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Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa Kartikeya Temple in Pehowa township of the North Indian state of Haryana is an ancient structure dating back to the 5th century B.C. Kartikeya is a popular Hindu deity in India and is worshiped across the length and breadth of the country. Like most Hindu deities, He is known by many other names, including , , , Arumugam or Shanmukha (meaning 'one with six faces'), (meaning 'child or son'), , (meaning 'that which is spilled or oozed, namely seed' in Sanskrit). The Kushanas, who governed from what is today Peshawar, and the Yaudheyas, a republican clan in the Punjab, stuck coins bearing the image of Skanda. The deity was venerated also by the Ikshvakus, an Andhra dynasty, and the Guptas. Legend The Skanda Purana narrates that Shiva first wed Sati, the granddaughter of Brahma, and the daughter of Daksha. Daksha never liked Shiva, who symbolizing destruction and detachment, begs for food, dances in a graveyard smeared with ashes, and has no possessions, not even good clothes for himself. Daksha publicly insulted Shiva in a Yagna ceremony, and Sati immolated Herself in anger over this treatment of Her husband. The Yagna was destroyed by the ganas of Shiva led by Virabhadra. Shiva was an ascetic and his earlier marriage was conducted with great difficulty; his remarriage was out of the question. Hence Taraka believed that his boon of being killed by Shiva's son alone would give him invincibility. The Devas manage to get Shiva remarried to Parvati by having Kama, the God of love awaken him from his penance, incurring his wrath in the process. Shiva hands over his effulgence of the third eye used to destroy Kama to Agni, as he alone is capable of handling it until it becomes the desired offspring. But even Agni, tortured by its heat, hands it over to Ganga who in turn deposits it in a lake in a forest of reeds (shara). The child is finally born in this forest (vana) with six faces - eesanam, sathpurusham, vamadevam, agoram, sathyojatham and adhomugam. He is first spotted and cared for by six women representing the Pleiades - Kritika in Sanskrit. He thus gets named Karttikeya. As a young lad, he destroyed Taraka. He is also known as Kumara (Sanskrit for youth). Location of the temple This famous temple is situated in the center of Pehowa in Kurukshetra district of Haryana. Pehowa is at a distance of 200 kilometers from Delhi and 60 kilometers from Karnal. It is also very close to the state of Punjab as it lies on the border of the two states, Haryana and Punjab. Rules Women are strictly forbidden in this temple which celebrates the brahmachari form of Lord Kartikeya. The devotees observe very strict rules during the months of Chaturmas (the months from Ashadha through Kartik). It is said that a true devotee of this shrine never loses any battles in his life. References Category:Hindu temples in Haryana Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India Category:Karttikeya temples Category:Kurukshetra Category:Murugan temples	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
December 2008 Northeastern United States ice storm The December 2008 Northeastern United States ice storm was a damaging ice storm that took out power for millions of people in those regions. The storm was deemed the worst ice storm in a decade for New England and the most severe ice storm in 21 years for Upstate New York. Damage was primarily a result of fallen trees and fallen utility wires and poles, which were coated in a heavy layer of ice. The storm raised heavy controversy over the slow return of power, as at the storm's peak as many as 1.7 million customers were without power. Days after the storm more than 800,000 customers were still without power. Almost a week after the storm still more than 100,000 customers were without power, affecting the holiday shopping season and crippling the business and transportation of many northeast cities for days. Response The storm resulted in a state of emergency being declared by Governor David Paterson in sixteen counties in New York. Up to 300,000 utility customers lost service in New York's Capital District. By Sunday evening, 14 December, 126,000 were still estimated to be without power. Fire departments in Albany and Rensselaer County ran non-stop all weekend answering calls ranging from fires to wires down. It is estimated that both counties received tens of thousands of calls by the Saturday after the storm. In Massachusetts up to one million residents and businesses lost power due to the storm, causing Governor Deval Patrick to declare a state of emergency and mobilize at least 500 national guardsmen to help the clean-up efforts. Governors John Lynch of New Hampshire and John Baldacci of Maine also declared a state of emergency, and as of 13 December at least 400,000 customers were without power in New Hampshire, and at least 172,000 were without power in Maine. This total in New Hampshire was more than five times larger than those who lost power in the ice storm of 1998, previously the most devastating storm on record. It has also been reported that over 30,000 customers were without power in Vermont and up to 3,700 were without power in Connecticut. The American Red Cross of Northeastern New York opened multiple shelters around the Capital District to give residents a warm place to stay and eat. Fatalities At least four deaths were attributed to the storm. Three of them were due to carbon monoxide poisoning, the source of which were gas-powered generators that were used indoors. One carbon-monoxide-related death was in New Hampshire, and the other two were in New York. The fourth fatality occurred in Massachusetts. A public works employee was found in a reservoir after having gone missing when investigating damage to trees. Aftermath Hotels, hardware stores, malls, and restaurants that either had power or a generator saw a boom in business during the entire weekend as many residents went out to finish up holiday shopping, eat, and stay warm. Most schools closed on Friday, 12 December, and some colleges ended the semester early due to the severity of the storm. Fourteen days after the storm hit, several thousand homes throughout New Hampshire were still without power, which in some cases resulted in threats being made against workers of Public Service Company of New Hampshire (a subsidiary of Northeast Utilities), the principal electricity supplier of New Hampshire. Similarly, there were many people in Massachusetts without power for up to two weeks, raising many questions about the slow response of some utility companies. Several weeks after the New England storm, a similar ice storm struck the Midwestern United States, knocking out power to a million people and leading to at least 38 deaths. Media and coverage The storm and its aftermath were covered extensively by local newspapers such as The Keene Sentinel and the Monadnock Ledger-Transcript in New Hampshire. Books detailing the storm's toll include The Weight of the Ice by David Eisenstadter, Black Ice compiled from various New Hampshire authors, and Ice by the staff of The Keene Sentinel. Gallery See also Global storm activity of 2008 January 2009 North American ice storm Freezing rain References 2008 10 Category:2008 meteorology Category:Natural disasters in New York (state) Category:Natural disasters in New Hampshire Category:December 2008 events in the United States Category:2008 in New Hampshire Category:2008 in New York (state) Category:2008 natural disasters in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Institute of Directors (India) The Institute of Directors (India) was established on 13 July 1990 as an apex association of directors to improve their professional competence. In 1991, the Institute of Directors established the Golden Peacock Awards for the recognition of "corporate excellence" References External links Golden Peacock Awards (homepage) Institute of Directors (homepage) Category:Business organisations based in India Category:Institute of Directors Category:Corporate governance in India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edmund Hammond, 1st Baron Hammond Edmund Hammond, 1st Baron Hammond (25 June 1802 – 29 April 1890), was a British diplomat and civil servant. He was Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1854 to 1873. Background Hammond was the third son and youngest child of George Hammond, a diplomat and civil servant, and Margaret, daughter of Andrew Allen. Political career Hammond entered the Civil Service in 1823. He served as Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1854 to 1873, a post previously held by his father. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 and elevated to the peerage as Baron Hammond, of Kirkella in the Town and County of the Town of Kingston-upon-Hull, in 1874. He was a regular contributor in the House of Lords between 1875 and 1880. Family Lord Hammond married Mary Frances, daughter of Major-General Lord Robert Kerr, in 1846. They had three daughters. Lady Hammond died in London on 14 June 1888, aged 72. Lord Hammond survived her by two years and died in April 1890, aged 87. The barony died with him as he had no sons. There is a marble bust of Lord Hammond by Henry Weekes at the Foreign Office, London. Lord Hammond and his wife are buried at St John the Baptist's Church, Old Malden. Arms References External links Category:1802 births Category:1890 deaths Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aaron Fogel Aaron Moses Fogel (born 1947 New York City) is an American poet. Life He was raised in New York City. He graduated from Columbia University, Cambridge University, and Columbia University, with a Ph.D. Fogel has been on the faculty at Boston University since 1978. His work has appeared in AGNI, American Poet, Boulevard, Matrix, No, Pequod, The Stud Duck. Awards 2001 Kahn Award for 'The Printer's Error 1987-88 Guggenheim Fellow 1967-69 Kellett Fellowship Works "People", poets.org "Shore Container", poets.org "The Goat", poets.org "The Man Who Never Heard of Frank Sinatra", poets.org "The Riddle of Flat Circles [excerpt]", poets.org "Cobblestones", Octopus Criticism Anthologies Reviews A couple of years ago--would it have been 1995 or ‘96?--carelessly flipping through The Best American Poetry, 1995 (an anthology that, to its editor, Richard Howard’s credit, was full of poets a lot of people hadn’t heard of) I was stopped dead in my tracks by a truly wondrous poem: "The Printer’s Error" by Aaron Fogel. It was deceptively simple, direct, moving and thoroughly astounding, full of political, religious and cultural truth. Who (I asked myself and everyone else who might conceivably know) was this Aaron Fogel? References Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American male poets Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni Category:Boston University faculty Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge Category:20th-century American poets Category:20th-century American male writers Category:Guggenheim Fellows	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thomas Hushek Thomas J. Hushek (born 1963) is an American diplomat and the United States Ambassador to South Sudan. Education Hushek received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin and a Master of International Affairs in Human Rights and Soviet Studies from Columbia University. Career Mr. Hushek is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service. He has been working for the State Department since 1988. He has served at multiple capacities including being the Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Mission to the International Organizations in Vienna, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations and has worked in U.S. embassies in Micronesia, Russia and Tajikistan. United States Ambassador to South Sudan On August 3, 2017, Hushek was nominated as the United States Ambassador to South Sudan. On April 26, 2018, the Senate confirmed his nomination by voice vote. See also List of ambassadors of the United States United States Ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump Embassy of the United States, Juba References Category:Living people Category:Ambassadors of the United States to South Sudan Category:United States Foreign Service personnel Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Category:1963 births Category:21st-century American diplomats	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Award of Merit The Award of Merit, or AM, is a mark of quality awarded to plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The award was instituted in 1888, and given on the recommendation of Plant Committees to plants deemed "of great merit for exhibition" i.e. for show, not garden, plants. A higher exhibition award is the First Class Certificate (FCC) given to plants "of outstanding excellence for exhibition". The Award of Merit should not be confused with the Award of Garden Merit (AGM), given to plants of "outstanding excellence for garden decoration or use", i.e. to garden, greenhouse or house plants. References RHS Plant Finder 2005-2006, Dorling Kindersley (2005) Category:Royal Horticultural Society Category:Gardening in the United Kingdom Category:Plant awards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1976 Olympia bombing The 1976 Olympia bombing was a bomb attack on 27 March 1976 carried out by the Provisional IRA at the Olympia exhibition centre in west London. A 2 lb bomb exploded in a litter bin at the top of an escalator inside the centre, which at the time was crowded with 20,000 people attending the Daily Mail's Ideal Home Exhibition. 85 people were injured and 4 people lost limbs. One casualty, 79-year-old Rachel Hyams, died from her injuries 21 days later. Police said they received no coded warning from the IRA, but the Sunday Mirror in Manchester said it received a call from the Provisional IRA's “Irish Brigade” claiming responsibility. Due to the outrage caused, the IRA temporarily halted its bombing campaign in Britain. See also Cannon Street train bombing West Ham station attack Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign 1969–1997 References Category:1976 in London Category:1976 murders in the United Kingdom Category:20th century in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Category:Explosions in 1976 Category:March 1976 crimes Category:March 1976 events in the United Kingdom Category:Olympia, London Category:Provisional IRA bombings in London Category:Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1976	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cosmic Calendar The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its current age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science. In this visualization, the Big Bang took place at the beginning of January 1 at midnight, and the current moment maps onto the end of December 31 just before midnight. At this scale, there are 437.5 years per second, 1.575 million years per hour, and 37.8 million years per day. The concept was popularized by Carl Sagan in his book The Dragons of Eden (1977) and on his television series Cosmos. Sagan goes on to extend the comparison in terms of surface area, explaining that if the Cosmic Calendar is scaled to the size of a football field, then "all of human history would occupy an area the size of [his] hand". The Cosmic Year The Cosmic Calendar shows the time-scale relationship of the universe and all events on Earth as plotted along a single 12-month, 365-day, year. On this scale, one second corresponds to 438 years; a minute is about 26,000 years; an hour is 1.6 million years; and a day is 38 million years. Cosmology Date in year calculated from formula T(days) = 365 days * 0.100/13.797 ( 1- T_Gya/13.797 ) Evolution of life on Earth Human evolution History begins The current second Future Future of the Earth and Solar System ("Year 2") Future of the Universe ("Year 3" and beyond) See also References External links More information on the image used for this article. The Cosmic Calendar in a Google Calendar format The Cosmic Calendar relayed in real time. Category:Units of time Calendar Category:Time in astronomy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Samsung Galaxy A3 Samsung Galaxy A3 refers to three Samsung Galaxy Android smart phones released in the 2010s. These are: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015); Android smartphone unveiled in October 2014, released in December 2014. Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016); Android smartphone released in December 2015. Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017); Android smartphone released in January 2017.	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Notonecta indica Notonecta indica is a species of backswimmer in the family Notonectidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, Oceania, and South America. References Category:Notonecta Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 1771 Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (U of I, Illinois, UIllinois, or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867. The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, which denotes the highest research activity. In fiscal year 2017, research expenditures at Illinois totaled $642 million. The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus. The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study. The university holds 651 buildings on and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations, including Abbott, AbbVie, Caterpillar, Capital One, Dow, State Farm, and Yahoo, among others. , 30 Nobel laureates, 2 Turing Award winners, and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. History Illinois Industrial University The University of Illinois, originally named "Illinois Industrial University", was one of the 37 universities created under the first Morrill Land-Grant Act, which provided public land for the creation of agricultural and industrial colleges and universities across the United States. Among several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school. From the beginning, President John Milton Gregory's desire to establish an institution firmly grounded in the liberal arts tradition was at odds with many state residents and lawmakers who wanted the university to offer classes based solely around "industrial education". The university opened for classes on March 2, 1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. The Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the board of trustees in 1912, proposed to create a research library. It is now one of the world's largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a model farmhouse for the school's experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus. The original University Hall (1871) was the fourth building built; it stood where the Illini Union stands today. University of Illinois In 1885, the Illinois Industrial University officially changed its name to the "University of Illinois", reflecting its agricultural, mechanical, and liberal arts curriculum. During his presidency, Edmund J. James (1904–1920) is credited for building the foundation for the large Chinese international student population on campus. James established ties with China through the Chinese Minister to the United States Wu Ting-Fang. In addition, during James's presidency, class rivalries and Bob Zuppke's winning football teams contributed to campus morale. Alma Mater, a prominent statue on campus created by alumnus Lorado Taft, was unveiled on June 11, 1929. It was established from donations by the Alumni Fund and the classes of 1923–1929. Like many universities, the economic depression slowed construction and expansion on the campus. The university replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth. The enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was also marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific and technological research. During the 1950s and 1960s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses. Among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign By 1967 the University of Illinois system consisted of a main campus in Champaign-Urbana and two Chicago campuses, Chicago Circle (UICC) and Medical Center (UIMC), and people began using "Urbana–Champaign" or the reverse to refer to the main campus specifically. The university name officially changed to the "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign" around 1982. While this was a reversal of the commonly used designation for the metropolitan area, "Champaign-Urbana," most of the campus is located in Urbana. The name change established a separate identity for the main campus within the University of Illinois system, which today includes campuses in Springfield (UIS) and Chicago (UIC) (formed by the merger of UICC and UIMC). In 1998, the Hallene Gateway Plaza was dedicated. The Plaza features the original sandstone portal of University Hall, which was originally the fourth building on campus. In recent years, state support has declined from 4.5% of the state's tax appropriations in 1980 to 2.28% in 2011, a nearly 50% decline. As a result, the university's budget has shifted away from relying on state support with nearly 84% of the budget now coming from other sources. On March 12, 2015, the Board of Trustees approved the creation of a medical school, being the first college created at Urbana–Champaign in over 60 years. The Carle-Illinois College of Medicine began classes in 2018. Campus The main research and academic facilities are divided almost evenly between the twin cities of Urbana and Champaign, which form part of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area. The College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences' research fields stretch south from Urbana and Champaign into Savoy and Champaign County. The university maintains formal gardens and a conference center in nearby Monticello at Allerton Park. Four main quads compose the center of the university and are arranged from north to south. The Beckman Quadrangle and the John Bardeen Quadrangle occupy the center of the Engineering Campus. Boneyard Creek flows through the John Bardeen Quadrangle, paralleling Green Street. The Beckman Quadrangle, named after Arnold Orville Beckman, is primarily composed of research units and laboratories, and features a large solar calendar consisting of an obelisk and several copper fountains. The Main Quadrangle and South Quadrangle follow immediately after the John Bardeen Quad. The former makes up a large part of the Liberal Arts and Sciences portion of the campus, while the latter comprises many of the buildings of the College of ACES spread across the campus map. The campus is known for its landscape and architecture, as well as distinctive landmarks. It was identified as one of 50 college or university "works of art" by T.A. Gaines in his book The Campus as a Work of Art. The campus also has a number of buildings and sites on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places including Harker Hall, Astronomical Observatory, Louise Freer Hall, the Main Library, the Experimental Dairy Farm Historic District, and the Morrow Plots. The University of Illinois Willard Airport is one of the few airports owned by an educational institution. Sustainability In October 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave the campus a grade of B for sustainability in its 2011 College Sustainability Report Card. Strengths noted in the report included the campus's adoption of LEED gold standards for all new construction and major renovations and its public accessibility to endowment investment information. The university makes a list of endowment holdings and its shareholder voting record available to the public. The weaknesses are areas such as student involvement and investment priorities. The Student Sustainability Committee is empowered to allocate funding from a clean energy technology fee and a sustainable campus environment fee, while the university aims to optimize investment return but has not made any public statements about investigating or investing in renewable energy funds or community development loan funds. However, the biggest weakness of the university's sustainability is its shareholder engagement, as the university has not made any public statements about active ownership or a proxy voting policy. Currently, the University of Illinois has 11 LEED certified buildings. Three of these are platinum certified (Business Instructional Facility, Lincoln Hall, and Bousfield Hall). Three are gold (National Petascale Computing Facility, Nugent Hall, Wassaja Hall). The rest are silver (Ikenberry Dining Hall, Evers Laboratory, Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, Illinois Fire Service Institute, and Huff Hall). In his remarks on the creation of the Office of Sustainability in September 2008, Chancellor Richard Herman stated, "I want this institution to be the leader in sustainability." In February 2008, he signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment, committing the University of Illinois to take steps "in pursuit of climate neutrality." Sexual harassment and 2018 lawsuit In September 2018, a lawsuit was filed against the former head of the East Asian Language and Culture Department at the university, alleging "a reign of terror that includes accusations of preying on young Chinese women and sexually assaulting students." Former students and another professor are suing Gary Xu, who worked at the university from 2006 until 2018, when he was “allowed to resign.” The lawsuit claims Xu specifically targeted female Chinese students, who often depended on the university for their visa status. He allegedly raped and beat one of his students repeatedly. The lawsuit states that after the university prepared a report on Xu's violent abuse of students, he was allowed to remain on the faculty as a professor at full pay for two years, and then the university gave him a $10,000 departure bonus when he resigned. An investigation by ProPublica and National Public Radio (NPR Illinois) in August 2019 revealed numerous instances of "allegations of harassment and sexual misconduct" against professors and an administrator at the university, none of which were publicly reported. Several are still employed or affiliated with the university. Academics The university offers more than 150 undergraduate and 100 graduate and professional programs in over 15 academic units, among several online specializations such as Digital Marketing and an online MBA program launched in January 2016. In 2015, the university announced its expansion to include an engineering-based medical program, which would be the first new college created in Urbana–Champaign in over 60 years. The university also offers Undergraduate students the opportunity for graduation honors. University Honors is an academic distinction awarded to the highest achieving students. To earn the distinction, students must have a cumulative grade point average of a 3.5/4.0 within the academic year of their graduation and rank within the top 3% of their graduating class. Their names are inscribed on a Bronze Tablet that hangs in the Main Library. Several scholar opportunities include "James Scholars" where undergraduate students invited to pursue a specialized course of study for no less than two years of their undergraduate course work, "Chancellor's Scholars" where undergraduate students are invited to participate in the Campus Honors Program (only 125 members admitted per year), and "Senior 100 Honorary", which recognizes graduates for achievements in leadership, academics and campus involvement throughout their undergraduate education. The Leadership Certificate is a multi-semester structured program which aims to develop students' leadership skills through different kinds of curricula and programs. Admissions Admission to UIUC is rated as "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report. Admissions differ between the different colleges/schools in the university. The School of Social Work has the lowest ranges with the middle 50% range of the ACT at 24–27, and the middle 50% range of the SAT is 1150–1350 (out of 1600; for critical reading and math only). The middle 50% high school class rank is 74–90%. The schools start to make a more significant increase with the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. The middle 50% range for the ACT is 27–32, the SAT (no writing) is 1320–1450, and the high school class rank is 85–97%. The middle 50% range for the ACT and SAT (no writing) for the Gies College of Business are 28–32, 1320–1440 and the high school class rank is 88–97%. The most selective college is the College of Engineering. The middle 50% range for the ACT is 31–34, the SAT (no writing) is 1400–1520, and the high school class rank is 92–99%. For the freshmen who were admitted for the 2018 school year, the middle 50% range of the ACT composite was 27–33. The middle 50% range for the SAT was 1270-1480. Distance learning In addition to the university's Illinois Online platform, in 2015 the university entered into a partnership with the Silicon Valley educational technology company Coursera to offer a series of master's degrees and specialization courses, currently including more than 70 joint learning classes. In August 2015, the Master of Business Administration program was launched through the platform. On March 31, 2016, Coursera announced the launch of the Master of Computer Science in Data Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. At the time, the university's computer-science graduate program was ranked fifth in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. On March 29, 2017, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign launched their Master's in Accounting (iMSA) program, now called the Master of Science in Accountancy (iMSA) program. The iMSA program is led through live sessions, headed by UIUC faculty. Similar to the university's on-campus admission policies, the online master's degrees offered by The University of Illinois through Coursera also have strict admission requirements. All applicants must hold a bachelor's degree, and have earned a 3.0 GPA or higher in the last two years of study. Additionally, all applicants must prove their proficiency in English. Rankings In the 2020 U.S. News & World Report (USNWR) "America's Best Colleges" report, UIUC's undergraduate program was ranked tied for 48th among national universities and tied for 14th among public universities, with its undergraduate engineering program ranked tied for 6th in the U.S. among schools whose highest degree is a doctorate. The graduate program had 24 programs ranked within the top 25 nationwide by USNWR, including 8 within the top five. U.S. News & World Reports 2020 graduate school rankings include the School of Information Sciences at 1st in the nation, with six programs ranked within the top ten; the Gies College of Business tied for 47th nationally, with the accounting program at number 2; the College of Engineering ranked 10th at the graduate level, with 9 programs ranked within the top ten; the College of Education was ranked tied for 50th overall, with 2 programs ranked in the top ten; and the School of Law was ranked tied for 39th. Washington Monthly ranked UIUC 17th among national universities in the U.S. for 2019, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. Kiplinger's Personal Finance rated Illinois 12th in its 2019 list of 174 Best Values in Public Colleges, which "measures academic quality, cost and financial aid." The Graduate Program in Urban Planning at the College of Fine and Applied Arts was ranked 3rd nationally by Planetizen in 2015. The university was also listed as a "Public Ivy" in The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities (2001) by Howard and Matthew Greene. The Princeton Review ranked Illinois 1st in its 2016 list of top party schools. Internationally, UIUC engineering was ranked 13th in the world in 2016 by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and the university 38th in 2019; the university was also ranked 48th globally by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in 2020 and 75th in the world by the QS World University Rankings for 2020. The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) has ranked University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign as the 20th best university in the world for 2019-20. UIUC is also ranked 32nd in the world in Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings for 2018. Nature Index ranks UIUC 33rd among top Academic institutions in the world. Research The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is often regarded as a world-leading magnet for engineering and sciences (both applied and basic). Having been classified into the category comprehensive doctoral with medical/veterinary and very high research activity, by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Illinois offers a wide range of disciplines in undergraduate and postgraduate programs. It is also listed as one of the Top 25 American Research Universities by The Center for Measuring University Performance. Beside annual influx of grants and sponsored projects, the university manages an extensive modern research infrastructure. The university has been a leader in computer based education and hosted the PLATO project, which was a precursor to the internet and resulted in the development of the plasma display. Illinois was a 2nd-generation ARPAnet site in 1971 and was the first institution to license the UNIX operating system from Bell Labs. Research Park Located in the southwest part of campus, Research Park opened its first building in 2001 and has grown to encompass 13 buildings. Ninety companies have established roots in research park, employing over 1,400 people. Tenants of the Research Park facilities include prominent Fortune 500 companies Capital One, John Deere, State Farm, Caterpillar, and Yahoo, Inc. Companies also employ about 400 total student interns at any given time throughout the year. The complex is also a center for entrepreneurs, and has over 50 startup companies stationed at its EnterpriseWorks Incubator facility. In 2011, Urbana, Illinois was named number 11 on Popular Mechanics' "14 Best Startup Cities in America" list, in a large part due to the contributions of Research Park's programs. The park has gained recognition from other notable publications, such as inc.com and Forbes magazine. For the 2011 fiscal year, Research Park produced an economic output of $169.5M for the state of Illinois. National Center for Supercomputing Applications The university hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), which created Mosaic, the first graphical Web browser, the foundation upon which the former Netscape was based on and Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Internet Explorer are based, the Apache HTTP server, and NCSA Telnet. The Parallel@Illinois program hosts several programs in parallel computing, including the Universal Parallel Computing Research Center. The university contracted with Cray to build the National Science Foundation-funded supercomputer Blue Waters The system also has the largest public online storage system in the world with more than 25 petabytes of usable space. The university celebrated January 12, 1997 as the "birthday" of HAL 9000, the fictional supercomputer from the novel and film 2001: A Space Odyssey; in both works, HAL credits "Urbana, Illinois" as his place of operational origin. Prairie Research Institute The Prairie Research Institute is located on campus and is the home of the Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, and the Illinois State Archeological Survey. Researchers at the Prairie Research Institute are engaged in research in agriculture and forestry, biodiversity and ecosystem health, atmospheric resources, climate and associated natural hazards, cultural resources and history of human settlements, disease and public health, emerging pests, fisheries and wildlife, energy and industrial technology, mineral resources, pollution prevention and mitigation, and water resources. The Illinois Natural History Survey collections include crustaceans, reptiles and amphibians, birds, mammals, algae, fungi, and vascular plants, with the insect collection is among the largest in North America. The Illinois State Geological Survey houses the legislatively mandated Illinois Geological Samples Library, a repository for drill-hole samples in Illinois, as well as paleontological collections. ISAS serves as a repository for a large collection of Illinois archaeological artifacts. One of the major collections is from the Cahokia Mounds. Accolades In Bill Gates' February 24, 2004 talk as part of his Five Campus Tour (Harvard, MIT, Cornell, Carnegie-Mellon and Illinois) titled "Software Breakthroughs: Solving the Toughest Problems in Computer Science," he mentioned that Microsoft hires more graduates from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign than from any other university in the world. Alumnus William M. Holt, a Senior Vice-President of Intel, also mentioned in a campus talk on September 27, 2007, entitled "R&D to Deliver Practical Results: Extending Moore's Law" that Intel hires more PhD graduates from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign than from any other university in the country. In 2007, the university-hosted research Institute for Condensed Matter Theory (ICMT) was launched, with the director Paul Goldbart and the chief scientist Anthony Leggett. ICMT is currently located at the Engineering Science Building on campus. The University Professional and Continuing Education Association (UPCEA), which recognizes excellence in both individual and institutional achievements, has awarded two awards to U of I. Entrepreneurship Through different departments, programs, and registered student organizations, the University of Illinois encourages students to become entrepreneurs through competitions, mentoring, and advising. Technology Entrepreneur Center The Technology Entrepreneur Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign is a permanent center established to provide students with resources for their entrepreneurial ideas. The center offers classes, venture and product competitions, and workshops to introduce students to technology innovation and market adoption. Events and programs hosted by the TEC include the Cozad New Venture Challenge, Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship Workshop, Illinois I-Corps, and SocialFuse. The campus-wide Cozad New Venture Challenge has been held annually since 2000. Participants are mentored in the phases of venture creation and attend workshops on idea validation, pitching skills, and customer development. In 2019, teams competed for $250,000 in funding. The Silicon Valley Workshop is a week-long workshop, occurring annually in January. Students visit startups and technology companies in the Silicon Valley and network entrepreneurial alumni from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Students are exposed to technology entrepreneurship, innovation, and leadership. The trip features corporate leaders, venture capitalists, and entrepreneurs in various stages of a startup lifecycle. Illinois I-Corps teaches National Science Foundation grantees how to learn to identify valuable product opportunities that can emerge from academic research, and gain skills in entrepreneurship through training in customer discovery and guidance from established entrepreneurs. The program is a collaboration between the Technology Entrepreneur Center and EnterpriseWorks, with participation from the Office of Technology Management and IllinoisVentures. The program consists of 3 workshops over 6 weeks, where teams work to validate the market size, value propositions, and customer segments of their innovations. SocialFuse is a recurring pitching and networking event where students can pitch ideas, find teammates, and network. Discoveries and innovation Natural sciences BCS theory – John Bardeen, in collaboration with Leon Cooper and his doctoral student John Robert Schrieffer, proposed the standard theory of superconductivity known as the BCS theory (named for their initials). They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 for their discovery. Sweet corn – John Laughnan produced corn with higher than normal levels of sugar while he was a professor at the university. Computer & applied sciences ILLIAC I – (Illinois Automatic Computer''), a pioneering computer built in 1952 by the University of Illinois, was the first computer built and owned entirely by a US educational institution. Lejaren Hiller, in collaboration with Leonard Issacson, programmed the ILLIAC I computer at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (where both composers were professors) to generate compositional material for his String Quartet No. 4. ILLIAC Suite – is a 1957 composition for string quartet which is generally agreed to be the first score composed by an electronic computer. LLVM – compiler infrastructure project (formerly Low Level Virtual Machine). Vikram Adve (professor) and Chris Lattner started development as a research assistant and M.Sc. student. Mosaic (web browser) – The first successful consumer web browser was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign released in 1993. PLATO – (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching O'''perations) was the first generalized computer assisted instruction system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the University of Illinois' ILLIAC I computer. By the late 1970s, it supported several thousand graphics terminals distributed worldwide, running on nearly a dozen different networked mainframe computers. Many modern concepts in multi-user computing were developed on PLATO, including forums, message boards, online testing, e-mail, chat rooms, picture languages, instant messaging, remote screen sharing, and multiplayer video games. Touchscreens & Plasma displays – developed by Donald Bitzer in the 1960s. Talkomatic – (http://talko.cc/) is an online chat system that facilitates real-time text communication among a small group of people. created by Doug Brown and David R. Woolley in 1973 on the PLATO System. Synchronized Sound-on-film – Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner publicly demonstrated for the first time a motion picture with a soundtrack optically recorded directly onto the film June 9, 1922. Companies & entrepreneurship UIUC alumni and faculty have founded numerous companies and organizations, some of which are shown below. Andreessen Horowitz, 2009, co-founder Marc Andreessen (B.S.) Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), 1969, co-founder Jerry Sanders (B.S). Arizona Diamondbacks, 1995, founder, Jerry Colangelo (B.A.) Beckman Coulter, 1935, founder Arnold Orville Beckman (B.S, M.S). BET, 1980, co-founder Robert L. Johnson (B.A.) Chicago Bears, 1920, founder George Halas Girls Who Code, 2012, founder Reshma Saujani (B.A.) Harlem Globetrotters, 1926, founder Abe Saperstein National Football League, 1920, co-founder George Halas Netscape, 1994, co-founder Marc Andreessen (B.S). Oracle, 1977, co-founders Larry Ellison (dropout) and Bob Miner (B.S). PayPal (Confinity), 1998, co-founders Luke Nosek (B.S) and Max Levchin (B.S). Playboy Enterprises, 1953, founder Hugh Hefner (B.A). Siebel Systems, 1993, co-founder Thomas Siebel (B.A, M.S, M.B.A). Tesla, 2003, co-founder Martin Eberhard (B.S,. M.S). W. W. Grainger, 1927, founder William Wallace Grainger (B.S.) Yelp, 2004, founders Jeremy Stoppelman (B.S) and Russel Simmons (B.S). YouTube, 2005, co-founders Steve Chen (B.S) and Jawed Karim (B.S). Student life Enrollment As of spring 2018, the university had 45,813 students. , over 10,000 students were international students, and of them 5,295 were Mainland Chinese. The university also recruits students from over 100 countries among its 32,878 undergraduate students and 10,245 graduate and professional students. The gender breakdown is 55% men, 45% women. UIUC in 2014 enrolled 4,898 students from China, more than any other American university. They comprise the largest group of international students on the campus, followed by South Korea (1,268 in fall 2014) and India (1,167). Graduate enrollment of Chinese students at UIUC has grown from 649 in 2000 to 1,973 in 2014. Student organizations The university has over 1,000 active registered student organizations, showcased at the start of each academic year during Illinois's "Quad Day." Registration and support is provided by the Student Programs & Activities Office, an administrative arm established in pursuit of the larger social, intellectual, and educative goals of the Illini Student Union. The Office's mission is to "enhance ... classroom education," "meet the needs and desires of the campus community," and "prepare students to be contributing and humane citizens." Beyond student organizations, The Daily Illini is a student-run newspaper that has been published for the community of since 1871. The paper is published by Illini Media Company, a not-for-profit which also prints other publications, and operates WPGU 107.1 FM, a student-run commercial radio station. The Varsity Men's Glee Club is an all-male choir at the University of Illinois that was founded in 1886. The Varsity Men's Glee Club is one of the oldest glee clubs in the United States as well as the oldest registered student organisation at the University of Illinois. As of 2018, the University also has the largest chapter of Alpha Phi Omega with over 340 active members. Greek life There are 59 fraternities and 38 sororities on campus. Of the approximately 30,366 undergraduates, 3,463 are members of sororities and 3,674 are members of fraternities. The Greek system at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign has a system of self-government. While staff advisors and directors manage certain aspects of the Greek community, most of the day-to-day operations of the Greek community are governed by the Interfraternity Council and Panhellenic Council. A smaller minority of fraternities and sororities fall under the jurisdiction of the Black Greek Council and United Greek Council; the Black Greek Council serves "historically black" Greek organizations while the United Greek council comprises other multicultural organizations. Many of the fraternity and sorority houses on campus are on the National Register of Historic Places. Student government U of I has an extensive history of past student governments. Two years after the university opened in 1868, John Milton Gregory and a group of students created a constitution for a student government. Their governance expanded to the entire university in 1873, having a legislative, executive, and judicial branch. For a period of time, this government had the ability to discipline students. In 1883, however, due to a combination of events from Gregory's resignation to student-faculty infighting, the government formally dissolved itself via plebiscite. It wasn't until 1934, when the Student Senate, the next university-wide student government, was created. A year before, future U of I Dean of Students, Fred H. Turner and the university's Senate Committee on Student Affairs gave increased power to the Student Council, an organization primarily known for organizing dances. A year after, the Student Council created a constitution and became the Student Senate, under the oversight of the Committee on Student Affairs. This Student Senate would last for 35 years. The Student Senate changed its purpose and name in 1969, when it became the Undergraduate Student Association (UGSA). It no longer was a representational government, instead becoming a collective bargaining agency. It often worked with the Graduate Student Association to work on various projects In 1967, Bruce A. Morrison and other U of I graduates founded the Graduate Student Association (GSA). GSA would last until 1978, when it merged with the UGSA to form the Champaign-Urbana Student Association (CUSA). CUSA lasted for only 2 years when it was replaced by the Student Government Association (SGA) in 1980. SGA lasted for 15 years until it became the Illinois Student Government (ISG) in 1995. ISG lasted until 2004. The current university student government, created in 2004, is the Illinois Student Senate, a combined undergraduate and graduate student senate with 54 voting members. The student senators are elected by college and represent the students in the Urbana–Champaign Senate (which comprises both faculty and students), as well as on a variety of faculty and administrative committees, and are led by an internally elected executive board of a President, External Vice President, Internal Vice President, and Treasurer. , the executive board is supported by an executive staff consisting of a Chief of Staff, Clerk of the Senate, Parliamentarian, Director of Communications, Intern Coordinator, and the Historian of the Senate. Residence halls University housing for undergraduates is provided through twenty-four residence halls in both Urbana and Champaign. Incoming freshmen are required to live in student housing (campus or certified) their first year on campus. Graduate housing is usually offered through two graduate residence halls, restricted to students who are sophomores or above, and through three university-owned apartment complexes. Some undergraduates choose to move into apartments or the Greek houses after their second year. There are a number of private dormitories around campus, as well as 15 private, certified residences that partner with the university to offer a variety of different housing options, including ones that are cooperatives, single-gender or religiously-affiliated. The university is known for being one of the first universities to provide accommodations for students with disabilities. Currently, most first-year students with disabilities will live in Nugent Hall, supported by the Beckwith Residential Support Services. In 2015, the University of Illinois announced that they would be naming its newest residence hall after Carlos Montezuma also known as Wassaja. Wassaja is the first Native American graduate and is believed to be one of the first Native Americans to receive a medical degree. Libraries and museums The campus library system is one of the largest public academic collections in the world. Among universities in North America, only the collections of Harvard are larger. Currently, the University of Illinois' 20+ departmental libraries and divisions hold more than 24 million items, including more than 12 million print volumes. , it had also the largest "browsable" university library in the United States, with 5 million volumes directly accessible in stacks in a single location. University of Illinois also has the largest public engineering library (Grainger Engineering Library) in the country. In addition to the main library building, which houses nearly 10 subject-oriented libraries, the Isaac Funk Family Library on the South Quad serves the College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences and the Grainger Engineering Library Information Center serves the College of Engineering on the John Bardeen Quad. Residence Hall Library System is one of three in the nation. The Residence Hall Libraries were created in 1948 to serve the educational, recreational, and cultural information needs of first and second year undergraduate students residing in the residence halls, and the living-learning communities within the residence halls. The collection also serves University Housing staff as well as the larger campus community, including undergraduate and graduate students, and university faculty and staff. The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (RBML) is one of the Special collections units within the University Library. The RBML is one of the largest special collections repositories in the United States. The university has several museums, galleries, and archives which include Krannert Art Museum, Sousa Archives and Center for American Music and Spurlock Museum. Gallery and exhibit locations include Krannert Center for the Performing Arts and at the School of Art and Design. Recreation The campus has two main recreation facilities, the Activities and Recreation Center (ARC) and the Campus Recreation Center – East (CRCE). Originally known as the Intramural Physical Education Building (IMPE) and opened in 1971, IMPE was renovated in 2006 and reopened in August 2008 as the ARC. The renovations expanded the facility, adding 103,433 square feet to the existing structure and costing $54.9 million. This facility is touted by the university as "one of the country's largest on-campus recreation centers." CRCE was originally known as the Satellite Recreation Center, and was opened in 1989. The facility was renovated in 2005 to expand the space and update equipment, officially reopening in March 2005 as CRCE. Transportation The bus system that operates throughout the campus and community is operated by the Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District. The MTD receives a student-approved transportation fee from the university, which provides unlimited access for university students. In addition, the university pays for universal access for all its faculty and staff. Six daily Amtrak trains connect Champaign-Urbana with Chicago and Carbondale (IL). The City of New Orleans train also serves Memphis, Jackson, Mississippi, and New Orleans. Willard Airport, opened in 1954 and is named for former University of Illinois president Arthur Cutts Willard. The airport is located in Savoy. Willard Airport is home to University research projects and the university's Institute of Aviation, along with flights from American Airlines. Athletics U of I's Division of Intercollegiate Athletics fields teams for ten men's and eleven women's varsity sports. The university participates in the NCAA's Division I. The university's athletic teams are known as the Fighting Illini. The university operates a number of athletic facilities, including Memorial Stadium for football, the State Farm Center for men's and women's basketball, and the Atkins Tennis Center for men's and women's tennis. The men's NCAA basketball team had a dream run in the 2005 season, with Bruce Weber's Fighting Illini tying the record for most victories in a season. Their run ended 37–2 with a loss to the North Carolina Tar Heels in the national championship game. Illinois is a member of the Big Ten Conference. Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: Illinois Loyalty, the school song, Oskee Wow Wow, the fight song, and Hail to the Orange, the alma mater. On October 15, 1910, the Illinois football team defeated the University of Chicago Maroons with a score of 3–0 in a game that Illinois claims was the first homecoming game, though several other schools claim to have held the first homecoming as well. On November 10, 2007, the unranked Illinois football team defeated the No. 1 ranked Ohio State football team in Ohio Stadium, the first time that the Illini beat a No. 1 ranked team on the road. The University of Illinois Ice Arena is home to the university's club college ice hockey team competing at the ACHA Division I level and is also available for recreational use through the Division of Campus Recreation. It was built in 1931 and designed by Chicago architecture firm Holabird and Root, the same firm that designed the University of Illinois Memorial Stadium and Chicago's Soldier Field. It is located on Armory Drive across from the Armory. The structure features 4 rows of bleacher seating in an elevated balcony that runs the length of the ice rink on either side. These bleachers provide seating for roughly 1,200 fans, with standing room and bench seating available underneath. Because of this set-up the team benches are actually directly underneath the stands. In 2015, the university began Mandarin Chinese broadcasts of its American football games as a service to its Chinese international students. Chief Illiniwek Chief Illiniwek, also referred to as "The Chief," was from 1926 to 2007 the official symbol of the University of Illinois in university intercollegiate athletic programs. The Chief was typically portrayed by a student dressed in Sioux regalia. Several groups protested that the use of a Native American figure and indigenous customs in such a manner was inappropriate and promoted ethnic stereotypes. In August 2005 the National Collegiate Athletic Association expressed disapproval of the university's use of a "hostile or abusive" image. While initially proposing a consensus approach to the decision about the Chief, the board in 2007 decided that the Chief, its name, image and regalia should be officially retired. Nevertheless, the controversy continues on campus with some students unofficially maintaining the Chief. Complaints continue that indigenous students feel insulted when images of the Chief continue to be present on campus. The effort to resolve the controversy by the current chancellor has included the work of a committee that issued a report of its "critical conversations" that included over 600 participants representing all sides, which remain sharply divided. Notable faculty and alumni 25 alumni and faculty members of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign have won a Pulitzer Prize. , the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni, faculty, and researchers include 30 Nobel laureates (including 11 alumni). In particular, John Bardeen is the only person to have won two Nobel prizes in physics, having done so in 1956 and 1972 while on faculty at the university. In 2003, two faculty members won Nobel prizes in different disciplines: Paul C. Lauterbur for physiology or medicine, and Anthony Leggett for physics. Fazlur Rahman Khan, considered to be the preeminent structural engineer of the 20th century, is an alumnus. Khan had been responsible for the engineering design of many major architectural projects, such as the 100-story John Hancock Center, and the 110-story Willis Tower (formerly known as Sears Tower). Richard Hamming, known for the Hamming code and Hamming distance, is also an alumnus. The alumni of the university have created companies and products such as Netscape Communications (formerly Mosaic) (Marc Andreessen), AMD (Jerry Sanders), PayPal (Max Levchin), Playboy (Hugh Hefner), National Football League (George Halas), Siebel Systems (Thomas Siebel), Mortal Kombat (Ed Boon), CDW (Michael Krasny), YouTube (Steve Chen and Jawed Karim), THX (Tomlinson Holman), Andreessen Horowitz (Marc Andreessen), Oracle (Larry Ellison and Bob Miner), Lotus (Ray Ozzie), Yelp! (Jeremy Stoppelman and Russel Simmons), Safari (Dave Hyatt), Firefox (Joe Hewitt), W. W. Grainger (William Wallace Grainger), Delta Air Lines (C. E. Woolman), Beckman Instruments (Arnold Beckman), BET (Robert L. Johnson), and Tesla Motors (Martin Eberhard). Alumni and faculty have invented the LED and the quantum well laser (Nick Holonyak, B.S. 1950, M.S. 1951, Ph.D. 1954), DSL (John Cioffi, B.S. 1978), JavaScript (Brendan Eich, M.S. 1986), the integrated circuit (Jack Kilby, B.S. 1947), the transistor (John Bardeen, faculty, 1951–1991), the pH meter (Arnold Beckman, B.S. 1922, M.S. 1923), MRI (Paul C. Lauterbur), the plasma screen (Donald Bitzer, B.S. 1955, M.S. 1956, Ph.D. 1960), color plasma display (Larry F. Weber B.S. 1968 M.S. 1971 Ph.D. 1975), the training methodology called PdEI and the coin counter (James P. Liautaud B.S. 1963), the statistical algorithm called Gibbs sampling in computer vision and the machine learning technique called random forests (Donald Geman, B.A. 1965), and are responsible for the structural design of such buildings as the Willis Tower, the John Hancock Center, and the Burj Khalifa. Alumni have also led several companies, including BitTorrent (Eric Klinker), Renaissance Technologies (Robert Mercer), Ticketmaster, McDonald's, Goldman Sachs, BP, Kodak, Shell, General Motors, Playboy, AT&T, General Electric, and Flipkart. Alumni have founded many organizations, including the Susan G. Komen for the Cure and Project Gutenberg, and have served in a wide variety of government and public interest roles. Rafael Correa, President of The Republic of Ecuador since January 2006 secured his M.S. and PhD degrees from the university's Economics Department in 1999 and 2001 respectively. Nathan C. Ricker attended U of I and in 1873 was the first person to graduate in the United States with a degree in Architecture. Mary L. Page, the first woman to obtain a degree in architecture, also graduated from U of I. Disability rights activist and co-organizer of the 504 Sit-in, Kitty Cone, attended during the 1960s, but left 6 hours short of her degree to continue her activism in New York. In sports, baseball pitcher Ken Holtzman was a two-time All Star major leaguer, and threw two no-hitters in his career. In sports entertainment, David Otunga became a two-time WWE Tag Team Champion. Eta Kappa Nu (HKN) was founded as the national honor society for electrical engineering in 1904. Maurice LeRoy Carr (B.S. 1905) and Edmund B. Wheeler (B.S. 1905) were part of the founding group of ten students and they served as the first and second national presidents of HKN. The Eta Kappa Nu organization is now the international honor society for IEEE as the IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu (IEEE-HKN). The U of I collegiate chapter is known as the Alpha Chapter of HKN. </ref> Philanthropy Over the last twenty years state funding for the university has fallen from 44.5% to 16.4%. Private philanthropy increasingly supplements revenue from tuition and state funding, currently providing about 19% of the annual budget. Notable among significant donors, alumnus entrepreneur Thomas M. Siebel has committed nearly $150 million to the university including $36 million to build the Thomas M. Siebel Center for Computer Science and the Grainger Foundation founded by alumnus W. W. Grainger has contributed more than $300 million to the university over the last half-century. See also Illini 4000 for Cancer – Cross-country charity bike ride based in the University of Illinois Carrie Thomas Alexander-Bahrenberg, university trustee until 1912 HoTDeC, test bed for autonomous vehicles References External links University of Illinois Athletics website Category:State universities in Illinois Category:Flagship universities in the United States Category:Buildings and structures in Champaign, Illinois Category:Buildings and structures in Urbana, Illinois Category:Education in Champaign County, Illinois Category:Forestry education Category:Land-grant universities and colleges Category:Posse schools Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program Category:Educational institutions established in 1867 University Category:National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Category:Tourist attractions in Champaign County, Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Renato Macario Renato Macario (born 10 June 1920) is an Italian rower. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London with the men's coxed four where they were eliminated in the semi-final. References Category:1920 births Category:Possibly living people Category:Italian male rowers Category:Olympic rowers of Italy Category:Rowers at the 1948 Summer Olympics Category:People from the Province of Bergamo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Noël François de Wailly Noël François de Wailly (31 July 1724 – 7 April 1801) was a French grammarian and lexicographer. Life He was born at Amiens. Noël François de Wailly spent his life in Paris, where for many years he carried on a school which was extensively patronized by foreigners who wished to learn French. In 1754 he published Principes généraux de la langue française, which revolutionized the teaching of grammar in France. The book was adopted as a textbook by the University of Paris and generally used throughout France, an abstract of it being prepared for primary educational purposes. In 1771, de Wailly published Moyens simples et raisonnés de diminuer les imperfections de notre orthographe, in which he advocated phonetic spelling. He was a member of the Institute from its foundation (1795), and took an active part in the preparation of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie. His works, in addition to those cited, include L'Orthographe des dames (1782) and Le Nouveau Vocabulaire français, ou abrégé du dictionnaire de l'Académie (1801). He was the brother of architect Charles De Wailly and the grandfather of archivist and librarian Natalis de Wailly. References Attribution Category:People from Amiens Category:1724 births Category:1801 deaths Category:French lexicographers Category:Grammarians from France	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
East St. Louis Toodle-Oo "East St Louis Toodle-Oo" (also "Toodle-O") is a composition written by Duke Ellington and Bubber Miley and recorded several times by Ellington for various labels from 1926-1930 under various titles. This song was the first charting single for Duke Ellington in 1927 and was one of the main examples of his early "jungle music". This composition was covered by Steely Dan on their 1974 album Pretzel Logic. Recording history Ellington first recorded "Toodle-Oo" in November 1926 for Vocalion Records, which was released as Vo (1064). He recorded the composition twice more in early 1927 for Brunswick Records; the first version was not released at the time, but the second was released as Br (3480). He recorded his hit version in March 1927 for Columbia Records, under the name "the Washingtonians". Along with recording "Toodle-Oo", two other compositions were recorded at the same session, "Hop Head" and "Down in Our Alley Blues", the former of which would be released as the B-side of Columbia 953-D. November 29, 1926 E-4110 Vocalion 1064 February 3, 1927 E-21636 E-21637 E-21538 Brunswick rejected March 14, 1927 E-21872 Brunswick 3480, Brunswick 6801, Brunswick 80000, Vocalion 1064 (some later pressings) March 22, 1927 W 143705-3 Columbia 953-D December 19, 1927 41245-1 Victor 21703 December 19, 1927 41245-2 Victor 21703, Bluebird B-6430, Montgomery Ward M-4889 January 19, 1928 W 400032-A OKeh 8638 (as "Harlem Twist", by Lonnie Johnson's Harlem Footwarmers, which features Johnson on guitar) March ?, 1928 2944-A and B Cameo 8182, Lincoln 2837, Romeo 612 (as The Washingtonians), and 108079-1 Pathe 36781, Perfect 14962 (as The Whoopee Makers) (identical to one of the takes of 2944) April 3, 1930 150167-3 Diva 6046-G, Velvet Tone 7072-V (as Mills' Ten Black Berries) February 9, 1932 71812-2 and 3 Victor L-16007 (33 1/3 10" long playing transcription, first part of a 3 song medley) March 5, 1937 M-180-1 Master MA-101, Brunswick m7989 (as "The New East St. Louis Toodle-O") February 7, 1956 Bethlehem Be BCP-60 Music "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" features a growling plunger-muted trumpet part played by co-composer Bubber Miley, one of the first jazz trumpeters to utilize the style. This style was carried on by later Ellington trumpeters Cootie Williams (1937 recording), and Ray Nance (1956 recording). For Steely Dan's 1974 cover of the song, Walter Becker sang the melody through a talk box to imitate Miley's trumpet style, while Jeff "Skunk" Baxter used a pedal steel guitar for the trombone part. References Category:Compositions by Duke Ellington Category:Steely Dan songs Category:Jazz compositions in C minor	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mir-874 microRNA precursor family In molecular biology mir-874 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. See also MicroRNA References Further reading External links Category:MicroRNA Category:MicroRNA precursor families	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dirty Hands (2008 drama film) Dirty Hands is a 2008 political drama. The story shows war's cyclical nature and the psychological and human destruction ultimately caused to both sides. Plot Five Middle Eastern captives fight to retain their sanity and dignity in the face of their American interrogators, who in turn struggle with demons of their own. Cast and crew U.S. Army Interrogator Colonel Robert Klein (Army interrogator in Iraq and Afghanistan; combat veteran in Iraq and Panama) Casting Director: Mali Finn (The film was one of Finn's last projects as casting director before her retirement.) Screenplay awards and nominations Media Arts Fellowships Screenplay nominee (2007) Tribeca Film Festival's All-Access Screenplay nominee (2005) Roy W. Dean Grant Screenplay finalist (2005) References External links Dirty Hands screenplay, Tribeca Film Institute Guerrasio, Jason (February 1, 2006) - indieWIRE article Category:2008 films Category:Prison films Category:American independent films Category:American films Category:2000s drama films Category:American war drama films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
UTF UTF may refer to: Computing Unicode Transformation Format UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 Other uses U.T.F. (Undead Task Force), an American comic book title Underground Test Facility, used for testing and developing enhanced oil recovery technology in northern Canada	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rtina Rtina is a village in northern Dalmatia, Croatia. The population is 452 (census 2011). Rtina belongs to Zadar County, and is located about 13 km from the Motorway No. 1, Zagreb – Split. Rtina lies on a small promontory whose northeastern side is located opposite to the Mountain of Velebit, separated from it with the southern part of the Velebit strait (). It is connected by the Pag Bridge with the island of Pag at its northwestern tip. It lies about 5 km northwest from Ražanac, and about 2 km north of templar fortification Ljuba, or Liuba (now Ljubljana). Rtina Miočići is located on a large point about 43 m high above sea level. That point represents the northernmost part of the Dalmatian coast. History Written documents originate from the time of a poet, Juraj Baraković, who mentioned that his grandfather, for his bravery in the battle with Tatar sin Lika, was awarded by the Croato-Hungarian King Bela and got three villages: Plemići, Brus i Oštri Rat (now Rtina). From 1890 until 1921 the village Rtina had the name Hrtina. Close at the bridge to Pag are the remains of the once Medieval Templar Fort in the vicinity of Fortica. At Rtina there is a church dedicated to St. Simon Bogoprimac, erected in the 19th century but destroyed during communist regime 1962. The church was rebuilt again and dedicated on 24 June 1990, after the liberation of Croatia. Hamlets The hamlets belonging to Rtina are Miočići, Miletići, Benići, Vrankovići, Stošiċi, Liliċi,Tabari, Begani and Šašulji. If visitors are seeking excitement, they can take a cycling tour or just go for a walk, and stop at the top hill and watch the scenery of hills (Ljubljana, Gradina, Glavica Jovića). Near Rtina Miočići at the Rt (Cape) Ljubljana is templar fort Castrum Ljubiae. Sights The following national parks are within the range of 50 km from Rtina Miočići: Paklenica Gorge in the Velebit range, Kornati Archipelago, and the Krka National Park with its beautiful waterfalls. The Plitvice Lakes National Park is about an hour and a half away by car. The canyon of the Zrmanja river, known for its rafting opportunities, is also quite close. Famous people Juraj Baraković, Renaissance poet Mirko Miočić, TV personality and one of most known Croatian quiz players, cousin of Stipe Miočić Stipe Miočić, UFC Heavyweight Champion Jure Miočić, Professional Croatian soccer player during 1960’s (Paris St. Germain) and 1970’s (New York Cosmos). Career ended prematurely due to injuries sustained in an auto accident while returning home to New York from a match in Boston. References Category:Populated places in Zadar County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Courcelles Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Jullien de Courcelles (14 September 1759 – 24 July 1834) was a French historian and genealogist. He was born in Orléans and died at Saint-Brieuc, now in the Côtes d'Armor département of Brittany. He published several historical and genealogical works, and was a correspondent of the . He was chief administrator of the charitable Asile Royal de la Providence in Paris, president of the hospices of Orléans, and a knight of the Papal Order of the Golden Spur. Publications The principal works of Courcelles are: Dictionnaire historique et biographique des généraux français depuis le XIe siècle, Paris: l'auteur, 1820–1823. In nine volumes: Volume 1; Volume 2; Volume 3; Volume 4; Volume 5; Volume 6; Volume 7; Volume 8; Volume 9 Dictionnaire universel de la noblesse de France, Paris: au bureau général de la noblesse de France, 1820–1822. In five volumes: Volume 1, A–L; Volume 2, M–Z; Volume 3, A–M (supplement); Volume 4, N-Z (supplement); Volume 5 A-Z (supplement) Histoire généalogique et héraldique des pairs de France, des grands dignitaires de la couronne, des principales familles nobles du royaume, et des maisons princières de l'Europe, Paris: l'auteur, 1822–1833. In twelve volumes: Volume 1; Volume 2; Volume 3; Volume 4; Volume 5; Volume 6; Volume 7; Volume 8; Volume 9; Volume 10; Volume 11; Volume 12 References Category:1759 births Category:1834 deaths Category:French genealogists Category:French historians Category:French male non-fiction writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phantom of the Megaplex Phantom of the Megaplex is a 2000 American comedy mystery film and Disney Channel Original Movie, produced by the Disney Channel. With a title and concept very loosely based on The Phantom of the Opera, the film concerns strange happenings at a monstrous megaplex on the night of a major movie premiere gala, Midnight Mayhem. The central character, played by Taylor Handley, is Pete Riley, the 17-year-old assistant manager of the theater. He has to cope with malfunctioning equipment, disappearing staff, and a broken popcorn machine, among other headaches. He investigates to see if the troubles are coincidence or the result of sabotage by a mysterious "phantom". The senior manager of the theater is played by Rich Hutchman, and Ricky Mabe, Julia Chantrey, Joanne Boland, J.J. Stocker, and Lisa Ng appear as other employees of the theater. Caitlin Wachs and Jacob Smith play the central character's younger siblings, and Heather and Jennifer Bertram appear as his love interest and her friend. Plot 17-year-old Pete Riley works as the assistant manager at the local 26-screen grand megaplex, a job that he loves and spends the majority of his time at. Rumor has it that the megaplex is haunted by a "phantom", someone who was trapped inside the old movie theater that was demolished to build the current megaplex. Pete, senior manager Shawn MacGibbon, the other employees, and an elderly member of the family who once owned the original theater known as "Movie Mason" (played by Mickey Rooney) who loves movies and thinks he works at the megaplex, are working to prepare the theater for the star-studded premiere of the new Hollywood blockbuster Midnight Mayhem. Wolfgang Nedermayer, the owner of the megaplex, is to be among the guests. To Pete's disappointment, he is forced to bring along his younger siblings, 13-year-old Karen and 10-year-old Bryan, to the theater while their widowed mother goes out on a date with her boyfriend George. Pete dumps his siblings in a movie (which Karen ditches to see a horror movie with her friends) so he can focus on setting up for the premiere, but problems begin to pop up all through the megaplex. The other movies begin to suffer mishaps, which Karen and Bryan realize are all related to the titles of the films being shown (for example, a theater showing a movie called Cyclone Summer has a giant fan moved in front of the screen, which blows everyone out of their seats). Pete, Karen, and Bryan work together and discover that the rumored phantom is behind these acts of sabotage. Through online spoilers, Bryan and Karen are able to learn the movie's plot, and Pete is able to stop the phantom from sabotaging the premiere. The phantom is revealed to be Shawn, who Nedermayer immediately fires; however, Shawn explodes with anger as he did all this so Nedermayer would finally notice him (and get his name right, since he never did). Shawn is then offered partnership by the director of Midnight Mayhem to make a movie based on his exploits—Phantom of the Megaplex: The Shawn McGibbon Story. Nedermayer offers Pete the job of senior manager at the megaplex, something Pete has always wanted. Though Pete tells Nedermayer that he'd be honored, he turns down the job. Inspired by Karen and Bryan from their help exposing Shawn as the phantom, Pete realizes the importance of his childhood and doesn't want to waste it anymore, asking for the rest of the night off; Nedermayer complies, giving Pete money to treat his girlfriend Caitlin Kerrigan to a nice breakfast after the film. George proposes to Julie, as per suggested by Bryan who said a 4 star ending was needed to wrap things up. As everyone enters the movie theater, Movie Mason explains to Bryan that he never once believed in the Phantom of the Megaplex; however, "the Werewolf of the Megaplex is another story." Both enter the theater as an employee, known for her horrifying tales, "Scary Terri" closes the doors as a wolf howl sounds. Cast Taylor Handley as Pete Riley, 17-year-old assistant manager of the theater. Caitlin Wachs as Karen Riley, Pete's 13-year-old sister. Jacob Smith as Bryan Riley, Pete's perceptive 10-year-old brother. Corinne Bohrer as Julie Riley, Pete's widowed mother. John Novak as George, Mrs. Riley's boyfriend. Mickey Rooney as Movie Mason, elderly movie fan. His family opened the old theater before the megaplex was built. When the theater closed down and the megaplex opened, Mason thought that he worked there, though technically he doesn't. He comes to the theater every day and is welcomed and well liked by all the staff, except Shawn. He was a possible suspect of being the phantom. Rich Hutchman as Shawn MacGibbon, the theater's senior manager, who is constantly worried about his job. In order to get noticed by Wolfgang Nedermayer, he disguises himself as the phantom, causing problems all over the theater until finally being revealed by Pete. Colin Fox as Wolfgang Nedermayer, the owner of the megaplex. He NEVER gets Shawn's name right. Ellen-Ray Hennessy as Tory Hicks. Carlo Rota as Tyler Jesseman, the director of Midnight Mayhem. Eric Hempsall as Lamonica, new manager. Ricky Mabe as Ricky Leary (aka Ricky Rules), theater worker, has the correct procedure for anything and does everything by the book. Julia Chantrey as Terri Tortora (aka Scary Terri), theater worker, loves telling scary stories about the megaplex. Joanne Boland as Hilary Horan (aka Hillary Honey), theater worker, described as a grandma in a teenage body due to her caring personality. J.J. Stocker as Mark Jeffries (aka Question Mark), theater worker, a bit slow-witted, always asking questions. Lisa Ng as Lacy Ling (aka Racy Lacy), theater worker, known for being quick in movement and personality. Joe Pingue as Merle, the theater's head projectionist, even on a simple question he has a habit of saying too complicated techno answer in return. He was a possible suspect of being the phantom. Heather Bertram as Caitlin Kerigan, a girl Pete has a crush on. Jennifer Bertram as Lisa, Caitlin's friend. Jeff Berg as Donny Hollie, Pete's rival. Daniel DeSanto (credited as Daniel De Santo) as Zeke, theater worker. Nicole Hardy as April Popko, Karen's friend with whom she sees a scary movie despite Julie not letting her. Sarah Gadon as Sarah, April's friend. External links Category:American children's films Category:2000s comedy mystery films Category:American comedy mystery films Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films Category:American films Category:Films based on The Phantom of the Opera Category:Films shot in Toronto Category:Films shot in Utah Category:Films directed by Blair Treu Category:Films set in a movie theatre Category:2000 television films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mogila (disambiguation) Mogila may refer to: Mogila, a village in the Republic of Macedonia Mogila municipality, in the Republic of Macedonia Mogiła, Lublin Voivodeship, a village in Poland Peter Mogila (Petro Mohyla), a decedent from the Moldavian family, a Ukrainian Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev Mogiła coat of arms Movileşti, a family of Moldavian nobility	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ephedra intermedia Ephedra intermedia, with the Chinese common name of Zhong Ma Huang, is a species of Ephedra that is native to Siberia, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the western Himalayas, Tibet, Mongolia, and China. Description Ephedra intermedia is found in deserts, grasslands, floodlands and river valleys, slopes and cliffs, and sandy beaches. It grows at elevations of , in rocky or sandy dry habitats. The plant grows to tall. The strobili are dioecious, either male or female on any one plant, so both male and female plants are needed for seeds. Taxonomy It was originally described by Alexander Gustav von Schrenk and Carl Anton von Meyer in 1846. It was placed in section Pseudobaccatae (=sect. Ephedra sect. Ephedra), "tribe" Pachycladae by Otto Stapf in 1889. In 1996 Robert A. Price classified E. intermedia in section Ephedra without recognizing a tribe. References External links PFAF Plant Database — Ephedra intermedia (Zhong Ma Huang) intermedia Category:Flora of Asia Category:Plants described in 1846	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roman Schneider Lieutenant Roman Schneider was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. Sources of information Category:1898 births Category:1967 deaths Category:German World War I flying aces	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Matt Fong Matthew Kipling Fong (November 20, 1953 – June 1, 2011) was an American Republican politician who served as the 30th California State Treasurer. He was a government appointee, finance industry director, and consultant after retiring from the Air Force Reserve. Life and career Born in Alameda, California, Fong was the adopted son of Democrat March Fong Eu, the 25th California Secretary of State. He graduated from Skyline High School earned a Bachelor of Science degree at the United States Air Force Academy (1975), an MBA at Pepperdine University (1982), and a J.D. at the Southwestern University School of Law in Los Angeles (1985). He retired from his Air Force Reserve assignment at The Pentagon, serving as an adviser to the U.S. Secretary of the Air Force on budget and finance with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Air Force Reserve. In 1991, California Governor Pete Wilson appointed Fong to the State Board of Equalization, where he served as its Vice Chairman (1991–1994). He left the Board in 1994 when he was elected State Treasurer for a four-year term that began January 1995. In the 1998 U.S. Senate election, he unsuccessfully challenged incumbent California Senator Barbara Boxer, despite support from Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott and House Speaker Newt Gingrich. He was President of the Strategic Advisory Group providing counsel to CEOs and senior executives on strategy and business development. He was Special Counsel to the law firm of Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton. Fong held Series 7 and 63 securities licenses and was a principal of Belstar Group, a New York-based asset manager. Fong was an independent director of TCW Group's complex of mutual funds. He also served on two technology start-up companies' boards of directors—one dealing with earthquake detection devices (Seismic Warning Systems) and the other involved with energy saving devices (American Grid). U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Fong chairman of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Advisory Board. Fong also served as a Regent of Pepperdine University and a Trustee of Southwestern University School of Law. He lived in Pasadena, California with his wife, Paula, with whom he had two children: Matthew II and Jade. Fong died of cancer in his Pasadena home on June 1, 2011. He was buried at the United States Air Force Academy Cemetery in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He is survived by his mother and his wife and children. Notes References Further reading Fong, Matt. "California Crisis a Golden Opportunity for Voters." Sacramento Bee, March 22, 1992. Fong, Matt. "Unfair Taxes Are Hurting State Revenue by Killing Jobs," Sacramento Bee, October 4, 1992. Lin, Sam Chu. "Matt Fong Scopes Asian Pacific American Economic Opportunities." Asian Week, February 4, 1994. External links Matthew Fong's profile at Sheppard Mullin Category:1953 births Category:2011 deaths Category:American politicians of Chinese descent Category:California Republicans Category:Deaths from cancer in California Category:Deaths from skin cancer Category:Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Category:People from Alameda, California Category:People from Pasadena, California Category:People from Greater Los Angeles Category:Pepperdine University alumni Category:Southwestern Law School alumni Category:State treasurers of California Category:United States Air Force Academy alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Robert Seldon Lady Robert Seldon Lady (born February 2, 1954 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras; nicknamed "Mister Bob") is a United States agent convicted of kidnapping in Italy for his role in the CIA's abduction of Egyptian cleric Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr in February 2003, while Lady was CIA station chief in Milan. Lady was arrested in Panama on July 18, 2013. He had been a fugitive from Italian police after being convicted of kidnapping Nasr in February 2003, in what the Italian press are referring to as the Imam Rapito (or "kidnapped imam") affair. He was released on July 19, 2013, and immediately boarded a flight directed to the United States. Background Lady grew up in Honduras and became a New Orleans Police Department police officer in the 1970s. The Imam Rapito affair Italian authorities proved in court that in 2003, Lady helped a team of CIA agents kidnap Nasr (see extraordinary rendition) as he walked to his mosque in Milan for noon prayers. Lady is said to have travelled to Egypt soon after the operation, where Nasr was interrogated and tortured. Lady initially claimed diplomatic immunity in an effort to avoid judicial proceedings against him in Italy, but in November 2005, an Italian judge rejected this request, stating that Lady had forfeited his immunity when he retired from the CIA, and also that the alleged abduction was in any case a crime serious enough to disqualify him from immunity. Lady, and his wife Martha, retired to northern Italy, near Asti, in September 2003. When the Italian police raided his home in June 2005, Lady was not there. Since that time there are reports that he is living in Honduras or the United States. 2007 indictment In January 2007, an Italian court ordered Lady's home in the Piedmont region of Northern Italy seized to cover court costs. On February 16, 2007, an arrest warrant was issued for Lady for the kidnapping of Abu Omar. An Italian prosecutor, Armando Spataro, was scheduled to begin trying the case in June 2007. Lady's Italian lawyer, Daria Pesce, withdrew from the case shortly after the beginning of legal proceedings, saying her client refused to cooperate with the court proceedings because he believed the matter should be settled through a political, rather than legal solution. Lady dismissed his attorney soon afterwards, although the court in Milan has appointed a public defense attorney for him. The trial against Lady and the other US defendants began in absentia later that month, although it was quickly adjourned until October 2007. In an interview with GQ Magazine in March 2007, Lady said of his superiors at the CIA that "the agency has told me to keep quiet and let this blow over." 2009 Interview In June 2009, Robert Seldon Lady was quoted by Il Giornale as saying of the kidnapping, I'm not guilty. I'm only responsible for carrying out orders that I received from my superiors ... When you work in intelligence, you do things in the country in which you work that are not legal. It's a life of illegality ... But state institutions in the whole world have professionals in my sector, and it's up to us to do our duty. He said of Abu Omar's abduction, "Of course it was an illegal operation. But that's our job. We're at war against terrorism." 2009 Conviction On November 4, 2009, Italian Judge Oscar Magi convicted Lady, along with 22 other accused CIA employees, of kidnapping, handing down an eight-year sentence. The New York Times called this decision a "landmark ruling" and an "enormous symbolic victory" for Italian prosecutors because it "was the first ever to contest the United States practice of rendition, in which terrorism suspects are captured in one country and taken for questioning in another, presumably one more open to coercive interrogation techniques." On July 18, 2013, according to the Italian Justice Ministry, Lady was arrested in Panama. He was released the next day. See also The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, a 1974 book on the culture of lawlessness in the CIA. Eliana Castaldo Joseph L. Romano References External links Robert Seldon Lady & Extraordinary Rendition on Al Jazeera English's People & Power, presented by Max Keiser at Category:1954 births Category:American kidnappers Category:CIA agents convicted of crimes Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency Category:Living people Category:Extraordinary rendition program Category:Fugitives wanted by Italy Category:Fugitives wanted on kidnapping charges Category:Prisoners and detainees of Panama	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Masenabad Masenabad (, also Romanized as Masenābād, Masanābād, and Masnābād) is a village in Mashhad-e Miqan Rural District, in the Central District of Arak County, Markazi Province, Iran. According to the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 32 families. References Category:Populated places in Arak County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Electoral district of Alberton The Electoral district of Alberton was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian colony of Victoria, located in the south-east of the then-colony. Its area was defined as: "Commencing at the Mouth of Worrigall Creek on the Ninety Mile Beach Bounded on the North by a Line West Seventeen Miles to the Eastern Branch of the River Tarra; thence on the South-west by a Line in a South-westerly Direction to the Mouth of the Little River in Corner Inlet; and on the South and South-east by the Sea coast (including Snake Island) to the commencing Point". Alberton was abolished in 1859, its area became part of the new electoral district of South Gipps Land. Member References Category:Former electoral districts of Victoria (Australia) Category:1856 establishments in Australia Category:1859 disestablishments in Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brian Welch Brian Philip Welch (born June 19, 1970), also known by his stage name Head, is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is one of the guitarists and founding member of the nu metal band Korn and his solo project Love and Death. Along with fellow Korn guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer, Welch helped develop Korn's distinctive sound, a mix of sirenlike shards of dissonant guitar that mimicked a turntablist's various effects and rumbling down-tuned riffing, that defined the nu metal aesthetic beginning in the mid-'90s. After becoming a born again Christian, Welch left the band in 2005 to focus on life as a father and to pursue his own solo career. He released his debut Christian album, Save Me from Myself, in 2008. He reunited with Korn on-stage at the Carolina Rebellion on May 5, 2012 for the first time in seven years, and on May 2, 2013, officially announced rejoining the band. Welch and Munky were ranked at No. 26 of Guitar World's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time. Early life Welch was raised in Bakersfield, California. He was different from most kids, and was bullied in school. He liked music, and was a big Ozzy Osbourne fan. Originally, Welch expressed interest in playing the drums, but his father convinced him to play the guitar so he would not have to haul a drum kit around. He began playing the guitar at the age of 10. His first guitar was a Peavey Mystic, which he referred to in his book Save Me from Myself as "maybe the most metal-looking guitar you have ever seen." Describing how he got his nickname "Head", Welch stated, "Guys said my head looked like it was too big for my body, and so they started calling me "Head." I guess it stuck". Korn (1993–2005, 2013–present) Formation Korn formed after the group L.A.P.D. broke up, due to singer Richard Morrill's drug addiction. Musicians Reginald Arvizu, James Shaffer, and David Silveria wanted to continue, and they hired Welch to play guitar in their new band named "Creep". In early 1993, the band took notice of vocalist Jonathan Davis after seeing his band Sexart and attempted to recruit him. Davis initially did not want to join the band, but after consulting a psychic he changed his mind and auditioned. After Davis was hired, the group decided to rename themselves. "Jonathan had an immediate idea for a new name. He suggested that we call the band "Korn," and we all liked it. It sounded kinda creepy because it reminded us of that horror movie Children of the Corn". Starting with Korn's self-titled debut album, and with subsequent albums Life Is Peachy, Follow The Leader, Issues, Untouchables, and Take A Look in the Mirror, the band gradually became one of the top-selling nu metal groups, earning $25 million in royalty payments and selling out arenas. In January 1995, Welch's wife Rebekah gave birth to a daughter, but they decided to give her up for adoption. When she got pregnant again, they decided to keep the child. On July 6, 1998, Welch's wife gave birth to their second daughter, Jennea Marie Welch. The band was scheduled to be on the UK version of Ozzfest, but dropped out so that Welch could be by his wife's side. He and his wife have since divorced and Welch has custody of their daughter. The two reside in Arizona. Despite being divorced, Welch does keep in touch with his ex-wife. By 2003, Welch had become addicted to drugs. He would prepare for tours by stashing as much methamphetamine as he could in vitamin capsules, deodorant containers, and his clothes. According to Welch, the band members also suffered personal battles with addiction: "We were only sober for just a couple of hours a day in Korn. Every day. And then when you come home and you've got to deal with real life and your wife isn't having that, crap goes down." Despite his dreams coming true, Welch did not enjoy the touring life with Korn. You travel, you get to another town, you play a show and you do it again. You try to just be at peace but even a big, huge band like Korn, playing in front of thousands of people, it can get lonely. You feel like you're a trucker and you're traveling with a bunch of truckers. You can't connect with people except for the ones that you're with because the ones you party with after the show, you don't know them and then you're gone. When everyone's drunk, you're like 'Alright. Later.' Departure from Korn On February 22, 2005, Korn's management announced that after almost 12 years, Welch had left Korn, citing that he had "...chosen the Lord Jesus Christ as his savior, and will be dedicating his musical pursuits to that end." In a 2009 radio interview with The Full Armor of God Broadcast, Welch explained: "I was walking one day, just doing my Rock & Roll thing making millions of bucks, you know success and everything, addicted to drugs and then the next day I had Revelation of Christ and I was like, everything changes right now!" On March 10, 2005, Welch was baptized in the Jordan River with a group of believers from his church in Bakersfield, California. He has declared that he has rid himself of all drugs in his "own personal rehab" with God, in which he had checked into a hotel room and sat in his bed for hours. Welch and Davis had attacked each other in the media since the former's departure. After Welch said that Davis and the rest of Korn cared only about money, Davis responded in kind, opening a rift between them that has since been resolved. In an interview in which Welch was asked about his book and Korn's reaction to the book and the attacks in the media he made earlier at the band: They heard that I'd written it, and there was rumors going around in Hollywood that I was totally trashing them and that it was a 'tell all' book about everything they did and I did. And so they actually wrote two songs on their new album bashing me about the book. But once I heard that they were concerned about the book, I sent them a copy and put a note in there and said, 'I love you guys. I didn't trash you like people say. Read it yourselves. It is what it is.' And now they're doing interviews, and I've read that they're totally cool with the book, and it's not what they thought it was going to be. So everyone's happy. But, now they've got two songs hating on me on their record. But it's cool. It's all good. I love them, they love me. I think maybe I deserved those songs because of some of the stuff that I said after I quit the band. So it's all good. In July 2005, Welch appeared on CNN's feature-format program "People in the News", where he admitted to having been addicted to alcohol, methamphetamine, Xanax, and sleeping pills before being introduced to the Christian faith. Following his conversion to Christianity, Welch went to some of the more poverty-stricken areas of India to build orphanages, or "Head Homes". In a podcast with Headbanger's Blog, on May 30, 2008, Korn vocalist Jonathan Davis expressed interest in playing with Welch on the band's upcoming album, but stated that it is not likely. In late 2008, Welch, among other celebrities such as Josh Hamilton and Greg Ellis, appeared in testimonial videos called I Am Second in which he shares his story of recovering from drug use with the help of his faith in Jesus Christ. In September 2009, Korn guitarist Munky, in an interview with Altitude TV, alleged that the band had denied a request by Welch to rejoin the outfit. In the interview, Munky claimed: Brian actually contacted us recently and wanted to come back to the band. And it was not the right time... for us. We're doing well, and it's kind of like... It's kind of like if you divorced your wife and she went on and she stayed successful and her career flourished, and you go back and [say], 'My gosh, she's still hot. Baby, can we get back together?' 'Wait a minute... All the stuff's been divided, and it's like...' I don't see it happening right now. Shortly after, Welch responded to the statement via his Myspace and official website, denying the claims: I recently learned of an interview that Munky gave where he said that I came to Korn and asked to be taken back in the band. That's definitely not a complete and accurate picture. The full truth is that for about a year... Korn's managers have been requesting my manager to work on getting me back into Korn. The calls were initiated by Korn's managers, not my manager. I shut the door on their requests many, many times over the last several months. As far as Munky's comment that 'everything has been divided already' that is also not accurate. In fact, from January 2005 when I left, and for the next 4 years, Korn failed to pay to me royalties that were due me on records that I did with them. However, I don't believe this was done intentionally. We are trying to be patient and work with their management to get the financial issues resolved so that 'everything can be divided as we agreed long ago in our contracts.' Welch said that it was not only having found Christ that influenced his decision to leave the band. As a single father he did not want to raise his daughter in an environment filled with drugs, sex, and explicit language. On June 17, 2011, Welch had a private interview, shot by Carson Bankord of Red Rocks Church in Golden, Colorado, in which he discussed his conversion experience. In an interview with Loudwire in November 2011, Head confirmed that he and the other members of Korn are still on good terms. Reunion with Korn On May 5, 2012, at the Carolina Rebellion in Rockingham, NC, Welch was there originally as a special guest for a performance by Red. Later that evening, Korn was performing on the main stage and Jonathan Davis brought out Welch as a special guest to close their act, marking the first time Welch had performed with Korn since his departure in 2005. Welch performed with the band at Rock on the Range in May 2013, as well as Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park in June 2013 in Germany, as well as Download Festival in England. Welch rejoined Korn on May 2, 2013 and recorded his first album with the band in ten years, The Paradigm Shift. Solo career (2005–present) Save Me from Myself As early as a week following his departure from Korn, Welch claimed through press that a solo record was close to being completed, although there was no release date given, nor had he yet signed on with a label to distribute the record. A number of demos from these early sessions surfaced on peer-to-peer networks, among them "A Cheap Name", a song directed at rapper 50 Cent. He also recorded several other songs, including "Dream" and "A Letter to Dimebag", the latter being an instrumental tribute to "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott, guitarist for heavy metal bands Pantera and Damageplan. In his autobiography, Welch mentions the songs "Washed by Blood," "Save Me from Myself," and "Rebel", which all have made the final track listing for the album. In an interview with MTV News, Welch clarified a few things. Primarily, he was concerned that it was reported that his new songs wouldn't be "Christian music". During his stay in Israel with members of the Valley Bible Fellowship of Bakersfield, California, Welch continued to write songs for his solo effort, confident that the music would speak for itself. "I want to make music that will help people. I want to use every dime of the money I make off the songs to build skate parks for kids," he said. "My life now is about helping kids." Originally, Welch contacted Fieldy of Korn to produce the album, but Fieldy made no response. On March 15, 2008, Welch announced he had founded a record company with Mark Nawara and Greg Shanabeger called Driven Music Group. The company's artists are distributed by Warner Music Group and Rykodisc. Welch also announced that he had re-dubbed his album Save Me from Myself, after his autobiography of the same name. Following this, his official MySpace profile went online, and the domain name for his official website was moved from www.headtochrist.com to www.brianheadwelch.net. Welch also revealed that a tour was expected to follow the release of Save Me from Myself. For the album, Welch contributed the majority of the instruments, but also hired other contributors, including rhythm guitarist Archie J. Muise Jr., bassist Tony Levin, and drummer Josh Freese, for assistance. The first single, Flush, was released on July 5, 2008, at Cornerstone Festival in Bushnell, Illinois, and a music video directed by Frankie Nasso followed on September 5. Originally, Welch planned for the project to follow the "Head" name, but was persuaded otherwise so as not to be sued by the tennis equipment manufacturer of the same name. Though the project has since been dubbed "Brian Head Welch", the album art continues to carry the imprint of the project's original title. The project's true title does appear on the spines of the packaging. Of the album, Welch said: "I knew it was going to be nothing near as big as Korn, but I was proud of it. It's got some heavy riffs and it's got a lot more emotion than I've ever put in music. I'm an emotional guy (and) it was cool to be able to put it in there. It was cool how people were surprised by it. A lot of people thought I was gonna come out with some 'Kumbaya,' Jesus music." For his live touring band, Welch held closed and open auditions to recruit members. Members posted videos online of them performing Welch's solo songs and the list was narrowed down to a few who did a personal audition with Welch. Eventually, the lineup was finalised to include Brian Ruedy (Keyboards), Scott "SVH" Von Heldt (guitar & backing vocals), Ralph Patlan (guitar), Michael "Valentine" (bass), and Dan Johnson (drums). Along with many other artists, including ex-Korn bandmates Fieldy and Munky, Welch contributed to "A Song for Chi". The instrumental track was to benefit Deftones bassist Chi Cheng, who was in a coma but later died. All the profits benefited the "One Love for Chi" foundation. This was the first time Head was involved with any of his former bandmates since leaving the band. In 2009, Welch joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. On July 2, 2009, Welch headlined the mainstage of the Cornerstone Festival and on August 29, Welch headlined the Exit Concert in Las Vegas at the Thomas and Mack Arena with Blindside and Flyleaf. On July 3, 2010, he was featured on the Fringe stage of the Creation Festival. Welch has often described his solo project as being received very differently from Korn. Despite his fame with Korn, he has compared his solo project to 'starting over': "It's a struggle, because one show I'll have a thousand people there, and the next show there'll be a hundred. When the hundred is there, I'm like, 'There's one or two people who really need us to be here,' and it should be focused on them and I shouldn't care if there's a big crowd or not, but I struggle with it. I was in Korn and we sold like 25 million albums, and I can't even fill this little bar up? Of all those fans, 300–400 people can't just show up here? It's like starting over, totally." Save Me From Myself peaked at No. 63 on the Billboard 200 while also peaking at 13 and 21 on the Hard Rock and Rock charts, respectively. The Whosoevers In 2008, Welch became a principal organizer and representative of The Whosoevers, an outreach organization and product line co-founded by Sonny Sandoval of P.O.D. and public speaker, Ryan Ries, and included Lacey Mosely of Flyleaf, and freestyle motocross athlete, Ronnie Faisst. Sandoval and Ries speak publicly worldwide in settings such as schools, rehab centers, conferences and youth events inspiring individuals who are eager to discover their purpose. Unreleased songs According to an interview with the Great Falls Tribune, Welch returned to the studio to begin work on a second album. Concerning his career at the time, Welch said that "I feel like I was created to do what I'm doing right now. Everything I learned in my life before I changed it all over, it set me up for what I'm doing now. That's the satisfaction. That's the peace in knowing, without a doubt, that you're on the road you're supposed to be on. There's nothing more content than that." In November 2009, Welch announced that his second effort would be produced by Grammy-nominee Rob Graves (Red, Pillar), and that the band was recording in Nashville, expecting to complete the record by February 2010. Of recording with Graves, Welch stated that "the production on our new record is going awesome with Rob Graves. Our goal is to get the record completely mixed and mastered by the first part of February, and released immediately thereafter. My band is together, helping with the recording, and we will be ready for a full U.S. tour beginning early next year." Welch also signed an international representational deal with William Morris Endeavor Entertainment. On signing the deal with WMEE, Welch said that "I'm really excited about my deal with William Morris Endeavor, and I'm honored to be on the roster of one of the largest and most storied agencies in existence. I would like to publicly thank Ember Rigsby Tanksley and her entire team at WMEE for their belief in what I am trying to do. I feel like this is the final piece in the puzzle that we have been working on to take us to the next level." In addition, Welch signed with Union Entertainment Group, Inc., for management in early 2010. This move placed Welch alongside artists such as Nickelback, Hinder, Red, and Candlebox. According to Welch in April 2010, he has finished a demo of a record for the songs, but has yet to re-enter the studio to complete the recording process as he is on tour in the United States. The band has been playing a number of unreleased songs live from the demo of the record including the following songs: Runaway Bury Me, Resurrected Take This From Me Torment The CD was expected to be released sometime during April 2012, But it has yet to be released. On March 25, 2011, Welch started a North American tour with Decyfer Down, The Letter Black, and The Wedding. Welch's booking agent, William Morris Entertainment, confirmed that a European tour is currently being arranged. Chemicals EP Welch and his band went into the studio with Jasen Rauch in early/mid-2011 to start recording an EP. The lead single, "Paralyzed", was released on October 4, 2011. The "making of" video for "Paralyzed" was posted on Welch's Facebook fan page, along with a streaming of the full "Paralyzed" track. The music video for "Paralyzed" was released on Revolver's website on November 8, 2011. In February 2012, Welch announced that the EP would be released under the name "Love and Death", the new moniker for his solo project. Split with record label On March 22, 2011, Welch got into a legal battle with his own label, Driven Music Group, and former managers Greg Shanaberger and Mark Nawara. According to Welch, Shanaberger structured Head Touring, Welch's touring company under Driven Music, to give himself and Nawara share of control and revenue. Shanaberger's agreements required Welch to buy merchandise through Head Touring at an inflated price which was far above industry standards, "for which Shanaberger and Nawara reaped the benefits," claims Welch. Welch also claims that Shanaberger attempted to hide "his fraudulent, unethical and illegal behavior" by listing his then fiancee as a shareholder. Welch claims that the agreements were "predatory, unconscionable, and constitutes self-dealing" and that they were written with the intention to "rob Welch of his master recordings, which were worth upwards of $600,000." Welch is seeking punitive damages, the appointment of a receiver, the dissolution of Driven Music Group, and costs. Love and Death In February 2012, Welch announced that he was re-branding his music under the name Love and Death, effectively forming a band under that name. In an official statement, Welch elaborated on the name and the change: The name "Love and Death" symbolizes everything we've been through as a band over the last few years. We love this band so much and we'll go through hell to connect with our fans. Many people have confused my speaking dates and our band dates because they were both being booked as Brian Head Welch. I have wanted to use a band name for branding my music for a few years. Now with the new music coming out, its time to really separate the things I do. I want the music to be about music. I will still be doing public speaking under Brian Head Welch. I am happy that all the confusion will be over. The band's debut single, "Chemicals", was released in March, while an EP of the same name was released on April 24, 2012. A full-length album, Between Here & Lost, was released on January 22, 2013. Despite rejoining Korn permanently in 2013, Welch has clarified that Love and Death will remain an active project. On May 17, 2016 Love and Death released a new single, "Lo Lamento", as a free-download with the purchase of his book, With My Eyes Wide Open: Miracles & Mistakes on My Way Back to KoRn. Musical equipment Welch's first guitar was a Peavey Mystic, which he later sold along with a practice amp to future bandmate James "Munky" Shaffer. Throughout his career with Korn, Welch almost exclusively played Ibanez guitars, most of which were assembled at the Ibanez LA Custom Shop. During his later days with Korn, Welch and Munky played their own signature guitar, the Ibanez K7. Since leaving Korn, Welch mostly uses custom-built baritone guitars from Ibanez, making use of the RG and, at the time, newly introduced RGD shape. After rejoining Korn in 2013, Welch received several custom-made Ibanez seven-string RGDs. In 2017, Welch endorsed an ESP Guitars signature model, the SH-7ET. Welch's pedalboard has grown considerably from his early days with Korn. He considers experimenting and trying out new pedals to be one of his favorite things to do when working in a studio. Discography Korn Korn (1994) Life Is Peachy (1996) Follow the Leader (1998) Issues (1999) Untouchables (2002) Take a Look in the Mirror (2003) The Paradigm Shift (2013) The Serenity of Suffering (2016) The Nothing (2019) Brian Head Welch Into the Light: The Testimony (2007) Save Me from Myself (September 9, 2008) "Paralyzed" (single) (October 4, 2011) Love and Death Chemicals (April 24, 2012) Between Here & Lost (January 22, 2013) Music videos "Blind" (Korn) w/Korn – 1995 "Shoots and Ladders" (Korn) w/Korn – 1995 "Clown" (Korn) w/Korn – 1996 "Faget" (Korn) w/Korn – 1997 "No Place to Hide" (Life is Peachy) w/Korn – 1996 "A.D.I.D.A.S." (Life is Peachy) w/Korn – 1997 "Good God" (Life Is Peachy) w/Korn – 1997 "Got the Life" (Follow the Leader) w/Korn – 1998 "Freak on a Leash" (Follow the Leader) w/Korn – 1999 "Falling Away from Me" (Issues) w/Korn – 1999 "Make Me Bad" (Issues) w/Korn – 2000 "Somebody Someone" (Issues) w/Korn – 2000 "Here to Stay" (Untouchables) w/Korn – 2002 "Thoughtless" (Untouchables) w/Korn – 2002 "Alone I Break" (Untouchables) w/Korn – 2002 "Did My Time" (Take a Look in the Mirror) w/Korn – 2003 "Right Now" (Take a Look in the Mirror) w/Korn – 2003 "Y'All Want a Single" (Take a Look in the Mirror) w/Korn – 2004 "Word Up!" (Greatest Hits, Vol 1) w/Korn – 2004 "Another Brick in the Wall" (Greatest Hits, Vol 1) w/Korn – 2004 "Flush" (Save Me From Myself) as Head – 2008 "Paralyzed (Paralyzed Single) as Head – 2011 "Chemicals" (Chemicals -EP) w/Love and Death – 2012 "The Abandoning" (Between Here & Lost) w/Love and Death – 2013 "Meltdown" (Between Here & Lost) w/Love and Death – 2013 "Never Never" (The Paradigm Shift) w/Korn – 2013 "Love & Meth" (The Paradigm Shift) w/Korn – 2014 "Spike in My Veins" (The Paradigm Shift) w/Korn – 2014 "Rotting in Vain" (The Serenity of Suffering) w/Korn – 2016 "Insane" (The Serenity of Suffering) w/Korn – 2016 "Take Me" (The Serenity of Suffering) w/Korn - 2016 "Black Is the Soul" (The Serenity of Suffering) w/Korn - 2017 "You'll Never Find Me" (The Nothing) w/Korn - 2019 Other appearances War & Peace Vol. 1 (appears on "Fuck Dying" with KoRn) (1998) Videodrone (appears on "Power Tools for Girls") (1999) Queen of the Damned Soundtrack (2002) Rock'n Roll Gangster (appears on Korn Gigglebox & Special K Buzz) (2002) Results May Vary (appears on "Build a Bridge") (2003) A Song for Chi (2009) Wait for the Siren by Project 86 (appears on "The Crossfire Gambit") (guest vocals) (2012) Elements by Caliban (appears on "Masquerade") (2018) Bibliography Save Me from Myself: How I Found God, Quit KoRn, Kicked Drugs, and Lived to Tell My Story (2007, 2008) Washed By Blood: Lessons from My Time with KoRn and My Journey to Christ (2008) Stronger: Forty Days of Metal and Spirituality (2010) With My Eyes Wide Open: Miracles and Mistakes on My Way Back to KoRn (2016) Filmography Who Then Now? (1997) Family Values Tour (1998) Deuce (2002) Korn Live (2002) MTV Icon: Metallica (2003) WWE WrestleMania (2003) Live at Montreux 2004 (2008) Holy Ghost (2014) Loud Krazy Love (2018) References External links The Second Supper interview with Head I Am Second (video testimony)'' (2009?/2010?) "Brian "Head" Welch's 2002 Korn Guitar Rig". GuitarGeek.Com Category:1970 births Category:American Protestants Category:American heavy metal guitarists Category:Converts to Christianity Category:Korn members Category:Korn solo projects Category:Lead guitarists Category:Living people Category:Love and Death (band) members Category:Musicians from Bakersfield, California Category:Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona Category:Nu metal singers Category:People from the San Fernando Valley Category:Rhythm guitarists Category:Seven-string guitarists Category:Guitarists from Arizona Category:Guitarists from California Category:American male guitarists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Caelostomus subparallelus Caelostomus subparallelus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1941. References Category:Caelostomus Category:Beetles described in 1941	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
My Father Is a Hero My Father Is a Hero (, released in the United States as The Enforcer and Jet Li's The Enforcer) is a 1995 Hong Kong action film starring Jet Li and the late superstar Anita Mui, directed by Corey Yuen, who also co-stars in the film. The film was released in Hong Kong on 2 March 1995. Plot Kung Wei, a police officer of the People's Republic of China, is assigned to spy on a group of Hong Kong terrorists. Despite his worries about his sick wife, who suffered severe asthma, and his eight-year-old son Ku Kung, a martial arts student, Wei's duty interferes with his familial relationship. Wei is partnered with Darkie, a gang member who formerly worked for a gang leader named Po. Wei and Darkie escape from prison to meet with Po in Hong Kong. Wei is inducted into the gang and participates in an arms deal with foreign criminals. Utilizing a ruse to steal the bombs and keep the money in Po's hands, Wei volunteers to wear a bomb-laden vest to facilitate the operation. The recent operation attracts the attention of an off-duty Hong Kong detective Anne Fong, whose boyfriend, Inspector Cheng, was taken hostage. Fong volunteers herself as a hostage exchange and attempts to foil the operation with an attempted suicide, but Wei intervenes in disabling the vehicle and escaping the scene. Utilizing a photo of Wei that was taken before the arms deal, Fong heads to Beijing to discover his true identity. Back in Beijing, school bullies tease Ku. Fong befriends the Wei family, and deduces Wei's role as a police officer. During her time with the family, Mrs. Wei suffers from a fatal asthma attack, requests Fong to deliver a letter to Wei, and charges her with taking care of Ku. Anne and Ku planned to travel to Hong Kong by speed boat, informing Inspector Cheng of her recent findings. However, against Fong's wishes, Cheng files a case of Ku missing, which attracts publicity from local media and results in a break-up between the couple. When Ku noticed a police cruiser in front of Fong's apartment, Ku escapes and is picked up by Po. Meanwhile, Wei attempts to sneak in Fong's apartment to recover Ku, but is confronted by Fong before receiving his wife's final letter. Wei is reunited with his son at the gang penthouse but fakes Ku's death with a special choke before he is dumped inside a trash bag. Wei covertly informs Fong of Ku's whereabouts as a Plan B in case he fails to save him. Wei attempts to rescue Ku, only to find out that Po deduced Wei's identity as a cop, since Wei was too skilled compared to the rest of his gang. Wei gets into a losing fight with Po until Fong's intervention. While Fong gives Wei medical care, Ku was recovered by Darkie before Wei's attempted search. The next day, Po instructs his gang to plant six bombs marked by security cameras at an antique auction attended by rich people. The gangs are restricted from firearms but provided with tonfas instead and also the tickets to access on board. As a means of tying up loose ends, Po and his gang raid Darkie's house-boat, having suspected his role in recovering Ku. Darkie hides Ku from Po's sight before being mortally wounded; Darkie tells Ku about Po's scheme and gives him a mobile phone to contact Wei. Utilizing a beeper number that Wei gave him before his assignment, Ku informs Wei and reveals the bombs' locations. However, before the final bomb can be defused, the phone's batteries die. During the auction, Po attempts to rob the crowd, only to be interrupted by Wei and Ku. A large melee battle pits the father and son against Po and his men. The pair score a victory against Po's men. Po takes Ku hostage by choking him. Ku uses his breathing exercise to delay the choke until Fong intervenes by shooting Po aboard a helicopter. Fong and Wei try to evacuate Ku off the boat via the helicopter, but Po arms the timer of the last bomb and pins Wei down with a chain while Fong and an unconscious Ku escape. Wei eventually gets out of the pin and knocks Po out, narrowly escaping the boat's explosion and reuniting with Fong and Ku. Cast Jet Li as Kung Wei Anita Mui as Inspector Anne Fong Yat-wa Xie Miao as Johnny Kung Ku Yu Rongguang as Po Kwong Sing Ngai as Thug Low Houi-kang as Thug Damian Lau as Inspector Cheng Corey Yuen as Bartender Blackie Ko as Darkie Media The Mei Ah Laserdisc contains a scene where Po Kwang and his thug (Collin Chou) speculate Kung Wei being an undercover cop. It occurs before the scene where Little Ku appears on the news. Versions maintaining the original score that exclude this scene contain a jump in the audio. Indian distributor Diskovery released the export English version on VCD. It is cut however. Mei Ah released a non-remastered DVD with Cantonese and Mandarin soundtracks with English and Chinese subtitles. In the US, My Father Is A Hero was re-edited/scored/dubbed and released as The Enforcer by Dimension Films in 2000. No option for the original Cantonese audio was included. The same version of the film was released in the UK on DVD in 2004 by Hollywood Pictures (the VHS in 2002). A remastered anamorphic DVD was released by Mei Ah in 2005. Like a number of Mei Ah's "mono" soundtracks, it's a downmix of the 5.1 audio. In 2009, Dragon Dynasty released a Special Edition of the film with new additional features. However, the Dimension cut and soundtrack had been preserved, making this the first Dragon Dynasty release that does not feature the original language soundtrack (with exception to 'My Young Auntie'). Also in 2009, an Austrian DVD by MIB was released featuring the uncut Hong Kong version with its original mono Cantonese soundtrack and newly remastered English subtitles - among the extras are trailers and a deleted scene (the aforementioned Laserdisc). Reception Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 54% of 13 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.3/10. Joey O'Bryan of The Austin Chronicle rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote of Li and Tse that "there is an unevenness at work here that keeps the film from reaching the delirious heights of this dynamic duo's previous collaborations". Bill Gibron of PopMatters rated it 8/10 stars and wrote, "In fact, it’s the thrills and character interaction that makes The Enforcer much more than a stereotypical trip through the Asian underworld." Earl Cressey of DVD Talk rated it 4/5 stars and wrote that it "combines some fantastic martial arts action and a decent story with great results". David Johnson of DVD Verdict called it a "disappointing action movie" and wrote that he could not accept a child who fights against adult henchmen. See also Jet Li filmography List of Hong Kong films References External links Category:1995 films Category:1990s action thriller films Category:1990s martial arts films Category:Hong Kong films Category:Hong Kong action thriller films Category:Hong Kong martial arts films Category:Cantonese-language films Category:Kung fu films Category:Triad films Category:Wushu films Category:Films shot in Hong Kong Category:Films directed by Corey Yuen	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Falsion is an on-rail 3D shoot-'em-up produced by Konami that was released for the Family Computer Disk System in 1987. It is one of the few games compatible with the Famicom 3D System peripheral. Plot The game's background story is only explained through the user manual. In the game's universe, humanity has colonized most planets in our galaxy, the Milky Way, and they now look towards expanding their reach by using an experimental travel technology called "Hyperzone Drive". However, a race of aliens who have already mastered that technology are currently invading planets at a quick pace, closing in on the Solar System. The invaders attack humanity's colony on Pluto and conquer it with little resistance, since human civilization doesn't have the technology to defend itself. The human organization responsible for the space program, the "United Space Force", decides to use the yet-untested "Hyperzone Drive" in order to send ships that will directly attack the armies of the invading aliens. However, the new technology proves hard to control, and only one of the ships manages to survive the trip: the protagonist's ship, named Falsion. The story of the game itself deals with the Falsion'''s attack on the alien forces, and its eventual victory over the alien mothership, called "Gigantos", which serves as the game's final boss. Gameplay The game is a shoot 'em up in which the player controls the movements of a flying space ship, called the Falsion, while simultaneously shooting enemy ships and trying to avoid their attacks. The goal of the game is to survive to the end of the auto-scrolling levels and defeat the boss to move on to the next level, until the sixth and final boss is defeated. In a manner that has been compared to games like Space Harrier and Star Fox, the player's perspective is from the third person, behind the space ship, as it goes forward. Enemies, projectiles and obstacles seem to fly towards the space ship. Enemies can be attacked by shooting a rapid-firing beam weapon or homing missiles, although there is a limited supply of the latter. Randomly appearing power-ups which float around the screen for a limited time can also be collected by the player, and they either increase the ship's movement speed or replenish its missile supply. To survive, the player must avoid getting hit by enemies and obstacles or their attacks. The player can also destroy these enemies, which include other space ships, meteorites and robots. Reception and legacy The game received mixed reviews. Atari HQ praised Falsion's fluidity and called its 3D mode a great experience, saying the game is a "must-get". Another reviewer found the depth perception confusing and while they praised the game's music and said this was the best Famicom 3D System title, it remained "a pain to play". Despite the similarity in name, the "Falchion β" ship in Gradius Gaiden'' is not based on the "Falsion" ship featured in this game. References Category:1987 video games Category:Gradius video games Category:Famicom Disk System games Category:Famicom Disk System-only games Category:Japan-exclusive video games Category:Video games developed in Japan Category:Konami games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George C. Mason & Son George C. Mason & Son (1871–94) was an American architectural firm working in Newport, Rhode Island. It was a father-son firm, the principals being George C. Mason (1820-1894) and George C. Mason, Jr. (1849-1924). Mason established his office in 1860, and was the first true architect to work out of Newport. His son began working for him in 1867, and became a partner in January 1871. Mason, Jr. married a Philadelphia woman in 1886, and opened a branch office of the firm in that city in 1888. The firm was dissolved with the elder Mason's death in 1894. With the exception of the Philadelphia work, almost all of the Masons' known architectural work is in Newport County, Rhode Island. They were mainly noted for their residential designs for summer residents, though they also designed churches and civic structures of occasion. Architectural Works Acorn House (Edward Cunningham Cottage), 1 Cottage St., Newport, RI (1871) Frederick Sheldon Cottage, Narragansett Ave. & Annandale Rd., Newport, RI (1871–72) - Demolished. Misses Hazard Cottage, 54 Kay St., Newport, RI (1871) Loring Andrews Cottage, 553 Bellevue Ave., Newport, RI (1871–72) - Replaced by Friedham in 1888, also by Mason & Son. Philip B. Case House, 60 Kay St., Newport, RI (1871) Maple Shade (John D. Ogden Cottage), 1 Red Cross Ave., Newport, RI (1871–72) Isaac P. White House, 66 Ayrault St., Newport, RI (1872) Heartseas (Charles N. Beach Cottage), 45 Ayrault St., Newport, RI (1873–74) Cliff Lawn (J. Winthrop Chanler Cottage), 117 Memorial Blvd., Newport, RI (1873) - Altered. Commandant's Residence, Fort Adams, Newport, RI (1873) Edward L. Brinley House, 6 Sunnyside Pl., Newport, RI (1873) Rogers High School, 95 Church St., Newport, RI (1873) - Built with a tower and mansard roof, both removed. No longer a school. Woodbine Cottage (George C. Mason House), 2 Sunnyside Pl., Newport, RI (1873–74) Redwood Library (Addition), 50 Bellevue Ave., Newport, RI (1874–75) John Howland House, 22 Old Walcott Ave., Jamestown, RI (1875) - Altered. Free Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, 61 Poplar St., Newport, RI (1875–76) - Now the parish house. White Gate (John B. Landers Cottage), 188 Narragansett Ave., Jamestown, RI (1875) - Altered by Hurricane Gloria. Cranston School, 15 Cranston Ave., Newport, RI (1876) - Demolished. Park Gate (Seth B. Stitt Cottage), 141 Pelham St., Newport, RI (1879) - For Seth B. Stitt. Mary Mitchell House, 13 Francis St., Newport, RI (1880) St. Matthew's Episcopal Church, 87 Narragansett Ave., Jamestown, RI (1880) - Demolished 1967. Charles Wheeler Cottage, 247 Eustis Ave., Newport, RI (1881) Francis Morris Cottage, 86 Rhode Island Ave., Newport, RI (1882–83) Graystone (Fitch J. Bosworth Cottage), Ochre Point & Victoria Aves., Newport, RI (1882–83) - Demolished. George C. Mason, Jr. House, 5 Champlin St., Newport, RI (1883) Fire Station No. 4, 4 Equality Park Pl., Newport, RI (1884) St. George's Episcopal Church, 14 Rhode Island Ave., Newport, RI (1885–86) Belmont Memorial Chapel, Island Cemetery, Newport, RI (1886–88) - Overgrown, vacant and deteriorated. Chelten, Washington Ln., Abington, PA (1886) - Demolished. Swedish M. E. Church, 24 Annandale Rd., Newport, RI (1887) Friedham (Theodore Havemeyer Cottage), 553 Bellevue Ave., Newport, RI (1888) - Demolished 1906. Houses, 1017-1019 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA (1888) Parish House for St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, 19 S. 10th St., Philadelphia, PA (1888) Addison C. Thomas House, 96 Rhode Island Ave., Newport, RI (1889–90) Stone Gables (Sarah T. Z. Jackson Cottage), 100 Rhode Island Ave., Newport, RI (1889–90) Luce Hall, Naval War College, Newport, RI (1891–92) Mason & Son also submitted designs in the architectural competition for the new Rhode Island State House in 1890. Their entry did not make it past the first round. References Category:Architecture firms based in Rhode Island Category:Companies established in 1871 Category:Companies disestablished in 1894 Category:1871 establishments in Rhode Island Category:1894 disestablishments in the United States Category:19th-century American architects	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Naval Club The Naval Club, formerly the RNVR (Auxiliary Patrol) Club (1919–1943), and the RNVR Club (1943–1969) is a gentlemen's club in London established in 1919. Since 1946 it has owned the premises at 38 Hill Street, Mayfair which was formerly occupied by the 2nd Earl of Chatham. It was founded as the RNVR (Auxiliary Volunteers) Club after World War I, for serving and retired officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). It leased interim premises from the Marlborough Club until 1946, when it acquired its current townhouse. The building still serves today as the headquarters of the RNVR Officers' Association. In 1969, it changed its name to the Naval Club. The club's first president was Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe. Notable members of the club have included Viscount Astor, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Alan Lennox-Boyd, and Harold Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson. Now open to all those with a connection to, or interest in, the sea & maritime affairs. A Corporate membership scheme is also available. A table of membership subscription costs is readily available online or by enquiry. . External links Naval Club website The Naval Club Facebook Page See also List of London's gentlemen's clubs Category:Gentlemen's clubs in London Category:1946 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Military gentlemen's clubs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Portal Rock Portal Rock () is a turret-like rock knob (1,990 m) in Queen Alexandra Range, standing 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) northwest of Fairchild Peak, just south of the mouth of Tillite Glacier. So named by the Ohio State University geology party (1966–67) because the only safe route to Tillite Glacier lies between this rock and Fairchild Peak. Category:Rock formations of the Ross Dependency Category:Shackleton Coast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Big Dream (film) The Big Dream () is a 2009 Italian drama film directed by Michele Placido. It entered the main competition at the 66th Venice International Film Festival, in which Jasmine Trinca won the Marcello Mastroianni Award. Plot In 1968, in Rome, at the famous La Sapienza University, a group of young people occupy the institution, starting a student revolt. The group of students is led by the proletarian Libero, son of unemployed workers of Fiat, who wants to permanently change the future for the youth of the country. The police oppose him, while the upper class student Laura falls in love with Libero. In the meantime, however, the Rome police plan to stifle the student revolt, and among these is the young Nicola, who secretly loves the theater, and wants to star in a famous company. When Laura meets Nicola, she changes perspective and the two fall in love. Nicola is tasked by the police to infiltrate the protesters and to discover the weak points so that the police can more easily attack the students.As soon as the attack begins one day, without warning, Laura discovers the true nature of Nicola, and breaks up with him. While Libero flees to Sicily, avoiding arrest, the young policeman decides to devote himself entirely to the theater. Cast Luca Argentero: Libero Riccardo Scamarcio: Nicola Jasmine Trinca: Laura Marco Iermanò: Andrea Brenno Placido: Giulio Laura Morante: Maddalena Massimo Popolizio: Domenico Dajana Roncione: Isabella Alessandra Acciai: Francesca Silvio Orlando: Police Captain Ottavia Piccolo: adult Laura References External links Category:2009 films Category:Italian films Category:Italian drama films Category:Films directed by Michele Placido Category:2000s drama films Category:Films set in 1968	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Center for Civic Media The MIT Center for Civic Media (formerly the Center for Future Civic Media) is a research and practical center that develops and implements tools that support political action and "the information needs of [civic] communities". Its mission reads in part: The MIT Center for Civic Media creates and deploys technical and social tools that fill the information needs of communities. We are inventors of new technologies that support and foster civic media and political action; we are a hub for the study of these technologies; and we coordinate community-based test beds both in the United States and internationally. History The Center for Civic Media was founded in 2007 as a joint effort of the MIT Media Lab and the MIT Comparative Media Studies program. Its initial funding, a four-year grant from the Knight Foundation, was won in a contest "to foster blogs and other digital efforts that seek to bring together residents of a city or town in ways that local newspapers historically have done." The founders planned to "develop new technologies and practices to help newspapers attract readers as a greater number of Americans use the Internet as their primary news source." It expanded in 2011. Staffed by academic, technical, and professional staff, the Center was originally led by Christopher Csikszentmihályi, along with the Media Lab's Mitchel Resnick and Comparative Media Studies' Henry Jenkins. Ethan Zuckerman was announced as the Center's new director in June 2011. Others affiliated with the center include Sasha Costanza-Chock, Benjamin Mako Hill, William Uricchio, Jing Wang, Joy Buolamwini, and Jeffrey Warren. Research and development The Center creates tools for deployment and testing in geographic communities. Like the Media Lab, the work is iterative, experimental, and draws in large part on the work of current graduate students. But unlike much other work at the Media Lab, Center tools are expected to have immediate applications, even if narrowly focused on a specific community's need. With varying levels of adoption, deployed civic media tools and communities have included: Grassroots Mapping (Gulf of Mexico oil spill; the Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn, Superfund site), a collection of cartographic tools and practices—such as best practices for using balloons, kites, inexpensive cameras, and open-source software—for citizens to produce their own aerial imagery. Grassroots Mapping grew into the larger Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science, which won a $500,000 Knight News Challenge grant for its work. Lost in Boston: Realtime (Boston, MA; South Wood County, WI, under the name Sameboat), displays local information in shared areas at low cost, such as using LED screens to display live bus arrival data in places people prefer to be, such as stores or coffeehops near bus stops rather than at bus stops themselves. Sourcemap, which maps supply chains of consumer goods. Between the Bars, a blogging platform for prisoners Crónicas de Héroes/Hero Reports, a method for reporting small acts of civic heroism. (Utilized in Juárez, Mexico, and elsewhere) People's Bot (telepresence robot) References Further reading Schmitt, D.A. "Center for Future Civic Media." CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Apr. 2009: 1490+. Category:Active citizenship Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Category:Citizen media Category:2007 establishments in Massachusetts Category:Community organizations Category:MIT Media Lab	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Savings and Loans Company Savings and Loans Company is a statutory term used for non-bank financial institutions in Ghana. There are 37 Savings and Loans Companies released by the Bank of Ghana as at January 2017. Such institutions are licensed by the Bank of Ghana under the Financial Institutions non-Banking Law 1993 (PNDC Law 328). References Category:Financial services in Ghana	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bhanga Pilot High School Bhanga Pilot High School () also known as Bhanga High School, is an educational institution in Bhanga, Fardipur, Bangladesh established in 1889. References Category:High schools in Bangladesh Category:Educational institutions established in 1889 Category:1889 establishments in India Category:Schools in Faridpur District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
ČSD Class ES 499.1 ČSD Class ES 499.1 is a class of electric locomotives used primarily for passenger trains in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Now classified as Class 363, these locomotives passed to České dráhy, rail operator in the Czech republic, and to ZSSK, rail operator in Slovakia. Class 363 is also used by ČD Cargo and ZSSK Cargo for hauling freight trains. 363s are numerically the largest class of ČD locomotives. ES 499.1 locomotives operate both on the 3,000 V DC system and the 25 kV 50 Hz AC system. History In 1980 Škoda produced ES 499.1001 and 1002 as prototype locomotives for the replacement of the existing ČSD fleet. Production series locomotives started to be delivered in 1984. Two single system derivatives were also created S 499.2 (AC) and E 499.3 (DC). During 1990 further development to run at 140 km/h lead to the ČD Class 362, but an order for 30 locos was canceled due to financial problems. Some ČD Class 363 and ŽSR Class 363 locomotives are being rebuilt as 362s. Power regulation In 1980, these locomotives were the world's first multisystem locomotives with power thyristor pulse regulation. This regulation has minimal losses compared to older resistive regulation with much higher losses. This gave the locomotive its characteristic sound in three frequencies (the first is 33,3 Hz, the second is 100 Hz and the third is 300 Hz) when locomotive accelerating. Usage 363s are currently used to haul these services ČD Prague - Břeclav Prague - České Budějovice Prague - Plzeň Ústí nad Labem - Cheb Břeclav - Petrovice u Karviné Brno - Bohumín Brno - Olomouc (- Šumperk) ZSSK Bratislava - Žilina - Košice Disposition As of June 23, 2008, 12 363s remained in service with ZSSK, 23 with ZSSK Cargo, 63 with ČD and 47 with ČD Cargo. See also List of České dráhy locomotive classes References External links Lokomotivní řada 363 ČD (ES 499.1 ČSD) in Czech Prototypy.cz about the locomotive in Czech VLAKY.NET forum Czech and Slovak Railway Group in English video of this locomotive class Category:Škoda locomotives Category:Bo′Bo′ locomotives Category:25 kV AC locomotives Category:3000 V DC locomotives Category:Electric locomotives of Czechoslovakia Category:Electric locomotives of Slovakia Category:Electric locomotives of the Czech Republic Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1980 Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Czechoslovakia Category:Standard gauge locomotives of the Czech Republic Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Slovakia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Charlie Bohn Charles Bohn (October, 1856 – August 1, 1903), was a professional baseball player who played outfield and pitcher in the Major Leagues for the 1882 Louisville Eclipse. He was buried at Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. External links Citations Sources Category:1856 births Category:1903 deaths Category:Major League Baseball outfielders Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Louisville Eclipse players Category:19th-century baseball players Category:Davenport Brown Stockings players Category:Johnstown (minor league baseball) players Category:Dayton Gem Citys players Category:Omaha Omahogs players Category:Keokuk Hawkeyes players Category:Mansfield (minor league baseball) players Category:Charleston Seagulls players Category:Sandusky Fish Eaters players Category:Grand Rapids (minor league baseball) players Category:Galesburg (minor league baseball) players Category:Indianapolis (minor league baseball) players Category:Meadville (minor league baseball) players Category:Baseball players from Ohio Category:Sportspeople from Cleveland Category:Burials at Woodland Cemetery (Cleveland)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bundeshaus (Berlin) The Bundeshaus (Federal House) is a building in the district of Wilmersdorf in Berlin, Germany that is the domicile of Federal Government agencies in Berlin, among others the Federal Office of Administration. History It was built between 1893 and 1895 and first served as an administrative building for the Royal Prussian Artillery Testing Commission. After partial destruction during World War II, it was restored and re-opened by the West German Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on 17 April 1950. Between 1950 and 1990 it served as the seat of the Federal Plenipotentiary (Bundesbevollmächtigter) for the city of Berlin (West) and as outpost of several Federal government agencies some of which have completely moved to Berlin in separate edifices after 1990. Berlin Memorial Plaque On 19 July 1990, a Berlin Memorial Plaque commemorating the Generals Erich Hoepner and Henning von Tresckow, who worked in the building, was unveiled in the building. External links Bundeshaus at Berlin.de Category:Buildings and structures in Berlin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Illinois (song) "Illinois" is the regional anthem (or state song) of the U.S. state of Illinois. Written in the early 1890s by Civil War veteran Charles H. Chamberlain (1841–1894, also spelled Chamberlin), the verses were set to the tune of "Baby Mine", a popular song composed in 1870 by Archibald Johnston (died 1887). "Illinois" became the state song by an act of the 54th Illinois General Assembly in 1925. History The song was written during the successful campaign to have the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition (world's fair) located in Chicago. It was intended for Colonel O.B. Knight, a friend of Mr. Chamberlin, to sing in Illinois and Washington D.C. as support for the nomination of Illinois to host the fair. Walter Howe Jones (died 1933), Director of the University of Illinois School of Music from 1895 to 1901, set the song lyrics to his own music for male voices in 1901. His version was published in several campus song books but was not widely used. In 1925 Florence Fifer Bohrer (1877-1960) of Bloomington, daughter of Governor Joseph W. Fifer (1840-1938) and the first woman Illinois state senator, introduced the bill making "Illinois" with Johnston's melody the official state song. The bill was passed on 30 June 1925. Colonel Armin F. Hand (1882?-1966) of Chicago composed a stylized version of the song titled "Governor's March (Illinois)" for marching band in 1935, and dedicated it to Governor Henry Horner (1879-1940). In 1949 the University of Illinois football band, the Marching Illini, conducted by Everett Kisinger (1912-1990) adapted this march as their pregame "Entrance No. 3" played before each home game. It was revised by James Curnow in 1972. In addition to the original four verses of the lyrics, two more were written in 1966 by folk singer Win Stracke (1908-1991) for the 1968 Illinois Sesquicentennial. A marching band arrangement by John Warrington (1911-1978) was issued at the same time. In 2018 the Illinois House of Representatives passed HR 184, a resolution encouraging the playing of "Illinois" at government events, commencement exercises and other events at state universities. The resolution was drafted by Chicago author Stan "Tex" Banash (1940- ) and introduced by State Representative Michael P. McAuliffe (1963- ). Lyrics By thy rivers gently flowing, Illinois, Illinois, O'er thy prairies verdant growing, Illinois, Illinois, Comes an echo on the breeze. Rustling through the leafy trees, and its mellow tones are these, Illinois, Illinois, And its mellow tones are these, Illinois. (Repeat Last Line.) From a wilderness of prairies, Illinois, Illinois, Straight thy way and never varies, Illinois, Illinois, Till upon the inland sea, Stands thy great commercial tree, turning all the world to thee, Illinois, Illinois, Turning all the world to thee, Illinois. (Repeat Last Line.) When you heard your country calling, Illinois, Illinois, Where the shot and shell were falling, Illinois, Illinois, When the Southern host withdrew, Pitting Gray against the Blue, there were none more brave than you, Illinois, Illinois, There were none more brave than you, Illinois. (Repeat Last Line.) Not without thy wondrous story, Illinois, Illinois, Can be writ the nation's glory, Illinois, Illinois, On the record of thy years, Abraham Lincoln's name appears, Grant and Logan, and our tears, Illinois, Illinois, Grant and Logan, and our tears, Illinois. (Repeat Last Line.) The following verses were written by Win Stracke in 1966: Eighteen-eighteen saw your founding, Illinois, Illinois, And your progress is unbounding, Illinois, Illinois, Pioneers once cleared the lands, Where great industries now stand. World renown you do command, Illinois, Illinois, World renown you do command, Illinois. (Repeat Last Line.) Let us pledge in final chorus, Illinois, Illinois That in struggles still before us, Illinois, Illinois To our heroes we'll be true, As their vision we pursue. In abiding love for you, Illinois, Illinois. In abiding love for you, Illinois. (Repeat Last Line.) References External links Sheet music for "Illinois" Official State Song from Illinois Government site. Category:Songs about Illinois Category:Symbols of Illinois Category:United States state songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Carstairs Junction Carstairs Junction () is a village in South Lanarkshire. Taking its name from the village of Carstairs and nearby railway junction, the village grew around the railway station which opened in 1848. In 2011 it had a population of 747. References Category:Villages in South Lanarkshire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Stone Church Road (Hamilton, Ontario) Stone Church Road, is a two-way Upper City (mountain) east-west arterial road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It starts at Golf Links Road, just east of Meadowlands, and goes across the Escarpment and ends at Upper Mount Albion Road. Note: This road continues East of Upper Mount Albion Road as Paramount Drive. History Stone Church Road, is named after the Barton Stone Church at the corner of Upper James Street (21 Stone Church Road West). In the early days of the last century the townships of Ancaster and Barton, (on the mountain), were selected by American settlers, who came, for the most part from the state of Pennsylvania. Among these were the Rymals. William Rymal was also one of the first four trustees of Barton Stone Church. The church was first under the jurisdiction of the American Presbyterian church, but this authority ceased to exist around 1838 and then was confined under the Canadian church authority, which was established in 1844. Landmarks Note: Listing of Landmarks from West to East. Gourley Park, (baseball field, 1-street North at Matthew Street) Dr. William Connell Park (at West 5th Street) Assyrian Church of the East Barton Stone Church (which the street is named after) Barton Church United Cemetery Johnston Chrysler Dodge Jeep (dealership) Dr. William Bethune Park (outdoor swimming pool) Canadian Reformed Church St. Jean de Brébeuf Secondary School, (2-streets South at Butler Drive, past Upper Wentworth) Salvation Army (Mountain Citadel) Stone Church Square (shopping), (at Upper Ottawa Street) Barton Square (shopping), (at Upper Ottawa Street) Simulated Fire Rescue Complex St. Naum Macedonian Church Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway exit ramp Mount Albion Conservation Area Splitsville Entertainment Carmen's Banquet Centre The Islamic Centre/ School of Hamilton Note: Landmarks below are found on Paramount Drive Stoneywood Park Valley Park Valley Park Arena Felker Creek Communities Note: Listing of neighbourhoods from West to East. Gurnett/ Falkirk West, Stone Church Road cuts through these two neighbourhoods and all the others on this list. Gilkson/ Falkirk East Gourley/ Sheldon Kernighan/ Mewburr Jerome/ Ryckman's Crerar/ Barnstown Rushdale/ Butler Randall/ Eleanor Quinndale/ Templemead Trenholme/ Rymal Station Albion Falls/ Hannon North Roads that are parallel with Stone Church Road Lower City Roads: Burlington Street, West/East Barton Street, West/East Cannon Street, West/East Wilson Street King William Street King Street, West/East Main Street, West/East - Queenston Road Jackson Street, West/East Hunter Street, West/East Augusta Street Charlton Avenue, West/East Aberdeen Avenue Niagara Escarpment (Mountain) Roads: Concession Street Queensdale Avenue West/ East Scenic Drive - Fennell Avenue, West/East Sanatorium Road Mohawk Road, West/East Limeridge Road West/East Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway - Mud Street, (Hamilton City Road 11) Stone Church Road, West/East ; Rymal Road, West/East Twenty Road, West/East Dickenson Road, West/East Airport Road, West/East Roads that cross Stone Church Road Listing of streets from West to East. Golf Links Road (Hamilton City Road 60) Upper Paradise Road Garth Street West 5th Street Upper James Street Upper Wellington Street Upper Wentworth Street Upper Sherman Avenue Upper Gage Avenue Upper Ottawa Street Nebo Road Dartnall Road Pritchard Road Upper Mount Albion Road See also Niagara Escarpment Commission References MapArt Golden Horseshoe Atlas - Page 656/657/658 - Grids M8, N8, N9, N10, N11, N12, N13, N14, N15, N16, N17, N18, N19 External links Google Maps: Stone Church Road (Hybrid) Category:Roads in Hamilton, Ontario	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Helena Foulkes Helena Foulkes is the current Chief Executive Officer of Hudson's Bay Company. Early life and education The daughter of a lawyer, Helena Buonanno was born the eldest of five children. She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude; there she met her husband, marrying him in 1989 in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Larry Summers was her senior thesis adviser. She later earned her Master of Business Administration from the same institution. Career After graduating from Harvard, Foulkes briefly worked at Goldman Sachs and Tiffany & Co before leaving to earn her MBA. She began working at CVS in 1992. She rose up to become the company's executive vice president and chief marketing officer. She oversaw the launch of the ExtraCare card, a membership program offering savings to participants. Foulkes also created the Pharmacy Advisor program, its purpose being to offer advice to customers with chronic conditions, either in stores or over the phone. In 2011, CVS made Foulkes its chief health care strategy and marketing officer, a new position created for her. In July 2015, Fortune magazine reported that as part of her role, Foulkes oversaw 9,600 retail stores and 18 distribution centers. She helped spur the decision to stop selling cigarettes and tobacco products, citing the need for CVS to better position itself as a healthcare company. She oversaw the company's philanthropic endeavors, and developed digital strategies to help consumers learn how to fulfill their pharmaceutical needs. In 2015, Fortune magazine included her on its list of Most Powerful Women, citing Foulkes' role in the "$1.9 billion purchase of Target's prescription-filling business—a deal that will give CVS the most pharmacy locations in the U.S.—and launching upgraded beauty and healthy food sections in many of the stores". On February 5, 2018, Hudson's Bay Co., owner of Saks Fifth Avenue, named Foulkes as its new CEO, saying it would be effective on February 19. In her first six weeks as CEO, Foulkes was challenged with refashioning the company's business strategies given the industry's declining sales at the time. Personal life Foulkes has four children, and runs marathons. In 2009 her mother died from lung cancer. She is a granddaughter of Thomas J. Dodd and a niece of Chris Dodd, both former US senators from Connecticut. References Category:American women business executives Category:American business executives Category:Living people Category:Harvard Business School alumni Category:Goldman Sachs people Category:American chief executives Category:American women chief executives Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shpola Shpola (, ; ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast (province) in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Shpola Raion (district), and is situated at . History In 1797 Shpola became part of the Zvenigorod district in the Kiev Governorate. In 1847, Shpola’s Jewish population numbered 1,156. By 1897, that number had grown to 5,388 of a total population of 11,933, or about 45%. This level held steady until the Second World War. After revolution of 1917 Shpola became first a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and then of the USSR. City since 1938. During World War II, Nazi Germany invaded USSR, and the Jewish population of Shpola was destroyed in 1942. Today Jews make up around 0.5% of Shpola’s population. In 1989 the population of the city was 22 378 people. Shpola is a sister city with Oskaloosa, Iowa. People Ivan Kulyk (1897-1937) - Ukrainian poet, short stories writer, and diplomat; Sergiy Rozhitskiy - Colonel of Ukrainian People's Army; Sergiy Dobrovolskiy - Lieutenant of Ukrainian People's Army; Oleksandr Tkachenko - chairman of Ukrainian parliament; Itzik Feffer (1900-1952) - Yiddish poet; Reb Aryeh Leib, "der Shpoler zeyde" (Yiddish: "the grandfather of Shpola") (1725-1812) - Hasidic tzaddik. Gallery References Shpola Room at the Jewish Escape Room in Brooklyn: https://OneBeforeEscape.com/shpola (1972) Історія міст і сіл Української CCP - Черкаська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy Oblast), Kyiv. Category:Cities in Cherkasy Oblast Category:Kiev Governorate Category:Shtetls Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1971 Saskatchewan general election The 1971 Saskatchewan general election was the seventeenth provincial election in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It was held on June 23, 1971, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. Under the leadership of Allan Blakeney, the New Democratic Party of Saskatchewan returned to power after seven years in opposition. The NDP won a majority government, increasing its share of the popular vote by over 10 percentage points. The Liberal government of Premier Ross Thatcher more or less held its share of the popular vote, but lost a significant number of seats in the legislature in part because of the continuing decline in the share of the vote won by the Progressive Conservative Party, now led by Ed Nasserden. Ross Thatcher died on July 22, 1971, just shy of a month since losing the election. Results Note: * Party did not nominate candidates in previous election. See also List of political parties in Saskatchewan List of Saskatchewan provincial electoral districts Category:1971 elections in Canada Category:1971 in Saskatchewan 1971 Category:June 1971 events in Canada	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jorge O. Calvo Jorge Orlando Calvo is an Argentine geologist and paleontologist working for "Centro de Investigaciones Paleontológicas Lago Barreales" (National University of Comahue). Dr. Jorge Orlando Calvo was born in Córdoba, Argentina, in 1961. At present, he is a professor in Geology and Paleontology at the National University of Comahue, Neuquén. He is one of the founders of the Geology Career (2010) at this University as well as the Director of the Barreales Lake Paleontological Center. He became a geologist in 1986 and in 1991 he won a Fulbright scholarship to do a Master in Paleontological Sciences (1992) at the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, getting his degree in 1994. In 2006, he earned his PhD degree at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He has devoted all his life to the discovering, digging and studying of Vertebrate Paleontology. He has been the first paleontologist living and working in the Neuquén province. He is both author and co-author of many discoveries of his own about new taxa in dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles, frogs, turtles, eggs and dinosaur tracks. He is the first paleontologist to have helped develop not only the Paleontological Science in Norpatagonia (1987) but also the Paleontological Tourism. He is the founder of the Geology and Paleontology Museum of the National University of Comahue (1990), the Paleontological Museum of Rincón de los Sauces (2000) and the Barreales Lake Paleontological Center (2002). As a researcher of the National University of Comahue, he has been the Director of more than 15 national and international research projects led from institutions such as Conicet, Agencia Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia and Universidad Nacional del Comahue (Argentina), Duke Foundation of United State, Dinosaur Society of America, National Geographic Society, etc. He has been the Director of theses for graduates, Master and PhD students. He has published more than 88 scientific papers and more than 60 in non-specialist magazines. He has also read more than 135 papers and lectures at Congresses of the specialty worldwide. He has been invited to lecture on Dinosaurs from Norpatagonia in different cities of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Italy, Finland, Romania and Serbia. He has been a coordinator in more than 25 events of paleontological shows, exhibitions and Interactive museums. He both described and co-described many species: Andesaurus delgadoi Calvo & Bonaparte, 1991 Picunichnus benedettoi Calvo, 1991 (a) Sauropodichnus giganteus Calvo, 1991 (a) Sousaichnium monetae Calvo, 1991 (a) Deferrariischnium mapuchensis Calvo, 1991 (a) Limayichnus major Calvo, 1991 (a) Neuquenornis volans Chiappe & Calvo, 1994 Limaysaurus tessonei Calvo & Salgado, 1995 (b) Megaloolithus patagonicus Calvo, Engelland, Heredia & Salgado, 1997 (c) Avitabatrachus uliana Báez, Trueb & Calvo, 2000 Araripesuchus patagonicus Ortega, Gasparini, Buscalioni & Calvo, 2000 Anabisetia saldiviai Coria & Calvo, 2002 Rinconsaurus caudamirus Calvo & González Riga, 2003 Unenlagia paynemili Calvo, Porfiri & Kellner, 2004 Ekrixinatosaurus novasi Calvo, Rubillar-Rogers & Moreno, 2004 Puertasaurus reuili Novas, Salgado, Calvo & Agnolin, 2005 Pehuenchesuchus enderi Turner & Calvo, 2005 Futalognkosaurus dukei Calvo, Porfiri, González Riga & Kellner, 2007 Neuquensuchus universitas Fiorelli & Calvo, 2007 Muyelensaurus pecheni Calvo, González Riga & Porfiri, 2007 Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus Calvo, Porfiri & Novas, 2007 Linderochelys rinconensis De la Fuente, Calvo & Gonzalez Riga, 2007 Austroraptor cabazai Novas, Pol, Canale, Porfiri & Calvo, 2009 Titanopodus mendozensis Gonzalez Riga & Calvo, 2009 Panamericansaurus schroederi Calvo & Porfiri, 2010 Willinakaqe salitralensis R. D. Juárez Valieri, J. A. Haro, L. E. Fiorelli & J. O. Calvo, 2010 Pamparaptor minimus J. D. Porfiri, J. O. Calvo and D. Dos Santos, 2011 Leufuichthys minimus Gallo, Calvo & Kellner, 2011 Traukutitan eocaudata Juárez Valieri & Calvo, 2011 Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi B. J. González Riga, M. C. Lamanna, L. D. Ortiz David, J. O. Calvo & J. P. Coria, 2016 References (a) Calvo, J.O. 1991. Huellas de dinosaurios en la Formación Río Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano) Picún Leufú. Provincia del Neuquén . Argentina. (Ornithischia-Saurischia: Saurópoda-Terópoda) Ameghiniana, 28 (3-4): 241-258. (b) Calvo, J. O. y L. Salgado, 1995. Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. a new sauropod of the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae. GAIA 11:13-33. (c) Calvo, J.O.; Engelland, S.; Heredia, S. Salgado, L. 1997. First record of dinosaur eggshells (?Sauropoda-Megaloolithidae) from Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. GAIA Portugal. 14:23-32. External links Publicaciones del Dr. Jorge Orlando Calvo Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Argentine paleontologists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Clint George Clint (12 April 1770 – 10 May 1854) was an English portrait painter and engraver, especially notable for his many theatrical subjects. Life Clint was born in Brownlow Street, Drury Lane, Covent Garden, London, the son of Michael Clint, a hairdresser in Lombard Street. He went to school in Yorkshire and was then apprenticed to a fishmonger, but left after a violent dispute with his employer. He found alternative employment in an attorney's office, but took exception to the work and became a house-painter instead - one of his jobs was painting the stones of the arches in the nave of Westminster Abbey. He also decorated the exterior of a house built by Sir Christopher Wren in Cheapside, and was later employed by the bookseller Thomas Tegg. He married the daughter of a small farmer in Berkshire; they had five sons and four daughters. His wife died a fortnight after giving birth to their son Alfred, who also became an artist. Clint took up miniature painting. He had a studio in Leadenhall Street, and he became acquainted with the publisher John Bell, whose nephew, the mezzotint engraver Edward Bell, taught Clint the art of engraving. His first in oil painting was a portrait of his wife. At this period Samuel Reynolds, the engraver, advised him to undertake watercolour portraits. Commissions proving scarce, he made copies, in colour, from prints after George Morland and Teniers; he reproduced Morland's The Enraged Bull and The Horse struck by Lightning several times. Around 1816, his studio at 83 Gower Street, was a meeting place of the leading actors and actresses of the day. This popularity arose from a series of dramatic scenes which he painted, such as "William Farren, Farley, and Jones as Lord Ogleby, Canton, and Brush" in the comedy The Clandestine Marriage. Clint was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1821, a position he resigned in 1836, after repeated disappointments in not being made a full academician. He subsequently took a house in Peckham, but moved to Pembroke Square, where he died on 10 May 1864. Works He painted portraits of Lord Suffield and his family, Lord Egremont, Lord Essex, Lord Spencer, General Wyndham, and many others. He executed several theatrical portraits for a Mrs. Griffiths of Norwood, some of which were destroyed by fire. His Falstaff and Mistress Ford is in the Tate Gallery. His early engravings include The Frightened Horse, after George Stubbs; The Entombment, after Dietrich; The Death of Nelson, after Samuel Drummond, and a set of the Raphael cartoons in outline. His mezzotints included The Trial of Queen Caroline, after George Henry Harlow; a portrait of the William Pitt, after John Hoppner; a portrait of Margaret, Lady Dundas, after Thomas Lawrence; a portrait of Miss Siddons, again after Lawrence, and a print after a self-portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds. There are also portraits of the engraver George Cook; the publisher John Bell; the actors Edmund Kean, Charles Young (as Hamlet), William Dowton and John Liston (the latter as Paul Pry) and the actresses Lucia Elizabeth Vestris and Julia Glover. Family One of Clint's sons, Scipio Clint, was a notable medallist and seal engraver. Of his other sons Raphael Clint (1797–1849) was an engraver and Alfred Clint (1807–1833) a marine painter. References Further reading Bryan, Michael. Bryan's dictionary of painters and engravers, volume 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1903), p303. External links George Clint on ArtCyclopedia George Clint on Artnet Works by George Clint at the National Portrait Gallery, London Engravings by Clint on Grosvenor Prints"* Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections Portrait of a Gentleman (Oil on canvas - Christie's) Portrait of Colonel John Edmund Harvey (oil on canvas, 1844) Category:18th-century English painters Category:English male painters Category:19th-century English painters Category:English watercolourists Category:English engravers Category:English portrait painters Category:Portrait miniaturists Category:1770 births Category:1854 deaths Category:People from Covent Garden Category:Associates of the Royal Academy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bob Clifford (footballer) Bob Clifford (born 6 March 1937) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Category:Living people Category:1937 births Category:Australian rules footballers from South Australia Category:Richmond Football Club players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kharmerungulatum Kharmerungulatum is an extinct genus of herbivorous mammal from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Intertrappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its specific epithet honors Leigh Van Valen. It was originally considered to be one of the earliest known condylarths., but more recent studies find it to be a zhelestid, part of an assemblage of herbivorous non-placental eutherian mammals also present in Europe, Asia and possibly Africa. References Category:Prehistoric eutherians Category:Cretaceous mammals Category:Extinct animals of India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Palestinian Authority government in the West Bank The Palestinian Authority government in the West Bank refers to the government body of the Palestinian National Authority, seated in Ramallah from 1994 until its split in 2007, and finally the rebranding into the Government of the State of Palestine in 2013. Early history In the Palestinian legislative elections on 25 January 2006, Hamas emerged victorious and nominated Ismail Haniyeh as the Authority's Prime Minister. However, the national unity Palestinian government effectively collapsed, when a violent conflict between Hamas and Fatah erupted, mainly in the Gaza Strip. After the Gaza Strip was taken over by Hamas on 14 June 2007, the Authority's Chairman Mahmoud Abbas dismissed the Hamas-led unity government and appointed Salam Fayyad as Prime Minister. Though the Fatah-led government claimed authority over all West Bank and Gaza Strip, Hamas's control of the Gaza Strip limited its authority de facto to the West Bank. The Fatah-led government's budget derived mainly from various aid programs and the Arab League, while the Hamas government in Gaza was mostly dependent on Iran until the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011. Later history Since 2007, the Fatah government had continued to oversee the Palestinian-controlled territories in the West Bank, while the Hamas government has continued to control the Gaza Strip. A reconciliation agreement to unite their governments, signed in Cairo in 2011, was ratified by the 2012 Hamas–Fatah Doha agreement. Renewed tensions between them, however, plus the effects of the Arab Spring (especially the crisis in Syria) have postponed its implementation. In 2011, representatives of the Authority failed to have their United Nations (UN) status upgraded, although their UNESCO status was upgraded to state representation. In July 2012, the Hamas government in Gaza was reported as considering a declaration of the independence of the Gaza Strip, with the support of neighboring Egypt. A unity government was sworn in on 2 June 2014. References Category:Palestinian National Authority Category:Fatah PNA Category:Palestinian government Category:History of the West Bank Category:1994 establishments in the Palestinian territories Category:2013 disestablishments in the State of Palestine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Loïc Nestor Loïc Nestor (born 20 May 1989) is a Guadeloupean professional footballer who plays for Grenoble Foot 38, as a defender. Career Born in Haguenau, France, Nestor joined the youth team of Le Havre in 2004, and turned professional in 2007, making his Ligue 2 debut on 6 November 2007 against CS Sedan. International career Nestor made one appearance for the France under-21 team in 2008. International goals Scores and results list Guadeloupe's goal tally first. Honours Le Havre Ligue 2: 2008 References External links Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:Association football defenders Category:Guadeloupean footballers Category:Guadeloupe international footballers Category:French footballers Category:France under-21 international footballers Category:French people of Guadeloupean descent Category:Le Havre AC players Category:LB Châteauroux players Category:Valenciennes FC players Category:Grenoble Foot 38 players Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Ligue 2 players Category:Championnat National 2 players Category:Championnat National 3 players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gemini Award for Best Children's or Youth Program or Series The Gemini Awards for Best Children's or Youth Program or Series was presented by the Gemini Awards to honour English children's television programming produced in Canada. Prior to 1998, a single award was presented for children's programming, regardless of age bracket and inclusive of both fiction and non-fiction programming. In that year, a new award was created for Best Pre-School Program or Series, separating programming for toddlers and young children from programming for older children and teenagers. In 2002, the award was split into separate awards for Best Fiction Program or Series and Best Non-Fiction Program or Series, and the single award was no longer presented. Winners and Nominees Winners in bold. Best Children's Program 1980s 1986 The Kids of Degrassi Street: "Griff Gets a Hand" (CBC) A Whole New Ball Game 1987 Down at Fraggle Rock: Behind the Scenes (CBC) Stone Fox (NBC) The Conserving Kingdom (TVOntario) 1988 They Look A Lot Like Us: A China Odyssey (CBC) Best Children's Series 1980s 1986 Fraggle Rock (CBC) OWL/TV (CBC) Today's Special (TVOntario) Wonderstruck (CBC) 1987 Degrassi Junior High (CBC) Fraggle Rock (CBC) Spirit Bay (CBC and TVOntario) What's New (CBC) 1988 Ramona (CBC) Mr. Dressup (CBC) Today's Special (TVOntario) What's New (CBC) Wonderstruck (CBC) Best Children's Program or Series 1980s 1989 Mr. Dressup (CBC) Bob Schneider & The Rainbow Kids in concert Happy Castle (Global) 1990s 1990 Raffi in Concert with the Rise and Shine Band (CBC) Dear Aunt Agnes (TVOntario) Fred Penner's Place (CBC) Under the Umbrella Tree (CBC) 1992 The Garden (CTV) Join In! (TVOntario) Take Off (The Family Channel) 1993 Shining Time Station (PBS) Alligator Pie (CBC) Curse of the Viking Grave (Disney Channel) OWL/TV (CBC) 1994 Lamb Chop's Play-Along (YTV) Join In! (TVOntario) The Big Comfy Couch (YTV) Under the Umbrella Tree Special (CBC) 1995 The Big Comfy Couch (YTV) Candles, Snow & Mistletoe (CBC) Fred Penner's Place (CBC) The Biggest Little Ticket (CTV) Wild Side Show (Nickelodeon) 1996 Are You Afraid of the Dark? (YTV) Jim Henson's Dog City (Global) Mighty Machines (TVOntario) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon (TVOntario) The Composer's Specials (HBO) Theodore Tugboat (CBC) 1997 The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon (TVOntario) Goosebumps (YTV) Groundling Marsh (YTV) On My Mind (TVOntario) Shining Time Station ("Second Chances") (PBS) Best Youth Program or Series 1980s 1989 Wonderstruck (CBC) Skin What's New (CBC) YTV Hits (YTV) 1990s 1990 Talkin' About AIDS The Party's Over YTV Rocks (YTV) 1992 Lost in the Barrens (Disney Channel) Diary of a Teenage Smoker (CBC) The NewMusic ("Rock 'n' Roll 'n' Reading") (CityTV) Too Close...For Comfort 1993 The Jellybean Odyssey (CBC) Degrassi Talks (CBC) Road Movies (CBC) Wonderstruck (CBC) 1994 Street Cents (CBC) Are You Afraid of the Dark? (YTV) Minoru: Memory of Exile Spirit Rider (CBC) The Odyssey (CBC) 1995 Street Cents (CBC) AIDScare/AIDsCare (CBC) Brainstorm (TVOntario) For Angela Ready or Not (Global) 1996 Ready or Not (Global) Girl Talk Madison (Global) What: Body Part Art (TVOntario) YTV News (YTV) 1997 The Composer's Specials ("Handel's Last Chance") (HBO) Are You Afraid of the Dark? (YTV) Heck's Way Home (CTV) Inquiring Minds (TVOntario) Madison (Global) Best Children's or Youth Program or Series 1990s 1998 - A Street Cents (CBC) Goosebumps (YTV) Ready or Not (Global) ReBoot (YTV) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes (YTV) 1998 - B Ready or Not (Global) Incredible Story Studio (YTV) Popular Mechanics For Kids (SYN) Straight Up (CBC) Street Cents (CBC) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes (YTV) 1999 Goosebumps (YTV) Incredible Story Studio (YTV) Jenny and the Queen of Light (Global) The Inventors' Specials ("Edison:The Wizard of Light") (HBO) YAA! To The M@x (CBC) 2000s 2000 Incredible Story Studio (YTV) Popular Mechanics For Kids (SYN) Street Cents (CBC) The Worst Witch (YTV) YAA! To The M@x (CBC) 2001 Street Cents (CBC) Caitlin's Way (YTV) I Was A Sixth Grade Alien (YTV) Incredible Story Studio (YTV) Screech Owls (YTV) See also Canadian television awards References Children's Program	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
LSU Department of Finance The LSU Department of Finance is part of the E. J. Ourso College of Business of Louisiana State University, located on the university's main campus in Baton Rouge, LA. The department currently consists of 30 faculty members, including five chairs and several professorships. Some of its features include the Securities Market Analysis Research and Trading (SMART) Lab and the Real Estate Research Institute. The department is both a CFP Board-Registered Program and a CFA Program Partner offering curricula for undergraduate and graduate students interested in careers in corporate finance, asset management, real estate, insurance, banking, financial planning and business law through B.S, M.S., and Ph. D programs. Strategic plan and mission The Department of Finance is a cooperative and productive unit of the E.J. Ourso College of Business at Louisiana State University. Its mission is to create innovative, challenging, high quality educational experiences for its students; to conduct, publish, and apply meaningful scholarly research; and to provide excellence in service to the state and local community, the profession, and the university. The E. J. Ourso College of Business’ Five-Year Strategic Plan for National Prominence 2010-2015 aims for the Department to be recognized in the top twenty departments of finance at public universities for excellence in the production, dissemination and application of financial knowledge. History The Department of Finance is one of seven degree-granting units in the E. J. Ourso College of Business. The roots of the department and college go back to 1899 when LSU created a four-year curriculum in commerce within the College of Arts and Sciences. By 1928, roughly coincident with the university's move to its present campus, a separate College of Commerce was established, in which the Department of Economics and Business Administration provided instruction in finance. Graduate education became part of the department's mission in the mid-1930s, with the Master of Business Administration (1935), the Master of Science (1936), and a doctoral program (1938). "Insurance and Real Estate" was the first finance-specific undergraduate curriculum to appear in the university catalog, in 1945. In 1959, the college was reorganized and renamed the College of Business Administration, with a separate Department of Finance, consisting of eight faculty members, and a curriculum in Finance. Business law was included within the department, possibly because of the financial aspects of property law, securities law, and contract law. Reflecting the trend toward quantitative analysis as a part of the research and practice of finance; between 1963 and 1971, the department provided instruction in statistics, and was titled the Department of Business Finance and Statistics. In 1965, the first privately supported, named chair on campus, the Louisiana Bankers Association Chair of Banking, was established in the department. In 1971, the college again reorganized, separating the department into a Department of Quantitative Methods and a Department of Finance. Business law faculty remained within the Department of Finance. In 1978, the college moved from Himes Hall to Patrick F. Taylor Hall (Formerly known as the Center for Engineering and Business Administration, or CEBA). In 1981, the Louisiana Real Estate Commission Chair in Real Estate, the first fully endowed chair on the LSU campus, was established. The mid-1980s also saw the establishment of the Real Estate Research Institute within the department. In 2002, the Department opened the SMART Lab, a 50-station simulated interactive trading floor and research facility. In 2005, the LSU Foundation established the Student Managed Investment Fund, an investment portfolio funded by the LSU Foundation and managed by a select group of students each semester. The contributions of alumni and other benefactors over the years has resulted in the endowment of five chairs and several professorships for the department. In 1996, the college was renamed the E. J. Ourso College of Business Administration in honor of its major benefactor. In 2005, the name was officially shortened to the E. J. Ourso College of Business. The college also recently unveiled its state-of-the-art Business Education Complex, designed to provide business students with a "campus within a campus." Program partnerships CFA partnership In 2009 the E. J. Ourso College of Business was named a CFA Program Partner by the CFA Institute, a global association for investment professionals that awards the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. Recognition as a CFA Program Partner provides a signal to potential students, current students, and the marketplace that the E. J. Ourso College's curriculum is closely tied to professional practice and is well suited to preparing students to sit for the CFA exams. The official partnership signing for LSU was held in the Securities Markets Analysis Research and Trading (SMART) Lab on April 21, 2009 with CFA Institute University Relations Head Bob McLean, CFA representing the organization. Representing LSU were E. J. Ourso College Dean Eli Jones and Gary Sanger, distinguished chair in finance and director of the SMART Lab. Registered CFP Program Department of Finance has registered with the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Inc. to provide a new financial planning undergraduate specialization (Fall 2011). Students who complete the financial planning pathway at LSU will be eligible to sit for the national CFP® Certification Examination administered by CFP Board to become Certified Financial Planner™ professionals. Chad Olivier, CFP®, president of the Baton Rouge Financial Planning Association, has vocally voiced his support of the program. LSU Finance also offers a new option for MS Finance CFP concentration, where MS Finance students can specialize in financial planning. Institutes and labs Securities Market Analysis Research and Trading (SMART) Lab Funded by LSU's Center for Computation & Technology (CCT), the E. J. Ourso College of Business's Securities Markets Analysis Research and Trading Lab, or SMART Lab, recreates a simulated interactive trading floor where students gain experience in securities analysis, research and trading. The lab's 50 networked workstations are equipped with professional analytic software, which gives students significant on-the-job-style training in portfolio construction, risk management, and financial engineering. In addition, the SMART Lab provides faculty and graduate students access to professional tools for research in experimental economics and price discovery theory. The SMART Lab is home to no less than Twelve Bloomberg Terminals. The current lab Director is Dr. Gary Sanger, former Department Chair, and active CFA Institute member. Dr. Sanger is most noted for his contributions to the CFA Exams by volunteering to write questions grade exams. In 2010 he was awarded the C. Steward Sheppard Award by the CFA Institute. Student Managed Investment Fund (SMIF) Each semester the SMART Lab serves as both a classroom and teaching aide for the students managing the LSU Student Managed Investment Fund (SMIF), or the Tiger Fund. The Tiger Fund was founded in the spring of 2005 by a grant from the LSU foundation. The primary investment objective of the Tiger Fund is to achieve long-term capital growth by investing in marketable U.S. equities and exceed the total return of the Fund's benchmark index. The Fund previously used the Standard & Poor's 100 Index as a benchmark, but now uses the Russell Indexes, specifically 200 Index. The secondary objective of the Fund is to enhance the educational programs of the E. J. Ourso College of Business by providing its students with valuable hands-on experience in security analysis and the management of an investment portfolio, and by strengthening their skills and abilities in market analysis, financial research, oral and written communication, and teamwork. Real Estate Research Institute The Real Estate Research Institute was formed to encourage, support, and conduct research in real estate. The Louisiana Real Estate Research Institute was established in 1985 with funding from the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Louisiana Real Estate Commission. Continued funding for the institute has been provided various private sources along with grants. Institute faculty are subsidized by the Louisiana Real Estate Commission Endowed Chair of Real Estate, the Latter and Blum Professorship of Business Administration, and the C. J. Brown Professorship of Real Estate. In terms of professional outreach, the RERI, along with the Baton Rouge Association of Realtors, hold the annual Trends in Baton Rouge Real Estate which typically attract between 300-500 attendees. In terms of academic research, Ong, Ooi, and Wong (2001) ranked LSU as third in terms of publishing in US real estate journals. Dombrow and Turnbull (2002) ranked LSU as third out of 40 institutions for publications in the core real estate journals during the time period studied (1988-1999). RERI is also a 2013 contributing member of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association. Student organizations Tigers on the Street Founded by LSU finance alum Ryan Roberge, Tigers on the Street will assist in placing LSU finance majors in investment banking internships, full-time positions and other institutional finance related careers. TOTS is a network of successful undergraduate and graduate finance majors who develop top students through creating a centralized network, increasing awareness of financial firms and assisting students with resume building as well as the interviewing process. Student Finance Association The Student Finance Association (SFA) is an informative support group for finance students and faculty. Activities are designed to encourage students to socialize with fellow students, faculty members, and economists in the business community. The society also offers assistance with job searches and graduate school information. Student Real Estate Association The Student Real Estate Association is an organization that aims to provide connectivity, education, and guidance to students interested in the real estate industry. The Student Real Estate Association's goal is to promote awareness of career opportunities in the business-related areas of real estate. The association strives to promote the development of skills and knowledge beneficial to employment and investment opportunities in the real estate field. These goals are achieved through contacts with professional personnel from local real estate businesses and associations. Through its efforts, the SREA yields a supportive network of students with the singleness of purpose to prosper in the real estate industry. Masters Student Finance Association The Masters Student Finance Association (MFSA) is a registered student organization concentrated on educating Finance majors by bringing in professional speakers, opening the door to various internship/career opportunities, and participating in outside activities such as the investment club, the annual trip to New York City, community service around Baton Rouge and more. Degree programs Master of Science Program The Master of Science program in Finance provides its students with the analytical and communicative skills necessary for effective financial decision making through the application of financial theory and quantitative techniques. The Louisiana State University MS Finance Program offers a challenging advanced degree that prepares its participants to become the leaders of this rewarding and dynamic field. PhD Program The PhD program in Business Administration with a major in Finance is an intensive course of study in the theory and empirics of Finance. Coursework has been designed to introduce the student to all basic areas of Finance, but the responsibility for mastering the material, of course, lies with the student. To be successful in this program, the student must be committed to the highest level of academic achievement. Those in the program are "lifetime students," for whom the learning process does not end with the granting of the degree. The doctoral program requires the development of a sense of scientific curiosity. These traits along with intensive study of the theory and empirical analysis of Finance form the essence of the PhD program. Forums The LSU Finance Stakeholder's Forum provides involvement and internship opportunities for LSU Finance students. Awards and recognition MS Finance ranked 40th in North America for 2012–13 by Eduniversal (11th among public universities). References External links Finance	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marvin Hall Marvin Hall Jr. (born April 10, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Washington. He was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2016. Professional career Oakland Raiders Hall was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent on June 6, 2016, reuniting with former high school teammate Jaydon Mickens. On September 3, 2016, he was waived by the Raiders. Arizona Cardinals On December 14, 2016, Hall was signed to the Arizona Cardinals' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Cardinals on January 3, 2017. On May 10, 2017, he was released by the Cardinals. Atlanta Falcons On June 2, 2017, Hall was signed by the Atlanta Falcons. He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the Falcons' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on October 14, 2017 and scored his first career touchdown, a 40-yard reception from Matt Ryan, the following day against the Miami Dolphins in a 20–17 loss. Chicago Bears On March 15, 2019, Hall signed with the Chicago Bears. He was waived on August 31, 2019. Detroit Lions On September 4, 2019, Hall was signed to the Detroit Lions practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 21, 2019. He was placed on injured reserve on November 27, 2019 with a foot injury. References Category:1993 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles Category:Players of American football from California Category:American football wide receivers Category:Washington Huskies football players Category:Oakland Raiders players Category:Arizona Cardinals players Category:Atlanta Falcons players Category:Chicago Bears players Category:Detroit Lions players Category:Susan Miller Dorsey High School alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Monte Summano Monte Summano is a mountain of the Veneto, Italy. It has an elevation of 1,296 metres. Category:Mountains of the Alps Category:Mountains of Veneto	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Anovia Anovia is a genus of lady beetles in the family Coccinellidae. There are about six described species in Anovia. Species These six species belong to the genus Anovia: Anovia circumclusa Gorham Anovia mexicana Gordon Anovia peruviana Gordon Anovia punica Gordon Anovia virginalis (Wickham, 1905) Anovia weisei Gordon References Further reading Category:Coccinellidae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pelitropis rotulata Pelitropis rotulata is a species of tropiduchid planthopper in the family Tropiduchidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America. References Further reading External links Category:Tropiduchidae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 1908	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dai Rees (rugby league born c. 1885) David "Dai" Rees (birth unknown – death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Salford, as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; ), during the era of contested scrums. International honours Rees won two caps for Wales while at Salford in 1908. References External links Category:Place of birth missing Category:Place of death missing Category:Rugby league forwards Category:Salford Red Devils players Category:Wales national rugby league team players Category:Welsh rugby league players Category:Year of birth missing Category:Year of death missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tamar Eilam Tamar Eilam is an Israeli-American computer scientist at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center at Yorktown Heights, New York whose work for IBM centers around DevOps and configuration management. Eilam completed her Ph.D. in 2000 at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Her dissertation, Cost versus Quality: Tradeoffs in Communication Networks, was jointly supervised by Shlomo Moran and Shmuel Zaks. She immigrated to the US in 2000, after completing her Ph.D., to join IBM Research. In 2014 IBM named her as an IBM Fellow. In 2016, Working Mother magazine named her as one of their Working Mothers of the Year. References External links Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Israeli computer scientists Category:American computer scientists Category:American women computer scientists Category:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni Category:IBM Fellows	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Orel Ice Fringe Orel Ice Fringe () is a strip of coastal ice bordering the south side of Errera Channel between Beneden Head and Porro Bluff, on the west coast of Graham Land. Mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Eduard von Orel (1877–1941), Austrian surveyor who in 1905 designed the first stereoautograph for plotting maps directly from horizontal photographs. Category:Ice piedmonts of Graham Land Category:Danco Coast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Haridas Shastri Shri Haridas Shastri (1918-2013) was an Indian Gaudiya Vaisnava scholar and practitioner. A prolific Sanskrit scholar, he wrote more than a hundred books, including translations from the Sanskrit of several Gauḍīyā books and his own commentaries on them. His original works include the highly regarded book, the Vedānta- darśanam bhāgavata bhāṣyopetam, his translations of the Sat Sandarbhas, and his transliterations of Śrī-caitanya-bhāgavata, Śrī-caitanya-caritāmṛta and Śrī-caitanya-maṅgala. Jonathan Edelmann at the University of Florida has called Shastri "arguably the most prolific and well-educated Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava “insider” scholar of the twentieth century" and "a voice distinct from the more well known Gaudīya-Maṭh and ISKCON". Among his disciples is the noted Gauḍīyā scholar and practitioner, Dr. Satyanarayana Dasa. He is not to be confused with another Gauḍīya Scholar by the same name, Shri Haridas das babaji, who was the compiler of the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Abhidhāna, a voluminous encyclopedia on Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism. Early life and career Śrī Haridās Śāstrī was born in 1918 in Ropa, West Bengal to Śrīmatī Suśīlā Devī and Śrī Abhayacaraṇa Cattopādhyāya. His childhood name was Phaṇindra Nāth. In 1933, he journeyed to Mathura, where he lived under the care of Pandita Bābā Śrī Rāma Kṛṣṇadāsaji. Paṇḍita Bābā chose his only veṣa disciple Śrī Vinod Vihārī Goswāmī as Phaṇindra Nāth’s teacher. Phaṇindra received mantra dīkṣā from Śrī Vinod Vihāri Goswāmi and became his disciple, with the name Haridāsa. After a year, Śrī Haridās received babaji-veṣa dīkṣā from him. He lived with his guru and served him with great devotion. He studied the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava works from his guru for several years. Besides studying from his guru, he studied from other renowned scholars of Vrindavan such as Pandita Amolakrama Shastri and Dhananjaya Dasa. Later, ordered by his guru, Śrī Haridāsa then went to Benares where he studied Indian philosophy for twelve years. He earned nine graduate degrees and three post-graduate degrees covering the six systems of Indian philosophy and theology. He studied under the top scholars of Benares, such as Vamacharan Shastri and Harerama Shastri. His different degrees are listed in his books (for example,): Kāvya-tīrtha, Vyākaraṇa-tīrtha, Sāṅkhya-tīrtha, Mīmāṁsā-tīrtha, Vedānta-tīrtha, Vaiśeṣika-tīrtha, Navya-nyāya-śāstra, Navya- nyāyācārya, Tarka-tīrtha (pratyakṣa), Tarka-tīrtha (anumāna), Tarka-tīrtha (śabda) and Vaiṣṇava-darśana-tīrtha. He established the Śrī Haridāsa Niwāsa āśrama at Kālīya-daha in Vṛndāvana in 1965. In the center of this āśrama was established the first major temple in Vṛndāvana to have deities of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu and Śrī Gadādhara Paṇḍita. Paramparā Śrī Haridās Śāstrī is part of the Gadādhara parivāra. The Gadādhara parivāra is a lineage of guru-śiṣya which originated from Śrī Gadādhara Paṇḍita. Śrī Gadādhara Paṇḍita gave dīkṣā to several disciples including Śrī Bhugarbha Goswami. Śrī Haridās Śāstrī belongs to Śrī Bhugarbha Goswami's line. Gadādhara -Gaura Hari Press Śrī Haridās Śāstrī established the Gadādhara-Gaura Hari Press. His purpose was to make the works of Rupa Goswami, Jiva Goswami and other Gaudiya Vaisnava acharyas, which were primarily in Sanskrit, accessible to the public. He translated and published around 100 books. Many of these books contained his own commentaries. He was the first to translate and comment on Jiva Goswami’s Sat Sandarbhas in Hindi. He also established a library, Śrī Gaura-Gadādhara Granthāgāram, which is one of the largest libraries in Vrindavan today. Edelmann notes, "many academic scholars of the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava tradition have used Haridāsa Śāstrī published editions of the Gosvāmin’s literature". Vedāntadarśanam Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu had explained that the Śrīmad Bhāgavatam is the natural commentary of the Vedanta-sūtras. But he had not explained how individual verses of the two scriptures related to each other. Sri Haridas Shastri addressed this key gap in the Gauḍīyā Vaiṣṇava literature, by writing and publishing his book Vedānta- darśanam. This book explains how a verse or verses of the Śrīmad Bhāgavatam comment on a specific Vedanta-sūtra. This work is exceptional in its scholarship, and was honored with an award by the Nāgarī Pracāriṇī Sabhā of Benares. He was a great lover of cows and had a cowshed within his ashrama. He would personally take care of each cow and had a personal relationship with them. He started his cowshed around 1981 with just two cows and a bull, and by the time he left his body, the cowshed had grown to 250 cows and bulls. To ensure that the services that he started continued in his absence, he established Śrī Haridās Śāstrī Cow Institute with a board of trustees. Bibliography Books Vedānta-darśanam bhāgavata bhāṣyopetam Śrī-sādhanāmṛta-candrikā Śrī-gaura-govindārcana-paddhati Śrī-rādhā-kṛṣṇārcana-dīpikā Śrī-govinda-līlāmṛtam (3 volumes) Aiśvarya-kādambinī Śrī-saṁkalpa-kalpa-druma Catuḥślokībhāṣyam & Śrī-kṛṣṇa-bhajanāmṛta Prema-sampuṭa Śrī-bhagavad-bhakti-sāra-samuccaya Braja-rīti-cintāmaṇi Śrī-govinda-vṛndāvanam Śrī-kṛṣṇa-bhakti-ratna-prakāśa Śrī-hari-bhakti-sāra-saṁgraha Dharma-saṁgraha Śrī-caitanya-sūkti-sudhākara Śrī-nāmāmṛta-samudra Sanat-kumāra-saṁhitā Śruti-stuti-vyākhyā Rāsa-prabandha Dina-candrikā Śrī-sādhana-dīpikā Svakīyātva-nirāsa-parakīyātva-nirūpaṇam Śrī-rādhā-rasa-sudhā-nidhi (mūla) Śrī-rādhā-rasa-sudhā-nidhi (sānuvād) Śrī-Gaurāṅga-candrodaya Śrī-caitanya-candrāmṛtam Śrī-brahma-saṁhitā Bhakti-candrikā Prameya-ratnāvalī evaṁ navaratna Vedānta-syamantaka Tattva-sandarbhaḥ Bhagavat-sandarbhaḥ Paramātma-sandarbhaḥ Kṛṣṇa-sandarbhaḥ Bhakti-sandarbhaḥ Prīti-sandarbhaḥ daśaḥ-ślokī bhāṣyam Bhakti-rasāmṛta-śeṣa Śrī-caitanya-bhāgavata Śrī-caitanya-caritāmṛta-mahā-kāvyam Śrī-caitanya-maṅgala Śrī-Gaurāṅga-virūdāvalī Śrī-kṛṣṇa-caitanya-caritāmṛta Sat-saṅgam Nitya-kṛtya-prakaraṇam Śrīmad-bhāgavata-prathama-śloka Śrī-gāyatrī vyākhyā-vivṛtiḥ Śrī-hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇam Śrī-kṛṣṇa-janma-tithi-vidhiḥ Śrī-hari-bhakti-vilāsaḥ Kāvya-kaustubhaḥ Śrī-caitanya-caritāmṛta Alaṅkāra-kaustubha Śrī-gaurāṅga-līlāmṛtam Śikṣāṣṭakam Saṅkṣepa-śrī-hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇam Prayuktākhyāta manjarī Chando kaustubha Hindū-dharma-rahasyam vā sarva-dharma-samanvayaḥ Sāhitya-kaumudī Go-sevā Rāsalīlā Śrī mantra-bhāgavatam References External links http://www.sriharidasniwas.org/ http://www.sriharidasniwas.org/index.php/library-publications/publication.html Category:1918 births Category:2013 deaths Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phil Marks Phil Marks (born 30 April 1961) is an Australian cricketer. He played thirteen first-class and seven List A matches for New South Wales between 1983/84 and 1989/90. See also List of New South Wales representative cricketers References External links Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Australian cricketers Category:New South Wales cricketers Category:Sportspeople from Harare	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Willoughby Dickinson, 1st Baron Dickinson Willoughby Hyett Dickinson, 1st Baron Dickinson, KBE, PC (9 April 1859 – 31 May 1943), was a British Liberal Party politician. He was Member of Parliament for St. Pancras North from 1906 to 1918. Background Dickinson was the son of Sebastian Stewart Dickinson, Member of Parliament for Stroud. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Elizabeth, daughter of General Sir Richard John Meade, in 1891. They had three children, one of whom was Frances Joan Dickinson, Baroness Northchurch. On 18 January 1930 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Dickinson, of Painswick in the County of Gloucester. Lord Dickinson died in May 1943, aged 84, and was succeeded in the barony by his grandson Richard, his only son the Hon. Richard Sebastian Willoughby Dickinson having predeceased him. Willoughby Dickinson's sister, Frances May, an anaesthetist, was the first wife of surgeon Sir James Berry. Political career He served as vice-chairman of the recently formed London County Council from 1892-1896 and then its chairman from March 1900 to March 1901. From 1896 until 1918, he was chair of the London Liberal Federation. He was an assiduous supporter of women's suffrage, promoting a number of measures in Parliament to get the vote for women. Dickinson was made a Privy Counsellor in 1914. He did not stand for parliament again. He was later secretary-general of the World Alliance for International Friendship, and from 1931 chairman of its International Council. In 1930, he joined the Labour Party, but the following year he was part of the National Labour Organisation split. Electoral record References Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Category:1859 births Category:1943 deaths Category:People educated at Eton College Category:Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:UK MPs 1906–1910 Category:UK MPs 1910 Category:UK MPs 1910–1918 Category:Members of London County Council Category:Progressive Party (London) politicians Category:Hyett family	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chlumín Chlumín is a village and municipality in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality covers an area of and as of 2006 it had a population of 449. First written notice about the village is from year 1336. Gallery References This article was initially translated from the Czech Wikipedia. Category:Villages in Mělník District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
In My Time of Dying "In My Time of Dying" (also called "Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed" or a variation thereof) is a traditional gospel music song that has been recorded by numerous musicians. The title line, closing each stanza of the song, refers to a deathbed and was inspired by a passage in the Bible from Psalms 41:3 "The Lord will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing, thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness". Early versions The lyrics "Jesus goin' a-make up my dyin' bed" appear in historian Robert Emmet Kennedy's Mellows – A Chronicle of Unknown Singers published in 1925, on Louisiana street performers, and also listed in the Cleveland Library's Index to Negro Spirituals. The variation "He is a Dying-bed maker" appears in the song "When I's Dead and Gone" as transcribed in 1924 or 1925 in the south-east. A close theme in English hymnary is found in Isaac Watts, and many derivative hymnals. In October 1926, Reverend J. C. Burnett recorded "Jesus Is Going to Make Up Your Dying Bed", but it was never issued. Blind Willie Johnson may have heard Burnett's song or otherwise learned some of his lyrics. Blind Willie Johnson recorded the song during his first recording session on December 3, 1927, as "Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed" and the second take was released as his first single in 1928, backed by "I Know His Blood Can Make Me Whole". Johnson performed the song as a gospel blues with his vocal and slide guitar accompaniment, using an open D tuning with a capo resulting in a pitch of E. An initial pressing of 9,400 records showed Columbia's confidence in the song, who normally released fewer records for major stars such as Bessie Smith. A later pressing of 6,000 was very large for a debut and it was one of Johnson's most successful records. In 1928, Rev. B.J. Hill and the Jubilee Gospel Team recorded "Lower My Dying Head" as a cappela song. In December 1929, Charlie Patton recorded a version with somewhat different lyrics as "Jesus Is A-Dying Bed Maker". On August 15, 1933, Josh White recorded the song as "Jesus Gonna Make Up My Dying Bed". White later recorded it between 1944 and 1946 as "In My Time of Dying", which inspired several popular versions. In 1932, Martha Emmons published a nine-stanza, nine-refrains, version that she heard in Waco, Texas, under the title "Tone de Bell Easy". Two years later John and Alan Lomax printed a composite with 11 stanzas and 9 refrains. Bob Dylan version The song gained greater prominence in popular music when Bob Dylan included a version (along with several others dealing with the subject of death) on his 1962 eponymous debut album. The song, closest to Josh White's version, had a slightly different name on the Dylan album, "In My Time of Dyin'". According to the album liner notes: John Sebastian version In 1977, John Sebastian recorded a rendition of the song, with the title "Well, Well, Well". It is the opening selection on his 1971 album The Four of Us and was also issued as a single. Sebastian's arrangement, also credited to Joshua White, is lyrically similar to Dylan's, but features an up-tempo blues-rock approach with no slide guitar. The musicians on this version, which was produced by Paul A. Rothchild, include Sebastian (guitar and vocal), Paul Harris (keyboards), Greg Reeves (bass), and Dallas Taylor (percussion). Led Zeppelin version Led Zeppelin's "In My Time of Dying" was released on their sixth album Physical Graffiti. At 11 minutes and 6 seconds, it is the longest studio track by the group. It contains no long instrumental passages. The album credits list only the four members of Led Zeppelin as the song's authors. For the recording, Jimmy Page uses an open A-chord tuning and John Paul Jones plays a fretless bass. John Bonham's drums were recorded with a distinctive reverb effect, in the same manner as on the track "When the Levee Breaks" from Led Zeppelin's fourth album. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked on the song's structure, "The bass line in the fast grooves is so interesting and unexpected. It keeps shifting gears, over and over." Performances Led Zeppelin performed "In My Time of Dying" during the 1975 and 1977 concert tours, where Robert Plant sarcastically dedicated the song to the British Labour Party's Chancellor of the Exchequer, Denis Healey, for the tax exile issues the band was facing. Although performed in 1977, Plant initially was not keen on singing the song after suffering a near-fatal car crash in 1975, due to its fatalistic lyrical theme. This was one of the few live songs where Page switched to his black and white Danelectro guitar, which he also used for "White Summer" and "Kashmir". One live version of "In My Time of Dying", from Led Zeppelin's performance at Earls Court on May 24, 1975, is featured on the Led Zeppelin DVD, and its promotional sampler on the Mothership compilation. In 1993, when Page toured Japan with David Coverdale as Coverdale•Page, they performed the song on all seven of their dates. Page performed this song on his tour with the Black Crowes in 1999. A version of "In My Time of Dying" performed by Page and the Black Crowes is on the album Live at the Greek. Page also included the song as part of his solo Outrider tour. "In My Time of Dying" was performed at Led Zeppelin's reunion show at the O2 Arena, London on December 10, 2007. Reception In a retrospective review of Physical Graffiti (Deluxe Edition), Jon Hadusek of Consequence of Sound gave "In My Time of Dying" a positive review, calling the track one of Physical Graffiti'''s finest moments. Hadusek believed the track "descends into a droning blues that sounds exactly like its title." In another retrospective review of Physical Graffiti (Deluxe Edition), Mark Richardson of Pitchfork'' described "In My Time of Dying" as Zeppelin's "ultimate blues deconstruction, mixing the open-chord slide of acoustic Delta blues with electric heaviness and extending the whole thing past 11 minutes." See also List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs List of Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Footnotes References Bibliography Category:1927 songs Category:Blind Willie Johnson songs Category:Blues songs Category:Gospel songs Category:Bob Dylan songs Category:Led Zeppelin songs Category:Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page Category:Songs about death Category:Columbia Records singles Category:Songwriter unknown	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1990–91 French Rugby Union Championship The 1990–91 French Rugby Union Championship was 99th edition of France's top division of rugby union. Bègles-Bordeaux were champions after beating Toulose in the final. It was the club's second bouclier de Brennus after their first win in 1969. Formula The tournament was played by 80 clubs divided in 20 pools of four. The two best from each pool (a total of 40 clubs) were admitted to group A to play for the title. In the second round the 40 clubs of group A were divided in five pools of eight. The first three of each pool and the best fourth place team advanced to the knockout stage. Group A qualification round to knockout stage The teams are listed as the ranking, in bold the teams admitted to "last 16" round. "Last 16" phase In bold are the clubs qualified for the quarter finals. Quarter of finals In bold the clubs qualified for the next round Semifinals Final References External links Compte rendu finale 1991 lnr.fr finale 1991 finalesrugby.com 1991 France Championship	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
La Oferta La Oferta Review is a bilingual (Spanish and English) weekly newspaper in San Jose, California. First published in 1978, it is the oldest Hispanic-owned newspaper in the San Jose area. Since 1996, when its circulation stood at 25,500 printed newspapers, La Oferta has faced competition from several new Spanish-language papers in the same area. It is now limited to online publication with a circulation of a little under 10,000. Circulation, coverage area, and ownership La Oferta Review is a bilingual English/Spanish weekly newspaper published by Franklin G. Andrade & Mary J. Andrade. Headquartered in San Jose, CA, the newspaper covers the city of San Jose and the surrounding Santa Clara county with an estimated circulation of 9, 848. The newspaper is a member of the National Association of Hispanic Publications (NAHP). History La Oferta has been in publication since 1978, making it the oldest Hispanic-owned paper in San Jose. In 1997, the San Jose Mercury News launched the Spanish-language Nuevo Mundo, which had a negative impact on La Oferta'''s advertising revenue and circulation. Today, La Oferta Review does not put out a print paper; it is published on the Internet only. Notable coverage In April 2005, the newspaper received coverage nationally as part of a story focusing on the background of a woman who claimed to have found a human finger in a bowl of chili she purchased at a Wendy's fast food restaurant in San Jose, CA. The woman, Anna Ayala, was a former employee of La Oferta Review who had sued her manager for sexual harassment. This wire story was reported by the Associated Press and ran in a number of papers including The Los Angeles Times, The Times Recorder of Zanesville, Ohio, and The Lancaster Eagle-Gazette, Ohio. La Oferta Review Newspaper, Inc. also publishes a series of books authored by the newspaper's co-publisher Mary Andrade. Entitled Through the Eyes of the Soul, Day of the Dead in Mexico'' and written in Spanish and English, the books highlight cultural practices and traditions related to the Day of the Dead in different regions of Mexico. References Category:Newspapers published in San Jose, California Category:Spanish-language newspapers published in California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Josep Soler i Sardà Josep Soler i Sardà (born 25 March 1935 in Vilafranca del Penedès) is a Spanish composer, writer and music theorist, one of the main Catalan members of the Generación del 51. He studied composition and orchestration with Cristòfor Taltabull, and was also a pupil of René Leibowitz in Paris. Soler's works include 16 operas, 7 symphonies, 3 piano concertos, 7 String Quartets, 16 Sonatas for piano and an orchestration of Isaac Albéniz's Pepita Jiménez, inter alia. Since 1982, he has taught at the Reial Acadèmia Catalana de Belles Arts de Sant Jordi (Royal Catalan Academy of Fine Arts of Saint George) in Barcelona. His students have included Benet Casablancas and Alejandro Civilotti. In 2013, Soler was awarded the Gold Medal of Merit in Fine Arts awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Culture. He refused this honour, stating: "Aceptar el reconocimiento sería aceptar la autoridad del Gobierno español, y yo no quiero saber nada del ministro Wert ni del gobierno de Rajoy, porque a ellos no les interesa en absoluto ni la cultura ni la educación." ("To acknowledge this recognition is to acknowledge the authority of the Spanish government, and I do not want anything to do with minister [José Ignacio] Wert and the government of [Prime Minister Mariano] Rajoy, because they are not interested at all in either music or education.") Bibliography LEIBOWITZ, René. "Josep Soler" in CASARES, Emilio (ed.) "14 compositores españoles de hoy", Universidad de Oviedo, 1982, pp. 466–474. LEWINSKI, W.E. von. "Vier katalanische Komponisten in Barcelona", Melos, nº3, 1971, pp. 93–103. MEDINA, Ángel. Josep Soler. Música de la Pasión ICCMU. Madrid, 1998. SADIE, Stanley. "Josep Soler" in "The New Grove Dictionary of Opera". MacMillan. London, 1992. Doctoral Theses Bruach Menchen, Agustí. Les òperes de Josep Soler. Autonomous University of Barcelona, 1997. Roura, Teodor.La música vocal de Josep Soler. Escrits teòrics i obra musical. Autonomous University of Barcelona, 2017. Essays (1980) Fuga, técnica e historia (1982) La música (1983) Victoria (1994) Escritos sobre música y dos poemas (1999) Otros escritos y poemas (1999) Tiempo y Música (with Joan Cuscó) (2003) Nuevos escritos y poemas (2004) J.S. Bach. Una estructura del dolor (2006) Música y Ética (2011) Musica Enchiriadis (2014) "Últimos escritos" Awards Prize "Opera de Montecarlo" (1964); Prize Ciudad de Barcelona (1962 y 1978); "Óscar Esplà" in Music Composition Award (1982); Premi Nacional de Música de Catalunya (2001); Premio Nacional de Música; XI Iberoamerican Prize Premio Tomás Luis de Victoria. (2011) Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts. (2013), refused. References External links Information about Soler (English) Biography, awards and works (English) Essays (English) Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:Catalan composers Category:Writers about music Category:Catalan opera composers Category:Spanish opera composers Category:Male opera composers Category:People from Vilafranca del Penedès Category:Spanish male classical composers Category:Spanish classical composers Category:Spanish music theorists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ned Courtney Ned Courtney was an Irish footballer who played Gaelic football for Cork GAA and association football for Cork United, Cork Athletic and Ireland. Courtney, who played as a goalkeeper in both codes, was originally from Dublin and was a captain in the Irish Army. He won a Munster Senior Football Championship with Cork GAA before going onto win three League of Ireland titles. Between 1950–51 and 1952–53 he also played in three successive FAI Cup finals. Playing career Cork GAA In 1943 Courtney was a member of the Cork GAA team that won the Munster Senior Football Championship. On 6 June 1943, in the semi-final stage, Cork drew 2–3 to 0–9 with Kerry at the Cork Athletic Grounds. On the 11 July, in the replay at the same venue, Cork beat Kerry 1–5 to 1–4. In the final played in Fermoy, Cork beat Tipperary 1–7 to 1–4. Courtney also played for Cork in the 1943 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship semi-final at Croke Park against Cavan. However Cork lost 1–8 to 1–7. Among his teammates while playing for Cork GAA were Jack Lynch, Jim Aherne, Tadhgo Crowley, Éamonn Young and Nealie Duggan. Cork United Courtney signed for Cork United in 1945 and in the 1945–46 season he helped them win his first League of Ireland title. His United teammates included, among others, Bill Hayes, Jack O'Reilly, Florrie Burke, Owen Madden, Jackie O'Driscoll, Frank O'Farrell and Tommy Moroney. Cork Athletic While playing for Cork Athletic, Courtney won two more League of Ireland titles in 1949–50 and 1950–51. In 1950–51 he played in the first of three FAI Cup finals. Athletic beat Shelbourne 1–0 after a replay. In 1951–52 Athletic played Dundalk. Courtney played in a 0–0 draw, but missed the replay which Athletic lost 3–0. In 1952–53 they won the first all-Cork FAI Cup final, beating Evergreen United 2–1. Representative Honours Irish Army XI On April 14, 1946 Courtney played for an Irish Army XI that defeated an FAI XI 2–1. The Army team also included Con Martin, Willie Fallon and Tommy Moroney. Ireland In June 1946 Courtney was included in the Ireland squad selected for an overseas tour featuring games against Portugal and Spain. However, he was only included in the squad after Hugh Kelly withdrew. Courtney had to be driven from Cork to Dublin in an Irish Army lorry in order to join up with the squad in time. He made his one and only appearance for Ireland against Portugal on 16 June 1946 at the Estádio da Luz. It was a less than memorable debut however. After just twenty minutes, Courtney had conceded three goals with Araujo, Rogerio and Peyroteo all scoring. He was also injured trying to save Portugal's third goal and had to be replaced by Con Martin after only thirty minutes. Ireland eventually lost 3–1. Honours Cork GAA Munster Senior Football Championship 1943 Cork United League of Ireland 1945–46 Cork Athletic League of Ireland 1949–50, 1950–51 FAI Cup Winners: 1950–51, 1952–53 Runners-up: 1951–52 References Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers Category:Republic of Ireland international footballers Category:Cork United F.C. (1940–1948) players Category:Cork Athletic F.C. players Category:League of Ireland players Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers Category:Gaelic football goalkeepers Category:Gaelic footballers who switched code Category:Dublin Gaelic footballers Category:Irish Army officers Category:1997 deaths Category:Year of birth missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dennis Henry Forsdick Dennis Henry Forsdick (1924 - 9 December 2016), was a British physician at the Friarsgate Medical Centre. In 1945, while studying medicine at Guy's Hospital, he assisted at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a voluntary medical student. Publications "Neonatal myasthenia gravis; report of a case". British Medical Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1953), pp. 314-6. References External links Supplement to The London Gazette. 7 January 1949 Private papers of Dennis Henry Forsdick Imperial War Museum "What was the Holocaust?. Imperial War Museum Category:20th-century British medical doctors Category:London medical students who assisted at Belsen Category:1945 in medicine Category:1924 births Category:2016 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Blackbird: The Music of Lennon and McCartney Blackbird: The Music of Lennon and McCartney is a studio album by Australian singer songwriter Katie Noonan. The album was released in October 2008 and peaked at number 43 on the ARIA album chart. Blackbird is a set of cover versions of John Lennon and Paul McCartney tracks. The album includes performances from Ron Carter, Lewis Nash, Joe Lovano, John Scofield and Sam Keevers. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009 the album won Best Jazz Album. Background In early 2005 Noonan heard Joe Lovano playing saxophone at Sydney's Angel Place. A couple of years later Noonan was dreaming up a project where she could combine her two main loves – pop music and the freedom of jazz improvisation. It was then that the seeds of the album were sewn. Noonan spoke to Lovano and flew to New York City to make a record with local jazz musicians. Track listing "In My Life" - 4:25 "Yesterday" - 5:14 "For No One" - 3:07 "Blackbird" - 3:04 "If I Fell" - 4:15 "Here, There and Everywhere" - 2:38 "Norwegian Wood" - 3:31 "Across the Universe" - 6:08 "Eleanor Rigby" - 5:05 "Michelle" - 3:58 "Because" - 2:40 "The Long and Winding Road" - 3:56 "And I Love Her" - 4:06 "Fool on the Hill" - 7:47 "I Will" - 2:11 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history External links Blackbird - The Music of Lennon and McCartney at Discogs References Category:Katie Noonan albums Category:2008 albums Category:ARIA Award-winning songs Category:Sony Music Australia albums Category:Covers albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Capture of the galleon San Joaquin The Capture of the galleon San Joaquin or the Battle of Cartagena was a naval engagement that took place off the coast near Cartagena (present day Colombia). It involved five British ships of the line against the Spanish galleon San Joaquin and a smaller ship. After an action lasting barely an hour the Spanish ship surrendered. The galleon had fought in the previous encounter during Wager's Action nearly three years earlier but had just barely escaped capture. Background In late May 1711, the warships under the command of Jean du Casse arrived and so on 3 August 1711 they sailed from Cartagena which now composed of the Treasure Fleet which was to return to Spain. The units of escort composed of the following: San Joaquin of 64 guns under Admiral Miguel Agustin Villanueva, Saint-Michel of 70 guns under Jean du Casse, Hercule of 60 guns under Captain Proglie and the frigate Griffon of 44 guns under Captain Turroble. Meanwhile, Commodore James Littleton arrived with a number of ships which had sailed from Port Royal in Jamaica on 26 July: a fleet which consisted of of 50 guns under Captain Francis Hosier and Littleton's flagship, Salisbury Prize of 50 guns under Captain Sir Robert Harland, of 60 guns under Captain Edward Vernon, of 50 guns under Captain Sampson Bourne, 50 guns, under Captain Richard Lestock, 50 under Captain Thomas Legge, frigate Fowey of 40 guns under Captain Robert Chadwick. Capture Du Casse had left the frigate Gallarde in Cartagena for its defense and so on the day of leaving, the fleet were soon spotted by Littleton's fleet but a storm prevented any action, and both fleets dispersed. Most of the fleet, including du Casse, returned to Cartagena without giving any advice to Admiral Villanueva. On 7 August the galleon San Joaquin was separated along with a smaller vessel and a squadron was sighted. Villaneuva thought the vessels were that of du Casse, but it was the English squadron of Littleton. When Villanueva realized his error, it was too late to flee, and he decided to take on Littleton's squadron. The ensuing engagement lasted less than 20 minutes. San Joaquin was dismasted and suffered many casualties. Villaneuva, surrounded by the overwhelming British squadron, was mortally wounded when hit by a musket shot and soon struck his flag. Littleton, went on board from Salisbury and took the surrender. Vernon in Jersey captured the smaller vessel, which was attempting to escape. Aftermath The galleon's prize money was shared amongst the captains and the British sailed back to Port Royal. By order of King Philip V, the treasure was transferred to the French ships. Three days after the battle, du Casse, knowing that San Joaquin was lost, left Cartagena and sent his forces first towards Martinique, then to Pensacola, and finally to Spain where they reached safely. Notes References Action off Cartagena Royal Geographical Society of South Australia Marley, David. Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere Phillips, Carla Rahn El Tesoro de San Jose — Muerte en el mar durante la Guerra Sucesión Española The Treasure of the San José: Death at Sea in the War of the Spanish Succession Johns Hopkins University Press (2007) Category:Conflicts in 1711 Category:Naval battles of the War of the Spanish Succession Category:Naval battles involving Great Britain Category:Naval battles involving Spain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Snowboarding at the 2013 Winter Universiade – Women's snowboard cross The women's snowboard cross competition of the 2013 Winter Universiade was held at Monte Bondone, Italy between December 11–12, 2013. The qualification round was completed on December 11, while the elimination round was completed on December 12. Medalists Results Qualification Elimination Round Quarterfinals The top 24 qualifiers advanced to the Quarterfinals. From here, they participated in six-person elimination races, with the top three from each race advancing. Heat 1 Heat 2 Heat 3 Heat 4 Semifinals Heat 1 Heat 2 Finals Small Finals Big Finals External links Official results at the universiadetrentino.org. Category:Snowboarding at the 2013 Winter Universiade	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2016–17 Leeds United F.C. season The 2016–17 season was Leeds United's seventh consecutive season in the Championship. Along with competing in the Championship, the club also participated in the FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017. Events This is a list of the significant events to occur at the club during the 2016–17 season, presented in chronological order, starting on 7 May 2016 and ending on the final day of the club's final match in the 2016–17 season. This list does not include transfers or new contracts, which are listed in the transfers section below, or match results, which are in the results section. May 31 May: Leeds United confirm that the Club has parted company with head coach Steve Evans and assistant Paul Raynor. June 2 June: Garry Monk is appointed as the new Leeds United head coach on a one-year rolling contract. 13 June: Pep Clotet is confirmed as assistant coach, and Darryl Flahavan as goalkeeping coach. 20 June: Ben Mansford joins the club from Barnsley as the new Chief Executive. July 1 July: James Beattie is appointed as first-team coach. August 2 August: The club formally rejects a transfer request received from Charlie Taylor. September 8 September: The Club confirm that it is now 100% owned by Eleonora Sport Limited, after purchasing all of the shares previously held by GFH Capital. 9 September: Liam Bridcutt is confirmed as the new club captain, after the departure of Sol Bamba. December 8 December: The Football Association suspend owner Massimo Cellino from all football activities for 18 months and fine him £250,000, for breaching the FA's football agent rules over the sale of Ross McCormack to Fulham in 2014. January 4 January: Aser Group Holding acquire 50% of Leeds United. First team squad Appearances (starts and substitute appearances) and goals include those in the Championship (and playoffs), League One (and playoffs), FA Cup, League Cup and Football League Trophy. Transfers In Loans in Loans out Transfers out New contracts Club Kit \| \| \| Club officials First Team coaching staff {\| class="wikitable" \|- !Position !Staff \|- \|Head Coach\|\| Garry Monk \|- \|Assistant Head Coach\|\| Pep Clotet \|- \|First Team Coach\|\| James Beattie \|- \|Head Of Recruitment\|\| Vacant \|- \|First Team Goalkeeper Coach\|\| Darryl Flahavan \|- \|Head Physio\|\| Steve Megson \|- \|Assistant Physio\|\| Henry McStay \|- \|Strength & Conditioning Coach\|\| Sean Rush \|- \|Performance Analyst\|\| Luke Foulkes \|- \|Kit Man\|\| Chris Beasley \|- \|Assistant Kit Man\|\| Richard Murray \|- \|Scout\|\| Andrea Lore \|- Other information Competitions Overall summary Last updated: 7 May 2017 Pre-season and friendlies Championship League table Results summary Results by matchday Matches League Cup FA Cup Statistics Appearances and goals \|- \|colspan="14"\|Players currently out on loan: \|- \|colspan="17"\|Players who have been available for selection this season, but have now permanently left the club: Source: Sky Sports Top scorers 1Mowatt left the club on 27 January 2017. Disciplinary record Last Updated: 7 May 2017 1Bamba left club on 1 September 2016. 2Mowatt left club on 27 January 2017. Suspensions served As of 29 April 2017 References Leeds United Category:Leeds United F.C. seasons Foot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Stradów Stradów may refer to the following places in Poland: Stradów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) Stradów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
T. J. Harris Timothy James "T. J." Harris (born October 30, 1982) was born in Winston-Salem, NC. He is a credited musician, singer and songwriter in the genre of Christian rock. He is currently the lead vocalist of Decyfer Down. Early life Not much is known about Harris' early years. He was born and raised in Winston-Salem, NC. Bands Fighting Instinct (2004 - 2008) TJ Harris formed the band Fighting Instinct, along with Dallas Farmer and Jason Weekly. The band started out in Greensboro, North Carolina. The band had a small fanbase and didn't receive much attention, initially. After they got signed by Gotee Records, they released their first album on July 27, 2006, which was self-titled. TJ Harris did the Lead Vocals and Rhythm Guitar on this album. A few singles of the album, including "I Found Forever", "Back to You" and "Just to Please You" charted in the top 10 of active Christian Rock charts, with virtually no touring. "Back to You" was also featured on "Gotee Hits", a Gotee Records compilation. Harris also recorded his vocals on an acoustic version of "Back to You", which was featured on one of Gotee's compilations, "Gotee Acoustic". In October 2008, the band announced an upcoming 5-song EP on their MySpace page, along with an announcement, saying that they were going to disband by the end of the year. Although this wasn't ever stated in the announcement, Harris had been filling in for Decyfer Down's shows all along, and had been asked to join the band as their Lead Vocalist, Caleb Oliver, had to leave due to personal issues. Harris claimed in an interview that it was a tough decision to leave Fighting Instinct for Decyfer Down. On October 28, 2008, Fighting Instinct released its 2nd and final work, the Under The Gun - EP. Although it wasn't announced, they added four bonus tracks and created a special edition 9-track album named Under The Gun. Apart from the albums and the EP, Harris, along with Fighting Instinct, recorded a cover of "Like It, Love It, Need It" by DC Talk. Decyfer Down (2008 - Present) After being asked to join the band in late 2008, Harris agreed to it and moved on from Fighting Instinct to Decyfer Down. Their former Lead Vocalist, Caleb Oliver, had left the band after recording the Crash album, and only a while before its release. The record label let Decyfer Down release a 3-track EP, called Crash - Digital EP, consisting of Oliver's Vocals. However, the remaining songs were never released on the internet, and Harris had to record his Vocals on every track. He brought two tracks to the album, named "Desperate" and "Moving On", which were both written by him. The song "Desperate" was the first song on Under The Gun - EP and Under The Gun special edition album released by Fighting Instinct. Although "Moving On" was not released before this, Harris claimed in an interview that he had recorded a demo of it with Fighting Instinct and they were intending to release it, which they never actually did. Apart from bringing two songs with him, he brought along his own, unique and distinct voice that was very different from Oliver's. He did not get much time to do it. He claimed in an interview that he recorded all 11 tracks in 11 days, along with doing photo shoots. After the release of Crash on May 5, 2009, the ratings and popularity of Decyfer Down increased rapidly. From that point, Harris started touring with the band heavily, as the Lead Vocalist and Bassist. After a few shows, he stopped playing the Bass. Most of the shows after that involved pre-recorded Bass tracks as playback, and touring members playing the Bass with the band. Not only did Harris tour with the band, but he also did solo, acoustic shows, covering various songs of his band, as well as some very well-known singles like "Livin' On A Prayer" by Bon Jovi. On October 27, 2009, Harris, along with Decyfer Down, appeared on Air 1 radio station. He, along with Christopher Clonts, performed an acoustic version of "Best I Can", live. In 2013, Harris, along with Decyfer Down, released the band's third album called "Scarecrow". He wrote 10 songs for this album, and sang all of them. Although it received good ratings, the fanbase, in general, felt disappointed, and that Decyfer Down did not follow the type of sound it was known for. It was 3 years later that Harris reacted to this on his Facebook page, claiming that the album was a tribute to the people who inspired him to play the Guitar for the first time. Harris finished recording his vocals on Decyfer Down's 4th album, "The Other Side of Darkness", which was released on April 1, 2016. In a promo video, Harris announced that "The Other Side of Darkness 2016" tour will commence on October 20, 2016. The tour will kick off at Jamestown, NC. Other notable works In June 2009, Harris talked about his vocal problems and delivery in technical terms in a Singing Success testimony. He claimed to feel pain in his vocal cords and felt that his career might be at stake, which was solved with the help of Brett Manning's training. To this day, Harris endorses Singing Success products. He was also given training and guidance by Brett Manning personally. In 2012, Harris appeared at the Liberty University Convocation as a guest singer. He sang "Walk Love", a single written by him. It is not recorded or published officially. Harris was the subject of a Kingdom Builder interview at Christian Music Review during August 2013. In 2014, Harris recorded his vocals, as the featured artist, on "Still I Know", a song by a Christian band called Relentless Flood. They were friends with Harris, and the song was recorded at Winston-Salem, with the help of a local producer. This song was on their second album, "The Time is Now". Discography Albums EPs (Extended Plays) Compilations Singles References External links Facebook Page Category:American performers of Christian music Category:21st-century American singers Category:American male singers Category:Living people Category:1982 births Category:21st-century male singers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ola Brandstorp Ola Johan Brandstorp (4 September 1902 – 10 December 1963) was a Norwegian journalist, sports official, politician for the Labour Party and military officer. Pre-war career He was born in Skjeberg, and had middle school education and petty officer training. He joined the Labour Party in 1923. In the same year he was hired in the office of the newspaper Østfold Arbeiderblad, where he started a journalistic career in 1924 as subeditor. He later worked for Arbeiderbladet in the years leading up to World War II. In Østfold Brandstorp chaired the Østfold District of Workers' Sports from 1927 to 1929, and was a national board member of Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund. He represented Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund at the Fourth Congress of the Red Sport International in 1928, together with Thorvald Olsen, Thor Jørgensen, Natvig Pedersen and Eigil Eriksen. Brandstorp was elected to the Red Sport International executive committee, replacing Thor Jørgensen. He supported the membership of Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund in the Red Sport International at the time. However, in the spring of 1929, Brandstorp wrote an article in Den Røde Ungdom where he suggested that AIF should withdraw from the Red Sport International. He was now afraid that worker-sportsmen in Norway viewed the Red Sport International as a communist organization and thus refrained from participating in workers' sports. The article sparked a debate, and at a Red Sport International executive plenary meeting in Kharkov in May–June, in which Brandstorp participated, he was ordered to resign from the executive committee. Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund interpreted this move as an ultimatum. The November 1929 national convention of Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund voted in favour of retaining membership in the Red Sport International, but demanded that the International would not interfere in the links between Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund and the Labour Party and Norwegian Trade Union Confederation. According to the decision passed at the conference, Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund became subordinated to these two bodies. Brandstorp was elected new editor of the workers' sports magazine Arbeideridrett. Arbeideridrett' went defunct in 1930. From 1931 he was an office manager in Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund. A communist workers' sports federation, Kampforbundet for Rød Sportsenhet, was eventually formed in Norway. Brandstorp participated in merger negotiations between Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund and Kampforbundet for Rød Sportsenhet in 1933. Also in 1933, Arbeideridrett resurfaced as a monthly magazine with Brandstorp as editor. It finally ceased publication in January 1935. World War II During the war, and the German occupation of Norway, Brandstorp was a member of Milorg. He was also involved with Hjemmefrontens Ledelse. He was arrested by Gestapo, but managed to flee to Sweden where he was a secretary in the Norwegian legation in Stockholm from 1944 to 1945. Post-war career After the war Brandstorp was hired in the Norwegian Ministry of Defence. He held the military rank of Colonel when he in 1947 became the first leader of Forsvarets undervisnings- og velferdskorps'', an organization for the general well-being of military servicemen off duty. In 1946 he had chaired a committee that looked into whether this was needed, and he was later a member of other committees. He left in 1962, and worked for the Norwegian Armed Forces Museum for a short time before dying in late 1963. References Category:1902 births Category:1963 deaths Category:Norwegian journalists Category:Norwegian magazine editors Category:Labour Party (Norway) politicians Category:Norwegian sports executives and administrators Category:Norwegian resistance members Category:Norwegian expatriates in Sweden Category:Norwegian Army personnel Category:20th-century Norwegian writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Neidalia cerdai Neidalia cerdai is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1997. It is found in French Guiana. References Category:Phaegopterina Category:Moths described in 1997	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Criticism of the theory of relativity Criticism of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein was mainly expressed in the early years after its publication in the early twentieth century, on scientific, pseudoscientific, philosophical, or ideological bases. Though some of these criticisms had the support of reputable scientists, Einstein's theory of relativity is now accepted by the scientific community. Reasons for criticism of the theory of relativity have included alternative theories, rejection of the abstract-mathematical method, and alleged errors of the theory. According to some authors, antisemitic objections to Einstein's Jewish heritage also occasionally played a role in these objections. There are still some critics of relativity today, but their opinions are not shared by the majority in the scientific community. Special relativity Relativity principle versus electromagnetic worldview Around the end of the 19th century, the view was widespread that all forces in nature are of electromagnetic origin (the "electromagnetic worldview"), especially in the works of Joseph Larmor (1897) and Wilhelm Wien (1900). This was apparently confirmed by the experiments of Walter Kaufmann (1901–1903), who measured an increase of the mass of a body with velocity which was consistent with the hypothesis that the mass was generated by its electromagnetic field. Max Abraham (1902) subsequently sketched a theoretical explanation of Kaufmann's result in which the electron was considered as rigid and spherical. However, it was found that this model was incompatible with the results of many experiments (including the Michelson–Morley experiment, the Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace, and the Trouton–Noble experiment), according to which no motion of an observer with respect to the luminiferous aether ("aether drift") had been observed despite numerous attempts to do so. Henri Poincaré (1902) conjectured that this failure arose from a general law of nature, which he called "the principle of relativity". Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1904) created a detailed theory of electrodynamics (Lorentz ether theory) that was premised on the existence of an immobile aether and employed a set of space and time coordinate transformations that Poincaré called the Lorentz transformations, including the effects of length contraction and local time. However, Lorentz's theory only partially satisfied the relativity principle, because his transformation formulas for velocity and charge density were incorrect. This was corrected by Poincaré (1905) who obtained full Lorentz covariance of the electrodynamic equations. Criticizing Lorentz's 1904 theory, Abraham (1904) held that the Lorentz contraction of electrons requires a non-electromagnetic force to ensure the electron's stability. This was unacceptable to him as a proponent of the electromagnetic worldview. He continued that as long as a consistent explanation is missing as to how those forces and potentials act together on the electron, Lorentz's system of hypotheses is incomplete and doesn't satisfy the relativity principle. Poincaré (1905) removed this objection by showing that the non-electromagnetic potential ("Poincaré stress") holding the electron together can be formulated in a Lorentz covariant way, and showed that in principle it is possible to create a Lorentz covariant model for gravitation which he considered non-electromagnetic in nature as well. Thus the consistency of Lorentz's theory was proven, but the electromagnetic worldview had to be given up. Eventually, Albert Einstein published in September 1905 what is now called special relativity, which was based on a radical new application of the relativity principle in connection with the constancy of the speed of light. In special relativity, the space and time coordinates depend on the inertial observer's frame of reference, and the luminiferous aether plays no role in the physics. Although this theory was founded on a very different kinematical model, it was experimentally indistinguishable from the aether theory of Lorentz and Poincaré, since both theories satisfy the relativity principle of Poincaré and Einstein, and both employ the Lorentz transformations. After Minkowski's introduction in 1908 of the geometric spacetime model for Einstein's version of relativity, most physicists eventually decided in favor of the Einstein-Minkowski version of relativity with its radical new views of space and time, in which there was no useful role for the aether. Claimed experimental refutations Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments: To conclusively decide between the theories of Abraham and Lorentz, Kaufmann repeated his experiments in 1905 with improved accuracy. However, in the meantime the theoretical situation had changed. Alfred Bucherer and Paul Langevin (1904) developed another model, in which the electron is contracted in the line of motion, and dilated in the transverse direction, so that the volume remains constant. While Kaufmann was still evaluating his experiments, Einstein published his theory of special relativity. Eventually, Kaufmann published his results in December 1905 and argued that they are in agreement with Abraham's theory and require rejection of the "basic assumption of Lorentz and Einstein" (the relativity principle). Lorentz reacted with the phrase "I am at the end of my Latin", while Einstein did not mention those experiments before 1908. Yet, others started to criticize the experiments. Max Planck (1906) alluded to inconsistencies in the theoretical interpretation of the data, and Adolf Bestelmeyer (1906) introduced new techniques, which (especially in the area of low velocities) gave different results and which cast doubts on Kaufmann's methods. Therefore, Bucherer (1908) conducted new experiments and arrived at the conclusion that they confirm the mass formula of relativity and thus the "relativity principle of Lorentz and Einstein". Yet Bucherer's experiments were criticized by Bestelmeyer leading to a sharp dispute between the two experimentalists. On the other hand, additional experiments of Hupka (1910), Neumann (1914) and others seemed to confirm Bucherer's result. The doubts lasted until 1940, when in similar experiments Abraham's theory was conclusively disproved. (It must be remarked that besides those experiments, the relativistic mass formula had already been confirmed by 1917 in the course of investigations on the theory of spectra. In modern particle accelerators, the relativistic mass formula is routinely confirmed.) In 1902–1906, Dayton Miller repeated the Michelson–Morley experiment together with Edward W. Morley. They confirmed the null result of the initial experiment. However, in 1921–1926, Miller conducted new experiments which apparently gave positive results. Those experiments initially attracted some attention in the media and in the scientific community but have been considered refuted for the following reasons: Einstein, Max Born, and Robert S. Shankland pointed out that Miller hadn't appropriately considered the influence of temperature. A modern analysis by Roberts shows that Miller's experiment gives a null result, when the technical shortcomings of the apparatus and the error bars are properly considered. Additionally, Miller's result is in disagreement with all other experiments, which were conducted before and after. For example, Georg Joos (1930) used an apparatus of similar dimensions to Miller's, but he obtained null results. In recent experiments of Michelson–Morley type where the coherence length is increased considerably by using lasers and masers the results are still negative. In the 2011 Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly, the OPERA collaboration published results which appeared to show that the speed of neutrinos is slightly faster than the speed of light. However, sources of errors were found and confirmed in 2012 by the OPERA collaboration, which fully explained the initial results. In their final publication, a neutrino speed consistent with the speed of light was stated. Also subsequent experiments found agreement with the speed of light, see measurements of neutrino speed. Acceleration in special relativity It was also claimed that special relativity cannot handle acceleration, which would lead to contradictions in some situations. However, this assessment is not correct, since acceleration actually can be described in the framework of special relativity (see Acceleration (special relativity), Proper reference frame (flat spacetime), Hyperbolic motion, Rindler coordinates, Born coordinates). Paradoxes relying on insufficient understanding of these facts were discovered in the early years of relativity. For example, Max Born (1909) tried to combine the concept of rigid bodies with special relativity. That this model was insufficient was shown by Paul Ehrenfest (1909), who demonstrated that a rotating rigid body would, according to Born's definition, undergo a contraction of the circumference without contraction of the radius, which is impossible (Ehrenfest paradox). Max von Laue (1911) showed that rigid bodies cannot exist in special relativity, since the propagation of signals cannot exceed the speed of light, so an accelerating and rotating body will undergo deformations. Paul Langevin and von Laue showed that the twin paradox can be completely resolved by consideration of acceleration in special relativity. If two twins move away from each other, and one of them is accelerating and coming back to the other, then the accelerated twin is younger than the other one, since he was located in at least two inertial frames of reference, and therefore his assessment of which events are simultaneous changed during the acceleration. For the other twin nothing changes since he remained in a single frame. Another example is the Sagnac effect. Two signals were sent in opposite directions around a rotating platform. After their arrival a displacement of the interference fringes occurs. Sagnac himself believed that he had proved the existence of the aether. However, special relativity can easily explain this effect. When viewed from an inertial frame of reference, it is a simple consequence of the independence of the speed of light from the speed of the source, since the receiver runs away from one beam, while it approaches the other beam. When viewed from a rotating frame, the assessment of simultaneity changes during the rotation, and consequently the speed of light is not constant in accelerated frames. As was shown by Einstein, the only form of accelerated motion that cannot be described is the one due to gravitation, since special relativity is not compatible with the Equivalence principle. Einstein was also unsatisfied with the fact that inertial frames are preferred over accelerated frames. Thus over the course of several years (1908–1915), Einstein developed general relativity. This theory includes the replacement of Euclidean geometry by non-Euclidean geometry, and the resultant curvature of the path of light led Einstein (1912) to the conclusion that (like in accelerated frames) the speed of light is not constant in extended gravitational fields. Therefore, Abraham (1912) argued that Einstein had given special relativity a coup de grâce. Einstein responded that within its area of application (in areas where gravitational influences can be neglected) special relativity is still applicable with high precision, so one cannot speak of a coup de grâce at all. Superluminal speeds In special relativity, the transfer of signals at superluminal speeds is impossible, since this would violate the Poincaré-Einstein synchronization, and the causality principle. Following an old argument by Pierre-Simon Laplace, Poincaré (1904) alluded to the fact that Newton's law of universal gravitation is founded on an infinitely great speed of gravity. So the clock-synchronization by light signals could in principle be replaced by a clock-synchronization by instantaneous gravitational signals. In 1905, Poincaré himself solved this problem by showing that in a relativistic theory of gravity the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. Although much more complicated, this is also the case in Einstein's theory of general relativity. Another apparent contradiction lies in the fact that the group velocity in anomalously dispersive media is higher than the speed of light. This was investigated by Arnold Sommerfeld (1907, 1914) and Léon Brillouin (1914). They came to the conclusion that in such cases the signal velocity is not equal to the group velocity, but to the front velocity which is never faster than the speed of light. Similarly, it is also argued that the apparent superluminal effects discovered by Günter Nimtz can be explained by a thorough consideration of the velocities involved. Also quantum entanglement (denoted by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance"), according to which the quantum state of one entangled particle cannot be fully described without describing the other particle, does not imply superluminal transmission of information (see quantum teleportation), and it is therefore in conformity with special relativity. Paradoxes Insufficient knowledge of the basics of special relativity, especially the application of the Lorentz transformation in connection with length contraction and time dilation, led and still leads to the construction of various apparent paradoxes. Both the twin paradox and the Ehrenfest paradox and their explanation were already mentioned above. Besides the twin paradox, also the reciprocity of time dilation (i.e. every inertially moving observer considers the clock of the other one as being dilated) was heavily criticized by Herbert Dingle and others. For example, Dingle wrote a series of letters to Nature at the end of the 1950s. However, the self-consistency of the reciprocity of time dilation had already been demonstrated long before in an illustrative way by Lorentz (in his lectures from 1910, published 1931) and many others—they alluded to the fact that it is only necessary to carefully consider the relevant measurement rules and the relativity of simultaneity. Other known paradoxes are the Ladder paradox and Bell's spaceship paradox, which also can simply be solved by consideration of the relativity of simultaneity. Aether and absolute space Many physicists (like Hendrik Lorentz, Oliver Lodge, Albert Abraham Michelson, Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Harry Bateman, Ebenezer Cunningham, Charles Émile Picard, Paul Painlevé) were uncomfortable with the rejection of the aether, and preferred to interpret the Lorentz transformation based on the existence of a preferred frame of reference, as in the aether-based theories of Lorentz, Larmor, and Poincaré. However, the idea of an aether hidden from any observation was not supported by the mainstream scientific community, therefore the aether theory of Lorentz and Poincaré was superseded by Einstein's special relativity which was subsequently formulated in the framework of four-dimensional spacetime by Minkowski. Others such as Herbert E. Ives argued that it might be possible to experimentally determine the motion of such an aether, but it was never found despite numerous experimental tests of Lorentz invariance (see tests of special relativity). Also attempts to introduce some sort of relativistic aether (consistent with relativity) into modern physics such as by Einstein on the basis of general relativity (1920), or by Paul Dirac in relation to quantum mechanics (1951), were not supported by the scientific community (see Luminiferous aether#End of aether?). In his Nobel lecture, George F. Smoot (2006) described his own experiments on the Cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropy as "New Aether drift experiments". Smoot explained that "one problem to overcome was the strong prejudice of good scientists who learned the lesson of the Michelson and Morley experiment and Special Relativity that there were no preferred frames of reference." He continued that "there was an education job to convince them that this did not violate Special Relativity but did find a frame in which the expansion of the universe looked particularly simple." Alternative theories The theory of complete aether drag, as proposed by George Gabriel Stokes (1844), was used by some critics as Ludwig Silberstein (1920) or Philipp Lenard (1920) as a counter-model of relativity. In this theory, the aether was completely dragged within and in the vicinity of matter, and it was believed that various phenomena, such as the absence of aether drift, could be explained in an "illustrative" way by this model. However, such theories are subject to great difficulties. Especially the aberration of light contradicted the theory, and all auxiliary hypotheses, which were invented to rescue it, are self-contradictory, extremely implausible, or in contradiction to other experiments like the Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment. In summary, a sound mathematical and physical model of complete aether drag was never invented, consequently this theory was no serious alternative to relativity. Another alternative was the so-called emission theory of light. As in special relativity the aether concept is discarded, yet the main difference from relativity lies in the fact that the velocity of the light source is added to that of light in accordance with the Galilean transformation. As the hypothesis of complete aether drag, it can explain the negative outcome of all aether drift experiments. Yet, there are various experiments that contradict this theory. For example, the Sagnac effect is based on the independence of light speed from the source velocity, and the image of Double stars should be scrambled according to this model—which was not observed. Also in modern experiments in particle accelerators no such velocity dependence could be observed. These results are further confirmed by the De Sitter double star experiment (1913), conclusively repeated in the X-ray spectrum by K. Brecher in 1977; and the terrestrial experiment by Alväger, et al. (1963);, which all show that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the source within the limits of experimental accuracy. Principle of the constancy of the speed of light Some consider the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light insufficiently substantiated. However, as already shown by Robert Daniel Carmichael (1910) and others, the constancy of the speed of light can be interpreted as a natural consequence of two experimentally demonstrated facts: The velocity of light is independent of the velocity of the source, as demonstrated by De Sitter double star experiment, Sagnac effect, and many others (see emission theory). The velocity of light is independent of the direction of velocity of the observer, as demonstrated by Michelson–Morley experiment, Kennedy–Thorndike experiment, and many others (see luminiferous aether). Note that measurements regarding the speed of light are actually measurements of the two-way speed of light, since the one-way speed of light depends on which convention is chosen to synchronize the clocks. General relativity General covariance Einstein emphasized the importance of general covariance for the development of general relativity, and took the position that the general covariance of his 1915 theory of gravity ensured implementation of a generalized relativity principle. This view was challenged by Erich Kretschmann (1917), who argued that every theory of space and time (even including Newtonian dynamics) can be formulated in a covariant way, if additional parameters are included, and thus general covariance of a theory would in itself be insufficient to implement a generalized relativity principle. Although Einstein (1918) agreed with that argument, he also countered that Newtonian mechanics in general covariant form would be too complicated for practical uses. Although it is now understood that Einstein's response to Kretschmann was mistaken (subsequent papers showed that such a theory would still be usable), another argument can be made in favor of general covariance: it is a natural way to express the equivalence principle, i.e., the equivalence in the description of a free-falling observer and an observer at rest, and thus it is more convenient to use general covariance together with general relativity, rather than with Newtonian mechanics. Connected with this, also the question of absolute motion was dealt with. Einstein argued that the general covariance of his theory of gravity supports Mach's principle, which would eliminate any "absolute motion" within general relativity. However, as pointed out by Willem de Sitter in 1916, Mach's principle is not completely fulfilled in general relativity because there exist matter-free solutions of the field equations. This means that the "inertio-gravitational field", which describes both gravity and inertia, can exist in the absence of gravitating matter. However, as pointed out by Einstein, there is one fundamental difference between this concept and absolute space of Newton: the inertio-gravitational field of general relativity is determined by matter, thus it is not absolute. Bad Nauheim Debate In the "Bad Nauheim Debate" (1920) between Einstein and (among others) Philipp Lenard, the latter stated the following objections: He criticized the lack of "illustrativeness" of Einstein's version of relativity, a condition that he suggested could only be met by an aether theory. Einstein responded that for physicists the content of "illustrativeness" or "common sense" had changed in time, so it could no longer be used as a criterion for the validity of a physical theory. Lenard also argued that with his relativistic theory of gravity Einstein had tacitly reintroduced the aether under the name "space". While this charge was rejected (among others) by Hermann Weyl, in an inaugural address given at the University of Leiden in 1920, shortly after the Bad Nauheim debates, Einstein himself acknowledged that according to his general theory of relativity, so-called "empty space" possesses physical properties that influence matter and vice versa. Lenard also argued that Einstein's general theory of relativity admits the existence of superluminal velocities, in contradiction to the principles of special relativity; for example, in a rotating coordinate system in which the Earth is at rest, the distant points of the whole universe are rotating around Earth with superluminal velocities. However, as Weyl pointed out, it is incorrect to handle a rotating extended system as a rigid body (neither in special nor in general relativity)—so the signal velocity of an object never exceeds the speed of light. Another criticism that was raised by both Lenard and Gustav Mie concerned the existence of "fictitious" gravitational fields in accelerating frames, which according to Einstein's Equivalence Principle are no less physically real than those produced by material sources. Lenard and Mie argued that physical forces can only be produced by real material sources, while the gravitational field that Einstein supposed to exist in an accelerating frame of reference has no concrete physical meaning. Einstein responded that, based on Mach's principle, one can think of these gravitational fields as induced by the distant masses. In this respect the criticism of Lenard and Mie has been vindicated, since according to the modern consensus, in agreement with Einstein's own mature views, Mach's principle as originally conceived by Einstein is not actually supported by general relativity, as already mentioned above. Silberstein–Einstein controversy Ludwik Silberstein, who initially was a supporter of the special theory, objected at different occasions against general relativity. In 1920 he argued that the deflection of light by the sun, as observed by Arthur Eddington et al. (1919), is not necessarily a confirmation of general relativity, but may also be explained by the Stokes-Planck theory of complete aether drag. However, such models are in contradiction with the aberration of light and other experiments (see "Alternative theories"). In 1935, Silberstein claimed to have found a contradiction in the Two-body problem in general relativity. The claim was refuted by Einstein and Rosen (1935). Philosophical criticism The consequences of relativity, such as the change of ordinary concepts of space and time, as well as the introduction of non-Euclidean geometry in general relativity, were criticized by some philosophers of different philosophical schools. It was characteristic for many philosophical critics that they had insufficient knowledge of the mathematical and formal basis of relativity, which led to the criticisms often missing the heart of the matter. For example, relativity was misinterpreted as some form of relativism. However, this is misleading as it was emphasized by Einstein or Planck. On one hand it's true that space and time became relative, and the inertial frames of reference are handled on equal footing. On the other hand, the theory makes natural laws invariant—examples are the constancy of the speed of light, or the covariance of Maxwell's equations. Consequently, Felix Klein (1910) called it the "invariant theory of the Lorentz group" instead of relativity theory, and Einstein (who reportedly used expressions like "absolute theory") sympathized with this expression as well. Critical responses to relativity were also expressed by proponents of neo-Kantianism (Paul Natorp, Bruno Bauch etc.), and phenomenology (Oskar Becker, Moritz Geiger etc.). While some of them only rejected the philosophical consequences, others rejected also the physical consequences of the theory. Einstein was criticized for violating Immanuel Kant's categoric scheme, i.e., it was claimed that space-time curvature caused by matter and energy is impossible, since matter and energy already require the concepts of space and time. Also the three-dimensionality of space, Euclidean geometry, and the existence of absolute simultaneity were claimed to be necessary for the understanding of the world; none of them can possibly be altered by empirical findings. By moving all those concepts into a metaphysical area, any form of criticism of Kantianism would be prevented. Other pseudo-Kantians like Ernst Cassirer or Hans Reichenbach (1920), tried to modify Kant's philosophy. Subsequently, Reichenbach rejected Kantianism at all and became a proponent of logical positivism. Based on Henri Poincaré's conventionalism, philosophers such as Pierre Duhem (1914) and Hugo Dingler (1920) argued that the classical concepts of space, time, and geometry were, and will always be, the most convenient expressions in natural science, therefore the concepts of relativity cannot be correct. This was criticized by proponents of logical positivism such as Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, and Reichenbach. They argued that Poincaré's conventionalism could be modified to bring it into accord with relativity. Although it is true that the basic assumptions of Newtonian mechanics are simpler, it can only be brought into accord with modern experiments by inventing auxiliary hypotheses. On the other hand, relativity doesn't need such hypotheses, thus from a conceptual viewpoint, relativity is in fact simpler than Newtonian mechanics. Some proponents of Philosophy of Life, Vitalism, Critical realism (in German speaking countries) argued that there is a fundamental difference between physical, biological and psychological phenomena. For example, Henri Bergson (1921), who otherwise was a proponent of special relativity, argued that time dilation cannot be applied to biological organisms, therefore he denied the relativistic solution of the twin paradox. However, those claims were rejected by Paul Langevin, André Metz and others. Biological organisms consist of physical processes, so there is no reason to assume that they are not subject to relativistic effects like time dilation. Based on the philosophy of Fictionalism, the philosopher Oskar Kraus (1921) and others claimed that the foundations of relativity were only fictitious and even self-contradictory. Examples were the constancy of the speed of light, time dilation, length contraction. These effects appear to be mathematically consistent as a whole, but in reality they allegedly are not true. Yet, this view was immediately rejected. The foundations of relativity (such as the equivalence principle or the relativity principle) are not fictitious, but based on experimental results. Also, effects like constancy of the speed of light and relativity of simultaneity are not contradictory, but complementary to one another. In the Soviet Union (mostly in the 1920s), philosophical criticism was expressed on the basis of dialectic materialism. The theory of relativity was rejected as anti-materialistic and speculative, and a mechanistic worldview based on "common sense" was required as an alternative. Similar criticisms also occurred in the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution. (On the other hand, other philosophers considered relativity as being compatible with Marxism.) Relativity hype and popular criticism Although Planck already in 1909 compared the changes brought about by relativity with the Copernican Revolution, and although special relativity was accepted by most of the theoretical physicists and mathematicians by 1911, it was not before publication of the experimental results of the eclipse expeditions (1919) by a group around Arthur Stanley Eddington that relativity was noticed by the public. Following Eddington's publication of the eclipse results, Einstein was glowingly praised in the mass media, and was compared to Nikolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, which caused a popular "relativity hype" ("Relativitätsrummel", as it was called by Sommerfeld, Einstein, and others). This triggered a counter-reaction of some scientists and scientific laymen who could not accept the concepts of modern physics, including relativity theory and quantum mechanics. The ensuing public controversy regarding the scientific status of Einstein's theory of gravity, which was unprecedented, was partly carried out in the press. Some of the criticism was not only directed to relativity, but personally at Einstein as well, who some of his critics accused of being behind the promotional campaign in the German press. Academic and non-academic criticism Some academic scientists, especially experimental physicists such as the Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, as well as Ernst Gehrcke, Stjepan Mohorovičić, Rudolf Tomaschek and others criticized the increasing abstraction and mathematization of modern physics, especially in the form of relativity theory, and later quantum mechanics. It was seen as a tendency to abstract theory building, connected with the loss of intuitive "common sense". In fact, relativity was the first theory, in which the inadequacy of the "illustrative" classical physics was thought to have been demonstrated. Some of Einstein's critics ignored these developments and tried to revitalize older theories, such as aether drag models or emission theories (see "Alternative Theories"). However, those qualitative models were never sufficiently advanced to compete with the success of the precise experimental predictions and explanatory powers of the modern theories. Additionally, there was also a great rivalry between experimental and theoretical physicists, as regards the professorial activities and the occupation of chairs at German universities. The opinions clashed at the "Bad Nauheim debates" in 1920 between Einstein and (among others) Lenard, which attracted much public attention. In addition, there were many critics (with or without physical training) whose ideas were far outside the scientific mainstream. These critics were mostly people who had developed their ideas long before the publication of Einstein's version of relativity, and they tried to resolve in a straightforward manner some or all of the enigmas of the world. Therefore, Wazeck (who studied some German examples) gave to these "free researchers" the name "world riddle solver" ("Welträtsellöser", such as Arvid Reuterdahl, Hermann Fricke or Johann Heinrich Ziegler). Their views had quite different roots in monism, Lebensreform, or occultism. Their views were typically characterized by the fact that they practically rejected the entire terminology and the (primarily mathematical) methods of modern science. Their works were published by private publishers, or in popular and non-specialist journals. It was significant for many "free researchers" (especially the monists) to explain all phenomena by intuitive and illustrative mechanical (or electrical) models, which also found its expression in their defense of the aether. For this reason they objected to the abstractness and inscrutability of the relativity theory, which was considered a pure calculation method that cannot reveal the true reasons underlying the phenomena. The "free researchers" often used Mechanical explanations of gravitation, in which gravity is caused by some sort of "aether pressure" or "mass pressure from a distance". Such models were regarded as an illustrative alternative to the abstract mathematical theories of gravitation of both Newton and Einstein. The enormous self-confidence of the "free researchers" is noteworthy, since they not only believed themselves to have solved the great riddles of the world, but many also seemed to expect that they would rapidly convince the scientific community. Since Einstein rarely defended himself against these attacks, this task was undertaken by other relativity theoreticians, who (according to Hentschel) formed some sort of "defensive belt" around Einstein. Some representatives were Max von Laue, Max Born, etc. and on popular-scientific and philosophical level Hans Reichenbach, André Metz etc., who led many discussions with critics in semi-popular journals and newspapers. However, most of these discussions failed from the start. Physicists like Gehrcke, some philosophers, and the "free researchers" were so obsessed with their own ideas and prejudices that they were unable to grasp the basics of relativity; consequently, the participants of the discussions were talking past each other. In fact, the theory that was criticized by them was not relativity at all, but rather a caricature of it. The "free researchers" were mostly ignored by the scientific community, but also, in time, respected physicists such as Lenard and Gehrcke found themselves in a position outside the scientific community. However, the critics didn't believe that this was due to their incorrect theories, but rather due to a conspiracy of the relativistic physicists (and in the 1920s and 1930s of the Jews as well), which allegedly tried to put down the critics, and to preserve and improve their own positions within the academic world. For example, Gehrcke (1920/24) held that the propagation of relativity is a product of some sort of mass suggestion. Therefore, he instructed a media monitoring service to collect over 5000 newspaper clippings which were related to relativity, and published his findings in a book. However, Gehrcke's claims were rejected, because the simple existence of the "relativity hype" says nothing about the validity of the theory, and thus it cannot be used for or against relativity. Afterward, some critics tried to improve their positions by the formation of alliances. One of them was the "Academy of Nations", which was founded in 1921 in the US by Robert T. Browne and Arvid Reuterdahl. Other members were Thomas Jefferson Jackson See and as well as Gehrcke and Mohorovičić in Germany. It is unknown whether other American critics such as Charles Lane Poor, Charles Francis Brush, Dayton Miller were also members. The alliance disappeared as early as the mid-1920s in Germany and by 1930 in the USA. Chauvinism and antisemitism Shortly before and during World War I, there appeared some nationalistically motivated criticisms of relativity and modern physics. For example, Pierre Duhem regarded relativity as the product of the "too formal and abstract" German spirit, which was in conflict with the "common sense". Similarly, popular criticism in the Soviet Union and China, which partly was politically organized, rejected the theory not because of factual objections, but as ideologically motivated as the product of western decadence. So in those countries, the Germans or the Western civilization were the enemies. However, in Germany the Jewish ancestry of some leading relativity proponents such as Einstein and Minkowski made them targets of racially minded critics, although many of Einstein's German critics did not show evidence of such motives. The engineer Paul Weyland, a known nationalistic agitator, arranged the first public meeting against relativity in Berlin in 1919. While Lenard and Stark were also known for their nationalistic opinions, they declined to participate in Weyland's rallies, and Weyland's campaign eventually fizzled out due to a lack of prominent speakers. Lenard and others instead responded to Einstein's challenge to his professional critics to debate his theories at the scientific conference held annually at Bad Nauheim. While Einstein's critics, assuming without any real justification that Einstein was behind the activities of the German press in promoting the triumph of relativity, generally avoided antisemitic attacks in their earlier publications, it later became clear to many observers that antisemitism did play a significant role in some of the attacks. Reacting to this underlying mood, Einstein himself openly speculated in a newspaper article that in addition to insufficient knowledge of theoretical physics, antisemitism at least partly motivated their criticisms. Some critics, including Weyland, reacted angrily and claimed that such accusations of antisemitism were only made to force the critics into silence. However, subsequently Weyland, Lenard, Stark and others clearly showed their antisemitic biases by beginning to combine their criticisms with racism. For example, Theodor Fritsch emphasized the alleged negative consequences of the "Jewish spirit" within relativity physics, and the far right-press continued this propaganda unhindered. After the murder of Walther Rathenau (1922) and murder threats against Einstein, he left Berlin for some time. Gehrcke's book on "The mass suggestion of relativity theory" (1924) was not antisemitic itself, but it was praised by the far-right press as describing an alleged typical Jewish behavior, which was also imputed to Einstein personally. Philipp Lenard in 1922 spoke about the "foreign spirit" as the foundation of relativity, and afterward he joined the Nazi party in 1924; Johannes Stark did the same in 1930. Both were proponents of the so-called German Physics, which only accepted scientific knowledge based on experiments, and only if accessible to the senses. According to Lenard (1936), this is the "Aryan physics or physics by man of Nordic kind" as opposed to the alleged formal-dogmatic "Jewish physics". Additional antisemitic critics can be found in the writings of Wilhelm Müller, Bruno Thüring and others. For example, Müller erroneously claimed that relativity was a purely "Jewish affair" and it would correspond to the "Jewish essence" etc., while Thüring made comparisons between the Talmud and relativity. Accusations of plagiarism and priority discussions Some of Einstein's critics, like Lenard, Gehrcke and Reuterdahl, accused him of plagiarism, and questioned his priority claims to the authorship of relativity theory. The thrust of such allegations was to promote more traditional alternatives to Einstein's abstract hypothetico-deductive approach to physics, while Einstein himself was to be personally discredited. It was argued by Einstein's supporters that such personal accusations were unwarranted, since the physical content and the applicability of former theories were quite different from Einstein's theory of relativity. However, others argued that between them Poincaré and Lorentz had earlier published several of the core elements of Einstein's 1905 relativity paper, including a generalized relativity principle that was intended by Poincaré to apply to all physics. Some examples: Johann Georg von Soldner (1801) was credited for his calculation of the deflection of light in the vicinity of celestial bodies, long before Einstein's prediction which was based on general relativity. However, Soldner's derivation has nothing to do with Einstein's, since it was fully based on Newton's theory, and only gave half of the value as predicted by general relativity. Paul Gerber (1898) published a formula for the perihelion advance of Mercury, which was formally identical to an approximate solution given by Einstein. However, since Einstein's formula was only an approximation, the solutions are not identical. In addition, Gerber's derivation has no connection with General relativity and was even considered as meaningless. Woldemar Voigt (1887) derived a transformation, which is very similar to the Lorentz transformation. As Voigt himself acknowledged, his theory was not based on electromagnetic theory, but on an elastic aether model. His transformation also violates the relativity principle. Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) applied the concept of electromagnetic mass and momentum (which were known long before) to cavity- and thermal radiation. Yet, the applicability of Einstein's Mass–energy equivalence goes much further, since it is derived from the relativity principle and applies to all forms of energy. Menyhért Palágyi (1901) developed a philosophical "space-time" model in which time plays the role of an imaginary fourth dimension. Palágyi's model was only a reformulation of Newtonian physics, and had no connection to electromagnetic theory, the relativity principle, or to the constancy of the speed of light. Some contemporary historians of science have revived the question as to whether Einstein was possibly influenced by the ideas of Poincaré, who first stated the relativity principle and applied it to electrodynamics, developing interpretations and modifications of Lorentz's electron theory that appear to have anticipated what is now called special relativity. Another discussion concerns a possible mutual influence between Einstein and David Hilbert as regards completing the field equations of general relativity (see Relativity priority dispute). A Hundred Authors Against Einstein A collection of various criticisms can be found in the book Hundert Autoren gegen Einstein (A Hundred Authors Against Einstein), published in 1931. It contains very short texts from 28 authors, and excerpts from the publications of another 19 authors. The rest consists of a list that also includes people who only for some time were opposed to relativity. Besides philosophic objections (mostly based on Kantianism), also some alleged elementary failures of the theory were included; however, as some commented, those failures were due to the authors' misunderstanding of relativity. For example, Hans Reichenbach described the book as an "accumulation of naive errors", and as "unintentionally funny". Albert von Brunn interpreted the book as a backward step to the 16th and 17th century, and Einstein said, in response to the book, that if he were wrong, then one author would have been enough. According to Goenner, the contributions to the book are a mixture of mathematical–physical incompetence, hubris, and the feelings of the critics of being suppressed by contemporary physicists advocating for the new theory. The compilation of the authors show, Goenner continues, that this was not a reaction within the physics community—only one physicist (Karl Strehl) and three mathematicians (Jean-Marie Le Roux, Emanuel Lasker and Hjalmar Mellin) were present—but a reaction of an inadequately educated academic citizenship, which didn't know what to do with relativity. As regards the average age of the authors: 57% were substantially older than Einstein, one third was around the same age, and only two persons were substantially younger. Two authors (Reuterdahl, von Mitis) were antisemitic and four others were possibly connected to the Nazi movement. On the other hand, no antisemitic expression can be found in the book, and it also included contributions of some authors of Jewish ancestry (Salomo Friedländer, Ludwig Goldschmidt, Hans Israel, Emanuel Lasker, Oskar Kraus, Menyhért Palágyi). Status of criticism The theory of relativity is considered to be self-consistent, is consistent with many experimental results, and serves as the basis of many successful theories like quantum electrodynamics. Therefore, fundamental criticism (like that of Herbert Dingle, Louis Essen, Petr Beckmann, Maurice Allais and Tom van Flandern) has not been taken seriously by the scientific community, and due to the lack of quality of many critical publications (found in the process of peer review) they were rarely accepted for publication in reputable scientific journals. Just as in the 1920s, most critical works are published in small publications houses, alternative journals (like "Apeiron" or "Galilean Electrodynamics"), or private websites. Consequently, where criticism of relativity has been dealt with by the scientific community, it has mostly been in historical studies. However, this does not mean that there is no further development in modern physics. The progress of technology over time has led to extremely precise ways of testing the predictions of relativity, and so far it has successfully passed all tests (such as in particle accelerators to test special relativity, and by astronomical observations to test general relativity). In addition, in the theoretical field there is continuing research intended to unite general relativity and quantum theory. The most promising models are string theory and loop quantum gravity. Some variations of those models also predict violations of Lorentz invariance on a very small scale. See also Alternatives to general relativity Fringe science History of special relativity References Historical analyses . Mathpages: Herbert Dingle and the Twins; What Happened to Dingle? In English: English translation: Relativity papers . . . See also: English translation. . . . Roberts, Thomas J.: An Explanation of Dayton Miller's Anomalous "Ether Drift" Result, 2006, Smoot, G. F.; (2006), Nobel lecture: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Anisotropies: Their Discovery and Utilization Usenet Physics FAQ: is FTL travel or communication Possible? Critical works . (This paper is only partly to be considered as critical, since the question after the validity of the relativity principle remained undecided. It was Poincaré himself, who solved many problems in 1905.) Siehe auch englische Übersetzung. External links The Newspaper clippings and works collected by Gehrcke and Reuterdahl form an important basis for historic research on the criticism of relativity; The Ernst Gehrcke Papers. Over 2700 newspaper articles collected by Gehrcke, digitized at the MPIWG. Arvid Reuterdahl Papers, digizied by the University of St. Thomas Libraries, which are online accessible. Category:Theory of relativity Relativity Category:Philosophy of physics Category:Fringe physics Category:Criticism of science	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Krishan Sabnani Krishan Sabnani (born 1954 in New Delhi) is an Indian-American networking researcher. He has made many seminal contributions to the Internet infrastructure design, protocol design, and wireless networks. Krishan (with T. V. Lakshman and T. Woo) made a breakthrough in Internet re-design. The main idea behind this work was to separate control functions and complex software from the forwarding portions on Internet routers. This work made it possible for forwarding technologies (e.g., different link layer and switching protocols) to evolve and be deployed independently from control protocols (e.g., routing, security). This contribution is a precursor to the current Software Defined Networking (SDN) revolution. A patent based on this work won the 2010 Edison Patent Award. Krishan received his undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi. He completed his PhD in reliable multicasting at Columbia University. Upon his graduation from Columbia University in 1981, Krishan joined Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey as a Member of Technical Staff and was promoted to Department Head in 1993. He was named VP of Networking Research in 2000. Krishan was Vice President of Networking Research at Bell Labs from Jan. 2000 to Sept. 2013. In that role, he managed all networking research in Bell Labs, comprising nine departments in seven countries: USA, France, Germany, Ireland, India, Belgium, and South Korea. Krishan retired from Bell Labs in Jan 2017. He received an award upon his retirement - appointment as Ambassador-at-large for Bell Labs. Krishan is the first person to receive this award. Krishan is a part-time consultant at Bell Labs. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University and an honorary professor at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He is also a visiting scientist at The Johns Hopkins University. Honors and awards Ambassador-at-large for Bell Labs 2005 IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award 2005 IEEE W. Wallace McDowell Award. The 2005, 2009 and 2010 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award from the R&D Council of New Jersey. Inducted into the NJ Inventors of Fame in 2014 Bell Labs Fellow, fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and Fellow of the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). 2005 Distinguished Alumni Award from Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India 1991 Leonard G. Abraham Prize Paper Award from the IEEE Communications Society for "Design and Implementation of a High-Speed Transport Protocol," published in IEEE Trans. on Communications, Nov. 1990 President of India's Gold Medal, 1975 . Institution of Engineers (India) Gold Medal, 1975. References Category:Living people Category:Indian emigrants to the United States Category:1954 births Category:Scientists at Bell Labs Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Category:Indian Institute of Technology Delhi alumni Category:Columbia University faculty Category:American people of Sindhi descent Category:American male scientists of Indian descent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
James Waite James Waite may refer to: Jamie Waite (born 1986), Thai football goalkeeper Jimmy Waite (born 1969), Canadian ice hockey coach and goaltender	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Noam Debaisieux Noam Debaisieux (born 15 December 1999) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for K.S.K. Ronse. Professional career Debaisieux made his professional debut for Royal Excel Mouscron on 14 May 2017 in a playoff against K.R.C. Genk. On 21 June 2017, Debaisieux signed his first professional contract with Royal Excel Mouscron. Debaisieux wasn't a part of the first team Royal Excel Mouscron since the beginning of the 2018/19 season and therefore, he was loaned out on 18 January 2019 to K.S.K. Ronse for the rest of the season. He stayed at the club at the end of the loan spell. References External links Sport.Be Profile FC Metz Profile L'Equipe Profile Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:Belgian footballers Category:Royal Excel Mouscron players Category:Belgian First Division A players Category:Association football midfielders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lazarevsky Lazarevsky (; masculine), Lazarevskaya (; feminine), or Lazarevskoye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. Modern rural localities Lazarevsky (rural locality), a settlement in Lazarevskaya Rural Administration of Gorodovikovsky District in the Republic of Kalmykia; Lazarevskoye (rural locality), a village in Yuryev-Polsky District of Vladimir Oblast Lazarevskaya, Kargopolsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Lodyginsky Selsoviet of Kargopolsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast Lazarevskaya, Verkhnetoyemsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Novovershinsky Selsoviet of Verkhnetoyemsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast Abolished inhabited localities Lazarevskoye, a former resort settlement in Krasnodar Krai; merged into the city of Sochi in 1961 as Lazarevskoye Microdistrict See also Lazar (disambiguation) Lazarev Lazarevski	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sick of Drugs "Sick of Drugs" is a 1996 single by The Wildhearts. The song peaked at #14 on the UK singles chart, the highest chart position achieved by the band. The band played the song on Top of the Pops shortly after its release, but their performance was cut short, prompting frontman Ginger to sing the final line: "If you wanna hear the rest of the song, go and buy the single." A limited edition CD was available which came with a green mat which when watered sprouted grass. Track listing "Sick of Drugs" "Underkill" "Bad Time To Be Having A Bad Time" "Sky Chaser High" References Category:The Wildhearts songs Category:1996 singles Category:1996 songs Category:Warner Music Group singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Standing in the Shadows of Love "Standing in the Shadows of Love" is a 1966 hit single recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song is one of the most well-known Motown tunes of the 1960s. A direct follow-up to the #1 hit "Reach Out I'll Be There" (even featuring a similar musical arrangement), "Standing in the Shadows of Love" reached #2 on the soul chart and #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967. It also reached #6 in the UK. Though the song was well-received, it has received some criticism. Author Martin Charles Strong notes that it rehashed the formula of "Reach Out I'll Be There" and achieved similar success by reaching the Top 10 in both the US and UK. It is ranked #470 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. AllMusic critic John Bush calls "Standing in the Shadows of Love" "dramatic" and "impassioned." Critic Andrew Hamilton calls it a "memorable, unforgettable, timeless blast" which would have made Motown "notable" even if it was the only song Motown ever produced. Hamilton remarks on the song's power to conjure up "mournful" emotions, and particularly highlights the coldness of lyrics such as "standing in the shadows of love getting ready for the heartaches to come." Hamilton praises the intensity of Levi Stubbs' lead vocal and how it can make the listener believe that he is about to have a nervous breakdown. Music critic Maury Dean describes the singer as waiting for his girlfriend to dump him and psyching himself for the blow and for getting ready for a new girlfriend. He uses the metaphor of Wile E. Coyote to describe the singer's emotions as he waits for the "anvil to drop on his fervent love." According to author Peter Benjaminson, "Standing in the Shadows of Love" is a reworked version of The Supremes' 1963 song "Standing at the Crossroads of Love", which was released as the B-side of their single "When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes". The song was later covered by: Tommy Boyce & Bobby Hart on the album It's All Happening on the Inside (1969). The Jackson 5 on their first album Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 (1969). Barry White on his album I've Got So Much to Give (1973). Fever disco trio from San Francisco on their single Standing in the Shadows of Love (1978). Deborah Washington on her album Any Way You Want It (1978). Rod Stewart as "Standin' in the Shadows of Love" on his album Blondes Have More Fun (1978). Joe Stubbs (the younger brother of The Four Tops' lead vocalist Levi Stubbs) on his album Round and Round (1991). British punk rock band Snuff covered the song on their album Potatoes and Melons Wholesale Prices Straight From Lock The Up(1997) Ian Moss on his sixth studio album, Soul on West 53rd (2009). Personnel Lead vocals by Levi Stubbs Background vocals by Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Lawrence Payton, and The Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers References External links Craig David interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' March 2010 List of cover versions of "Standing in the Shadows of Love" at SecondHandSongs.com Category:1966 singles Category:1967 singles Category:Four Tops songs Category:Songs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland Category:Motown singles Category:1966 songs Category:Barry White songs Category:The Jackson 5 songs Category:Song recordings produced by Brian Holland Category:Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mladen Zrilic Mladen Zrilic is a volleyball player. Career He plays for El Jaish Qatar in the Lebanon A1 league. He earlier played for Kalamun. Professional achievements Bambi Mladi Radnik: 1.A league Serbia and Montenegro, Seasons: 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005 Hadberg: 1.A league Austria, Seasons: 2005/2006 Sibenik: 1.A league Croatia, Seasons: 2006/2007 Trgu Mures: 1.A league Romania, Seasons: 2007/2008 Calamoun: 1.A league Lebanon, Seasons: 2009/2010, 2010/2011 Junior Championship of Serbia and Montenegro, 1st place, Season: 2004/2005 Cadets Championship of Serbia and Montenegro, 1st place Cadets Championship of Serbia, 1st place Junior Championship of Serbia, 1st place Cadets Championship of Serbia and Montenegro, 2nd place Junior Championship of Serbia and Montenegro, 2nd place, Season: 2003/2004 Juniors Championship of Serbia, 2nd place Cadets Championship of Serbia, 2nd place May City Tournament Belgrade, 2nd place, Season: 2002/2003 Junior Championship of Serbia and Montenegro, 4th place References External links Category:1986 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
TT11 The Theban Tomb TT11 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the Ancient Egyptian Djehuty, who was Overseer of Treasury and of Works, during the 18th Dynasty reign of Hatshepsut. The tomb is located near to TT12, connected to it by a third tomb, TT399. Recent excavations have discovered a Middle Kingdom burial of a man known as Iker, located within the courtyard of TT11. A Spanish mission working at Dra Abu El-Naga on the West Bank at Luxor has discovered a second, painted burial chamber. The chamber is decorated on two of its walls, mostly with texts from the Book of the Dead. An image of the goddess Nut adorns the ceiling. References Category:Theban Tombs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Zane Grothe Zane Grothe (born April 22, 1992) is an American swimmer who specializes in distance and mid-distance freestyle events. He competed in the men's 400 meter freestyle event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships. He broke the American and U.S. Open records in the 500 yard and 1650 yard freestyle events at the 2017 USA Winter National Championships. References Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:American male swimmers Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Feel Like a Number "Feel Like a Number" is a song written by Bob Seger that was first released on his 1978 album with the Silver Bullet Band, Stranger in Town. It was also released as the b-side of the top 5 single "Still the Same" and a live version from the album Nine Tonight was released as a single in 1981. The song was featured in the 1981 movie Body Heat. Lyrics and music Ultimate Classic Rock's Jim Allen describes "Feel Like a Number" as a "rough-hewn proletarian anthem." The lyrics are sung by an ordinary worker who feels devalued, unrecognized and unappreciated by modern, impersonal society. He feels like his coworkers to be "just another drone," the telephone company considers him "just another phone," and the Internal Revenue Service considers him just "another file." At the end of the song, the singer desperately declares that "I ain't just a number/Dammit, I'm a man!" According to radio hosts Pete Forntale and Bill Ayres. "With the IRS you certainly are just a number, and that's alright, as long as they don't call your number. If you feel that way at work, however, you have a problem." Allen Baswell regarded "Feel Like a Number" as an example of Seger's "rich lyrics" describing "the hopes, dignity and dreams of working people." According to Seger (in 1978): I got the idea for the song after watching a show about computer banks and how many names were in them. We're all in computer banks. Lord knows how many data collections there are. Everybody is a number and in the record industry you're also thought of a lot of times as a number — the amount you sell or whatever. Some of the humanity gets lost and the hype takes over. You have to watch out. That's the whole idea of Stranger in Town as an album, actually. It's about identity and trying to survive and keep your identity. According to Allmusic critic Mark Deming, Seger's "pained, angry, and defiant" vocal makes the song special. He describes the Silver Bullet Band as providing "a tough wall of guitar and keyboard driven rock" to support Seger's vocal. Reception Deming feels that the song "could well have been the anthem of the Regular Joes who'd stuck by Seger during his lean years." Forntale and Ayres feel the song "paints a powerful picture" of the unappreciated man. Boston Globe contributor Steve Morse called it a "powerful rocker" and considered "Feel Like a Number" to be the key song from the Stranger in Town album, as well as the key to understanding Seger's "feet–on–the–ground roots." A live version of "Feel Like a Number" was included on Seger's 1981 live album Nine Tonight. This version was released as a single and reached #48 on the Billboard Hot 100. It performed better in Canada, reaching #29. According to Ultimate Classic Rock contributor Jeff Giles, even though "Feel Like a Number" was not a hit single, it "has its own special place in the hearts of longtime fans who appreciate Seger's distinctive way of giving musical life to the hopes, dreams and struggles of the American middle class." AnnArbor.com director Bob Needham described "Feel Like a Number" as a "terrific expression of working-class frustration," noting that although not a hit single it was a radio staple. Reprises Sung in French by Johnny Hallyday in 1980 under the title of "Perdu dans le nombre" from the album À partir de maintenant. References External links Category:Bob Seger songs Category:Songs written by Bob Seger Category:1978 songs Category:1981 singles Category:Capitol Records singles Category:Song recordings produced by Bob Seger Category:Song recordings produced by Punch Andrews	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Orphnodactylis Orphnodactylis is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae. References Category:Phyllachorales Category:Sordariomycetes genera	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ratzeburg Rowing Club The Ratzeburg Rowing Club was founded in 1953 and is located in the town of Ratzeburg, Germany. Karl Adam was one of its founders and was head of the Rowing Academy there. Between 1959 and 1968, the Ratzeburg Club won seven titles at World and European Championships. In addition the eight won a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and a gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico. Thomas Lange was a member of the club when he won his third Olympic medal in 1996 in the single scull. He had also won medals representing East Germany prior to the German reunification. He continues to row for the club. References External links Category:Sports clubs established in 1953 Category:Rowing clubs in Germany Category:Ratzeburg	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kezang Dorji Kezang Dorji (born October 22, 1989) is a Bhutanese rapper, social worker, and a youth icon. He was named "The Rising Star of Bhutan" in 2016 by Kuensel. He is also the recipient of the prestigious South Asian Youth Award 2018. Kezang is the first Bhutanese artist to be featured on BBC News (2018) and CNN ( The Wonder List with Bill Weir on the episode "Bhutan: The Happiest Place on Earth" , 2016). Early life Kezang Dorji was born in a remote village called Wooling Village in the eastern Bhutanese district of Samdrup Jongkhar. Hoping for a better life his family moved to a small town in Samdrup Jongkhar called Dewathang. His parents were separated when he was six years old and he had a difficult childhood."My family had a very hard life. My parents separated when I was about six years old. My siblings and I were raised by our single mother with whatever she could earn from weaving. Conditions worsened that I even thought of quitting school at one point of time. Coming from a broken and a disadvantaged family, my childhood had been fraught with tough times."Kezang found strength from his experiences. "I don't feel scared of things that scare others as I have been through worse," he says. Music was the only thing that gave him some solace. Education Kezang studied in the then Dewathang Middle Secondary School in his hometown Dewathang till tenth grade from 1996-2006. He studied science in Baylling Higher Secondary School (now Baylling Central School) in Trashiyangtse. Kezang graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Dzongkha from Sherubtse College in 2012. Career Music While in university, Kezang released an album titled Sherubtse Rockers Vol#1 Make A Difference (2011). One of the tracks, "Chegi Denley", was released on YouTube with a music video. After graduation, he released additional songs with M-Studio, a Bhutanese recording label. He got his musical break in the Bhutanese movie "Baeyul-The Hidden Paradise" with the song "Gachibey" in 2014. In 2017, he released a compilation album of sixteen of his songs released from 2011 to 2017, titled The Kuzuzangpo Album. Kezang was influenced primarily by Eminem and learned to rap by listening to Eminem. He also followed rappers like 50 Cent. “Although, I did not fully understand the lyrics of the songs, I could relate to what the song said,” he said to Kuensel. “And knowing that rappers like Eminem and 50 Cent also came from separated families and that their lives were also filled with challenges before they became successful inspired me to keep moving in my life. Later on, my own life would inspire me to write my songs.” Awards & honours i. International 1. South Asian Youth Award 2018 Kezang was awarded the South Asian Youth Award 2018 by the International Youth Committee. He received a gold medal at the South Asian Youth Summit in Sri Lanka in November 2018. The award was given to him in recognition of his efforts in social work in his country and using his music for a positive cause. More than 240 youths from 41 Asian countries were nominated for the prestigious award. ii. National 1. Grand Jury Award, 2007 (Children & Youth Festival 2007) While in Baylling higher secondary school Kezang stood first in a national level poetry competition in the Children & Youth Festival 2007. 2. Director's Medal in Social Service, 2012 (Sherubtse College) On his graduation from Sherubtse College Kezang was awarded the prestigious "Director's Medal for Social Service" for his social works while in university. In May 2017, Dorji represented Bhutan in a youth summit in Mongolia called the LEAD Alliance 2017 where he gave a talk on his musical journey titled "The Power of Music". Youth leadership Kezang was elected the President of his college (FINA President) in 2011 and served till graduation in 2012. At the National Graduates Orientation Program 2012, he was elected as the Chief Councillor. Kezang also served as the elected Speaker of the first cohort of the Youth Initiative in 2014. As an active youth leader Kezang was invited to represent Bhutan in the following international youth summits; 1. Global Summit, 2018, Austria Kezang represented Bhutan at the Global Summit of the Generation Democracy network of youths organised by the International Republican Institute, US in Vienna, Austria from May 25–27, 2018. 2. Generation Democracy, 2017, Indonesia In recognition of his dedication to social work and for making music with social messages Kezang was nominated by International Republican Institute, US to participate in the second annual Generation Democracy Asia Regional Academy, held in Jakarta, Indonesia from December 8–10, 2017. 3. LEAD Alliance 2017 (Fellowship), Mongolia Kezang was one of the five Bhutanese youth leaders to attend the Leaders Advancing Democracy Summit in Ulaanbataar, Mongolia in May 2017. He was a co-recipient of the LEAD Alliance grant with one of the other Bhutanese Fellows and through the grant a project called Sustainable Waste Management was initiated in Bhutan. 4. World Thinkers & Poets' Peace Meet-2010, Kolkata, India For his contribution to performing arts in university Kezang was sent to Rabindra Bharati University in 2010 where he was awarded a "Certificate of Excellence" at the "World Thinkers & Poets' Peace Meet 2010." Tours The Kuzuzangpo Tour In 2016, Kezang became the first Bhutanese solo artist to tour the country with The Kuzuzangpo Tour. Dorji toured nine districts and performed in twelve venues from September 17, 2016, to October 22, 2016. After the tour, Bhutan Broadcasting Service interviewed him on the objectives of his tour. The show was titled The Rise of a Rapper with Kezang Dorji. Discography Albums Sherubtse Rockers Vol#1 Make A Difference (2011) The Kuzuzangpo Album (2017) References Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:Bhutanese rappers Category:Sherubtse College alumni Category:People from Samdrup Jongkhar District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of awards and nominations received by Genesis The following list includes some of the most significant awards and nominations received by the English rock band Genesis. This does not include any awards or nominations received for solo works or other group activities. Grammy Awards American Music Awards Brit Awards Ivor Novello Awards MTV Video Music Awards Progressive Music Awards Hall of Fame See also For Phil Collins’s solo career, see Awards and nominations received by Phil Collins. For Peter Gabriel’s solo career, see Awards and nominations received by Peter Gabriel. For Mike and the Mechanics, see Awards and nominations received by Mike and the Mechanics. References External links Genesis - Artist - grammy.com Tony Cousins - Artist - grammy.com Grammy Awards American Music Awards History Brit Awards (Genesis) Brit Awards (Hugh Padgham) Genesis - Awards & Nominations The Ivor Novello Awards MTV Video Music Awards History Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Category:Genesis (band) Genesis Genesis	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nort Jet Nort Jet was a Spanish charter airline owned by Euskal Air S.A., a company from the Basque region. The airline had an association with the French airline Air Charter International. Company history Nort Jet was founded in February 1989 by mostly Basque entrepreneurs, including Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa, Caja Vital and Caja Guipúzcoa, three banks of the region. Since Nort Jet had been projected as a Basque airline originally Vitoria Airport had been intended as its headquarters. However, Euskal Air company had to face too many legal difficulties to set up an airport in the Basque Country as a base for its airline. Therefore, operations began with Palma de Mallorca Airport as a base, a location which also would become its only headquarters. Nort Jet began with flights between Vitoria, Valladolid, Sevilla and Málaga with the aim to find a place in the regular flight market. Owing to lack of assistance from the Basque Government and lack of expected returns, the airline ceased operations on 14 April 1992. Fleet 3 Boeing 737-4Y0, which were given the names Álava, Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya 1 BAE 146-200 QT See also List of defunct airlines of Spain References External links Qué fue de… Air Asturias \| Prima Air \| Euskal Air- NortJet Category:Defunct airlines of Spain Category:Airlines established in 1989 Category:Airlines disestablished in 1992 Category:Transport in the Basque Country (autonomous community)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pamir Pamir may refer to: Geographical features A pamir (valley) is a high plateau or valley surrounded by mountains Great Pamir, a high valley in the Wakhan, on the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan Little Pamir, a high valley in the Wakhan, Afghanistan Pamir Mountains, a mountain range in Central Asia Pamir-Alay, a mountain system in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, part of the Pamir Mountains Pamir River, on the border of Pakistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan Other uses Pamir (ship), a German sailing ship Pamir Airways, based in Afghanistan Pamir languages Pamir Alevism (), a sect of Batini-Ismailis in Turkestan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mosi Tunnel The Mosi Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland which opened in 1964. It is situated on the A4 and also the main part of the bypass of Brunnen SZ which leads between Brunnen North and Brunnen South. The two lane tunnel (one lane for each direction) is 1100 metres long and links the motorway A4 with the Axenstrasse. It is the longest road tunnel in the Canton of Schwyz and will be until the Morschacher Tunnel opens in 2020 between Brunnen North and Sisikon. Then the Mositunnel will lose its status as a motorway tunnel and will “only” be a main street tunnel. Security Three dramatic crashes in 13 months and subpar results from an international tunnel test started many discussions about the security of the tunnel. It has no service tunnel although one is planned. Some drivers say that their windshield fogs up at the entrance to the north end of the tunnel. Accidents In three car accidents during November 2007 and December 2008 three people died and at least three were injured. All the crashes happened the same way: A car driving from north to south goes into the other lane to pass and crashes into a lorry which goes out of control. In the first two cases, the following cars could brake or make way in time, but in the third accident in December 2008 the lorry crashed into another car and then into the wall. Measures Some safety measures will soon be installed such as the painted midline which separates the two lanes getting new reflectors installed. Meanwhile, arrows which show the right direction to go have already been painted but they have been criticized by motorcyclists because of the danger of slipping on the painted sections when it is wet. References Category:Road tunnels in Switzerland Category:Tunnels completed in 1964	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Codex Selden The Codex Selden (also known as the Codex Añute) is a Mexican manuscript of Mixtec origin. The codex is an account of the genealogy of the Jaltepec dynasty from the tenth to the sixteenth century. The Codex Selden is actually a fragment of a much longer document. Although it was completed after the arrival of the conquistadors in the Mixtec region, it is considered as one of the six pre-Hispanic Mixtec codices that survived the Spanish conquest of Mexico. The last date mentioned in the Codex is 1556, which can be interpreted as the date when the codex was finished. The Codex belonged to the English jurist John Selden, who died in 1654 and left his collection of books and manuscripts at the University of Oxford. It is kept at the Bodleian Library in Oxford (shelfmark MS. Arch. Selden. A. 2). In the 1950s, an accidental scratch revealed that the Selden Codex might overlay an earlier document later covered over with a layer of gypsum and chalk, a palimpsest. But given the fragility of the Codex, the faint tracings seen through the scratch could not be further revealed. Traditional x-ray techniques would not be effective since the tracings were organic in composition. In 2016, researchers reported that they had successfully unveiled the underlying pre-Columbian writing using a newer scanning technique. Early analysis of the writing suggests that the original writing includes a history of the Mixtec culture with hitherto unknown details. The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices: Codex Bodley, Codex Laud, Codex Mendoza, and the Selden Roll, recently renamed The Roll of the New Fire. Further reading Caso, Alfonso. Interpretación del Códice Selden 3135. Mexico City, 1964. Jansen, Maarten E.R.G.N. "Codex Selden," in Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, David Carrasco, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, pp. 132-133. Smith, Mary Elizabeth. "Codex Selden: A Manuscript from the Valley of Nochixtlan," in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 248-255. New York 1983. References External links Catalogue of Selden manuscripts MS. Arch. Selden. A. 2 Partial facsimile available on Digital Bodleian MS. Arch. Selden. A. 2 in the Catalogue of Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries Category:Mixtec codices Category:Bodleian Library collection	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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