text
stringlengths 22
288k
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
ETA political-military
ETA political-military (Spanish: ETA político-militar, Basque: ETA politiko-militarra) or ETA (pm) was the majority faction of the Basque revolutionary armed organization ETA, who during Spain's transition to democracy opted for a double legged structure, political on the one side and military on the other, while ETA militarra or ETA(m) adopted a military-only structure with its constituent divisions detaching into new self-standing organizations (LAB in 1974, etc.).
In the late 1970s, ETA(pm) divided into two groups, with the bulk of the militants siding with the so-called Berezis (the Special Cells). The Berezis merged shortly after with ETA(m), following that the resulting organization became the main branch of ETA and was called from then on ETA(m). Those who stuck to the positions of ETA(pm)'s executive board defended the submission of ETA's violent actions to their political party EIA's needs (founding party of Euskadiko Ezkerra), often economical urges. However, Spanish officials hard pressed on the newly formed party to immediately stop ETA(pm)'s actions or to face up to the consequences.
In the early 80s, the VII Assembly was held, which sought a way out of armed struggle. ETA(pm) - VII Assembly, through the mediation of its political alter ego, the party Euskadiko Ezkerra (Basque Country's Left), accepted a policy of individual pardons to all members who publicly renounced violence. Many of its former members integrated into Euskadiko Ezkerra, which later fused with the Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE), the Basque affiliate of the national Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.
Still a small group in ETA (pm) refused to join the VII Assembly and kept the armed activity under the name ETA - VIII Assembly, soon to merge with ETA(m) in 1983.
See ETA (separatist group) for more extensive discussion of ETA (pm) and the parallel ETA (m).
References
Category:Basque politics
Category:Basque conflict
Category:Anti-Francoism
Category:ETA (separatist group) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Primal Scream (disambiguation)
Primal Scream are a Scottish rock band formed in 1982.
Primal Scream may also refer to:
Primal Scream (Harvard), a student tradition
The Primal Scream (1970), a psychology book by Dr. Arthur Janov about primal therapy
Primal Scream (Maynard Ferguson album) (1976)
Primal Scream (Primal Scream album) (1989)
"Primal Scream" (song) (1991), by Mötley Crüe
"Primal Scream", an episode of the television series Birds of Prey (2002)
See also
Primal therapy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
First Feeding
First Feeding is the debut album by American jazz saxophonist Jemeel Moondoc with the Ensemble Muntu, which was recorded in 1977 and released on his own Muntu label. The album was reissued in 2009 as part of the three-CD box Muntu Recordings on the Lithuanian NoBusiness label.
Background
Moondoc and Jesse Sharps, a saxophonist from Los Angeles who was a member of Horace Tapscott’s UGMAA, co-founded the Ensemble Muntu in the fall of 1971 at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. The name Muntu, a Bantu word usually translated as "man," was inspired by the book Muntu: The New African Culture by Janheinz Jahn. At that time, Muntu was a 12-piece band, composed mostly of students of Cecil Taylor who played in his Black Music Ensemble. For a short time, Muntu was a quintet co-led by Moondoc and trumpeter Arthur Williams.
In the summer of 1973, Moondoc and pianist Mark Hennen, who had also studied with Taylor at Antioch, left Yellow Springs and headed for New York City. In the beginning of the Loft Jazz period, they reconnected with Williams and asked bassist William Parker and drummer Rashied Sinan to join the band. With this lineup, Muntu made its first performance in NYC in December 1973 at Sam Rivers' Studio Rivbea. The quintet’s personnel, with Rashid Bakr replacing Sinan, remained essentially unchanged from the summer of 1974 until the spring of 1978.
Reception
In a review of the Muntu box for AllAboutJazz, John Sharpe says about the album "Together with the cellular keyboard motifs, the simultaneous horn lines of the leader and trumpeter Arthur Williams bear the hallmark of Cecil Taylor's groups at the time (unsurprising given the recent participation of Moondoc et al in Taylor's ensembles at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio), particularly in the discursively voiced elegiac themes with their deliciously ragged feel."
Track listing
All compositions by Jemeel Moondoc
"First Feeding" - 5:09
"Flight (From the Yellow Dog)" - 13:57
"Theme for Milford (Mr. Body & Soul)" - 20:37
Personnel
Jemeel Moondoc - alto sax
Arthur Williams - trumpet
Mark Hennen - piano
William Parker - bass
Rashid Bakr - drums
References
Category:1977 debut albums
Category:Jemeel Moondoc albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Valerian Kuybyshev
Valerian Vladimirovich Kuybyshev (; – 25 January 1935) was a Russian revolutionary, Red Army officer, and prominent Soviet politician.
Biography
Early life
Kuybyshev was born in Omsk in the Russian Empire on . He studied at the Omsk Military Cadet School. He joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1904. The following year, he entered a military medical academy, but was expelled in 1906 for controversial political activities.
Revolutionary career
Between 1906 and 1914, Kuybyshev performed subversive activities for the Bolsheviks throughout the Empire, for which he was exiled to Narym in Siberia where—together with Yakov Sverdlov—he set up a local Bolshevik organization. In May 1912 he fled and returned to Omsk, where he was arrested the next month, and imprisoned for a year. He was transferred to Tambov to live independently under police surveillance, but soon fled again, whereafter he spent 1913–14 encouraging civil unrest in the cities of St. Petersburg, Kharkov, and Vologda; relocated to Samara in 1917; and became president of the local soviet—a position he held at the time of the October Revolution and for the next year. During the Russian Civil War he chaired the revolutionary committee of Samara province and became a political commissar in the First and Fourth Red Armies.
Political career
In 1920 Kuybyshev was elected a member of Presidium of the Red International of Trade Unions, which charged him with the implementation of the GOELRO plan. From 6 July 1923 to 5 August 1926 he was the first economical inspector of the USSR. From 1926 to 1930 he chaired the Supreme Council of the National Economy, from 1930 to 1934 he directed Gosplan, and he served as a full member of the Politburo from 1934 until his death. As a principal economic advisor to Joseph Stalin, he was one of the most influential members in the Communist Party. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Kuybyshev was one of the initiators of the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and was a member of its chief editorial board.
Kuybyshev died in Moscow on 25 January 1935 of heart failure.
As Bolshevik tradition had established, he was buried outside the Kremlin walls.
Personal life
Kuybyshev married twice, but never had any children. He was a practiced musician and poet. One of his wives was the niece of Yevgenia Bosch, Galina Aleksandrovna Troyanovskaya.
Commemoration
The city of Samara (the administrative city of the Samara Oblast, Russia), the town of Bolgar (in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia), and the village of Haghartsin, Armenia were all renamed Kuybyshev during the period between 1935 and 1991. The towns of Kuybyshev in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia, and Kuybyshev, Armenia, still have his name. There is a statue of him in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
References
External links
Biography
page
page
page
Category:1888 births
Category:1935 deaths
Category:People from Omsk
Category:People from Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)
Category:Old Bolsheviks
Category:Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Category:People's Commissars and Ministers of the Soviet Union
Category:Russian Constituent Assembly members
Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Category:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mordella octodecimmaculata
Mordella octodecimmaculata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895.
References
Category:Beetles described in 1895
octodecimmaculata | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Collin Cameron
Collin Cameron (born 31 March 1988 in Sudbury, Ontario) is a Canadian who won three bronze medals at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.
References
External links
Category:1988 births
Category:Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Category:Canadian male biathletes
Category:Canadian male cross-country skiers
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Category:Living people
Category:Medalists at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Category:Paralympic biathletes of Canada
Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Canada
Category:Paralympic cross-country skiers of Canada
Category:Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Heliopolis (film)
Heliopolis is a 2009 Egyptian independent musical documentary film by Ahmad Abdalla that tells the story of a group of young people during a winter day in the Cairo suburb of Heliopolis. Heliopolis is Ahmad Abdalla's debut feature film and starring Khaled Abol Naga.
Synopsis
The events of one day in the lives of a number of Cairo residents is a portrayal of unfulfilled dreams and frustrating details of life in the overpopulated Metropolis. Their paths cross and their stories overlap but they are caught up in their struggle and are oblivious to one another against the background of what used to be one of Cairo's most glamorous neighborhoods. The City's vanishing glory and fading history is documented through the characters strife to make it through one day in Heliopolis.... The one thing they all share is the knowledge that they will probably have to confront the City again and again over the following days. Most of the stories taking a place in the suburb of Heliopolis
Cast
Khaled Abol Naga (Ibrahim)
Hanan Motwea (Engy)
Christine Solomon (Gothic Girl)
Hany Adel (Dr. Hany)
Yosra El Lozy (Sara)
Mohammed Brekaa (The Soldier)
Somaya Gouini (Reem)
Atef yousef (Ali)
Aya Soliman (Maha)
Ayda Abdel Aziz (Vera)
Tamer El-Said (Nagy)
Hend Sabry (Nagla)
Festivals and awards
The film was officially selected by Toronto International Film Festival in the Discovery section and later at the Vancouver International Film Festival. And it had its Arabic regional premier in the Middle East International Film Festival.
The European premier is in the official competition at the 50th edition of Thessaloniki Film Festival in Greece.
Additional festivals:
Official competition at the 9th edition of International Film Festival of Marrakech in Morocco
Official competition at the 26th edition of Festival International du Film d'Amour de Mons in Brussels
The Original script won the best first screenplay award of Sawiris Foundation in December 2007
Official competition at 15th international film festival Kerala (on 10 to 17 December)
External links
Variety Review, Variety Review,2009
Blast Magazine, Christine Solomon on Heliopolis, 2009
Heliopolis in the Toronto International Film Festival
Category:2009 films
Category:Egyptian films
Category:Arabic-language films
Category:Directorial debut films
Category:Egyptian independent films
Category:Egyptian documentary films
Category:2000s documentary films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Noah Billingsley
Noah Billingsley (born 6 August 1997), is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a fullback for Minnesota United and the New Zealand national football team.
Billingsley made New Zealand football history when he scored New Zealand's first ever goal at a Men's U-20 World Cup in the teams 5–1 win over Myanmar.
Personal life
Billingsley attended Onslow College in Wellington before heading to America for university.
References
External links
Noah Billingsley profile on UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer website.
Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand association footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Association footballers from Wellington City
Category:UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer players
Category:Minnesota United FC draft picks
Category:Minnesota United FC players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
GuestReady
GuestReady is a property management company headquartered in Trogen, Switzerland. Founded in 2016, it is active in Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia. It helps hosts manage their properties on Airbnb.
The GuestReady Group offers short-term rental management via the brands GuestReady, Oporto City Flats, and We Stay In Paris. GuestReady focuses on Airbnb management, which includes services such as Customer-relationship management, revenue management, Marketing channel management, guest Check-in, facility and laundry services. The group also offers Business-to-business services and distributes the Information technology system as BnbLord to other property managers that intend to offer short-term rental management to their clients.
The group is active in Europe, Middle East and Asia. It offers property management as GuestReady in the United Kingdom (London, Manchester, Edinburgh), France (Paris, Cannes, Lyon, Bordeaux), Portugal (Lisbon, Porto), United Arab Emirates (Dubai), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) and Hong Kong. GuestReady offered Airbnb-management in Singapore between 2016 and 2018 but decided to pull out of the market due to changes in regulation of short-lets in Singapore.
History
GuestReady was founded in April 2016 by Alexander Limpert (CEO), Christian Mischler (Executive Chairman) and Patrick Degen (CFO). Founders have previously founded other startups. In 2017, Josef Nevoral joined GuestReady as CTO.
In summer 2017, European competitor Easy Rental Services was acquired and GuestReady announced a seed round of US$3 million, lead by the Russian fund Impulse VC. In December 2018, GuestReady acquired Portugal-based Oporto City Flats. At the same time, GuestReady took over the management of the property portfolio of We Stay In Paris, a local competitor in France.
In April 2019, GuestReady acquired BnbLord, the largest short-term rental management company in France and Portugal by delivering Airbnb management on a portfolio of 1,000 properties. The founders of BnbLord, Léo Bonnet, Jacques Lavie, François Lavie, joined the GuestReady Group in senior management positions.
In parallel to the BnbLord acquisition, GuestReady created an umbrella brand called GuestReady Group. It reported a portfolio of more than 2,000 properties.
Notes
References
External links
Category:Hospitality services
Category:Property management companies
Category:Hospitality companies of Switzerland
Category:Real estate companies established in 2016
Category:2016 establishments in Switzerland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of FK Rad managers
FK Rad is a Serbian professional association football club based in Banjica, Belgrade.
Managers
References
External links
Rad | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2019 Swiss Indoors – Singles
Roger Federer was the two-time defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Alex de Minaur in the final, 6–2, 6–2. The victory made Federer the first player in ATP history to win 10 titles on two different surfaces.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
References
Main draw
Qualifying draw
Swiss Indoors - Singles
2019 Singles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Chance Casey
Chance Dylan Casey (born March 11, 1991) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Baylor University, and signed with the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2013. Casey has also been a member of the San Francisco 49ers and Indianapolis Colts.
Professional career
Oakland Raiders
On September 2, 2013, Casey was signed by the Oakland Raiders to the practice squad, after going undrafted in the 2013 NFL Draft. On December 7, 2013, Casey was elevated to the active roster. On August 30, 2014, he was waived by the Raiders.
San Francisco 49ers
On September 1, 2014, Casey was signed to the 49ers practice squad. On September 15, 2014, he was released from the practice squad. On November 4, 2014, he was re-signed to the practice squad.
Second stint with Raiders
On December 16, 2014, Casey was signed from the 49ers practice squad. On May 11, 2015, he was waived by the Raiders.
Indianapolis Colts
On May 26, 2015, Casey was signed by the Colts. On September 5, 2015, he was waived by the Colts.
Cleveland Browns
On October 28, 2015, Casey was signed by the Browns to the practice squad.
Jacksonville Jaguars
On February 16, 2016, Casey was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars, and was waived by the team on May 11, 2016.
References
External links
Oakland Raiders bio
Baylor Bears bio
Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football cornerbacks
Category:Baylor Bears football players
Category:Indianapolis Colts players
Category:Oakland Raiders players
Category:San Francisco 49ers players
Category:Jacksonville Jaguars players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Torquemada, Palencia
Torquemada is a municipality in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2010 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1098 inhabitants. It is the namesake and believed to be the birthplace of famed Grand Inquisitor Tomas de Torquemada.
The village is known for its peppers, an important crop for the local economy.
Etymology
The village name came from a Spanish corruption of the Latin turris cremata "burnt tower".
Curiosities and historical data
The Infanta Catalina was born here on January 14, 1507. She was the daughter of Infanta Juana of Castile and Felipe of Habsburg. After Felipe's death, his remains rested here for a period of 3 months.
In this village is the home of the writer José Zorrilla y Moral, author of "Don Juan Tenorio", traditionally performed every year on All Saints Day. There is a plaque in Zorrilla's memory, located in front of his summer residence.
In the summer of 2007, the "Ruta Quetzal" passed by here, in honor of the 500th anniversary of the birth of the Infanta Catalina.
References
Category:Municipalities in the Province of Palencia
Category:Populated places in the Province of Palencia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust
The conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust is one of the most controversial aspects of the record of Pope Pius XII during The Holocaust.
According to John Morley, who wrote about Vatican diplomacy during the Holocaust, "one of the principal concerns of the Vatican, especially in the early days of the war, was those Jews who had converted to Catholicism, the so-called Catholic or Christian non-Aryans". Morley further argues that Pius XII was "primarily, almost exclusively, concerned about baptized Jews". Moreover, Pius XII's purported fear of reprisals against "non-Aryan Catholics" is often cited as a motive for his not speaking out against the Holocaust.
In many Axis and Axis-occupied countries, racial legislation restricted, banned, or did not recognize the conversion of Jews to Christianity. Across Europe—in Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Slovakia—Pius XII's nuncios saved their staunchest protests for the effects of the various anti-Jewish laws on baptized Jews. According to Roth and Ritner, "this is a key point because, in debates about Pius XII, his defenders regularly point to denunciations of racism and defense of Jewish converts as evidence of opposition to antisemitism of all sorts". The Holocaust is one of the most acute examples of the "recurrent and acutely painful issue in the Catholic-Jewish dialogue", namely "Christian efforts to convert Jews".
Brazilian Visa Project (1939-1941)
In March 1939, various members of the German Catholic hierarchy asked the newly elected Pius XII to petition the Brazilian government for 3,000 immigration visas for German Catholic Jews to settle in Brazil. This was followed by two years of diplomatic exchanges, starting with a instruction form Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione to Benedetto Aloisi Masella, the nuncio in Rio de Janeiro to request the visas from President Getúlio Vargas. The visas were formally conceded by Vargas, through Brazil's Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC), on June 20, 1939.
From the very beginning, the visas came with strict conditions, "some necessary, others obstructionist", which grew stricter over time. The visas were available to baptized Jews in Germany and other countries, but were required to submit a recommendation from the nunciature of their respective country. The emigrants were further required to prove that their baptism had occurred before 1933. Protestant Jews were denied visas. Later conditions included a substantial monetary transfer to the Banco do Brasil and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin.
In the face of these many hurdles, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna wrote to Pius XII on February 4, 1941, asking for his immediate aid in granting the visas, in light of the beginning of deportation of the 60,000 Jews of Vienna, at least 11,000 of whom had been baptized. A reply from Maglione outlined the various difficulties associated with such a step. Innitzer was not satisfied, and complained again later that month.
The visa program was suspended on September 3, 1940, and officially ended on November 20, 1941. The Spanish and Portuguese governments had already refused to issue travel visas for those using the immigration visas to Brazil. Innitzer updated the Vatican again on the increased pace of the deportations on May 20, 1942, and the Vatican tried for the last time to appeal to the Brazilians in July 1942. Maglione wrote in December 1941 to the bishop whose request had initiated the project that: "as you have certainly been informed [...] many emigrants have departed and—I regret to say—from what I have been told, a good many of them, both by their improper conduct and alleged demands, have not corresponded to the concern which the Holy See has shown in their behalf". The emphasis of Maglione's letter was not on the failure of a diplomatic effort, but chagrin at the alleged conduct and lack of gratitude of the recipients of the visas. According to the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, by "improper conduct", Maglione could only have meant that the recipients continued to practice Judaism.
It is difficult to verify the exact number of visas issued. Only 1,000 visas were actually allocated to the Brazilian embassy in the Vatican, and most—although not all—were probably used. The remaining 2,000 in control of the Brazilian officials in Germany were never used, not even in the early months of the project. Maglione was "remarkably acquiescent" to the cancellation of the program and his response to the Brazilian ambassador about the possibility of reinstating the program in the future was "agonizingly impersonal and diplomatic".
Morley views the importance of the Brazilian visa project as fourfold: first, in demonstrating the concern of Pius XII "primarily, almost exclusively" with baptized rather than unconverted Jews, and viewing their persecution primarily as an infringement on the rights of the church; second, in exemplifying the reliance on diplomacy, even as "an end in itself"; and third, in showing the reluctance of the pope to disturb the status quo, "even when a staunchly Catholic country reneged on its promise to the Pope"; and finally, the use of prior failure as an "apologia" against later proposals to aid Jews.
Action on behalf of converts by country
According to Holocaust historian Michael Marrus, "while the Church often came to the defense of persecuted converted Jews, or 'non-Aryan Catholics' as they were sometimes called, seeing state action against them as a violation of agreements that assigned to the Church the right to determine who was and who was not a Catholic, the Church was much less solicitous of Jews who remained Jewish".
In Croatia
Similarly, in 1943 Cardinal Maglione instructed Aloysius Stepinac, the primate of Croatia, to save "as many Jews—mostly converts—as possible during an upcoming Nazi roundup". According to Morley, "there is an underriding current in all of Marcone's efforts that appears to limit his interests and activities to those Jews who had been baptized Catholic or were married to Catholics would not be harmed".
In France
One of the main protests of nuncio Valerio Valeri against the Vichy racial legislation was that there was no provision for conversion to Christianity written into the law. Morley notes that the effect on converts was the sole basis for Vatican protests: "any governmental attitude that did not recognize the rights of the Church was a source of complaint by the Vatican. There is no basis for suggesting that any of the other provisions gave occasion for complaint".
According to Morley,
Valeri had no particular competence to comment on the laws or treatment accorded to Jews, unless they were baptized Catholics. Moreover, there was no concordat between France and the Vatican spelling out the duties and rights of each. Unlike Romania, for example, there were no large-scale conversions of Jews. Thus, there was no potential source of conflict with the government over the rights of baptized Jews, or legal justification for such Vatican intervention.
In Germany
The Vatican's objections to the Nuremberg Laws of 1941 were limited to their effects on converts from Judaism, particularly with respect to their right to marry "Aryan" Catholics. According to Morley, "as would be expected and was paralleled elsewhere, Orsenigo's early communications with Maglione concerning Jews dealt with those who had been baptized Catholic". Orsenigo indicated interest in (unrealized) plans to send emigrate baptized Jews, particularly to a colony in Ethiopia. Other documents testify to Orsenigo's efforts to emigrate baptized Jews, but there is no evidence as to the outcome of these efforts.
In Hungary
Angelo Rotta, Pius XII's nuncio to Hungary, regarded as Righteous among the Nations, telegraphed Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione to inform him of his actions to save Jews, particularly those who had converted to Catholicism. Nuncio Rotta handed out letters of protection to many Jews during the Holocaust, although the majority of them went to converts to Catholicism. The Hungarian Catholic Church throughout the 1930s and 1940s supported efforts to purge Jewish influence, "with the exception of some weak protests against the inclusion of Jewish converts in the increasingly severe anti-Jewish measures". According to Roth and Ritner, "apart from converts to Christianity, Cardinal and Primate of Hungary Justinian Seredi had no interest in the fate of the Jews".
In Italy
The Vatican's protest against the Italian racial legislation was that "there was no recognition of the rights of baptized Jews, whom the Vatican considered Catholics". The protests of the racial laws were the "primary focus" of the Vatican's activity related to Jews. According to Morley, "there is no evidence that the officials of the Secretariat of State were concerned about the restrictions placed upon the Jews. Their ongoing complaint was that the laws did not recognize the changed status of Jews who converted to Catholicism".
Of the refugees housed in the Vatican itself during the Roman razzia, often cited by defenders of Pius XII, most were non-Jews or converts. Among the non-Christian refugees saved by the Vatican was Israel Zolli, the chief rabbi in Rome at the time. In 1945, Zolli converted to Catholicism and chose to be christened "Eugenio Maria" in homage to Pope Pius XII, who was born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli.
In Romania
Nuncio to Bucharest Andrea Cassulo's "early efforts on behalf of Jews concerned almost exclusively those who had been baptized Catholic". He passed on to the Vatican in 1939, but did not pursue, a project to emigrate the 150,000 converted Jews of Romania to Spain. From 1940 to 1941, his primary diplomatic responsibility was to protest various pieces of legislation insofar as they infringed on the rights of baptized Jews, particularly with respect to intermarriage and attendance of baptized Jews to Catholic schools, which were protected by the Romanian concordat.
Cassulo made three protests to Ion Antonescu: on November 20, 1940, December 2, 1940, and February 14, 1941. Five days after the last protest, Antonescu informed the nuncio of his signing a decree allowing students of any ethnic origin to attend their own religious schools.
However, "much more worrisome to the Vatican" was a March 18, 1941, decree forbidding the conversion of Jews to Christianity, with severe penalties for Jews attempting to convert and cooperating priests. Again, Cassulo protested that this violated the concordat, but the Romanian government replied that the decree did not because it would only affect the "civil status" of baptized Jews. Bypassing the "blatant racism" of this reply, Maglione's "sole interest" was that the rights of the concordat be extended to baptized Jews. The Vatican considered the matter settled after a July 21, 1941, note from the minister of foreign affairs granted the enumerated demands of Maglione: "free profession of the Catholic faith, admission to Catholic schools, religious instruction, and spiritual assistance in various areas of society".
The Romanian racial laws prompted an unprecedented interest in conversion to Catholicism by Romania's Jews, causing the Vatican to issue a directive to priests directing them to be "diligent in their judgement of prospective converts". Their profession was not to be automatically accepted, but rather a "six-month period of their instruction and preparation, their conduct, interest, and desire to reform their lives according to Catholic principles were to be observed. If after all this, there were any doubts about their motivation, this baptism was to be postponed".
It became obvious to Cassulo that the motivations of converts were not solely religious, and he wrote to Rome: "it is clear that human motives cannot be denied, but it is likewise true that Providence also uses human means to arrive at salvation". Nationwide statistics on Jewish baptisms are unclear, but they certainly rose to the level that the government became concerned. In Bessarabia, 20% of the Jewish population, 40,000 Jews, were baptized in the hope of escaping deportation. At the request of the Romanian minister, Daniel Papp, stricter instructions were sent to Cassulo, recommending further discretion in baptizing Jews.
In July 1942, the archdiocese of Bucharest refused to hand over the baptismal registers to the Ministry of Religion, although it did allow them to have a list of names of those baptized. By December 1943 the Vatican believed that it had resolved most issues with the Romanian government over the rights of converted Jews. According to Morley, although Cassulo was "possibly the most active of the Vatican diplomats in matters concerning the Jews", his protests were limited to violations of the concordat, and thus to the rights of converted Jews. Morley judges him sincere in his belief that it was "God's plan" that the Holocaust increase the number of converts. Overall, Cassulo was "reluctant to intervene, except for the baptized Jews". Morley argues that "his Jewish contemporaries might have exaggerated, in those years of crisis, his influence and efforts on their behalf" based on the difference between Jewish sources and the ADSS (Cassulo is recognized as Righteous among the Nations).
In Slovakia
The new Slovak government under President Tiso, a Catholic priest, passed anti-Jewish legislation on April 18, 1939, defining any converts baptized after October 30, 1918, as Jews. As in Romania, "of particular concern to the Vatican diplomat" were the provisions pertaining to Catholic schools. A lesser concern was any future matrimonial legislation. Chargé d'affaires Burzio attempted to find an organization, particularly in America, that could aid in the emigration of Jewish Catholics, lest they share in the fate of deportation. A letter from the Slovak bishops about the impending deportations "specifically limited their concern to Catholic Jews and asked that they not be deported". The letter assured the Slovak government these Jews had been sincere in their conversion and had made a "complete break with their Jewish background".
Morley notes that
as in other countries, the original Slovak racial laws were protested by the Vatican, not because of any deleterious effects upon the Jews, but because they infringed on the rights of the Church. Whenever racial regulations did not exempt baptized Jews from the liabilities imposed upon Jews, Maglione and his representatives felt justified in issuing protests.
In particular, restrictions rights to attend Catholic schools and intermarry were viewed primarily as restrictions on the rights of the church. Maglione's letter of protest "did not deal with, nor did it intend to, the injustices committed against the Jews. Maglione made it very clear that he was defending the rights of Catholics 'of Jewish origin'".
Notable examples
Israel Zolli, the Chief Rabbi of Rome, converted to Catholicism after the war and took the baptismal name "Eugenio" in honor of Pius XII. However, Zolli remains a controversial figure in the Jewish community for his actions during the war.
Post-war conflicts
In 2005, Corriere della Sera published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in war-time France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Nuncio Angelo Roncalli (who became Pope John XXIII, and be recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations) ignored this directive. Abe Foxman, the national director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had undergone a custody battle afterwards, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant Vatican Secret Archives and baptismal records were opened. Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and Andrea Tornielli, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine although the reporting by the Corriere della Sera was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives that were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organisations.
Alleged appropriation of the Holocaust
Edith Stein's (a German nun who converted from Judaism in 1922 and was killed in Auschwitz) status as a martyr has been somewhat controversial due to the question of whether she was killed for her faith or ethnicity. Many Jews view the claim of conferring of martyrdom on Stein as an act of appropriation of the Holocaust, holding that Stein was targeted by the Nazis for her Jewish ethnicity, not for her conversion to Catholicism. This concern of "appropriation" is not unique, with similar criticisms having been raised about Catholic narratives regarding other convert victims of the Holocaust—"making it seem that the Church, not the Jewish people, was the primary victim of Nazi genocide".
The conflict over the Auschwitz cross near Auschwitz I typifies these controversies, as Auschwitz is also the site of the martyrdom (according to the Catholic Church) of saints such as Maximilian Kolbe. According to Daniel Goldhagen's A Moral Reckoning: "the Church's attempt, at least in part, to Christianize the Holocaust, to incorporate the Holocaust into its own teaching, takes several forms: the invention of false Christian martyrs, false Christian heros , and false Christian victims, and the appropriation of Jewish suffering as its own". Goldhagen continues:
In 1998 the Church canonized Edith Stein, a convert to Christianity. The Germans killed her not because she was a Catholic or a nun, which they deemed irrelevant, but because she had been born a Jew. So the Church has sent her on the path to sainthood on the false pretext that she was a Holocaust martyr to her Christian faith. In 1982, the Church canonized Father Maximilian Kolbe, who in Auschwitz did nobly volunteer to give his life to save another inmate (a non-Jew), but was not in the camp because of his Christianity and did not die for his faith, a condition of his canonization as a martyr, although others can certainly argue that out of his love for Christ he sacrificed his life for another inmate, and this action, inspired by his christianity, in essence is the same as dying because of his faith; and Kolbe was the author of an expressly antisemitic Catholic journal.
Legacy
Since the Second Vatican Council, convened and closed by Pius XII's successors Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI there has been a marked change in the presentation of the Catholic Church's doctrine with regards to Judaism. In particular, Nostra aetate promulgated by Paul VI in 1965 was meant to usher in a new era of Catholic-Jewish relations. Some analysts view Nostra aetate as a "belated response to the Holocaust" and allege that "campaigns to convert Jews are no longer theologically acceptable in the Catholic Church".
Notes
References
Morley, John. 1980. Vatican diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1943. New York : KTAV Pub. House. .
Ritner, Carol and Roth, John K. (eds.). 2002. Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust. New York: Leicester University Press. .
Sánchez, José M. 2002. Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
Weisbord, Robert G., and Sillanpoa, Wallace P. 1991. The Chief Rabbi, the Pope, and the Holocaust: An Era in Vatican-Jewish Relations. Transaction Publishers. .
Category:Conversion of Jews to Christianity
Category:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Erhard Mahlknecht
Erhard Mahlknecht was an Italian luger who competed in from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. A natural track luger, he won a bronze in the singles event at the 1996 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships in Oberperfuss, Austria.
Mahlknecht also won two men's singles medals at the FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships with a silver in 1991 and a bronze in 1987.
References
Natural track European Championships results 1970-2006.
Natural track World Championships results: 1979-2007
Category:Germanophone Italian people
Category:Italian male lugers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Football First League of North Kosovo
The League of North Kosovo (/Лига Северног Косова) is the top football regional league in North Kosovo, ranked fifth in the Serbian league system. The league is formed primarily of Serbian football clubs that come from four of North Kosovo's municipalities such as Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok and Northern Kosovska Mitrovica. The league was formed in protest to the establishment of the Kosovo Super League by the Republic of Kosovo; the Serbian clubs from North Kosovo refuse to enter the Republic of Kosovo's institutions as per the Assembly of the Community of Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.
FK Ibar Leposavić
FK Rudar Kosovska Mitrovica
FK Kopaonik Lešak
FK Sočanica
FK Zvečan
FK Radnik Prilužje
FK Moša Banje
There are two other clubs from North Kosovo, FK Trepča and FK Mokra Gora, however these clubs compete in the Morava Zone League.
External links
First League of North Kosovo at Srbijasport.net
5
North Kosovo
Category:North Kosovo
Category:Kosovo Serbs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Henry B. Pierce
Henry Bailey Pierce was a Massachusetts insurance executive and politician who served as Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1876 to 1891.
Early life
Pierce was born on August 6, 1841 in Duxbury, Massachusetts.
Family life
Pierce married three times, first to C. Elvira Carew, they were married on October 19, 1861, she died on April 9, 1862. Pierce then married Augusta Arnold on December 31, 1865, she died on February 10, 1882. On April 25, 1883 Pierce married his third wife Fanny B. Pease.
Children
Pierce had two children, Eugene E. Pierce, born on April 16, 1868, and Anne G. Pierce, born May 31, 1877.
Military service
Pierce served in the 23rd Regiment Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers during the American Civil War. Pierce enlisted on October 14, 1861 and he was discharged on July 10, 1865.
Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth
Pierce served as Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth for sixteen years, from 1876 to 1891.
Business career
Pierce was the president of the Abington Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and the Boston manager or the American Surety Company.
Death
Pierce died at his home in Abington, Massachusetts in April 1898.
References
External links
New York Times Obituary
Category:People from Duxbury, Massachusetts
Category:People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Category:Secretaries of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Category:1841 births
Category:1898 deaths
Category:People from Abington, Massachusetts
Category:Massachusetts Republicans
Category:19th-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lime Kiln Hollow
Lime Kiln Hollow is a valley in McDonald County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Lime Kiln Hollow was named for the fact a lime kiln once operated in the valley.
References
Category:Valleys of McDonald County, Missouri
Category:Valleys of Missouri | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Rivalta
Rivalta may refer to:
Populated places
Rivalta, Lesignano de' Bagni
Rivalta, Pocenia
Rivalta, Reggio Emilia
Rivalta Bormida
Rivalta sul Mincio
Rivalta Scrivia
Rivalta di Torino
Rivalta Trebbia
Rivalta Veronese
People with the surname
Augusto Rivalta (1835 or 1838 – 1925), Italian sculptor
Claudio Rivalta (born 1978), Italian footballer
Category:Italian-language surnames | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mike Salmon
Michael Salmon (born 14 July 1964) is an English football coach and former player.
Career
Salmon played as a goalkeeper, and in a career of 21 years, spent ten of them with Charlton Athletic. He began his career as a trainee with Blackburn Rovers, making his debut in a 1-1 draw against Chelsea. He also gained experience early in his career with Chester, Stockport County, Bolton Wanderers and Wrexham before joining the "Addicks" in 1989. In and out of the first team at Charlton over the years due to a number of injuries, he made 148 league appearances, before a serious cruciate ligament injury, sustained in 1998 against Manchester City at Maine Road, put an end to his first-team career. A disastrous single game on loan at Oxford United saw him concede seven goals. He finished his playing career at, then Premier League team Ipswich Town, as the back up 'keeper to England goalkeeper Richard Wright. He retired in 2002 having made around 500 first-team appearances and took up coaching.
Coaching career
In 2002, he joined Arsenal as goalkeeping coach. He also coached the 1st Team 'keepers at Gillingham from 2002 to 2004. He remained with Arsenal until he emigrated to Canada with his family in 2007. He was the goalkeeper coach for Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer until 2011.
A highly qualified and respected coach, Salmon holds an English Football Association Goalkeeping 'A' Licence and a UEFA 'A' Coaching Licence.
References
External links
Whitecaps Profile
Category:Living people
Category:1964 births
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Category:Chester City F.C. players
Category:Stockport County F.C. players
Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Category:Wrexham A.F.C. players
Category:Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Category:Oxford United F.C. players
Category:Ipswich Town F.C. players
Category:Arsenal F.C. non-playing staff
Category:Gillingham F.C. non-playing staff
Category:English Football League players
Category:People from Leyland, Lancashire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Laguna de Sonso Nature Reserve
The Laguna de Sonso Nature Reserve is located in the Valle del Cauca Department of Colombia. It contains the last extensive remnant of original natural wetland remaining in the Cauca River Valley in western Colombia, and was declared a nature reserve in October 1978. It comprises a series of marshes and lagoons on the east bank of the Cauca River, between the municipalities of Buga, Yotoco and Guacari. It has an area of , lying at an altitude of . The wetlands are affected by the introduced water hyacinth. The reserve has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2017.
Fauna
Birds recorded from the reserve include the fulvous whistling duck, blue-winged teal, osprey, wattled jacana, black-necked stilt, cocoi heron, striated heron, anhinga and neotropic cormorant. Of special interest are the grayish piculet, apical flycatcher, bar-crested antshrike and the scrub tanager. The reserve also supports the only remaining population of the horned screamer in the region.
Mammals found there include common opossum, Pallas's long-tongued bat, common vampire bat, tapeti, capybara, and nine-banded armadillo. There are also cane toads and common snapping turtles, as well as several native and introduced fish species which provide the basis of a local fishing industry, including the native Prochilodus magdalenae which uses the wetlands for spawning.
References
Category:Nature reserves in Colombia
Category:Protected areas established in 1978
Category:1978 establishments in Colombia
Category:Birdwatching sites
Category:Geography of Valle del Cauca Department
Category:Ramsar sites in Colombia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Minucia wiskotti
Minucia wiskotti is a species of moth in the family Erebidae first described by Rudolf Püngeler in 1902. The species is endemic to the mountains surrounding the Rift Valley and mountainous areas in Jordan.
There is one generation per year. Adults are on wing in May.
The larvae probably feed on Quercus species.
External links
Image
Category:Ophiusini
Category:Moths of the Middle East
Category:Moths described in 1902 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mimoun Azaouagh
Mimoun Azaouagh (born 17 November 1982 in Beni Sidel, Morocco) is a Moroccan-born German footballer, who is currently a free agent.
Career
Early career
Azaough started his career with the junior teams of FSV Frankfurt and Eintracht Frankfurt. In 1999, he moved to Mainz 05. In the season 2000–01 he played his first matches for the second team of FSV Mainz in the Oberliga. Azaough was transferred from the amateur team to the professional team in September 2002, and from this time was given a regular position in the team. When he helped them to promote into the Bundesliga in the season 2003–04, he had played 48 games and scored four goals in the Second Bundesliga.
First Bundesliga season
Azaough missed the first three matches of Mainz 05 in the Bundesliga due to an illness. But already in his second match at the highest German level he scored a goal. During a game with VfL Wolfsburg on 30 October 2004 his playing career was curtailed severely by a clash with another player. Later this season he was recompensed financially for this injury.
At the end of the calendar year 2004, however, he moved to Schalke 04. It wasn't a very harmonious transfer: in the beginning FC Schalke 04 even refused to pay the transfer fee. It took months till the clubs found an agreement.
FC Schalke 04
It took months of rehabilitation till Azaough could play again. On 14 January 2005, he made his debut for Schalke 04 in a friendly against SC Paderborn. On 4 March 2005, he played his first Bundesliga match for 'S04' against Hannover 96. Azaough scored his first goal in the UEFA Cup match against US Palermo on 16 March 2006.
FSV Mainz 05
In the season 2006–07 he played on a loan for FSV Mainz again. But he returned in the next season to Schalke 04.
VfL Bochum
Since he did not play very often he was loaned to VfL Bochum for the rest of the season. After the 2007–08 season, Azaouagh was transferred to Bochum. His contract ran until 30 June 2012.
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Azaouagh joined fellow 2. Bundesliga club 1. FC Kaiserslautern on a free transfer in summer 2012. After the expiration of his contract in 2014 he left the club.
International career
The former Germany national under-21 football team member announced on 2 October 2009 that he would now play for the Morocco national team.
Personal life
He is of Berber origin, hailing from Beni Sidel, Morocco. He is fluent in German, English and Berber, but not Arabic. His brothers Ahmed and Aziz are also football players.
On 12 February 2015, German newspaper Bild, published a controversial article with the title "Former Schalke-Star now a Salafist?". Azaouag denied this, saying he is a Muslim but is not a salafist. He also claimed that this Bild article was responsible for him not being able to get a new contract.
Career statistics
References
External links
Profile at theplayersagent.com
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:German people of Riffian descent
Category:German footballers
Category:German people of Moroccan descent
Category:FC Schalke 04 players
Category:1. FSV Mainz 05 players
Category:1. FSV Mainz 05 II players
Category:VfL Bochum players
Category:VfL Bochum II players
Category:1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Germany under-21 international footballers
Category:Moroccan emigrants to Germany
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:SC Hessen Dreieich players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Harold Bloom
Harold Bloom (July 11, 1930 – October 14, 2019) was an American literary critic and the Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University. He is often cited as the most influential critic of the late twentieth century. Following the publication of his first book in 1959, Bloom wrote more than fifty books, including twenty books of literary criticism, several books discussing religion, and a novel. During his lifetime, he edited hundreds of anthologies concerning numerous literary and philosophical figures for the Chelsea House publishing firm. Bloom's books have been translated into more than 40 languages.
Bloom was a defender of the traditional Western canon at a time when literary departments were focusing on what he derided as the "literature of resentment" (multiculturalists, feminists, Marxists, neoconservatives, and others). He was educated at Yale University, the University of Cambridge, and Cornell University.
Early life
Bloom was born in New York City on July 11, 1930, the son of Paula (née Lev) and William Bloom. He lived in the Bronx at 1410 Grand Concourse. He was raised as an Orthodox Jew in a Yiddish-speaking household, where he learned literary Hebrew; he learned English at the age of six. Bloom's father, a garment worker, was born in Odessa and his mother, a homemaker, near Brest Litovsk in what is today Belarus. Harold had three older sisters and an older brother; he was the last living sibling.
As a boy, Bloom read Hart Crane's Collected Poems, a collection that inspired his lifelong fascination with poetry. Bloom went to the Bronx High School of Science (where his grades were poor but his standardized-test scores were high), and subsequently received a B.A. in Classics from Cornell in 1951, where he was a student of English literary critic M. H. Abrams, and a PhD from Yale in 1955. In 1954–55 Bloom was a Fulbright Scholar at Pembroke College, Cambridge.
Bloom was a standout student at Yale, where he clashed with the faculty of New Critics including William K. Wimsatt. Several years later, Bloom dedicated his first major book, The Anxiety of Influence, to Wimsatt.
Teaching career
Bloom was a member of the Yale English Department from 1955 to 2019, teaching his final class four days before his death. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1985. From 1988 to 2004, Bloom was Berg Professor of English at New York University while maintaining his position at Yale. In 2010, he became a founding patron of Ralston College, a new institution in Savannah, Georgia, which focuses on primary texts. Fond of endearments, Bloom would address both male and female students and friends as "my dear".
Personal life and death
Bloom married Jeanne Gould in 1958. They had two children. In a 2005 interview Jeanne said that she and Harold were both atheists, which he denied: "No, no I'm not an atheist. It's no fun being an atheist."
Bloom was the subject of a 1990 article in GQ titled "Bloom in Love", which accused him of having affairs with female graduate students. Bloom described the article as a "disgusting piece of character assassination". Bloom's friend and colleague, the biographer R. W. B. Lewis said in 1994 that "[Bloom's] wandering, I gather is a thing of the past. I hate to say it, but he rather bragged about it, so that wasn't very secret for a number of years." In a 2004 article for New York magazine, Naomi Wolf accused Bloom of placing his hand on her inner thigh while she was an undergraduate student at Yale University in 1983. Bloom "vigorously denied" the allegation.
Bloom taught well into his later years, swearing that he would need to be removed from the classroom "in a great big body bag". He had open heart surgery in 2002 and broke his back after experiencing a fall in 2008. He died at a hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, on October 14, 2019. He was 89 years old.
Writing career
Defense of Romanticism
Bloom began his career with a sequence of highly regarded monographs on Percy Bysshe Shelley (Shelley's Myth-making, Yale University Press, originally Bloom's doctoral dissertation), W. B. Yeats (Yeats, Oxford University Press), and Wallace Stevens (Wallace Stevens: The Poems of Our Climate, Cornell University Press). In these, he defended the High Romantics against neo-Christian critics influenced by such writers as T. S. Eliot, who became a recurring intellectual foil. Bloom had a contentious approach: his first book, Shelley's Myth-making, charged many contemporary critics with sheer carelessness in their reading of the poet.
Influence theory
After a personal crisis during the late 1960s, Bloom became deeply interested in Ralph Waldo Emerson, Sigmund Freud, and the ancient mystic traditions of Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and Hermeticism. In a 2003 interview with Bloom, Michael Pakenham, the book editor for The Baltimore Sun, posited that Bloom has long referred to himself as a "Jewish Gnostic". Bloom explained: "I am using Gnostic in a very broad way. I am nothing if not Jewish... I really am a product of Yiddish culture. But I can't understand a Yahweh, or a God, who could be all-powerful and all knowing and would allow the Nazi death camps and schizophrenia." Influenced by his reading, he began a series of books that focused on the way in which poets struggled to create their own individual poetic visions without being overcome by the influence of the previous poets who inspired them to write.
The first of these books, Yeats, a magisterial examination of the poet, challenged the conventional critical view of his poetic career. In the introduction to this volume, Bloom set out the basic principles of his new approach to criticism: "Poetic influence, as I conceive it, is a variety of melancholy or the anxiety-principle." New poets become inspired to write because they have read and admired the poetry of previous poets; but this admiration turns into resentment when the new poets discover that these poets whom they idolized have already said everything they wish to say. The poets become disappointed because they "cannot be Adam early in the morning. There have been too many Adams, and they have named everything."
In order to evade this psychological obstacle, according to Bloom, new poets must be convinced that previous poets have gone wrong somewhere and failed in their vision, thus leaving open the possibility that they may have something to add to the tradition after all. The new poets' love for their heroes turns into antagonism towards them: "Initial love for the precursor's poetry is transformed rapidly enough into revisionary strife, without which individuation is not possible." The book that followed Yeats, The Anxiety of Influence, which Bloom had started writing in 1967, drew upon the example of Walter Jackson Bate's The Burden of the Past and The English Poet and recast in systematic psychoanalytic form Bate's historicized account of the despair felt by 17th and 18th-century poets about their ability to match the achievements of their predecessors. Bloom attempted to trace the psychological process by which poets broke free from their precursors to achieve their own poetic vision. He drew a sharp distinction between "strong poets" who perform "strong misreadings" of their precursors, and "weak poets" who simply repeat the ideas of their precursors as though following a kind of doctrine. He described this process in terms of a sequence of "revisionary ratios", through which each strong poet passes in the course of their career.
Addenda and developments of his theory
A Map of Misreading picked up where The Anxiety of Influence left off, making several adjustments to Bloom's system of revisionary ratios. Kabbalah and Criticism attempted to invoke the esoteric interpretive system of the Lurianic Kabbalah, as explicated by scholar Gershom Scholem, as an alternate system of mapping the path of poetic influence. Figures of Capable Imagination collected odd pieces Bloom had written in the process of composing his 'influence' books.
Bloom continued to write about influence theory throughout the seventies and eighties, and penned little thereafter which did not invoke his ideas about influence.
Novel experiment
Bloom's fascination with the fantasy novel A Voyage to Arcturus by David Lindsay led him to take a brief break from criticism in order to compose a sequel to Lindsay's novel. This novel, The Flight to Lucifer, was Bloom's only work of fiction.
Religious criticism
Bloom then entered a phase of what he called "religious criticism", beginning with Ruin the Sacred Truths: Poetry and Belief from the Bible to the Present (1989).
In The Book of J (1990), he and David Rosenberg (who translated the Biblical texts) portrayed one of the posited ancient documents that formed the basis of the first five books of the Bible (see documentary hypothesis) as the work of a great literary artist who had no intention of composing a dogmatically religious work (see Jahwist). They further envisaged this anonymous writer as a woman attached to the court of the successors of the Israelite kings David and Solomon—a piece of speculation which drew much attention. Later, Bloom said that the speculations did not go far enough, and perhaps he should have identified J with the Biblical Bathsheba. In Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine (2004), he revisits some of the territory he covered in The Book of J in discussing the significance of Yahweh and Jesus of Nazareth as literary characters, while casting a critical eye on historical approaches and asserting the fundamental incompatibility of Christianity and Judaism.
In The American Religion (1992), Bloom surveyed the major varieties of Protestant and post-Protestant religious faiths that originated in the United States and argued that, in terms of their psychological hold on their adherents, most shared more in common with gnosticism than with historical Christianity. The exception was the Jehovah's Witnesses, whom Bloom regards as non-Gnostic. He elsewhere predicted that the Mormon and Pentecostal strains of American Christianity would overtake mainstream Protestant divisions in popularity in the next few decades. In Omens of Millennium (1996), Bloom identifies these American religious elements as on the periphery of an old – and not inherently Christian – gnostic, religious tradition which invokes a complex of ideas and experiences concerning angelology, interpretation of dreams as prophecy, near-death experiences, and millennialism.
In his essay in The Gospel of Thomas, Bloom states that none of Thomas' Aramaic sayings have survived in the original language. Marvin Meyer generally agreed and further confirmed that the earlier versions of that text were likely written in either Aramaic or Greek. Meyer ends his introduction with an endorsement of much of Bloom's essay. Bloom notes the other-worldliness of the Jesus in the Thomas sayings by making reference to "the paradox also of the American Jesus."
The Western Canon
The Western Canon (1994), a survey of the major literary works of Europe and the Americas since the 14th century, focuses on 26 works he considered sublime and representative of their nations and of the Western canon. Besides analyses of the canon's various representative works, Bloom's major concern in the volume was reclaiming literature from those he referred to as the "School of Resentment", the mostly academic critics who espoused a social purpose in reading. Bloom asserted that the goals of reading must be solitary aesthetic pleasure and self-insight rather than the goal of improving one's society held by "forces of resentment". He cast the latter as an absurd aim, writing: "The idea that you benefit the insulted and injured by reading someone of their own origins rather than reading Shakespeare is one of the oddest illusions ever promoted by or in our schools." His position was that politics had no place in literary criticism, that a feminist or Marxist reading of Hamlet would tell us something about feminism and Marxism but probably nothing about Hamlet itself.
In addition to considering how much influence a writer had had on later writers, Bloom proposed the concept of "canonical strangeness" (cf. uncanny) as a benchmark of a literary work's merit. The Western Canon also included a list—which aroused more widespread interest than anything else in the volume—of all the Western works from antiquity to the present that Bloom considered either permanent members of the canon of literary classics, or (among more recent works) candidates for that status. Bloom said that he made the list off the top of his head at his editor's request, and that he did not stand by it.
Work on Shakespeare
Bloom had a deep appreciation for William Shakespeare and considered him to be the supreme center of the Western canon. The first edition of The Anxiety of Influence almost completely avoided Shakespeare, whom Bloom then considered barely touched by the psychological drama of anxiety. The second edition, published in 1997, added a long preface that mostly expounded Shakespeare's debt to Ovid and Chaucer, and his agon with contemporary Christopher Marlowe, who set the stage for him by breaking free of ecclesiastical and moralizing overtones.
In his later survey, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (1998), Bloom provided an analysis of each of Shakespeare's 38 plays, "twenty-four of which are masterpieces." Written as a companion to the general reader and theater-goer, Bloom declared that bardolatry "ought to be even more a secular religion than it already is." He also contended in the work (as in the title) that Shakespeare "invented" humanity, in that he prescribed the now-common practice of "overhearing" ourselves, which drives our changes. The two paragons of his theory were Sir John Falstaff of Henry IV and Hamlet, whom Bloom saw as representing self-satisfaction and self-loathing, respectively. Throughout Shakespeare, characters from disparate plays were imagined alongside and interacting with each other. This has been decried by numerous contemporary academics and critics as harking back to the out of fashion character criticism of A. C. Bradley (and others), who gathered explicit praise in the book. As in The Western Canon, Bloom criticized what he called the "School of Resentment" for its failure to live up to the challenge of Shakespeare's universality and for balkanizing the study of literature through multicultural and historicist departments. Asserting Shakespeare's singular popularity throughout the world, Bloom proclaimed him the only truly multicultural author. Repudiating the "social energies" to which historicists ascribed Shakespeare's authorship, Bloom pronounced his modern academic foes – and indeed, all of society – to be but "a parody of Shakespearian energies."
2000s and 2010s
Bloom consolidated his work on the western canon with the publication of How to Read and Why (2000) and Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds (2003). Hamlet: Poem Unlimited (also 2003) is an amendment to Shakespeare: Invention of the Human written after he decided the chapter on Hamlet in that earlier book had been too focused on the textual question of the Ur-Hamlet to cover his most central thoughts on the play itself. Some elements of religious criticism were combined with his secular criticism in Where Shall Wisdom Be Found (2004), and a more complete return to religious criticism was marked by the publication of Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine (2005). Throughout the decade he also compiled, edited and introduced several major anthologies of poetry.
Bloom took part in the documentary, the Apparition of the Eternal Church (2006), made by Paul Festa. This documentary centered on many individuals' reactions to hearing, for the first time, Olivier Messiaen's organ piece Apparition de l'église éternelle.
Bloom began a book under the working title of Living Labyrinth, centering on Shakespeare and Walt Whitman, which was published as The Anatomy of Influence: Literature as a Way of Life (2011).
In July 2011, after the publication of The Anatomy of Influence and after finishing work on The Shadow of a Great Rock, Bloom was working on three further projects:
Achievement in the Evening Land from Emerson to Faulkner, a history of American literature following the canonical model, which ultimately developed into his book The Daemon Knows: Literary Greatness and the American Sublime (2015).
The Hum of Thoughts Evaded in the Mind: A Literary Memoir, which ultimately developed into his book Possessed by Memory: The Inward Light of Criticism (2019).
a play with the working title Walt Whitman: A Musical Pageant. By November 2011, Bloom had changed the title of the play to To You Whoever You Are: A Pageant Celebrating Walt Whitman.
Influence
In 1986, Bloom credited Northrop Frye as his nearest precursor. He told Imre Salusinszky in 1986: "In terms of my own theorizations ... the precursor proper has to be Northrop Frye. I purchased and read Fearful Symmetry a week or two after it had come out and reached the bookstore in Ithaca, New York. It ravished my heart away. I have tried to find an alternative father in Mr. Kenneth Burke, who is a charming fellow and a very powerful critic, but I don't come from Burke, I come out of Frye."
However, in Anatomy of Influence (2011), he wrote "I no longer have the patience to read anything by Frye" and nominated Angus Fletcher of the City University of New York among his living contemporaries as his "critical guide and conscience" and elsewhere that year recommended Fletcher's Colors of the Mind and The Mirror and the Lamp by M. H. Abrams. In this late phase of his career, Bloom also emphasized the tradition of earlier critics such as William Hazlitt, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walter Pater, A.C. Bradley, and Samuel Johnson, describing Johnson in The Western Canon as "unmatched by any critic in any nation before or after him". In his 2012 Foreword to the book The Fourth Dimension of a Poem (WW Norton, 2012), Bloom indicated the influence which M. H. Abrams had upon him in his years at Cornell University.
Bloom's theory of poetic influence regards the development of Western literature as a process of borrowing and misreading. Writers find their creative inspiration in previous writers and begin by imitating those writers in order to develop a poetic voice of their own; however, they must make their own work different from that of their precursors. As a result, Bloom argues, authors of real power must inevitably "misread" their precursors' works in order to make room for fresh imaginings.
Observers often identified Bloom with deconstruction in the past, but he himself never admitted to sharing more than a few ideas with the deconstructionists. He told Robert Moynihan in 1983, "What I think I have in common with the school of deconstruction is the mode of negative thinking or negative awareness, in the technical, philosophical sense of the negative, but which comes to me through negative theology ... There is no escape, there is simply the given, and there is nothing that we can do."
Bloom's association with the Western canon provoked a substantial interest in his opinion concerning the relative importance of contemporary writers. In the late 1980s, Bloom told an interviewer: "Probably the most powerful living Western writer is Samuel Beckett. He's certainly the most authentic." After Beckett died in 1989, Bloom pointed towards other authors as the new main figures of the Western literary canon.
Concerning British writers: "Geoffrey Hill is the strongest British poet now active", and "no other contemporary British novelist seems to me to be of Iris Murdoch's eminence". After Murdoch died, Bloom expressed admiration for novelists such as Peter Ackroyd, Will Self, John Banville, and A.S. Byatt.
In Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds (2003), he named the Portuguese writer and Nobel Prize winner José Saramago as "the most gifted novelist alive in the world today", and as "one of the last titans of an expiring literary genre".
Of American novelists, he declared in 2003 that "there are four living American novelists I know of who are still at work and who deserve our praise". He claimed that "they write the Style of our Age, each has composed canonical works," and he identified them as Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, and Don DeLillo. He named their strongest works as, respectively, Gravity's Rainbow, The Crying of Lot 49 and Mason & Dixon; American Pastoral and Sabbath's Theater; Blood Meridian; and Underworld. He added to this estimate the work of John Crowley, with special interest in his Aegypt Sequence and novel Little, Big saying that "only a handful of living writers in English can equal him as a stylist, and most of them are poets ... only Philip Roth consistently writes on Crowley's level".
In Kabbalah and Criticism (1975), Bloom identified Robert Penn Warren, James Merrill, John Ashbery, and Elizabeth Bishop as the most important living American poets. By the 1990s, he regularly named A.R. Ammons along with Ashbery and Merrill, and he later identified Henri Cole as the crucial American poet of the generation following those three. He expressed great admiration for the Canadian poets Anne Carson, particularly her verse novel Autobiography of Red, and A.F. Moritz, whom Bloom called "a true poet." Bloom also listed Jay Wright as one of only a handful of major living poets.
Bloom's introduction to Modern Critical Interpretations: Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow (1986) features his canon of the "twentieth-century American Sublime", the greatest works of American art produced in the 20th century. Playwright Tony Kushner sees Bloom as an important influence on his work.
Reception
For many years, Bloom's writings have drawn polarized responses, even among established literary scholars. Bloom was called "probably the most celebrated literary critic in the United States" and "America's best-known man of letters". A New York Times article in 1994 said that many younger critics understand Bloom as an "outdated oddity," whereas a 1998 New York Times article called him "one of the most gifted of contemporary critics."
James Wood described Bloom as "Vatic, repetitious, imprecisely reverential, though never without a peculiar charm of his own—a kind of campiness, in fact—Bloom as a literary critic in the last few years has been largely unimportant." Bloom responded to questions about Wood in an interview by saying: "There are period pieces in criticism as there are period pieces in the novel and in poetry. The wind blows and they will go away ... There's nothing to the man ... I don't want to talk about him".
In the early 21st century, Bloom often found himself at the center of literary controversy after criticizing popular writers such as Adrienne Rich, Maya Angelou, and David Foster Wallace. In the pages of The Paris Review, he criticized the populist-leaning poetry slam, saying: "It is the death of art." When Doris Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, he bemoaned the "pure political correctness" of the award to an author of "fourth-rate science fiction," although he conceded his appreciation of Lessing's earlier work.
MormonVoices, a group associated with Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research, included Bloom on its Top Ten Anti-Mormon Statements of 2011 list for stating "The current head of the Mormon Church, Thomas S. Monson, known to his followers as 'prophet, seer and revelator,' is indistinguishable from the secular plutocratic oligarchs who exercise power in our supposed democracy".
Selected bibliography
Books
Shelley's Mythmaking. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.
The Visionary Company: A Reading of English Romantic Poetry. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961. Rev. and enlarged ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971.
Blake's Apocalypse: A Study in Poetic Argument. Anchor Books: New York: Doubleday and Co., 1963.
The Literary Criticism of John Ruskin.; Edited with introduction. New York: DoubleDay, 1965.
Walter Pater: Marius the Epicurean; edition with introduction. New York: New American Library, 1970.
Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in Criticism.; Edited with introduction. New York: Norton, 1970.
Yeats. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
The Ringers in the Tower: Studies in Romantic Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973; 2d ed., 1997.
The Selected Writings of Walter Pater; edition with introduction and notes. New York: New American Library, 1974.
A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Kabbalah and Criticism. New York : Seabury Press, 1975.
Poetry and Repression: Revisionism from Blake to Stevens. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
Figures of Capable Imagination. New York: Seabury Press, 1976.
Wallace Stevens: The Poems of our Climate. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977.
Deconstruction and Criticism. New York: Seabury Press, 1980.
The Flight to Lucifer: A Gnostic Fantasy. New York: Vintage Books, 1980.
Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism. New York : Oxford University Press, 1982.
The Breaking of the Vessels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
The Poetics of Influence: New and Selected Criticism. New Haven: Henry R. Schwab, 1988.
Ruin the Sacred Truths: Poetry and Belief from the Bible to the Present. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
The Book of J: Translated from the Hebrew by David Rosenberg; Interpreted by Harold Bloom. New York: Grove Press, 1990
The Gospel of Thomas: The Hidden Sayings of Jesus; translation with introduction, critical edition of the Coptic text and notes by Marvin Meyer, with an interpretation by Harold Bloom. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992.
The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation; Touchstone Books; (1992; August 1993)
The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.
Omens of Millennium: The Gnosis of Angels, Dreams, and Resurrection. New York: Riverhead Books, 1996.
Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: 1998.
How to Read and Why. New York: 2000.
Stories and Poems for Extremely Intelligent Children of All Ages. New York: 2001.
El futur de la imaginació (The Future of the Imagination). Barcelona: Anagrama / Empúries, 2002.
Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York: 2003.
Hamlet: Poem Unlimited. New York: 2003.
The Best Poems of the English Language: From Chaucer Through Frost. New York: 2004.
Where Shall Wisdom Be Found? New York: 2004.
Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine 2005.
American Religious Poems: An Anthology By Harold Bloom 2006.
Fallen Angels, illustrated by Mark Podwal. Yale University Press, 2007.
Till I End My Song: A Gathering of Last Poems Harper, 2010.
The Anatomy of Influence: Literature as a Way of Life- Yale University Press, 2011.
The Shadow of a Great Rock: A Literary Appreciation of The King James Bible Yale University Press, 2011.
The Daemon Knows: Literary Greatness and the American Sublime. Spiegel & Grau, 2015.
Falstaff: Give Me Life. Scribner, 2017.
Cleopatra: I Am Fire and Air. Scribner, 2017.
Lear: The Great Image of Authority. Scribner, 2018.
Iago: The Strategies of Evil. Scribner, 2018.
Macbeth: A Dagger of the Mind. Scribner, 2019.
Possessed by Memory: The Inward Light of Criticism. Knopf, 2019.
Articles
"On Extended Wings"; Wallace Stevens' Longer Poems. By Helen Hennessy Vendler, (Review), The New York Times, October 5, 1969.
"Poets' meeting in the heyday of their youth; A Single Summer With Lord Byron", The New York Times, February 15, 1970.
"An angel's spirit in a decaying (and active) body", The New York Times, November 22, 1970.
"The Use of Poetry", The New York Times, November 12, 1975.
"Northrop Frye exalting the designs of romance; The Secular Scripture", The New York Times, April 18, 1976.
"On Solitude in America", The New York Times, August 4, 1977.
"The Critic/Poet", The New York Times, February 5, 1978.
"A Fusion of Traditions: The Collected Works of Isaac Rosenberg", The New York Times, July 22, 1979.
"Straight Forth Out of Self", The New York Times, June 22, 1980.
"The Heavy Burden of the Past; Poets", The New York Times, January 4, 1981.
"The Pictures of the Poet; The Painting and Drawings of William Blake, by Martin Butlin. Vol. I, Text. Vol. II, Plates", (Review) The New York Times, January 3, 1982.
"A Novelist's Bible; The Story of the Stories, The Chosen People and Its God. By Dan Jacobson", (Review) The New York Times, October 17, 1982.
"Isaac Bashevis Singer's Jeremiad; The Penitent, By Isaac Bashevis Singer", (Review) The New York Times, September 25, 1983.
"Domestic Derangements; A Late Divorce, By A. B. Yehoshua Translated by Hillel Halkin", (Review) The New York Times, February 19, 1984.
"War Within the Walls; In the Freud Archives, By Janet Malcolm", (Review) The New York Times, May 27, 1984.
"His Long Ordeal by Laughter; Zuckerman Bound, A Trilogy and Epilogue. By Philip Roth", (Review) The New York Times, May 19, 1985.
"A Comedy of Worldly Salvation; The Good Apprentice, By Iris Murdoch", (Review) The New York Times, January 12, 1986.
"Freud, the Greatest Modern Writer" (Review) The New York Times, March 23, 1986.
"Passionate Beholder of America in Trouble; Look Homeward, A Life of Thomas Wolfe. By David Herbert Donald", (Review) The New York Times, February 8, 1987.
"The Book of the Father; The Messiah of Stockholm, By Cynthia Ozick", (Review) The New York Times, March 22, 1987.
"Still Haunted by Covenant", (Review) The New York Times, January 31, 1988.
"New Heyday of Gnostic Heresies", The New York Times, April 26, 1992.
"A Jew Among the Cossacks; The first English translation of Isaac Babel's journal about his service with the Russian cavalry. 1920 Diary, By Isaac Babel", (Review) The New York Times, June 4, 1995.
"Kaddish; By Leon Wieseltier", (Review) The New York Times, October 4, 1998.
"View; On First Looking into Gates's Crichton", The New York Times, June 4, 2000.
"What Ho, Malvolio!'; The election, as Shakespeare might have seen it", The New York Times, December 6, 2000.
"Macbush", (play) Vanity Fair, April 2004.
"The Lost Jewish Culture" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (June 28, 2007) : 44–47 [reviews The Dreams of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950–1492, translated, edited, and with an introduction by Peter Cole
"The Glories of Yiddish" The New York Review of Books 55/17 (November 6, 2008) [reviews History of the Yiddish Language, by Max Weinreich, edited by Paul Glasser, translated from the Yiddish by Shlomo Noble with the assistance of Joshua A. Fishman]
"Yahweh Meets R. Crumb", The New York Review of Books, 56/19 (December 3, 2009) [reviews The Book of Genesis, illustrated by R. Crumb]
"Will This Election Be the Mormon Breakthrough?", The New York Times, November 12, 2011.
"Richard III: Victim or Monster? Asks Harold Bloom", Newsweek, February 11, 2013.
Introduction to The Invention of Influence by Peter Cole, Talbet, January 21, 2014.
See also
References
Further reading
His famous criticism of the Harry Potter series.
Burrow, Colin, "The Magic Bloomschtick" (review of Harold Bloom, The American Canon: Literary Genius from Emerson to Pynchon, edited by David Mikics, Library of America, October 2019, 426 pp., ), London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 22 (21 November 2019), pp. 21–25. "Harold Bloom will be remembered as a great provoker – of thought, of laughter, and of resistance. He didn't permanently reconfigure the literary landscape, but the idiosyncratic path he tracked across it is one few could follow." (Final two sentences of Burrow's review, p. 25.)
External links
at Yale University
Harold Bloom at Stanford Presidential Lectures
Category:1930 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Category:American academics of English literature
Category:American literary critics
Category:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Category:The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Category:Cornell University alumni
Category:Critics of postmodernism
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:Jewish American academics
Category:Jewish scholars
Category:Literary critics of English
Category:MacArthur Fellows
Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Category:New York University faculty
Category:People from the Bronx
Category:Shakespearean scholars
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:Yale University faculty
Category:Yale Sterling Professors
Category:William Blake scholars
Category:20th-century American educators
Category:21st-century American educators
Category:20th-century American writers
Category:21st-century American writers
Category:W. B. Yeats scholars
Category:Writers from New York City | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Narrosse
Narrosse () is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Landes department
References
INSEE statistics
Category:Communes of Landes (department) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1899 America's Cup
The 1899 America's Cup was the 10th challenge for the Cup. It took place in the New York City harbor and consisted of a best of five series of races between the defender, Columbia, entered by the New York Yacht Club, and Sir Thomas Lipton's Shamrock, representing the Royal Ulster Yacht Club. Columbia won all three races against Shamrock.
Category:America's Cup regattas
America's Cup
America's Cup | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Abdel Rahman Badawi
Abdur Rahman Badawi (Arabic: ) (February 17, 1917 – July 25, 2002) was an Egyptian existentialist professor of philosophy and poet. He has been called the "foremost master of Arab existentialism." He authored more than 150 works, amongst them 75 which were encyclopaedic. He wrote easily in his native Arabic, English, Spanish, French, German and Italian, and read Greek, Latin and Persian.
Life
Born to a wealthy family in the village of Sharabass, 95 miles from Cairo, Badawi was educated at al-Saidiya school in Cairo. He graduated with a first-class degree in philosophy from the Egyptian University in 1938, and was supervised for his PhD thesis by Alexandre Koyre.
From 1950 to 1956 he taught at Ain Shams University. As a member of a 1954 committee to draft a new Egyptian constitution, he clashed with Nasser, who dissolved the committee in 1956. From 1956 to 1958 he was a cultural attache in Switzerland, regarding fellow diplomats there as "ignorant and hypocritical".
Badawi described leaving Nasser's Egypt to teach in the Sorbonne in 1967 as escaping "the big jail". However, a professorship in Libya from 1967 to 1973 ended when Muammar Gaddafi visited the university and was embarrassed to be received by Badawi's students arguing for freedom of expression. Gaddafi imprisoned Badawi, publicly burning his personal library. His release was secured after 17 days by Anwar Sadat.
Badawi taught at Kuwait University from 1975 to 1982.
References
External links
The Guardian's obituary for Badawi
Encyclopædia Britannica
Category:1917 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Egyptian academics
Category:Egyptian writers
Category:Egyptian philosophers
Category:Existentialists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Harbin Pharmaceutical Group
Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. () is China's second-biggest drug maker by market value. The major shareholder of the company was for 47.06% stake (as at 30 June 2016), literally have the same English name with the listed subsidiary, as the listed subsidiary missed the word "Joint-Stock / Shares" () in its English official name.
Business
Harbin Pharmaceutical is engaged in the research, development, manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products. The Company primarily offers antibiotics, Chinese patent medicines, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, healthcare products and synthesized preparations, among others.
During the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company obtained approximately 73% and 14% of its total revenue from the sale of western medicines and traditional Chinese medicines, respectively. As of December 31, 2007, the Company had two subsidiaries/associates: one specializes in manufacturing oral solutions, while the other is engaged in the retail and wholesale of pharmaceuticals.
References
External links
Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Company website
Category:Pharmaceutical companies of China
Category:Companies based in Harbin | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Stenidea nigrolineata
Stenidea nigrolineata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1942. It is known from Eritrea and Somalia.
References
Category:Lamiinae
Category:Beetles described in 1942 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Arkansas literature
Arkansas literature has an emerging consciousness, though it still lags behind other Southern states such as Mississippi and Georgia in the promotion of its literary culture. University of Arkansas Press is probably the state's largest publisher of books, though there do exist some notable small presses in the state: August House, Rose Publishing Group, and Chenault and Gray. The University of Arkansas's M.F.A. program has graduated a number of notable writers, including Lewis Nordan, John Dufresne, Steve Yarbrough, and more. In 2004, the state held the first annual Arkansas Literary Festival in Little Rock, attracting famous writers from around the nation. The Porter Prize is the state's most prestigious literary award.
See also: Southern literature
List of Arkansas residents and natives who have achieved a national stature for their writing
Maya Angelou, whose I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings tells the story of her young life in Stamps, Arkansas.
Dee Brown, author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.
John Gould Fletcher, 1938 winner of the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry.
Ellen Gilchrist, winner of the 1984 National Book Award for her collection of short stories Victory over Japan, and author of more than twenty works of fiction.
John Grisham, national and international best-selling author, from Black Oak, Arkansas (born in Jonesboro). Many of his books have been turned into movies, including A Painted House, which is set in Black Oak.
Donald Harington, winner of the Robert Penn Warren Award for his many novels which take place in the fictional town of Stay More, Arkansas.
Charles Portis, author of True Grit, which was made into a movie starring John Wayne.
Mary Bucci Bush, author of Sweet Hope.
Literary journals in Arkansas
Toad Suck Review, a print literary journal published by the Department of Writing at the University of Central Arkansas, toadsuckreview.org.
Arkansas Literary Forum, an online publication of Henderson State University, which has published such notable Arkansas Writers as Jack Butler and Donald Harington.
Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, a tri-annual journal published by Arkansas State University; it is the successor to the Kansas Quarterly.
The Low Valley Review, a yearly print journal published by NorthWest Arkansas Community College, thelowvalleyreview.com
The Oxford American, a quarterly journal of Southern culture once supported by John Grisham and now published by the University of Central Arkansas in Conway.
The Natural Tale, a quarterly online journal of Arkansas-exclusive fiction and art.
See also
List of newspapers in Arkansas
Southern literature (United States)
Bibliography
External links
Category:American literature by state
literature | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vashere
Vashere is a village in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Bhiwandi taluka.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Vashere has 108 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 89.45%.
References
Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Suren Das College
Suren Das College, established in 1979, is a general degree college situated at Hajo, in Kamrup district, Assam. This college is affiliated with the Gauhati University. This college offers different bachelor's degree courses in arts.
The college has own the largest seminar hall in kamrup.
Suren Das started the college at 1979 with the help of local people of Hajo.
Dr. Hiranya Sarma is the honorable principal of this college.
References
External links
http://surendascollege.com/
Category:Universities and colleges in Assam
Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University
Category:Educational institutions established in 1979
Category:1979 establishments in India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Symphony No. 1 (Corigliano)
John Corigliano's Symphony No. 1 for Orchestra was written between 1988 and 1989 during the composer's tenure as the first Composer-In-Residence for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The symphony's first performance was by the Chicago Symphony conducted by Daniel Barenboim on March 15, 1990.
Instrumentation
The symphony is scored for piccolo, 3 flutes, 3 oboes, English horn, 3 clarinets in Bb, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, contrabassoon, 6 horns in F, 5 trumpets in C, 4 trombones (2 tenor, 2 bass), 2 tubas, timpani, percussion (glockenspiel, crotales, vibraphone, xylophone, marimba, chimes (2 sets), snare drum, 3 tom-toms, 3 roto-toms, field drum, tenor drum, 2 bass drums, suspended cymbal, tamtam, finger cymbals, 3 temple blocks, tambourine, anvil, metal plate with hammer, brake drum, triangle, flexatone, police whistle, whip, ratchet), harp, piano, and strings.
Composition
Prior to this work, Corigliano had “long resisted the notion of a contemporary symphony ... for what he felt was its egotistical elevation of the composer’s need to express himself over the needs of the performer or audiences”. However, the loss of numerous friends due to the emerging AIDS pandemic brought Corigliano to use the symphonic form not as a means of personal expression but to commemorate “‘my friends – those I had lost and the one I was losing’”.
Inspired in part by the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, the symphony seeks to memorialize friends and colleagues in Corigliano’s life. The first three movements are dedicated to three individuals: a pianist, a music executive, and a cellist. The finale depicts the piano solo, the tarantella melody, and the cello solo from the first three movements against a backdrop of “a repeated pattern consisting of waves of brass chords ... [to convey] an image of timelessness”.
Form
"Apologue: Of Rage and Remembrance" is the first of the four movements in Symphony No. 1 and written in a loose A-B-A form that "alternates between the tension of anger and the bittersweet nostalgia of remembering".
The movement opens with "the nasal open A of the violins and violas" and explores the different timbres of that note by being played on different strings while varying the speed of vibrato as the note "grows in intensity and volume until it is answered by a burst of percussion". This then ushers in the entrance of the orchestra in cacophonous overlapping passages of various woodwind and brass instruments. The piece intensifies with increasing dynamic and tempo to a climax, from which the violins take over in the very upper range of their register, thus beginning the B section.
As the violins descend, in a calmer and more peaceful mood, an offstage piano enters with Leopold Godowsky's transcription of Isaac Albéniz's Tango in D – a tribute to Corigliano's pianist-friend. The lyrical melody, first played by solo woodwind instruments and then by strings, carries a much more nostalgic mood. The “chattering brass motives” from the A section begin to reappear for increasing lengths of time until it takes over, thus bringing the end of this section.
The dissonant motives accumulate with increasing speed until the orchestra reaches a standstill with loud, repeating dissonant chords played by the entire ensemble, pulsating for long stretches of time. These pulses eventually diminuendo with a lower frequency to a piano. A recapitulation of the motives from the beginning of the piece reach a final climax to conclude the movement, as the strings linger on a high A.
Reception
The symphony has been well received by the public and by critics. Many orchestras have performed this symphony since its premiere, and it has also been choreographed by the Milwaukee Ballet.
The symphony has received numerous awards, including the Grawemeyer Award for Composition in 1990, the Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance and for Best New Composition in 1991, and the Grammy Award for Best Classical Album in 1996.
Notable recordings
Daniel Barenboim conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Leonard Slatkin conducting the National Symphony Orchestra (United States)
Tatsuya Shimono conducting the Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra (Japan)
References
Category:Compositions by John Corigliano
Category:1989 compositions
Corigliano
Category:Music commissioned by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kardeh
Kardeh (, also Romanized as Kārdeh; also known as Chahār Deh) is a village in Kardeh Rural District, in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 351, in 88 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Mashhad County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Clem Clemens
Clement Lambert "Count" Clemens (born with the surname of Ulatowski; November 21, 1886 – November 2, 1967) was a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1914 through 1916, playing for two Chicago-based teams. Listed at and , he both batted and threw right-handed.
External links
Category:1886 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players
Category:Major League Baseball catchers
Category:Chicago Whales players
Category:Chicago Cubs players
Category:Sportspeople from Chicago
Category:Baseball players from Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
End Love
"End Love" is an alternative rock song by OK Go from the album Of the Blue Colour of the Sky. The song's lyrics deal with the sorrow period of time after the end of a relationship. The video for the song features the band performing over a continuous 18-hour shot along with nearly 200 hours of additional footage, with both time-lapse compression and expansion used to reduce the footage to a four-minute video.
Music video
The video for "End Love" was directed by Jeff Lieberman and Eric Gunther, and was filmed at Echo Park, around Echo Park Lake, in Los Angeles on March 28, 2010. The video shows the four members of OK Go, each dressed in solid neon-tracksuit of different colors, performing moves to the song. The band performed these moves using time-lapse photography to create certain special effects, such as appearing to move without walking, to move between two different points rapidly, or to play on the colors of their tracksuits in combination with these effects. In addition, some parts of the video have been significantly slowed down as the members of the band perform a move in unison. The band performed their parts over an 18-hour period including overnight; in one segment, the band members use sleeping bags to sleep, with each member taking a turn "singing" parts of the lyrics over the night. Near the end of the video, the band begins interacting with other people in the same manner. The video concludes with time-lapse photography of the fountain at Echo Park and the Los Angeles skyline that covers nearly eight additional days.
According to Lieberman, the video—including both the band's main performance and the skyline shots—was filmed in a continuous shot consisting of over one million frames of film. The average time compression on the video for most of OK Go's parts is about 270x from real-time, while the slowed down segments were 32 times slower than real-time. The skyline footage was compressed by 172,800 times, condensing each 24 hours into a 0.5 second shot.
During the video, a singular goose is frequently seen wandering near the band, unperturbed by their performance. The goose is known to park regulars as Maria, though the band and production crew dubbed it "Orange Bill." The goose was initially territorial towards the band during the initial practice a few days before the full shoot, but eventually came to "adopt" the band, and stayed with the four during much of the video.
The video premiered at the Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival on June 12, 2010, and was then released on YouTube on June 15, 2010. OK Go, now on their own label, Paracadute Recordings, after previous difficulties with EMI and Capitol Records for the "This Too Shall Pass" video, also released the video for free download through their website, along with a contest for viewers to win a free iPad that included OK Go's full video and discography to date.
External links
References
Category:2010 singles
Category:OK Go songs
Category:YouTube music videos
Category:Songs written by Damian Kulash
Category:2009 songs
Category:Songs written by Tim Nordwind | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
James Hubbard, 5th Baron Addington
James Hubbard, 5th Baron Addington (3 November 1930 – 26 June 1982), was a British peer. The son of John Francis Hubbard, he succeeded to the barony on the death of his cousin, who had died without a male heir.
He married Alexandra Patricia Millar on 7 October 1961. They had the following children:
Hon. Frances Linden Hubbard (b. 26 Jul 1962)
Dominic Bryce Hubbard, 6th Baron Addington (b. 24 Aug 1963)
Hon. Michael Walter Leslie Hubbard (b. 6 Jul 1965)
Hon. Sally-Anne Hubbard (b. 19 Oct 1966)
Category:1930 births
Category:1982 deaths
James | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Saigon railway station
Saigon railway station is a railway station in District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This station is the largest and most important railway hub in the country due to Ho Chi Minh City being the largest city and the economic centre of Vietnam. Locating about 1 km from the city center, Saigon railway station is the last station on the North-South railway, the last point of the railway in Vietnam
History
The original station, which opened in 1885, was located across from Bến Thành Market in District 1. The current station, originally a baggage holding and shipping centre, was constructed in the early 1930s by the French colonists, as part of the Hanoi-Saigon Railway. The station is situated around 1 km from the downtown city centre.
Every year, 1–2 months before Tết, thousands of people queue all day to buy tickets home as this is the main booking office of Vietnam Railways. Though electronic booking machines have been adopted, these queues continue, due to the monopoly of the railway.
The head - office is in 136 Ham Nghi Street, Ben Thanh ward, district 1, Ho Chi Minh city.
Despite the city being named Ho Chi Minh City after the war, the name of the station has remained the same.
Binh Trieu station
Due to the requirements of urban planning, the city government is considering the relocation of this station to the city outskirt in Binh Trieu (Binh Trieu Railway Station).
References
External links
Saigon Railways Official Website
Category:Transport in Ho Chi Minh City
Category:Railway stations in Vietnam
Category:Buildings and structures in Ho Chi Minh City | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
British Journal of General Practice
The British Journal of General Practice is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal for general practitioners and primary care researchers.
History
The journal was established in 1953 as the College of General Practitioners' Research Newsletter. It was renamed Journal of the College of General Practitioners in 1960 (from 1967 Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners), before obtaining its current name in 1990. Since 2013, the journal's digital content is hosted by HighWire Press.
Authors may choose to publish their articles as open access. The journal publishes editorials on clinical and policy topics, debate and analysis, clinical guidance, and a section called "Life & Times" which contains reviews of art, books, and film as well as viewpoints, polemic, and entertainment. In the course of its history, the journal has had seven editors: the present editor-in-chief is Roger Jones. The editorial office and the journal team are located at the Royal College of General Practitioners.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
Science Citation Index
Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2018 impact factor of 4.434.
References
External links
Category:Monthly journals
Category:English-language journals
Category:General medical journals
Category:Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of the United Kingdom
Category:Publications established in 1953 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
James Flanders
James Flanders may refer to:
James Greeley Flanders (1844–1920), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
James E. Flanders (1840s–1928), American architect | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Daniel Pontet
Daniel Pontet (born 1957) is a Uruguayan-born artist working in the US.
Biography
Early life
Pontet was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, South America, in and has resided in Miami, Florida since 1991. He developed artistically in Uruguay, under watercolor painter and art teacher Esteban Garino – who taught him the art of drawing and composition - and under artists Americo Sposito and Hector Laborde, who instilled into him the magic of color and a particular emphasis on space and shapes. He also completed courses in Art History at the School of Humanities of the University of the Republic of Uruguay. Furthermore, he studied silkscreen, photography, and computer graphics as a complement to his art education and honed his skills while working at The Flyer in the mid-90s.
Career
The earliest stage of Pontet's work can be placed within the expressionist and the neo expressionist circles and during this time he uses drawing as a fundamental element. He opens and closes spaces and organizes his balance and refuge in the canvass with grace and strength, as well as drama and lyricism. In this period, he devotes most of his energy and power of expression to depicting a world of indifferent, dauntless, and forlorn characters. Pontet stirs these meditative beings with an expressionist glare, manifesting a deep and underlying reflection on the human condition. He also creates unique rhythmical and chromatic consonances throughout these motifs. Pontet's early series share outstanding traits characterized by accomplished drawing, well thought-out compositions, mathematically precise structures, distortions and deliberate elongations, as well as the use of a rich polychrome palette of tones and hues.
Today, immersed in a new plastic period called “Metamorphosis,” Pontet is re-creating part of an enigmatic world of symbols. From realism to abstraction, Pontet's current work – teeming with feelings, thoughts, meditations, and not lacking in lyricism - is eminently plastic. His compositions, far from being descriptive, narrative or literary, are true plastic records of thoughts expressed in two- or three-dimensional surfaces. These works of art or “collages” look like accurate maps where we can find a path to think as well as reflect about our own spiritual life. This late series is also characterized by colors extracted from the soil – from brown to red oxide – and incrusted objects – keys, nails, washers, piece of fabrics, threads - which become powerful symbols and metaphors. Each symbol carries a profound spiritual message.
Daniel Pontet started exhibiting in 1975 and has participated in more than 200 art shows. He has received several prizes and acknowledgments and continues to show that his creativity has found no end. Effort and devotion are his most precious tools along with truthfulness.
As the Chilean writer Antonio Landauro once said about Daniel Pontet: “It goes without saying that this creative artist, like all genuine artists, always attains self-expression, whether he is understood, half understood, or not at all.”
Education
Sculpture -Welding- Sardi's Studio. Art Center South Florida. Miami Beach - FL, 1997.
Fine Art Studies. Lucia Ametrano Art Gallery. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1988.
Art History Courses. School of Humanities, University of Uruguay. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1987-1988.
Photography -Basic and Advanced- Ateneo de Montevideo. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1983-1984.
Drawing and Painting, Garino's Art Studio. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1981.
Silk-Screen, UTU. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1979.
Advertising and Artistic Drawing, Garino's Art Studio. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1976-1977.
Activities related to education
Art Teacher. Pontet's Art Studio. Miami - FL, 1997-1998.
Art Teacher. Pontet's Art Studio. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1987-1990.
Advertising Teacher, Ateneo de Montevideo. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1982.
Acknowledgments
Miami Dade College. Miami - FL, 1998. Honor student. Outstanding Academic Achievement. Membership at the Honor Society Phi Theta Kappa. Recognition at National Dean's List - US.
Awards
Second Prize. Hispanic Heritage Month Art Contest, Nationwide. Columbus - OH, 2004.
First Prize Miami. Heineken Hispanic Mural Program. Heineken & GenArt. Reprod. at Flagler St. & 27 Ave. Miami – FL, 2004.
First, Second, and Third Place. Best Original Art Work. Annual Awards Competition, AFCP. Las Vegas – NV, 2003.
Honorable Mention. New Trends#1. Ralb & Co. Fine Art. Miami - FL, 2001.
Honorable Mention. 14th Annual Hispanic Heritage Festival. Nations Bank Building. Miami - FL, 1998.
Honorable Mention. Las Americas. The Florida Museum of Hispanic and Latin American Art. Coral Gables - FL, 1998.
Third Prize. Nuestro Arte. Johnnie Walker. Miami - FL, 1996.
First Prize. Design Competition. Victoria Plaza Hotel. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1987.
Special Mention. 3rd Young Artists Show. Coca-Cola and Pluna. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1987.
Mention. 3rd Spring Salon. Anglo-Uruguayan Cultural Institute. Montevideo – Uruguay, 1985.
Mention. 2nd Youth Christian Art Competition. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1985.
Honorable Mention. 2nd Spring Salon. Anglo-Uruguayan Cultural Institute. Montevideo - Uruguay, 1984.
Stages
2004 – Present: SYMBOLISM. Metamorphosis: A new artistic stage. Incrusted objects become symbols. Reflections and thoughts as maps with colors extracted from the soil.
1987–2004: EXPRESSIONISM. Distortions and deliberated elongations. A polychrome palette of tones and hues.
1975–1987: REALISM. Earliest stage. Light and shadows. Particular emphasis on drawing.
Bibliography
'Landscapes and Mysteries' by Mariela Murdocco. Banda Oriental Latinoamerica. New York/New Jersey (USA). Year XV, No. 184. Sept 2008 (pp 20–21)
'Campos y Misterios' (Landscapes and Mysteries) Exhibition Catalogue. Consulate General of Uruguay. New York, NY (USA) August 2008 (pp 2–4)
'Beautiful Minds' MDC Magazine. Miami, FL (USA) MDC. Vol 7, Number 1, Winter 2007. (pp 64–67)
'Gallery. Uruguayan Art' by Arturo Arias-Polo. El Nuevo Herald. Miami, FL (USA) August 16, 2007. (Sec D, pg 9)
'Arts and Entertainments. Southern Cousins' by Greg Baker. New Times. Miami, FL (USA) August 16–22, 2007. (pg 32)
'Pontet: The Spell of Tradition” by A. Landauro. 'Candombe and Boliches' Art Show Catalogue. Consulate Gral. of Uruguay. New York, NY 1996 (pp 2–3)
'Art and its Conception' by Daniel Pontet. Osmus. Vol. 4, No. 18. Miami, FL 1996 (pp 40–41/97-99)
Category:American people of Uruguayan descent
Category:Uruguayan artists
Category:Uruguayan emigrants to the United States
Category:Living people
Category:1957 births | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Šentrupert, Braslovče
Šentrupert ( or ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Braslovče in Slovenia. Traditionally the area was part of Lower Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Sveti Rupert (literally, 'Saint Rupert') to Šentrupert in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms.
Church
The local church from which the settlement gets its name is dedicated to Saint Rupert and belongs to the Parish of Gomilsko. It was built in the 14th century with 18th- and 19th-century additions.
References
External links
Šentrupert at Geopedia
Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Braslovče | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bacdafucup
Bacdafucup is the debut album by American hip hop group Onyx, released on March 30, 1993 by JMJ Records, Rush Associated Labels and Chaos Recordings. The album was produced by Chyskillz, Jam Master Jay and Kool Tee.
Bacdafucup peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard 200, and number 8 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 25, 1993. In 1994, the album was nominated as "Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist" on American Music Awards of 1994 and won "Best Rap Album" on 1994 Soul Train Music Awards.
The album features three the Billboard singles "Throw Ya Gunz", "Slam" and "Shifftee". The first single, "Throw Ya Gunz", became a crossover radio hit. Their breakout single, "Slam", which received heavy airplay on both radio and television (MTV and BET), leading the song to reach #4 on the Billboard Hot 100, and get Platinum on August 10, 1993.
Bacdafucup is a groundbreaking hip-hop album, that brought to hip-hop slamdancing, the grimy voice and the bald head fashion.
Background
Fredro Starr, Big DS and Suave (also known as Sonny Seeza) met Jam Master Jay in a traffic jam at The Jones Beach GreekFest Festival on July 13, 1991. Jay give them about two months to get a demo, but Suave and Big DS they didn't make it to the studio because they were stranded in Connecticut. So Jeff Harris, the manager of Onyx, asked Fredro to come to the studio with his cousin, Kirk Jones, who would join the group and be known as a group member as "Sticky Fingaz" who at the time was doing a solo career under the name Trop and working in the barbershop making a thousand dollars a week cutting high school. Fredro and Sticky Fingaz made two records, "Stik 'N' Muve" and "Exercise".
"...When we went to the studio we made two records. One was called 'Stick and Move' and the other was called 'Exercise'. And they both were crazy! When Jay heard the songs he was like, 'Yo, I love the group'." Jam Master Jay liked these songs and that's how Sticky joined the group, because Jay said, “If Sticky ain't in the group, it ain't no group!”. Jay signed the group to his label, JMJ Records, for a single deal, then for an EP deal followed by an album deal because they did 10 songs on a budget of 6 songs.
Recording and production
In 1991, despite the reproaches from Fredro, the Onyx's music producer, B-Wiz, sold his drum machine SP-12 and went to Baltimore to sell crack, and eventually he was killed in Baltimore. Thus, all Onyx records were lost.
"...When I met Jam Master Jay, I told B-Wiz, who was doin’ his thing, sellin’ drugs, goin’ to Baltimore. I said, “Yo, don’t go down South, I just met Jam Master Jay.” He went down south, he got murdered... When he got murdered, we lost that sound. When we lost that sound, that was the end."
So the group needed a new music producer. In Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique Fredro described how Onyx met their future producer:"...We met Chyskillz on Jamaica Avenue one day. We was buying weed at the weed spot and Chy was chasing my truck down the street, yelling, 'I got beats!' His stuff back then was jazzy, on some Tribe Called Quest shit, but it was hot. I knew he could put beats together right away. We brought him into our zone and made him do some grimy shit."
Chyskillz was picked as the main producer of the album, he produced 16 of 18 songs. The first song that Chyskillz ever did for ONYX was "Nigga Bridges".
Jam Master Jay attended the studios during the recording of absolutely every song and was guided by the group in the process of recording the album, applying his hand as a producer to many tracks. But despite this, he basically let Onyx and Chyskillz do their thing. Sticky says of the late great JMJ: “Jay was very hands-on, one hundred percent. He was always there in the studio with us. We learned everything from him. He was our mentor”.
Jam Master Jay's friend, Kool Tee, also known as a member of rap groups Solo Sounds and The Afros, produced two songs on the album: "Atak Of Da Bal-Hedz" and "Da Nex Niguz".
Jeff Harris was credited as the producer of the three songs on this album: "Blac Vagina Finda", "Nigga Bridges" and "Stik 'N' Muve", but in fact he was just the group's manager since the release of their first single in 1990, and after the release of Onyx's first album, they grew apart.
The recording of the album began in September 1991 and ended in August 1992, when Fredro Starr acting in a movie "Strapped", and from the set he went to the studio to record the album. The album was recorded in 7 different studios in New York.
During the recording of the album, Fredro Starr and Sticky Fingaz were still working at the Nu Tribe Barber Shop on Jamaica Avenue in Queens, New York City until they heard their song "Throw Ya Gunz" on the radio in November 1992.
Fredro drops a very interesting fact about the group's mind state when recording Bacdafucup: "...While we were recording the album, niggas was on LSD the whole time, straight up. We was dropping papers, taking meth tabs, during that whole album. That's just the creative side of making music. We were like Jimi Hendrix. And that's partially what kept our energy going at that high level. We had that battery pack. LSD was our secret weapon. It kept us creative."
Conception of album title
The title track, "Bacdafucup", was one of the first songs Onyx made, at first it was just a skit, from which they made an intro and filmed a video for it. Then they made a complete song, "Onyx Is Here". Once they did this song, she gave them direction, she described what they was feeling: the whole industry gotta back the fuck up". "...Bacdafucup was probably like one of the first joints we made, it turned out to be like a skit at first, then we did an intro and video to it. Then we did this song but once we did that song, that kind of like gave us our direction, it kind of described what we was feeling. The whole industry gotta back the fuck. Das EFX gotta back the fuck, Naughty By Nature gotta back the fuck, Cypress Hill gotta back the fuck"
Spelling of "Bacdafucup" as well as "United States Ghetto" was made up by Suave (also known as Sonny Seeza).
In 2016, FreshPaintNYC revisiting the place of filming "Bacdafucup": Shinbone Alley south, NoHo, Manhattan, NYC.
Lyrics
Every song on Bacdafucup explains an aspect of life for these self-proclaimed Afficial Nastee Niguz. The first single, "Throw Ya Gunz", signifies the Jamaican tradition of a gun salute as a show of respect to the men on the mic ("buc buc like ya just don't care").
"USG", standing for United States Ghetto, stresses their belief that no matter what city you go to, you'll find all ghettos in this country are similar. Onyx talk about the difficulties you face when you live in the ghetto. "...We was talking about the life of "United Statez Ghetto" ("U.S.G."), the hardship of the ghetto. We was speaking for the ghetto. It wasn't just about sticking people up (*robbing people) because that's what people doing in the ghetto, this is one part of this."
On another choice selection, Onyx modifies the old childhood jingle "London Bridge" to "Nigga bridges falling down". "Bichasbootleguz" bluntly describes Onyx's attitude towards the bootleg industry. "Stik 'n Move" is on its way to becoming the stick up kids' national anthem. "Atak of Da Bal-Hedz" pretty much sums up Onyx's method-behind-the-madness - get charged and wreck shit wide open.
Onyx used to change the spelling of words. For example, they had a song called "Phat ('N' All Dat)". Sticky Fingaz invented the word "phat". Russell Simmons took the word and made a clothing line Phat Farm around it.
The album contains a huge amount of profanity, which in itself prevented to playing the songs on the air of various radio stations. However, the song "Slam" sounded literally from everywhere, and a video for it, released 5 days earlier, was broadcast on all cable channels, including BET and MTV.
Album cover
Sticky Fingaz came up with idea to use Plexiglas for the album cover and for the video for "Throw Ya Gunz". The group members stood on Plexiglas while the photographer, Gary Spector, took the pictures. Sticky wanted that people to see the group from under their shoes.
Singles
Four singles were released from this album: "Throw Ya Gunz", "Slam", "Shifftee" and "Da Nex Niguz"/"Da Nex DingDong"
The first single, "Throw Ya Gunz" was released, November 27, 1992. The song signifies the Jamaican tradition of a gun salute as a show of respect to the men on the mic. Produced by Chylow Parker, "Throw Ya Gunz" was a success and made it to four Billboard charts, including #1 on the Hot Rap Singles for two weeks. The song achieved even greater success in the UK, where it peaked at #34 on the UK Top 40 in 1993. The song was used as a promo for the 18th season of the American animated sitcom South Park. The song was sampled by more than 50 rap artists including Jeru The Damaja, The Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, Vinnie Paz and A$AP Mob.
The second single, "Slam" was released, May 11, 1993. The song introduced slamdancing into hip-hop. "Slam" was Onyx's breakthrough single, making it to number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was the group's second straight single to make it to number 1 on the Hot Rap Singles for two weeks. The single was first certified Gold on July 7, 1993, before being certified Platinum on August 10, 1993. According to Fredro Starr, for all time was sold about 5 million copies of the single. The song was sampled by more than 25 rap artists including GZA, Eminem, PMD, Shaquille O'Neal and Krazy Drayz of Das EFX.
The third single, "Shifftee" was released, August 30, 1993. The song was about being grimy and having that echo into a myriad of life situations. Produced by Chyskillz and Jam Master Jay, "Shifftee" was not as successful as the first two singles, but it still managed to make to five different Billboard charts, peaking at 2 on the Hot Rap Singles. The song was sampled by several rap artists including Mad Skillz, Raekwon, Marco Polo and Noreaga.
The fourth single, "Da Nex Niguz"/"Da Nex DingDong" was released, November 14, 1993. It was accompanied by the release of a video on it.
25th anniversary
Several different media have written articles dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the release of the album. Sha Be Allah of The Source said "Onyx made their claim to fame with their trademark “mad face”, bald heads and all black everything. Many copycats came after these guys, but their mark on the game is definitely unparalleled. Salute to Fredro, Sticky, Seez, and a big RIP to DS."
Paul Meara of AmbrosiaForHeads said "Leading up to the Bacdafucup‘s March 30 drop was their single “Throw Ya Guns,” released in November 1992. It exemplified ONYX's violent and menacing musical style and became a precursor to perhaps the group's most famous single ever in “Slam,” which eventually would make it all the way to #4 on Billboard‘s Hot 100 chart."
Vin Rican, the author of the program "Wax Only", which appears on the YouTube channel of LA radio station KPWR, made a mix composed of the drums used to create the album Bacdafucup.
Bronx, NYC videographer Olise Forel made a hip-hop cover animation.
Appearance in movies and on television
"Throw Ya Gunz" is featured in a 1993 Forest Whitaker's award-winning HBO drama Strapped and in a 2003 video game Def Jam Vendetta.
"Slam" has been used in movies such as How High and TV shows such as The Cleveland Show, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and Lip Sync Battle as well as numerous commercials, including Nike, ESPN, SoBe and Gatorade. The song was included in the soundtrack for a basketball simulation video game NBA 2K18.
"Shifftee" appeared in a 1993 New World Order, the movie by World Industries and in a 2011 Stene 6-1, the movie by Stene Productions about skateboarding.
Five songs from Bacdafucup were included in Forest Whitaker's award-winning HBO drama Strapped: "Throw Ya Gunz", "Bichasniguz", "Nigga Bridges", "Bacdafucup", "Attack of Da Bal-Hedz".
"Bust Dat Ass" was performed by The Roots on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, when host Jimmy Fallon announced actor Charlie Day on February 14, 2017.
Eminem appeared in Bacdafucup T-shirt in a 2017 HBO's The Defiant Ones.
Critical response
Bacdafucup was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Rolling Stone said "...Four baldheads from Queens, N.Y., with Jam Master Jay of Run-D.M.C. co-producing, these menaces crank up monolithic old-school noise, thick as a brick and iceberg cold...." (Rolling Stone magazine Issue 672/3 - December 23, 1993 – January 6, 1994, p. 156).
James Bernard of Entertainment Weekly rated the album an A-, saying "...bare-knuckles hip-hop featuring raw beats and four manic MCs competing for center stage. Onyx's confrontational attitude is so over-the-top that its enthusiasm becomes infectious..." (Entertainment Weekly magazine, Issue No. 165 – April 9, 1993, p. 54).
Ghetto Communicator of The Source gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying "...an extremely dope vision of ugliness that is not for the sensitive....the lyrical chemistry between Sticky Fingaz and Fredro Starr combined with the phat production work of Chyskills (Large Professor's old school homey) and Kool Tee blows shit into orbit and leaves you open for more..." (The Source magazine, Issue #42 - March, 1993, p. 79).
Spin said "...'Move back, muthafuckas! The Onyx is here!'...When the gentlemen of Onyx beseech this of you, it would be within your best interest to heed their desires and indeed withdraw as requested ...Onyx raps it hard like it is..." (Spin magazine June, 1993, p. 18).
Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews gave the album eight out of ten, saying "For the most part, the plusses on this album are many for fans of hardcore rap, with Sticky Fingaz providing the needed comic relief if and when things get too serious. Other than the six unnecessary skits and a couple of throwaway songs that don't hold up to the high standard the group themselves set, "Bacdafucup" is a solid debut album for Onyx from beginning to finish."
Vic Da Rula of Escobar300 gave the album ten out of ten, saying "...This album is everything that epitomized the East Coast rap scene at the time, Angry, energetic, and in your face. This album is as raw and gritty as it gets. If you don't have it then your missing out!"
Deedub of Time Is Illmatic said "Jam Master Jay insisting that Sticky Fingaz be added to Onyx. There is no question that the self-proclaimed “mad author of anguish” is the chief emcee and carries the lyrical load throughout BacDaFucUp. Led by Sticky, Onyx's animated hyper-energy and horrorgangster rhymes mixed with quality and consistently dark production, make BacDaFucUp an overall solid album and very entertaining listen".
Accolades
In 1998, The Source selected the album as one of 100 Best Albums. In 1999, Ego Trip's editors ranked album in their list Hip Hop's 25 Greatest Albums by Year 1993 in Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists. In 2005, the album is broken down track-by-track by Onyx in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique. In 2010, Complex put the album in their list Do It Again: When Rappers Redo Their Album Covers. In 2012, Complex put the album in their list The 50 Best Rap Album Titles Ever. In 2013, Spin put the album in their list The 50 Best Rap Albums From 1993.
Track listing
Leftover tracks
"Exercise" (1991)
"Here 'N' Now" (demo) (1991)
"Bacup" (radio edit for "Bacdafucup") (1991)
"United States Ghetto" (The U.S.G.) (Prod. by Chyskillz & Jam Master Jay) (1992)
"Wake Up Dead, Nigga" (a.k.a. Throw Ya Gunz) (feat. Tek-9) - Version 1 (with different chorus at the beginning) (1992)
"Wake Up Dead, Nigga" (a.k.a. Throw Ya Gunz) (feat. Tek-9) - Version 2 (1992)
"Stik 'N' Muve" (original version) (1991)
Personnel
Onyx - performer, vocals
Fredro Starr - performer, vocals
Sticky Fingaz - performer, vocals
Suave - performer, vocals
Big DS - performer, vocals
Jam Master Jay - executive producer, producer
Randy Allen - executive producer,
Chyskillz - producer
Jeff Harris - producer
Jeff Trotter - A&R executive /editing / mastering
Tony Dawsey - mastering
Awards and nominations
In 1994 the album was nominated as "Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist" on American Music Awards of 1994 and won "Best Rap Album" on 1994 Soul Train Music Awards.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Bacdafucup at RapGenius
Bacdafucup at Discogs
Category:Onyx (group) albums
Category:1993 debut albums
Category:JMJ Records albums
Category:Columbia Records albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kagayaku Hito
"" is the tenth single by Japanese singer Angela Aki, released on April 14, 2010. It varies in style from her previous singles, being the first to feature Aki playing guitar, rather than her normal prominent piano arrangements.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Official Discography
Category:2010 singles
Category:Angela Aki songs
Category:Japanese-language songs
Category:2010 songs
Category:Songs written by Angela Aki
Category:Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Baté
Baté is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
References
Category:Populated places in Somogy County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Caspia
Caspia is a genus of marine snails, brackish water snails and freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. Caspia is the type genus of the Caspiidae, that is a synonym of Pyrgulinae.
Species
Species within the genus Caspia include:
Caspia baerii Clessin & W. Dybowski in W. Dybowski, 1888 - type species, marine
Caspia brotzkajae Starobogatov in Anistratenko & Prisjazhnjuk, 1992 - marine
Caspia gaillardi (Tadjalli-Pour, 1977) - marine
Caspia gmelinii Clessin & W. Dybowski in W. Dybowski, 1888 - marine
Caspia knipowitchi Makarov, 1938 - marine and brackish
Caspia logvinenkoi (Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966) - freshwater
Caspia makarovi (Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966) - freshwater and brackish
Caspia pallasii Clessin & W. Dybowski, 1887
Caspia stanislavi Alexenko & Starobogatov, 1987 - freshwater and brackish
Caspia valkanovi (Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966)
Species brought into synonymy
Caspia issykkulensis Clessin, 1894: synonym of Pseudocaspia issykkulensis (Clessin, 1894)
References
Category:Hydrobiidae | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Soyarabai
Soyarabai Bhosale (née Mohite) (died 1681) was one of the eight wives of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of Maratha Kingdom in western India. She was mother of Shivaji Maharaj's second son, Rajaram Chhatrapati. She was the younger sister of Maratha army chief Hambirrao Mohite.
Early life
Born Soyarabai Mohite, she was married to Shivaji at a very young age in 1639. The marriage took place when Shivaji Maharaj visited his father Shahaji at Bangalore with his mother Jijabai. Tukabai(Née Mohite), the stepmother of Shivaji and paternal aunt of Soyarabai
insisted on the marriage.
After the death of Jijabai in (1674), Soyarabai gained prominence in Shivaji's family and by extension, in the Maratha court politics. Soyrabai bore two children to Shivaji, a daughter Balibai and son Rajaram.
After Shivaji Maharaj's death
Many historians blame her for Shivaji Maharaj's death. She was ambitious and she wanted her son Rajaram to succeed Shivaji Maharaj instead of the elder son Sambhaji. Sambhaji was not kept informed on the Shivaji Maharaj death and he was absent when Shivaji Maharaj was cremated. After Shivaji Maharaj's death in 1680, with the help of some of the courtiers, Soyarabai got her ten-year-old son, Rajaram, on the vacant throne. Her stepson and heir presumptive Sambhaji, was able to remove him from power with the help of Soyrabai's own brother and army chief Hambirrao Mohite. He imprisoned courtiers and formally assumed power as the Chhatrapati on July 20, 1680.
After Sambhaji seized power from Soyrabai, she tried every means to dethrone him. Soyarabai's henchmen tried to poison Sambhaji in August 1681, but he survived and ordered the execution of Soyarabai. Many plotters including Yesubai's relatives of the Shirke family were also executed.
References
See also
Shivaji
Rajaram Chhatrapati
Maratha Empire
Category:Executed royalty
Category:Executed Indian women
Category:Indian female royalty
Category:Marathi people
Category:Women of the Maratha Empire
Category:1680 deaths
Category:People executed by poison
Category:17th-century executions in India
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:17th-century Indian women | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Paesana
Paesana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southwest of Turin and about northwest of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,027 and an area of .
Paesana borders the following municipalities: Barge, Oncino, Ostana, Sampeyre, and Sanfront.
Demographic evolution
References
Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Old Town Center Historic District
The Old Town Center Historic District is a historic district roughly along Locust Public Rd. and Salt Pond Road in Eastham, Massachusetts. The district encompasses Eastham's original town center, with a cluster of well-preserved 18th- and 19th-century buildings. The area served as the town's civic center due to its proximity to Salt Pond, which provided access to the Atlantic Ocean, and was a major transportation route. (Most of the district is now separated from Salt Pond by US Route 6, a four-lane road.) The advent of the railroad in the 1870s shifted the town's economic and civic heart to the present center. The Old Town district is in size, with 42 mainly residential buildings contributing to its significance. The oldest building in the district is the c. 1672 John Knowles House at 191 Locust Road. The town's first town hall (1851) and first schoolhouse (1869) still stand in the district; the schoolhouse is a landmark visible from Route 6.
The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
References
Category:Historic districts in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Category:Eastham, Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index
Methodology
The figures come from the 2019 Indonesia Human Development Report, published by Statistics Indonesia.
List of Provinces of Indonesia by Human Development Index 2018
See also
List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita
References
Indonesia
Human Development Index
Provinces by HDI
Human Development Index
Provinces of Indonesia by HDI
Indonesia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Discard
Discard may refer to:
Discard Protocol, a service in the Internet Protocol Suite
Discard (EP), an album by Figurine
Discard, an alternate name for trim functionality in solid-state drives
See also
Discards, the parts of a fish which are not kept after cleaning them | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ministry of Culture (Montenegro)
Minister of Culture () is the person in charge of the Ministry of Culture of Montenegro. Aleksandar Bogdanović (DPS) is the current Minister of Culture, since 28 December 2017.
Ministers of Culture, since 2006
References
Category:Government ministries of Montenegro
Category:Culture ministries
Category:Ministries established in 2006
Category:2006 establishments in Montenegro | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
HNC
HNC may refer to:
Hydrogen isocyanide, a molecule with the formula HNC that is important to the field of astrochemistry
Heptanitrocubane, an experimental high explosive
Higher National Certificate, a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom
High Negotiations Committee, a Syrian political-military opposition bloc headquartered in Riyadh
Classical-map Hyper-Netted-Chain equation, a method in many-body theoretical physics for interacting uniform electron liquids in two and three dimensions
Hypernetted-chain equation, a closure relation to solve the Ornstein-Zernike equation commonly applied in statistical mechanics and fluid theory
Hopkins-Nanjing Center, a joint educational venture between Nanjing University and Johns Hopkins University located in Nanjing, China
Habits & Contradictions, album by Schoolboy Q
Huddersfield Narrow Canal, Northern England | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Andy Pratt (baseball)
Andrew Elias Pratt (born August 27, 1979) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs. Pratt was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 9th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball Draft and had a career ERA of 15.00 in 5 career appearances with the Braves and Cubs. He also played in the Texas Rangers organization from - and Milwaukee Brewers organization from -. After his release from the Brewers organization in 2006, Pratt played the rest of the season for the Somerset Patriots of the independent Atlantic League. He has not played professionally since.
External links
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:Baseball players from Arizona
Category:Sportspeople from Mesa, Arizona
Category:Gulf Coast Rangers players
Category:Charlotte Rangers players
Category:Savannah Sand Gnats players
Category:Tulsa Drillers players
Category:Greenville Braves players
Category:Richmond Braves players
Category:Atlanta Braves players
Category:Arizona League Cubs players
Category:Lansing Lugnuts players
Category:West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players
Category:Iowa Cubs players
Category:Chicago Cubs players
Category:Huntsville Stars players
Category:Nashville Sounds players
Category:Somerset Patriots players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hải Dương Province
Hải Dương () is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Its name derives from Sino-Vietnamese "ocean sun", though the modern province is in fact landlocked. Nowadays, Hải Dương is mostly industrialized.
Name
Hải Dương is Sino-Vietnamese for "ocean sun" (海陽). The name first appeared officially in 1498. In feudal times, Hải Dương indicated a vast area from east of Hanoi to the South China Sea. This area corresponds to all of modern Hải Dương, Hải Phòng, most of Hưng Yên and the southwestern corner of Quảng Ninh.
Geography
The province is located in the Red River Delta of north-eastern Vietnam, about mid-distance from Hanoi to Hai Phong. Two famous pagodas, Côn Sơn and Kiếp Bạc, are situated in this province. The province is known for its lychees and for the traditional sweet bánh đậu xanh (mung bean paste).
Hải Dương is located in the center of North Vietnam. The natural area of the province is 1,661.2 km2, ranked 51st of the total area. Hải Dương province borders six provinces: Bắc Ninh, Bắc Giang, and Quảng Ninh in the north; Hưng Yên in the west; Hải Phòng in the east; and Thái Bình to the south.
There are important roads and railways running through the province, including Highways No. 5, No. 18, No. 183 and No. 37.
Administrative divisions
Hải Dương is subdivided into 12 district-level sub-divisions:
10 districts:
Bình Giang
Cẩm Giàng
Gia Lộc
Kim Thành
Kinh Môn
Nam Sách
Ninh Giang
Thanh Hà
Thanh Miện
Tứ Kỳ
2 provincial city:
Chí Linh
Hải Dương (capital)
They are further subdivided into 13 commune-level towns (or townlets), 227 communes, and 25 wards.
Climate
Hải Dương lies in the tropical monsoon climate with typical cold winter, potential heat and high humidity. Two types of wind mainly come from the south east and the north east. The Climate is divided into four distinct seasons. From early February to early April, the spray and rain after a period of transition from the dry season to the rainy season. The rainy season lasts from April to October.
The annual average rainfall is to .
The average temperature 23.3 °C.
Hours of sunshine in the year is 1,524 hours.
Relative humidity averaged is at 85 to 87 per cent.
Demography
Over the last 20 years, Hải Dương province has been experiencing a big change in its demographics. During this period, the rate of fertility decreased dramatically from a high rate at 6.7 per cent to 2.14 per cent between 2000 and 2008. The same pattern is found with the mortality rate. This is a result of the success of the family planning program and the improvement of the health care system in the province as well as innovations in medicine. In addition, life expectancy also increased over time. These changes have take place at a speed that is much quicker than the world average rate and the rate of many other places in Asia.
The number of persons aged 60 years or older in Hải Dương Province is estimated to be 600.000 in 2010. This number is projected to grow to nearly 800.000 by 2050, at which time it will be equal to the population of children under 15. This historic crossover of an increasing share of older persons and a declining share of children will mark the first time that the number of children and older persons are the same.
There are many ethnic groups of which the Kinh make up 90 per cent of the population. Major religions helping fulfill the spiritual needs of the Vietnamese include Buddhism, Catholic and Protestant churches, Confucianism, Caodaism and the Hòa Hảo faith. With that being said, ancestor worship is probably the predominant "religion", although they may not realize it.
History
Hải Dương is located in the Red River Delta and originated from the civilization of the Red River. Hải Dương has had many changes in names throughout history. It was a part of Duong Tuyen (in the period of King Hung), Giao Chi and Giao Chau (in the 1st millennium); Nam Sach Lo, Hong Lo (under period of Ly and Trần Dynasty); Hong Chau, Nam Sach (in the 16th century); Thua Tuyen, *Hải Dương (in the 10th year of Quang Thuan King).
Hải Dương Province was established in 1831 and was first called "Thanh Dong" (East Province) which mean "the city to the east of Thăng Long citadel".
In the early 20th century, the patriotic movement was expanded in Hải Dương.
In the 1930s, Hải Dương people carried out two resistance wars against French imperial and the American empire and then achieved victory after prolonged fighting.
In 1968, Hải Dương was merged with Hưng Yên to become Hải Hưng Province.
In January 1997, Hai Hung was separated into Hải Dương and Hưng Yên.
In August 1997, The Government decided to upgrade Hải Dương from town to city. Since 1997, Hải Dương has had 11 districts and a city./.
Economy
Nowadays, Hải Dương is among the most industrialized and developed provinces in Vietnam. Hải Dương, Ho Chi Minh City and Bình Dương are the three most attractive locations for foreign investments in Vietnam.
Hải Dương province is located in the center of the North Delta. Which has good conditions in transportation, Agriculture, industrial production; Hải Dương province has an important role in the social economic development of the country. Its natural land area and sources are favorable condition for developing economy. More than 800.000 of the 1.7 million population are employed, with over 500.000 employed in the agriculture industry. This is a benefit for the social and economic development of Hải Dương.
In recent years, Hải Dương has prioritized developing agriculture and industrial production. Hải Dương received domestic and international investment in over 50 industrial areas in the whole province. There are foreign business partners from Britain, Germany, France, Hong Kong … Hải Dương also developed agriculture in the direction of economic, industrialization and modernization.
For the past years, Hải Dương has provided big cities such as: Ha Noi, Hai Phong and consumers throughout Viet Nam with special produces such as lichi or traditional specialties such as green bean cake.
In recent years, Agriculture in Hải Dương has developed quickly and steadily.
Population and new urban areas
Population
According to statistics of Haiduong Statistical Yearbook 2008, Hải Dương has area 1,651.8 km2. Population of the whole province are: 1,732,814 persons. Population density is 1,049 per/km2. Average population in 2007 by sex and by region:
By sex: Male: 842,002 persons, Female: 890,812 persons
By region: Urban: 279,850 persons, rural: 1,452,964 persons
The rate of population growth (percentage):
Whole province: 9.60%
Urban: 10.38%
Rural: 9.50%
Number of person at working age: 1,094,272 persons
New urban areas
Presently Hải Dương City has two new urban areas. The first one is located in eastern Hải Dương, it has an area of 108 ha and consists of two wards: Ngoc Chau and Hai Tan.
The second is in western Hải Dương, and has an area of 433 ha. It is located in the territory of Thanh Binh ward and Tu Minh commune. Both of the two new urban areas are invested by Nam Cuong Group in year 2002.
Currently there are many families living here but the cost of land and the cost of building the homes is quite high in comparison with living standard in Haiduong. The two new urban area extending Haiduong city is one of main reasons Hải Dương City became a second level city on May 16, 2009.
Education system
Haiduong's education system is divided into 5 categories: pre-primary, primary, intermediate, secondary, and higher education.
Kindergarten and kindergarten for children from 2 to 5 years old to form thinking for children and creating the daily habits needed for this age group, although not all children must learn at this level.
Primary school level starts at age 6 years: Level I consists of 5 levels, from grade 1 to grade 5. This is a grade school and required for all students.
Secondary level education: Level II includes 4 levels, from grade 6 to grade 9. Students must learn: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry (grade 8.9), Biology, Technology, written language, History, Geography, Civic Education, Foreign Language, Health, Parenting, Music & Visual Arts.
In addition students have some additional requirements such as: education outside the classroom on time management, direction of education (grade 9), use of school ... To study at higher level student must participate in the examination enrollment process.
Level III consists of 3 levels, from grade 10 to grade 12. To graduate level III, students must participate in the graduation exam for secondary schools of education and training.
Students wanting to study in public schools must attend an examination of birth. The exam is held every year, by the Department of Education and Training at the local level. At this level, students also study subjects similar in middle school. However, students in secondary school also take a number of other activities such as business, vocational, among others.
At present Haiduong provincial educational consists of:
1 Department of Education and Training
12 Offices of Education
13 Education centers throughout
12 Vocational Centers
And under this place there are a number of schools:
Public health
Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, and increasing life and health through the organized efforts of society. Public health is typically divided into epidemiology, bio-statistics and health services. The problems related to environmental, social, behavioral and occupational health are also important sub-fields in public health.
The main intervention of public health is to prevent disease. There are many activities about public health. Nowadays, traffic injury and accidents are increasing and there are deaths, it has become one of leading concerns to the global public. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes the increase in injury accidents will be one of three main leading causes of death in the world by 2020. So, prevention of accidents has been a priority for the country. And Hải Dương is one of the first six provinces in Vietnam to construct programs for a Safe Public for Children.
Safe Public for Children have been constructed in Duc Chinh village, Cam Giang district, Hải Dương province, Viet Nam. An experimental trial project was started in 2004. But, after one year, the Safe Public for Children project had clearly brought results. The injury/accident rate with children decreased clearly. Most of the people in villages truly understood about the program of preventing accidents for children. Children know that injury accidents can happen at any time if they do not know to prevent.
Transportation
12 year ago (1997), nobody in Hải Dương Province believed that the agricultural products of Hải Dương Province, after a few hours of being transported, could be readied for sale in Ha Noi. But nowadays, it only takes about one hour to go to Ha Noi from Hải Dương. This big change is due to the outstanding development in the traffic network.
In fact, Transport in Hải Dương province developed very fast. During the last 5 years, the whole land transportation in Hải Dương was upgraded and improved with various project. In 1999, the National Road No 5 connecting Ha Noi and Hai Phong was upgraded to first-class status.
Today's, there are 649 km of roads under the central management including National Road No 5, 18, 183 and 37 that have been completely build or upgraded. These roads are favorable for traveling and goods transportation within the Hải Dương province. Furthermore, there are 11 provincial asphalt land routes 258 km of length as the whole, 27 land routes at district level with total of 352 km of length, of which 70% have been asphalt.
Besides, Hải Dương has 10 waterways with nearly 300 km of length under the Central management and six ways with 140 km of length under local management. However, most of transport operations on these waterways have not been planned yet.
Hải Dương also has 70 km of railway (including 15 km of railways serving for Pha Lai company)
Media, culture, and entertainment
At present, Haiduong has one Provincial Newspaper, publishing Daily, Weekend, and Monthly editions. There are additional magazines published by Departments of the province in related fields. E-newspapers such as www.haiduong.gov.vn, www.truyenhinhhaiduong.com.vn have made it easier to get information about the province than ever before.
Haiduong Provincial People's Voice and Television Broadcasting Center is known as one of the most developed in the Northern region. Cable TV Networks have also been installed, providing customers with more than 40 international channels.
Haiduong is famous for being a "sacred land with pre-eminent people" with hundreds of well-known historical, cultural relics and scenic beauty areas such as Con Son – Kiep Bac, Nguyễn Trãi Temple, Chi Lang Nam Storks island... The province is also a place of many traditional handicraft villages with well-known products for centuries. Cultural Festivals are organized annually during Spring and Autumn, attracting visitors from all over the nation.
Haiduong has over 100 hotels, ranging from 2 stars to luxury 4 stars. Besides, there are many motels and guest-houses of reasonable price and good service. Restaurants serving traditional food are found on almost every street in the city center. Visitors can also enjoy foreign cuisines in specialty restaurants around Bạch Đằng Lake.
International restaurants are getting more popular and choice is expanding. You will find Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Italian restaurants in town.
Cuisine
Bánh đậu xanh, a sweet mung bean cake, and Rượu Phú Lộc are local specialties.
References | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kurt Floericke
Kurt Ehrenreich Floericke (also spelled Curt and/or Flöricke; 23 March 1869, in Zeitz – 29 October 1934, in Stuttgart) was a German naturalist and author of numerous popular science books.
From 1889, Floericke studied natural sciences in Breslau and Marburg and he gained a doctorate in 1893 with a thesis on the bird fauna of Silesia. He then extended his studies to east and south-east Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and South America. In 1902, he moved to Vienna, where he made a living as an author. His financial position was assured when he became the editor and owner of Kosmos Die Zeitschrift für alle Freunde der Natur, Kosmos Magazine for the Friends of Nature 1904- Stuttgart. Floericke inspired the formation of the Süddeutsche Vogelwarte, the South German Ornithological Institute.
Bibliography
Einheimische Fische (1913)
Schnecken und Muscheln (1920)
Spinnen und Spinnenleben (1921)
Allerlei Gewürm (1921)
Heuschrecken und Libellen (1922)
Falterleben (1923)
Aussterbende Tiere (1927)
References
Ulrich Franke: Dr. Curt Floericke - Naturforscher, Ornithologe, Schriftsteller. Mit der ersten umfassenden Bibliographie seiner Schriften. 2009.
External links
floericke online.
http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/floericke/
Category:1869 births
Category:1934 deaths
Category:People from Zeitz
Category:People from the Province of Saxony
Category:German zoologists
Category:German ornithologists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gmail
Gmail is a free email service developed by Google. Users can access Gmail on the web and using third-party programs that synchronize email content through POP or IMAP protocols. Gmail started as a limited beta release on April 1, 2004 and ended its testing phase on July 7, 2009.
At launch, Gmail had an initial storage capacity offer of one gigabyte per user, a significantly higher amount than competitors offered at the time. Today, the service comes with 15 gigabytes of storage. Users can receive emails up to 50 megabytes in size, including attachments, while they can send emails up to 25 megabytes. In order to send larger files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message. Gmail has a search-oriented interface and a "conversation view" similar to an Internet forum. The service is notable among website developers for its early adoption of Ajax.
Google's mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to filter spam and malware, and to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails. This advertising practice has been significantly criticized by privacy advocates due to concerns over unlimited data retention, ease of monitoring by third parties, users of other email providers not having agreed to the policy upon sending emails to Gmail addresses, and the potential for Google to change its policies to further decrease privacy by combining information with other Google data usage. The company has been the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues. Google has stated that email users must "necessarily expect" their emails to be subject to automated processing and claims that the service refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those mentioning race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or financial statements. In June 2017, Google announced the end to the use of contextual Gmail content for advertising purposes, relying instead on data gathered from the use of its other services.
By 2018, Gmail had 1.5 billion active users worldwide.
Features
Storage
On April 1, 2004, Gmail was launched with one gigabyte (GB) of storage space, a significantly higher amount than competitors offered at the time.
On April 1, 2005, the first anniversary of Gmail, the limit was doubled to two gigabytes of storage. Georges Harik, the product management director for Gmail, stated that Google would "keep giving people more space forever."
On April 24, 2012, Google announced the increase of storage included in Gmail from 7.5 to 10 gigabytes ("and counting") as part of the launch of Google Drive.
On May 13, 2013, Google announced the overall merge of storage across Gmail, Google Drive, and Google+ Photos, allowing users 15 gigabytes of included storage among three services.
Users can buy additional storage, shared among Gmail, Google Drive and Google Photos, through a monthly subscription plan from Google One. , storage of up to 15 gigabytes is included, and paid plans are available for up to 30 terabytes for personal use.
There are also storage limits to individual Gmail messages. Initially, one message, including all attachments, could not be larger than 25 megabytes. This was changed in March 2017 to allow receiving an email of up to 50 megabytes, while the limit for sending an email stayed at 25 megabytes. In order to send larger files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message.
Interface
The Gmail user interface initially differed from other web-mail systems with its focus on search and conversation threading of emails, grouping several messages between two or more people onto a single page, an approach that was later copied by its competitors. Gmail's user interface designer, Kevin Fox, intended users to feel as if they were always on one page and just changing things on that page, rather than having to navigate to other places.
Gmail's interface also makes use of 'labels' (tags) – that replace the conventional folders and provide a more flexible method of organizing emails; filters for automatically organizing, deleting or forwarding incoming emails to other addresses; and importance markers for automatically marking messages as 'important'.
2011 redesign
In November 2011, Google began rolling out a redesign of its interface that "simplified" the look of Gmail into a more minimalist design to provide a more consistent look throughout its products and services as part of an overall Google design change. Majorly redesigned elements included a streamlined conversation view, configurable density of information, new higher-quality themes, a resizable navigation bar with always-visible labels and contacts, and better search. Users were able to preview the new interface design for months prior to the official release, as well as revert to the old interface, until March 2012, when Google discontinued the ability to revert and completed the transition to the new design for all users.
Tabbed inbox
In May 2013, Google updated the Gmail inbox with tabs which allow the application to categorize the user's emails. The five tabs are: Primary, Social, Promotions, Updates, and Forums. In addition to customization options, the entire update can be disabled, allowing users to return to the traditional inbox structure.
2018 redesign
In April 2018, Google introduced a new web UI for Gmail. The new redesign follows Google's Material Design, and changes in the user interface include the use of Google's Product Sans font. Other updates include a Confidential mode, which allows the sender to set an expiration date for a sensitive message or to revoke it entirely, integrated rights management and two-factor authentication.
2019 update
In October 2019, Gmail was scheduled to get a dark mode for iOS and Android apps though the spokesperson said it was a limited roll out for Android 10 and iOS 11 users.
Spam filter
Gmail's spam filtering features a community-driven system: when any user marks an email as spam, this provides information to help the system identify similar future messages for all Gmail users.
In the April 2018 update, the spam filtering banners got a redesign, with bigger and bolder lettering.
Gmail Labs
The Gmail Labs feature, introduced on June 5, 2008, allows users to test new or experimental features of Gmail. Users can enable or disable Labs features selectively and provide feedback about each of them. This allows Gmail engineers to obtain user input about new features to improve them and also to assess their popularity.
Popular features, like the "Undo Send" option, often "graduate" from Gmail Labs to become a formal setting in Gmail.
All Labs features are experimental and are subject to termination at any time.
Search
Gmail incorporates a search bar for searching emails. The search bar can also search contacts, files stored in Google Drive, events from Google Calendar, and Google Sites.
In May 2012, Gmail improved the search functionality to include auto-complete predictions from the user's emails.
Gmail's search functionality does not support searching for word fragments (also known as 'substring search' or partial word search). Workarounds exist.
Language support
, the Gmail interface supports 72 languages, including: Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (UK), English (US), Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Malayalam, Marathi, Norwegian (Bokmål), Odia, Polish, Punjabi, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog (Filipino), Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Welsh and Zulu.
Language input styles
In October 2012, Google added over 100 virtual keyboards, transliterations, and input method editors to Gmail, enabling users different types of input styles for different languages in an effort to help users write in languages that aren't "limited by the language of your keyboard.”
In October 2013, Google added handwriting input support to Gmail.
In August 2014, Gmail became the first major email provider to let users send and receive emails from addresses with accent marks and letters from outside the Latin alphabet.
Platforms
Web browsers
Gmail's "basic HTML" version works on almost all browsers. The modern AJAX version is officially supported in the current and previous major releases of Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge and Safari web browsers on a rolling basis.
In August 2011, Google introduced Gmail Offline, an HTML5-powered app for providing access to the service while offline. Gmail Offline runs on the Google Chrome browser and can be downloaded from the Chrome Web Store.
In addition to the native apps on iOS and Android, users can access Gmail through the web browser on a mobile device.
Mobile
Gmail has native applications for iOS devices (including iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch) and for Android devices.
In November 2014, Google introduced functionality in the Gmail Android app that enabled sending and receiving emails from non-Gmail addresses (such as Yahoo! Mail and Outlook.com) through POP or IMAP.
In November 2016, Google redesigned the Gmail app for the iOS platform, bringing the first complete visual overhaul in "nearly four years". The update added much more use of colors, sleeker transitions, and the addition of several "highly-requested" features, including Undo Send, faster search with instant results and spelling suggestions, and Swipe to Archive/Delete.
In May 2017, Google updated Gmail on Android to feature protection from phishing attacks. Media outlets noticed that the new protection was announced amid a widespread phishing attack on a combination of Gmail and Google's Docs document service that occurred on the same day.
Later in May, Google announced the addition of "Smart Reply" to Gmail on Android and iOS. "Smart Reply", a feature originally launched for Google's Inbox by Gmail service, scans a message for information and uses machine intelligence to offer three responses the user can optionally edit and send. The feature is limited to the English language at launch, with additional support for Spanish, followed by other languages arriving later.
Inbox by Gmail, another app from the Gmail team, is also available for iOS and Android devices.
Third-party programs can be used to access Gmail, using the POP or IMAP protocols. In 2019, Google rolled out dark mode for its mobile apps in Android and iOS.
Inbox by Gmail
In October 2014, Google introduced Inbox by Gmail on an invitation-only basis. Developed by the Gmail team, but serving as a "completely different type of inbox", the service is made to help users deal with the challenges of an active email. Citing issues such as distractions, difficulty in finding important information buried in messages, and receiving more emails than ever, Inbox by Gmail has several important differences from Gmail, including bundles that automatically sort emails of the same topic together, highlights that surface key information from messages, and reminders, assists, and snooze, that help the user in handling incoming emails at appropriate times.
Inbox by Gmail became publicly available in May 2015. In September 2018, Google announced it would end the service at the end of March 2019, most of its key features having been incorporated into the standard Gmail service. The service was discontinued on April 2, 2019.
Integration with Google products
In August 2010, Google released a plugin that provides integrated telephone service within Gmail's Google Chat interface. The feature initially lacked an official name, with Google referring to it as both "Google Voice in Gmail chat" and "Call Phones in Gmail". The service logged over one million calls in 24 hours. In March 2014, Google Voice was discontinued, and replaced with functionality from Google Hangouts, another communication platform from Google.
On February 9, 2010, Google commenced its new social networking tool, Google Buzz, which integrated with Gmail, allowing users to share links and media, as well as status updates. Google Buzz was discontinued in October 2011, replaced with new functionality in Google+, Google's then-new social networking platform.
Gmail was integrated with Google+ in December 2011, as part of an effort to have all Google information across one Google account, with a centralized Google+ user profile. Backlash from the move caused Google to step back and remove the requirement of a Google+ user account, keeping only a private Google account without a public-facing profile, starting in July 2015.
In May 2013, Google announced the integration between Google Wallet and Gmail, which would allow Gmail users to send money as email attachments. Although the sender must use a Gmail account, the recipient does not need to be using a Gmail address. The feature has no transaction fees, but there are limits to the amount of money that can be sent. Initially only available on the web, the feature was expanded to the Android app in March 2017, for people living in the United States.
In September 2016, Google released Google Trips, an app that, based on information from a user's Gmail messages, automatically generates travel cards. A travel card contains itinerary details, such as plane tickets and car rentals, and recommends activities, food and drinks, and attractions based on location, time, and interests. The app also has offline functionality. In April 2017, Google Trips received an update adding several significant features. The app now also scans Gmail for bus and train tickets, and allows users to manually input trip reservations. Users can send trip details to other users' email, and if the recipient also has Google Trips, the information will be automatically available in their apps as well.
Security
History
Google has supported the secure HTTPS since the day it launched. In the beginning, it was only default on the login page, a reason that Google engineer Ariel Rideout stated was because HTTPS made "your mail slower". However, users could manually switch to secure HTTPS mode inside the inbox after logging in. In July 2008, Google simplified the ability to manually enable secure mode, with a toggle in the settings menu.
In 2007, Google fixed a cross-site scripting security issue that could let attackers collect information from Gmail contact lists.
In January 2010, Google began rolling out HTTPS as the default for all users.
In June 2012, a new security feature was introduced to protect users from state-sponsored attacks. A banner will appear at the top of the page that warns users of an unauthorized account compromise.
In March 2014, Google announced that an encrypted HTTPS connection would be used for the sending and receiving of all Gmail emails, and "every single email message you send or receive —100% of them —is encrypted while moving internally" through the company's systems.
Whenever possible, Gmail uses transport layer security (TLS) to automatically encrypt emails sent and received. On the web and on Android devices, users can check if a message is encrypted by checking if the message has a closed or open red padlock.
Gmail automatically scans all incoming and outgoing e-mails for viruses in email attachments. For security reasons, some file types, including executables, are not allowed to be sent in emails.
At the end of May 2017, Google announced that it had applied machine learning technology to identify emails with phishing and spam, having a 99.9% detection accuracy. The company also announced that Gmail would selectively delay some messages, approximately 0.05% of all, to perform more detailed analysis and aggregate details to improve its algorithms.
Third-party encryption in transit
In Google's Transparency Report under the Safer email section, it provides information on the percentage of emails encrypted in transit between Gmail and third-party email providers.
Two-step verification
Gmail supports two-step verification, an optional additional measure for users to protect their accounts when logging in.
Once enabled, users are required to verify their identity using a second method after entering their username and password when logging in on a new device. Common methods include entering a code sent to a user's mobile phone through a text message, entering a code using the Google Authenticator smartphone app, or by inserting a physical security key into the computer's USB port.
Using a security key for two-step verification was made available as an option in October 2014.
24-hour lockdowns
If an algorithm detects what Google calls "abnormal usage that may indicate that your account has been compromised", the account can be automatically locked down for between one minute and 24 hours, depending on the type of activity detected. Listed reasons for a lock-down include:
"Receiving, deleting, or downloading large amounts of mail via POP or IMAP in a short period of time. If you're getting the error message, 'Lockdown in Sector 4,' you should be able to access Gmail again after waiting 24 hours."
"Sending a large number of undeliverable messages (messages that bounce back)."
"Using file-sharing or file-storage software, browser extensions, or third-party software that automatically logs into your account."
"Leaving multiple instances of Gmail open."
"Browser-related issues. Please note that if you find your browser continually reloading while attempting to access your Inbox, it's probably a browser issue, and it may be necessary to clear your browser's cache and cookies."
Anti-child pornography policy
Google combats child pornography through Gmail's servers in conjunction with the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) to find children suffering abuse around the world. In collaboration with the NCMEC, Google creates a database of child pornography pictures. Each one of the images is given a unique numerical number known as a hash. Google then scans Gmail looking for the unique hashes. When suspicious images are located Google reports the incident to the appropriate national authorities.
History
The idea for Gmail was developed by Paul Buchheit several years before it was announced to the public. The project was known by the code name Caribou. During early development, the project was kept secret from most of Google's own engineers. This changed once the project improved, and by early 2004, most employees were using it to access the company's internal email system.
Gmail was announced to the public by Google on April 1, 2004 as a limited beta release.
In November 2006, Google began offering a Java-based application of Gmail for mobile phones.
In October 2007, Google began a process of rewriting parts of the code that Gmail used, which would make the service faster and add new features, such as custom keyboard shortcuts and the ability to bookmark specific messages and email searches. Gmail also added IMAP support in October 2007.
An update around January 2008 changed elements of Gmail's use of JavaScript, and resulted in the failure of a third-party script some users had been using. Google acknowledged the issue and helped users with workarounds.
Gmail exited the beta status on July 7, 2009.
Prior to December 2013, users had to approve to see images in emails, which acted as a security measure. This changed in December 2013, when Google, citing improved image handling, enabled images to be visible without user approval. Images are now routed through Google's secure proxy servers rather than the original external host servers. MarketingLand noted that the change to image handling means email marketers will no longer be able to track the recipient's IP address or information about what kind of device the recipient is using. However, Wired stated that the new change means senders can track the time when an email is first opened, as the initial loading of the images requires the system to make a "callback" to the original server.
Growth
In June 2012, Google announced that Gmail had 425 million active users globally. In May 2015, Google announced that Gmail had 900 million active users, 75% of whom were using the service on mobile devices. In February 2016, Google announced that Gmail had passed 1 billion active users. In July 2017, Google announced that Gmail had passed 1.2 billion active users.
In the business sector, Quartz reported in August 2014 that, among 150 companies checked in three major categories in the United States (Fortune 50 largest companies, mid-size tech and media companies, and startup companies from the last Y Combinator incubator class), only one Fortune 50 company used Gmail – Google itself – while 60% of mid-sized companies and 92% of startup companies were using Gmail.
In May 2014, Gmail became the first app on the Google Play Store to hit one billion installations on Android devices.
G Suite
As part of G Suite, Google's business-focused offering, Gmail comes with additional features, including:
Email addresses with the customer's domain name (@yourcompany.com)
99.9% guaranteed uptime with zero scheduled downtime for maintenance
Either 30 GB or unlimited storage shared with Google Drive, depending on the plan
24/7 phone and email support
Synchronization compatibility with Microsoft Outlook and other email providers
Support for add-ons that integrate third-party apps purchased from the G Suite Marketplace with Gmail
Reception
Gmail is noted by web developers for its early adoption of Ajax.
Awards
Gmail was ranked second in PC World'''s "100 Best Products of 2005", behind Firefox. Gmail also won 'Honorable Mention' in the Bottom Line Design Awards 2005. In September 2006, Forbes declared Gmail to be the best webmail application for small businesses. In November 2006, Gmail received PC World's 4-star rating.
Criticism
Privacy
Google has one privacy policy that covers all of its services.
Google claims that Gmail refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those that mention race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or financial statements.
Automated scanning of email content
Google's mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails, and to filter spam and malware.
Privacy advocates raised concerns about this practice; concerns included that allowing email content to be read by a machine (as opposed to a person) can allow Google to keep unlimited amounts of information forever; the automated background scanning of data raises the risk that the expectation of privacy in email usage will be reduced or eroded; information collected from emails could be retained by Google for years after its current relevancy to build complete profiles on users; emails sent by users from other email providers get scanned despite never having agreed to Google's privacy policy or terms of service; Google can change its privacy policy unilaterally, and for minor changes to the policy it can do so without informing users; in court cases, governments and organizations can potentially find it easier to legally monitor email communications; at any time, Google can change its current company policies to allow combining information from emails with data gathered from use of its other services; and any internal security problem on Google's systems can potentially expose many – or all – of its users.
In 2004, thirty-one privacy and civil liberties organizations wrote a letter calling upon Google to suspend its Gmail service until the privacy issues were adequately addressed. The letter also called upon Google to clarify its written information policies regarding data retention and data sharing among its business units. The organizations also voiced their concerns about Google's plan to scan the text of all incoming messages for the purposes of ad placement, noting that the scanning of confidential email for inserting third-party ad content violates the implicit trust of an email service provider.
On June 23, 2017, Google announced that, later in 2017, it would phase out the scanning of email content to generate contextual advertising, relying on personal data collected through other Google services instead. The company stated that this change was meant to clarify its practices and quell concerns among enterprise G Suite customers who felt an ambiguous distinction between the free consumer and paid professional variants, the latter being advertising-free.
Lawsuits
In March 2011, a former Gmail user in Texas sued Google, claiming that its Gmail service violates users' privacy by scanning e-mail messages to serve relevant ads.
In July 2012, some California residents filed two class action lawsuits against Google and Yahoo!, claiming that they illegally intercept emails sent by individual non-Gmail or non-Yahoo! email users to Gmail and Yahoo! recipients without the senders' knowledge, consent or permission. A motion filed by Google's attorneys in the case concedes that Gmail users have "no expectation of privacy".
A court filing uncovered by advocacy group Consumer Watchdog in August 2013 revealed that Google stated in a court filing that no "reasonable expectation" exists among Gmail users in regard to the assured confidentiality of their emails. In response to a lawsuit filed in May 2013, Google explained:"... all users of email must necessarily expect that their emails will be subject to automated processing ... Just as a sender of a letter to a business colleague cannot be surprised that the recipient's assistant opens the letter, people who use web-based email today cannot be surprised if their communications are processed by the recipient's ECS [electronic communications service] provider in the course of delivery.A Google spokesperson stated to the media on August 15, 2013 that the corporation takes the privacy and security concerns of Gmail users "very seriously."
April 2014 Terms of service update
Google updated its terms of service for Gmail in April 2014 to create full transparency for its users in regard to the scanning of email content. The relevant revision states: "Our automated systems analyse your content (including emails) to provide you personally relevant product features, such as customised search results, tailored advertising, and spam and malware detection. This analysis occurs as the content is sent, received, and when it is stored." A Google spokesperson explained that the corporation wishes for its policies "to be simple and easy for users to understand."
In response to the update, Jim Killock, executive director of the Open Rights Group, stated: "The really dangerous things that Google is doing are things like the information held in Analytics, cookies in advertising and the profiling that it is able to do on individual accounts".
Microsoft ad campaign against Google
In 2013, Microsoft launched an advertising campaign to attack Google for scanning email messages, arguing that most consumers are not aware that Google monitors their personal messages to deliver targeted ads. Microsoft claims that its email service Outlook does not scan the contents of messages and a Microsoft spokesperson called the issue of privacy "Google's kryptonite." In response, Google stated; "We work hard to make sure that ads are safe, unobtrusive and relevant ... No humans read your e-mail or Google Account information in order to show you advertisements or related information. An automated algorithm — similar to that used for features like Priority Inbox or spam filtering — determines which ads are shown.” The New York Times cites "Google supporters", who say that "Microsoft's ads are distasteful, the last resort of a company that has been unsuccessful at competing against Google on the more noble battleground of products".
Other privacy issues
2010 attack from China
In January 2010, Google detected a "highly sophisticated" cyberattack on its infrastructure that originated from China. The targets of the attack were Chinese human rights activists, but Google discovered that accounts belonging to European, American and Chinese activists for human rights in China had been "routinely accessed by third parties". Additionally, Google stated that their investigation revealed that "at least" 20 other large companies from a "wide range of businesses" - including the Internet, finance, technology, media and chemical sectors – had been similarly targeted. Google was in the process of notifying those companies and it had also worked with relevant US authorities. In light of the attacks, Google enhanced the security and architecture of its infrastructure, and advised individual users to install anti-virus and anti-spyware on their computers, update their operating systems and web browsers, and be cautious when clicking on Internet links or when sharing personal information in instant messages and emails.
Social network integration
The February 2010 launch of Google Buzz, a former social network that was linked to Gmail, immediately drew criticism for publicly sharing details of users' contacts unless the default settings were changed. A new Gmail feature was launched in January 2014, whereby users can email people with Google+ accounts even though they do not know the email address of the recipient. Marc Rotenberg, President of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, called the feature "troubling", and compared it to the Google Buzz initial launch privacy flaw.
Update to DoubleClick privacy policy
In June 2016, Julia Angwin of ProPublica wrote about Google's updated privacy policy, which deleted a clause that had stated Google would not combine DoubleClick web browsing cookie information with personally identifiable information from its other services. This change has allowed Google to merge users' personally identifiable information from different Google services to create one unified ad profile for each user. After publication of the article, Google reached out to ProPublica to say that the merge would not include Gmail keywords in ad targeting.
Outages
Gmail suffered at least seven outages in 2009 alone, causing doubts about the reliability of its service. It suffered a new outage on February 28, 2011, in which a bug caused Gmail accounts to be empty. Google stated in a blog post that "email was never lost" and restoration was in progress. Another outage occurred on April 17, 2012, September 24, 2013, January 24, 2014, and January 29, 2019.
Google has stated that "Gmail remains more than 99.9% available to all users, and we're committed to keeping events like today's notable for their rarity."
"On behalf of" tag
In May 2009, Farhad Manjoo wrote on The New York Times'' blog about Gmail's "on behalf of" tag. Manjoo explained: "The problems is, when you try to send outbound mail from your Gmail universal inbox, Gmail adds a tag telling your recipients that you're actually using Gmail and not your office e-mail. If your recipient is using Microsoft Outlook, he'll see a message like, 'From [email protected] on behalf of [email protected]. Manjoo further wrote that "Google explains that it adds the tag in order to prevent your e-mail from being considered spam by your recipient; the theory is that if the e-mail is honest about its origins, it shouldn't arouse suspicion by spam checking software". The following July, Google announced a new option that would remove the "On behalf of" tag, by sending the email from the server of the other email address instead of using Gmail's servers.
See also
Comparison of mail servers
Comparison of webmail providers
List of Google products
References
External links
Official Website for Gmail for Work
Gmail official mobile site (multi-language)
Category:2004 software
Category:Computer-related introductions in 2004
Category:Computer-related introductions in 2007
Category:Cross-platform software
Category:Google services
Category:Internet properties established in 2004
Category:Webmail | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Howard Maley
Howard Edward "Red" Maley, also known as Howie Maley (December 6, 1921 – June 20, 1987), was an American football back and punter in the National Football League (NFL). Drafted in 1944, Maley played for two seasons from 1946 to 1947 for the Boston Yanks. Maley played college football at Texas–Arlington and Southern Methodist University.
Early years
While growing up in Dallas, Maley played football during his time at Woodrow Wilson High School. His high school football coach, Wade Thompson, described Maley as "a quiet boy."
College career
Maley played for the Texas–Arlington Mavericks before later playing for the SMU Mustangs in 1941 and 1942. During his time with the Mustangs, Maley was described by the Chicago Tribune as a "brilliant [...] triple threat." On being a triple threat, he was noted for his passing, running, and punting. As a sophomore, Maley sustained a "torn knee cartilage" during the 1941 season.
His college career was interrupted by World War II, during which he spent time in the Marine Corps. While he was serving in the Marine Corps, he was drafted by the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers, who would play as the Tigers during the season he was drafted. He later returned to SMU and during his senior year, he was the leading punter in college football. Wade Thompson stated, "I don't think SMU ever got all out of him that he had to give."
NFL career
Maley was drafted in the 17th round of the 1944 NFL Draft by the Brooklyn Dodgers, who would play as the Brooklyn Tigers for the 1944 season. Due to financial issues, the Tigers would then merge with the Boston Yanks for the 1945 season.
The Yanks would utilize Maley in 1946 and 1947, primarily as a punter. Maley did, however, also register statistics in passing, rushing, receiving, punt returning, as well as kick returning. Maley threw for 2 touchdowns and 3 interceptions in his career. In 1947, Maley led the league in punting yards, with 3,731. At the time, it was the most punting yards recorded in a single NFL season, until Pat Brady surpassed the mark in 1953.
NFL.com lists Maley as a quarterback.
Career statistics
Punting
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1946
| style="text-align:center;"| Boston
| 11 || 60 || 2,373 || 39.6 || N/A || 61 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1947
| style="text-align:center;"| Boston
| 12 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 92 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 3,731 || 40.6 || N/A || 66 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 3
|-
|- class="sortbottom" style="background:#eee;"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 23 || 152 || 6,104 || 40.2 || N/A || 66 || 4
|}
References
Category:1921 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:American football halfbacks
Category:American football punters
Category:American football quarterbacks
Category:American football running backs
Category:American military personnel of World War II
Category:Boston Yanks players
Category:People from Dallas
Category:Players of American football from Texas
Category:SMU Mustangs football players
Category:Texas–Arlington Mavericks football players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Oxana Boturchuk
Oxana Boturchuk () (born 12 September 1984) is a Paralympic athlete from Ukraine competing mainly in category T12 sprint events.
She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There she won a gold medal in the women's 100 metres - T12 event, a silver medal in the women's 200 metres - T12 event, a silver medal in the women's 400 metres - T12 event and finished eighth in the women's Long jump - F12 event
External links
Category:Paralympic athletes of Ukraine
Category:Ukrainian female sprinters
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Ukraine
Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Ukraine
Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Ukraine
Category:Living people
Category:1984 births
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Fabien Cool
Fabien Cool (born 29 August 1972 in L'Isle-Adam) is a French former professional football goalkeeper.
Except for a loan spell at Gueugnon in the 1993–94 season, Cool played for Auxerre his whole career, helping them to win the national championship in 1996 and the domestic cup in 1996, 2003 and 2005.
Initially backing up French international Lionel Charbonnier, he was the club's undisputed starter from 1998–2006, losing that status in his final year. Cool announced his retirement from professional football on 19 May 2007.
Honours
Auxerre
Division 1 (1): 1995-96
Coupe de France (2): 2003, 2005
External links
Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:French footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Ligue 1 players
Category:Ligue 2 players
Category:AJ Auxerre players
Category:FC Gueugnon players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Automotive industry in Romania
Much of the Romanian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of foreign firms, though there are some important domestic manufacturers, such as Automobile Dacia, Ford Romania, Roman Braşov and Igero. In 2018, est. 500,000 automobiles were produced in Romania.
Overview
During the Communist period, Romania was one of the largest automobile producers in Central and Eastern Europe, however the industry declined after the 1989 revolution. Previously, other domestic manufacturers such as Tractorul Braşov, ARO and Oltcit existed, however they eventually went bankrupt due to botched privatization in the 1990s. Since 1990, several foreign companies, including Mercedes, Audi, Hyundai, Volvo, Toyota, and Peugeot, expressed interest in opening branch plants in Romania. In 2014, the Romanian automotive industry ranks fifth in Central and Eastern Europe, behind that of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland.
Ford bought the Automobile Craiova plant for $57 million, planning to produce automobiles at a rate of over 300,000 units a year by 2010. Ford said it would invest €675 million (US$923 million) in the former Daewoo car factory and that it would buy supplies from the Romanian market worth €1 billion (US$1.39 billion). In September 2009, the company began to assemble the Ford Transit Connect in Craiova, and in 2012, production of the new Ford B-Max was started.
Robert Bosch GmbH, the world’s largest supplier of automotive components will invest as much as 60 million euros ($79 million) in a new factory in Jucu - Romania. The new Bosch facility will produce electronic components for automobiles, and will create about 2,000 jobs.
Dacia Logan was the top-selling new car in Central and Eastern Europe in the first half of 2007 with 52,750 units sold, ahead of Skoda Fabia (41,227 units), Skoda Octavia (33,483 units), Opel Astra (16,442 units) and Ford Focus (14,909 units).
In 2012, Dacia launched four new models, the Lodgy and the Dokker, and the second generations of the Logan and Sandero, whereas Ford launched their new mini MPV, the B-Max. The both manufacturers also introduced two new and technologically advanced turbocharged three-cylinder petrol engines (the 1.0-litre EcoBoost and the 0.9-litre TCe engine), which are locally produced and represented premieres in their segments.
Active manufacturers
Astra
Cibro
DAC
Dacia
El Car
Ford Romania
Grivbuz
ROMAN
Production data
Defunct manufacturers
AA&WF
ARO
Automobile Craiova
Malaxa
Oltcit
Rocar
References
Romania
Category:Economy of Romania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Freya Van den Bossche
Freya Van den Bossche (born 26 March 1975) is a Belgian (Flemish) politician and daughter of prominent former Belgian politician Luc Van den Bossche. She is member of the SP.a political party, and she was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Budget and Consumer Protection in the Belgian federal government. She was the youngest ever minister appointed in Belgium.
Education and move into politics
Freya Van den Bossche followed her secondary education at the Royal Atheneum Voskenslaan in Ghent. She studied law from 1993 to 1995 at the University of Ghent, but did not obtain a degree, and ultimately graduated from the University of Ghent with a master's degree in Communication Sciences in 1999. From 1996 to 1997, she studied at the University of Amsterdam as part of an exchange programme.
In 2006, while she was vice-premier in the federal government, Knack, a prominent Flemish magazine in Belgium alleged that she had not written the obligatory thesis for her master's degree herself. Rather, due to the complexity of the thesis she submitted, Knack journalist alleged that the thesis had actually been written by , also a former Knack journalist and a friend of Freya Van den Bossche's father, the prominent socialist politician, Luc Van den Bossche. Knack posted a version of her thesis online, but offered no other proof. Freya Van den Bossche subsequently submitted a criminal complaint against Koen Meulenaere for slander and defamation. In response to a question posed by the Flemish newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws on whether she did in fact write her thesis, Ms. Van den Bossche replied: "Would that make a difference? I can show you my notes because I have nothing to hide". Knack ultimately removed the thesis from its website and ceased coverage of the matter.
From 1999 to 2000, she found employment as an Attachée, responsible for communication and drug-related problems, of the then Mayer of Ghent Frank Beke.
Freya first came to national attention in Belgium in a televised debating competition between candidates in a municipal election who were the children of well-known politicians. She performed strongly in the debate and was considered by many to be very attractive and articulate. In addition, during the campaign her election advertising included a postcard of a black and white photograph that included her long bare legs that was quite revealing, showing a black slip. Partly as a result of these profile building exercises, Freya polled well and was elected in that municipal poll in 2000.
Federal minister
She was quickly promoted and was put on her Social Democrat Party's list in East Flanders for the federal parliament in 2003, attracting 105,000 votes. On 12 July 2003 she was appointed the youngest minister in Belgium's history appointed aged 28 as Minister of Environment, Consumer Affairs and Sustainable Development in Government Verhofstadt II. In July 2004, she became responsible for Work and Consumer Affairs. After the departure of Johan Vande Lanotte in October 2005 she was again promoted, this time to become the nation's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Budget and Consumer Affairs. She lost that position in 2008 when the government fell.
In a recent poll she was rated as the seventh most popular politician in Belgium. A Spanish newspaper included her in an internet poll of the world's most beautiful female politicians.
Time magazine wrote about her:
But by the time she ran for national parliament as a Flemish Socialist (SP.A) candidate in 2003, the law required that both sexes be represented in the top three slots on every party list – so her name was placed in a vote-getting position no novice male would have enjoyed. And part of her popularity, it must be said, has to do with her bright blue eyes and throaty voice. Van den Bossche regularly pops up on "sexiest Belgians" lists. "Some people assume I'm here because of my looks or because of parity laws," she says. "My job is to prove them wrong. Maybe these factors have helped, but I hope that in four years, people will be talking about my policies."
Personal life
Van den Bossche has two daughters, Ariane (born 1999) and Billie (born on 30 June 2005), and one son, Moses (born on 29 November 2009). On 29 December 2006, Van den Bossche married Dennis Van de Weghe from Ghent, one of her former cabinet colleagues. The marriage did not last long, with the couple separating shortly after.
References
External links
gva.be
nieuwsblad.be
Biography of Van den Bossche
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belgian women in politics
Category:People from Ghent
Category:Socialist feminists
Category:Socialistische Partij Anders politicians
Category:Members of the Belgian Federal Parliament
Category:Ghent University alumni
Category:21st-century Belgian politicians
Category:21st-century women politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Aluvihare
Aluvihare ( ) is a suburb of Matale, Central Province of Sri Lanka. It is located north of Matale and north-east of Colombo.
The suburb is situated on the Kandy-Jaffna highway (A9).
It was founded by King Devanampiyatissa, around 300 B.C. but did not receive the name Aluvihare until a later date.
The Aluvihare family originated from the area, an important family responsible for looking after the Aluvihare Rock Temple, and thus serving the Buddhist community in Sri Lanka.
Today, Aluvihare is a popular attraction to both tourists and Buddhists wanting to visit the Aluvihare Rock Temple.
See also
Aluvihare Rock Temple
Nalanda Gedige
List of settlements in Central Province, Sri Lanka
References
Category:Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Anton Huber
Anton Huber was a sailor from Germany, who represented his country at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Sources
Category:Sailors at the 1928 Summer Olympics – 6 Metre
Category:Olympic sailors of Germany
Category:German male sailors (sport)
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Possibly living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Live at the Blue Note (Michel Camilo album)
Live at the Blue Note is an album released by Michel Camilo on August 26, 2003. It was recorded at the Blue Note club in New York City in March 2003. Camilo, with Charles Flores, Horacio "El Negro" Hernández and Robert Friedrich, were awarded the Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album for this release.
Track listing
The track listing from Allmusic.
Disc 1
Disc 2
References
Category:2003 live albums
Category:Michel Camilo live albums
Category:Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album
Category:Albums recorded at the Blue Note Jazz Club | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Indonesia at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Indonesia competed at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea. 19 competitors from Indonesia won 2 medals, both silver, finishing 43rd in the medal table.
See also
Indonesia at the Paralympics
Indonesia at the 1988 Summer Olympics
References
Category:Indonesia at the Paralympics
Category:1988 in Indonesian sport
Category:Nations at the 1988 Summer Paralympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2010 Edinburgh Festival Fringe
#REDIRECT Edinburgh Festival Fringe | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lee Chen-chu
Lee Chen-chu (born 7 May 1940) is a Taiwanese boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Taiwanese male boxers
Category:Olympic boxers of Taiwan
Category:Boxers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bickley, Western Australia
Bickley is a suburb located within the City of Kalamunda, in Perth, Western Australia.
It is situated on the Darling Scarp and is known for the brook of the same name.
Before 1949 it was a stopping place on the Upper Darling Range Railway. It was originally known as "Heidelburg" or "Heidelberg", but during World War I, Western Australian Government Railways and Tramways renamed it "Bickley" after a local pioneer Wallace Bickley.
It has been the site of holiday and other sorts of camps.
The Seven Network and Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Perth Television transmission towers have been located there since the founding of television in Perth in 1959.
Perth Observatory, originally situated in West Perth is also currently located in Bickley.
It is also one of the major meteorological stations within the Perth Metropolitan Area due to its length of time of operation and location on the Darling Scarp.
It is also the location of water reservoirs
Climate
See also
Australian place names changed from German names
References
Category:Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Omkareshwar Temple
Omkareshwar (IAST: Ōṃkārēśvar) is a Hindu temple dedicated to God Shiva. It is one of the 12 revered Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is on an island called Mandhata or Shivapuri in the Narmada river; the shape of the island is said to be like the Hindu ॐ symbol.
There are two main temples of Lord Shiva here, one to Omkareshwar (whose name means "Lord of Omkaara or the Lord of the Om Sound") located in the island and one to Amareshwar (whose name means "Immortal lord" or "lord of the Immortals or Devas") located on the south bank of Narmada River on the mainland.
Jyotirlinga
As per Shiv Mahapuran, once Brahma (the Hindu God of creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God of Protection and Care) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation. To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions. Brahma lied that he found out the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as the second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped until the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyothirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light. Originally there were believed to be 64 jyothirlingas while 12 of them are considered to be very auspicious and holy. Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity – each considered different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.
The twelve jyothirlingas are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Khandwa in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, in Uttrakhand state, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar near Nashik in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga, Deogarh in Jharkhand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar near Aurangabad, Maharashtra in Maharashtra.
Legends and history
As per Hindu legend, Vindya, the deity controlling the Vindyachal mountain range was worshipping Shiva to propitiate himself from the sins committed. He created a sacred geometrical diagram and a Lingam made of sand and clay. Shiva was pleased with the worship and believed to have appeared in two forms, namely Omkareshwar and Amaleswara. Since the mud mound appeared in the form of Om, the island came to be known as Omkareswar. There is a shrine for Parvati and five-faced Ganapati in the temple.
The second story relates to Mandhata and his son's penance. King Mandhata of Ikshvaku clan (an ancestor of Lord Ram) worshipped Lord Shiva here until the Lord manifested himself as a Jyotirlinga. Some scholars also narrate the story about Mandhata's sons-Ambarish and Muchukunda, who had practiced severe penance and austerities here and pleased Lord Shiva. Because of this, the mountain is named Mandhata.
The third story from Hindu scriptures says that once upon a time there was a great war between Devas (gods) and Danavas (demons), in which Danavas won. This was a major setback for Devas and hence Devas prayed to Lord Shiva. Pleased with their prayer, Lord Shiva emerged in the form of Omkareshwar Jyotirlinga and defeated Danavas.
Philosophy of Omkaar - Advait Matt says Omkaar is composed of two words, Om (sound) and Akaar (srishti). Both are one not two since Advait means "not two". Om beez mantra of Srishti, itself is creator of Srishti.
Adi Shankara's Cave – Omkareshwar is said to be the place where Adi Sankara met his guru Govindapada in a cave. This cave can be found even today just below the Shiva temple where an image of Adi Shankara has been installed.
Location
It is situated in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh state in India. It is about 12 km from Mortakka in Madhya Pradesh. Omkareshwar is formed by the sacred river Narmada. This is one of the most sacred of rivers in India and is now home to one of the world's biggest dam projects. The temple is situated on Mandatha island on the banks of Narmada and river Kaveri (a tributary of Narmada). The island is in area and can be approached by boats.
Gallery
References
Notes
.
External links
Official Website
Google Earth view
Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh
Category:Khandwa
Category:Jyotirlingas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ouardana
Ouardana (Amazigh: Waṛḍana, ⵡⴰⵕⴹⴰⵏⴰ, Arabic: واردانا) is a commune in Driouch Province of the Oriental administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 6921 people living in 1242 households.
References
Category:Populated places in Driouch Province
Category:Rural communes of Morocco | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Serafino Ramazzotti
Serafino Ramazzotti (1846 - 1920) was an Italian painter.
Biography
He was born in Sozzago in the province of Novara, and studied in the Albertina Academy of Fine Arts in Turin, where he first trained with the painter Among his works are La povera fioraia; Lo spirito di libertà; Il ritorno dal campo; Psiche; Giacomino; Luciella; La paura del bambino; Flirtation ; and Mia suocera. He has also exhibited a number of terracotta statues. In the acts of the Academy of Fine Arts of Milan in 1893, he is listed as an associate member, as a sculptor active in Padua.
References
Category:1846 births
Category:1920 deaths
Category:19th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:20th-century Italian painters
Category:19th-century Italian sculptors
Category:Italian male sculptors
Category:20th-century Italian sculptors
Category:Piedmontese painters
Category:Accademia Albertina alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Copelatus bangalorensis
Copelatus bangalorensis is a species of diving beetle. It is part of the genus Copelatus in the subfamily Copelatinae of the family Dytiscidae. It was described by Vazirani in 1970. It is endemic to Mysore, India.
References
Category:Copelatus
Category:Beetles described in 1970
Category:Endemic fauna of India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Uzma Khan
Uzma Khan (; born 14 April 1987) is a Pakistani actress and model. She started her career with the movie Waar (2013) and later appeared in the film Yalgaar. She played the role of the character Mujtuba's wife in Waar.
Filmography
Television
Adhi Gawahi (2017) as Soha
Kaisi Aurat Hoon Main (2018) as Sara Hamdan
References
External links
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Pakistani female models
Category:Pakistani television actresses
Category:21st-century Pakistani actresses
Category:Pakistani film actresses
Category:People from Karachi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Andaman Ammayi
Andaman Ammayi (English: Girl from Andaman) is a 1979 Telugu drama film, produced by T. Govindarajan under the Venus Combines banner and directed by V. Madhusudhan Rao. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri in the lead roles and music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film is a remake of the Tamil film Andaman Kadhali (1978).
Plot
Shekar (Akkineni Nageswara Rao) & Chandra (Vanisri) are lovebirds at Andaman whose love blossoms on the island and they get married in a temple without anyone's knowledge. Once Chandra suffers severe fever and Shekar hurries for the doctor when Dr. Vedantha Rao (Allu Ramalingaiah) heckles and makes fun of him. In that anger, Shekar strikes him and he dies. Frightened, Shekar escapes from the island while traveling he rescues a rich man in the deck who gives him shelter and before dying he places Shekar as the guardian to his property & daughter Kavitha (Lakshmi Sri). After 20 years, Shekar becomes a millionaire and have care on Kavitha more than his life. Once Kavitha wants to visit an art exhibition at Andaman, with a little bit of hesitation Shekar moves. After reaching there Shekar is surprised to see Dr. Vedantha Rao alive when he makes him remember the past and the doctor feels ashamed for his deed and apologizes Shekar. He requests Shekar to stay with him and he too helps in identifying his wife. Parallelly, in the exhibition, Kavitha gets acquaintance with a modern sculptor Madan (Chandra Mohan) and falls for him. But he refuses her love then Shekar hits Madan to marry Kavitha for which he is ready to pay anything. Here Madan demands to find his coward father who has cheated his mother. To accomplish his life ambition of making a statue of him and naming it as a cheater. Shekar agrees for it when Madan keeps a condition that the person whom he is going to show must be accepted by his mother. Immediately, Shekar goes in contact Madan's mother shockingly, she is none other than Chandra when their hearts are melted with joy at the reunion. After that, Shekar clarifies how situations divided them and also asks her to reveal the truth to Madan. But Chandra refuses, as she well knows that what would happen in next minute. Here Shekar challenges he will bring out the reality at any circumstances. There onwards, Shekar tries in many ways to expose his identity through Chandra but fails. At last, Shekar decides to commit suicide to make Chandra come out. At the same time, Madan witnesses the marriage photograph of Shekar & Chandra when he understands the virtue of his father. Soon, Madan rushes, rescues Shekar and says that now he will make his statue to worship. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Madan & Kavitha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Shekar
Vanisri as Chandra
Chandra Mohan as Madan
Prabhakar Reddy
Allu Ramalingaiah as Dr. Vedantha Rao
Rallapalli as Hanuman Prasad
Potti Prasad
Rama Prabha as Bhanumathi
Annapurna as Rajamma
Madhavi as Puppy
Lakshmi Sri as Kavitha
Baby Varalakshmi as Rani
Crew
Art: G. V. Subba Rao
Choreography: Chinni Lal
Dialogues - Lyrics: Acharya Atreya
Playback: SP Balu, P. Susheela
Music: K. V. Mahadevan
Story: A. S. Prakasam
Editing: S. M. Shankar
Cinematography: N. Balakrishna
Associate Director: A. Kodandarami Reddy
Producer: T. Govindarajan
Screenplay - Director: V. Madhusudhan Rao
Banner: Venus Combines
Release Date: 15 June 1979
Soundtrack
Music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. Lyrics were written by Acharya Atreya. Music released on Audio Company.
References
External links
Category:Indian films
Category:Indian drama films
Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films
Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhan Rao
Category:Telugu film scores by K. V. Mahadevan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Big Casino
"Big Casino" is a song by American rock band Jimmy Eat World from their sixth studio album Chase This Light, which was released on October 16, 2007. The single was released on August 28, 2007. The song impacted radio on September 11, 2007.
History
The song title is taken from the name of a side project of Jimmy Eat World singer Jim Adkins, titled Go Big Casino.
The song premiered on Jimmy Eat World's official website, and the album Chase This Light's official new website. Some time after, it was added to a revamped Jimmy Eat World MySpace. On October 16, 2007 the song was physically released as a single.
Critical reception
Slant Magazine's Jonathan Keefe said it wasn't as powerful as "The Middle", but gave it praise for having "a memorable guitar riff and [exploding] into a massive chorus." Brian Hiatt of Rolling Stone was critical of the song's use of synths but still praised it as "an exhilarating seize-what’s-left-of-the-day anthem." Despite giving a negative review of the album and criticizing the track's lyrical missteps, Andrew Blackie from PopMatters called it "a decent rocker with one of the best examples of a soaring ‘emo’ chorus of the year."
Music video
The Big Casino video was shot at the Las Vegas Neon Museum Boneyard in a single day (with a return for pickups at night), featuring the band playing among the yard's old billboards and casino neon signs. While the band plays during parts of the verses Jim Adkins is seen walking around parts of the yard dragging his guitar with him. As the video progresses it switches between night and day, with many of the billboards and signs being lit up, with the moon also in view.
The video premiered on Yahoo October 22, 2007 followed by being added to Jimmy Eat World's official website on October 23, 2007, and moments later was added to Jimmy Eat World's YouTube and Universal Music's YouTube.
Charts
Track list
UK 7"/CD
Big Casino – 3:40
Beautiful Is – 2:30
UK 7"
Big Casino – 3:40
Open Bar Reception – 3:54
Matt Fishel cover
In 2014, "Big Casino" was recorded by British singer Matt Fishel for his EP of cover versions, titled Cover Boy. Fishel's version of the song, produced by Fishel and Mark Crew, is more acoustic and stripped back than Jimmy Eat World's original. It is at a slower tempo and incorporates piano, acoustic and electric guitars, drums and strings, along with Fishel's layered vocals and multiple harmonies. According to Howard Stump of music blog Soundtrack To My Day, Fishel "really brings the melody to life in his version", which appears as the fourth track on Fishel's Cover Boy EP, released internationally by Young Lust Records on July 14, 2014.
References
External links
Big Casino Lyrics
Category:2007 singles
Category:Jimmy Eat World songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Butch Vig
Category:2007 songs
Category:Interscope Records singles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Nowe Sypnie
Nowe Sypnie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grodzisk, within Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Grodzisk, north-west of Siemiatycze, and south-west of the regional capital Białystok.
The village has a population of 60.
References
Nowe Sypnie | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex
The Kenney Gym and the Kenney Gym Annex are two buildings located at 1402-06 Springfield Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, on the campus on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Although the two buildings have been physically connected since 1914, they were built separately. They were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 under the name Military Drill Hall and Men's Gymnasium.
History
The one-story building now known as the Kenney Gym Annex, the easternmost of the two structures, was built in 1889-90 as the Military Drill Hall and was designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. The interior was converted for use as a gymnasium in 1914, at which time it became known as the Annex to the Men's Gym building next to it. The conversion preserved the building's large column-free open space, which had been a necessity for military drilling. An eastern addition was made to the building in 1918.
The Kenney Gym, the two-story building to the west, was built in 1902 and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Renaissance Revival style, strongly influenced by Ricker's design for the drill hall. It was originally called the Men's Gymnasium but was renamed the Men's Old Gym when Huff Hall opened in 1925. In 1974, it was named after Harold Eugene "Hek" Kenney, a former UIUC wrestler, coach, and administrator in the early 20th century.
Prior to the opening of Huff Hall in 1925, Kenney Gym housed the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. It was also home to the women's volleyball program from 1974 until 1989 and the men's wrestling team until those teams moved to Huff Hall.
From 1919 to 1925, Kenney Gym played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament.
Current use
Kenney Gym Annex is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena which is the practice facility for the Fighting Illini men's and women's gymnastics teams.
The building is also used by University Laboratory High School in Urbana, located two blocks east of Kenney Gym on Springfield Avenue, as their gym for high school volleyball and basketball, along with their physical education program.
References
Notes
External links
UIUC Dep't of Campus Recreation
Kenney Gym
National Register nomination
Category:Indoor arenas in Illinois
Category:College gymnastics venues in the United States
Category:Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
Category:Basketball venues in Illinois
Category:Gymnastics venues in Illinois
Category:Swimming venues in Illinois
Category:Volleyball venues in Illinois
Category:Wrestling venues in Illinois
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois
Category:Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Category:Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois
Category:Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Category:Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Category:Event venues established in 1890
Category:1890 establishments in Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gabo
Gabo may refer to:
Gabo (character), character in role-playing game Dragon Warrior VII
Gabo Island, Victoria, Australia
Gabo Pat, neighbourhood in Karachi, Pakistan
Gabo Reform, series of reforms in Korea
People
Nickname of Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014), Colombian novelist, journalist, editor, publisher, political activist, and recipient of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature
Naum Gabo (1890-1977), prominent Russian sculptor in the Constructivism movement
Similar spelling
Cabo (disambiguation)
Cabos, a gnutella filesharing client | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Nowa Wieś, Nowy Sącz County
Nowa Wieś (, Nova Vis’) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łabowa, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Łabowa, south-east of Nowy Sącz, and south-east of the regional capital Kraków.
The village has an approximate population of 1,000.
References
Category:Villages in Nowy Sącz County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Camille Chedda
Camille Chedda (born 1985 in Manchester) is a Jamaican visual artist and academic. She attended the Edna Manley College of the Visual and Performing Arts (BFA, Painting, 2007) where she was valedictorian, and the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth (MFA, 2012). Chedda is a lecturer at the Edna Manley College of the Visual and Performing Art and Project Manager for the InPulse Collective, an artistic and social initiative to support urban Jamaican youth through the practice of visual arts in Kingston.
Career
Camille Chedda's work was included in the traveling exhibition Relational Undercurrents: Contemporary Art of the Caribbean Archipelago (2017 - 2019), Museum of Latin American Art, Los Angeles, California; The Jamaica Biennial (2017), National Gallery of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica; the 4th Ghetto Biennale (2015), Port-Au-Prince, Haiti; and Jamaica Pulse: Art and Politics from Jamaica and the Diaspora (2016), Royal West of England Academy, Bristol, UK.
Too Close For Comfort
Camille Chedda's work Too Close for Comfort (2016) exhibited in Jamaica Pulse: Art and Politics from Jamaica and the Diaspora observes gender and sexual taboos, rooted in the psychological trauma of the Middle Passage. The work engaged with themes of identity, class and race that have resulted from the Transatlantic Slave System focusing on how bodies were stacked together on slave ships as cargo.
Rebuild
Chedda's work Rebuild, made as part of the 2015 Ghetto Biennale in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti, an installation of cast cement, plastic bags, sequins, plastic toys and objects, rice, printed text and concrete block, explored notions of loss, associated with the 2010 earthquake that destroyed sections of Haiti. Buildings were thought to have been made from substandard concrete blocks and Chedda’s work echoed discussion about proliferation of poor materials used in already undermined communities. The work looks at the wider issue of neo-colonial devastation, in part created by state malpractice and the politics of neo-liberal global interference that the Caribbean region and other developing world nations face.
Sketch for Exchange Value
Chedda's work Sketch for Exchange Value in the group exhibition Insides (2015) at New Local Space (NLS) in Kingston Jamaica, exhibited along with work by Oneika Russell, Phillip Thomas and Prudence Lovell took the methods of drawing beyond its more conventionally recognised use as a preliminary means of generating
ideas behind the scene, to highlight the autonomous entity that drawing can be in contemporary art practice. The exhibition touched on subjects such as violence against the black body, distorted connectivity in the digital age, and notions of obscurity and transcendence in the context of displacement. Chedda’s installation consisted of portrait renderings on the interior of plastic bags speaking simultaneously to fragility and dispensability of the subjects depicted therein. She uses the act of drawing as a conceit to question the value ascribed to black lives, their visibility, and the place in society that their deaths occupy.
Residencies
Chedda has completed residencies at Hospitalfield House, Arbroath, Scotland (2017), Art Omi, Ghent, NY (2016) and Alice Yard, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad (2014).
Awards
She is the recipient of numerous awards including Albert Huie Award in Painting, Edna Manley College, Kingston, Jamaica (2007), the Reed Foundation Scholarship, Pont-Aven School of Contemporary Arts, Pont-Aven, France (2007) and the inaugural Dawn Scott Memorial Award for an outstanding contribution to the Jamaica Biennial, National Gallery of Jamaica (2014)
References
Category:People from Manchester Parish
Category:1985 births
Category:Jamaican painters
Category:Jamaican sculptors
Category:Jamaican women painters
Category:Jamaican women sculptors
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Isabella quarter
The Isabella quarter or Columbian Exposition quarter was a United States commemorative coin struck in 1893. Congress authorized the piece at the request of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition. The quarter depicts the Spanish queen Isabella I of Castile, who sponsored Columbus's voyages to the New World. It was designed by Bureau of the Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber, and is the only U.S. commemorative of that denomination that was not intended for circulation.
The Board of Lady Managers, headed by Chicago socialite Bertha Palmer, wanted a woman to design the coin and engaged Caroline Peddle, a sculptor. Peddle left the project after disagreements with Mint officials, who then decided to have Barber do the work. The reverse design, showing a kneeling woman spinning flax, with a distaff in her left hand and a spindle in her right, symbolizes women's industry and was based on a sketch by Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan.
The quarter's design was deprecated in the numismatic press. The coin did not sell well at the Exposition; its price of $1 was the same as for the Columbian half dollar, and the quarter was seen as the worse deal. Nearly half of the authorized issue was returned to the Mint to be melted; thousands more were purchased at face value by the Lady Managers and entered the coin market in the early 20th century. Today, they are popular with collectors and are valued in the hundreds to thousands of dollars, depending on condition.
Legislation
In August 1892, Congress passed an act authorizing the first United States commemorative coin, a half dollar, to be sold at a premium by the managers of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The event had been authorised by Congress two years previously; that legislation created a Board of Lady Managers and a Board of Gentleman Managers to oversee the fair. The Board of Lady Managers was headed by Bertha Palmer, whose husband Potter owned the Palmer House, the leading hotel in Chicago. The decisions of the Lady Managers were often reversed by their male counterparts on controversial matters: for example, Palmer sought to shut the fair's "Egyptian Girls" dancing show after deeming it obscene. The show was one of the exposition's few successful moneymakers, and the Lady Managers were overruled by the men.
Authorization for the Board of Lady Managers had been included in the 1890 law giving federal authority for the Exposition at the insistence of women's advocate, Susan B. Anthony, who was determined to show that women could successfully assist in the management of the fair. To that end, the Lady Managers sought a coin to sell in competition with the commemorative half dollar at the Exposition, which Congress had approved in 1892. Passage of the half dollar legislation had been difficult, and the Lady Managers decided to wait until the next session of Congress to make their request. When the half dollar appeared in November 1892, the Lady Managers considered it inartistic and determined to do better. Palmer wanted the Lady Managers "to have credit of being the authors of the first really beautiful and artistic coin that has ever been issued by the government of the United States".
In January 1893, Palmer approached the House Appropriations Committee, asking that $10,000 of the funds already designated to be paid over to the Lady Managers by the federal government be in the form of souvenir quarters, which they could sell at a premium. On March 3, 1893, Congress duly passed an act authorising the souvenir coin, which was to be to the specifications of the quarter struck for circulation, and with a design to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. Total mintage of the special quarter would be limited to 40,000 specimens.
Inception
Desiring a beautiful coin to sell, Palmer asked artist Kenyon Cox to produce sketches. She was, however, determined to have a woman actually design the coin. She also consulted with Sara Hallowell, who was both the secretary to the fair's Director of Fine Arts and was helping the Palmers amass a major art collection. Hallowell contacted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who recommended his onetime student, Caroline Peddle, who was already engaged in exposition work, having been commissioned by Tiffany's to produce an exhibit. Palmer agreed to have Peddle do the work.
After Congress authorized the souvenir quarter, the Director of the Bureau of the Mint, Edward O. Leech, wrote to Palmer on March 14, 1893. Although he expressed a willingness to have the Lady Managers select the design, Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Oliver Bosbyshell had already urged Leech to keep the design process in-house at the Mint. Palmer replied that the Lady Managers had decided that the quarter would bear a portrait of Isabella I, Queen of Castile (in Spain), whose assistance had helped pay for Columbus's expedition. Palmer indicated that she was consulting artists and suggested that the Mint submit a design for consideration. She also met with Illinois Congressman Allen Durborow, chairman of the House of Representatives' Fair Committee and a former colleague of Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle, Leech's superior. Palmer suggested to the congressman that he advocate for the Lady Managers with Carlisle and Leech.
Palmer, by letter, hired Peddle to do the design work in late March. She instructed the artist that the coin was to have a figure of Isabella on the obverse, and the inscription "Commemorative coin issued for the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition by Act of Congress, 1492–1892" on the reverse, as well as the denomination and the name of the country. The chairwoman did not request that Peddle provide the Lady Managers with the design before sending it to the Mint. Palmer informed Carlisle and Leech of her instructions. Carlisle had no objection to a coin being designed by a woman, or to the use of Isabella's head. The secretary told Palmer that the reverse, with its long inscription, would appear like a business advertising token, and he asked that it be revised. Leech sent a note to Superintendent Bosbyshell informing him that the Lady Managers would likely have an outside sculptor create the obverse and asking him to have Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber create some designs for the reverse for possible use.
Obedient to Palmer's instructions, Peddle sent Leech sketches of a seated Isabella, with the long inscription on the reverse; she hoped the Mint Director would allow her to shorten it. Leech was unhappy with the reverse, and decided that Barber would design that side of the coin. Barber and Bosbyshell wrote to Leech that Isabella's legs would appear distorted if the seated figure were used and advocated a head in profile. Carlisle agreed, stating that he had only given permission for a head of Isabella. Peddle was informed that Barber would produce the reverse, though the design would be sent to her for approval, and she would have to change her obverse. Meanwhile, Palmer was growing increasingly anxious: with a timeline of two months from design approval to the availability of the actual coins, she feared that the pieces would not be available for sale until well into the fair's May to October run. Under pressure from all sides, Peddle threatened to quit the project, writing that she "could not consent to do half of a piece of work".
What finally wore down Peddle's patience were two letters dated April 7. One, from Leech, asserted his right as Mint director to prescribe coin designs, and told Peddle that the obverse would be a head of Isabella, while the reverse would be based on sketches by a Mint engraver which she would be free to model. The second, from Bosbyshell, imposed the additional requirement that Isabella not wear a crown, which he deemed inappropriate on an American coin. On April 8, 1893, Caroline Peddle withdrew from the project.
Following Peddle's resignation, Leech wrote a conciliatory letter to Palmer, who responded regretting that the three of them had not worked together, rather than at cross-purposes. Palmer had written to suggest an alternative to the inscription reverse: that the coin depict the Women's Building at the fair. Barber prepared sketches and rejected the idea, stating that the building would appear a mere streak on the coin in the required low relief. Instead, he favored a sketch prepared by Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan, showing a kneeling woman spinning flax, with a distaff in her hands. Leech was not fully satisfied with the proposal, stating that the juxtaposition of Isabella on the obverse and the Morgan reverse was "too much woman". Before accepting Morgan's design, Leech wanted Barber to produce some reverses himself, which the chief engraver did, and Bosbyshell forwarded them to Leech on April 11 and 12. These showed various uses of a heraldic eagle. After considering these efforts, Leech decided on Morgan's design and wrote to Palmer accordingly, stating that "the distaff is used in art to symbolize patient industry, and especially the industry of women." In response, the Lady Managers suggested the use of the building's portal, and asked if it was possible to place a living person on the coin. Leech stated that Secretary Carlisle had selected the distaff reverse, and his determination was binding.
Bosbyshell informed Leech by letter that Stewart Cullin, curator at the University of Pennsylvania, possessed a number of medals depicting Isabella, and former general Oliver O. Howard was engaged in writing a biography of the late queen and possessed likenesses of her. Leech agreed that these men be consulted. Carlisle was reluctant to allow an inscription which made distinctions by sex, such as "Board of Lady Managers", to appear on the coin, but he eventually agreed to that wording. On April 24, the Mint Director sent Palmer a box containing two plaster models of the obverse, one of Isabella as a young queen, the other showing her more mature. He also informed her that distaff reverse would be used, with the wording agreed to by Carlisle. The obverse models were supposedly made by Barber based on an engraving of Isabella forwarded by Peddle to the Mint at Palmer's request, but Moran suggests that the period of only a day between receipt of the engraving and completion of the models (during which Barber also attended the funeral of Bosbyshell's grandson) means that Barber was working on them before that. The Board of Lady Managers on May 5 selected the young queen.
Design and reception
The obverse of the Isabella quarter depicts a crowned and richly clothed bust of that Spanish queen. According to art historian Cornelius Vermeule, Barber's obverse design "follow[s] Gilbert Scott's Victorian Gothic tradition of photographic classicism, best summed up by the groups of continents and the reliefs of famous persons on the Albert Memorial in London." The reverse depicts a kneeling woman with distaff and spindle. Vermeule traces that imagery to the figure of a young female servant, carved upon the east pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia in the 5th century B.C. Nevertheless, a contemporary account in the American Journal of Numismatics compared the reverse to an anti-slavery token with a kneeling woman and the legend "Am I not a woman and a sister". The art historian, writing in 1971, noted that "nowadays the coin seems charming for its quaintness and its Victorian flavor, a mixture of cold Hellenism and Renaissance romance. Perhaps one of its greatest joys is that none of the customary inscriptions, mottoes and such, appear on it."
Numismatic historian Don Taxay, in his study of early U.S. commemoratives, dismissed contemporary accounts (such as in the fair's official book) that Kenyon Cox had provided a design for the quarter; he noted that the artist's son had strongly denied that his father was involved in the coin's creation. Taxay deemed the design "commonplace" and "typical of Barber's style", stating that "the modeling, though somewhat more highly relieved than on the half dollar, is without distinction".
The American Journal of Numismatics had other criticisms of the quarter:
Release and collecting
Minting of what Barber dubbed "showy quarters" began at the Philadelphia Mint on June 13, 1893, six weeks after the exposition opened. Leech had planned to strike the pieces using polished blanks, or planchets, and workers at that mint handled the coins carefully; unlike the half dollar, surviving specimens display relatively few contact marks from other coins. The first piece struck, along with numbers 400, 1,492, and 1,892, were struck in proof condition and sent to the Lady Managers along with certificates attesting to their status. A total of 40,023 pieces were struck, with the 23 coins over the authorized mintage retained by the Mint for inspection by the 1894 Assay Commission.
The pieces did not sell well at the exposition. They were for sale only at the Women's Building at the fair, or by mail; the half dollar could be purchased at several outlets. Some 15,000 quarters were sold to collectors, dealers, and fairgoers, including several thousand of them purchased by the Scott Stamp and Coin Company. Fairgoers viewed the quarter as not as good a deal as the half dollar, as both sold for the same price of $1. Of the remainder, approximately 10,000 quarters were bought at face value by Palmer and other Lady Managers; 15,809 were returned to the government for melting. After deducting pieces returned for melting, a total of 24,214 coins were distributed to the public.
The large quantities possessed by the Lady Managers made their way into the market through dealers and other vendors in the 1920s. By 1930, prices had risen to the original issue price; by 1955, uncirculated specimens sold for $20. The pieces are popular among collectors because they are the only U.S. quarter dollars issued strictly as a commemorative, not for circulation. The 2018 deluxe edition of R.S. Yeoman's A Guide Book of United States Coins lists the piece as ranging between $325 in almost uncirculated AU-50 on the Sheldon coin grading scale and $3,750 in near-pristine MS-66.
See also
Columbian half dollar – The half dollar commemorative also minted for the exposition.
Early United States commemorative coins
References
Bibliography
Other sources
For further information on source, see here.
For further information on source, see here.
For further information on source, see here.
Category:Currencies introduced in 1893
Category:Early United States commemorative coins
Category:Isabella I of Castile
Category:Twenty-five-cent coins
Category:World's Columbian Exposition | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Electoral results for the Division of Bruce
This is a list of electoral results for the Division of Bruce in Australian federal elections from the division's creation in 1955 until the present.
Members
Election results
Elections in the 2010s
2019
2016
2013
2010
Elections in the 2000s
2007
2004
2001
Elections in the 1990s
1998
1996
1993
1990
Elections in the 1980s
1987
1984
1983
1980
Elections in the 1970s
1977
1975
1974
1972
Elections in the 1960s
1969
1966
1963
1961
Elections in the 1950s
1958
1955
References
Australian Electoral Commission. Federal election results
Carr, Adam. Psephos
Category:Australian federal electoral results by division | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Haki Korça
Haki Korça (born 1919) is a former Albanian football player who played for both Sportklub Tiranë during the 1930s and early 1940s.
He tried his luck in Italian football during World War II along with compatriots Loro Boriçi and Sllave Llambi.
Honours
Albanian Superliga: 2
1932, 1934
References
Category:1919 births
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Footballers from Tirana
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Albanian footballers
Category:KF Tirana players
Category:A.S. Roma players
Category:Albanian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Katherina Reiche
Katherina Reiche (born 16 July 1973 in Luckenwalde, Bezirk Potsdam) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
Education
After receiving her Abitur in 1992, she studied chemistry at the University of Potsdam, Clarkson University in New York and the University of Turku in Finland. In 1997 she received her Diploma.
Political career
In 1992 Reiche was one of the founding members of the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten (Association of Christian-Democrat Students, RCDS) in Potsdam and in the same year she joined the Junge Union. Since 1996 she has also been member of the CDU. In 2000 Reiche became a member of the federal executive of the CDU and she also is part of the party's executive board in the state of Brandenburg.
During the election campaign in 2002, Reiche was conscripted into the CDU/CSU's competence team by then chancellor candidate Edmund Stoiber, as an expert on women, youth and family policies. This decision was criticized by conservative circles inside the two parties, because Reiche was an unmarried mother at that point in time.
From 2005 until 2009, Reiche served as deputy chairwoman of the CDU/CSU's parliamentary group, under the leadership of chairman Volker Kauder. In this capacity, she was in charge of overseeing the policy areas Education and Science as well as Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.
In the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel, Reiche first served as Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety under successive ministers Norbert Röttgen (2009-2012) and Peter Altmaier (2012-2013) from 2009 to 2013. Following the 2013 elections, she was named Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, this time under the leadership of minister Alexander Dobrindt.
On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India, Reiche participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries' governments in Delhi in May 2011.
Life after politics
In 2015, Reiche resigned from her government office and laid down her parliamentary mandate to become Chief Executive Officer of the German Association of Local Utilities (VKU). In this capacity, she was unanimously elected President of the European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest (CEEP) in June 2016.
From 2018 until 2019, Reiche also served on the German government's so-called coal commission, which was tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the country's coal-mining regions.
In late 2019, Reiche moved to a new position at German energy company E.ON.
Other activities
German Council for Sustainable Development (RNE), Member (since 2016, appointed ad personam by Chancellor Angela Merkel)
Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS), Member of the Advisory Board
Deutsches Museum, Member of the Board of Trustees
Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS), Member
Association of German Foundations, Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board (until 2015)
Controversy
During the election campaign in 2005 Reiche described the opponents of genetic engineering as "Bioterroristen" ("Bioterrorists"). She also criticized the two then government parties SPD and the Greens for trying to catch votes with this subject and stirring up the people's fears for the future.
In 2012, Reiche claimed same-sex marriage was a bigger threat to Germany than the Eurozone crisis. She was heavily criticized by LGBT groups for the remark.
References
External links
Official Website
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Luckenwalde
Category:People from Bezirk Potsdam
Category:German Lutherans
Category:Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Category:Members of the Bundestag for Brandenburg
Category:Female members of the Bundestag
Category:21st-century German politicians
Category:21st-century German women politicians
Category:University of Potsdam alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eyetech
Eyetech Group Ltd is a company founded in 1983, in order to provide commercial companies with automatical data collection systems. They had already been involved in the provision of the automatic toll collection systems used at the Dartford River Crossing, as well as many of the bar code based tracking systems used by UK national parcel service.
History
Eyetech Group Ltd was founded as a subsidiary of an international UK plc, before trading as its own, standalone plc following a management buyout in 1985. The company has mostly been involved in producing bespoke software systems for commercial use in the transport and distribution sector under Unix/AIX, track and trace systems involving the use of barcodes, which have been used by the majority of UK parcel carriers and bar code decoders and industrial (networked) shop floor data capture and access control systems.
Interest in Amiga
Eyetech took an interest in Amiga, as well as being a registered Amiga developer, in 1993 and developed their Amiga related commercial systems to cover two main areas: as an integrated multimedia development/mass delivery platform for its existing customer base with custom systems built around Amiga architecture and using rehoused Amiga hardware as a low cost multitasking platform for shop floor data collection/control applications in smaller industrial companies.
During years on the Amiga market, Eyetech manufactured several accessories for Amiga computers including CD-ROM/IDE solution for A1200, custom tower cases, scan doubler/flixer-fixer and even attempted to introduce extension to Zorro bus standard.
In 2000 Eyetech and Amiga, Inc. formed partnership to produce hardware for new AmigaOne platform. AmigaOne computers were introduced in 2002, first AmigaOne SE followed by AmigaOne XE and Micro-A1 models. Eyetech retired from the Amiga market in 2005 and subsequently sold their remaining Amiga business to Amiga Kit who claims to have continued manufacturing and distributing Eyetech products to the Amiga market to present day.
References
Further reading
Category:Amiga companies
Category:Companies established in 1983
Category:Home computer hardware companies | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
LC-4
LC-4 may refer to:
Launch Complex 4 (disambiguation)
LC-4, a chair designed by architect Le Corbusier | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Isidro Kintanar
Isidro Kintanar y Camasura (May 14, 1915 – April 8, 1968) was a Filipino Visayan lawyer, politician, and legislator from Cebu, Philippines. He was elected mayor of the municipality of Argao (1952–1954) and Member of the House of Representatives for Cebu's 4rd legislative district (1954–1968).
Early life
The son of Carmiano Kintanar and Sofia Camasura, Isidro C. Kintanar was born in Talaytay, Argao, Cebu on May 14, 1915, and he attended Visayan Institute (now University of the Visayas) where he was involved in the school paper and the student council. Then, he took up law at the University of Manila in 1940 and became a lawyer on June 7, 1946. He married Fidele Acedero.
Career
While attending college, he supported his studies working as employee at the Oriental Glass Palace in Cebu and as a clerk at the Bureau of Posts in Manila. Before World War II, he worked as an employee of the Cavite Navy Yard starting in 1940. After the war, he tried to practice law but his firm failed. Later on, he became an agent of the National Bureau of Investigation starting in 1948.
In 1952, he became mayor of the municipality of Argao, Cebu. However, he was suspended by President Elpidio Quirino on April 18, 1952 due to a suit alleging falsification of public documents. The suspension order was delivered through Cebu Governor Sergio Osmeña Jr.
Kintanar was affiliated with the Nacionalista Party. Succeeding his brother Filomeno Kintanar who declined to campaign for another term, he was elected member of the Congress of the Republic representing Cebu's 4th district in 1954 and served for four consecutive terms until 1968. He was involved in the committees of ways and means, reorganization, judiciary, government enterprises, anti-Filipino activities, and fishing and industry. Known for his cautious approach, his plans and implementation of government reorganization prevented redundancy and duplication functions.
In 1957, he was the Philippine delegate in the Inter-Parliamentary Union Congress conducted in Nice, France. On that same year, then President Carlos P. Garcia ruled on the administrative case lodged by Kintanar, Ramon Durano, and Miguel Cuenco against incumbent Governor Sergio Osmeña Jr. and Cebu Provincial Board Members Fructuoso Cabahug and Pedro Uy Calderon. The complaint claimed that the land swap between the Cebu provincial government and the real estate company Cebu Heights Co., of which Osmeña was the primary stockholder and President, was disadvantageous to the province. Garcia exonerated Osmeña, Cabahug and Calderon, and he also created a committee that would assess the fair value of the concerned properties.
While serving his last term in Congress, he died of heart attack on April 8, 1968.
Historical commemoration
Formerly known as Cebu South General Hospital, the Isidro C. Kintanar Memorial Hospital located Barangay Poblacion in the municipality of Argao, Cebu was renamed in his honor by virtue of Republic Act 5720 enacted on June 21, 1969.
The 100-bed hospital constructed in Barangay Bogo, Argao was given the name new Isidro C. Kintanar Memorial Hospital and was inaugurated on January 30, 2018.
The Isidro Kintanar Street in Barangay Poblacion, Argao was also named in his honor.
References
Category:1915 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Cebu
Category:University of the Visayas alumni
Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers
Category:University of Manila alumni
Category:Mayors of Argao | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Charles Watson
Charles Watson may refer to:
C. J. Watson (born 1984), American professional basketball player
Charles Watson (businessman), American businessman, founder of The Natural Gas Clearinghouse, later renamed Dynegy
Charles Watson (Wisconsin legislator) (1836–1910), Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer) (1714–1757), British naval officer, governor of Newfoundland
Charles A. Watson (1871–1948), President of the American University in Cairo
Charles H. Watson (1877–1962), Seventh-day Adventist minister and administrator
Chub Watson (Charles Watson, 1915–1971), American professional basketball player
Tex Watson (Charles Denton Watson, Jr., born 1945), American murderer
Charles W. Watson (1915–2002), American sculptor
Charles G. M. Watson (1878–1961), Australian national chess champion
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782), Whig Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Charles Boog Watson (1858–1947), Scottish engineer and antiquarian. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Autochloris nigridior
Autochloris nigridior is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Rothschild in 1931. It is found in Brazil.
References
Category:Arctiinae
Category:Moths described in 1931
Category:Moths of Brazil | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Rincón de Luz (orphanage)
Rincón de Luz is a fictional orphanage and the primary setting for the first four, and the last two seasons of the Argentine television series Chiquititas. The exceptions are Chiquititas Season Five, where the story takes place in a granary, and Chiquititas Sin Fin, in which the children have a different home.
Rincón de Luz (literally "Corner Of Light") is also the title of a Chiquititas spin-of series that shares a similar plot, created by Cris Morena. The title Rincón de Luz replaced the previous one of Chiquititas, since Morena could not use the previous title due to copyright issues. Soon before its premiere, she stated that Chiquititas was "more than a title".
The same name is used in the Chiquititas feature film.
The manor is located at the Pasaje del Sauce, 829, in Buenos Aires.
Story
Before the Corner
The original Rincón de Luz orphanage was idealized by Ramiro Morán, in order to hide his new born granddaughter, whose mother, Gabriela, was too young and had the baby with a humble man. The baby grew up in the house, and became Mili, the first "orphan" to be sheltered by the place. She lived with Saverio, the adorable Chef of the Moráns, and Ernestina, its rigorous janitor. The place then became home of seven other girls, who were actually orphans, and formed among themselves a family, they all guilded by Mili.
The orphans periodically received the visit of Belén, Saverio's endearing goddaughter who was studying to become a social assistant. They were also monitored by Emilia, the first woman to direct the orphanage, until she was fired by Carmen, an ambitious woman, and Ramiro's sister. She always managed to control his whole fortune, and wanted the own the house where Rincón de Luz was located. The house was also wanted by Ginette, Ramiro's ultimate (and several years younger) fiancée, whose father was supposedly its original owner.
Through Ramiro, Ginette then replaced Emilia as the orphanage's administratrix, what prevented Belén to accept Martín's proposal to occupy the position. Martín was Ramiro's son and Belén's first romantic interest in the series, and the first one to offer her a position she would later assume.
Ginette initially proved to be lovable to the chiquititas, but was later unmasked by Jimena, one of them.
Belén was then nominated the newest Rincón de Luz director by Ramiro himself, moments before his tragic death, and so she became. Her act would change the orphan's lives forever.
The Corner of Light
After Carmen managed to own the house, Belén and the orphans were forced to leave their home, until a mysterious man, Pedro Vega, donated them a new one. Their newest house was a huge manor located at the corner of the Pasaje del Sauce street. The place then became the ultimate version of Rincón de Luz.
The orphans discovered that some areas and artefacts inside the manor were actually magical, such as La Ventanita de Los Sueños (The Magic Window), that took place in the attic (Belén's bedroom). Through the Window, the orphans could see their inner dreams and illusions becoming truer to life. The Window shared a similar function with a magic mirror, where the children could see their dreams if looking with only one eye.
The manor also had some areas that could work as traps, and other hidden places.
This new setting was introduced at the same time the story gained new overtones. The melodramatic plots were left as the number of adult characters was reduced, giving place to more children-centered plots.
The Granary
Years after Belén and her chiquititas storyline ended, the Book of Life, in which she had written their story, was somehow found by Maria, a girl who lived in the streets with some other children. They later found a huge, picturesque granary, where Joaquin, a lonely old man, lived. His only company was an enormous tree, located in the middle of the granary, until the place then became the children's newest home. Following the Book's stories, Maria names it Rincón de Luz.
An adorable woman called Ana arrived from the skies in a ballon, and gradually assumed Belén's role in the life of the granary's orphans. She fell in love with Juan Maza, a widowed man who lived nearby the granary in his mansion, with his seven children, and Ana changed his life as well.
The granary was burned down after they got married and left for honeymoon, by Juan's angry ex-fiancée Pía. She managed to send the orphans (alongside some of Juan's children, as well as her own daughter Tali) to a household where kids where treated as slaves, the Shadow orphanage. There, a shiny leaf felt right on Maria's hands, which Toya explained that the Tree was saying goodbye to them. Camila interpreted this as an advice for the chiquititas, to not lose their hope. Pía insanely burned down the granary, and died in her own fire.
After escaping from the Shadow house, the children discovered that Ana and Juan died in an airplane crash, and that now they were left orphans, and homeless.
Back to the Corner
Fearing being sent back to the Shadow house, the remaining chiquititas stood homeless. Maria insistently kept the Book of Life, believing that to be the right moment to find the original Rincón de Luz described in the story. Following a magic star, they were then sent to the manor in the Corner, which was the very same from the past, except for its insides.
The orphans discover a chimerical place full of toys, dolls and games, and through the Magic Window in the attic, they discover that they actually found their Rincón de Luz, as Belén herself tells them in a vision.
Somehow, the manor also became a gateway to a magical world inhabited by elves and fairies (where Maria befriends Tok the Elf). Also, in the library, the fairy tales come from their books to life.
The reason the house was reformed is later clarified to the orphans through old documents found by them in a hidden office inside the manor. The house's owner, Rafael Sander, wanted it to be exclusively reformulated for his upcoming son. Unfornunately, his pregnant wife died in a car crash, and Sander was left in sorrow. His loyal valet Enzo tries to expel the orphans from the manor, stating that "it was an orphanage, now it's a private place". The kids stay insistent against Sander's bitterness.
He hid himself in the manor's hidden places, lurking the children and a newcomer young woman named Luz, but was later discovered by Juanita. Luz became the newest maternal figure for the orphans, and later the orphanage's director, after it is legalized by the Juvenile Court. She had to struggle against Sander's angry and Paula's ambition to own the house she believes is hers.
Paula was Sander's deceased wife's identical twin sister, who had always loved him, and still does, but in the end Luz and Sander get married, and he gives the manor to Luz as a gift.
Due to the villainous acts of Lidia (a unscrupulous woman who assumed the house's administration in Luz and Rafael's absence), the manor was knocked down, leaving the children in desperation. However, the manor magically rebuilt itself for them, as the spirit of Belén appeared in the skies.
In film
In the Chiquititas feature film, the name of "Rincón de Niños Huerfanos" ("Corner for Orphans") is changed to "Rincón de Luz" after Belén, Alejo and the children assume the house, becoming altogether a family.
Other versions
In the successful Brazilian adaptation of the story, the orphanage is named Raio de Luz ("Light Gleam"), and features adventure and fantasy stories unexplored in the original version, such as the children discovering a hidden treasure in the manor's surroundings. The manor was supposedly destroyed in the end of Season Four, and was set to return as a main setting in future seasons (which did not happen due to Chiquititas Brasil cancelation).
Also, in this version, the Tree located in the middle of the granary is a gateway to a magical subterranean Wonderland-like world known as The Anthill. There, the orphans meet fantastic creatures, such as talking ants and flowers. No explanation about its origin is given, although Estrela tells the orphans that the Tree was there years before she was born. The granary was built around the Tree in order to protect it.
Category:Chiquititas
Category:Fictional buildings and structures
Category:Orphanages | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Álvaro Montero
Álvaro Montero Fernández (born 5 November 1989) is a Spanish footballer who plays in Italy for Bisceglie as a forward.
Club career
Born in Madrid, Montero made his senior debuts with local AD Villaviciosa de Odón in the 2008–09 season. In the 2009 summer he joined AD Alcorcón B also in the lower leagues, but returned to former club in 2010.
In July 2011 Montero moved to another reserve team, Real Zaragoza B in Segunda División B. After being sparingly used during the season, he joined fellow third-divisioner RSD Alcalá in July of the following year.
On 3 August 2013 Montero moved to Zamora CF, also in the third tier. After scoring nine times in 19 matches, he joined Real Jaén. On 23 February 2014 Montero played his first match as a professional, starting in a 0–0 away draw against Córdoba CF for the Segunda División championship.
On 6 August 2019, he signed with the Italian Serie C club Bisceglie.
References
External links
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Madrid
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Madrilenian footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Segunda División players
Category:Segunda División B players
Category:Tercera División players
Category:Serie C players
Category:AD Alcorcón B players
Category:Real Zaragoza B players
Category:Zamora CF footballers
Category:Real Jaén footballers
Category:FC Cartagena footballers
Category:UD Almería B players
Category:RSD Alcalá players
Category:CD Lealtad players
Category:Marbella FC players
Category:A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 players
Category:Spanish expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bad Vibrations
Bad Vibrations is the sixth studio album by American rock band A Day to Remember. This is the second album since the band's departure from Victory Records, and their first and only album to be featured in partnership with Epitaph Records.
Background
In December 2011, it was announced that A Day to Remember had plans of pressing charges against their label, Victory, due to breach of contract. Claiming withheld royalties of over $75,000, the group had reportedly started legal action against Victory on May 31 of that year. Victory has said, on their behalf, that the lawsuit is actually about the band's refusal to fulfill their 5 album contractual commitment to Victory and their new-found desire to move to a major label. While this lawsuit was ongoing, the band self-released Common Courtesy through their own label, ADTR Records in 2013. Following the albums release and tour cycle, the group took a break. Vocalist Jeremy McKinnon explained the band was "doing our own thing, taking it easy and trying to recharge the batteries".
Composition
At the start of 2015, the group rented a cabin at Horsetooth Reservoir, located in Dakota Hogback ridge, west of Fort Collins, Colorado. The cabin was surrounded by woods. According to McKinnon, the group "just wrote together in a room, which was the polar opposite of the last three albums we've made". Typically, McKinnon would have some material saved to show the group, however, this time round he didn't have any. McKinnon went on to describe the album as containing "an element of returning to our roots", in that the album was their first since For Those Who Have Heart (2007) to feature full contributions from all members of the band. For Bad Vibrations, it was the first time since For Those Who Have Heart that the group had written together in a room. While some of the group's previous albums were written while on tour, McKinnon considered it "important to me and the rest of the band to get everybody involved in a room, properly involved and just write a record together".
The group wrote music "casually for fun" without any expectations, according to McKinnon. For the most part, McKinnon would have either a chorus or melody idea that the rest of the group would flesh out into a song. On some occasions, the group would jam and have a finished song in an hour. For their past two albums, What Separates Me from You (2010) and Common Courtesy (2013), the group had trouble naturally writing heavy songs. McKinnon reassured that there was "a lot of heavy songs on there". Cody Quistad of Wage War often accompanied the band for these writing sessions. The group wrote for 30 days, completing at least one song per day. Writing sessions lasted eight-to-ten hours. By the end of this period, the group had around 40 songs in total.
Music and lyrics
McKinnon states that the album's title, Bad Vibrations, is derived from feelings of stress and anxiety. The album's sound has been described as metalcore and pop punk. "Bad Vibrations", written by McKinnon, guitarists Kevin Skaff and Neil Westfall, and Quistad, was the final song written for the album. According to McKinnon, the song is about "being overwhelmingly stressed and what it does to you". The breakdown during the song is heavily inspired by a drum pattern that Mark Castillo of Bury Your Dead would play, according to Shelnutt. One day the group were working on a song but had hit a roadblock with it and were about to call it day. McKinnon heard Skaff playing a random riff. McKinnon then "immediately heard the first half of Paranoia. I immediately showed everybody in the room how to play it". The group composed the breakdown together, finishing "Paranoia" under 30 minutes. McKinnon was writing the lyrics with Skaff and Westfall during the evening, and recorded a demo the following morning. The song's lyrics were inspired by an event McKinnon and his girlfriend experienced during Halloween a few years prior: a kid banged on McKinnon's window at 3am, an experience he called "terrifying".
"Naivety", written by McKinnon, Skaff and Descendents drummer Bill Stevenson, talks about loss of innocence. According to McKinnon "it's that feeling before you try, and then you get killed". "Exposed" was written by McKinnon, Quistad, Westfall and Skaff. McKinnon described it as being "a heavy song, but it's less 2000s hardcore than a riffier, modern-heavy sound". The song is about the way people make negative comments about the world. "Bullfight", written by McKinnon, Westfall and Skaff, is about a person who is changed when something positive happens to them. "Reassemble" was written between McKinnon and the group's long-time producer Andrew Wade. McKinnon showed it to the band and they adapted it to fit the group. The song talks about someone who struggled with addiction. "Justified", written by McKinnon, Westfall, Quistad, Stevenson and Skaff, came about from an idea Westfall previous had. The group loved the song early on in the writing process. Lyrically, the song is about judgemental people who have a distaste for others for simply having different beliefs to them.
"We Got This", written by McKinnon, Westfall and Skaff, is about when you're a young person in "a music scene people don’t really understand or respect, but then going to these shows and realising this is something you love". The song was attempted during sessions for Common Courtesy, but the group weren't happy with it. With help from Stevenson, the group resolved the problems they had with the track. "Same About You", written by McKinnon, Westfall, Skaff and drummer Alex Shelnutt, talks about a person who tells you something, which causes you to look at them differently. "Turn Off the Radio", written by McKinnon, Westfall, Wade and Skaff, was another song that was intended for Common Courtesy. The song's original bridge contained a rap beat and was intended to feature rapper Rick Ross. Ross asked if the group were satanists. McKinnon responded: "Evidently, somebody told him yes and we never heard from him again." "Forgive and Forget", written by McKinnon, the band's former guitarist Tom Denney, Skaff and Wade, is about being addicted to a significant other. "Negative Space" was written by McKinnon, bassist Josh Woodard and Skaff. "In Florida" was written by McKinnon, Westfall and Skaff.
Production
The band demoed all of the material they had live-in-the-studio with producers Stevenson and Jason Livermore at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado. McKinnon spoke to TeamRock about his initial concerns when preparing to record the album, stating that he was "terrified" and "stuck in this weird, high-stress mindset every day". Selecting the material to be recorded for Bad Vibrations, the group narrowed the number of songs down to those they loved the most regardless of genre. Previously, McKinnon would be "a little bit more "in control"", having co-produced several of the band's past albums, however, for Bad Vibrations, he "took a step back" and let Stevenson be in control.
McKinnon added that he "went in to record [the album] with nothing much to offer - with hardly anything that I was excited about". McKinnon later called it "one of the most unique recording experiences we've ever had", and working with Stevenson as "an awesome experience. He was a bit hard to read at first, so I think we subconsciously pushed ourselves harder to try to impress him. As a result, we gave this album everything we had". The group recorded several extra tracks that didn't make the final track listing. The recording sessions were engineered by Livermore, Stevenson, Andrew Berlin, Chris Beeble and Wade. Berlin also provided additional production. The album was mixed by Andy Wallace at Soundtrack Studios, located in New York City, New York. Mastering was performed by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound, in New York City.
Phil Norman played cello for "Forgive and Forget", "Negative Space", "Justified", "We Got This" and "Exposed". Ian Short played violin on "Forgive and Forget", "Justified" and "We Got This". Adrienne Short played violin and viola on "Forgive and Forget", "Reassemble", "Negative Space", "Justified", "We Got This" and "Exposed". Miles Stevenson, Maddie Stevenson, Wade, Nicole Dunn, Beeble, Berlin and Livermore provided background vocals for "Negative Space".
Artwork and packaging
In an interview with Kerrang!, McKinnon revealed that the album's artwork wasn't finalised because "no-one's nailed it". As a result, the band were unable to put up pre-orders, despite the album having been completed since December 2015. Eventually, illustrator Mike Cortada came up with the album's artwork. Cortada previously created artwork for a number of the band's albums and singles, as well as designs for their tours and music videos. He called creating the Bad Vibrations artwork "very intense". The group didn't have any concept for the artwork other than making it display a "darker, heavier vibe". After being told this, Cortada started creating the artwork. When he created the cover, he texted the band. Westfall provided "more direction", which resulted in Cortada making adjustments. McKinnon then suggested an idea "until we were in a fully-fledged artistic brainstorming session".
By this point, Cortada was drawing in real-time. He then came up with a mock-up of the album booklet layout, wanting it "to be something very special and unique with a lot of depth". He made a video of the layout and sent it to the band who loved the idea but weren't a fan of the illustration style. Following the creation of several additional cover sketches, McKinnon said "he liked one in particular. It was just right". The colours came "naturally" to Cortada. He called the final artwork "a pretty intense and outrageous art piece" made of "illustrations, all hand drawn, pen-to-paper, and scanned".
Release
"Paranoia" was premiered on Zane Lowe's Beats 1 show on Apple Music on March 9, 2016. A music video was released a day later, directed by Ethan Lader. The video features McKinnon laying on a psychiatrist's couch. Later in the video, the band is being chased by a figure that Loudwire considered "a cross between Losts smoke monster and Disturbed's "The Guy" mascot". A day after this, the song was released as a single. In May, the group went on a US tour, titled Just Some Shows, with support from Parkway Drive and State Champs. On June 2, Bad Vibrations was announced, and a video for "Bad Vibrations" was released. The video, directed by Drew Russ, is performance-based, featuring stage lights flashing throughout it. A day later, the title-track was released as a single. "Bad Vibrations" was released to radio on June 15. From late July to early October, the band supported Blink-182 on their North American tour.
"Bullfight" was premiered on BBC Radio 1's Rock Show with Daniel P Carter, before being released as a single on July 25. A music video was released for "Bullfight" on August 16, directed by Darren Doane. The video begins with an artist creating portraits across a number of canvases. The imagery on the canvases crosses over into real life with the artist being shot by one of his own creations. While attempting to fight his creations, he is aided by McKinnon. The video finishes with a quote from Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism. The artwork in the video was animated by Rob Prior. "Naivety" was released as a single on August 19 and released to radio on August 24. "We Got This" was premiered on Beats 1 Radio on August 31, and released as a single a day later.
Bad Vibrations was originally set to be released on August 19 through ADTR Records, with distribution handled by Epitaph Records. However, the album was pushed back to a September 2 release date due to a custom cut album casing taking longer than expected to manufacture. It was made available for streaming the day prior. In December 2016, the band embarked on the "Bad Vibes" tour, which began in Australia with support from Of Mice & Men and Tonight Alive. The Australian leg was followed by a UK leg in January 2017 with support from New Found Glory, Neck Deep and Moose Blood, with a full European tour being undertaken in February. "Same About You" was released to rock radio stations on January 23, 2018.
Critical reception
Upon its release, Bad Vibrations has received generally positive reviews, averaging a score of 81 based on 5 reviewers on the Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 2 in the United States, selling over 62,000 in its first week. The album also reached number 1 in Australia, number 6 in the United Kingdom, number 7 in Austria and Germany, number 9 in Canada, number 17 in Switzerland, and number 23 in New Zealand. "Paranoia" peaked at number 5 on the Rock Digital Songs chart, number 8 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart, number 13 on the Hot Rock Songs chart, and number 35 on the Rock Airplay chart. "Bad Vibrations" peaked at number 37 on the Rock Digital Songs chart, and number 48 on the Hot Rock Songs chart. By the end of 2016, the album had sold 102,000 copies in the US.
Track listing
Credits per deluxe edition booklet.
Bonus tracks
Personnel
Personnel per deluxe edition booklet.
A Day to Remember
Jeremy McKinnon – lead vocals
Neil Westfall – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Josh Woodard – bass guitar
Alex Shelnutt – drums
Kevin Skaff – lead guitar, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Phil Norman – cello (tracks 4, 7, 8, 11 and 12)
Ian Short – violin (tracks 7, 8 and 11)
Adrienne Short – violin and viola (tracks 4, 6–8, 11 and 12)
Miles Stevenson – background vocals (track 12)
Maddie Stevenson – background vocals (track 12)
Andrew Wade – background vocals (track 12)
Nicole Dunn – background vocals (track 12)
Chris Beeble – background vocals (track 12)
Andrew Berlin – background vocals (track 12)
Jason Livermore – background vocals (track 12)
Production
Bill Stevenson – producer, engineer
Jason Livermore – producer, engineer
Andrew Berlin – engineer, additional production
Chris Beeble – engineer
Andrew Wade – engineer
Andy Wallace – mixing
Paul Suarez – Pro Tools engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering
Mike Cortada – all artwork, layout
James Hartley – live photography
Charts
Weekly charts
References
Footnotes
Citations
Sources
External links
Official Bad Vibrations stream at YouTube.
Category:A Day to Remember albums
Category:2016 albums
Category:Self-released albums
Category:Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hiester Clymer
Hiester Clymer (November 3, 1827 – June 12, 1884) was an American political leader from the state of Pennsylvania. Clymer was a member of the Hiester family political dynasty and the Democratic Party. He was the nephew of William Muhlenberg Hiester and the cousin of Isaac Ellmaker Hiester. Although Clymer was born in Pennsylvania, he was adamantly opposed to Abraham Lincoln's Administration and the Republican party's prosecution of the American Civil War. Elected Pennsylvania state senator in 1860, Clymer opposed state legislation that supported the state Republican party's war effort. After the American Civil War ended, Clymer unsuccessfully ran for the Pennsylvania Governor's office in 1866 on a white supremacist platform against Union Major-General John W. Geary. After his election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1872 as a Democrat, Clymer would be primarily known for his investigation of Sec. William W. Belknap's War Department in 1876. Belknap escaped conviction in a Senate trial, since he resigned his cabinet position before being impeached by the House of Representatives. Having retired from the House of Representatives in 1881, Clymer served as Vice President of the Union Trust Co. of Philadelphia and president of the Clymer Iron Co until his death in 1884.
Early life
Clymer was born near Morgantown, Pennsylvania. He attended Princeton University, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. Clymer practiced law in Berks County and Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. His brother, Edward M. Clymer, married the actress and poet, Ella Maria Dietz.
Political career
He was a delegate to the National Convention of the Democratic Party in 1860 and 1868. He served in the Pennsylvania Senate for the 8th district from 1861 to 1866. He ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1866 on a white supremacist policy, losing to John W. Geary. In the controversial campaign, Clymer's camp produced some of the most virulently graphic racist posters and pamphlets of the decade.
U.S. Representative (1873-1881)
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1872 and served from March 4, 1873 to March 3, 1881. While in Congress, he served on the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State, and as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War.
Retirement and death
After he left Congress, he served as vice president of the Union Trust Company in Philadelphia and as president of the Clymer Iron Company. He died in Reading, Pennsylvania, on June 12, 1884, by suicide as a result of what one newspaper account called "financial embarrassment." . He is interred at the Charles Evans Cemetery.
Further reading
The Political Graveyard
References
External links
|-
Category:1827 births
Category:1884 deaths
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:American white supremacists
Category:Burials at Charles Evans Cemetery
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
Category:Hiester family
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Category:Pennsylvania Democrats
Category:Pennsylvania state senators
Category:People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
Category:People from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Category:Princeton University alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2020 Parti Québécois leadership election
The 2020 Parti Québécois leadership election will be held on 19 June 2020, to replace Jean-François Lisée, who resigned on 1 October 2018 after leading the Parti Québécois to a fourth place finish in the 2018 Quebec general election and failing to be re-elected in his own riding.
Background
On 1 October 2018, the Parti Québécois came in third in the Quebec general election, winning only ten seats and 17% of the popular vote, an all-time low. PQ leader Jean-François Lisée announces his resignation as leader after losing his own riding.
Pascal Bérubé was named interim leader on 9 October 2018.
On 13 December 2019, Bérubé announced that the campaign will start on 1 February 2020 and that the leader would be chosen before 24 June 2020.
Process
The nomination period will officially begin on March 2 and end on April 9. To obtain an application form, each aspiring candidate must give the party a non-refundable amount of $10,000. To make their candidacy official, each candidate must submit their ballot signed by at least 2,000 members from at least 9 administrative regions and at least 50 local associations and pay the party a non-refundable amount of $15,000.
For the first time, the Parti Québécois will allow both party members and supporters to participate in the election of the leader. Supporters will have to pay $5̩ to obtain the right to vote. Anyone enjoying the status of voter in Quebec can contribute to the campaign of a leadership contestant by paying him an amount that cannot exceed $500. Applicants' maximum campaign expenses cannot exceed $125,000. Two debates will be organized by the Parti québécois between April 15 and May 20 - one in Montreal and the other in Center-du-Québec .
The voting period will begin on June 15 at 9 a.m. and end on June 19 at 3 p.m. Voting will take place by preferential ballot . Thus, a candidate who collects 50% + 1 vote will win. If necessary, a second or even a third round will be held to, after distribution of the 2nd and 3rd choices, choose a winner. The results will be announced by the returning officer on the evening of June 19, in a location to be determined in the Capitale-Nationale or Chaudière-Appalaches regions.
Candidates
Declared
Sylvain Gaudreault, former interim leader of Parti Québécois (2016), former Leader of the Official Opposition in Quebec (2016), MNA for Jonquière (2007–present), Minister of Transport and Municpal Affairs under Pauline Marois
Paul Saint-Pierre Plamondon, 2016 leadership candidate (fourth place), lawyer, political columnist, essayist and commentator.
Frédéric Bastien, historian, collegial history teacher
Guy Nantel, comedian
Possible contenders
Declined
Véronique Hivon, PQ deputy leader, MNA for Joliette (2008–present), Minister of Social Services and Youth Protection, Minister responsible for the Lanaudière region and Minister responsible for the Die in Dignity commission under Pauline Marois
Stéphane Handfield, lawyer
Alexandre Cloutier, two-time PQ leadership runner-up in the 2015 and 2016, MNA for Lac-Saint-Jean (2007–2018), Minister responsible for the Nord-du-Québec region, Côte-Nord region, Canadian Intergovernmental Affairs, the Canadian Francophonie and Sovereignist Governance under Pauline Marois, currently out of politics
Pierre Karl Péladeau, former PQ leader (2015–2016), MNA for Saint-Jérôme (2014–2016), President and CEO of Quebecor
Yves-François Blanchet, MP's for Beloeil-Chambly (2019–present), Bloc Québécois's leader (2019–present), Québec Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks (2012-2014), MPP in Quebec National Assembly (2008-2014)
See also
Parti Québécois leadership elections
2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
2020 Green Party of Canada leadership election
Notes
References
Next
Category:Elections in Canada
Category:Elections in Quebec
Category:2020 elections in Canada | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Constitution type
Constitution type or body type can refer to a number of attempts to classify human body shapes:
Humours (Ayurveda)
Somatotype of William Herbert Sheldon
Paul Carus's character typology
Ernst Kretschmer's character typology
Elliot Abravanel's glandular metabolism typology
Sasang typology by Je-Ma Lee
Bertil Lundman's racial classification system
See also
Female body shape
Enterotype
Habitus (disambiguation)
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Category:Human physiology
Category:Anthropometry
Category:Body shape | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eugene O'Curry
Eugene O'Curry (, 20 November 179430 July 1862) was an Irish philologist and antiquary.
Life
He was born at Doonaha, near Carrigaholt, County Clare, the son of Eoghan Ó Comhraí, a farmer, and his wife Cáit. Eoghan had spent some time as a travelling pedlar and had developed an interest in Irish folklore and music. Unusually for someone of his background, he appears to have been literate and he is known to have possessed a number of Irish manuscripts. It is likely that Eoghan was primarily responsible for his son's education.
Having spent some years working on his father's farm and as a school teacher, Eugene O'Curry moved to Limerick in c. 1824 and spent seven years working there at a mental hospital. He married Anne Broughton, daughter of John Broughton of Killaderry near Broadford, County Limerick on 3 October 1824. O'Curry was a supporter of Catholic Emancipation and in 1828 wrote a poem congratulating Daniel O'Connell on his election as an MP.
During this period O'Curry was establishing a reputation for his knowledge of the Irish language and Irish history, and, by 1834, was in correspondence with the antiquary John O'Donovan. He was employed, from 1835 to 1842, on O'Donovan's recommendation, in the topographical and historical section of the Irish Ordnance Survey. O'Donovan went on to marry O'Curry's sister-in-law, Mary Anne Broughton, in 1840. O'Curry spent much of the remainder of his life in Dublin and earned his living by translating and copying Irish manuscripts; the catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the British Museum (1849) was compiled by him for a fee of £100. O'Curry was responsible for the transcripts of Irish manuscripts from which O'Donovan edited The Annals of the Four Masters between 1848 and 1851.
In 1851 he was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy and, on the founding of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854, he was appointed professor of Irish history and archaeology. He worked with George Petrie on the Ancient Music of Ireland (1855). In 1852, he and O'Donovan proposed the Dictionary of the Irish Language, which was eventually begun by the Royal Irish Academy in 1913 and finally completed in 1976.
His lectures were published by the university in 1860, and give a better knowledge of Irish medieval literature than can be obtained from any other one source. Three other volumes of lectures were published posthumously, under the title On the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish (1873). His voluminous transcripts, notably eight huge volumes of ancient Irish law, testify to his unremitting industry. The Celtic Society, of the council of which he was a member, published two of his translations of medieval tales. He died of a heart attack, at his home in Dublin, on 30 July 1862, and was survived by two sons and two daughters. He is buried at Glasnevin cemetery, Dublin. O'Curry Road in the Tenters area of Dublin 8 is named in his honour.
Works
Notes
References
Encyclopaedia of Ireland, Brian Lalor, P. 808, 2003, Gill and MacMillan
, Catholic Encyclopedia
, University College Dublin School of History and Archives, Eugene O'Curry
, Clare County Library, Eugene O'Curry
, (O')Curry pedigree
Eoghan O Comhrai and the Local Perspective, Brian O Dalaigh, North Munster Antiquarian Journal 44, 2004
Attribution:
Category:1794 births
Category:1862 deaths
Category:19th-century Irish people
Category:Disease-related deaths in Ireland
Category:Irish historians
Category:Irish scholars and academics
Category:People from County Clare | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Molecular diffusion
Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion explains the net flux of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Once the concentrations are equal the molecules continue to move, but since there is no concentration gradient the process of molecular diffusion has ceased and is instead governed by the process of self-diffusion, originating from the random motion of the molecules. The result of diffusion is a gradual mixing of material such that the distribution of molecules is uniform. Since the molecules are still in motion, but an equilibrium has been established, the end result of molecular diffusion is called a "dynamic equilibrium". In a phase with uniform temperature, absent external net forces acting on the particles, the diffusion process will eventually result in complete mixing.
Consider two systems; S1 and S2 at the same temperature and capable of exchanging particles. If there is a change in the potential energy of a system; for example μ1>μ2 (μ is Chemical potential) an energy flow will occur from S1 to S2, because nature always prefers low energy and maximum entropy.
Molecular diffusion is typically described mathematically using Fick's laws of diffusion.
Applications
Diffusion is of fundamental importance in many disciplines of physics, chemistry, and biology. Some example applications of diffusion:
Sintering to produce solid materials (powder metallurgy, production of ceramics)
Chemical reactor design
Catalyst design in chemical industry
Steel can be diffused (e.g., with carbon or nitrogen) to modify its properties
Doping during production of semiconductors.
Significance
Diffusion is part of the transport phenomena. Of mass transport mechanisms, molecular diffusion is known as a slower one.
Biology
In cell biology, diffusion is a main form of transport for necessary materials such as amino acids within cells. Diffusion of solvents, such as water, through a semipermeable membrane is classified as osmosis.
Metabolism and respiration rely in part upon diffusion in addition to bulk or active processes. For example, in the alveoli of mammalian lungs, due to differences in partial pressures across the alveolar-capillary membrane, oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Lungs contain a large surface area to facilitate this gas exchange process.
Tracer, self- and chemical diffusion
Fundamentally, two types of diffusion are distinguished:
Tracer diffusion and Self-diffusion, which is a spontaneous mixing of molecules taking place in the absence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient. This type of diffusion can be followed using isotopic tracers, hence the name. The tracer diffusion is usually assumed to be identical to self-diffusion (assuming no significant isotopic effect). This diffusion can take place under equilibrium. An excellent method for the measurement of self-diffusion coefficients is pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR, where no isotopic tracers are needed. In a so-called NMR spin echo experiment this technique uses the nuclear spin precession phase, allowing to distinguish chemically and physically completely identical species e.g. in the liquid phase, as for example water molecules within liquid water. The self-diffusion coefficient of water has been experimentally determined with high accuracy and thus serves often as a reference value for measurements on other liquids. The self-diffusion coefficient of neat water is: 2.299·10−9 m²·s−1 at 25 °C and 1.261·10−9 m²·s−1 at 4 °C.
Chemical diffusion occurs in a presence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient and it results in net transport of mass. This is the process described by the diffusion equation. This diffusion is always a non-equilibrium process, increases the system entropy, and brings the system closer to equilibrium.
The diffusion coefficients for these two types of diffusion are generally different because the diffusion coefficient for chemical diffusion is binary and it includes the effects due to the correlation of the movement of the different diffusing species.
Non-equilibrium system
Because chemical diffusion is a net transport process, the system in which it takes place is not an equilibrium system (i.e. it is not at rest yet). Many results in classical thermodynamics are not easily applied to non-equilibrium systems. However, there sometimes occur so-called quasi-steady states, where the diffusion process does not change in time, where classical results may locally apply. As the name suggests, this process is a not a true equilibrium since the system is still evolving.
Non-equilibrium fluid systems can be successfully modeled with Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamics. In this theoretical framework, diffusion is due to fluctuations whose dimensions range from the molecular scale to the macroscopic scale.
Chemical diffusion increases the entropy of a system, i.e. diffusion is a spontaneous and irreversible process. Particles can spread out by diffusion, but will not spontaneously re-order themselves (absent changes to the system, assuming no creation of new chemical bonds, and absent external forces acting on the particle).
Concentration dependent "collective" diffusion
Collective diffusion is the diffusion of a large number of particles, most often within a solvent.
Contrary to brownian motion, which is the diffusion of a single particle, interactions between particles may have to be considered, unless the particles form an ideal mix with their solvent (ideal mix conditions correspond to the case where the interactions between the solvent and particles are identical to the interactions between particles and the interactions between solvent molecules; in this case, the particles do not interact when inside the solvent).
In case of an ideal mix, the particle diffusion equation holds true and the diffusion coefficient D the speed of diffusion in the particle diffusion equation is independent of particle concentration. In other cases, resulting interactions between particles within the solvent will account for the following effects:
the diffusion coefficient D in the particle diffusion equation becomes dependent of concentration. For an attractive interaction between particles, the diffusion coefficient tends to decrease as concentration increases. For a repulsive interaction between particles, the diffusion coefficient tends to increase as concentration increases.
In the case of an attractive interaction between particles, particles exhibit a tendency to coalesce and form clusters if their concentration lies above a certain threshold. This is equivalent to a precipitation chemical reaction (and if the considered diffusing particles are chemical molecules in solution, then it is a precipitation).
Molecular diffusion of gases
Transport of material in stagnant fluid or across streamlines of a fluid in a laminar flow occurs by molecular diffusion. Two adjacent compartments separated by a partition, containing pure gases A or B may be envisaged. Random movement of all molecules occurs so that after a period molecules are found remote from their original positions. If the partition is removed, some molecules of A move towards the region occupied by B, their number depends on the number of molecules at the region considered. Concurrently, molecules of B diffuse toward regimens formerly occupied by pure A.
Finally, complete mixing occurs. Before this point in time, a gradual variation in the concentration of A occurs along an axis, designated x, which joins the original compartments. This variation, expressed mathematically as -dCA/dx, where CA is the concentration of A. The negative sign arises because the concentration of A decreases as the distance x increases. Similarly, the variation in the concentration of gas B is -dCB/dx. The rate of diffusion of A, NA, depend on concentration gradient and the average velocity with which the molecules of A moves in the x direction. This relationship is expressed by Fick's Law
(only applicable for no bulk motion)
where D is the Diffusivity of A through B, proportional to the average molecular velocity and, therefore dependent on the temperature and pressure of gases. The rate of Diffusion NA,is usually expressed as the number of moles diffusing across unit area in unit time. As with the basic equation of heat transfer, this indicates that the rate of force is directly proportional to the driving force, which is the concentration gradient.
This basic equation applies to a number of situations. Restricting discussion exclusively to steady state conditions, in which neither dCA/dx or dCB/dx change with time, equimolecular counterdiffusion is considered first.
Equimolecular counterdiffusion
If no bulk flow occurs in an element of length dx, the rates of diffusion of two ideal gases (of similar molar volume) A and B must be equal and opposite, that is .
The partial pressure of A changes by dPA over the distance dx. Similarly, the partial pressure of B changes dPB. As there is no difference in total pressure across the element (no bulk flow), we have
.
For an ideal gas the partial pressure is related to the molar concentration by the relation
where nA is the number of moles of gas A in a volume V. As the molar concentration CA is equal to nA/ V therefore
Consequently, for gas A,
where DAB is the diffusivity of A in B. Similarly,
Considering that dPA/dx=-dPB/dx, it therefore proves that DAB=DBA=D. If the partial pressure of A at x1 is PA1 and x2 is PA2, integration of above equation,
A similar equation may be derived for the counterdiffusion of gas B.
See also
References
External links
Some pictures that display diffusion and osmosis
An animation describing diffusion.
A tutorial on the theory behind and solution of the Diffusion Equation.
NetLogo Simulation Model for Educational Use (Java Applet)
Short movie on brownian motion (includes calculation of the diffusion coefficient)
A basic introduction to the classical theory of volume diffusion (with figures and animations)
Diffusion on the nanoscale (with figures and animations)
Category:Transport phenomena
Category:Diffusion
Category:Underwater diving physics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Canadian Osteopathic Association
The Canadian Osteopathic Association (COA) is a professional association of osteopathic physicians in Canada. The COA has partnered with Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine to increase the number of osteopathic physicians practicing in Canada.
History
The COA was established in 1926. President for 2017 - 2019 is Dr. Jason Crookham, and Executive Director is Dr. James Church. In 2011, the COA launched the Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association and it is now led by Ravi Uppal, Corey Mayer and Khashayar Farzam. In 2012, the COA partnered with Michigan State University with the goal of increasing the number of osteopathic physicians in the country. The COA reported advocating for osteopathic physicians to be eligible for residency positions in Canada.
Membership
Membership in the COA requires a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree from a College of Osteopathic Medicine in the United States accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. As of 2019, there are no colleges of osteopathic medicine in Canada.
References
External links
]
Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association
Category:Osteopathic medical associations
Category:Organizations established in 1926
Category:Medical associations based in Canada | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Rajadurai Foundation
Rajadurai Foundation was established in 2009 by Mylaudy Dr. S. Rajadurai, the mission of which is to build human potential through advancement of professional aspiration, academic scholarship, protection of environment and societies and gift real hope through all-inclusive partnership and spirituality.
Activities
Rajadurai Foundation conducts several mentorship programs in various institutions on the global trends of the automotive industries and inculcated the interest of automotive engineering in the minds of thousands of students such as Hindustan University, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, BS Abdur Rahman University, Loyola Institute of Technology and Science. Dr. Rajadurai is the Fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) International. He inaugurated SAE India Collegiate club to bring International Standard and enhance the formal education & professional development of students in various colleges including Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering. He also inaugurated Industry Institute Interaction Cell in Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering to establish purposeful interaction between industry & institution and to assess the Scientific and Technological scenario in order to translate it into action. Rajadurai Foundation established a merit award in Loyola college for the best student of M.Sc. chemistry in the name of Rev. Fr. Sebastian Kalarickal S.J, to recognize his dedicated services to students from the year 2006. He instituted Gurusmrithi Award in 2006 in Mar Ivanios College to be given to the Best Student of M.Sc. Chemistry every year.
Rajadurai Foundation provides awareness education programs in order to develop clean and green environment and to achieve carbon neutral earth, Initiated and inaugurated Green Technology Centre in James Engineering College to motivate professors and students for a global approach to protect the environment from challenges such as acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, rainforest deterioration, river contamination, sea level rise, accumulation of hazardous wastes, air pollution and over population, assisted SRM Institute of Science and Technology to develop SAE BAJA Formula Race with CO2 reduction, also achieved Near Zero Emission and received National Award.
References
Category:Educational foundations
Category:Environmental education
Category:Social welfare charities
Category:Foundations based in India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.