. He was confirmed by the Connecticut General Assembly on April 25, 2014. He assumed office on May 6, 2014.
Connecticut Supreme Court service
On October 4, 2017 Mullins was one of two nominations made to the Connecticut Supreme Court. He was confirmed and sworn into office on November 1, 2017.
References
External links
Honorable Raheem L. Mullins Official Court Biography
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American judges
Category:African-American lawyers
Category:Clark University alumni
Category:Connecticut Supreme Court justices
Category:Judges of the Connecticut Appellate Court
Category:Northeastern University School of Law alumni
Category:Superior court judges in the United States
Category:21st-century American judges | {
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Corlett
Corlett is a surname of Manx origin. The name is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic Mac Thorliot, derived from an Old Norse personal name composed of two elements: the name Þórr and ljótr meaning "bright". Another opinion is that the Old Norse Þorliótr may mean "Thor-people". The name appears earliest in records as Corlett in 1504 and MacCorleot in 1511.
People
Andrew Corlett, Deputy Deemster of the Isle of Man
Charles H. Corlett (1889–1971), major general in the U.S. Army
E. C. B. Corlett, British author, naval architect and consultant
George Milton Corlett, 25th Lieutenant Governor of Colorado
Ian James Corlett (born 1962), Canadian animation voice artist, writer, and musician
Capt. John Corlett (1751–1814), settled in Philadelphia; grandfather of Sir Mark Collet, 1st Baronet
John Corlett (born 1950), Her Majesty's Attorney General for the Isle of Man and ex officio Member of the Legislative Council
Samuel Corlett (1852–1921), English cricketer
Simon Corlett (born 1950), cricketer
William Corlett (1938–2005), English children's writer
William Wellington Corlett (1842–1890), Delegate from the Territory of Wyoming
References
Category:Surnames of Manx origin | {
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Geely Boyue
The Geely Boyue (吉利博越) is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Chinese automaker Geely.
__TOC__
Overview
The Boyue was originally planned to be launched as part of the Emgrand series during development, the Boyue was launched as an independent product under the Geely brand in 26 March 2016. In the South American market, this SUV is offered under the name Geely Emgrand X7 Sport, being integrated into the Geely Emgrand product subdivision. The Boyue was designed by a team led by Peter Horbury, the vehicle’s exterior design combines traditional Chinese cultural elements with modern languages of fashion. Since its launch, the Boyue has received much attention in the Chinese automobile market. The Boyue was facelifted in 2018. After 36 months, the total production number was 700,000.
Markets
China
Boyue Pro debuts in China on July 2019 with new GKUI infotainment system, all new cabin design and a new option of 1.5L turbo engine that co-developed with Volvo which is same as one's in Geely Binyue.
Proton X70
On 24 May 2017, PROTON Holdings parent company DRB-HICOM announced plans to sell a 49.9% stake in Proton to Zhejiang Geely Automobile Holdings. Alongside the sale of stake, it was announced that Proton's first SUV would be based of the Geely Boyue. The Proton X70 launched in Malaysia in December 2019. It was fully imported from China and featured only minor cosmetic changes inside and out. The most apparent change is that the Proton X70 is right hand drive while the Geely Boyue is a left hand drive vehicle. Proton started locally assembly of the X70 in December 2019 with a launch expected in February 2020. It is expected that the locally assemble model will feature more changes to the Boyue compared to the fully imported model.
References
External links
Boyue
Category:Compact sport utility vehicles
Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles
Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Category:Hatchbacks
Category:Cars of China
Category:Cars introduced in 2016 | {
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Giovanni Gozzi
Giovanni Gozzi (19 October 1902 – 11 August 1976) was an Italian Olympic champion in Greco-Roman wrestling.
Gozzi competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles where he won a gold medal in the featherweight class. He also won a bronze medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics and competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was selected for the 1936 Games, but missed it because of an accident.
At the European championships Gozzi won a gold medal in 1927 in bantamweight, a silver in 1925 in bantamweight, and a bronze in 1934 in featherweight. After retiring from competitions he worked as a wrestling coach.
References
Category:1902 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Milan
Category:Olympic wrestlers of Italy
Category:Wrestlers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Category:Wrestlers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Category:Wrestlers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Category:Italian male sport wrestlers
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Category:Olympic medalists in wrestling
Category:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics | {
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Fairey F.2
__NOTOC__
The Fairey F.2 was a British fighter prototype in the late 1910s. It was the first aircraft designed entirely by the Fairey Aviation Company.
Development
The F.2 was ordered by the Admiralty in 1916 as a massive, three-seat long-range fighter. Powered by two Rolls-Royce Falcon engines, it was a three-bay biplane with a four-wheel "bedstead" main undercarriage, the wings folding aft from a point outboard of the engines. Armament consisted of a .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun on a Scarff ring on the extreme nose and a similar installation immediately aft of the wings.
Operational history
Built at Harlington the F.2 was transported by road to Northolt Aerodrome where it first flew on 17 May 1917; however, by then Admiralty interest in the project had waned. The fighter was found to be hard to handle and slow, and therefore no further production was continued.
Operators
Royal Naval Air Service
Specifications
References
Category:1910s British fighter aircraft
F.2
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1917
Category:Biplanes
Category:Aircraft with counter-rotating propellers | {
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Eugene Fruehauf
Eugene Fruehauf (November 1, 1912 – September 13, 1998) was an American rower. He competed in the men's coxless four at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1912 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:American male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of the United States
Category:Rowers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York | {
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La Feuillie, Manche
La Feuillie is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Manche department
Feuillie | {
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Mr. Snowman
Mr. Snowman is a Christmas album by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery. The album was released on October 7, 2003. It was the first Christmas album of his career, and it includes both traditional Christmas music and newly recorded tracks.
Track listing
"Winter Wonderland" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) - 2:53
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) - 5:01
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) - 3:34
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (Fred J. Coots, Haven Gillesepie) - 2:35
"December 1943" (John Wiggins, Harley Allen) - 3:34
"My Christmas Wish" (Sally Barris, Steven Sheehan) - 3:37
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) - 3:55
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (Johnny Marks) - 2:19
"O Holy Night" (Traditional) - 6:03
"A Daddy's Prayer/Jesus Loves Me" (John Michael Montgomery) - 4:29
Personnel
Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
J.T. Corenflos – electric guitar
Eric Darken – percussion
Chip Davis – background vocals
Chris Dunn – trombone
Shannon Forrest – drums
Larry Franklin – fiddle
Paul Franklin – dobro, steel guitar, lap steel guitar
Carl Gorodetzky – string contractor
Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar
Aubrey Haynie – fiddle, mandolin
Steve Herrman – trumpet
Jim Horn – horn arrangements, saxophone
Sam Levine – clarinet
Chris McDonald – trombone
Brent Mason – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
John Michael Montgomery – lead vocals
Madison Montgomery – background vocals
Walker Montgomery – background vocals
Gordon Mote – synthesizer strings
The Nashville String Machine – strings
Steve Nathan – keyboards, piano
Steve Patrick – trumpet
John Wesley Ryles – background vocals
Michael Spriggs – acoustic guitar
Cindy Richardson-Walker – background vocals
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
Bergen White – string arrangements, string conductor
Dennis Wilson – background vocals
Lonnie Wilson – drums
Glenn Worf – acoustic bass, bass guitar
Curtis Young – background vocals
Category:John Michael Montgomery albums
Category:Warner Records albums
Category:2003 Christmas albums
Category:Christmas albums by American artists
Category:Country Christmas albums | {
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Polly Perkins
Polly Perkins (born Gillian Nessie Arnold, 31 May 1943) is a British actress, singer and writer. Perkins rose to fame in the 1960s as a popstar, going on to regularly appear in theatre and cabaret throughout the UK. She is known for playing Rose Cotton, the half-sister of Dot Branning (June Brown), in the BBC soap opera EastEnders between 2011 and 2012.
Early and personal life
Perkins was born Gillian Nessie Arnold to theatrical parents Dickie and Mitzi, who both had a successful career performing a cabaret/vaudeville act. Her step mother Dottie Arnold was also a successful variety performer. Perkins has two children, singer songwriter Tim Arnold and film producer/director Toby Tobias. In 1985, Perkins moved to Spain.
Career
Perkins started her career performing at the Windmill Theatre in Soho, when still in her teens, she first appeared nude aged 15.
During the 60's, Perkins was a teen pop star, a BBC thespian and the first compere of the cult TV show Ready Steady Go!. She starred in stage musicals as diverse as Salad Days and Let My People Come, and appeared in episodes of Minder, The Sweeney, Rules of Justice and Nanny. Perkins was the leading lady in many West End cabaret clubs including The Latin Quarter, Blue Angel, The Celebrite, The Gaslight, The Directors Lodge, The Gargoyle, The Piano Bar and Madame Jojo's. She became a much-loved figure in Soho clubs for her smoky rendition of Edith Piaf's Je Ne Regrette Rien.
She also ran and performed in her own club "Polly's Candlelight" in Mayfair throughout 1977/78.
Perkins was cast as Trish Valentine, a washed-up nightclub singer, in the BBC soap opera Eldorado in the mid-90s. In 2011, she returned to the stage in the debut performance of songs from her son's new musical Secrets of Soho at The Phoenix Artist Club.
In the movie Metropolitan by Whit Stillman there is a mentioned character named Polly Perkins although an appearance is never made.
In May 2011, it was announced by that Perkins would be joining the cast of BBC soap opera EastEnders as Rose, the estranged half-sister of Dot Branning. Speaking of her casting, Perkins said "I am thrilled to be joining the cast of EastEnders, the show is a real British institution with an extraordinary creative team. I'm really looking forward to working with June again, who I have been friends with for over 30 years."
Filmography
Television
BBC Sunday Night Play-She's A Free Country
The Colony
Menace
The Sweeney
Flickers
Rules of Justice
Nanny
Play For Today-Wayne And Albert
Eldorado
EastEnders (2011–12)
Stage
Salad Days
Let My People Come
Blood Brothers (Salon Varietés Production)
Film
Take It or Leave It
The Mumbo Jumbo
Discography
Albums
Pop Lore According to the Academy (1969)
Liberated Woman (1973)
Polly (1977)
Singles
I Reckon You (1963)
Sweet As Honey (1963)
Young Lover (1964)
I Went By Your House Today (1964)
Munching The Candy (1969)
Coochie Coo (1973)
Bibliography
Songs for the Liberated Woman (1973)
Far Too Dainty (2003)
References
External links
Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:English television actresses
Category:English female singers
Category:English film actresses
Category:English stage actresses | {
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Plimmer Towers
Plimmer Towers is a high-rise office and hotel complex in central Wellington, New Zealand. The building is named after John Plimmer, a major business and political personality during Wellington's early years.
History
Originally developed by construction tycoon Arthur Williams, the building was opened in 1977 as the Williams Centre. At the time of opening, it was Wellington's tallest building until 1984, when the nearby BNZ Centre opened. A second matching tower was opened in 1985.
Williams sold the building to Smart Group NZ in 1986, which was severely affected by the 1987 sharemarket crash. It was later purchased by the Singaporean-based Grand Central Group in 1993, by which time it was renamed the Plimmer City Centre, with the hotel section rebranded as a Copthorne.
In 2010, the complex was refurbished and repainted by its current owners, Australian-based Eureka Funds Management and the Toga Group. Hotel naming rights were passed on to the Travelodge group.
See also
List of tallest structures in New Zealand
References
External links
Plimmer Towers
Category:Buildings and structures in Wellington City
Category:Skyscrapers in Wellington
Category:1970s architecture in New Zealand
Category:Skyscraper office buildings in New Zealand
Category:Skyscraper hotels
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1977 | {
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Rosemary Kurtz
Rosemary Kurtz (born August 11, 1930) is an American educator and politician.
Born in Richmond, Indiana, Kurtz received her bachelor's degree from the University of Oklahoma and her master's degree from the University of Kansas. She also studied at the University of Iowa. Kurtz taught in high school and college. Kurtz served as treasurer for the city of Crystal Lake, Illinois and on the Crystal Lake Zoning Board of Appeals. Kurtz served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2001 to 2005 and was a Republican.
Notes
Category:1930 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:People from Richmond, Indiana
Category:People from Crystal Lake, Illinois
Category:University of Iowa alumni
Category:University of Kansas alumni
Category:University of Oklahoma alumni
Category:Educators from Illinois
Category:Women state legislators in Illinois
Category:Illinois Republicans
Category:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Category:Educators from Indiana | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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University Neighborhood, Syracuse, New York
The University Neighborhood is one of Syracuse, New York's 26 officially recognized neighborhoods. It borders the neighborhoods of Westcott to the north, University Hill to the west, Outer Comstock to the southwest, Skytop (South Campus) to the south, and Meadowbrook to the east.
The University Neighborhood is mostly residential, with only a few convenience stores located throughout. The neighborhood is close to retail and dining, however, with Westcott Street being lined with small shops and restaurants immediately to the north, and the Nottingham Plaza across East Colvin Street at its southeastern corner. This plaza has a grocery store, Eckerd drug store, liquor store, barber shop, as well as a UPS Store behind it. Additionally, Marshall Street, the main retail area of adjacent University Hill is within a short walk of the northwestern corner of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is also home to the city's only cooperative grocery store, the Syracuse Real Food Co-op.
History
Like its surrounding neighborhoods, the University Neighborhood grew as a result of the growth of Syracuse University, which was founded in 1870. Electric streetcars ran along Euclid Avenue, its northern border. As the university continued to grow, particularly after World War II, students moved into many of the houses along Euclid Avenue and its side streets. When the university went through a short period of enrollment decline in the early 1990s, it enacted a sophomore residency requirement, which required second-year students to live in university housing. Previously only freshmen were required to do so. As a result, some University Neighborbood buildings were acquired by non-students . It also includes the Berkeley Park Historic District .
The Berkeley Park Subdivision Historic District, Spencer House, Ward House, and Welsh House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Conflicts
Today the neighborhood consists of a mixture of families and students. This unusual combination results in vibrant diversity, but is also sometimes a cause of conflict due to differing priorities of the two groups. Though conflict is usually limited to noise complaints from late-night student parties, an extreme example occurred on May 1, 1999 when students hosted a block party on Livingston Avenue. Violence broke out when police arrived to end the party, causing the event to be named the Livingstock Riots. Police used riot gear to break up the block party, which had spun out of control, leaving piles of furniture and debris burning in the streets. Subsequent block parties (resuming in 2007) have not featured violence.
References
External links
University Neighborhood Preservation Association (UNPA)
Southeast University Neighborhood Association (SEUNA)
Syracuse Then and Now
Category:Neighborhoods in Syracuse, New York | {
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Modern Times (Al Stewart album)
Modern Times is Al Stewart's sixth studio album, released in 1975. The album was re-released in 2007 with bonus tracks.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Al Stewart except as indicated.
1975 original LP edition
Side 1
"Carol" – 4:24
"Sirens of Titan" – 2:50
"What's Going On?" – 3:34
"Not the One" – 4:34
"Next Time" – 4:19
Side 2
"Apple Cider Re-Constitution" – 5:19
"The Dark and the Rolling Sea" – 5:21
"Modern Times" (Dave Mudge, Stewart) – 8:21
2000 Beat Goes On edition bonus tracks
"News from Spain" - 6:03
"Elvaston Place" - 2:53
"Swallow Wind" - 3:21
2007 Collector's Choice Music edition bonus tracks
"Swallow Wind" - 3:23
"A Sense of Deja Vu" - 4:50
"Willie the King" - 4:01
Personnel
Al Stewart - vocals, guitar, keyboard
Brian Bennett - background vocals
David Ellis - acoustic guitar
Isaac Guillory - guitar
Simon Nicol - guitar
Tim Renwick - guitar
Andrew Powell - arranger
Tony Carr - percussion
Gerry Conway - drums
Stuart Cowell - dobro, guitar
Barry DeSouza - drums
George Ford - bass
Neil Lancaster - background vocals
Charles Mills - background vocals
Peter Moss - fuzz bass
Graham Smith - harmonica
Pete Wingfield - keyboards
Peter Wood - keyboards, accordion
Alan Parsons - engineer, string arrangements
Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)
Notes
"Sirens of Titan" is based on the novel of the same name by Kurt Vonnegut.
The blonde woman on the album cover is Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour's first wife, Ginger. The Cord automobile Stewart is sitting in belonged to Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page.
Centered in the cover, holding a mirror reflecting a bright light toward the viewer, as on Stewart's previous album, Past, Present and Future, the U. S. version of the album features the Marvel Comics character Doctor Strange.
References
Category:Al Stewart albums
Category:1975 albums
Category:Albums with cover art by Hipgnosis
Category:Albums produced by Alan Parsons
Category:CBS Records albums
Category:Janus Records albums
Category:Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios | {
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Mahowald
Mahowald is a surname and may refer to:
Mark Mahowald (1931–2013), American mathematician
Meghan Elisse Mahowald (born February 7, 1991), better known by her stage name MEGG, American singer, songwriter, and musician
Misha Mahowald (1963–1996), American computational neuroscientist | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ganga Khedi
Ganga Khedi is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil, on the banks of the Baanh River.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Ganga Khedi has 64 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 44.74%.
References
Category:Villages in Berasia tehsil | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2013–14 Scottish League Cup
The 2013–14 Scottish League Cup was the 68th season of Scotland's second-most prestigious football knockout competition.
Format
The competition is a single elimination knock-out competition. In each round, fixtures are determined by random draw, with the first to third rounds seeded according to last season's league positions (higher 50% of finishers drawn v lower 50% of finishers, alternating which is at home with each tie drawn).
Fixtures are played to a finish, with extra time and then penalties used in the event of draws. The competition is open to all clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League. Clubs involved in European competitions are given a bye to the third round in order to avoid congestion of fixtures.
First round: All 30 sides from the previous season's Scottish Football League enter including Partick Thistle.
Second round: The 15 winners of the first round are joined by last season's seven lowest placed teams in the SPL not in European competition, including relegated Dundee.
Third round: The 11 winners of the second round are joined by the four SPL sides participating in European competition (Celtic, Motherwell, St Johnstone & Hibernian) and the highest placed SPL finisher not in European competition (Inverness Caledonian Thistle).
Quarter-finals: The 8 winners of the third round play.
Semi-finals: The 4 winners of the quarter-finals play.
Final: The 2 winners of the semi-finals play.
Schedule
First round: Saturday 3 & Tuesday 6 August 2013
Second round: Tuesday 27 & Wednesday 28 August 2013
Third round: Tuesday 24 & Wednesday 25 September 2013
Quarter-finals: Tuesday 29 & Wednesday 30 October 2013
Semi-finals: Saturday 1 & Sunday 2 February 2014
Final: Sunday 16 March 2014
Fixtures & Results
First round
The first round draw was conducted at Hampden Park on Friday 12 July 2013 at 2:30pm.
Second round
The second round draw was conducted at Hampden Park on Wednesday 7 August 2013 at 2:30pm.
Third round
The third round draw was conducted at Easter Road Stadium on Thursday 29 August 2013 at 11:30am.
Quarter-finals
The quarter-final draw was conducted at Hampden Park on Thursday 26 September 2013 at 3:00pm.
Semi-finals
The semi-final draw was conducted at Hampden Park on Thursday 31 October 2013 at 3:00pm.
Final
References
External links
Scottish Professional Football League – League Cup official website
Category:Scottish League Cup seasons
League Cup
Category:2013–14 in Scottish football cups | {
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1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the first All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Limerick were the winners. It was the first of two All-Ireland football titles for Limerick - the other coming in 1896.
In 2005, a gold medal won by the final's man-of-the-match Malachi O'Brien fetched €26,500 (three times its guide price) at London auction house Sotheby's. It is believed to be the oldest All-Ireland football medal in existence. The Limerick Leader purchased the medal and said it intended to display it in Limerick.
References
Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).
Gaelic football
Category:All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals
Category:Limerick GAA matches
Category:Louth GAA matches | {
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Różaniec-Szkoła
Różaniec-Szkoła is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnogród, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Tarnogród, south of Biłgoraj, and south of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Category:Villages in Biłgoraj County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pedro Robert
Pedro Robert (born 11 July 1956) is a Spanish water polo player. He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics, the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish male water polo players
Category:Olympic water polo players of Spain
Category:Water polo players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Water polo players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Water polo players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Barcelona | {
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Sproat Lake Provincial Park
Sproat Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park near Port Alberni in British Columbia, Canada's Vancouver Island. Its name derives from a lake named after 19th century entrepreneur and colonial official Gilbert Malcolm Sproat.
Petroglyphs
One of the park's most significant features is a panel of petroglyphs called "K’ak’awin" on lakeshore rocks depicting mythological figures. Though little is known of the origin of the prehistoric images, the area has been traditionally occupied by the Hupacasath First Nation.
Park features
The 39-hectare park on Highway 4 is 15 kilometres west of Port Alberni and is a popular recreation area featuring swimming and boating in Sproat Lake and camping. On the north shore of the lake, there is a popular boat launch, a small beach and 58 vehicle-accessible campsites in the park. The park is near the home base of Coulson Flying Tankers, which operates Martin Mars water bombers.
References
External links
Sproat Lake Provincial Park Official Site
Martin Mars - Coulson Flying Tankers
Category:Alberni Valley
Category:Provincial Parks of British Columbia
Category:Rock art in North America
Category:Petroglyphs in Canada
Category:Protected areas established in 1966
Category:1966 establishments in British Columbia | {
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Olupaka Combined School
Olupaka Combined School is a school in Eyanda village in Outapi Constituency in northern Namibia. The school was founded in 1951 by the Roman Catholic Mission and became a state school in 1972. The school patron is Chief Justice Peter Shivute; former Namibian president Sam Nujoma is its goodwill ambassador.
See also
List of schools in Namibia
Education in Namibia
References
Category:Schools in Omusati Region
Category:1951 establishments in South West Africa | {
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349
__NOTOC__
Year 349 (CCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Limenius and Catullinus (or, less frequently, year 1102 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 349 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Asia
Emperor Shi Zun dies after a brief reign of 183 days; he and his mother Empress Zheng Yingtao are executed. His son Shi Jian succeeds him as emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao.
The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China.
Births
John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)
Deaths
Empress Liu, wife of emperor Shi Hu (b. 318)
Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (b. 295)
Shi Shi, emperor and brother of Shi Zun (b. 339)
Shi Zun, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao
Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272)
Empress Zhang, wife of emperor Shi Zun
Empress Zheng Yingtao, mother of emperor Shi Zun
References | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Attila Márton
Attila Márton (born March 14, 1963) is a Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) for Hajdúszoboszló (Hajdú-Bihar County Constituency VII) from 2002 to 2014. He was also a Member of Parliament from Fidesz Hajdú Bihar County Regional List between 1998 and 2002.
Biography
He finished the car mechanics course of Landler Jenő Secondary Technical School at Debrecen in 1981. He graduated as a traffic process engineer with IT and business specialisation from the College of Transport and Telecommunications of Győr in 1984. He received a university degree in IT systems analysis in Debrecen in 1991 having accomplished the joint programme of Kossuth Lajos University of Debrecen. From 1984 he worked as a logistics manager. From 1988 until his election as MP in 1998 he worked in different positions for the Hajdúszoboszló headquarters of the Trans-Tisza Gas Supply Company in the field of business information technology including systems host, project manager, then senior IT staff. He has been active as a sports pilot since 1979 and has been on the board of the Hungarian Association of Aviation since 1998. He presided over the Association from 2000 to 2002.
Political career
Márton started his political career in December 1993 upon the invitation of Fidesz. He ran in the national and local elections for the first time in 1994. He has been a member of Fidesz since May 1994 and a member of the Hajdú-Bihar County Board since 1996. In the 1998 general election he secured a mandate from the Hajdú-Bihar County Regional List of Fidesz. He became a member of the Economic Committee in the same year and chaired the Ad Hoc Subcommittee Examining the Operation of Dunaferr Company.
In the 2002 election he secured a seat as an individual MP representing Hajdúszoboszló, Constituency VII, Hajdú-Bihar County. In the general election held in 2006, he was elected MP again. He was appointed a member of the Economic and Information Technology Committee. He defended his mandate in the 2010 parliamentary election.
References
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Fidesz politicians
Category:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1998–2002)
Category:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2002–2006)
Category:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2006–2010)
Category:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014)
Category:People from Debrecen | {
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Salmanlu
Salmanlu (, also Romanized as Salmānlū; also known as Salmālu, Salman, and Salmānū) is a village in Mojezat Rural District, in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 105, in 26 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Zanjan County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Benzylmercapturic acid
Benzylmercapturic acid is a minor metabolite of toluene in humans. It is used in the diagnosis of toluene exposure. As its name indicates, is a benzyl derivative of mercapturic acid (acetylcysteine).
Category:Thioethers
Category:Amino acid derivatives
Category:Benzyl compounds | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Vagharshapat
Vagharshapat ( ), is the 4th-largest city in Armenia and the most populous municipal community of Armavir Province, located about west of the capital Yerevan, and north of the closed Turkish-Armenian border. It is commonly known as Ejmiatsin (also spelled Echmiadzin or Etchmiadzin, , ), which was its official name between 1945 and 1995. It is still commonly used colloquially and in official bureaucracy.
The city is best known as the location of Etchmiadzin Cathedral and Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church. It is thus unofficially known in Western sources as a "holy city" and in Armenia as the country's "spiritual capital" (). It was one of the major cities and a capital of ancient Greater Armenia. Reduced to a small town by the early 20th century, it experienced large expansion during the Soviet period becoming, effectively, a suburb of Yerevan. Its population stands just over 37,000 based on 2016 estimates.
Etymology
According to Movses Khorenatsi, the area of Vagharshapat was known as Artimed (Արտիմէդ), derived from the ancient Greek deity Artemis. Later, it was renamed Avan Vardgesi (Աւան Վարդգէսի, "Town of Vardges") or Vardgesavan (Վարդգէսաւան) by Prince Vardges Manouk who rebuilt the settlement near the shores of Kasagh River, during the reign of King Orontes I Sakavakyats of Armenia (570–560 BC). However, in his first book, Wars of Justinian, the Byzantine historian Procopius refers to the city as Valashabad (Balashabad), named after King Valash (Balash) of Armenia. The name evolved into its later form by the shift of the medial l into a gh, which is common in the Armenian language. Movses Khorenatsi mentioned that the town of Vardges was entirely rebuilt and fenced by King Vagharsh I to become known as Norakaghak (Նորաքաղաք, "New City") and later Vagharshapat.
History
Early history
The territory of ancient Vagharshapat was inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC. Many sites, such as Metsamor Castle, Shresh hill and Mokhrablur hill date back to the neolithic period. The first written records about Vagharshapat were found in the inscriptions left by the Urartian king Rusa II (685–645 BC), where it was mentioned as Kuarlini (Կուարլինի). The inscription found in the archaeological site of ancient Vagharshapat cites to a water canal opened by king Rusa II, between Ildaruni river (Hrazdan River) and the valley of Kuarlini.
According to 5th-century writer Movses Khorenatsi, the oldest name of Vagharshapat was Artimed (Արտիմէդ), derived from the ancient Greek deity Artemis. Later, it was renamed Avan Vardgesi (Աւան Վարդգէսի, "Town of Vardges") or Vardgesavan (Վարդգէսաւան) after being rebuilt by prince Vardges Manouk near the shores of Kasagh River, during the reign of king Orontes I Sakavakyats of Armenia (570–560 BC).
Under the reign of king Tigranes the Great (95–45 BC), the town was partly inhabited by Jewish captives.
In the first half of the 1st century AD, under the reign of the Armenian Arsacid king Vagharsh I of Armenia (117–144), the old town of Vardgesavan was renovated and renamed Vagharshapat (Վաղարշապատ). In his first book Wars of Justinian, the Byzantine historian Procopius has cited to the city as Valashabad (Balashabad), named after king Valash (Balash) of Armenia. The name evolved into its later form by the shift in the medial L into a Gh, which is common in the Armenian language. Movses Khorenatsi mentioned that the Town of Vardges was entirely rebuilt and fenced by king Vagharsh I to become known as Noarakaghak (Նորաքաղաք, "New City") and later Vagharshapat.
Vagharshapat has served as the capital of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia between 120 AD and 330 AD. After embracing Christianity as a state religion in Armenia in 301, Vagharshapat was gradually called Ejmiatsin (), after the name of the Mother Cathedral; the seat of the Armenian Catholicosate, which is considered as one of the oldest religious organizations in the world. As a spiritual centre of the entire Armenian nation, Vagharshapat has grown up rapidly and developed as an important centre of education and culture. The city was home to one of the oldest educational institutions in Armenia founded by Mesrop Mashtots.
The political capital of the Armenian kingdom was transferred to the city of Dvin in 336.
Middle Ages
Vagharshapat maintained its status as the country's most important city until the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom in 428. The city has gradually lost its importance under the Persian rule, specifically when the seat of the Catholicosate was transferred to Dvin in 452. However, the first manuscript library in Armenia was founded in 480 in Vagharshapat.
The Armenian Church rejected the Council of Chalcedon (451) because they believed the Chalcedonian christology was too similar to Nestorianism; however, some Armenian bishops who were present in the territories of Roman Armenia signed the Council's documents and also accepted Pope Leo I's 458 encyclical mandating adherence to the Chalcedonian Definition. In Persarmenia, the Persian Nestorian Church supported the spread of Nestorianism, which the Armenian Church had previously declared heretical and saw as a threat to the independence of their Church. Peter the Iberian, a Georgian prince, also strongly opposed the Chalcedonian Creed. Thus, in 491, Catholicos Babken I of Armenia, along with the Albanian and Iberian bishops met in Vagharshapat and issued a condemnation of the Chalcedonian Definition.
In 658 AD, Vagharshapat, along with the rest of the Armenian highland, was conquered by the Arabs. The city was briefly revived between the 9th and 11th centuries under the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia, before being overrun by the Byzantines in 1045 and later by the Seljuks in 1064.
In the middle of the 13th century, Vagharshapat became part of the Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire. During the last quarter of the 14th century the Aq Qoyunlu Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribe took over Armenia, including Vagharshapat.
In 1400, when Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia many districts including Vagharshapat were depopulated under the rule of the Timurid Empire. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu Shia Oghuz Turkic tribe. Under the Turkic-Mongol rule, Vagharshapat was known to the Turks as Uchkilisa (Üçkilise, "three churches" in Turkic).
The influence of Vagharshapat waned between 1045 and 1441, when the seat of the Armenian Catholicosate was transferred from the Cilician city of Sis back to Etchmiadzin.
Early modern period
Between 1502 and 1828, Armenia became part of the Persian state under the rule of Safaavid, Afsharid and Qajar dynasties, with short periods of Ottoman rule between 1578 and 1603 and later between 1722 and 1736.
In 1828, after the Russo-Persian War, Vagharshapat —as a part of the Erivan Khanate— was handed over to the Russian Empire as a result of the Treaty of Turkmenchay signed on 21 February 1828.
In their 1833 book Eli Smith and H. G. O. Dwight described Vagharshapat, then a village, as follows: "It presents nothing but a crowded collection of mud cabins, perhaps 500 in number."
With the establishment of the Erivan Governorate in 1850, Vagharshapat became the centre of the newly formed Echmiadzinsky Uyezd.
Present day
Armenia enjoyed a short period of independence between 1918 and 1920 before falling to the Bolshevik 11th Red Army and becoming part of the Soviet Union.
In 1925, the new plan of rebuilding the modern town was introduced by architect Alexander Tamanian. It was finally completed between 1939 and 1943. In 1945, the town of Vagharshapat was officially renamed Etchmiadzin by the Soviet government.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the town has witnessed a massive wave of construction, including residential buildings and industrial plants. By the end of the 1960s, the historical monuments of the town; including the religious complex of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Saint Hripsime Church, Saint Gayane Church and the surrounding area of Zvartnots Cathedral, were entirely rehabilitated.
After the independence of Armenia, the town was officially renamed Vagharshapat in 1995. However, the town is still popularly known as Ejmiatsin.
In October 2018, Diana Gasparyan, who was nominated by the Civil Contract Party, was elected mayor of the city and the country's first ever female mayor.
Geography and climate
Vagharshapat is the largest satellite-city of Yerevan and the 4th largest in Armenia by population. It is located to the west of Yerevan in the basin of the Kasagh River, in the northeastern extremity of Ararat plain, and very close to Zvartnots International Airport.
According to Moses of Chorene's History of Armenia and as a result of several archaeological researches conducted in the area, the most probable location of the ancient city of Vagharshapat is the area of Shresh Hill near Kasagh River.
Shresh Hill or the Kond of Ghugo, as it was called by the local population, is only away to the northeast of modern-day Vagharshapat, on the way to Oshakan. It is an artificial hill and has a diameter of long. It was first excavated in 1870. In 1913 and 1928, the area was excavated by archaeologist Yervand Lalayan. Large-scale excavations were conducted around the hill and the nearby sites of Metsamor and Mokhrablur between 1945 and 1950.
Historically, Vagharshapat is at the heart of the Armenian Highland, in Aragatsotn canton (Armenian: Արագածոտն գաւառ Aragatsotn gavar, not to be confused with the current Aragatsotn Province) of Ayrarat province, within Armenia Major.
The city has an average elevation of above sea level. The climate is cold semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSk).
Demographics
Vagharshapat is the largest urban community of Armavir Province. However, the population of the town has gradually declined since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The majority of the town's population are ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The regulating body of the church is the Diocese of Armavir based in the nearby town of Armavir. Between 1996 and 2014, the Holy Mother of God Church of Vagharshapat has served as the seat of the diocese. Opened in 1767 by Catholicos Simeon I, the church is located at the centre of Vagharshapat, north of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.
Here is a population timeline of Vagharshapat since 1830:
Landmarks
The religious complex of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin () is the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the worldwide Armenian Apostolic Church and the Pontifical Residence of the Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians.
The Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin is found in the complex surrounded with many other structures built throughout the centuries. Most buildings are of great architectural significance, such as the old and new Pontifical Residences, the Chancellery or the Divanatoon, the Gate of King Trdat, Alex and Marie Manoogian Treasury Museum (1982), Khrimian Museum, Yeremian Monastic cells, the old Seminary building, the Clock Tower, the Bookstore, etc.
Gevorgian Seminary is a theological college of the Armenian Apostolic Church founded by Catholicos Gevork IV in 1874 within the complex of the Mother See. Apart from the Mother Cathedral, Vagharshapat is home to many other important Armenian churches and cathedrals. The Cathedral of Etchmiadzin, the Churches of Saint Hripsimé, Saint Gayane and Saint Shoghakat, and the archaeological site of Zvartnots are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Etchmiadzin Cathedral
Historically, the focal point of the town is the Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin, ( Mayr Tachar Surp Ejmiatsin) which is one of the oldest churches in the world. It was first built by Saint Gregory the Illuminator as a vaulted basilica in 301–303, when Armenia had just adopted Christianity as a state religion (the first such in world history). The church was enlarged in many occasions, notably in 480, 618 and 1658.
Saints Vartan and Hovhannes Baptistery is a three-domed chapel located north of the Mother Cathedral and designated for baptism ceremonies. It was designed by architects Jim Torosyan and Romeo Julhakyan and consecrated on 26 September 2008, while the construction was funded by the British-Armenian philanthropist Armen Sarkissian.
The Church of the Holy Archangels was built between 2009 and 2011 and located in the yard of Gevorkian Seminary building. The single-domed church was consecrated on 5 November 2011. It was designed by architect Jim Torosyan. The construction work was funded by the Armenian philanthropist Gagik Galstyan.
Saint Hripsime Church
Built in 618, the Church of Saint Hripsimé has basically survived almost unchanged. It is considered one of the oldest surviving churches in Armenia, known for its fine architecture of the classical period, which influenced many other Armenian churches. It was erected in 618 by Catholicos Gomidas atop the original mausoleum, built by Catholicos Sahak the Great in 395, which contained the remains of the martyred Saint Hripsimé. According to the 17th century Armenian historian Arakel of Tabriz, the church was renovated during 1651–1653 by Catholicos Philip I. Repairs were made on the roof, top of the dome, the walls and bases. A cross was placed on top of the roof, and a small portico was added to the western side. It is one of the few churches in Armenian that remained active during the Soviet period.
Saint Gayane Church
Built in 630 by Catholicos Ezra I, Saint Gayane Church is distinguished by its harmonious proportions. It is a three-nave domed basilica with an octagonal drum resting on four internal pillars that divide the interior of the church into three. Its design remained unchanged despite partial renovations of the dome and some ceilings in 1652.
Shoghakat Church
Meaning drop of light, Shoghakat Church is a single-nave domed basilica, built and completed in 1694 by prince Aghamal Sorotetsi during the period of Catholicos Nahabed I. It is built with red and black tufa stones, erected on the remains of a 6th-century basilica. The remains of a 4th-century small chapel could be seen at the southwestern end of Saint Shoghakat Church.
Zvartnots Cathedral
Zvartnots is a 7th-century ruined circular church built upon the order of Catholicos Nerses III the Builder between 641 and 653. It is at the eastern edge of modern-day Vagharshapat. Zvartnots was a majestic cathedral famous for its unique design, dedicated to Saint George, built at the place where a meeting between king Tiridates III and Saint Gregory the Illuminator was supposed to have taken place. In 930, the church was ruined by an earthquake and remained buried until it was rediscovered in the early 20th century by architect Toros Toramanian. The site was excavated between 1900 and 1907, uncovering the foundations of the cathedral as well as the remains of the Pontifical palace and a winery.
Culture
Vagharshapat is the cultural center of Armavir and one of the important centers of the entire republic. The Komitas Palace of Culture is operating in the town since 1957, while the Ejmiatsin National Gallery is operating since 1970.
The town is also home to a number of museums including the Vagharshapat Ethnographic Museum, Khoren Ter-Harutyunyan Museum and Gallery, Mher Abeghian Museum and Gallery, and Hovhannes Hovhannisyan House-museum. However, the most prominent museums of Vagharshapat are located within the Mother See complex, including:
Etchmiadzin Cathedral Museum opened in 1869 by Catholicos George IV,
The Catholicosal Museum within the old pontifical residence or Hin Veharan built in 1738–1741 and serves as Catholicosal Museum since 1968.
Khrimian Museum: built and opened in 1896 by Catholicos Mkrtich I of Van. It was recently renovated to become a museum of art.
Alex and Marie Manoogian Treasury House: opened on 11 October 1982, designed by architect Baghdasar Arzoumanian. The museum is home to treasures of the Armenian Church throughout history.
Ruben Sevak Museum: opened in 2013 within the Ghazarapat building of the Mother See.
The Mother See is also home to the Pontifical Bookstore operating since 1962, and the *Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Depository opened in 2012.
The town celebrates the "Ejmiatsin Day" annually since 2008 in Vagharshapat on 8 October. According to the old Armenian tradition, Mesrop Mashtots brought the newly created Armenian alphabet to Vagharshapat on 8 October 405.
Transportation
Vagharshapat is connected with Yerevan and southern Armenia through the M-5 Motorway, while the M-3 Motorway connects the town with northern Armenia.
The Zvartnots International Airport of Yerevan is located only east of Vagharshapat.
Being located 20 km west of the capital Yerevan, Vagharshapat is connected with the capital city with public vans, locally-known as marshrutka. These vehicles are mainly Russian-made GAZelle vans with 13 seats, having regular trips between the two cities throughout the day. Since 2018, some new buses are also having regular trips to Yerevan. There are also smart stops in the city that will soon be eight.
Economy
Industry
Vagharshapat was home to the 1st paper factory in the history of Armenia. In 1780, Catholicos Simeon I of Yerevan founded the Etchmiadzin Paper Factory which served for 6 years.
Under the Soviet rule, the town was turned into an important industrial centre. It was home to 4 major industrial firms specialized in the production of military technology. However, the productivity of the plants declined after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Currently, the industry of the town is mainly based on food-processing. The largest industrial firms of the town are the Ejmiatsin Instrument Making Factory founded in 1966, the E.P.G. Ejmiatsin Cannery founded in 1969, the Ejmiatsin Kat dairy factory founded in 1997, the Sonimol plant for grains founded in 2001, the Ejmiatsin wine brandy and vodka factory founded in 2005, and the Ekologia V.K.H. biological waste destruction plant founded in 2009.
Tourism
Being the worldwide spiritual centre of the Armenian nation, Vagharshapat is a major tourist destination for Armenians as well as foreign visitors. It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Zvartnots Cathedral, Saint Hripsime Church, Saint Gayane Church and Shoghakat Church, grouped overall as the Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots.
The Machanents Touristic Centre of Vagharshapat provides a unique facility for the visitors of the town. The complex houses a cultural centre with small theatre, pub and jazz club, traditional cuisine, and a boutique hotel. The Zvartnots hotel and casino complex is located at the eastern entrance of the town.
Education
Gevorkian Theological Seminary is one of the most significant educational institutions of Armenia. Other educational institutions include the Grigor Lusavorich University and the intermediate college of vocational education.
The Karekin I Centre of Theology and Armenology is also functioning in the town since 2000.
, Vagharshapat is home to 14 public education schools, 8 kindergartens and 2 musical academies.
The new complex of Eurnekian School of the Mother See was opened in September 2017.
Sport
FC Vagharshapat was the town's only football club, made its debut in the Armenian Premier League as Zvartnots Echmiadzin in 1992. However, it was dissolved in early 2006 and is currently inactive from professional football. The Etchmiadzin Stadium located immediately to the south of the Mother See complex, is able to hold up to 3,000 spectators.
In October 2016, the Football Federation of Armenia has launched the construction of a football academy at the southern suburb of the town, on the Vagharshapat-Margara motorway. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on 12 April 2017, was attended by President Serzh Sargsyan, UEFA President Aleksander Čeferin and FFA President Ruben Hayrapetyan. With an approximate cost of US$2 million, the complex will occupy an area of and is expected to be completed by October 2017. The project is being jointly financed by the FFA, UEFA and FIFA.
A new sport school is currently under construction in Vagharshapat since 2015, with a cost of more than US$1 million. The project is due to be completed in 2019.
The nearby village of Aknalich (10 km south of Vagharshapat) is famous for the Ara and Aytsemnik equestrian centre.
International relations
Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin) has been a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) since 2007.
Twin towns—sister cities
Vagharshapat-Ejmiatsin has eight sister cities:
Notable people
Zacharias II (?–1520), Catholicos of All Armenians 1515–1520
Gregory XII (1498–1590), Catholicos of All Armenians 1576–1590
David IV (?–1633), Catholicos of All Armenians 1590–1629
Makar Yekmalyan (1856–1905), composer
Hovhannes Hovhannisyan (1864–1929), poet
Abraham Gyulkhandanyan (1875–1946), politician and historian
Levon Manaseryan (1925), painter
Aram Asatryan (1953–2006), singer
Khoren Gevor (1980–), professional boxer
Mihran Harutyunyan (1989-). wrestler, professional MMA fighter and Olympic Silver Medalist
See also
Armenian Apostolic Church
Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Echmiadzin Gospels
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
Vologases V
References
External links
Category:Former capitals of Armenia
Category:Holy cities
Category:Populated places in Armavir Province
Category:Erivan Governorate
Category:Vagharshapat
Category:Populated places established in the 7th century BC | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tuma-La Dalia
El Tuma-La Dalia is a municipality in the Matagalpa department of Nicaragua.
Category:Populated places in Nicaragua
Category:Municipalities of the Matagalpa Department | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Charles van Onselen
Professor Charles van Onselen is a researcher and historian, based at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. He resides in Johannesburg.
He was formerly employed at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he headed the Institute of Advanced Social Research. In 2012 he was a research professor in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Pretoria. He is a well-known critic of Afrikaner nationalism.
One of his most notable published works is The Seed is Mine: The Life of Kas Maine, a South African Sharecropper 1894–1985 (Oxford: James Currey, 1996). The book was described as a 'detailed and compelling history of the effect of South Africa's Land Laws on one man and his family'. He received the Alan Paton Award for the book in 1997. He is also well known in academic circles for his two volume pioneering social and economic history of the late nineteenth/early twentieth century Witwatersrand: New Babylon New Nineveh: Everyday life on the Witwatersand 1886–1914.
Van Onselen wrote Small Matter of a Horse: The Life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula, 1867–1948 (Ravan Press, 1984); The story of Nongoloza has further repercussions in the South African prison gang legends as described in the excellent "The Number" by Jonny Steinberg.
His latest work, The Fox and the Flies, is published by Jonathan Cape, an imprint of Random House. The Fox and the Flies provides a social, political, and economic history of the Trans-Atlantic underworld from about 1890 until 1918, the year Joseph Silver was executed by the Austro-Hungarian military. The book tracks the life of Joseph Silver, whom van Onselen speculates could have been Jack the Ripper.
Bibliography
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:South African historians
Category:University of Pretoria faculty
Category:South African academics
Category:Historians of South Africa
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Kickin' It at the Barn
Kickin' It at the Barn is the 14th studio album by the American rock band Little Feat, released in 2003 (see 2003 in music). The album's name came from its recording at guitarist Fred Tackett's barn in Topanga Canyon. Tackett made his debut as a lead vocalist on this album with his own song In A Town Like This, fifteen years after he joined the group. The song also served as the title track of Tackett's solo debut, released the same year.
Track listing
"Night on the Town" (Barrère, Tackett) – 6:08
"Heaven Forsaken" (Barrère, Tackett) – 4:32
"I'd Be Lyin'" (Creamer, Mariani, Murphy) – 5:56
"Corazones y Sombras" (Barrère, Bruton, Donnelly, Payne) – 8:04
"Walking as Two" (Barrère, Murphy, Payne, Tackett) – 6:23
"In a Town Like This" (Tackett) – 4:15
"Fighting the Mosquito Wars" (Payne) – 6:43
"Stomp" (Payne) – 8:56
"Why Don't It Look Like the Way That It Talk" (Barrère, Tackett) – 7:44
"I Do What the Telephone Tells Me to Do" (Barrère, Payne, Tackett) – 7:42
"Bill's River Blues" (Barrère, Payne) – 5:04
Personnel
Little Feat:
Paul Barrère - vocals, acoustic & electric guitars, dobro
Sam Clayton - percussion, vocals
Kenny Gradney - bass
Richie Hayward - drums, backing vocals
Shaun Murphy - vocals, hand percussion
Bill Payne - vocals, keyboards
Fred Tackett - vocals, electric guitar, dobro, mandolin, mandocello, trumpet
Additional personnel:
Larry Campbell - violin
Nacho Hernandez - accordion
Jesus "Chuy" Guzman - trumpet, mellophone
Piero Mariani - percussion
References
Category:2003 albums
Category:Little Feat albums
Category:Albums produced by Bill Payne | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Isolation valve
An isolation valve is a valve in a fluid handling system that stops the flow of process media to a given location, usually for maintenance or safety purposes. They can also be used to provide flow logic (selecting one flow path versus another), and to connect external equipment to a system. A valve is classified as an isolation valve because of its intended function in a system, not because of the type of the valve itself. Therefore, many different types of valves can be classified as isolation valves.
To easily understand the concept of an isolation valve, one can think of the valves under a kitchen or bathroom sink in a typical household. These valves are normally left open so that the user can control the flow of water with the spigot above the sink, and does not need to reach under the counter to start or stop the water flow. However, if the spigot needs to be replaced (i.e. maintenance needs to take place on the system), the isolation valves are shut to stop the flow of water when the spigot is removed. In this system, the isolation valves and the spigot may even be the same type of valve. However, due to their function they are classified as the isolation valves and, in the case of the spigot, the control valves. As the isolation valve is intended to be operated infrequently and only in the fully on or fully off positions, they are often inferior quality globe valves. These less expensive styles lack a bonnet and stem seal in favor of threading the stem directly into the body. The stem is covered with a rubber washer and metal cap similar in appearance to a gland nut. Because they lack a stem seal they will leak unless fully closed and installed in the correct direction or fully open, causing the disk to compress the top washer against the stem.
Process plant practice
Isolation valves can be in the normally open position (NO) or normally closed (NC). Normally open valves are located between pressure vessels, pumps, compressors, tanks, pressure sensors, liquid level measurement instrumentation and other components and allow fluids to flow between components, or to be connected to sensors. The controlled closure of open valves enables the isolation of plant components for testing or maintenance of equipment, or allows flow of fluid to specific flow paths. Normally closed valves are used to connect fluids and process components to other systems only when required. Vent and drain valves are examples of normally closed valves which are only opened when required to depressurise (vent) or drain fluids from a system.
Isolation valves must effectively stop the passage of fluids. Gate valves, ball valves and plug valves are generally considered to provide tight and effective shut-off. Globe valves and Butterfly valves may not be tight shut-off due to wear on the plug or the seat, or due to their design, and may not be appropriate to provide effective isolation.
Some valves are in a safety critical service and are secured, or otherwise locked, in an open or closed position. Plant shutdown instrumentation must be effectively connected to the plant at all times, therefore the isolation valves associated with such equipment must be secured in the open position to prevent inadvertent movement or closure. Securing mechanisms include car-seals, chain and padlocks and proprietary securing devices. Isolation valves in a flare, relief or vent system must ensure that a flow path is always available to the flare or vent. These valves are secured in the open position (LO). Drain valves that connect a high pressure system to a low pressure drain system are locked in the closed position (LC) to prevent potential over-pressurisation of the drain system. Removal of locks from secured valves is only undertaken in specified and controlled conditions such as under a ‘permit to work’ system. Some relief or pressure relief valves are ‘paired’ to provide a duty and a standby valve, the associated isolation valves are interlocked such that at least one relief valve is connected to the system being protected at all times.
A single valve may provide effective isolation between the live plant and the system being maintained. However, for hazardous systems a more effective means of isolation is required. This may comprise a ‘double block’ consisting of two valves in series. Still more effective is a ‘double block and bleed’ comprising two isolation valves in series plus a bleed valve between them. The bleed valve enables the integrity of the valve on the hazardous side to be monitored.
Common applications
Firewater control
Pipeline safety systems
Residential plumbing systems (both water and gas)
Nuclear reactors
Oil and gas wells
Chemical plant
Oil production plant
See also
Valves
Globe valve
Ball valve
Gate valve
Plug valve
Butterfly valves
Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams
References
Category:Piping
Category:Valves
Category:Plumbing
Category:Water industry | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Environmental Politics (journal)
Environmental Politics is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed academic journal provides a forum for environmental politics particularly in relation to Green parties, environmental social movements and NGOs. The journal also analyses environmental policy and environmental political thought. The journal's editor-in-chief is Christopher Rootes (University of Kent).
Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.164, ranking it 15th out of 163 journals in the category "Political Science" and 26th out of 104 journals in the category "Environmental Studies".
See also
List of environmental social science journals
List of political science journals
References
External links
Category:Bimonthly journals
Category:English-language journals
Category:Environmental health journals
Category:Political science journals
Category:Publications established in 1992
Category:Taylor & Francis academic journals | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2011–12 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team
The 2011–12 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team represented George Mason University during the 2011–12 college basketball season. This was the 46th season for the program. The Patriots, led by first year head coach Paul Hewitt, are members of the Colonial Athletic Association and played their home games at the Patriot Center. They finished the season 24–9, 14–4 in CAA play. They lost in the semifinals of the 2011 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament to VCU.
Awards
NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
Ryan Pearson - Honorable Mention
CAA Player of the Year
Ryan Pearson
First Team All-CAA
Ryan Pearson
CAA Player of the Week
Ryan Pearson - Jan. 2
Ryan Pearson - Jan. 30
Roster
Stats
2011–2012 game log
|-
!colspan=10| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=10| Regular Season
|-
!colspan=9| 2012 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament
|-
|colspan=9| Notes: 1 - Denotes Daily Attendance
Recruiting
The following is a list of players signed for the 2012–13 season:
References
Category:George Mason Patriots men's basketball seasons
George Mason
George Mason
George Mason | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov
Yisroel ben Shmuel Ashkenazi of Shklov (c. 1770 – May 22, 1839) was a Talmudist, one of a group of Talmudical scholars of Shklov who were attracted to Vilna by Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon (1720–97). He was one of "the last arrivals," and attended upon the Gaon as a disciple for less than a year.
He gained the Vilna Gaon's confidence, and was chosen to arrange for publication the Gaon's commentary to the first two parts of the Shulchan Aruch. That on the Orach Chaim was published in Shklov in 1803. Ashkenazi also published his master's notes to the tractate Shekalim of the Jerusalem Talmud, with a commentary of his own, under the title Taklin Chadtin (Minsk, 1812). Later he emigrated to Ottoman Syria and became the head of the German and Polish congregations of Safed and then of Jerusalem. He was there surnamed "Ashkenazi" (the "German"), a name applied to all Jews of German extraction, in contradistinction to the Sephardim, who came originally from Spain or Portugal.
After a residence of several years in the Holy Land, Ashkenazi went to Europe as a ShaDaR (emissary of the rabbis), to collect alms for the poor Palestinian Jews residing at the Yishuv haYashan, and in that capacity he traveled through Lithuania and other parts of Russia.
On his return to Palestine he wrote his chief work, Pe'at ha-Shulchan, which is intended as a sort of supplement to the Shulchan Aruch, supplying all the agricultural laws obligatory only in the Holy Land, omitted by rabbi Joseph Caro in his code. He also incorporated in this book the notes of Elijah of Vilna (the Gaon) to the tractate Zera'im, the first order of the Mishnah, and gave in addition a voluminous commentary of his own which he called Beit Yisrael. The work was published in Safed in 1836 by the printing-house of Yisrael ben Avraham Back.
Ashkenazi is also the author of Nachalah u-Menuchah, a collection of responsa mentioned in the work above. An account of his rabbinate of Jerusalem is given in Mendel ben Aaron's Kore ha-'Ittim (Vilna, 1840). Ashkenazi died at Tiberias on May 22, 1839.
References
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Heschel Lewin, 'Aliyyat Eliyahu, p. 74, Wilna, 1854, and Stettin, 1862;
Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, s.v. Israel ben Samuel;
Fürst, Bibl. Jud. i. 63;
Eliezer of Botushan, Ḳin'at Soferim, 1892, s.v. Elijah Wilna.
References
Category:1770s births
Category:1839 deaths
Category:Lithuanian rabbis
Category:Rabbis in Ottoman Syria
Category:Rabbis in Safed
Category:19th-century rabbis
Category:Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Tiberias | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Water vine
The name water vine may refer to at least two plants, both in the Vitaceae (grape) family:
Cissus hypoglauca, a common Australian vine
Vitis tiliifolia, a vine of the Americas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ameletus subnotatus
Ameletus subnotatus is a species of combmouthed minnow mayfly in the family Ameletidae. It is found in all of Canada, the northern, and southwestern United States.
References
Category:Mayflies
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1885 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Martin Faulkner
(John) Martin Faulkner (born June 6, 1964 in London) is an English artist and therapist who as an illustrator and designer has specialized in Art Deco, and was a pioneer of the British vintage movement in the 1980s.
A winner in the National Portraiture Foundation Sir Charles Wheeler Award in 1979, he went on to study at the Herts College of Art and Design at St. Albans. He started his career painting murals and making novelty 'character' signs.
Faulkner worked his way up from paste-up artist at a small Hertfordshire advertising agency, to designer/visualiser with a design consultancy in Covent Garden, London's creative centre of the time, and became a freelance illustrator published in magazines such as Punch, Radio Times, Country Life, and Best of British. His clients included advertising agencies such as Saatchi & Saatchi, and fashion labels such as Pepe. The quality of his work was recognised by his corporate design for Sam Walker Vintage Clothing being included in the showcase publication The Best of British Retail Design in the mid-Nineties.
His passion for the era of the 1920s to 1940s and the expertise he acquired has led him to specialise in re-creating the style of that period: his subject matter ranges from portraits and scenes to mechanical subjects, particularly steam trains and vintage cars. It also inspired his work as a designer of vintage fashions and sets.
Adopting the Art Deco lifestyle lead him to swing music and ballroom dancing, and one decade of his career was spent pursuing professionally what started as a keen leisure interest: first as one half of the Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers-inspired 1930s dance cabaret act Ruby Fox & Johnny Martin for five years, entertaining at high society venues, among them The Cliveden Club and The Waldorf, backed by top nostalgic/swing bands including The Pasadena Roof Orchestra, and then as principal male dancer and design director of the historical dance and drama company Baroque 'n' Roll for eight years.
This opened the way to various period TV dramas such as Agatha Christie's Poirot, produced by LWT for ITV, and The House of Eliott for the BBC; it also led him into the heritage and education sectors, where he taught dance and social history to pupils from primary age to adult groups, working for various well-known heritage sites including Museum of London, National Portrait Gallery, Imperial War Museum and National Maritime Museum.
After a year spent in Canada exploring his interest in psychology, and building on his experiences in the educational sector, Faulkner trained as a therapist.
Having adapted the name John from his stage name he now lives in Downham Market, Norfolk, working as both an artist-designer and NLP-practitioner/hypnotherapist.
See also
Ruby Fox & Johnny Martin
References
"Two For The Tango" – ArtEast, March 1989 pages 10–11
"Back to an Era of Style" – Best of British, June 2001 page 12-13
"Martin's Art Of Time" – Southend Echo, July 26, 2002
"Martin's new direction" – Downham News September 2007 page 18
External links
"Tripping the light fantastic" – Herts & Essex Observer, September 17, 1987
"Dust off your dancing shoes for the jitterbug" – Hertfordshire Mercury, October 23, 1987 page 6
Take Your Partner" – The Stage & Television Today, October 13, 1988 page 25
"A Step In Time" – The Observer, September 7, 1989
The Good Old Days" – Sawbridgeworth Citizen, July 14, 1993 page 14
"Family favourites?" - New Times, February 1994
"Dancing For All Ages" – Evening Echo, June 22, 1998, page 15
"Profile: Riverside Antiques Centre" – Antiques, issue no. 804 1999 page 57
"Retrospective view of Living in The Past" – Leigh Times, July 16, 2002 page 21
"New business to beat new year blues" – Downham Market Life, Feb/March 2009 page 17
"Teaming up...for tailor-made services" – Downham News, June 2009 page 19
"Karen Hypnotised To Hate Chocolate!" - Downham News, November 2009, page 2
Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:British illustrators
Category:Hypnotherapists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Reformed Old Catholic Church
The Reformed Old Catholic Church (ROCC) is an autonomous Catholic church that derives its apostolic succession from the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syrian-Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, the Russian Orthodox Church, the Liberal Catholic Church International and the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church.
ROCC is established as a charity in Scotland and is governed by an International College of Bishops under Presiding Bishop Andrew Hall. It has its own seminary - the Sacred Heart of Jesus Theological Seminary which provides training for several independent catholic groupings.
ROCC is established in Europe, North America, Australasia and Africa (where it is particularly active in Nigeria).
Affiliated to ROCC is the Franciscan Order of the Stigmata, which is open to all regardless of age, race, sex or disability.
ROCC describes itself as a church that is "firmly rooted in Scripture, and the light of Tradition, Reason and Experience, complemented by inclusion, to bring the Word of God to all human beings, without distinction or prejudice". It ordains women to the presbyterate and episcopacy, and it accepts and ordains practicing LGBTs.
References
Category:Old Catholic denominations | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Government College Ikorodu
Government College Ikorodu (GCI) is a college in Ikorodu, a city and Local Government Area in Lagos State, Nigeria.
History
Government College Ikorodu was established in September 1974 as a co-educational secondary school with an initial intake of about 200 pioneer students. These students were transferred from other secondary schools in Lagos state from where they were seconded based on the common entrance examination applications that year. In the first year of the school, it occupied a temporary site on Obafemi Awolowo Way, Ikorodu (then referred to as Agbowa Road). The principal was Olatunde Balogun whose disciplinary disposition has contributed to a great deal in shaping the lives of those in the school.
The pioneer academic staff was composed of some experienced teachers ably supported by a couple of graduate teachers who were pioneer national youth service corps members.
The college was opened on September 23, 1974, by the then Governor of Lagos state, Brigadier Mobolaji Johnson.
GCI achieved much in its first five years and was among the five colleges Chief Adeniran Ogunsanya awarded scholarships to when he was commissioner for education in 1975.
Membership in the Government College Ikorodu old student association is open to all who attended for at least one academic year.
School culture
Prayer
Grant oh lord
that this school may be a good school
not in name only,
but in deed and in truth
for the sake of goodness which banner we carry,
Amen.
Anthem
O God of the universe
be our guide
student of government college Ikorodu.
In our search for knowledge,
help us to be strong and hard working
though the path to excellence is rough,
we shall attain our goals through determination.
Discipline is our watch word,
in quest for excellence.
God help our parents and help our teachers too.
Notable alumni
Clarence Peters, videographer, CEO Capital hill record label
References
External links
http://www.gciikorodu.com
Category:Secondary schools in Lagos State
Category:1974 establishments in Nigeria
Category:Educational institutions established in 1974
Category:Ikorodu | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1996 Oporto Open – Doubles
Tomás Carbonell and Francisco Roig were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Joshua Eagle and Andrew Florent.
Emanuel Couto and Bernardo Mota won in the final 4–6, 6–4, 6–4 against Eagle and Florent.
Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
Libor Pimek / Byron Talbot (Semifinals)
Tomás Carbonell / Francisco Roig (Semifinals)
David Adams / Menno Oosting (First Round)
Joshua Eagle / Andrew Florent (Final)
Draw
References
1996 Oporto Open Doubles Draw
Doubles
Doubles
Category:1996 in Portuguese sport | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eraclus
Eraclus, alternatively Eraclius or Evraclus, was the 25th bishop of Liège (959–971).
Life
Educated by Rathier, Eraclus served as dean of Bonn, before being elected bishop of Liège with the support of Bruno of Cologne. He was consecrated on 21 August 959. While bishop he founded two collegiate churches, St Paul's (which later became Liège Cathedral) and St Martin's. He had a particular devotion to Martin of Tours, attributing to that saint a healing he had experienced.
Eraclus placed strong emphasis on the importance of scholarship, laying the foundations for Liège becoming an international centre of learning.
In 968 he accompanied Emperor Otto I to Italy, and on 22 December rallied the emperor's panic-stricken army during an unexpected total solar eclipse.
Eraclus died on 27 or 28 October 971 and was buried in the church of St Martin that he had founded.
Writings
A letter to his teacher, Rathier
An account of his healing by the intercession of St Martin of Tours
References
Category:Bishops of Liège
Category:971 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of container ports
This is a list of maritime container terminals.
Albania
Port of Durres
Algeria
Port of Algiers
Port of Djen Djen
Angola
Port of Luanda
Port of Lobito
Port of Namibe
Port of Soyo
Port of Amboim
Argentina
Port of Buenos Aires
Australia
Port Botany (seaport), Sydney
Port of Brisbane
Port of Fremantle
Port of Melbourne
Port of Adelaide
Belgium
Port of Antwerp
Brazil
Port of Santos
Port of Centro
Port of Paranaguá
Port of Sepetiba
Port of Rio de Janeiro
Port of Salvador
Port of Vitoria
Canada
Port of Montreal
Port Metro Vancouver
Port of Prince Rupert
Port of Saint John
Port of Halifax
Port of Nanaimo
Chile
Port of Valparaiso
Port of Antofagasta
Port of Iquique
Port of Arica
Port of San Vicente
China
Port of Dalian
Port of Foshan
Port of Guangzhou
Port of Hong Kong
Port of Lianyungang
Port of Ningbo
Port of Qingdao
Port of Shanghai
Port of Shenzhen
Port of Suzhou
Port of Tianjin
Port of Xiamen
Port of Yantai
Port of Yingkou
Croatia
Port of Rijeka
Colombia
Port of Barranquilla, Cartagena
Cyprus
Port of Limassol
Denmark
Aarhus
Copenhagen Malmö Port
Fredericia
Kalundborg
Aalborg
Djibouti
Port of Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Multimodal Caucedo Port
Egypt
Port Said
West Port
East Terminal
Sokhna
Alexandria Port
El-Dekhila
Damietta
Estonia
Port of Muuga
Finland
Port of HaminaKotka
Port of Helsinki
Port of Pori
Port of Rauma
France
Port of Le Havre
Marseille-Fos Port
Port of Dunkirk
Nantes – Saint Nazaire Port
Germany
Port of Bremen/Bremerhaven
Port of Germersheim
Port of Hamburg
Lübeck Hafen-Gesellschaft
Rheinhafengesellschaft Weil am Rhein mbH
Greece
Port of Piraeus, Athens
Port of Thessaloniki
Port of Volos
Port of Alexandroupoli
Port of Heraklion
Port of Kavala
India
Port of Chennai
Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Nhava Sheva
Mundra Port
Visakhapatnam Port
Vizhinjam International Seaport, Trivandrum
Kolkata port
Haldia Port
Kakinada port
Hazira port
Port Pipavav
Krishnapatnam port
Port of Kochi
Indonesia
Port of Cirebon, Cirebon
Port of Tanjung Priok, Jakarta
Tanjung Perak, Surabaya
Tanjung Mas, Semarang
Semayang Harbor, Balikpapan
Iran
Port of Bandar-Abbas
Port of Bandar-kohemini
Ireland
Dublin Port
Port of Cork
Israel
Port of Haifa
Port of Ashdod
Port of Eilat
Italy
Port of Genoa
Port of Gioia Tauro
Port of La Spezia
Port of Trieste
Port of Marghera
Port of Taranto
Port of Palermo
Port of Naples
Jamaica
Kingston Container Terminal (Port of Kingston), Kingston
Japan
Port of Nagoya
Port of Tokyo
Port of Yokohama
Port of Osaka
Port of Kobe
Port of Fukuyama
Port of Hiroshima
Port of Fukuoka
Jordan
Port of Aqaba
Kenya
Port of Mombasa
Latvia
Freeport of Riga
Lebanon
Port of Beirut
Lithuania
Port of Klaipėda
Madagascar
Toamasina Autonomous Port
Malaysia
Port Klang
Port of Tanjung Pelepas
Sapangar Container Port
Malta
Malta Freeport, Birzebbuga
Mexico
Port of Veracruz
Port of Lázaro Cárdenas
Port of Manzanillo
Port of Altamira
Port of Ensenada
Port of Mazatlan
Port of Progreso
Port of Morelos
Montenegro
Port of Bar
Morocco
Agadir Port
Casablanca Port
Tanger-Med
Mozambique
Port of Maputo
Port of Beira
Netherlands
Port of Amsterdam
Port of Rotterdam
New Zealand
Ports of Auckland
CentrePort Wellington, Wellington Harbour
Port Nelson
Lyttleton Port, Lyttleton
Port Charmers, Dunedin
Port of Tauranga
Napier Port
Nigeria
Port of Apapa, Lagos
Norway
Port of Bergen
Oman
Port of Salalah
muscat
Pakistan
Karachi Port
Port Qasim
Gwader Port
Qasim International container terminal
Karachi International container terminal
Pakistan International Container Terminal
South Asia Pakistan terminals
Qasim Freight Station
PEARL TCDT (First Transit Cargo Container Terminal in Karachi Pakistan)
PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL BULK TERMINAL LIMITED
Panama
Port of Balboa
Port of Cristóbal, Colón
Peru
Port of Callao, Lima
Philippines
Port of Manila
Poland
DCT Gdańsk
Port of Gdynia
Portugal
Port of Setúbal, Setubal
Port of Alcântara, Lisbon
Port of Leixões, Porto
Port of Sines, Sines
Qatar
Port of Hamad
Romania
Port of Constanţa
Russia
Vostochny Port, Vrangel
Port of Saint Petersburg
Kaliningrad Sea Commercial Port
Port of Novorossiysk
Port of Vladivostok
Saudi Arabia
Jeddah Seaport
King Abdul Aziz Sea Port, Dammam
Port of Jubail
Senegal
Port of Dakar
Singapore
Port of Singapore
Slovenia
Port of Koper
South Africa
Port of Durban
Port of East London
Port of Port Elizabeth
Port of Cape Town
Port of Richards Bay
Port of Ngqura
South Korea
Port of Busan
Port of Incheon
Spain
Port of Algeciras
Port of Barcelona
Port of Bilbao
Port of Las Palmas
Port of Tarragona
Port of Valencia
Port of Vigo
Sri Lanka
Port of Colombo
Sudan
Port Sudan
Suriname
Port of Paramaribo
Sweden
Ports of Stockholm
Port of Gothenburg
Copenhagen Malmö Port
Syria
Port of Latakia
Port of Tartus
Taiwan
Port of Kaohsiung
Port of Keelung
Tanzania
Port of Dar Es Salaam
Thailand
Port of Laem Chabang
Turkey
Port of Aliağa
Port of Ambarlı
Port of Antalya
Port of Gemlik
Port of İskenderun
Port of Istanbul
Port of İzmir
Port of Kocaeli
Port of Mersin
Port of Samsun
Port of Tekirdağ
Port of Yalova
Ukraine
Port of Odessa
United Arab Emirates
Port of Dubai
Fujairah Port
Port of Khor Fakkan
Port of Sharjah
jebel ali
abu dhabi
United Kingdom
Port of Felixstowe
Port of Southampton
Port of Tilbury, London
London Gateway
London Thamesport
Seaforth Dock, Liverpool
Port of Belfast
Portsmouth
Grangemouth
Immingham Container Terminal
United States
Port of Long Beach, California
Port of Los Angeles, California
Port of Oakland, California
Port of Seattle, Washington
Port of Tacoma, Washington
PortMiami, Miami, Florida
Port of Tampa, Florida
Port of New Orleans, Louisiana
Port of Boston, Massachusetts
Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore, Maryland
Wilmington Marine Terminal, Delaware
Port of New York and New Jersey
Howland Hook Marine Terminal, Staten Island, New York
Port Jersey Marine Terminal, Jersey City, New Jersey
Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, New Jersey
Red Hook Marine Terminal, Brooklyn, New York
Port of Savannah, Georgia
Port of Charleston, South Carolina
Port of Wilmington, North Carolina
Virginia Port Authority, Virginia
APM Terminals, Portsmouth, Virginia
Newport News Marine Terminal, Newport News, Virginia
Norfolk International Terminals, Norfolk, Virginia
Virginia Inland Port, Front Royal, Virginia
Port of Houston, Texas
Bayport Terminal, Houston, Texas
Port of Galveston, Texas
Port of Mobile, Alabama
Port of Anchorage, Alaska
Port of Honolulu, Hawaii
Port of San Juan, Puerto Rico
Louisiana International Gulf Transfer Terminal Regional Center pre-construction phase
Uruguay
Port of Montevideo
Vietnam
Saigon Port (Ho Chi Minh City)
References
See also
List of busiest container ports
List of ports
*
Container terminals | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1998 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I – Placement Pool C
Placement Group C of the 1998 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II was one of six pools in the Americas Zone Group I of the 1998 Fed Cup. The three teams that placed third in the initial pools competed in a round robin competition, with the teams placing second and third relegated to Group II for 1999.
Uruguay vs. Peru
Chile vs. Uruguay
Chile vs. Peru
and placed second and third in this pool, and there were relegated down to Group II for 1999. Both teams placed first in their pools of four, and thus proceeded the knockout stage. Uruguay won two matches in the knockout stage and thus advanced back to Group I for 2000, while Peru only won one match and thus remained in Group II for 2000.
See also
Fed Cup structure
References
External links
Fed Cup website
Category:1998 Fed Cup Americas Zone | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
USS Kitty Hawk riot
The USS Kitty Hawk riot was a racial conflict between white and black sailors aboard the United States Navy aircraft carrier on the night of October 12/13, 1972, during the Vietnam War.
Background
In the early days of the Vietnam War, black service members represented less than 5% of the Navy.
The draft enticed men, of all races, to get into the Navy as a way to dodge heavy combat. This resulted in stiff competition, allowing Navy recruiters to be selective, enlisting only the top performers on the Armed Forces Qualification Test. This was known as "Qualitative Recruitment"—recruiting the "highest quality" sailors, of which nearly all happened to be white, as the quality of the education that white candidates had received was far superior to that of the black candidates. This made it improbable for black candidates to ever really compete with their white counterparts.
By 1971, after Richard Nixon sought to remake the military into one of all-volunteers, and the US was beginning to disengage from Vietnam, the number of men drafted dramatically decreased, and the demand to join the Navy decreased with it. The Navy recruitment quota fell by more than 50% from 1971 to 1972, which resulted in the Navy needing black men to achieve its recruitment goals.
Black men joined at a high rate, increasing their overall representation to 20%. Under the Navy's tradition of Southern white leadership, and with their low test scores, blacks spent more time assigned to the least desirable, most difficult and least dignified jobs, while whites were routinely promoted to the most desirable and more respected jobs, and accounted for 99% of the Navy's officers.
Racial tensions among the crew
By October 1972, the majority of the black enlisted sailors on the Kitty Hawk had been serving less than a year. And, of approximately 4,500 sailors on the ship, less than 7% were black.
Racial tensions were reportedly high on the ship. Politically, the black sailors were more likely to be against the war, and to support the advancement of social minorities. These views conflicted with the reality that they faced obstacles in advancing into higher skilled positions on the ship because they were undereducated. This created hostility on the ship and only compounded the frustration the sailors felt from being at sea for nearly eight months.
Subic Bay
The first racial incident occurred on October 8 at Subic Bay, in Olongapo, a town where racial segregation was enforced – the white section was known as "The Strip," while the black section was known as "The Jungle." That night, a fight between black and white sailors broke out at the enlisted men's club – the EM Club. The fight began as a drunken misunderstanding, but escalated when a black sailor went on stage and began voicing his opposition to the "white man's war" and advocating "black power." A white sailor threw a glass at the black sailor's head. A fight between blacks and whites spread throughout the club and ultimately was broken up by base Marines. The black sailors were told not to go back to the EM Club.
Around 12:30 am on October 9, another incident occurred when a black airman, Dwight Horton, was enroute to the ship. He was arrested for fighting with two white petty officers, though he contested that they beat him, arguing he could not fight back because his arm was in a cast. When he returned to the Kitty Hawk, the airman told the other black sailors about what happened, which further agitated them.
Sampaguita Club
On October 10, the black sailors decided to disrupt a favorite hangout of white sailors on The Strip – the Sampaguita Club – to retaliate against Horton's treatment. That night was designated "Soul Night" at the club, which was the only night black sailors were welcome. Around 9:00 pm, a petty scuffle began when a white shore patrolman tapped a black sailor on the shoulder, and the black sailor punched him. To keep the situation from escalating, 15 additional shore patrolmen were summoned to monitor the club. Around 1:00 am, 10 black sailors walked on stage in mockery "soul brother" gear, and began "dapping" each other, and throwing their blackness in the face of the white sailors in the crowd. As the white sailors began berating the black sailors with racial epithets, the black sailors in the crowd voiced their solidarity.
As this was happening inside, outside Horton arrived and punched at a shore patrolman. This distracted several of the shore patrolmen also outside. While they were distracted, inside, white sailors began throwing beer bottles at the 10 black sailors on stage, and fighting began between the black sailors and white sailors in the crowd, resulting in a brawl that was broken up by Marines.
In the morning, the sailors returned to the ship, bloodied and bruised, and the ship went to sea.
Incident
On the afternoon of October 12, while Kitty Hawk was participating in Operation Linebacker off the coast of North Vietnam, African American sailor Perry Pettus went on deck with two other black sailors. The three were approached by two Marines who told them, "You blacks can't walk in over two's." When the black sailors ignored them and kept walking, Pettus was put into a stranglehold from behind with a nightstick by one of the Marines.
When the ship's captain, Marland Townsend Jr., learned of the incident, he apologized to the three black sailors. Word of the incident made its rounds among black sailors, who were incensed by the Subic Bay events. Thirty minutes after flight operations, one of those black sailors – 18-year-old black Airman Apprentice Terry Avinger – went to the mess deck to eat. He requested two sandwiches. A white mess cook refused, and limited Avinger to one sandwich. Avinger then reached across the food line and took another sandwich, which resulted in a shouting match between him and the cook. Things escalated after another white mess cook, organizing food trays, stepped on a black sailor's foot, creating more tension.
Upset about what transpired, Avinger went to a bunk area, where black sailors regularly got together, and expressed his frustration about the way they were being subjugated by whites on the ship, telling them he regretted "that he didn't just beat the racist cracker's ass right there." He railed that "black sailors on the Kitty Hawk had had enough and it was time to stand up for themselves." The black sailors then went into the ship's passageway and armed themselves with makeshift weapons – broom handles, wrenches, a foam fog nozzle and pieces of pipe. They then began accosting white sailors, beating them, and vandalizing some of the ship's compartments.
Around 8 p.m., a white cook called for the Marine detachment onboard. When the white Marines arrived, they ordered the black sailors to the aft mess. The black sailors thought it was a trap – that the Marines were corralling them in order to beat or kill them. This resulted in a stand-off between the two groups.
Deescalation
News of what was happening reached executive officer Comdr. Ben Cloud, a half‐African American and half‐Native American aviation commander who had been aboard the Kitty Hawk for eight weeks. He was told the situation was so dire that men might die. Cloud went on the ship's communication system and ordered the violence to stop, pleading for the black sailors to go to the aft mess, and for the Marines to stand down and go to the forecastle. Cloud was unaware that the commanding officer, Capt. Marland Townsend, had also been briefed on what was happening and was on his way to the mess deck.
Cloud went to the mess deck to talk to the black sailors for about an hour, trying to calm them down and assure them that he could be trusted, telling them, "For the first time, you have a brother who is an executive officer. My door is always open." Their anger subsiding, the black soldiers gave a Black Power salute in solidarity to Cloud, who returned the salute. The black sailors celebrated, feeling that they had someone in a position of authority who was sympathetic to their treatment onboard. Cloud then dismissed the sailors and told them to get back to work.
It was around that time when Townsend arrived on the mess deck, witnessing Cloud's handling of the situation. Townsend disagreed with it. He left the mess deck and summoned the Marine detachment. He ordered them to increase patrols in the black compartments.
Tensions still high, about 15 black sailors continued to attack whites throughout the night. Cloud again intervened when he saw some black sailors heading to the forecastle and followed them. By Cloud's own admission, "he believed that had he not been black he would have been killed on the spot." He talked to the sailors for two hours, appealing to them, not as a senior officer, but "as one black to another."
By 2:30 am, Cloud had calmed the sailors and got them to relinquish their weapons. About 40 black sailors went to the mess deck to eat, play cards and listen to music along with a few white sailors. At 3:00 a.m., Townsend told Cloud he did not want large groups of blacks congregating in the mess hall, and likened the gathering to a "victory party." Townsend and Cloud dispersed the group and met with any sailors who were still upset in the forecastle until 5:00 a.m.
Many white sailors on the massive ship were unaware that the incident had occurred, and began to hear rumors when they awoke. Becoming increasingly angry, about 150 white sailors began to arm themselves, and congregating in the berthing compartment, readying themselves for what they thought would be an outright racial battle for control of the ship. Hearing of the discord, Cloud went to address the group who dismissed him as being "nothing more than a nigger, like the rest of them." Cloud pulled rank on them and threatened them with legal action if they proceeded. The white sailors dispersed. Cloud reported the incident to Townsend and then continued to talk to concerned sailors – both white and black – along with petty officers throughout the morning, reducing the threat of white retaliation.
By 7:58 a.m., the confrontation had completely ended, and the Kitty Hawk resumed bombing North Vietnam.
In total, the incident left 40 white and 6 black sailors injured, including three who had to be evacuated to onshore medical facilities.
Courts-martial
Six weeks after the incidents, the Kitty Hawk returned to San Diego, where 27 black sailors were arrested and charged. No white sailors were arrested. Twenty-one of those charged requested a court-martial trial.
Lawyers for the black sailors stressed the bias shown in the pre-trial report against the black sailors, stating that it only contained testimony from prosecution witnesses.
By December, Congress was investigating the incident and called Townsend and Cloud to testify. Most of those who requested a court-martial were also invited to testify, but they all declined and no subpoenas were issued to force them to do so.
In January 1973, before a Navy court-martial, Comdr. Ben Cloud testified that the fighting erupted when Marines, on orders to break up groups of three or more sailors, only enforced the order against groups of black sailors. He further testified that he had been threatened by black and white sailors alike, and that during the fighting between black sailors and Marines, he witnessed a white sailor seemingly directing Marines toward black sailors. He noted that Capt. Townsend requested that the white sailor be identified, "but this was not done."
In February, on behalf of 17 of the black sailors, the N.A.A.C.P. brought a complaint against a prosecutor for racial prejudice in an attempt to get the charges against the black sailors dismissed. The complaint was also against Michael A. Laurie – a white sailor who had been a key government witness – for perjury, after tape recordings surfaced of Laurie admitting that white sailors had "exaggerated" about the violence of black sailors, then later affirming that he had lied about black sailors when he was asked outright. Laurie elaborated that, despite not seeing any black sailors actually hit any white sailors, white sailors would say that they did. Laurie also impugned his integrity and demonstrated racist leanings when he expressed his regret for not having a gun that night since it would have allowed him to have killed "at least 30 of them [niggers]."
In April 1973, the courts-martial concluded with a total of 27 trials.
Aftermath
The Navy officially defined the incident as a "race riot." However, only four sailors were convicted of rioting, with two of those pleading guilty in exchange for reduced sentences. Fourteen were convicted of assault. Four were found not guilty of all charges. Five sailors had the charges dropped against them, and seven were sentenced to the brig. Most were given a demotion in rank.
Roy Wilkins, executive director of the NAACP, called the Navy's handling of the incident a "despicable perversion of justice" of the black sailors who were victims of "a spurious effort to discredit them, categorize them, and keep them in menial, low-paying jobs."
Black sailors went on record expressing that "little conflicts" led to the rioting, that they "just got tired of being treated like dogs," and noted that the rioting was due to a combination of "anger at seeing the riot squad, the frustration with the war, and with the problems of institutional racism in the Navy." Many black officers also expressed that the conflict was inevitable because the Navy was inept at treating black sailors as sailors rather than as blacks, which created differences in the way black sailors were treated over issues such as "promotion, assignments, interracial relationships." However, despite these accounts, the Chairman of the House Armed Services Subcommittee, Floyd Hicks, determined that the incident "consisted of unprovoked attacks" by blacks against whites.
The subcommittee wrote that "the riot on Kitty Hawk consisted of unprovoked assaults by a very few men, most of whom were below-average mental capacity, most of whom had been aboard for less than one year, and all of whom were black. This group, as a whole, acted as 'thugs' which raises doubt as to whether they should ever have been accepted into military service in the first place." The Subcommittee's final report concluded:
The subcommittee has been unable to determine any precipitous cause for rampage aboard U.S.S. Kitty Hawk. Not only was there not one case wherein racial discrimination could be pinpointed, but there is no evidence which indicated that the blacks who participated in that incident perceived racial discrimination, either in general or any specific, of such a nature as to justify belief that violent reaction was required ... The members of the subcommittee did not find and are unaware of any instances of institutional discrimination on the part of the Navy toward any group of persons, majority or minority ... Black unity, the drive toward togetherness on the part of blacks, has resulted in a tendency on the part of black sailors to polarize. This results in a grievance of one black, real or fancied, becoming the grievance of many ... The Navy's recruitment program for most of 1972 which resulted in the lowering of standards for enlistment, accepting a greater percentage of mental category IV and those in the lower half of category III, not requiring recruits in these categories to have completed their high school education, and accepting these people without sufficient analysis of their previous offense records, has created many of the problems the Navy is experiencing today.
The events on the Kitty Hawk inspired other ship riots and protests in the months that followed.
See also
1941 Harvard–Navy lacrosse game—lacrosse game in which the Navy team would not play against an integrated team
African American opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Golden Thirteen—first African American commissioned and warranted officers in the US Navy
Military history of African Americans
Port Chicago disaster—munitions explosion whose subsequent trial highlighted racial inequality in the Navy
Racism against African Americans in the U.S. military
References
Category:1972 in the United States
Category:1972 riots
Category:History of African-American civil rights
Category:African-American history of the United States military
Category:Cold War military history of the United States
Category:Politics and race in the United States
Category:Discrimination in the United States
Category:African-American history by location
Category:1972 in Vietnam
Category:African-American riots in the United States
Category:Naval mutinies
Category:United States Navy in the Vietnam War
Category:United States Navy in the 20th century
Category:Riots and civil disorder in the United States
Category:October 1972 events in Asia
Category:Events that led to courts-martial | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Flagler Beach, Florida
Flagler Beach is a city in Flagler county in the U.S. state of Florida. The population was 4,484 at the 2010 census.
Since its incorporation in April 1925, Flagler Beach has developed as a unique seaside community. It is home to six miles of uncrowded beaches, many great fishing spots including the Flagler Beach Municipal Pier, restaurants with oceanfront dining, gift shops and a whole host of recreational facilities.
Flagler Beach is part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, FL metropolitan statistical area. It is named for oil tycoon and Florida railroad developer Henry Flagler, who was a key figure in the development of East Florida as resort and vacation destinations.
Geography
Flagler Beach is located at .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (9.80%) is water.
The Ocean Palm Villas South subdivision east of the Intracoastal Waterway is the only portion of Flagler Beach in Volusia County.
Florida State Road A1A travels through Flagler Beach along an approximate north-south axis. The road suffered significant damage during Hurricane Matthew, due to coastal erosion facilitated by a storm surge.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,954 people, 2,535 households, and 1,493 families residing in the city. The population density was 519.8/km² (1,345.1/mi²). There were 3,224 housing units at an average density of 338.3/km² (875.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.86% White, 0.52% Black, 0.22% American Indian, 0.57% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. Latino or Latino of any race were 1.84% of the population.
There were 2,535 households out of which 12.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.43.
In the city, the population was spread out with 11.5% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 31.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,917, and the median income for a family was $47,073. Males had a median income of $31,848 versus $30,132 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,600. About 9.0% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.4% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
Attractions
America's Coolest Small Town finalist
Flagler Beach was a finalist in the 2013 Budget Travel Magazine contest for "Coolest Small Town". The magazine described it by the following:
Twenty miles north of Daytona Beach on A1A, Flagler Beach couldn't be more different from its party-hardy neighbor to the south. In fact, the area seems to attract more sea turtles and right whales than spring breakers. And it's not hard to see why: This thin strip of a beach town, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Intracoastal Waterway, has remained significantly less developed than its neighbors. The six miles of pristine sand—which boast an orange hue thanks to crushed coquina shells—are only interrupted by one fishing pier. In town, the vibe is laid back and retro, thanks to spots like Grampa's Uke Joint, which sells ukuleles, and High Tides at Snack Jack, a 1950s fish shack that attracts surfers with funky dishes like tuna reubens, ahi club sandwiches, and sake Bloody Marys.
Retirement location
Flagler Beach was ranked by Where to Retire magazine as one of the top retirement destinations in Florida. It was featured in the November–December 2012 issue.
Flagler Beach Historical Museum
The Flagler Beach Historical Museum's permanent collection is entirely dedicated to Florida history, featuring Flagler Beach and Flagler County. The collection ranges from prehistoric bones and other remains of the Stone Age to a "Space Age" side. The latter has an exhibit with items provided by NASA astronauts, including space food and the Flagler Beach city flag, which was sent to orbit the earth aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour.
Orange Period pottery pieces from indigenous peoples of the region date from 2000 B.C. to 500 A.D. Historic Native American Indian life is represented by an exhibit of arrowheads and other artifacts, all discovered in Flagler County.
The Florida territory had changing European rulers in the war years between the 1500s and the early 1800s: Spanish, English and American. Mill and plantation artifacts make up the display about the Plantation Period. Personal use items, such as buttons and bottles obtained from area missions, represent the history of individuals in the area. From the Mala Compra Plantation, burned down during the Second Seminole War, the Museum has items from the early 19th-century home of Joseph Hernandez, who was elected as the first Hispanic congressman in the U.S.
The period of the late 1800s and early 1900s are represented by books and exhibits about the area's economy: county farming of cabbage and potatoes, timber industry, railroad artifacts, and turpentine camp items. Exhibits also include documents and memorabilia associated with the 20th-century development boom that began in the western portion of Flagler County and was continued oceanside. Displays feature four Flagler Beach "first families" who purchased land and built what was once considered a seaside resort.
Other display items from the early 1900s include memorabilia from early city government, the county's Old Brick Road, the Flagler Beach Hotel, World War II items, the A1A highway, Marineland, and early advertising brochures. Representations of local organizations from 1925 forward are represented in displays featuring the Flagler Beach Fire Department, Boy Scouts of Flagler, and Flagler Beach schools.
Fire department
The Flagler Beach Fire Department was established in 1926 by the Town of Flagler Beach's Commission. Currently, Flagler Beach has a population of roughly 5,500 year-round residents and its fire department responds to approximately 1,500 calls a year. The City of Flagler Beach is served by a full-time professional staff on duty 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to provide immediate response 365 days a year which consists of 16 employees in the fire department.
References
External links
City of Flagler Beach official website
Flagler Beach Historical Museum
Flagler Beach Chamber of Commerce
Flagler County Chamber of Commerce
Flagler County / Flagler Beach Tourism Office
Flagler Beach Webcam and Surf Report
Category:Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Category:Cities in Flagler County, Florida
Category:Cities in Volusia County, Florida
Category:Populated places established in 1925
Category:Cities in Florida
Category:Beaches of Flagler County, Florida
Category:Beaches of Volusia County, Florida
Category:Beaches of Florida | {
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Steven Taylor (cricketer, born 1963)
Steven Kirby Taylor (born 28 November 1963) is a former English cricketer. Taylor was a right-handed batsman. He was born in York, Yorkshire.
Taylor made his debut for Norfolk in the 1991 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire. Taylor played 3 further Minor Counties Championship matches in 1991. The following season he made his only List A appearance against Leicestershire in the NatWest Trophy. In this match, he was dismissed for a duck by David Millns. He made no further appearances for Norfolk following this match.
References
External links
Steven Taylor at ESPNcricinfo
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cricketers from York
Category:English cricketers
Category:Norfolk cricketers
Category:English cricketers of 1969 to 2000 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Capel Dewi, Carmarthenshire
Capel Dewi is a small village in Carmarthenshire, Wales. The village is built on raised ground to the south of the River Towy, and to the east of the area's principal settlement Carmarthen. Originally a farming community, Capel Dewi has grown into a commuter village, serving Carmarthen and the surrounding area. Today it is part of the community of Llanarthney.
Capel Dewi is a village made up of several buildings, one of the oldest being the chapel. Originally known as Capel Heol Dwr it was built in the early nineteenth century by a wealthy Wesleyan man. In 1834 it was bought by a member of the Water Street Methodist Chapel in Carmarthen, and since then the building has been known as Capel Heol Dwr (Water Street Chapel). The property is registered by Cadw, though after closing in 2001 it has now been converted into a home. The only school built in the village was closed in 1963
Notes
Category:Villages in Carmarthenshire | {
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Alagöz
Alagöz or Alagoz may refer to:
Alagoz, Iran, in Kurdistan Province, Iran
Alagöz, Ardahan, a village in the district of Ardahan, Ardahan Province, Turkey
Alagöz, Mardin, an Assyrian/Syriac village in Mardin Province, Turkey
Alagöz, Sandıklı, a village in the district of Sandıklı, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey | {
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Gatwick Aviation Museum
The Gatwick Aviation Museum is an aviation museum located in the village of Charlwood, in Surrey, on the boundary of Gatwick Airport.
Some of the aircraft are capable of running their engines on event days; and it is intended to get as many aircraft as possible restored and into working order. This is thanks to the team of museum staff and volunteers who are helping to restore and maintain these unique aircraft.
The Avro Shackleton MR3, Blackburn Buccaneer S1 and English Electric Lightning F.53 can now perform taxi runs on event days.
History
Originally started in 1987 as a private collection by local businessman Peter Vallance, the museum became a registered charity in 1999 with the objective of providing awareness of local aviation history and as an educational centre for the general public, particularly for local students and schoolchildren. A close relationship exists between the museum and the Central Sussex College which uses the museum's facilities to provide practical training for the students taking aerospace courses.
The museum has a varied collection of aircraft, aircraft engines and over 500 aircraft models. The museum also has displays and artifacts related to local aviation history particularly Gatwick Airport. Aircraft may run their engines during museum open days.
The museum has been in dispute since July 2011 with Mole Valley District Council concerning planning permission, as despite its co-location with Gatwick Airport, the council has refused permission for a permanent museum site due to a concern over the height of the proposed new building and the location within the Metropolitan Green Belt. Vallance lodged a planning appeal against the decision in January 2012, which was dismissed in June of that year. On 14 January 2013, Vallance died whilst undergoing an operation on his heart. Since that time the museum has been run by a charitable trust set up by Peter to cover this eventuality. The museum, as of 2015, has planning permission approved.
Reopened
In 2016, the new museum building opened to the public. It houses many of the aircraft formerly kept outdoors. A shop, refreshment area, flight simulator and information on the history of Gatwick Airport can also be found in the building. The museum is now open to the public every Friday, Saturday and Sunday.
Aircraft on Display
Outside
Avro Shackleton Mk.3 PH3 ("J" WR982)
Blackburn Buccaneer S1 (XN923)
Hawker Hunter F51
Percival Sea Prince T1 (WP308)
Indoors
English Electric Lightning F53 (53-671)
de Havilland Sea Vixen TT.8 (XS587)
de Havilland Venom FB50 (J1605)
Gloster Meteor T7 (VZ638)
Hawker Hunter T7 (XL591)
Hawker Sea Hawk FB5 (XE364)
Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR3 (XV751)
Nose Sections/Cockpits
Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander
English Electric Canberra
English Electric Lightning
Engines on Display
Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba
Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire
Armstrong Siddeley Viper
Bristol Centaurus
Bristol Hercules
Bristol Proteus
Continental O-200
de Havilland Ghost
de Havilland Gipsy Minor
de Havilland Gipsy Queen
de Havilland Goblin
de Havilland Gyron Junior
General Electric CF6
Rolls-Royce Avon 122
Rolls-Royce Avon 208
Rolls-Royce Avon 301
Rolls-Royce Avon RA2
Rolls-Royce Dart
Rolls-Royce Derwent
Rolls-Royce Griffon 58
Rolls-Royce Merlin
Rolls-Royce Nene
Rolls-Royce Olympus 320
Rolls-Royce Pegasus
Rolls-Royce Spey
Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour
Turbomeca Artouste
Turbomeca Palouste
See also
List of aerospace museums
References
Registered Charity No. 1075858
Gatwick Aviation Museum - Official Guide
External links
Gatwick Aviation Museum
Category:Aerospace museums in England
Category:Museums in Surrey
Category:Gatwick Airport | {
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Elizabeth Philp
Elizabeth Philp (1827 – 26 November 1885) was an English singer, music educator and composer.
Philp was born in Falmouth, Cornwall, the eldest daughter of geographer James Philp. She was a protegee of Charlotte Cushman, and studied harmony with German composer Ferdinand Hiller at Cologne. She published a collection How to Sing an English Ballad including sixty songs. In London she was a neighbor and friend of Catherine Hogarth, and part of a community of musicians and writers there.
Philp died in London in 1885, aged 58 years, from liver disease.
Works
Philp composed songs and song cycles. Selected works include:
Alone (Text: James Russell Lowell)
Good night, beloved (Text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)
Inclusion (Text: Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
Insufficiency (Text: Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
O moonlight deep and tender (in Six Songs) (Text: James Russell Lowell)
Serenade (in Six Songs) (Text: James Russell Lowell)
Sweetest eyes (Text: Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
Tell me, the summer stars (Text: Edwin Arnold)
The sea hath its pearls (Text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow after Heinrich Heine)
The violets of spring (Text: Elizabeth Philp after Heinrich Heine)
When all the world is young (Text: Charles Kingsley)
References
Category:1827 births
Category:1885 deaths
Category:19th-century classical composers
Category:Music educators
Category:Female classical composers
Category:British female classical composers
Category:English classical composers
Category:People from Falmouth, Cornwall
Category:19th-century English musicians
Category:19th-century British composers
Category:19th-century women musicians
Category:Women music educators | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman flyweight
The men's Greco-Roman flyweight competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki took place from 24 July to 27 July at Messuhalli. Nations were limited to one competitor.
Competition format
This Greco-Roman wrestling competition continued to use the "bad points" elimination system introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Greco-Roman and at the 1932 Summer Olympics for freestyle wrestling, removing the slight modification introduced in 1936 and used until 1948 (which had a reduced penalty for a loss by 2–1 decision). Each round featured all wrestlers pairing off and wrestling one bout (with one wrestler having a bye if there were an odd number). The loser received 3 points. The winner received 1 point if the win was by decision and 0 points if the win was by fall. At the end of each round, any wrestler with at least 5 points was eliminated. This elimination continued until the medal rounds, which began when 3 wrestlers remained. These 3 wrestlers each faced each other in a round-robin medal round (with earlier results counting, if any had wrestled another before); record within the medal round determined medals, with bad points breaking ties.
Results
Round 1
Bouts
Points
Round 2
Clausen withdrew.
Bouts
Points
Round 3
Bouts
Points
Round 4
Bouts
Points
Medal rounds
Bouts
Points
References
Category:Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of communities in Dubai
This is a list of communities in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Dubai is mainly divided into 9 sectors which are then divided into communities. There are more than 130 communities in Dubai, which are listed below.
See also
List of Industrial areas in Dubai
List of development projects in Dubai
Developments in Dubai
References
Communities in Dubai
Location of communities in Dubai
Dubai
Category:Geography of Dubai
communities | {
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} |
Credit repair software
Credit repair software enables consumers to correct errors and inaccurate information in their credit reports and to boost their Credit score. In compliance with laws protecting consumers, including the Fair Credit Reporting Act, several companies have introduced software giving consumers a glimpse into how their behavior actually affects their credit score. Some of these self-help, consumer or professional software products guide the consumer through the complexities of credit scoring models, credit score simulation, loan qualification, and automate the process by generating letters for disputing errors and negotiating with creditors and tracking progress.
References
See also
Adverse Credit History
Credit card
Credit rating agency
Credit reference agency
Credit score
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Identity theft
Category:Personal finance
Category:Credit | {
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2009 Internazionali di Tennis di Bergamo – Doubles
Simone Bolelli and Andreas Seppi chose to not defend their 2008 title.
Karol Beck and Jaroslav Levinský won in the final 7–6(6), 6–4, against Chris Haggard and Pavel Vízner.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
External links
Doubles Draw
Internazionali di Tennis di Bergamo - Doubles
2009 Doubles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ceratocystis tyalla
Ceratocystis tyalla is a plant pathogen, affecting Australian Eucalyptus species. It was first isolated from tree wounds and nitidulid beetles associated with these wounds.
References
Further reading
External links
MycoBank
Category:Microascales | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Will P. Stephenson
Will Prettyman Stephenson served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio from 1932 to 1936.
Biography
Will Prettyman Stephenson was born in Bentonville, Adams County, Ohio on July 31, 1868 to Robert Amasa and Arcadia Hopkins Stephenson. He was a member of the first graduating class of Manchester High School in 1886.
From 1881 to 1891, Stephenson taught school in Adams County. He studied law with Judge Henry Collings during vacations. He later graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1895, was admitted to the bar of Ohio that year, and began a practice in Manchester.
In 1901 Stephenson became deputy county auditor under his father. He moved his practice to West Union. In 1910 and 1911 he was special prosecutor in an election fraud case. One-third of the voters in Adams County were indicted for accepting bribes, and Judge A.Z. Blair fined 2,000 people.
In spite of his prosecution of voters, Stephenson was elected Common Pleas Judge in 1914, and was re-elected in 1920 and 1926. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Supreme Court of Ohio in 1930.
On January 27, 1932, Justice James E. Robinson of the Ohio Supreme Court died. On January 30, 1932, Governor White appointed Stephenson to fill the term until the next election. He was administered the oath of office on February 9, 1932. On November 8, 1932, he won election to the remaining years of the term, ending December 31, 1936. He lost to Roy Hughes Williams on November 3, 1936 when he sought a full six-year term.
On December 7, 1936, Ohio Attorney General-elect Herbert S. Duffy appointed Stephenson to the Office of Special Counsel. He served January 1937 to January 1939.
Stephenson married Stella Stivers on March 14, 1893. They had one son. Stephenson died at Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati on April 23, 1943.
References
Category:1868 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:Ohio Democrats
Category:Ohio state court judges
Category:Ohio Supreme Court justices
Category:People from Adams County, Ohio
Category:University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Category:People from West Union, Ohio
Category:People from Manchester, Ohio | {
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Berks & Bucks Senior Cup
The Berks & Bucks FA County Senior Cup is the Senior County Cup competition of the Berks & Bucks FA and was first played in 1878/79; a time when the FA Cup had only been going for seven years, there was no Football League, and most countries in the world did not have any competitions at all.
Originally known as the Berks & Bucks Challenge Cup, the competition was played in the first season of the Association's existence, and Reading were the inaugural winners, defeating Marlow 1–0 in the final held at the Reading Cricket Ground.
The competition consists of mainly non-league teams; however, Wycombe Wanderers and Milton Keynes Dons and Reading are three Football League teams who have recently competed, often fielding reserve and youth team players.
In 2019, Slough Town defeated Reading 3–1 in the final at Larges Lane, Bracknell.
Previous Seasons
2019–20 Season
Teams entering at the preliminary round:
Binfield
Reading City
Shrivenham
Wantage Town
Windsor
Aylesbury Vale Dynamos
Burnham
Flackwell Heath
Holmer Green
Newport Pagnell Town
Teams entering at the first round:
Ascot United
Bracknell Town
Didcot Town
Hungerford Town
Maidenhead United
Thatcham Town
Aylesbury United
Beaconsfield Town
Chalfont St Peter
Chesham United
Marlow
Teams entering at the quarter-final:
Reading
Milton Keynes Dons
Slough Town
Wycombe Wanderers
Preliminary Round
First Round
Second Round
Quarter-Final
Recent finals
Wins by team
Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence.
11 teams have won the competition on one occasion, including Abingdon Town, Hungerford Town and Milton Keynes Dons.
Slough Town have won the cup in 4 different club names, the other 3 are Swift FC, Slough FC & Slough Centre FC.
See also
In addition to the BBFA County Senior Cup, the Berks & Bucks FA also run the following competitions, which are also often referred to as the "Berks & Bucks FA County Cup":
BBFA County Senior Trophy
BBFA County Intermediate Cup
BBFA County Junior Cup
BBFA County Sunday Intermediate Cup
BBFA County Sunday Junior Cup
BBFA County Sunday Junior Trophy
BBFA County Women's Senior Cup
BBFA County Women's Trophy
BBFA County Girls Cup (Under 14)
BBFA County Girls Cup (Under 16)
BBFA County Girls Cup (Under 18)
BBFA County Minor Cup (Under 12)
BBFA County Minor Cup (Under 13)
BBFA County Minor Cup (Under 14)
BBFA County Minor Cup (Under 15)
BBFA County Minor Cup (Under 16)
BBFA County Youth Cup
External links
Official website of the Berks & Bucks FA
Official website of the Berks & Bucks FA, County Cups page
Category:County Cup competitions
Category:Football in Berkshire
Category:Football in Buckinghamshire
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1878 | {
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Washington Rugby Football Club
Washington Rugby Football Club is a Division I rugby union team based in Washington, DC.
Washington RFC formed in February, 1963.
The team founded the annual Cherry Blossom tournament in 1966.
Notable players
Note: caps and participation are accurate as of 3 August 2006
Australia Wallabies
Mitchell Cox, scrum-half, two international caps
USA Eagles
Bill Bernhard 1987, Fullback
Rob Blackmore 1988(B), 1989, Prop
Robinson Bordley 1975, 1977–1978, Fly-half, Fullback
Mike Conroy 1977, Center
Mike Coyner 1998-1999, Flank, 7s
Al Dekin 1993, 7s
Chris Doherty 1984, 1987, Center, 7s
Michael Lancaster 1978, Prop
Rory Lewis 1990-1991, Wing, 7s
Dan Lyle 1993(B) 1993, Lock, 7s, 15s Captain
Gerry McDonald 1988(B) 1989 1995-1996, Prop; Scotland U21s
John Robbins 1988(B) Hooker
Paul Sheehy 1991-1993, Fullback, 7s; 1991 World Cup Player
Tom Smith 1978, 1980, Wing
Scott Stephens 1991-1993, Flank, 7s
George Sucher 1998, Prop; 1999 World Cup
Kevin Swords 1985-1986, Lock
Dan Wack 1976-1978, 1980, Center
Ken Wood 1977-1978, 1983, Coach/Manager
James Cassidy 2000(B), Prop
Francois Viljoen 2004-Current, Fullback
Owen Lentz 2006, Hooker
PJ Komonognam 2006, USA 7s
Andrew "Tui" Osbourne 2006, USA 7s
Honours
Division 1 ERU Champions - 1988
Blume Trophy - 1971, 1974
Division 1 MARFU 15s Champions - 1987, 1995
Division 1 MARFU Sevens Champions - 2003
Division 1 PRU Champions - 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
External links
Official Site
USA Rugby
References
Category:American rugby union teams
Category:Rugby clubs established in 1963
Category:Rugby union teams in Washington, D.C.
Category:1963 establishments in Washington, D.C. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Josephat Koli Nanok
Josephat Koli Nanok is a Kenyann politician. He belongs to the Orange Democratic Movement and was elected to represent the Turkana South Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya since the 2007 Kenyan parliamentary election.
References
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Category:Members of the National Assembly (Kenya) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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American Basketball League
American Basketball League is a name that has been used by three defunct basketball leagues and a recently active league in the United States:
American Basketball League (1925–1955), the first major professional basketball league
American Basketball League (1961–1963), a league that only played a single full season
American Basketball League (1996–1998), a women's basketball league
American Basketball League (2013), a semi-professional men's basketball league. It is the fourth league to use the ABL name.
See also
American Basketball Association | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Parque La Leona
Parque La Leona is an urban park located in Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras. It is located on a plateau overlooking the city, and holds a network of winding, often fairly steep stairs, steps, and pathways. There is a promontory with a large balcony that is a heavily photographed spot with it panoramic view of the city. It is located in a Spanish-built neighborhood with cobblestone streets.
References
Category:Tegucigalpa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Northwinds
Northwinds is the second solo album by former Deep Purple singer David Coverdale, released in early 1978.
Background
Originally entitled North Winds, the album leans more towards blues-based rock. Coverdale also touched on the genre in his previous album.
The original release of Northwinds contained eight tracks, with two more songs added on recent reissues. Four tracks ("Keep On Giving Me Love", "Queen of Hearts", "Only My Soul", "Breakdown") from this album would later be combined with the tracks from the EP Snakebite from his band Whitesnake, to form the album Snakebite.
A number of other titles, written by Coverdale, were published at the time, which have yet to be released. The titles include "It Would Be Nice", "Love's a Crazy Game", and "Till the Sun Doesn't Shine Anymore".
Track listing
All songs were written by David Coverdale, except where indicated.
Side one
"Keep On Giving Me Love" (Coverdale, Micky Moody) – 5:16
"Northwinds" – 6:13
"Give Me Kindness" – 4:34
"Time & Again" – 4:02
Side two
"Queen of Hearts" (Coverdale, Moody) – 5:16
"Only My Soul" – 4:36
"Say You Love Me" – 4:21
"Breakdown" (Coverdale, Moody) – 5:15
Bonus tracks on the 2000 CD reissue
"Shame the Devil" – 3:35
"Sweet Mistreater" – 3:45
On the original LP release, "Northwinds" is the first track and "Keep On Giving Me Love" is the second; on later reissues these are swapped.
Personnel
Musicians
David Coverdale – lead vocals, piano ("Northwinds"), electric piano ("Give Me Kindness" and "Time and Again")
Micky Moody – guitars, backing vocals
Tim Hinkley – keyboards, backing vocals
Alan Spenner – bass
Tony Newman – drums, percussion
Roger Glover – synthesizer, clavinet, cowbell, production
Graham Preskett – violin
Lee Brilleaux – harmonica on "Keep On Giving Me Love"
Ronnie James Dio, Wendy Dio – backing vocals on "Give Me Kindness"
References
External links
Category:1978 albums
Category:David Coverdale albums
Category:Albums produced by Roger Glover
Category:Purple Records albums
Category:Polydor Records albums
Category:Victor Entertainment albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or sometimes up to 8 integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory and provides results (also in binary form) as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single or a few integrated circuits greatly reduced the cost of processing power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly automated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) fabrication processes, resulting in a low unit price. Single-chip processors increase reliability because there are many fewer electrical connections that could fail. As microprocessor designs improve, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same according to Rock's law.
Before microprocessors, small computers had been built using racks of circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs. Continued increases in microprocessor capacity have since rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers.
Structure
The complexity of an integrated circuit is bounded by physical limitations on the number of transistors that can be put onto one chip, the number of package terminations that can connect the processor to other parts of the system, the number of interconnections it is possible to make on the chip, and the heat that the chip can dissipate. Advancing technology makes more complex and powerful chips feasible to manufacture.
A minimal hypothetical microprocessor might include only an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a control logic section. The ALU performs addition, subtraction, and operations such as AND or OR. Each operation of the ALU sets one or more flags in a status register, which indicate the results of the last operation (zero value, negative number, overflow, or others). The control logic retrieves instruction codes from memory and initiates the sequence of operations required for the ALU to carry out the instruction. A single operation code might affect many individual data paths, registers, and other elements of the processor.
As integrated circuit technology advanced, it was feasible to manufacture more and more complex processors on a single chip. The size of data objects became larger; allowing more transistors on a chip allowed word sizes to increase from 4- and 8-bit words up to today's 64-bit words. Additional features were added to the processor architecture; more on-chip registers sped up programs, and complex instructions could be used to make more compact programs. Floating-point arithmetic, for example, was often not available on 8-bit microprocessors, but had to be carried out in software. Integration of the floating point unit first as a separate integrated circuit and then as part of the same microprocessor chip sped up floating point calculations.
Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit slice approach necessary. Instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. While this required extra logic to handle, for example, carry and overflow within each slice, the result was a system that could handle, for example, 32-bit words using integrated circuits with a capacity for only four bits each.
The ability to put large numbers of transistors on one chip makes it feasible to integrate memory on the same die as the processor. This CPU cache has the advantage of faster access than off-chip memory and increases the processing speed of the system for many applications. Processor clock frequency has increased more rapidly than external memory speed, so cache memory is necessary if the processor is not to be delayed by slower external memory.
Special-purpose designs
A microprocessor is a general-purpose entity. Several specialized processing devices have followed:
A digital signal processor (DSP) is specialized for signal processing.
Graphics processing units (GPUs) are processors designed primarily for realtime rendering of images.
Other specialized units exist for video processing and machine vision. (See: Hardware acceleration.)
Microcontrollers integrate a microprocessor with peripheral devices in embedded systems.
Systems on chip (SoCs) often integrate one or more microprocessor or microcontroller cores.
Speed and power considerations
Microprocessors can be selected for differing applications based on their word size, which is a measure of their complexity. Longer word sizes allow each clock cycle of a processor to carry out more computation, but correspond to physically larger integrated circuit dies with higher standby and operating power consumption. 4, 8 or 12 bit processors are widely integrated into microcontrollers operating embedded systems. Where a system is expected to handle larger volumes of data or require a more flexible user interface, 16, 32 or 64 bit processors are used. An 8- or 16-bit processor may be selected over a 32-bit processor for system on a chip or microcontroller applications that require extremely low-power electronics, or are part of a mixed-signal integrated circuit with noise-sensitive on-chip analog electronics such as high-resolution analog to digital converters, or both.
Running 32-bit arithmetic on an 8-bit chip could end up using more power, as the chip must execute software with multiple instructions.,
Embedded applications
Thousands of items that were traditionally not computer-related include microprocessors. These include large and small household appliances, cars (and their accessory equipment units), car keys, tools and test instruments, toys, light switches/dimmers and electrical circuit breakers, smoke alarms, battery packs, and hi-fi audio/visual components (from DVD players to phonograph turntables). Such products as cellular telephones, DVD video system and HDTV broadcast systems fundamentally require consumer devices with powerful, low-cost, microprocessors. Increasingly stringent pollution control standards effectively require automobile manufacturers to use microprocessor engine management systems to allow optimal control of emissions over the widely varying operating conditions of an automobile. Non-programmable controls would require complex, bulky, or costly implementation to achieve the results possible with a microprocessor.
A microprocessor control program (embedded software) can be easily tailored to different needs of a product line, allowing upgrades in performance with minimal redesign of the product. Different features can be implemented in different models of a product line at negligible production cost.
Microprocessor control of a system can provide control strategies that would be impractical to implement using electromechanical controls or purpose-built electronic controls. For example, an engine control system in an automobile can adjust ignition timing based on engine speed, load on the engine, ambient temperature, and any observed tendency for knocking—allowing an automobile to operate on a range of fuel grades.
History
The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet. Many more microprocessors are part of embedded systems, providing digital control over myriad objects from appliances to automobiles to cellular phones and industrial process control.
The microprocessor has origins in the development of the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), which was first demonstrated by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng of Bell Labs in 1960. Following the development of MOS integrated circuit chips in the early 1960s, MOS chips reached higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar integrated circuits by 1964. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by Moore's law, leading to large-scale integration (LSI) with hundreds of transistors on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to computing was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete computer processor could be contained on several MOS LSI chips.
Designers in the late 1960s were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chipsets. In 1969, Lee Boysel, based on the 8-bit arithmetic logic units (3800/3804) he designed earlier at Fairchild, created the Four-Phase Systems Inc. AL-1, an 8-bit CPU slice that was expandable to 32-bits. In 1970, Steve Geller and Ray Holt of Garrett AiResearch designed the MP944 chipset to implement the F-14A Central Air Data Computer on six MOS chips fabricated by AMI.
The Four-Phase Systems AL and Garrett AiResearch MP944 were the first multi-chip microprocessors, developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, released on a single MOS LSI chip in 1971. The single-chip microprocessor was made possible with the development of MOS silicon-gate technology (SGT). The earliest MOS transistors had aluminium metal gates, which Italian engineer Federico Faggin replaced with silicon self-aligned gates to develop the first silicon-gate MOS chip at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968. Faggin later joined Intel and used his silicon-gate MOS technology to develop the 4004, along with Marcian Hoff, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima in 1971. The 4004 was designed for Busicom, which had earlier proposed a multi-chip design in 1969, before Faggin's team at Intel changed it into a new single-chip design. Intel introduced the first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit Intel 4004, in 1971. It was soon followed by the 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8008 in 1972.
The first microprocessors that emerged in the early 1970s were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds of automation etc., followed soon after. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing also led to the first general-purpose microcomputers from the mid-1970s on.
The first use of the term "microprocessor" is attributed to Viatron Computer Systems describing the custom integrated circuit used in their System 21 small computer system announced in 1968.
Since the early 1970s, the increase in capacity of microprocessors has followed Moore's law; this originally suggested that the number of components that can be fitted onto a chip doubles every year. With present technology, it is actually every two years, and as a result Moore later changed the period to two years.
First projects
These projects delivered a microprocessor at about the same time: Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer (CADC) (1970), Texas Instruments' TMS 1802NC (September 1971) and Intel's 4004 (November 1971, based on an earlier 1969 Busicom design). Arguably, Four-Phase Systems AL1 microprocessor was also delivered in 1969.
Garrett AiResearch CADC (1970)
In 1968, Garrett AiResearch (who employed designers Ray Holt and Steve Geller) was invited to produce a digital computer to compete with electromechanical systems then under development for the main flight control computer in the US Navy's new F-14 Tomcat fighter. The design was complete by 1970, and used a MOS-based chipset as the core CPU. The design was significantly (approximately 20 times) smaller and much more reliable than the mechanical systems it competed against, and was used in all of the early Tomcat models. This system contained "a 20-bit, pipelined, parallel multi-microprocessor". The Navy refused to allow publication of the design until 1997. Released in 1998, the documentation on the CADC, and the MP944 chipset, are well known. Ray Holt's autobiographical story of this design and development is presented in the book: The Accidental Engineer.
Ray Holt graduated from California Polytechnic University in 1968, and began his computer design career with the CADC. From its inception, it was shrouded in secrecy until 1998 when at Holt's request, the US Navy allowed the documents into the public domain. Holt has stated that no one has compared this microprocessor with those that came later. According to Parab et al. (2007), This convergence of DSP and microcontroller architectures is known as a digital signal controller.
Four-Phase Systems AL1 (1969)
The Four-Phase Systems AL1 was an 8-bit bit slice chip containing eight registers and an ALU. It was designed by Lee Boysel in 1969. At the time, it formed part of a nine-chip, 24-bit CPU with three AL1s, but it was later called a microprocessor when, in response to 1990s litigation by Texas Instruments, a demonstration system was constructed where a single AL1 formed part of a courtroom demonstration computer system, together with RAM, ROM, and an input-output device.
Pico/General Instrument
In 1971, Pico Electronics and General Instrument (GI) introduced their first collaboration in ICs, a complete single chip calculator IC for the Monroe/Litton Royal Digital III calculator. This chip could also arguably lay claim to be one of the first microprocessors or microcontrollers having ROM, RAM and a RISC instruction set on-chip. The layout for the four layers of the PMOS process was hand drawn at x500 scale on mylar film, a significant task at the time given the complexity of the chip.
Pico was a spinout by five GI design engineers whose vision was to create single chip calculator ICs. They had significant previous design experience on multiple calculator chipsets with both GI and Marconi-Elliott. The key team members had originally been tasked by Elliott Automation to create an 8-bit computer in MOS and had helped establish a MOS Research Laboratory in Glenrothes, Scotland in 1967.
Calculators were becoming the largest single market for semiconductors so Pico and GI went on to have significant success in this burgeoning market. GI continued to innovate in microprocessors and microcontrollers with products including the CP1600, IOB1680 and PIC1650. In 1987, the GI Microelectronics business was spun out into the Microchip PIC microcontroller business.
Intel 4004 (1971)
The Intel 4004 is generally regarded as the first commercially available microprocessor, and cost . The first known advertisement for the 4004 is dated November 15, 1971 and appeared in Electronic News. The microprocessor was designed by a team consisting of Italian engineer Federico Faggin, American engineers Marcian Hoff and Stanley Mazor, and Japanese engineer Masatoshi Shima.
The project that produced the 4004 originated in 1969, when Busicom, a Japanese calculator manufacturer, asked Intel to build a chipset for high-performance desktop calculators. Busicom's original design called for a programmable chip set consisting of seven different chips. Three of the chips were to make a special-purpose CPU with its program stored in ROM and its data stored in shift register read-write memory. Ted Hoff, the Intel engineer assigned to evaluate the project, believed the Busicom design could be simplified by using dynamic RAM storage for data, rather than shift register memory, and a more traditional general-purpose CPU architecture. Hoff came up with a four-chip architectural proposal: a ROM chip for storing the programs, a dynamic RAM chip for storing data, a simple I/O device and a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU). Although not a chip designer, he felt the CPU could be integrated into a single chip, but as he lacked the technical know-how the idea remained just a wish for the time being.
While the architecture and specifications of the MCS-4 came from the interaction of Hoff with Stanley Mazor, a software engineer reporting to him, and with Busicom engineer Masatoshi Shima, during 1969, Mazor and Hoff moved on to other projects. In April 1970, Intel hired Italian engineer Federico Faggin as project leader, a move that ultimately made the single-chip CPU final design a reality (Shima meanwhile designed the Busicom calculator firmware and assisted Faggin during the first six months of the implementation). Faggin, who originally developed the silicon gate technology (SGT) in 1968 at Fairchild Semiconductor and designed the world’s first commercial integrated circuit using SGT, the Fairchild 3708, had the correct background to lead the project into what would become the first commercial general purpose microprocessor. Since SGT was his very own invention, Faggin also used it to create his new methodology for random logic design that made it possible to implement a single-chip CPU with the proper speed, power dissipation and cost. The manager of Intel's MOS Design Department was Leslie L. Vadász at the time of the MCS-4 development but Vadász's attention was completely focused on the mainstream business of semiconductor memories so he left the leadership and the management of the MCS-4 project to Faggin, who was ultimately responsible for leading the 4004 project to its realization. Production units of the 4004 were first delivered to Busicom in March 1971 and shipped to other customers in late 1971.
Texas Instruments TMX 1795 (1970-1971)
Along with Intel (who developed the 8008), Texas Instruments developed in 1970–1971 a one-chip CPU replacement for the Datapoint 2200 terminal, the TMX 1795 (later TMC 1795.) Like the 8008, it was rejected by customer Datapoint. According to Gary Boone, the TMX 1795 never reached production. Since it was built to the same specification, its instruction set was very similar to the Intel 8008.
Texas Instruments TMS 1802NC (1971)
The TMS1802NC was announced September 17, 1971 and implemented a four-function calculator. The TMS1802NC, despite its designation, was not part of the TMS 1000 series; it was later redesignated as part of the TMS 0100 series, which was used in the TI Datamath calculator. Although marketed as a calculator-on-a-chip, the TMS1802NC was fully programmable, including on the chip a CPU with an 11-bit instruction word, 3520 bits (320 instructions) of ROM and 182 bits of RAM.
Gilbert Hyatt
Gilbert Hyatt was awarded a patent claiming an invention pre-dating both TI and Intel, describing a "microcontroller". The patent was later invalidated, but not before substantial royalties were paid out.
8-bit designs
The Intel 4004 was followed in 1972 by the Intel 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. The 8008 was not, however, an extension of the 4004 design, but instead the culmination of a separate design project at Intel, arising from a contract with Computer Terminals Corporation, of San Antonio TX, for a chip for a terminal they were designing, the Datapoint 2200—fundamental aspects of the design came not from Intel but from CTC. In 1968, CTC's Vic Poor and Harry Pyle developed the original design for the instruction set and operation of the processor. In 1969, CTC contracted two companies, Intel and Texas Instruments, to make a single-chip implementation, known as the CTC 1201. In late 1970 or early 1971, TI dropped out being unable to make a reliable part. In 1970, with Intel yet to deliver the part, CTC opted to use their own implementation in the Datapoint 2200, using traditional TTL logic instead (thus the first machine to run "8008 code" was not in fact a microprocessor at all and was delivered a year earlier). Intel's version of the 1201 microprocessor arrived in late 1971, but was too late, slow, and required a number of additional support chips. CTC had no interest in using it. CTC had originally contracted Intel for the chip, and would have owed them for their design work. To avoid paying for a chip they did not want (and could not use), CTC released Intel from their contract and allowed them free use of the design. Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972, as the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. It was the basis for the famous "Mark-8" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio-Electronics in 1974. This processor had an 8-bit data bus and a 14-bit address bus.
The 8008 was the precursor to the successful Intel 8080 (1974), which offered improved performance over the 8008 and required fewer support chips. Federico Faggin conceived and designed it using high voltage N channel MOS. The Zilog Z80 (1976) was also a Faggin design, using low voltage N channel with depletion load and derivative Intel 8-bit processors: all designed with the methodology Faggin created for the 4004. Motorola released the competing 6800 in August 1974, and the similar MOS Technology 6502 was released in 1975 (both designed largely by the same people). The 6502 family rivaled the Z80 in popularity during the 1980s.
A low overall cost, little packaging, simple computer bus requirements, and sometimes the integration of extra circuitry (e.g. the Z80's built-in memory refresh circuitry) allowed the home computer "revolution" to accelerate sharply in the early 1980s. This delivered such inexpensive machines as the Sinclair ZX81, which sold for . A variation of the 6502, the MOS Technology 6510 was used in the Commodore 64 and yet another variant, the 8502, powered the Commodore 128.
The Western Design Center, Inc (WDC) introduced the CMOS WDC 65C02 in 1982 and licensed the design to several firms. It was used as the CPU in the Apple IIe and IIc personal computers as well as in medical implantable grade pacemakers and defibrillators, automotive, industrial and consumer devices. WDC pioneered the licensing of microprocessor designs, later followed by ARM (32-bit) and other microprocessor intellectual property (IP) providers in the 1990s.
Motorola introduced the MC6809 in 1978. It was an ambitious and well thought-through 8-bit design that was source compatible with the 6800, and implemented using purely hard-wired logic (subsequent 16-bit microprocessors typically used microcode to some extent, as CISC design requirements were becoming too complex for pure hard-wired logic).
Another early 8-bit microprocessor was the Signetics 2650, which enjoyed a brief surge of interest due to its innovative and powerful instruction set architecture.
A seminal microprocessor in the world of spaceflight was RCA's RCA 1802 (aka CDP1802, RCA COSMAC) (introduced in 1976), which was used on board the Galileo probe to Jupiter (launched 1989, arrived 1995). RCA COSMAC was the first to implement CMOS technology. The CDP1802 was used because it could be run at very low power, and because a variant was available fabricated using a special production process, silicon on sapphire (SOS), which provided much better protection against cosmic radiation and electrostatic discharge than that of any other processor of the era. Thus, the SOS version of the 1802 was said to be the first radiation-hardened microprocessor.
The RCA 1802 had a static design, meaning that the clock frequency could be made arbitrarily low, or even stopped. This let the Galileo spacecraft use minimum electric power for long uneventful stretches of a voyage. Timers or sensors would awaken the processor in time for important tasks, such as navigation updates, attitude control, data acquisition, and radio communication. Current versions of the Western Design Center 65C02 and 65C816 have static cores, and thus retain data even when the clock is completely halted.
12-bit designs
The Intersil 6100 family consisted of a 12-bit microprocessor (the 6100) and a range of peripheral support and memory ICs. The microprocessor recognised the DEC PDP-8 minicomputer instruction set. As such it was sometimes referred to as the CMOS-PDP8. Since it was also produced by Harris Corporation, it was also known as the Harris HM-6100. By virtue of its CMOS technology and associated benefits, the 6100 was being incorporated into some military designs until the early 1980s.
16-bit designs
The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973. An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the IMP-8.
Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors include one that Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used in the LSI-11 OEM board set and the packaged PDP 11/03 minicomputer—and the Fairchild Semiconductor MicroFlame 9440, both introduced in 1975–76. In 1975, National introduced the first 16-bit single-chip microprocessor, the National Semiconductor PACE, which was later followed by an NMOS version, the INS8900.
Another early single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TMS 9900, which was also compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers. The 9900 was used in the TI 990/4 minicomputer, the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A home computer, and the TM990 line of OEM microcomputer boards. The chip was packaged in a large ceramic 64-pin DIP package, while most 8-bit microprocessors such as the Intel 8080 used the more common, smaller, and less expensive plastic 40-pin DIP. A follow-on chip, the TMS 9980, was designed to compete with the Intel 8080, had the full TI 990 16-bit instruction set, used a plastic 40-pin package, moved data 8 bits at a time, but could only address 16 KB. A third chip, the TMS 9995, was a new design. The family later expanded to include the 99105 and 99110.
The Western Design Center (WDC) introduced the CMOS 65816 16-bit upgrade of the WDC CMOS 65C02 in 1984. The 65816 16-bit microprocessor was the core of the Apple IIgs and later the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, making it one of the most popular 16-bit designs of all time.
Intel "upsized" their 8080 design into the 16-bit Intel 8086, the first member of the x86 family, which powers most modern PC type computers. Intel introduced the 8086 as a cost-effective way of porting software from the 8080 lines, and succeeded in winning much business on that premise. The 8088, a version of the 8086 that used an 8-bit external data bus, was the microprocessor in the first IBM PC. Intel then released the 80186 and 80188, the 80286 and, in 1985, the 32-bit 80386, cementing their PC market dominance with the processor family's backwards compatibility. The 80186 and 80188 were essentially versions of the 8086 and 8088, enhanced with some onboard peripherals and a few new instructions. Although Intel's 80186 and 80188 were not used in IBM PC type designs, second source versions from NEC, the V20 and V30 frequently were. The 8086 and successors had an innovative but limited method of memory segmentation, while the 80286 introduced a full-featured segmented memory management unit (MMU). The 80386 introduced a flat 32-bit memory model with paged memory management.
The 16-bit Intel x86 processors up to and including the 80386 do not include floating-point units (FPUs). Intel introduced the 8087, 80187, 80287 and 80387 math coprocessors to add hardware floating-point and transcendental function capabilities to the 8086 through 80386 CPUs. The 8087 works with the 8086/8088 and 80186/80188, the 80187 works with the 80186 but not the 80188, the 80287 works with the 80286 and the 80387 works with the 80386. The combination of an x86 CPU and an x87 coprocessor forms a single multi-chip microprocessor; the two chips are programmed as a unit using a single integrated instruction set. The 8087 and 80187 coprocessors are connected in parallel with the data and address buses of their parent processor and directly execute instructions intended for them. The 80287 and 80387 coprocessors are interfaced to the CPU through I/O ports in the CPU's address space, this is transparent to the program, which does not need to know about or access these I/O ports directly; the program accesses the coprocessor and its registers through normal instruction opcodes.
32-bit designs
16-bit designs had only been on the market briefly when 32-bit implementations started to appear.
The most significant of the 32-bit designs is the Motorola MC68000, introduced in 1979. The 68k, as it was widely known, had 32-bit registers in its programming model but used 16-bit internal data paths, three 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Units, and a 16-bit external data bus (to reduce pin count), and externally supported only 24-bit addresses (internally it worked with full 32 bit addresses). In PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes the MC68000 internal microcode was modified to emulate the 32-bit System/370 IBM mainframe. Motorola generally described it as a 16-bit processor. The combination of high performance, large (16 megabytes or 224 bytes) memory space and fairly low cost made it the most popular CPU design of its class. The Apple Lisa and Macintosh designs made use of the 68000, as did a host of other designs in the mid-1980s, including the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga.
The world's first single-chip fully 32-bit microprocessor, with 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and general production in 1982. After the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, it was renamed the WE 32000 (WE for Western Electric), and had two follow-on generations, the WE 32100 and WE 32200. These microprocessors were used in the AT&T 3B5 and 3B15 minicomputers; in the 3B2, the world's first desktop super microcomputer; in the "Companion", the world's first 32-bit laptop computer; and in "Alexander", the world's first book-sized super microcomputer, featuring ROM-pack memory cartridges similar to today's gaming consoles. All these systems ran the UNIX System V operating system.
The first commercial, single chip, fully 32-bit microprocessor available on the market was the HP FOCUS.
Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor was the iAPX 432, which was introduced in 1981, but was not a commercial success. It had an advanced capability-based object-oriented architecture, but poor performance compared to contemporary architectures such as Intel's own 80286 (introduced 1982), which was almost four times as fast on typical benchmark tests. However, the results for the iAPX432 was partly due to a rushed and therefore suboptimal Ada compiler.
Motorola's success with the 68000 led to the MC68010, which added virtual memory support. The MC68020, introduced in 1984 added full 32-bit data and address buses. The 68020 became hugely popular in the Unix supermicrocomputer market, and many small companies (e.g., Altos, Charles River Data Systems, Cromemco) produced desktop-size systems. The MC68030 was introduced next, improving upon the previous design by integrating the MMU into the chip. The continued success led to the MC68040, which included an FPU for better math performance. The 68050 failed to achieve its performance goals and was not released, and the follow-up MC68060 was released into a market saturated by much faster RISC designs. The 68k family faded from use in the early 1990s.
Other large companies designed the 68020 and follow-ons into embedded equipment. At one point, there were more 68020s in embedded equipment than there were Intel Pentiums in PCs. The ColdFire processor cores are derivatives of the 68020.
During this time (early to mid-1980s), National Semiconductor introduced a very similar 16-bit pinout, 32-bit internal microprocessor called the NS 16032 (later renamed 32016), the full 32-bit version named the NS 32032. Later, National Semiconductor produced the NS 32132, which allowed two CPUs to reside on the same memory bus with built in arbitration. The NS32016/32 outperformed the MC68000/10, but the NS32332—which arrived at approximately the same time as the MC68020—did not have enough performance. The third generation chip, the NS32532, was different. It had about double the performance of the MC68030, which was released around the same time. The appearance of RISC processors like the AM29000 and MC88000 (now both dead) influenced the architecture of the final core, the NS32764. Technically advanced—with a superscalar RISC core, 64-bit bus, and internally overclocked—it could still execute Series 32000 instructions through real-time translation.
When National Semiconductor decided to leave the Unix market, the chip was redesigned into the Swordfish Embedded processor with a set of on chip peripherals. The chip turned out to be too expensive for the laser printer market and was killed. The design team went to Intel and there designed the Pentium processor, which is very similar to the NS32764 core internally. The big success of the Series 32000 was in the laser printer market, where the NS32CG16 with microcoded BitBlt instructions had very good price/performance and was adopted by large companies like Canon. By the mid-1980s, Sequent introduced the first SMP server-class computer using the NS 32032. This was one of the design's few wins, and it disappeared in the late 1980s. The MIPS R2000 (1984) and R3000 (1989) were highly successful 32-bit RISC microprocessors. They were used in high-end workstations and servers by SGI, among others. Other designs included the Zilog Z80000, which arrived too late to market to stand a chance and disappeared quickly.
The ARM first appeared in 1985. This is a RISC processor design, which has since come to dominate the 32-bit embedded systems processor space due in large part to its power efficiency, its licensing model, and its wide selection of system development tools. Semiconductor manufacturers generally license cores and integrate them into their own system on a chip products; only a few such vendors are licensed to modify the ARM cores. Most cell phones include an ARM processor, as do a wide variety of other products. There are microcontroller-oriented ARM cores without virtual memory support, as well as symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) applications processors with virtual memory.
From 1993 to 2003, the 32-bit x86 architectures became increasingly dominant in desktop, laptop, and server markets, and these microprocessors became faster and more capable. Intel had licensed early versions of the architecture to other companies, but declined to license the Pentium, so AMD and Cyrix built later versions of the architecture based on their own designs. During this span, these processors increased in complexity (transistor count) and capability (instructions/second) by at least three orders of magnitude. Intel's Pentium line is probably the most famous and recognizable 32-bit processor model, at least with the public at broad.
64-bit designs in personal computers
While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since the early 1990s (including the Nintendo 64 gaming console in 1996), the early 2000s saw the introduction of 64-bit microprocessors targeted at the PC market.
With AMD's introduction of a 64-bit architecture backwards-compatible with x86, x86-64 (also called AMD64), in September 2003, followed by Intel's near fully compatible 64-bit extensions (first called IA-32e or EM64T, later renamed Intel 64), the 64-bit desktop era began. Both versions can run 32-bit legacy applications without any performance penalty as well as new 64-bit software. With operating systems Windows XP x64, Windows Vista x64, Windows 7 x64, Linux, BSD, and macOS that run 64-bit natively, the software is also geared to fully utilize the capabilities of such processors. The move to 64 bits is more than just an increase in register size from the IA-32 as it also doubles the number of general-purpose registers.
The move to 64 bits by PowerPC had been intended since the architecture's design in the early 90s and was not a major cause of incompatibility. Existing integer registers are extended as are all related data pathways, but, as was the case with IA-32, both floating point and vector units had been operating at or above 64 bits for several years. Unlike what happened when IA-32 was extended to x86-64, no new general purpose registers were added in 64-bit PowerPC, so any performance gained when using the 64-bit mode for applications making no use of the larger address space is minimal.
In 2011, ARM introduced a new 64-bit ARM architecture.
RISC
In the mid-1980s to early 1990s, a crop of new high-performance reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors appeared, influenced by discrete RISC-like CPU designs such as the IBM 801 and others. RISC microprocessors were initially used in special-purpose machines and Unix workstations, but then gained wide acceptance in other roles.
The first commercial RISC microprocessor design was released in 1984, by MIPS Computer Systems, the 32-bit R2000 (the R1000 was not released). In 1986, HP released its first system with a PA-RISC CPU. In 1987, in the non-Unix Acorn computers' 32-bit, then cache-less, ARM2-based Acorn Archimedes became the first commercial success using the ARM architecture, then known as Acorn RISC Machine (ARM); first silicon ARM1 in 1985. The R3000 made the design truly practical, and the R4000 introduced the world's first commercially available 64-bit RISC microprocessor. Competing projects would result in the IBM POWER and Sun SPARC architectures. Soon every major vendor was releasing a RISC design, including the AT&T CRISP, AMD 29000, Intel i860 and Intel i960, Motorola 88000, DEC Alpha.
In the late 1990s, only two 64-bit RISC architectures were still produced in volume for non-embedded applications: SPARC and Power ISA, but as ARM has become increasingly powerful, in the early 2010s, it became the third RISC architecture in the general computing segment.
Multi-core designs
A different approach to improving a computer's performance is to add extra processors, as in symmetric multiprocessing designs, which have been popular in servers and workstations since the early 1990s. Keeping up with Moore's law is becoming increasingly challenging as chip-making technologies approach their physical limits. In response, microprocessor manufacturers look for other ways to improve performance so they can maintain the momentum of constant upgrades.
A multi-core processor is a single chip that contains more than one microprocessor core. Each core can simultaneously execute processor instructions in parallel. This effectively multiplies the processor's potential performance by the number of cores, if the software is designed to take advantage of more than one processor core. Some components, such as bus interface and cache, may be shared between cores. Because the cores are physically close to each other, they can communicate with each other much faster than separate (off-chip) processors in a multiprocessor system, which improves overall system performance.
In 2001, IBM introduced the first commercial multi-core processor, the monolithic two-core POWER4. Personal computers did not receive multi-core processors until the 2005 introduction, of the two-core Intel Pentium D. The Pentium D, however, was not a monolithic multi-core processor. It was constructed from two dies, each containing a core, packaged on a multi-chip module. The first monolithic multi-core processor in the personal computer market was the AMD Athlon X2, which was introduced a few weeks after the Pentium D. , dual- and quad-core processors are widely used in home PCs and laptops, while quad-, six-, eight-, ten-, twelve-, and sixteen-core processors are common in the professional and enterprise markets with workstations and servers.
Sun Microsystems has released the Niagara and Niagara 2 chips, both of which feature an eight-core design. The Niagara 2 supports more threads and operates at 1.6 GHz.
High-end Intel Xeon processors that are on the LGA 775, LGA 1366, and LGA 2011 sockets and high-end AMD Opteron processors that are on the C32 and G34 sockets are DP (dual processor) capable, as well as the older Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9775 also used in an older Mac Pro by Apple and the Intel Skulltrail motherboard. AMD's G34 motherboards can support up to four CPUs and Intel's LGA 1567 motherboards can support up to eight CPUs.
Modern desktop computers support systems with multiple CPUs, but few applications outside of the professional market can make good use of more than four cores. Both Intel and AMD currently offer fast quad, hex and octa-core desktop CPUs, making multi-CPU systems obsolete for many purposes.
The desktop market has been in a transition towards quad-core CPUs since Intel's Core 2 Quad was released and are now common, although dual-core CPUs are still more prevalent. Older or mobile computers are less likely to have more than two cores than newer desktops. Not all software is optimised for multi-core CPUs, making fewer, more powerful cores preferable.
AMD offers CPUs with more cores for a given amount of money than similarly priced Intel CPUs—but the AMD cores are somewhat slower, so the two trade blows in different applications depending on how well-threaded the programs running are. For example, Intel's cheapest Sandy Bridge quad-core CPUs often cost almost twice as much as AMD's cheapest Athlon II, Phenom II, and FX quad-core CPUs but Intel has dual-core CPUs in the same price ranges as AMD's cheaper quad-core CPUs. In an application that uses one or two threads, the Intel dual-core CPUs outperform AMD's similarly priced quad-core CPUs—and if a program supports three or four threads the cheap AMD quad-core CPUs outperform the similarly priced Intel dual-core CPUs.
Historically, AMD and Intel have switched places as the company with the fastest CPU several times. Intel currently leads on the desktop side of the computer CPU market, with their Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge series. In servers, AMD's new Opterons seem to have superior performance for their price point. This means that AMD are currently more competitive in low- to mid-end servers and workstations that more effectively use fewer cores and threads.
Taken to the extreme, this trend also includes manycore designs, with hundreds of cores, with qualitatively different architectures.
Market statistics
In 1997, about 55% of all CPUs sold in the world were 8-bit microcontrollers, of which over 2 billion were sold.
In 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the world were 32-bit or more. Of all the 32-bit CPUs sold, about 2% are used in desktop or laptop personal computers. Most microprocessors are used in embedded control applications such as household appliances, automobiles, and computer peripherals. Taken as a whole, the average price for a microprocessor, microcontroller, or DSP is just over .
In 2003, about $44 billion (equivalent to about $ billion in ) worth of microprocessors were manufactured and sold. Although about half of that money was spent on CPUs used in desktop or laptop personal computers, those count for only about 2% of all CPUs sold. The quality-adjusted price of laptop microprocessors improved −25% to −35% per year in 2004–2010, and the rate of improvement slowed to −15% to −25% per year in 2010–2013.
About 10 billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008. Most new CPUs produced each year are embedded.
See also
Comparison of CPU architectures
Computer architecture
Computer engineering
List of instruction sets
List of microprocessors
Microarchitecture
Microprocessor chronology
Notes
References
External links
Patent problems
Category:American inventions
Category:Japanese inventions
Category:Digital electronics
Category:History of computing hardware
Category:Microcomputers
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} |
Henderson fruit dove
The Henderson fruit dove (Ptilinopus insularis), also known as scarlet-capped fruit dove, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to Henderson Island in the South Pacific Pitcairn Island group.
Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland scrub forest, which it formerly shared with three other endemic species of pigeon, now extinct.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet.
Henderson fruit dove
Category:Birds of Henderson Island
Henderson fruit dove
Henderson fruit dove
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Old Oak Blues
The Old Oak Blues (Srce nije u modi) is a Croatian film directed by Branko Schmidt and written by Goran Tribuson. It was released in 2000.
External links
Category:2000 films
Category:Croatian comedy films
Category:Croatian-language films
Category:Films directed by Branko Schmidt
Category:Croatian films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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