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Lithuanian Red Cross Society The society Lithuanian Red Cross, in Lithuanian Lietuvos Raudonasis kryžius, was founded in 1919. It was reestablished after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Seimas, the Lithuanian parliament, passed a Red Cross law in 2000. The society has its headquarters in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. The society's departments include: the Financial Department, the First Aid Training Department, the Humanitarian Aid Department, the International Humanitarian Law Department, the Refugee Department, the Social Welfare Department, the Tracing Department, and the Youth Department. See also Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Committee of the Red Cross International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies References External links Lithuanian Red Cross (in Lithuanian) IFRC's Operations in Lithuania (in English) Lithuanian Red Cross Society Profile International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (IFRC's magazine) Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Category:1919 establishments in Lithuania Category:2000 establishments in Lithuania Category:Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies Category:Medical and health organizations based in Lithuania Category:Organizations established in 1919 Category:Organizations established in 2000 Category:Organizations based in Vilnius lt:Raudonasis kryžius	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1998 Bristol City Council election Elections to the Bristol City Council were held on 7 May 1998 as part of the 1998 United Kingdom local elections. 22 wards were contested. Results Avonmouth Bedminster Bishopston Cabot Clifton Cotham Easton Eastville Filwood Frome Vale Henbury Henleaze Hillfields Horfield Kingsweston Lawrence Hill Lockleaze Redland Southmead Southville Stoke Bishop Westbury-on-Trym References 1998 Category:1998 English local elections Category:1990s in Bristol	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Denmark at the 2000 Summer Olympics Denmark competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Medalist Gold Karen Brødsgaard, Katrine Fruelund, Maja Grønbæk, Lotte Kiærskou, Karin Mortensen, Anja Nielsen, Rikke Schmidt, Christina Roslyng, Mette Vestergaard, Anette Hoffmann, Camilla Andersen, Janne Kolling, Lene Rantala, Tina Bøttzau, Tonje Kjærgaard — Handball, Women's Team Competition Henrik Blakskjær, Thomas Jacobsen, and Jesper Bank — Sailing, Men's Soling Class Silver Wilson Kipketer — Athletics, Men's 800 metres Camilla Martin — Badminton, Women's Singles Torben Grimmel — Shooting, Men's 50m Rifle Prone Bronze Thomas Ebert, Søren Madsen, Eskild Ebbesen, and Victor Feddersen — Rowing, Men's Lightweight Coxless Fours Results by event Archery Athletics Men's Competition Men's 800m Wilson Kipketer Round 1 — 01:45.57 Semifinal — 01:44.22 Final — 01:45.14 (→ Silver Medal) Men's Shot Put Joachim Olsen Qualifying — 19.41 (→ did not advance) Men's Hammer Throw Jan Bielecki Qualifying — 70.46 (→ did not advance) Women's Competition Women's Pole Vault Marie Rasmussen Qualifying — 4.30 Final — 4.35 (→ 8th place) Badminton Camilla Martin won Denmark's only medal in the Women's Singles event. She took the silver after losing to Gong Zhichao of China in the finals Men's Singles Kenneth Jonassen Round of 64 — Defeated Shon Seung-mo of Korea Round of 32 — Defeated Ruud Kuijten of Belgium Round of 16 — Lost to Wong Choong Hann of Malaysia Peter Gade Round of 64 — Bye Round of 32 — Defeated Denis Constantin of Mauritius Round of 16 — Defeated Fung Permadi of Chinese Taipei Quarterfinal — Defeated Marlev Mario Mainaky of Indonesia Semifinal — Lost to Ji Xinpeng of China Bronze medal match — Lost to Xia Xuanze of China Poul-Erik Hoyer Round of 64 — Bye Round of 32 — Lost to Sun Jun of China Men's Doubles Martin Lundgaard Hansen and Lars Paaske Round of 32 — Defeated Mihail Popov, Svetoslav Stoyanov of Bulgaria Round of 16 — Lost to Ricky Ahmad Subagja, Rexy Ronald Mainaky of Indonesia Jim Laugesen and Michael Sogaard Round of 32 — Bye Round of 16 — Lost to Tony Gunawan, Candra Wijaya of Indonesia Jesper Larsen and Jens Eriksen Round of 32 — Bye Round of 16 — Defeated Brent Olynyk, Bryan Moody of Canada Quarterfinal — Lost to Lee Dong-soo, Yoo Yong-sung of Korea Women's Singles Mette Sorensen Round of 64 — Defeated Sujitra Eakmongkolpaisarn of Thailand Round of 32 — Defeated Takako Ida of Japan Round of 16 — Lost to Ye Zhaoying of China Camilla Martin Round of 64 — Bye Round of 32 — Defeated Ellen Angelina of Indonesia Round of 16 — Defeated Kelly Morgan of Great Britain Quarterfinal — Defeated Mia Audina Tjiptawan of Netherlands Semifinal — Defeated Dai Yun of China Gold medal match — Lost to Gong Zhichao of China — → Silver Medal Women's Doubles Ann-Lou Jorgensen and Mette Schjoldager Round of 32 — Defeated Elena Nozdran, Viktoriya Yevtushenko of Ukraine Round of 16 — Lost to Eti Lesmina Tantra, Chynthia Tuwankotta of Indonesia Ann Jorgensen and Majken Vange Round of 32 — Lost to Nicole Grether, Karen Stechmann of Germany Rikke Olsen and Helene Kirkegaard Round of 32 — Defeated Ling Wan Ting, Louisa Koon Wai Chee of Hong Kong Round of 16 — Defeated Marina Yakusheva, Irina Rousliakova of Russia Quarterfinal — Lost to Ra Kyung-min, Chung Jae-hee of Korea Mixed Doubles Jon Holst-Christensen and Ann Jørgensen Round of 32 — Defeated Lee Dong-soo, Lee Hyo-jung of Korea Round of 16 — Lost to Simon Archer, Joanne Goode of Great Britain Michael Sogaard and Rikke Olsen Round of 32 — Bye Round of 16 — Defeated Mike Beres, Kara Solmundson of Canada Quarterfinal — Defeated Bambang Suprianto, Zelin Resiana of Indonesia Semifinal — Lost to Zhang Jun, Gao Ling of China Bronze medal match — Lost to Simon Archer, Joanne Goode of Great Britain Jens Eriksen and Mette Schjoldager Round of 32 — Bye Round of 16 — Defeated Michael Keck, Nicol Pitro of Germany Quarterfinal — Lost to Tri Kusharyanto, Minarti Timur of Indonesia Canoe / Kayak Flatwater Men's competition Men's Kayak Singles 1000m Torsten Tranum Qualifying Heat — 03:35.841 Semifinal — 03:38.865 Final — 03:37.811 (→ 6th place) Men's Kayak Doubles 500m Paw Madsen, Jesper Staal Qualifying Heat — 01:32.613 Semifinal — 01:32.867 (→ did not advance) Men's Kayak Doubles 1,000m Paw Madsen, Jesper Staal Qualifying Heat — 03:16.989 Semifinal — 03:18.206 (→ did not advance) Cycling Cross Country Mountain Bike Men's Cross Country Mountain Bike Michael Rasmussen Final — 2:18:15.57 (→ 22nd place) Jesper Agergård Final — Lapped Road Cycling Men's Individual Time Trial Michael Sandstød Final — DNF Men's Road Race Frank Høj Final — 5:30:34 (→ 6th place) Nicki Sørensen Final — 5:30:46 (→ 40th place) Rolf Sørensen Final — 5:30:46 (→ 59th place) Lars Michaelsen Final — DNF Michael Sandstød Final — DNF Track Cycling Men's Point Race Jimmi Madsen Points — 0 Laps Down — 2 (→ 23rd place) Men's Madison Jakob Storm Piil, Jimmi Madsen Final — 5 (→ 12th place) Sailing Denmark competed in seven events during the Sailing competition in Sydney and won one gold medal. Men's Single Handed Dinghy (Finn) Lasse Hjortnæs Race 1 — 21 Race 2 — 21 Race 3 — (23) Race 4 — 12 Race 5 — 13 Race 6 — 6 Race 7 — (26) DNF Race 8 — 17 Race 9 — 21 Race 10 — 13 Race 11 — 14 Final — 138 (→ 20th place) Men's Laser Peter Rønholt Race 1 — 17 Race 2 — (32) Race 3 — 12 Race 4 — 4 Race 5 — 10 Race 6 — (24) Race 7 — 6 Race 8 — 9 Race 9 — 17 Race 10 — 11 Race 11 — 1 Final — 103 (→ 13th place) Men's Tornado Stig Raagaard Hansen and Helene Raagaard Hansen Race 1 — 14 Race 2 — 15 Race 3 — (16) Race 4 — 6 Race 5 — 11 Race 6 — 9 Race 7 — 10 Race 8 — 12 Race 9 — 7 Race 10 — 12 Race 11 — (17) OCS Final — 96 (→ 14th place) Men's Three Handed Keelboat (Soling) Jesper Bank, Henrik Blakskjær and Thomas Jacobsen Round Robin Group 2 (4-1) — 4 Points Quarterfinals — (4-1) — 4 points Semifinals — Defeated Norway Finals — Defeated Germany (→ Gold Medal) Women's Single Handed Dinghy (Europe) Kristine Roug Race 1 — 5 Race 2 — 21 Race 3 — 2 Race 4 — 1 Race 5 — 10 Race 6 — 6 Race 7 — 4 Race 8 — (28) OCS Race 9 — 16 Race 10 — 19 Race 11 — (28) OCS Final — 84 (→ 10th place) Women's Double Handed Dinghy (470) Susanne Ward and Michaela Ward Race 1 — 3 Race 2 — 10 Race 3 — 11 Race 4 — 11 Race 5 — (18) Race 6 — (17) Race 7 — 4 Race 8 — 7 Race 9 — 15 Race 10 — 8 Race 11 — 2 Final — 71 (→ 10th place) Mixed High Performance Two Handed Dinghy (49er) Michael Hestbæk and Jonatan Aage Persson Race 1 — 8 Race 2 — 2 Race 3 — 7 Race 4 — 13 Race 5 — (17) Race 6 — 8 Race 7 — 9 Race 8 — 8 Race 9 — 16 Race 10 — 12 Race 11 — 2 Race 12 — 5 Race 13 — (18) OCS Race 14 — 2 Race 15 — 7 Race 16 — 9 Final — 108 (→ 9th place) Swimming Men's 200m Freestyle Jacob Carstensen Preliminary Heat — 1:50.41 (→ did not advance) Men's 400m Freestyle Jacob Carstensen Preliminary Heat — 03:54.14 (→ did not advance) Men's 100m Butterfly Dennis Otzen Jensen Preliminary Heat — 55.70 (→ did not advance) Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Dennis Otzen Jensen, Henrik Steen Andersen, Jeppe Nielsen, and Jacob Carstensen Preliminary Heat — 03:24.78 (→ did not advance) Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Jacob Carstensen, Henrik Steen Andersen, Jeppe Nielsen, and Dennis Otzen Jensen Preliminary Heat — 07:24.63 (→ did not advance) Women's 50m Freestyle Mette Jacobsen Preliminary Heat — 25.96 (→ did not advance) Women's 100m Butterfly Mette Jacobsen Preliminary Heat — 59.45 Semi-final — 59.75 (→ did not advance) Sophia Skou Preliminary Heat — 59.79 Semi-final — 59.89 (→ did not advance) Women's 200m Butterfly Mette Jacobsen Preliminary Heat — 02:09.30 Semi-final — 02:08.11 Final — 02:08.24 (→ 4th place) Sophia Skou Preliminary Heat — 02:11.35 Semi-final — 02:11.07 (→ did not advance) Women's 100m Backstroke Louise Ørnstedt Preliminary Heat — 01:01.98 Semi-final — 01:01.69 Final — 01:02.02 (→ 8th place) Women's 200m Backstroke Louise Ørnstedt Preliminary Heat — 02:13.61 Semi-final — 02:14.24 (→ did not advance) Triathlon Women's Individual Competition: Marie Overbye — 2:07:17.51 (→ 28th place) Men's Individual Competition: Jan Knobelauch Hansen — 1:55:42.06 (→ 44th place) References sports-reference Wallechinsky, David (2004). The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Athens 2004 Edition). Toronto, Canada. . International Olympic Committee (2001). The Results. Retrieved 12 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1 — Preparing for the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2 — Celebrating the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). The Results. Retrieved 20 November 2005. International Olympic Committee Web Site Category:Nations at the 2000 Summer Olympics 2000 Summer Olympics Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
West Ferris Secondary School West Ferris Secondary School (WFSS) is located on Marshall Park Drive in the West Ferris area of North Bay, Ontario. It is a member of the Near North District School Board. Overview West Ferris Secondary School's motto is "Commit to Excellence". Athletes and students at West Ferris are known as the West Ferris Trojans and the school colours are forest green and white. West Ferris has been dedicated to serving the community of North Bay and surrounding areas for more than 100 years. The school is rooted in the past but very much focused on the future. Although West Ferris Secondary is widely known for its athletics and trades courses, the school offers three different Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM) courses. These SHSM courses are offered in the Arts and Culture, Business, and Construction domains, and students who complete a sufficient number of courses in one of these areas are awarded a special certificate indicating a competency in said field. Completion of a SHSM program allows students to focus on a career path that matches their skills and interests. West Ferris also has a ST-Wireless course in which each student is provided with a Macbook Pro and go through a higher standard technology focused course. See also List of high schools in Ontario External links West Ferris Secondary School Category:High schools in North Bay, Ontario Category:Educational institutions with year of establishment missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Calliostoma cinctellum Calliostoma cinctellum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. Description The maximum recorded shell length is 9.5 mm. (Original description by W.H. Dall) The small, thin shell is pearly white with faint touches of pale brown, The spire contains 7 whorls with a globular inverted minute nucleus and a rather convex base. The spiral sculpture shows two prominent spirals, one peripheral, simple, sharp, with occasional touches of brown. Against this the suture is laid in the earlier whorls, while in the body whorl it descends below it. The other spiral is above the periphery, and is stronger and ornamented with (on the last whorl) about forty sharp projecting thorn-like tubercles, each inclined a little forward, and alternating brown and white. Between this and the periphery the space is excavated. Above these there are about four (on the earlier whorls one or two) small raised spiral lines separated by much wider interspaces, nodulated with small but prominent nodules at the intersections with the radiating sculpture. All the sculpture grows fainter, and intercalary fine lines appear toward the aperture on the last whorl. The base of the shell has two strong nodulous spirals separated by a deep interspace, the inner one forming the umbilical margin. Outside of these 16-20 fine flattened spiral threads, with about equal interspaces, reach to the periphery and are hardly ruffled by the incremental lines. The radiating sculpture consists of numerous, on the early whorls strong, slightly elevated oblique threads, extending clear across the whorls and reticulating the spirals. These radii grow fainter and finally on the body whorl nearly disappear;. On the base there are only faint flexuous incremental lines. The walls of the narrow umbilicus are flexuous and yellow. The aperture is squarish. The little columella is concave, not toothed. The margin is thin and simple. The upper surface of the whorls, except the sculpture, is flattened. The suture is distinct, not channelled. The horny operculum is multispiral. The soft parts of the gastropod are whitish. The foot is short, pointed behind. The muzzle is rounded. The gill is single. The anus is prolonged into a long free papilla. The eyes are large. The tentacles are long and stout, without frontal lobes. The epipodium has a large anterior lobe, and four cirri all anterior to the operculum and about of equal size. The jaws are separate, squarish, composed of small horny obliquely set rods, whose lozenge-shaped end-sections reticulate the surface under the microscope. The quite minute radula is peculiar. The rhachidian and (on each side) five laterals have broad simple bases with a pear-shaped outline. The cusps, which might be compared to the stem of the pear bent over, are extremely narrow and long and symmetrically serrate on each side with 4-6 serrations. The major uncinus is stout and has a large four-toothed ovate cusp. There are about twenty more slender uncini with scythe-like cusps serrate on the outer edge. Outside of these are two or three of a flat form, like a section of a palm-leaf fan from handle to margin with four riblets, and the distal edge with three or more indentations. Under pressure these uncini have a tendency to split up lengthwise, beginning at the indentations. They are flat and smooth, thinner toward the distal end, and have no distinct shaft. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Cuba at a depth of about 390 m. Habitat Minimum recorded depth is 389 m. Maximum recorded depth is 389 m. References Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas External links cinctellum Category:Gastropods described in 1889	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Treaty of London (1946) The Treaty of London was signed between the United Kingdom and Transjordan on 22 March 1946 and came into force on 17 June 1946. The treaty concerned the sovereignty and independence of the Arab state of Transjordan, which would now be known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan with Emir Abdullah I as its king. However, Britain would still maintain military bases within the country and continue to subsidize and support the Arab Legion. The Treaty of London superseded the former Anglo-Transjordan mandate known as the Organic Law of 1928. This former mandate liberalised several restrictions on Transjordan, however Great Britain still controlled financial matters and most foreign policy issues. It was then considered a step towards future independence. Transjordan's impending independence was recognised on 18 April 1946 by the League of Nations during the last meeting of that organisation. On 25 May 1946 the Transjordan became the "Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan" when the ruling 'Amir' was re-designated as 'King' by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London. 25 May is still celebrated as independence day in Jordan although officially the mandate for Transjordan ended on 17 June 1946 when in accordance with the Treaty of London the ratifications were exchanged in Amman and Transjordan gained full independence. When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed United Nations, his request was vetoed by the Soviet Union, citing that the nation was not "fully independent" of British control. This resulted in another treaty in March 1948 with Britain in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed. Despite this, Jordan was not a full member of the United Nations until 14 December 1955. See also List of treaties Treaties of London References London (1946) London (1946) Category:Treaties concluded in 1946 Category:1946 in Jordan Category:Emirate of Transjordan Category:Jordan–United Kingdom relations Category:March 1946 events Category:1946 in London	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lukavec (Litoměřice District) Lukavec is a village and municipality (obec) in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 355 (as at 31 December 2007). Lukavec lies approximately south-west of Litoměřice, south of Ústí nad Labem, and north-west of Prague. References Czech Statistical Office: Municipalities of Litoměřice District Category:Villages in Litoměřice District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Samuel Segun Okoya Samuel Segun Okoya, (Ph.D) was born in Zaria, Kaduna State on 20 October 1958 to Jackson Olatunji Okoya and Aina Okoya. He is a Nigerian Academic in Applied Mathematics at Obafemi Awolowo University. He is the Editor-in-Chief, Journal & Notices of the Nigerian Mathematical Society and the First Occupier of Pastor E.A Adeboye Outstanding Professor of Mathematics (Endowed Professorial Chair) University of Lagos. He is the first fully bred alumnus to attain the position of Professor and Head of Mathematics Department at Obafemi Awolowo University. Education Samuel Okoya had his entire tertiary education at Obafemi Awolowo University. He graduated with his bachelor's degree(First Class) in 1983, bagged his master's degree in 1986 and got his Ph.D. in 1989. His PhD Dissertation, supervised by Reuben O. Ayeni, was titled "A Mathematical Model for Explosions with Chain Branching and Chain Breaking Kinetics". He is a Fellow of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria and Nigerian Mathematical Society. He regularly visits the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, TWAS and International Mathematical Union. References Category:1950 births Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Yoruba Category:People from Lagos State Category:Nigerian academics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Germán Borregales Germán Borregales (28 May 1909, Coro region - 2 March 1984, Caracas) was a Venezuelan journalist, author and politician. Belonging to the rightist tendency within Venezuelan politics, he became notorious as a regular candidate for the presidency. Journalism Borregales was born into a high-ranking family who were prominent in the provincial state of Falcón. He trained as a journalist at several international institutions, notably in Geneva and Columbia University. As a journalist Borregales wrote for several newspapers, including El Universal and La Religión as well as a journal he founded himself, Falconidad. His writing was highly anti-communist, generally taking a confrontational tone towards the left. Politics A strong supporter of the Catholic Church, he combined his religious views with his strong nationalism and anti-communism. Borregales espoused strongly conservative views and was characterised as belonging to the far right of Venezuelan politics. Initially a member of COPEI, Borregales was for many years a close ally of Rafael Caldera. He was however strongly opposed to land reform, considering it both unproductive and unfair and when he voiced his objections to such plans he was removed from influence within COPEI and declared persona non grata by the party leadership. Having been removed from COPEI, Borregales established his own political party, the National Action Movement (MAN) in 1960. A small party with little popular support, it functioned largely as the personal party of Borregales, a common set-up in Latin American politics at the time. In 1963 Borregales presented as a candidate for both the Presidency and a seat in the National Assembly, although neither attempt succeeded. Indeed the purpose of his campaign was widely questioned due to the MAN's lack of any support base and the final vote tallies for Borregales were derisory. Nonetheless the party returned in 1968 and, whilst once again Borregales failed to come close to the Presidency, he was elected to the Assembly as MAN's sole representative. He lost the seat in 1973 when once again his candidacy for the Presidency fell well short of success. By that point Borregales' fruitless attempts to become President of Venezuela had led to his becoming a popular target for the country's satirists. This was to be his final election and he faded from public life thereafter. References Category:1909 births Category:1984 deaths Category:Venezuelan journalists Category:Copei politicians Category:Members of the National Assembly (Venezuela) Category:Leaders of political parties Category:Venezuelan anti-communists Category:Venezuelan Roman Catholics Category:People from Falcón Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nacissela Maurício Nacissela Cristina de Oliveira Maurício (born 2 June 1980) is a former Angolan female professional basketball player. A 6'3/1.88m power forward, Maurício plays at club level for Angolan side Primeiro de Agosto. Mauricio was also a member of the Angola women's national basketball team at the FIBA Africa Championship for Women 2007 and FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Women 2008. She was part of the Angolan team that participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Mauricio has played professionally in Spain and Portugal. Achievements References Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:Angolan women's basketball players Category:Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic basketball players of Angola Category:C.D. Primeiro de Agosto women's basketball players Category:CAB Madeira players Category:Angolan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal Category:Angolan expatriate sportspeople in Spain Category:Angolan expatriate basketball people Category:Sportspeople from Luanda Category:Power forwards (basketball) Category:African Games silver medalists for Angola Category:African Games medalists in basketball Category:Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1994 1. deild Statistics of 1. deild in the 1994 season. Overview It was contested by 10 teams, and GÍ Gøta won the championship. League standings Results The schedule consisted of a total of 18 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away. Top goalscorers Source: faroesoccer.com 21 goals John Petersen (GÍ) 14 goals Gunnar Mohr (HB) 12 goals Eyðun Klakstein (KÍ) 10 goals Allan Mørkøre (KÍ) 9 goals Bogi Johannesen (TB) Kurt Mørkøre (KÍ) 8 goals Djóni Joensen (NSÍ) Sámal Joensen (GÍ) Category:1. deild seasons Faroe Faroe 1	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nemapogon robusta Nemapogon robusta is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in the Russian Far East. References Category:Moths described in 2000 Category:Nemapogoninae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alfredo García Green Alfredo García Green (born December 29, 1953) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the conservative National Action Party (PAN). He was the first municipal president (mayor) of Loreto, Baja California Sur, following that municipality's 1992 creation, and state's party president. García Green is the son of Consuelo Green Garayzar and stepson of Francisco Larrinaga. He has worked with the environmental NGO "Grupo Ecologista Antares", which is involved in conservation efforts in the Loreto region. Career Owner of an auto parts store. 1993–1996. Municipal President of Loreto, BCS. 1999–2002. President of the Partido Acción Nacional State committee in Baja California Sur. 2002–2007. Chief in Baja California Sur of the Office of Housing Institute for the Workers (INFONAVIT). 2007. Chief of FONATUR – BMO, S.A. DE C.V. in Loreto, BCS. Mayoralty Alfredo García Green served as mayor of Loreto from 1993 through 1996. He was one of the few Mexican Municipal presidents to avoid a major financial upheaval during office without getting any public debt (the only one in the Baja California Sur state during that term) and left the office to his successor without any financial trouble. During his term, he applied innovation in public services in order to improve the city deficient services (waste collection, water supply, municipal taxes registration system, street cleaning, street pavement). He worked with the NGO "Grupo Ecologista Antares" in order to promote a national park in the Loreto area, which was finally created in July 1996 by presidential decree. He had problems with the public workers' union (which members worked for the then ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional party) and with State Governor Guillermo Mercado Romero, who denied central government grants to the city of Loreto. References Category:Living people Category:National Action Party (Mexico) politicians Category:1953 births Category:Municipal presidents in Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
One Love (2003 film) One Love is a 2003 Jamaican film starring Ky-Mani Marley and Cherine Anderson. It was written by Trevor D. Rhone and directed by Rick Elgood and Don Letts. Plot A young Rasta musician falls in love with the gospel-singing daughter of a Pentecostal preacher, meeting her as they both sign up for a music contest in which the winner will get twenty thousand US dollars and a record deal. When they start falling in love her father forbids her from seeing him because he wants her to marry a church member. They face overcoming the preacher's disapproval as well as battling a corrupt record producer. Cast Ky-Mani Marley as Kassa Vas Blackwood as Scarface Cherine Anderson as Serena Idris Elba as Aaron Winston Bell as Selector G Winston Stona as Pastor Johnson In addition to the singing of the two principals, the soundtrack includes Bob Marley and Shaggy. External links Category:2003 films Category:Jamaican films Category:2000s romance films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sekar language Sekar (Seka) is a minor Austronesian language of the north coast of the Bomberai Peninsula. References Category:Languages of Indonesia Category:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages Category:Languages of western New Guinea	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Propaganda of Fascist Italy Propaganda of Fascist Italy was the material put forth by Italian Fascism to justify its authority and programs and encourage popular support. Use The Fascist regime made heavy use of propaganda, including pageantry and rhetoric, to inspire the nation into the unity that would obey. At first, all propaganda efforts were grouped together under the press office; propaganda efforts were slowly organized until a Ministry of Popular Culture was created in 1937. A special propaganda ministry was created in 1935, with the avowed purpose of telling the truth about fascism, refuting the lies of its enemies, and clearing up ambiguities, which were only to be expected in so large and dynamic a movement. Doctrine A fascist doctrine was first set forth in The Manifesto of the Fasci of Combat, and further enumerated in The Doctrine of Fascism purportedly written entirely by Benito Mussolini, but he only wrote the second part, the first part was actually also written by Giovanni Gentile. Fascism's internal contradictions were justified by Mussolini as a product of its nature: a doctrine of action, a revolt against the conformity and alienation of bourgeois society. Themes Personality cult Il Duce was the center of Fascism and portrayed as such. The cult of the Duce was in many respects the unifying force of the fascist regime, acting as a common denominator of various political groups and social classes in the fascist party and the Italian society. This leadership cult helped reconcile Italians with the regime despite annoyance with local officials. A basic slogan proclaimed that Mussolini was always right (). Endless publicity revolved about Mussolini with newspapers being instructed on exactly what to report about him. He was generally portrayed in a macho manner, although he could also appear as a Renaissance man, or as military, family, or even common. This reflected his presentation as a universal man, capable of all subjects; a light was left on in his office long after he was asleep as part of propaganda to present him as an insomniac owing to his driven to work nature. Mussolini as a practitioner of various sports such as fencing, auto racing, skiing, horse riding, lion taming and swimming was promoted to create an image of a valiant and fearless hero. Mussolini's prestige as a hero aviator in the manner of Charles Lindbergh was especially important, as for fascism the aeroplane embodied qualities such as dynamism, energy and courage. Mussolini himself oversaw which photographs could appear, rejecting some, for instance, because he was not sufficiently prominent in a group. Mussolini's youthfulness (when he took office, he became the youngest prime minister in Italian history), and his virile and energetic appearance were promoted. In fascist symbolism, youth constituted a metaphor for action and vitality, thus emphasizing fascism's nature as a revolutionary ideology in contrast to the stasis of liberal democracy. The official hymn of the fascist movement, Giovinezza, links the concepts of youth, the rebirth of the nation and the reign of Mussolini into symbolic unity. The publicizing of Mussolini's birthdays and illnesses were banned for journalists, to give an impression of him not aging. The erotic aspect of the cult was also prominent: although Mussolini was portrayed as a respectable family man, at the same time state propaganda did little to counter the idea that he had sexual magnetism to women and was promiscuous. Legends of Mussolini defying death during the First World War and surviving assassination attempts were circulated to give the dictator a mythical, immortal aura. It was stated that Mussolini's body had been pierced by shrapnel just like Saint Sebastian had been pierced by arrows; the difference being that Mussolini had survived this ordeal. He was also compared to Saint Francis of Assisi, who had, like Mussolini, "suffered and sacrificed himself for others". Mussolini's humble origin was described with explicit parallels with the life of Christ: when writing about his blacksmith father and mother, fascist propaganda presented them symbolically as the Holy Family ("They are but Mary and Joseph in relation to Christ"). His home town of Predappio was developed as a place of mass tourism and symbolic pilgrimage. The Vatican implied that heavenly powers were aware that Mussolini had saved Italy from bolshevism and thus protected him. Pope Pius XI referred to him as "the man of Providence" during the aftermath of the Lateran treaty. The press described his speeches as sacramental meetings of Duce and people. Mussolini's melodramatic style of oratory was both pantomimic and liturgical, with exaggerated poses and hand movements and prominent variations in the pitch and tone of his voice. Mussolini intended his speeches to be faith-inspiring theatrical performances, stating that "the crowd does not have to know; it must believe". In addition to being depicted as being chosen by God, the regime presented Mussolini himself having omnipotent or godlike characteristics, such as being able to work superhuman amounts (14–16 hours) daily and never appearing tired. Fascist newspapers implied even that Mussolini had performed miracles, such as stopping the lava flow of Mount Etna, and invoking rain in the drought-suffering Libya during his visit to the region in March 1937. A story of a deaf-mute boy being cured after listening in a crowd to a speech of the Duce was told in an elementary school manual. His overtly belligerent image did not prevent newspapers from declaring he had done more for peace than anyone else, on the principle that Mussolini always did better than everyone else. His image proclaimed that he had improved the Italian people morally, materially, and spiritually. He was the Duce and proclaimed in song even before the seizure of power. The war on Ethiopia was presented as a revival of Roman Empire, with Mussolini as Augustus. To improve fascism's image in North Africa and Levant and to gain Arab support, Mussolini had himself declared the "Protector of Islam" during an official visit to Libya in 1937. Action Fascism was among the most visible of movements that exulted action over talk and violence over reason, partly stemming from World War I. This was used to justify taking up notions and dropping them again. Economic issues were presented in a heroic and militaristic manner, with programs being termed the Battle of Wheat and the Battle of the Lira. Military matters were also straightforwardly praised, with the aim of primacy on land, sea, and air. Because war was to man what maternity was to woman, disarmament was impossible. War and killing were praised as the essence of manhood. A Fascist encyclopedia proclaimed, "Nothing is ever won in history without bloodshed." This drew upon older themes, exulted in World War I, with injunctions that suffering was necessary for greatness. World War I was often cited in Fascist propaganda, with many prominent Fascists displaying many medals from the conflict. To such figures as Gabriele d'Annunzio, the return of peace meant only the return of the humdrum, while the ideal was still war, themes that Fascism drew into its propaganda. Mussolini, shortly before the seizure of power, proclaimed violence better than compromise and bargaining. Afterwards, there was a prolonged period where the absence of military action did not prevent the government from many belligerent statements. Interviews appearing in foreign press, where Mussolini spoke of wanting peace, had that portion censored out before appearing in Italian papers. The annexation of Albania was presented as a splendid act of aggression. In the run-up to World War II, Mussolini's claim he could field 8 million was quickly exaggerated to 9 million, and then to 12 million. The continually bellicose pose created an embarrassment with the outbreak of World War II, where failure to join the war would undermine the propaganda effect. The Italians were called to be like Roman legionaries, while their opponents were depicted as weak and enthralled by money. Great Britain was denounced in particular, although both France and later the United States (when its sympathies were clearly turning toward the Allies) also came in for abuse. Heroism was exaggerated. Fascist violence prior to their seizure of power was legitimized. The March on Rome was presented, mythically, as a bloody and heroic seizure of power. Futurism was a useful part of the cultural scene, owing to its militaristic elements. Unity National and social unity was symbolized by the fasces themselves, the bound sticks being stronger together than individually. This drew on military themes from World War I, where Italians were called to pull together into a unity. Mussolini openly proclaimed that Fascists were willing to kill or die when it was a question of the fatherland as the March on Rome was prepared. Similarly, he declared that the State did not weaken the individual, any more than a soldier was weakened by the rest of the regiment. This was part of an explicit rejection of liberal individualism; the punitive aspect of the fasces, containing an ax, not being omitted. Furthermore, Fascism was to be a totalitarian, that is total experience, since it was impossible to a Fascist only in politics, and therefore overtly rejected liberalism's private and public spheres. Fascism was not a party but a way of life. The corporatist state was offered as a unifying form of politics, as opposed to liberal democracy. Fascism and the state were identified, and everything was to be encompassed in the state. Work was presented as a social duty, because Italy was greater than any individual purpose. Beehives were presented as a model of industry and harmony. Furthermore, this unity would allow the entire nation to throw itself into support of military necessity. The sanctions imposed by the League of Nations when Italy attacked Ethiopia were used to unite the country against this "aggression." Empire Reviving the glories of the Roman Empire in modern Italy was a common theme. This called for the control of Mare Nostrum—'our sea', as the Mediterranean was called in Rome. France, Britain, and other powers were denounced as having kept Italy immured. Concerted efforts were made to drum up enthusiasm for colonialism in the 1930s. Besides its symbolic aspects, the fasces had been carried by the lictors of ancient Rome as a representation of authority. April 21, the anniversary of the founding of Rome, was proclaimed a fascist holiday, intended to replace the socialist Labor Day as a celebration of the Roman virtues of "work" and "discipline". Rome's role in establishing Christianity as a universal religion was also exalted. Architecture was used to supplement the Roman revival by juxtaposing modern monuments with ancient buildings, such as the creation of the Via dell'Impero. In the city of Rome, archaeological -propagandist projects involving the clearing, isolation (often by deliberately destroying surrounding Medieval buildings) and restoration of key monuments such as the Ara Pacis and the Mausoleum of Augustus received strong support from the fascist regime. A major propaganda event was the opening of the "Augustan Exhibition of Romanitas" on 23 September 1937 to celebrate the two-thousandth anniversary of the birth of Augustus. Here the symbolic connection between Caesarean leadership of Augustus and Mussolini's dictatorship was stressed. At the exhibition entrance was inscribed a quote from Mussolini: "Italians, you must ensure that the glories of the past are surpassed by the triumphs of the future." Rome thus constituted a point of reference in fascism's dream of building an aggressive and forward-looking Italy of the future. After the successful military campaign against Ethiopia and the subsequent proclamation of the Italian Empire, regime propaganda depicted fascism now even overshadowing its Roman past. Spazio vitale Spazio vitale, living space (or vital space), was presented as needing conquest. It would strengthen the country by drawing off its surplus population, sending landless peasants and the unemployed to work the earth, buy Italian goods, and act as a garrison. Millions of Italians could live in Ethiopia, and exaggerated claims were made of its resources. This would amend the situation after World War I, where Italy's allies had cheated it of expansion into the former Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, which its sacrifices in the war had entitled it to. Fertility Even while arguing the population had to be drained off, propaganda urged greater fertility, deriding men who failed to produce children and women whose Parisian fashions did not fit them for bearing children. Slogans urged maternity as the female form of patriotism. Mussolini instructed the heads of fascist women's organizations to go home and tell the women that they needed many births. To help the "battle of births", assistance had to be given to mothers and newborns, and the founding of an organization to do so was trumpeted. Contraception was decried as producing medical problems. Mussolini also called for a more rural Italy to increase births. The "battles" to reclaim land and increase grain production, Mussolini trumpeted, had produced enough that Italy could hold ten million more. Civilization Fascist rhetoric portrayed the attack on Ethiopia as advancing the cause of civilization. Other European nations were called on to stand with Italy against savage cannibals and slave-holders. This was backed up with one of their most impressive ceremonies, the Gold for the Fatherland initiative, which involved the donation of wedding rings and other forms of gold by Italian citizens in exchange for steel wristbands bearing the words "Gold for the Fatherland". Many Italians participated, and even Rachele Mussolini was known to have donated her wedding ring. The donated gold was then collected and used to fund the war effort. Anti-Ethiopian During the war, propaganda was spread about exaggerated Ethiopian atrocities, both abuse of prisoners and misuse of the Red Cross symbol on military installations. Economics A series of calculated lies was propagated to win support for the Ethiopian venture by claiming that Italy was self-sufficient in food and enough oil had been stock-piled. Bolshevism Socialism was resisted, particularly in its internationalist forms. Socialist forces were denounced as a "Russian army." An editorialist, afraid that Fascist violence would repulse women, warned them that the killings were necessary to save Italy from the "Bolshevist beast." In his first speech as a deputy, he proclaimed that no dealings were possible between Communism and Fascism, even while he proclaimed his willingness to work with other groups. The Spanish Civil War was presented as a crusade against Communism. Foreign culture The influx of foreign culture was attacked. "Americanism" was the object of an organized propaganda campaign that attacked as a "grease stain which is spreading through the whole of European life." French and Russian novels, and H. G. Wells's Outline of History were also attacked as contaminating youth. British literature was used to show them as decadent as the French, their low birth rate was decried, and it was proclaimed that Italy had saved Britain and France in World War I. Italianization of street names and monuments in linguistically Slavic and German regions of Italy was mandated by legislation, while teachers instructing in languages other than Italian were persecuted (See Katakombenschule). In 1926, new legislation was introduced decreeing the Italianization of Slavic surnames. Sports clubs were likewise forced to Italianize their names: A.C. Milan became Milano and Internazionale was renamed Ambrosiana, after the patron saint of Milan. Democracy Democracy and liberalism were pronounced moribund, citing praise that fascism received everywhere, and the workers of North America wished they had a Mussolini. He demonstrated the inherent superiority of autocratic regimes to democracies, by fixing problems that liberalism had no answer to. In 1934, Mussolini declared both democracy and liberalism dead. Bourgeois culture and morality were seen as integral parts of liberalism and were thus attacked. The bourgeoisie supposedly valued utilitarianism, materialism, well-being and maintaining the status quo instead of the fascist virtues of dynamism, courage, discipline and self-sacrifice. An anti-bourgeois exhibition was opened on 29 November 1937. It denounced "typical aspects of bourgeois mentality" and ridiculed gestures and customs such as handshakes, suits, top hats and afternoon tea, all to which fascism was to provide its own replacements, such as the Roman salute. Even the Gregorian calendar was deemed as being bourgeois - in the Era Fascista the year began on October 29, the day after the anniversary of the March on Rome, and the years were to be counted from 1922 using Roman numerals. The Nazi rise to power was used as Germany's imitating Italy, which would soon be followed by other nations. The attack on Ethiopia was framed as Italy's vigor and idealism easily crushing the decadent, bloodless, cowardly democracies, especially as they supported barbarians over the mother of civilizations. Plutocracies The United States was particularly resented for its wealth and position. Joining World War II was presented as a war on decadent plutocracies. These powers were also claimed to have prevented Italian imperialism. Mussolini began to decry the oppression Italy suffered as early as the peace negotiations of World War I and the first days of Fascism as a movement. Media Newspapers Authorities were allowed to confiscate newspapers on the grounds they published false information likely to incite class hatred or bring the government into contempt. Meanwhile, pro-Fascist journals were subsidized, and by 1926, government permission was needed to publish. Slogans Slogans were widely used, inscribed on walls. Posters Many of Italy's leading graphic artists produced Fascist posters. To counter British pamphlets that proclaimed bombs the curse of Garibaldi, posters proclaimed that a British defeat meant worse than bombs, barbarism, would befall them. Americans were depicted as ready to plunder Italy's treasures. Exhibition The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution was devised as propaganda to recount Italian history to the March on Rome to engage the visitors with Fascist Italy emotionally. March Two major marches were devised as propaganda: the March on Rome, where Mussolini demanded power, and the March of the Iron Will, to capture the Ethiopian capital. The notion of a "march on Rome" as a concept to inspire heroism and sacrifice, and the Fascists made full use of the notion. Song Songs were widely used for propaganda purposes. Even prior to the seizure of power, Mussolini was praised in song. Its anthem was Giovinezza ("Youth"). Radio With the spread of ownership of radio units during the Fascist regime, radio became the major tool for propagandizing the population. It was used to broadcast Mussolini's open-air speeches, and as an instrument for propagandizing youth. American author Ezra Pound broadcast on short-wave radio to propagandize the United States. Film In 1924, the Istituto Luce was set up by the fascist government to oversee cinema operations in Italy. This organisation main role was the creation of newsreels shown before films. From 1934-35, more efforts were made by the fascist governments to control the film industry. In 1934, Luigi Freddi headed the Direzione Generale per la Cinema, whose purpose was to censor films made that could be harmful for the Fascist government. As part of this, many american films were banned and many Italian scripts were modified. In 1935, the Ente Nazionale Industrie Cinematografiche, or ENIC was set up to make films after it bought up a movie theater chain, when it expanded in 1938 to regulate the number of foreign films coming into Italy. The Fascist regime was never successful at making propagandist films able to show a political message. Film was not widely used for propaganda, as the Italian public was not interested in the "serious" films the government produced as they wanted realistic films, but censorship was heavily used to avoid unwanted material, and a governmental body was set up to produce documentaries on Fascist achievements. Schools Curriculums for schools were immediately overhauled for Fascist purposes, in a manner that Nazis later admitted to imitating, so that elementary schools were soon spending twenty percent of their time teaching children to be good Fascists. Teachers were removed if they did not conform, and textbooks were required to emphasize the "Fascist soul." Youth groups Young Fascists and University Fascist Groups existed to channel talent to the Fascist Party, and for several years were the party's only source of new members. Students soon learned they had to join the university groups to advance. Mussolini proclaimed their purpose was to inspire the youth for power and conquests, and as Fascist. Up to the age of fourteen, the groups were mainly sports for physical fitness, but at fourteen, militaristic drills were added. They were given songs and commandments to mold their views. Everything from cultural institutes to camps was deployed to consolidate activities about fascism. Dopolavoro See also Propaganda in Nazi Germany Japanese propaganda during World War II American propaganda during World War II British propaganda during World War II Propaganda in the Soviet Union References External links Category:Italian Fascism Category:Italian Social Republic Italy Italy Fascist Italy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Argentina at the 2008 Summer Olympics Argentina competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, China, from 8 to 24 August 2008. 137 athletes qualified for the Olympic Games in 19 sports. Emanuel Ginóbili, basketball player and gold medalist at the 2004 Summer Olympics, was the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. Medalists Athletics Key Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N/A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round Men Track & road events Field events Women Field events Basketball Men's tournament Argentina's men's basketball team, the defending Olympic champions, qualified for the Olympics by placing second at the FIBA Americas Championship 2007, and marked its fifth Olympic appearance. The women's team finished fourth at the FIBA Americas Championship for Women 2007, and will be one of twelve teams vying for the final five Olympic spots at the FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Women 2008. Roster Group play Quarterfinals Semifinals Bronze medal game Boxing Argentina had one boxer qualify for the Olympics. Ezequiel Maderna earned a spot in the middleweight competition after coming in second at the 2nd AIBA American Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Canoeing Sprint Qualification Legend: QS = Qualify to semi-final; QF = Qualify directly to final Cycling Road Track Omnium Mountain biking BMX Equestrian Show jumping Fencing Men Field hockey Argentina qualified a team to the women's field hockey tournament. In the group play, they won three matches and drew two, finishing second in the group. This qualified them for the semifinal, which they lost to the Netherlands. In the bronze medal match however, they defeated Germany, winning the bronze medal and finishing third in the tournament. Women's tournament Roster Group play Semifinal Bronze medal match Football Men's tournament Roster Sergio Batista, head coach of the men's football team, announced his final squad for the Olympics on 3 July. Pareja takes the place of Burdisso, whose club did not grant permission. Group play Quarterfinals Semifinals Gold medal game Final rank Women's tournament Roster Group play Judo Men Women Rowing Men Women Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage Sailing Men Women Open M = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race; CAN = Race cancelled; Shooting Men Swimming Men Women Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Volleyball Beach The men's beach volleyball team Conde-Baracetti (Martín Conde and Mariano Baracetti) qualified to represent Argentina. Weightlifting See also Argentina at the 2008 Summer Paralympics References Category:Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics 2008 Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
A Thing Called Love A Thing Called Love is the 39th overall album by country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1972 (see 1972 in music). The title song, written by Jerry Reed, was released successfully as a single (with "Daddy" as the B-side), reaching No. 2 on the country charts; two more singles charted as well, while the album itself also reached No. 2 on the country album charts. "A Thing Called Love" was re-recorded by Cash for Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series (1988), while "Tear Stained Letter" was reprised on American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). The Canadian pressing of this album has a different version of "Kate" with altered lyrics. Track listing Personnel Johnny Cash – vocals, guitar The Evangel Temple Choir – background vocals The Carter Family – background vocals Marshall Grant – bass guitar W.S. Holland – drums Bob Wootton, Carl Perkins, Ray Edenton, Jerry Reed – guitar Tommy Allsup – acoustic guitar Charlie McCoy – harmonica Bill Pursell – piano Larry Butler – producer, piano, arrangements on "A Thing Called Love" and "Papa Was a Good Man" Don Tweedy – arrangement on "Tear Stained Letter" Technical Charlie Bragg & Lou Bradley – engineers Charts Album – Billboard (North America) Singles – Billboard (North America) Covers The title song was covered by Elvis Presley on his 1972 album He Touched Me. External links Luma Electronic entry on A Thing Called Love Category:Johnny Cash albums Category:1972 albums Category:Columbia Records albums Category:Albums produced by Larry Butler (producer)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alfred Horatio Belo Alfred Horatio Belo (May 1839 – April 19, 1901) was the founder of The Dallas Morning News newspaper in Dallas, Texas, along with business partner George Bannerman Dealey. The company A. H. Belo Corporation, owner of The Dallas Morning News, was named in his honor. Early life Belo was born in Salem, North Carolina, in May 1839. He was highly educated from an early age. During the American Civil War, Belo fought for the Confederacy. He was an officer in the Confederate States Army and commanded the 55th North Carolina Infantry Regiment. He was wounded in the Battle of Gettysburg and then again in the Battle of Cold Harbor. Belo's beginnings in business At the end of the Civil War, Belo moved to the Houston area in search of job opportunities. He met newswriter Willard Richardson, who published the Galveston Daily News and the Texas Almanac (1857). This company was known as The News. Belo's intelligence led Richardson to ask him to become a partner, and the company was renamed Richardson, Belo, & Co. After Richardson's death, Belo became the sole owner, and renamed the company A. H. Belo & Co. in 1881. Belo incorporated the newly invented telephone by successfully linking his home to the Galveston Daily News. The newspaper was recognized for taking advantage of the latest printing technology available at the time. The Dallas Morning News In 1885, Belo sent George Bannerman Dealey to Dallas to help establish a sister newspaper in that city. Dealey had been working his way up in the company since 1874, and Belo had confidence in him. He was given the title of business manager to oversee the creation of the newspaper (which formed the first newspaper chain.) The first edition was printed October 1, 1885. The building where the newspaper was headquartered made use of the city's first commercial electric lights. Personal life Belo married Nettie Ennis. They had a son, Alfred Horatio Belo, Jr., who married Helen Ponder, and a daughter, Jeannette Belo, who married Dr. Charles Peabody. They built the Alfred Horatio Belo House in Dallas, Texas, one year before he died. Death Belo died on April 19, 1901, in his family's summer home in Asheville, North Carolina. Belo had never fully recovered from his battle wounds and sought comfort and relief many months out of the year outside of Texas. References External links Category:1839 births Category:1901 deaths Category:People from Forsyth County, North Carolina Category:Confederate States Army officers Category:People from Houston Category:19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) Category:Businesspeople from Texas Category:Journalists from Texas Category:People from Salem, North Carolina Category:People from Asheville, North Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mechanicstown Mechanicstown may refer to: Mechanicstown, New York Mechanicstown, Ohio Mechanicstown, West Virginia Mechanicstown Elementary School	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists The North American Division (NAD) of Seventh-day Adventist is a sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, which oversees the Church's work in the United States, Canada, French possessions of St. Pierre and Miquelon, the British overseas territory of Bermuda, the US territories in the Pacific of Guam, Wake Island, Northern Mariana Islands, and three states in free association with the United States - Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia. Its headquarters, long in the same building as the General Conference, moved to separate quarters in Columbia, Maryland in 2017. , the Division's membership was 1,253,441. Sub Fields The North American Division is divided into nine Union Conferences, one National Church, and one attached Mission. The Unions and National Church are divided into local Conferences. Nine of these local Conferences are African-American Conferences (AAC) that share the same territory with other local Conferences. History See also Seventh-day Adventist Church General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities References Category:History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alan Howard (disambiguation) Alan Howard (1937–2015) was an English actor. Alan Howard may also refer to: Alan Howard (artist), artist; see List of public art in Reading, Berkshire Alan Howard (cricketer) (1909–1993), English cricketer Alan Howard (Coronation Street) Alan Howard (engineer) (1905–1966), American engineer Alan Howard (hedge fund manager) (born 1963), hedge fund manager Alan Howard (nutritionist) (born 1929) Alan Howard (dancer) (1931–2003), American ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher Alan Howard (born 1941), English musician, original member of The Tremeloes See also Gregory Allen Howard (born 1962), American screenwriter	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Standing in the Breach Standing in the Breach is the 14th studio album by rock musician Jackson Browne. It was released on the 7th of October 2014, by Inside Recordings and was his first album of new material in six years. As do many of Browne's albums, it contains a mix of personal and political songs. Track listing All tracks composed by Browne except where noted. Lyrics available at Jackson Browne's website. "The Birds of St. Marks" – 4:23 "Yeah Yeah" – 6:15 "The Long Way Around" – 6:26 "Leaving Winslow" – 3:53 "If I Could Be Anywhere" – 7:08 "You Know the Night" (Words written by Woody Guthrie, music written by Jackson Browne & Rob Wasserman) – 5:32 "Walls and Doors" (Written by Cuban singer-songwriter Carlos Varela, English translation by Jackson Browne) – 6:02 "Which Side" – 6:38 "Standing in the Breach" – 5:37 "Here" – 4:26 Personnel Alex Al - bass Jay Bellerose - snare, tambourine, cymbal, percussion Luis Conte - udu, tambourine, djembe, shaker Bob Glaub - bass Mark Goldenberg - electric guitar Griffin Goldsmith - drums, tambourine, harmony vocals Taylor Goldsmith - bass, harmony vocals Julio César González - bass David Goodstein - loops Don Heffington - drums Jim Keltner - drums Greg Leisz - electric 12-string guitar, baritone guitar, tenor acoustic guitar, pedal steel guitar, lap steel guitar Kipp Lennon - harmony vocals Mauricio Lewak - drums Aldo López-Gavilán - piano Val McCallum - electric guitar, barritone guitar, harmony vocals Kevin McCormick - bass Alethea Mills - harmony vocals Sebastian Steinberg - bass Chavonne Stewart - harmony vocals Benmont Tench - organ, piano Pete Thomas - drums Mike Thompson - organ Carlos Varela - acoustic guitar, vocals Tal Wilkenfeld - bass Jeff Young - organ Jackson Browne - vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano References Category:2014 albums Category:Jackson Browne albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Turdaș (river) The Turdaș () is a left tributary of the river Mureș in Romania. It discharges into the Mureș in the village Turdaș. Its length is and its basin size is . References Category:Rivers of Romania Category:Rivers of Hunedoara County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Baryssinus robertoi Baryssinus robertoi is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné & Martins in 1976. References Category:Baryssinus Category:Beetles described in 1976	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tacitus Trap Tacitus Trap is a political theory named after Roman historian Tacitus, describing a situation where an unpopular government is hated no matter what it does is right or wrong. The theory was brought up in a 2007 book by Pan Zhichang. In the book, he quoted Tacitus' remark on Galba, an unpopular monarch of Rome, to explain the recurrent declines of the Chinese dynasties throughout the history, "When a government is unpopular, either good policies or bad policies tells against the government itself." Since China’s paramount leader and general secretary Xi Jinping's usage in 2014, the term became increasingly popular in journalism and academia in China. State-run media in China, such as People's Daily online, summarized that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Party general secretary Xi Jinping has described three traps that China might fall into, that is, Tacitus Trap, Thucydides's Trap and middle-income trap. References Category:Politics of China Category:Tacitus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
James C. Binnicker James C. Binnicker (July 23, 1938 – March 21, 2015) was a senior enlisted non-commissioned officer in the United States Air Force who served as the 9th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force from 1986 to 1990. Early life James Binnicker was born on July 23, 1938 in Orangeburg, South Carolina, where he graduated from Aiken High School in 1956. Military career Binnicker entered the United States Air Force in August 1957. His first assignment was to the 96th Air Refueling Squadron, Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma, as a life support specialist. His early years include tours in base and wing operations in Hawaii, North Dakota, Georgia, North Carolina, Vietnam, and Taiwan. He served as the Senior Enlisted Advisor for 12th Air Force, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, and Headquarters Tactical Air Command. He also represented the Air Force as Senior Enlisted Advisor on the President's Commission on Military Compensation. In February 1985, Binnicker was selected for the 33-year extended tenure program. Binnicker served as the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force from July 1, 1986 to July 1990. Later life In March 2000, Binnicker was appointed the president and CEO of the Air Force Enlisted Village (AFEV), a non-profit charity located in Shalimar, Florida, that provides a home for the surviving spouses of enlisted military personnel. Binnicker was a member of the AFEV Board of Directors from 1992 to his death. He died in 2015, aged 76, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Assignments August 1957, trainee, United States Air Force Basic Military Training, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas September 1957 – 1963, life support specialist, 96th Air Refueling Squadron, Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma 1963 – July 1964, air operations specialist, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division, Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma July 1964 – August 1967, noncommissioned officer in charge, wing operations, 1502d Air Transport Wing (later became 61st Military Airlift Wing), Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii August 1967 – August 1968, noncommissioned officer in charge, base operations, 4th Strategic Aerospace Division, Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota August 1968 – September 1969, noncommissioned officer in charge, base operations, 22d Tactical Air Support Training Squadron, Binh Thuy Air Base, [[South Vietnam\|Republic of Vietnam; and language instructor, Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Language School, Ho Chi Minh City, Saigon. September 1969 – May 1971, air operations superintendent, 58th Military Airlift Squadron, Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. May 1971 – August 1972, noncommissioned officer in charge, wing operations, 374th Tactical Airlift Wing, Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taiwan. August 1972 – December 1973, operations superintendent, base sergeant major and wing senior enlisted adviser, 4th Tactical Fighter Wing, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina December 1973 - July 1975 senior enlisted adviser, Ninth Air Force, 9th Air Force, Shaw Air Force Base South Carolina. July 1975 – June 1978, senior enlisted adviser, Twelfth Air Force, 12th Air Force, Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas. June 1978 – Jun 1981, senior enlisted adviser to the commander in chief, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. June 1981 – May 1982, chief, enlisted retention division, Headquarters Manpower and Personnel Center, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. May 1982 – May 1985, assistant for chief master sergeant matters, Headquarters Manpower and Personnel Center, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. May 1985 – July 1986, senior enlisted adviser to the commander, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. July 1986 – July 1990, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.. Awards and decorations References Category:1939 births Category:2015 deaths Category:American air force personnel of the Vietnam War Category:Chief Master Sergeants of the United States Air Force Category:People from Orangeburg, South Carolina Category:Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Opening allows increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of less than 1500 Daltons in molecular weight. Induction of the permeability transition pore, mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (mPT or MPT), can lead to mitochondrial swelling and cell death through apoptosis or necrosis depending on the particular biological setting. Roles in pathology The MPTP was originally discovered by Haworth and Hunter in 1979 and has been found to be involved in neurodegeneration, hepatotoxicity from Reye-related agents, cardiac necrosis and nervous and muscular dystrophies among other deleterious events inducing cell damage and death. MPT is one of the major causes of cell death in a variety of conditions. For example, it is key in neuronal cell death in excitotoxicity, in which overactivation of glutamate receptors causes excessive calcium entry into the cell. MPT also appears to play a key role in damage caused by ischemia, as occurs in a heart attack and stroke. However, research has shown that the MPT pore remains closed during ischemia, but opens once the tissues are reperfused with blood after the ischemic period, playing a role in reperfusion injury. MPT is also thought to underlie the cell death induced by Reye's syndrome, since chemicals that can cause the syndrome, like salicylate and valproate, cause MPT. MPT may also play a role in mitochondrial autophagy. Cells exposed to toxic amounts of Ca2+ ionophores also undergo MPT and death by necrosis. MPTP Structure While the MPT modulation has been widely studied, little is known about its structure . Initial experiments by Szabó and Zoratti proposed the MPT may comprise Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) molecules. Nevertheless, this hypothesis was shown to be incorrect as VDAC−/− mitochondria were still capable to undergo MPT. Further hypothesis by Halestrap´s group convincingly suggested the MPT was formed by the inner membrane Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT), but genetic ablation of such protein still led to MPT onset. Thus, the only MPTP components identified so far are the TSPO (previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) located in the mitochondrial outer membrane and cyclophilin-D in the mitochondrial matrix. Mice lacking the gene for cyclophilin-D develop normally, but their cells do not undergo Cyclosporin A-sensitive MPT, and they are resistant to necrotic death from ischemia or overload of Ca2+ or free radicals. However, these cells do die in response to stimuli that kill cells through apoptosis, suggesting that MPT does not control cell death by apoptosis. MPTP blockers Agents that transiently block MPT include the immune suppressant cyclosporin A (CsA); N-methyl-Val-4-cyclosporin A (MeValCsA), a non-immunosuppressant derivative of CsA; another non-immunosuppressive agent, NIM811, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), bongkrekic acid and alisporivir (also known as Debio-025). TRO40303 is a newly synthetitised MPT blocker developed by Trophos company and currently is in Phase I clinical trial. Factors in MPT induction Various factors enhance the likelihood of MPTP opening. In some mitochondria, such as those in the central nervous system, high levels of Ca2+ within mitochondria can cause the MPT pore to open. This is possibly because Ca2+ binds to and activates Ca2+ binding sites on the matrix side of the MPTP. MPT induction is also due to the dissipation of the difference in voltage across the inner mitochondrial membrane (known as transmembrane potential, or Δψ). In neurons and astrocytes, the contribution of membrane potential to MPT induction is complex, see. The presence of free radicals, another result of excessive intracellular calcium concentrations, can also cause the MPT pore to open. Other factors that increase the likelihood that the MPTP will be induced include the presence of certain fatty acids, and inorganic phosphate. However, these factors cannot open the pore without Ca2+, though at high enough concentrations, Ca2+ alone can induce MPT. Stress in the endoplasmic reticulum can be a factor in triggering MPT. Conditions that cause the pore to close or remain closed include acidic conditions, high concentrations of ADP, high concentrations of ATP, and high concentrations of NADH. Divalent cations like Mg2+ also inhibit MPT, because they can compete with Ca2+ for the Ca2+ binding sites on the matrix and/or cytoplasmic side of the MPTP. Effects of MPT Multiple studies have found the MPT to be a key factor in the damage to neurons caused by excitotoxicity. The induction of MPT, which increases mitochondrial membrane permeability, causes mitochondria to become further depolarized, meaning that Δψ is abolished. When Δψ is lost, protons and some molecules are able to flow across the outer mitochondrial membrane uninhibited. Loss of Δψ interferes with the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main source of energy, because mitochondria must have an electrochemical gradient to provide the driving force for ATP production. In cell damage resulting from conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and head injury, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore can greatly reduce ATP production, and can cause ATP synthase to begin hydrolysing, rather than producing, ATP. This produces an energy deficit in the cell, just when it most needs ATP to fuel activity of ion pumps such as the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, which must be activated more than under normal conditions in order to rid the cell of excess calcium. MPT also allows Ca2+ to leave the mitochondrion, which can place further stress on nearby mitochondria, and which can activate harmful calcium-dependent proteases such as calpain. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also produced as a result of opening the MPT pore. MPT can allow antioxidant molecules such as glutathione to exit mitochondria, reducing the organelles' ability to neutralize ROS. In addition, the electron transport chain (ETC) may produce more free radicals due to loss of components of the ETC, such as cytochrome c, through the MPTP. Loss of ETC components can lead to escape of electrons from the chain, which can then reduce molecules and form free radicals. MPT causes mitochondria to become permeable to molecules smaller than 1.5 kDa, which, once inside, draw water in by increasing the organelle's osmolar load. This event may lead mitochondria to swell and may cause the outer membrane to rupture, releasing cytochrome c. Cytochrome c can in turn cause the cell to go through apoptosis ("commit suicide") by activating pro-apoptotic factors. Other researchers contend that it is not mitochondrial membrane rupture that leads to cytochrome c release, but rather another mechanism, such as translocation of the molecule through channels in the outer membrane, which does not involve the MPTP. Much research has found that the fate of the cell after an insult depends on the extent of MPT. If MPT occurs to only a slight extent, the cell may recover, whereas if it occurs more it may undergo apoptosis. If it occurs to an even larger degree the cell is likely to undergo necrotic cell death. Possible evolutionary purpose of the MPTP Although the MPTP has been studied mainly in mitochondria from mammalian sources, mitochondria from diverse species also undergo a similar transition. While its occurrence can be easily detected, its purpose still remains elusive. Some have speculated that the regulated opening of the MPT pore may minimize cell injury by causing ROS-producing mitochondria to undergo selective lysosome-dependent mitophagy during nutrient starvation conditions. Under severe stress/pathologic conditions, MPTP opening would trigger injured cell death mainly through necrosis. There is controversy about the question of whether the MPTP is able to exist in a harmless, "low-conductance" state. This low-conductance state would not induce MPT and would allow certain molecules and ions to cross the mitochondrial membranes. The low-conductance state may allow small ions like Ca2+ to leave mitochondria quickly, in order to aid in the cycling of Ca2+ in healthy cells. If this is the case, MPT may be a harmful side effect of abnormal activity of a usually beneficial MPTP. MPTP has been detected in mitochondria from plants, yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, birds, such as guinea fowl and primitive vertebrates such as the Baltic lamprey. While the permeability transition is evident in mitochondria from these sources, its sensitivity to its classic modulators may differ when compared with mammalian mitochondria. Nevertheless, CsA-insensitive MPTP can be triggered in mammalian mitochondria given appropriate experimental conditions strongly suggesting this event may be a conserved characteristic throughout the eukaryotic domain. See also NMDA receptor NMDA receptor antagonist Crista References External links Mitochondrial permeability transition pore: an enigmatic gatekeeper (2012) NHS&T, Vol 1(3):47-51 Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (PT) from Celldeath.de. Accessed January 1, 2007. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: Molecular nature and role as a target in cardioprotection Bernardi, P., & Di Lisa, F. (2015). Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 78, 100–106. Category:Cellular respiration Category:Neurotrauma Category:Mitochondria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hanworth, Norfolk Hanworth is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is north of Norwich, south-west of Cromer and north-east of London. The nearest railway station is Gunton where access to the national rail network can be made via the Bittern Line to Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport.The parish had in 2001 census and 2011 census, a population of 169. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. History Hanworth has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the great book, Hanworth is recorded by the name Hagan(a)worda; the main landholder being Roger Bigot. The survey also mentions that there were two mills, 8 beehives, 5 cobs and 24 cattle. Tudor period In the Tudor period, during the reign of Henry VIII and probably before, the principal landowner of the parish was the Doughty Family. The family home, Hanworth Hall, was the Doughtys' residence from the 15th to the 18th century. The hall was rebuilt after a fire in 1686. Within the grounds of the hall there is a notable Spanish chestnut tree which is thought to be over 300 years old. The parish church of Saint Bartholomew The parish church of Saint Bartholomew dates from the 14th century but parts of the building date from an earlier building. On the outside north wall of the chancel , there are traces of Saxon windows. On the eastern elevation, the east window dates from between 1290 and 1350. The nave and south aisles are of a later date. The windows are Perpendicular in style and date from between 1350 and 1530, and small pieces of medieval stained glass can be seen in the top lights. The clerestory has an unusual arrangement of two windows to each arch. The tower is constructed from flint and has traceried sound holes and was built in the 15th century. The tower houses five bells. The font dates from before the present church and has a large bowl supported by four plain pillars. Hanging over the chancel arch there are the royal arms of Queen Anne (1702–1714) which were adopted by the crown after the union of England and Scotland in 1707. The church organ was built around 1865 by 'Father' Henry Willis, the famous London organ builder. It originally cost £70 and is the only miniature Father Willis organ in Norfolk. A brief history of Hanworth Common Hanworth Common lies between Cromer and Aylsham in North Norfolk. The name is derived from Hagana (the Dane who invaded Norfolk in 870 AD, and whose name was anglicised to Han), and 'worth' meaning waters, which relates to the two streams that enclose the parish - Hagon Beck and Scarrow Beck. The Weavers' Way from Cromer to Great Yarmouth runs through the village. The Common covers protected by cattle grids, and is the largest such enclosed common in England. The first maps of Hanworth Common go back to 1628, when the Doughty family bought the Manor of Hanworth from the Duke of Norfolk. They bought more land from the Earl of Surrey in 1690. At the time, there were three commons - Bell House Common, Hook Hill Common and Barn Stable Common - together constituting Hanworth Green. In 1845, Hanworth Park, which did not include The Common, was bought by the Windham family of Felbrigg Hall. In the 1860s, Hanworth was a thriving community of about 230 people, and several artists (including Humphry Repton and John Sell Cotman) came to paint it. There were many businesses — a dressmaker, stonemason, blacksmith, and wood-carver. The blacksmith's was destroyed by a German bomb in 1940. Hanworth Common has been managed by a committee since at least 1909, the earliest minutes that are held, and all residents have grazing rights. In 1972, Hanworth Common was registered under the Commons Registration Act 1965, and, as there was no known owner, Possessory Title was granted to the Hanworth Commons Management Committee in 1974. The committee is responsible for managing The Common and letting the grazing. About 50 cattle now graze the Common from May to October. In late 2004, Robert Harbord Hammond, youngest son of the 11th Baron of Suffield, claimed ownership of Hanworth Common and attempted to charge residents of Hanworth to use the land. In October 2006 a court rejected his claim and ruled that the land belonged to the people of the village by virtue of adverse possession. References External links Hanworth Common Category:Villages in Norfolk Category:Civil parishes in Norfolk Category:North Norfolk	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
WNZF WNZF (1550 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Bunnell, Florida, the county seat of Flagler County in Northeast Florida. The call sign stands for Newz Flagler County. WNZF is licensed to Flagler County Broadcasting, LLC, which is owned by James Martin and Gary Smithwick. Martin has owned and operated more than 20 radio stations. Smithwick is a Washington, D.C. communications attorney who has participated in ownership of five radio stations in Florida with Martin. Smithwick was also president and part owner of a television station. WNZF has its transmitter off North Bay Street in Bunnell. It is powered at 5,500 watts by day. But because AM 1550 is a clear channel frequency, WNZF must greatly reduce power at night to 57 watts, to avoid interfering with other stations. WNZF is also heard on an FM translator, W235CW at 94.9 MHz. Programming The station airs a local morning show on weekdays from 7 to 9 a.m. The rest of the weekday schedule is made up of syndicated shows from Clark Howard, Sean Hannity, Mark Levin, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and Fox Sports Radio. Weekends include shows on health, money, real estate, and a syndicated home repair show with Gary Sullivan. Some weekend hours are paid brokered programming. In the fall, WNZF carries Flagler Palm Coast High School football and Jacksonville Jaguars NFL football. Most hours begin with ABC Radio News. History The station first signed on the air on August 18, 2008. Prior to that, it was a construction permit issued to Flag Radio carrying the call sign WAYI. It received its current call letters, WNZF, after its sale to Flagler County Broadcasting, LLC. WNZF's application for program test authority was granted on August 18, 2008. Its license to cover was granted on November 10, 2008. WNZF was the first commercial radio station licensed to serve Flagler County. Flagler County Broadcasting, LLC, also owns WBHQ in Beverly Beach, Florida, which broadcasts on 92.7 MHz. WNZF and WBHQ operate from the same studio complex in Bunnell. WNZF programming is also broadcast on WBHQ-HD2. On May 23, 2012, Flagler County Broadcasting acquired a construction permit for a new FM station at 98.7 MHz in Palm Coast, Florida, from Joyner Radio, Inc. On May 25, 2012, the FCC granted Flagler County Broadcasting a construction permit to locate the station's transmitter at the same site where WBHQ is located. This permits both stations to remain operational in the event of a weather emergency, since the transmitter site is equipped with a backup generator. 98.7 signed on the air as WAKX on August 1, 2012, with a country music format. References WNZF info page on CFL Radio External links Category:Radio stations established in 2008 NZF Category:2008 establishments in Florida Category:Flagler County, Florida	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aue (Weser) The Aue, also known as the Bückeburger Aue, is an approximately long, eastern tributary of the river Weser in the Schaumburg District of Lower Saxony, and in the Minden-Lübbecke District of North Rhine-Westphalia. It flows into the Weser near Petershagen. See also List of rivers of Lower Saxony List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia References Category:Rivers of Lower Saxony Category:Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia Category:Rivers of Germany	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thermal response test A thermal response test (TRT) is used to determine the thermal properties of the ground. There is no direct way to measure ground thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance. The TRT is vital for designing ground source heat pumps and seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) systems. A TRT is an indirect (in-situ) measurement method which is the simplest and most exact way to determine precise thermal properties (Gehlin 2002). Thermal response tests were first suggested by Mogensen (1983) at an international conference in Stockholm. Mogensen suggested a simple arrangement in which heat at constant power is injected into (or extracted from) a borehole while the borehole mean temperature is measured. Equipment The system consists of a borehole, pipe system, circulation pump, a chiller or heater with constant power rate, and continuous logging of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the flow. The equipment is normally contained within a single unit for ease of transport and efficient use. The thermal response data (i.e. temperature development in the borehole at a certain energy injection/extraction) allows estimation of the effective thermal conductivity of the ground and the thermal resistance of the borehole. Recommendations In order to fulfil the TRT properly, the following recommendations should be considered (Gehlin, 2002, Sanner et al., 2005 and Kharseh ): Use a power load as steady as possible, Monitor the development of the inlet and outlet temperature of the borehole, The duration of the test is a minimum of 50 hours. Traditional response tests apply a constant heat flux to the pumped water, however the newer "constant temperature" method, which holds the outflow water at a constant temperature, has been shown to have many advantages, including shortening the test period and in improving the operating stability and test accuracy. Preparation Before the test is started, the undisturbed ground temperature must be determined. This can be measured in various ways: e.g., by temperature loggings of the borehole or by measuring the temperature of the circulated water through the borehole without heating over 20–30 minutes. The mean fluid temperature corresponds to the undisturbed mean temperature along the borehole. The next step is to switch on the heater and the monitoring system. During the test, the heat transfer into the ground surrounding the borehole is essentially radial and relatively constant along the borehole. References Category:Geothermal drilling	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
CRAFT (aviation) In aviation, CRAFT is a mnemonic for the essential elements of a clearance under instrument flight rules (IFR). Overview CRAFT stands for: Clearance limit, the end point of the clearance (usually, but not always, the destination airport) Route, the route that the flight is to follow as part of the clearance (often the route originally filed, although ATC may change this) Altitude, the initial altitude to be maintained by the flight, plus, in many cases, a time at which cruise altitude clearance may be expected Frequency, the frequency to which the pilot(s) should tune upon leaving the departure airport Transponder, the transponder code that must be set for the aircraft prior to departure and during the flight. T also stands for time, as in void time, if one is issued. A void time is an expiration time, meaning, the IFR clearance is voided if the aircraft is not airborne by the void time. Example Consider the following example of an IFR clearance: N12345 cleared to Las Vegas airport via the HOLTZ seven departure, Daggett transition, then as filed, climb and maintain five thousand, expect flight level three three zero one zero minutes after departure, departure frequency is one two four point five, squawk six five six two. In this example, the clearance limit is Las Vegas Airport. The route is the HOLTZ7 Standard Instrument Departure, with a transition fix at the Daggett (DAG) VOR, and the rest of the route is as filed in the flight plan. The flight should climb to and maintain 5000 feet initially, and further clearance to FL330 may be expected (but is not guaranteed) ten minutes after departure. The frequency to which the crew should tune after departure is 124.50 MHz, and the transponder should be set to 6562 before departure. There is no void time in this example. Note: This example is typical in the United States; phraseology may vary in other countries, although the essential elements remain the same. For example, European controllers do not generally specify altitudes or the departure frequency as part of the clearance. References Transportation Department, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service, Instrument Flying Handbook, Government Printing Office, 2008 Category:Aviation mnemonics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
NFF Futsal Eliteserie Norwegian Futsal Premier League is the top division for futsal in Norway. Its official Norwegian name is NFF Futsal Eliteserie ("NFF Futsal Elite Series"). Format Competition There are 10 clubs in the Norwegian Futsal Premier League. During the course of a season, each club plays the others twice, for a total of 18 games for each club, and a total of 90 games in a season. The season starts in late-November and lasts until mid-February. Matches are played over 6 weekends during the winter, each weekend in a different location. Each team plays 3 matches during a weekend, two on Saturdays and one on Sundays. The venues for the first season are Askøy Forum, Drammenshallen, Askimhallen, Steinkjerhallen and Ekeberghallen twice. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, goals scored, and then head to head records used to separate teams on equal points. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned "Champions". The two lowest placed teams are automatically relegated to the First Division and will be replaced by two teams from a 12-team playoff tournament in the First Division. European qualification The winners of the Norwegian Futsal Premier League qualifies for the UEFA Futsal Cup. Members for 2009–10 The following 10 clubs will compete in the Norwegian Futsal Premier League during the 2010–11 season: Former members References External links Futsal in the Norwegian Football Association Category:Futsal competitions in Norway futsal Norway Category:2008 establishments in Norway Category:Sports leagues established in 2008	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2011 World Archery Championships - Men's Team Compound The women's team compound competition at the 2011 World Archery Championships took place from 4–9 July 2011 in Torino, Italy. A number of teams of three archers competed in the qualification round on 4 July; the top 16 teams qualified for the knockout tournament on 6 July, with the semi-finals and finals on 9 July. Top seeds United States won the competition, defeating Denmark in the final and setting a world record 239 against France in the quarter final. Seeds Seedings were based on the combined total of the team members' qualification scores in the individual ranking rounds. The top 16 teams were assigned places in the draw depending on their overall ranking. Draw References Category:2011 World Archery Championships	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Apponyi Palace (Bratislava) Apponyi Palace is a prominent monument in Bratislava, adjacent to the Old Town Hall. Its address is Radničná 577/1. History The Apponyi Palace was built in 1761-1762 by Count György Apponyi, a member of the ancient Apponyi family and advisor to the King of Hungary, in place of two older townhouses. It was acquired in 1867 from the Apponyis by the Bratislava municipality, which subsequently added its arms on the cartouche above the street doorway. Two of its original four wings were demolished in 1910-1912 for the construction of a new municipal building. It was comprehensively renovated between 2003 and 2007. Description The ground floor was both residential and used for storage. The first floor is the representative piano nobile with preserved rococo-classical interior decorations. The second floor was used as private quarters by the Apponyi family, with less high ceilings and less elaborate decorations. The attic was used for accommodation from the 18th century until the first half of the 19th century (it was common for visitors to coronations and other major events to sleep in the attics of townhouses and palaces of the noble). Today, the wooden booths for sleeping have been removed. The palace now houses two museums, the Museum of Viticulture in the basement, and the Period Rooms Museum upstairs. See also Apponyi family Old Town Hall (Bratislava) References Category:Apponyi family	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Coalburg, West Virginia Coalburg is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. Coalburg is located along the south bank of the Kanawha River west of East Bank. The William H. & William S. Edwards House and Good Shepherd Church were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Kanawha County, West Virginia Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia Category:Coal towns in West Virginia Category:Populated places on the Kanawha River	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Annie Lennox discography This article is the discography of the Scottish pop and rock singer-songwriter Annie Lennox. After a decade of major international success as part of Eurythmics, Lennox began her solo career in earnest in 1992 with the release of her first album Diva. A multi-platinum success, she has since released five further solo studio albums, three of them being covers albums (including a Christmas-themed album) and also a greatest hits collection. Six of her albums have reached the UK top ten, and two of them reached number one. Lennox has earned the distinction of 'most successful female British artist in UK music history' due to her global commercial success since the 1980s. Including her work with Eurythmics, Lennox is one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 80 million records worldwide. Albums Studio albums Compilation albums Singles Video albums Music videos Other appearances References External links Official Annie Lennox website Discography Category:Pop music discographies Category:Discographies of British artists Category:Rock music discographies	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Leamy (hurler) John Leamy (born 1964) is an Irish retired hurler. His league and championship career with the Tipperary senior team in the late eighties and early nineties saw him winning 2 Munster Senior Medals and 1 All Ireland. Leamy first appeared for the Golden-Kilfeacle club at juvenile and underage levels, before eventually joining the club's adult team. After winning five divisional intermediate championship medals, he won a county intermediate championship medal in 1995. Leamy made his debut on the inter-county scene when he was selected for the Tipperary minor team. He enjoyed two championship seasons with the minor team, culminating with the winning of an All-Ireland medal in 1982. Leamy subsequently joined the under-21 team, winning an All-Ireland medal in 1985 while also playing for the county junior team. He joined the senior team during the 1988 championship. Over the course of the next number of seasons Leamy was the second-choice goalkeeper and won an All-Ireland medal as a substitute in 1989. He also won two Munster medals. Leamy ended his inter-county career with the Tipperary intermediate team in 1995. Honours Team Golden-Kilfeacle Tipperary Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1995 Tipperary All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1989 Munster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1987, 1988, 1989 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1985 Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship (2): 1984, 1985 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1982 Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1982 All Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1991 1991 References Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Golden-Kilfeacle hurlers Category:Tipperary inter-county hurlers Category:Hurling goalkeepers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lamarque, Gironde Lamarque is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It lies in the Médoc, on the left bank of the Gironde estuary. A small car ferry crosses the estuary to Blaye. Population See also Communes of the Gironde department References INSEE Category:Communes of Gironde	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henri Skiba Heinrich "Henri" Skiba (14 July 1927 – 11 March 2018) was a French football player of German origin who played for France national football team; he was then manager in Switzerland and France. Skiba was born in German Upper Silesia. After World War II, as a refugee from Silesia, he was discovered by 1. FC Nürnberg when their "Oldies" team played a Bavarian non-league side in 1949. He was signed for the first team but appeared in only two Oberliga Süd matches in the early stages of 1949–50 before moving on to France and won his first full cap at 32. He moved to France in 1950, and became an international for the France national football team. He died in Limoges in March 2018. References External links Profile at French federation official site Profile Category:1927 births Category:2018 deaths Category:Grasshopper Club Zürich managers Category:French footballers Category:France international footballers Category:German footballers Category:German emigrants to France Category:Racing Besançon players Category:AS Monaco FC players Category:RC Strasbourg Alsace players Category:Nîmes Olympique players Category:FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players Category:Stade Français (association football) players Category:FC Nancy players Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Ligue 2 players Category:French football managers Category:FC La Chaux-de-Fonds managers Category:BSC Young Boys managers Category:Angoulême-Soyaux Charente managers Category:Limoges FC managers Category:FC Biel-Bienne managers Category:People from Bytom Category:People from the Province of Upper Silesia Category:Association football forwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
A.C. Codogno 1908 Associazione Calcio Codogno (AC Codogno) is an association football or soccer club based in the northern Italian province of Lodi. Formed in 1908, it is now known as "UC Codogno". Over the years, it has enjoyed variable success. For the most part, UC Codogno plays at the Lombardy regional level. History AC Codogno was founded in 1908 under the name "Codogno Sports Association". In Codogno, at that time, there were some existing sports entities such as AS Fanfulla, the "Students' Association" (later Circle Pallavicino) and the FBC Lodi. However, Association Football in Codogno had its origins in smaller clubs such as SG Codogno which promoted gymnastics and athletics. (The "Gymnastics Company Codogno", commencing 26 July 1892, was affiliated with the FGNI on 14 January 1893). In 1906, Alberto Quaglia was engaged by SG Cogogno to teach members the rudiments of soccer, including respect for other players and for the game itself. However, Quaglia left after only a year. Without leadership, some of the club members who were interested in soccer, drifted away to the Codogno Sports Association early in the spring of 1908. The AC Codogno's first major game was on the morning of Sunday, 18 September 1910 against AS Fanfulla, who were considered the best local soccer club. Fanfulla won. In 1911, fixtures were interrupted due to the departure of young men to the Libyan-Turkish War. Around this time the name of AC Codogno was changed to "Union Sports Codogno". The U.S. Codogno joined the Italian National Gymnastics Federation (FGNI) on 31 May 1912 and the Italian Federation of Sports Athletics (FISA) in 1914. After World War I, as young men returned from hostilities, U.S. Codogno began to play new local clubs such as U.S. Sant'Angelina of F.C. Piacenza, U. S. Casalpusterlengo and several other smaller teams. Football Championships On 25 November 1919, after fulfilling requirements of playing field size (90m x 45m) and suitable enclosures, the Lombardi Regional Committee officially endorsed US Codogno to the regional championship. Despite this endorsement, a number of problems arose. US Codogno was pitted against top level teams with advanced technical skills. An exchange of players with AC Fanfulla was unbalanced. Young players coming through the ranks who may have improved US Codogno's game, such as Mariano Tansini Arcari and the like, moved on to join more advanced teams. In some circumstances, US Codogno could not field a team. Progression to a higher division at this stage was impossible. US Codogno was included in the little-known Fourth Division. In addition, there was a legal dispute over the nature of the relationship between clubs and the FIGC. Nevertheless, by the end of the 1927 – 1928 season, when the FIGC had created a Series A and a Series B, US Codongo was promoted to part of the First Division (now "Serie C1"). Since then, their success and level of playing has been variable.(See table below). In 2008, Codogno celebrated its 100-year anniversary but suffered defeat at the hands of San Biagio in the Lombardi regional championships. References Category:Football clubs in Italy Category:Association football clubs established in 1908 A.C. Codogno 1908	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rajesh Yadav Rajesh Yadav is an Indian cinematographer who works in Tamil,Telugu,Kannada & Malayalam film industry. His film, Lee, Pokkisham were critically acclaimed for cinematography. He won Special Jury Award for Best cinematography (Pokkisham - Movie) in 7th Chennai International Film Festival. Filmography References External links Category:Living people Category:Tamil film cinematographers Category:Kannada film cinematographers Category:Malayalam film cinematographers Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marling, South Tyrol Marling (; ) is a comune (municipality) in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about northwest of Bolzano. Geography As of the year 2017, it had a population of 2,710 and an area of . Marling borders the following municipalities: Tscherms, Algund, Lana, Merano and Partschins. History Coat-of-arms The shield is argent a fess azure and a gules rampant lion . These are the arms of the Lords of Marling who lived in two castles in the village until 1426. The emblem was adopted in 1966. Society Linguistic distribution According to the 2011 census, 86.41% of the population speak German, 13.41% Italian and 0.17% Ladin as first language. Demographic evolution References External links Homepage of the municipality Category:Municipalities of South Tyrol	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Proper fasciculi The proper fasciculi, or spinospinal fasciculi, or propriospinal tracts, are groups of short fibres, ascending and descending, and crossed and uncrossed, within the spinal cord. These fibres are grouped into anterior, posterior, and lateral regions and make up a spinal pathway. Descending dorsal root collaterals are often included in the pathway. Components The anterior proper fasciculus consists of longitudinal intersegmental fibres which arise from cells in the grey matter, more especially from those of the medial group of the anterior column, and, after a longer or shorter course, re-enter the gray substance; and fibres which cross in the anterior white commissure from the grey matter of the opposite side. The lateral proper fasciculus is made up of the remainder of the lateral column, and is continuous in front with the anterior proper fasciculus. It consists chiefly of intersegmental fibres which arise from cells in the grey matter, and, after a longer or shorter course, re-enter the grey matter and ramify in it. Some of its fibers are, also continued upward into the brain in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior proper fasciculus arises from cells in the posterior column; their axons bifurcate (fork) into ascending and descending branches which occupy the ventral part of the funiculus close to the grey column. They are intersegmental and run for varying distances sending off collaterals and terminals to the grey matter. References Category:Spinal cord	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Matt Bloom Matthew Jason Bloom (born November 14, 1972) is an American professional wrestling trainer, color commentator, retired professional wrestler, and former National Football League player. He is currently employed by WWE, where he is the head trainer at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. Bloom is best known for his in-ring appearances with WWE as Prince Albert, Albert and A-Train from 1999 to 2004, and as Lord Tensai and Tensai from 2012 to 2014, as well as for his appearances in Japan from 2005 to 2012 with All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) as . Championships held by Bloom over the course of his career include the GHC Tag Team Championship, IWGP Tag Team Championship and WWF Intercontinental Championship. Early life Bloom was born in Peabody, Massachusetts. He attended Peabody Veterans Memorial High School, where he earned three letters in football and basketball, two in track and field, and one in baseball. Bloom also attended Camp Tevya in Brookline, New Hampshire in the early 1980s, and went on to attend the University of Pittsburgh, where he played football as an offensive tackle and an offensive guard. Bloom graduated in 1996 with a degree in sign language. After graduating, Bloom briefly played in the National Football League for the San Diego Chargers. He then became a schoolteacher, teaching mathematics and English to children with behavioral problems and deaf children at Revere High School. After rewarding his three most apt students with a trip to a professional wrestling event, Bloom, who as a child had aspired to wrestle professionally, met wrestler and wrestling trainer Killer Kowalski and expressed an interest in learning how to wrestle. Kowalski invited Bloom to attend his school, and Bloom opted to leave teaching and train as a wrestler. Professional wrestling career Early career (1997–1999) Bloom wrestled his first match in the WWA on May 15, 1998, facing Tiger Ali Singh in a loss, during his brief time in WWA he wrestled notable names such as Sgt. Slaughter and Bart Gunn. In November 1998 Bloom made his NWA debut losing to Shawn Stasiak. During his stay in NWA Bloom and Bull Pain challenged Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway for the NWA OVW Southern tag team titles ending in a no contest. He briefly wrestled as Baldo, a gimmick given to him by referee Freddy Sparta that saw him wear a fur rug to the ring. After being introduced to talent scout Tom Prichard by George Steele, Bloom was hired by the World Wrestling Federation. After receiving supplementary training from Dory Funk, Jr., Bloom was assigned to the Power Pro Wrestling developmental territory in Memphis, Tennessee, where he wrestled as Baldo. While wrestling in PPW, Bloom won both the Young Guns Championship and the Heavyweight Championship, and engaged in a feud with Memphis mainstay Jerry Lawler, where he defeated him to become the inaugural PPW Heavyweight champion. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment Prince Albert (1999–2000) Bloom debuted on WWF television on the April 11, 1999 episode of Sunday Night Heat, saving Droz from a beating at the hands of Big Bossman. Bloom was dubbed Prince Albert, the personal tattooist of Droz, and together they formed a short-lived trio with Key. Droz and Albert continued to team together until Droz was paralyzed in October 1999, at which point Albert became the protege of the Big Bossman. The duo separated following the debut of Bull Buchanan, who formed a tag team with the Big Bossman. T & A (2000–2001) In March 2000, Bloom, now known simply as Albert, was recruited by Trish Stratus to form a tag team with Test. The tag team, known as T & A, competed in the tag team division throughout 2000, feuding with rival tag teams such as the Dudley Boyz and the Acolytes. In December 2000, the team separated after Bloom attacked Test under the orders of Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley. At this time Bloom became notable for his roaring whenever he executed a high-impact maneuver. X-Factor and teaming with Scotty 2 Hotty (2001–2002) In April 2001, Albert formed a stable called X-Factor with Justin Credible and X-Pac. On June 28, he defeated Kane with help from Diamond Dallas Page to win the Intercontinental Championship, his first and only title in the WWF. Albert later lost it to Alliance member Lance Storm on July 23, after several wrestlers interfered. In July, Credible left X-Factor and joined The Alliance. Albert and X-Pac continued X-Factor as a tag team until November, when X-Pac was sidelined with an injury. In late 2001, Albert was nicknamed "The Hip Hop Hippo" as he began teaming with Scotty 2 Hotty. Upon the introduction of the Brand Extension, both Bloom and Hotty were assigned to the SmackDown! brand. They disbanded on April 4, 2002 when Albert attacked Scotty after the duo failed to defeat Billy and Chuck for the Tag Team Championship. A-Train (2002–2004) Subsequently, he spent much of his time on Velocity until December 2002, when he joined forces with Paul Heyman and Big Show, which saw Heyman persuade him to rename himself to A-Train and debut new attire, the latter of which saw fans often chant "Shave Your Back!" at him during his matches due to his hairy torso. A-Train and Big Show lost to The Undertaker at WrestleMania XIX, after which A-Train continued the feud, culminating in a match at SummerSlam. A-Train then lost to Chris Benoit at No Mercy and, at Survivor Series, was on Brock Lesnar's team in a ten-man Survivor Series match in a losing effort, in which he was pinned by Bradshaw. He competed in the 2004 Royal Rumble match, and was eliminated by the eventual winner, Benoit. After Benoit decided to wrestle Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship on the Raw brand, General Manager Paul Heyman held a SmackDown! brand-exclusive Royal Rumble, to determine who would meet Lesnar for the WWE Championship at No Way Out. A-Train was eliminated by Eddie Guerrero, who went on to win the match. A-Train was traded to the Raw brand on March 22, 2004 before making his official Raw debut on June 7. His last match was a loss to Val Venis on WWE Heat. Two weeks later, he was sidelined with a torn rotator cuff and was released from his WWE contract on November 1, 2004 before he could return. All Japan Pro Wrestling (2005–2006) In March 2005, Bloom began wrestling for the Japanese All Japan Pro Wrestling promotion, adopting the ring name Giant Bernard, a reference to former wrestler Brute Bernard. He went on to join the Voodoo Murders stable alongside fellow WWE alumni Chuck Palumbo and Johnny Stamboli. On October 18, 2005, Bloom unsuccessfully challenged Satoshi Kojima for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. New Japan Pro-Wrestling Various feuds (2006–2009) In January 2006, Bloom left AJPW and joined the rival New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. In April 2006, he defeated Yuji Nagata in the finals of the 2006 New Japan Cup. As a result of his victory, Bloom received a shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. He unsuccessfully challenged IWGP Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar on May 3, 2006 in Tenjin, Chūō-ku, Fukuoka. In July 2006, following the abdication of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship by Lesnar, Bloom entered a tournament for the title, losing to Hiroshi Tanahashi in the tournament final. In August 2006, Bloom took part in the 2006 G1 Climax Tournament, losing to Hiroyoshi Tenzan in the semifinals. On March 11, 2007 in Nagoya, Bloom and Travis Tomko defeated Manabu Nakanishi and Takao Omori to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. At the February 17, 2008 New Japan show, they lost the IWGP Tag Championship to Togi Makabe and Toru Yano. Following Tomko's departure for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on a full-time basis, Bernard began teaming with former World Championship Wrestling wrestler Rick Fuller in another powerhouse tag team. On September 5, 2008, Bernard and Fuller betrayed Shinsuke Nakamura and Hirooki Goto to align themselves with Togi Makabe's Great Bash Heel stable. In addition to wrestling for NJPW, Bloom also wrestled for their affiliate Wrestle Land as Rusher Road, where he was a member of the Roads stable until the brand's closure. Bad Intentions (2009–2012) In 2009, after betraying Togi Makabe, Bernard and the rest of GBH left the stable to join Shinsuke Nakamura and form the new stable known as CHAOS. Bernard formed the tag team Bad Intentions with CHAOS partner Karl Anderson and together the two of them went on to win that year's G1 Tag League after defeating Apollo 55 (Prince Devitt and Ryusuke Taguchi) in the finals of the tournament on November 1. They went on to challenge for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, but their match with the defending champions Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon) at Destruction '09 ended in a double countout. In April 2010, both Bernard and Anderson left CHAOS when the stable turned on them. Through NJPW's working agreement with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, Bloom did his first tour of Mexico in May 2010, where he and Anderson managed to win six successive Two-out-of-Three Falls tag team matches in two straight falls, before he lost his final match of the tour on June 11 via disqualification. Upon his return to Japan, Bernard and Anderson defeated the teams of Seigigun (Yuji Nagata and Wataru Inoue) and No Limit (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi) in a Three-Way Elimination match on June 19 at Dominion 6.19 to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. Bad Intentions made their first successful defense of the IWGP Tag Team Championship on July 19, defeating Seigigun and No Limit in a three-way "Dogfight". In late October Bad Intentions entered the 2010 G1 Tag League, where, after three wins and two losses, they finished second in their block. This put them in the semifinals where, on November 7, they were defeated by eventual winners Yuji Nagata and Wataru Inoue. On January 4, 2011 at Wrestle Kingdom V in Tokyo Dome, Bad Intentions successfully defended the IWGP Tag Team Championship in a three–way match against Beer Money, Inc. (James Storm and Robert Roode) and Muscle Orchestra (Manabu Nakanishi and Strong Man). On May 3, Bad Intentions defeated No Limit to make their seventh successful IWGP Tag Team Championship defense, tying the record for most defenses, set by Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Masahiro Chono. Bad Intentions made their record-breaking eighth successful IWGP Tag Team Championship defense on June 18 at Dominion 6.18 against Pro Wrestling Noah's Takuma Sano and Yoshihiro Takayama, and in the process also became the new GHC Tag Team Champions upon defeating Sano and Takayama for the title. After the main event of the show, Bernard challenged Hiroshi Tanahashi for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which Tanahashi said he would accept, if Bad Intentions beat him in a match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, alongside the man he just defeated - Hirooki Goto. On July 3 Bernard and Anderson successfully defended the IWGP Tag Team Championship against Tanahashi and Goto. By winning, Bernard earned an IWGP Heavyweight Championship match against Tanahashi on July 18, but failed. On July 23, Bad Intentions made an appearance for Pro Wrestling Noah, making their first successful defense of the GHC Tag Team Championship against the team of Takeshi Morishima and Yutaka Yoshie. On September 9, Bad Intentions became the longest reigning IWGP Tag Team Champions, breaking the previous record of 446 days set by Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Masahiro Chono in 2003. Bad Intentions made their second GHC Tag Team Championship defense on October 31, defeating Go Shiozaki and Shuhei Taniguchi at a Pro Wrestling Noah event. During New Japan's 2011 G1 Tag League, Bad Intentions suffered their first tag team loss in a year, when they were defeated by the Complete Players (Masato Tanaka and Yujiro Takahashi), but still managed to win their four other matches and advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On November 6, after defeating the Billion Powers (Hirooki Goto and Hiroshi Tanahashi) in the semifinals, Bad Intentions was defeated in the final of the 2011 G1 Climax by Suzuki-gun (Minoru Suzuki and Lance Archer). On November 12 at Power Struggle, Bad Intentions made their tenth successful IWGP Tag Team Championship defense against Archer and Suzuki. On January 4, 2012 at Wrestle Kingdom VI in Tokyo Dome, Bad Intentions lost the IWGP Tag Team Championship to Tencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima), ending their record-setting reign at 564 days. They followed suit with their other title on January 22, losing the GHC Tag Team Championship to Akitoshi Saito and Jun Akiyama. Return to WWE Lord Tensai (2012–2013) On March 17, 2012, it was reported that Bloom had re-signed with WWE. Bloom publicly denied the signing; however, on the March 19 episode of Raw, he appeared in a vignette under the new ring name Lord Tensai (天災). On the April 2 episode of Raw, Bloom made his WWE re-debut as Lord Tensai, where he was accompanied by his follower Sakamoto before defeating Alex Riley. In the following weeks, Tensai went on a winning streak, scoring pinfall victories over lower card wrestlers and even main stars including John Cena and WWE Champion CM Punk. On the May 21 episode of Raw, Tensai dropped the "Lord" portion of his ring name and his Japanese outfit worn during his entrance. Following this, Tensai began losing much more frequently throughout the rest of 2012, beginning with John Cena ending his winning streak before he also suffered a loss to World Heavyweight Champion Sheamus. His losing streak caused Tensai to often vent his frustrations by abusing and attacking Sakamoto, who eventually ceased appearing with Tensai. On the June 29 episode of SmackDown, Tensai defeated Justin Gabriel to break his losing streak and also qualify for a spot in the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match at Money in the Bank, though the match was ultimately won by Dolph Ziggler. Over the next three months, Tensai's losing streak resumed, as he lost to the likes of Tyson Kidd, Sin Cara, Randy Orton, and Ryback. Tensai finally ended his losing on the October 5 episode of SmackDown, defeating Big Show by disqualification after Sheamus interfered. However, he would be back on losing end the following week, after being defeated by Sheamus. On November 18 at the Survivor Series pay-per-view, Tensai took part in a traditional Five-on-Five Elimination tag team match, but he was the second man eliminated from his team, but not before eliminating Brodus Clay. In December, Tensai was reduced to a comedy act, with Santino Marella calling him "Fat Albert" before proceeding to defeat Tensai. Teaming with Brodus Clay (2013–2014) On the January 28, 2013 episode of Raw, Tensai was tricked into wearing lingerie while participating in a dance-off with Brodus Clay. Two days later on Main Event, after being mocked for his lingerie dance, Tensai defeated Titus O'Neil in a singles match. Clay came out to support Tensai during the match and Tensai danced with Clay after the match, signalling a face turn. Following this, Clay and Tensai formed a tag team and they went on to defeat established teams such as Primo and Epico, Heath Slater and Jinder Mahal of 3MB, and Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow), with the latter match taking place during the pre-show of Elimination Chamber on February 17. On the March 22 episode of SmackDown, Tensai and Clay were defeated by Team Rhodes Scholars in a tag team match after an interference from their associates The Bella Twins. Tensai (also now referred to by the name Sweet T) and Clay announced their official tag-team name "Tons of Funk" on the March 27 episode of Main Event, where they accompanied The Funkadactyls (Cameron and Naomi) to ring in a losing effort to The Bella Twins with Team Rhodes Scholars in their corner when Nikki pinned Naomi after an interference by Cody Rhodes. The two teams were originally booked to face each other in an eight-person mixed tag team match on April 7 at WrestleMania 29, but their match was cut due to time constraints. The match instead took place the following night on Raw, where Tons of Funk and The Funkadactyls emerged victorious. After nearly a month of in-ring absence, Tons of Funk returned on June 6 episode of Superstars, defeating Primo and Epico. On June 24, Tensai and Clay competed in a Triple Threat tag team match to determine the number one contenders for the Tag Team Championship against The Usos and 3MB (represented by Drew McIntyre and Jinder Mahal), although The Usos would ultimately win the match. In November 2013, Tons of Funk began to show signs of instability once Clay started a storyline where he became angry and jealous of the debuting Xavier Woods. As Clay began to exhibit more heel-oriented tendencies, such as repeatedly attacking Woods after he had defeated Woods in a match, Tensai and the Funkadactyls slowly became alienated from him. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, Clay faced Woods' partner, R-Truth, and continually assaulted Truth instead of going for a win, resulting in Tensai and the Funkadactyls leaving in protest and Clay subsequently losing the match. On the December 20 episode of SmackDown, Tensai defeated Clay in a singles match after a distraction from Woods and the Funkadactyls. Retirement and trainer (2014–present) After Tons of Funk disbanded, Bloom was taken off television and, in January 2014, began working in WWE's developmental territory NXT as a commentator under the new ring name Jason Albert. On August 7, Bloom stated he decided to retire from in-ring competition and announced that he would begin working as a trainer in the WWE Performance Center, resuming his teaching profession. On March 6, 2015, Bloom was reportedly promoted to interim NXT head trainer following the departure of Bill DeMott. On May 19, Bloom was promoted to NXT head coach from his previous interim role. Personal life Bloom married Farah Louise on September 3, 2005. At one point, Bloom had 28 body piercings, the first of which he received at the age of 14. His numerous tattoos represent his 8-year tenure in Japan. Other media Bloom has appeared in several video games under his various gimmicks, such as Prince Albert in WWF WrestleMania 2000, as Albert in WWF No Mercy, WWF SmackDown!, WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role, WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It, WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth, WWF Raw, WWE WrestleMania X8, WWE 2K17 (as downloadable content), and on regular roster in WWE 2K18, as A-Train in WWE SmackDown! Here Comes The Pain, WWE Raw 2, and WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw, as Giant Bernard in Wrestle Kingdom and Wrestle Kingdom 2, and as Tensai in WWE '13 (as DLC) and in WWE 2K14. Bloom also appears as a trainer in MyCareer Mode in WWE 2K16, credited as Jason Albert, and WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, and WWE 2K19 under his real name. Championships and accomplishments Impact Zone Wrestling IZW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Elite Xtreme Wrestling EXW Tag Team Championship (1 time) New Japan Pro-Wrestling IWGP Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Travis Tomko (1) and Karl Anderson (1) G1 Tag League (2007) – with Travis Tomko G1 Tag League (2009) – with Karl Anderson New Japan Cup (2006) Nikkan Sports Best Tag Team Award (2007) with Travis Tomko Best Tag Team Award (2011) with Karl Anderson Power Pro Wrestling PPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) PPW Young Guns Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 32 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2001 Pro Wrestling Noah GHC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Karl Anderson World Wrestling Federation WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Tag Team of the Year (2011) – with Karl Anderson See also List of Jewish professional wrestlers Notes References External links Category:1972 births Category:American football offensive linemen Category:American male professional wrestlers Category:Chaos (professional wrestling) members Category:Jewish professional wrestlers Category:Living people Category:People from Peabody, Massachusetts Category:Pittsburgh Panthers football players Category:Players of American football from Massachusetts Category:Professional wrestlers from Massachusetts Category:Professional wrestling announcers Category:Professional wrestling trainers Category:San Diego Chargers players Category:WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alexander Scrymgeour (died 1306) Sir Alexander Scrymgeour (died 4 August 1306) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus. He was constable of Dundee and Scottish standard bearer who was captured and later executed by the English in 1306. Life Alexander was the son of Colin Scrimgeour. He was appointed constable of Dundee Castle and the standard bearer of Scotland at the Scottish parliament of 29 March 1298, held by Guardian William Wallace at Torphichen. He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven. During the battle on 19 June 1306, Alexander was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, along with a number of Bruce’s closest supporters. The Earl of Pembroke refused to summarily execute the prisoners as ordered by Edward I of England. Alexander was executed on 4 August by hanging at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He was succeeded by his son Nicholas. Citations References Barrow, G.W.S. Robert Bruce. University of California Press, 1965. Paterson, James. Wallace, the Hero of Scotland. Virtue, 1869. Scott, Ronald McNair. Robert the Bruce, King of Scots. Hutchinson, 1982 Category:1306 deaths Category:Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence Category:Executed Scottish people Category:People executed under the Plantagenets Category:Scottish knights	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fame (Irene Cara song) "Fame" is a pop song, written by Michael Gore (music) and Dean Pitchford (lyrics) and released in 1980, that achieved chart success as the theme song to the Fame film and TV series. The song was performed by Irene Cara, who played the role of Coco Hernandez in the original movie. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1980, and the Golden Globe Award the same year. In 2004 it finished at number 51 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. History Irene Cara played the role of Coco Hernandez in the movie Fame and sang the vocals for the theme song. The music for the song was by Michael Gore and the lyrics were by Dean Pitchford. The song earned Cara Grammy nominations for Best New Female Artist and Best New Pop Artist. The movie became an "overnight sensation". The song won an Oscar for best film theme song in 1981. In July 1982 it was re-released on the back of the successful TV series and topped the British charts. The movie was adapted into a TV series and stage show which toured Europe. Fame theme song The song was later used as the theme song for the Fame television series, which aired from 1982 to 1987. It was also used in other TV shows related to Fame. Personnel Irene Cara – lead vocals, backing vocals Rob Mounsey – keyboards, piano Leon Pendarvis – keyboards, arrangements Kenneth Bichel – synthesizer Neil Jason – bass guitar Elliott Randall – guitar solo David Spinozza, Jeff Mironov – guitar Yogi Horton – drums Jimmy Maelen, Crusher Bennet – percussion Louise Bethune, Peggie Blue, Ivonne Lewis, Ullanda McCullough, Deborah McDuffie, Vicki Sue Robinson, Ann E. Sutton, Luther Vandross – backing vocals Charts and certifications "Fame" rose to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1980. It also reached number one on the Billboard dance chart for one week. The song was rereleased in the United Kingdom in 1982 following the airing of the Fame television series. It hit number one in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks. It has over sold 1.07 million copies in the UK . The song also reached number one in Flanders, Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand, and number three in Australia and Sweden. Weekly singles charts Year-end charts Certifications In popular culture Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1982 album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood. The British group Girls Aloud covered the song in their 2006 Chemistry Tour. Hayden Panettiere covered the song in a Grammy's promo for the ABC/CMT series, Nashville. And singer-songwriter Mree covered the song in 2014, which then was featured on an episode of the television show, Grey's Anatomy. The song also appears on the dance-party game Just Dance, covered by The Girly Team. See also Remember (Fame) - the Japanese-language cover by pop duo Pink Lady List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1983 List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number-one dance singles of 1980 (U.S.) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s List of number-one singles in 1982 (New Zealand) References Category:1980s ballads Category:1980 singles Category:1980 songs Category:Alvin and the Chipmunks songs Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Category:Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles Category:Single Top 100 number-one singles Category:Irene Cara songs Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand Category:Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles Category:RCA Records singles Category:RSO Records singles Category:Songs written for films Category:Songs with music by Michael Gore Category:Songs written by Dean Pitchford Category:Television theme songs Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rosario Balmaceda Rosario Francisca María Balmaceda Holley (born 26 March 1999) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a midfielder for Santiago Morning and the Chile women's national team. International career Balmaceda represented Chile at two South American U-20 Women's Championship editions (2015 and 2018) and the 2016 South American U-17 Women's Championship. She made her senior debut on 15 September 2017 in a 0–1 friendly loss against France. References Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Santiago Category:Chilean women's footballers Category:Women's association football forwards Category:Universidad de Chile footballers Category:Colo-Colo (women) footballers Category:Chile women's international footballers Category:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Talbingo, New South Wales Talbingo is a small town in New South Wales, Australia at the edge of the Snowy Mountains on the Snowy Mountains Highway. The town is 410 metres above sea level. It is on the Tumut River, which has been inundated by Jounama Pondage. Talbingo resident Jack Bridle, whose family were early settlers of the area, suggests the name to be a corruption of the English word "tall" and the Aboriginal words "Binji", "Binge" or "Bingo" meaning belly. Mount Talbingo resembles the big belly of a man lying down. History Talbingo Post Office opened on 6 June 1898 and closed in 1913 before reopening in 1965 in its new location. The original township was flooded under Jounama Pondage in 1968. The town was moved to make way for the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme. Before the move, Talbingo consisted of a hotel, the station and its homestead. There was also a service station and some holiday cabins. It was a small settlement and only five families were displaced by the move. Talbingo station was the birthplace of author Miles Franklin. The station belonged to her relatives, the Lampes, until the 1940s. Snowy Mountains Scheme Jounama Pondage was completed in 1968. Jounama Dam is a rockfill dam, 43.9m tall, with a crest length of 518.2m and an embankment volume of 554,500 cubic metres. The modern township of Talbingo is located on the shores of Jounama and construction of the dam flooded the historic valley and Talbingo township below, which was the birthplace of author Miles Franklin and location of the Talbingo Hotel. Present status Talbingo grew rapidly while Tumut 3 power station was built, and now has a service station, golf course, motel, primary school, general store, country club, ski hire shop, Tourist Park and the lodge has been refurbished and now has accommodation and a restaurant. Tourism is the lifeblood of the village. Many families stop by every summer for water skiing on Talbingo or Blowering Dam, bushwalking and exploring Kosciuszko National Park. In the winter, Talbingo becomes a hub for those visiting Selwyn Snowfields and other ski fields. See also Snowy Scheme Museum References External links Category:Snowy Mountains Scheme Category:Towns in New South Wales Category:Towns in the Riverina Category:Snowy Mountains Highway Category:Snowy Valleys Council	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Charles Gelbert Neese Charles Gelbert Neese (October 3, 1916 – October 22, 1989) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee. Education and career Born in Paris, Tennessee, Neese received a Bachelor of Laws from Cumberland School of Law in 1936, but read law to enter the bar in 1938. He entered private practice of law in Paris from 1938 to 1941. He was field secretary for United States Representative Herron C. Pearson from Tennessee from 1940 to 1941. He was executive assistant and general counsel to the Governor of Tennessee for unemployment compensation appeals and traffic and transportation from 1941 to 1944. He was a United States Naval Reserve Commander in 1945. He was in private practice in Paris from 1945 to 1946. He was public relations representative for the Tennessee-Kentucky Chain Store Councils in Paris from 1946 to 1947. He was campaign manager for Estes Kefauver for United States Senate in 1948, and in 1954. He was in private practice in Paris from 1948 to 1949. He was administrative assistant for United States Senator Estes Kefauver from 1949 to 1951. He was in private practice in Paris from 1951 to 1952. He was a political consultant in Paris in 1952. He was in private practice of law in Nashville, Tennessee from 1952 to 1961. Federal judicial service Neese received a recess appointment from President John F. Kennedy on November 20, 1961, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was nominated to the same seat by President Kennedy on January 15, 1962. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 7, 1962, and received his commission on February 17, 1962. He assumed senior status on August 31, 1982. His service was terminated on October 22, 1989, due to his death in Nashville. References Sources Category:1916 births Category:1989 deaths Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee Category:United States district court judges appointed by John F. Kennedy Category:20th-century American judges Category:United States Navy officers Category:20th-century American lawyers Category:United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law Category:People from Paris, Tennessee	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
K Money Kareemallah Muhammad (better known by his stage name K Money) is a rapper from Toronto, Ontario. Career 2016–2018: Beginnings K Money began rapping in 2016, having been influenced by his father who was a member of 90's hip hop group TBTBT. He released numerous freestyles and mixtapes to little success and recognition. He is the younger brother of fellow Toronto rapper Casper TNG and is part of the Project Originals gang in the neighbourhood of Alexandra Park in Toronto. He gained recognition for his 2017 single "Come Outside" for his melodic flow which has amassed over 10 million views on YouTube in under 12 months. He dropped the single "Bang Bang" the following year which also went viral. He also released the single "Hurt" featuring Yung Tory. K Money was featured on 6ixBuzz's debut compilation album; 6ixUpsideDown. He had more vocals on the album than any other rapper, with the singles "AH EE" and "No Bacardi". The album peaked at 87 on the Canadian Albums Chart on November 3, 2018. 2019–present: Money Mixtape In May 19, 2019, K Money released his debut commercial mixtape Money Mixtape. K Money linked up with 6ixBuzz again to feature on the compilation album NorthernSound on the single "Bandz" alongside Money Muzik. Legal Issues In March 2018, K Money was charged in connection to case of human trafficking. The case had been ongoing since November 2017, and he was charged with one count of each; assault, sexual assault, forcible confinement, and failure to comply with probation. In June 2018, Casper TNG and K Money were arrested for a combined total of almost one hundred charges. The pair alongside two other Project Originals gang members were involved in a crime spree, which took place May 30, 2018. The gang was involved in a police chase which eventually came to a halt. Crown prosecutor alleged this shooting was retaliation for a shooting that happened less than 24 hours prior in the area of Vanauley Walk. He was also being held on a separate September 28, 2017 firearm investigation where a loaded 44.Cal magnum revolver was found in the Kensington Market area. The police found two loaded firearms in the vehicles and the gang were placed in jail in June 1, 2018. The gang pleaded guilty in October, 2019 and K Money received a 4 year remaining sentence after convincing the courts that this shooting was not gang related. Discography Commercial Mixtapes 2019: Money Mixtape Collaborative Albums References External links Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American rappers Category:21st-century Canadian musicians Category:Black Canadian musicians Category:Canadian hip hop singers Category:Canadian male rappers Category:Canadian pop singers Category:Canadian rhythm and blues singers Category:Canadian songwriters Category:Musicians from Toronto Category:Writers from Toronto Category:Canadian people convicted of assault Category:Canadian people convicted of kidnapping	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marek Jarolím Marek Jarolím (born 21 May 1984) is a former Czech football midfielder who currently is the assistant coach of U17 team of Slavia Prague. Career Club career In March 2013, Jarolím signed for Chinese Super League club Hangzhou Greentown. After leaving China, he started training for Slavia Prague and was engaged in negotiations for returning to his former club. Shortly afterwards, on 6 September 2013, he signed for Greek Football League club Iraklis. He made his debut for his new club in an away 3–2 loss against Kavala. His first goal for Iraklis came in a home win against Anagennisi Giannitsa. On 18 January 2014, his contract with Iraklis was terminated by mutual consent. In total, he made eight appearances for the club and scored three goals. On 21 January 2014, Jarolím signed a contract with Czech First League side Slovan Liberec. Coaching career In the summer of 2017 Jarolím joined the Slavia Prague U17 team as assistant coach. Personal He is a nephew of Karel Jarolím, a Czech football coach, and a cousin of Lukáš Jarolím and David Jarolím. Honours Club Slavia Prague Czech First League: Winner (2): 2007–08, 2008–09 Jablonec Czech First League: Runner-up (1): 2009–10 Czech Cup: Runner-up (1):2009–10 References External links Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Czech footballers Category:Czech Republic under-21 international footballers Category:Czech First League players Category:Chinese Super League players Category:Football League (Greece) players Category:SK Slavia Prague players Category:FK Mladá Boleslav players Category:FC Viktoria Plzeň players Category:FK Jablonec players Category:FK Teplice players Category:FC Slovan Liberec players Category:Zhejiang Greentown F.C. players Category:Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C. players Category:Czech expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in China Category:Expatriate footballers in Greece Category:Sportspeople from Olomouc Category:Association football midfielders Category:Bohemians 1905 players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nubi language The Nubi language (also called Ki-Nubi) is a Sudanese Arabic-based creole language spoken in Uganda around Bombo, and in Kenya around Kibera, by the descendants of Emin Pasha's Sudanese soldiers who were settled there by the British colonial administration. It was spoken by about 15,000 people in Uganda in 1991 (according to the census), and an estimated 10,000 in Kenya; another source estimates about 50,000 speakers as of 2001. 90% of the lexicon derives from Arabic, but the grammar has been simplified, as has the sound system. Nairobi has the greatest concentration of Nubi speakers. Nubi has the prefixing, suffixing and compounding processes also present in Arabic. The Nubi speakers are Kakwa who came from the Nubian region, first into Equatoria, and from there southwards into Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Idi Amin, who was Kakwa, recruited the Kawa and Nubians into his army, to kill the Acholi and Lango. Jonathan Owens argues that Nubi constitutes a major counterexample to Derek Bickerton's theories of creole language formation, showing "no more than a chance resemblance to Bickerton's universal creole features" despite fulfilling perfectly the historical conditions expected to lead to such features. Grammar Phonology Vowels There are five vowels in Nubi. Vowels are not distinguished by length except in at least two exceptions from Kenyan Nubi (which are not present in Ugandan dialects) where "bara" means "outside" and is an adverb while "baara" means "the outside" and is a noun, and also where "saara" meaning "bewitch" is compared to "sara" meaning "herd, cattle". Despite this, there is a tendency for vowels in stressed syllables to be registered as long vowels. Each of the vowels has multiple allophones and the exact sound of the vowel depends on the surrounding consonants. Consonants Speakers may use Standard Arabic phonemes for words for which the Arabic pronunciation has been learned. The a retroflex version of the /r/ sound may also occur and some dialects use /l/ in its place. Geminates are very unusual in Nubi. These less common phonemes are shown in brackets. Ineke Wellens gives the following orthography for Nubi where it differs from the IPA symbols: // = sh; /t/ = ch; // = j; // = ny; /w/ = w or u; /j/ = y or i; // = th; // = dh; /x/ = kh; // = ḥ. Syllable Structure Syllables typically have a CV, VC, V or CVC structure with VC only occurring in initial syllables. Final and initial CC occur only in a few specific examples such as "skul" which means "school" or "sems" which means "sun". Stress can change the meaning of words for example "saba" means "seven" or "morning" depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllables respectively. Vowels are often omitted in unstressed, final syllables and sometime even the stressed final "u" in the passive form may be deleted after "m", "n", "l", "f" or "b". This can caused syllables to be realigned even across words. Nominals Nouns are inflected by number only (taking a singular or plural form) although for most nouns this does not represent a morphological change. Jonathan Owens gives 5 broad inflectional categories of nouns: Nouns which undergo a stress shift when the plural is formed. Nouns which undergo apophony. Nouns which take a suffix and undergo a stress shift in the plural form. Nouns which form the plural by suppletion Bantu loan-words which take different prefixes in the singular and plural forms The table below shows examples of each type of pluralisation. The apostrophe has been placed before the stressed syllable: 1"Nuswan" may be supplemented by a suffix as if it were type 3, thus, "nuswana" could also mean "women". Adjectives follow the noun and some adjectives have singular and plural forms which must agree with the noun. Adjectives may also take the prefixes "al", "ali", "ab" or "abu" which mark them as habitual. When a noun is a possessor follow the possessed noun and is mark with the particle "ta" which is placed between the two nouns. The particle can be omitted in what are called inalienable possessed nouns where it is clear that the latter possesses the former. See also Bimbashi Arabic Bibliography Bernd Heine (1982) The Nubi Language of Kibera – an Arabic Creole. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Boretzky, N. (1988). "Zur grammatischen Struktur des Nubi". Beiträge zum 4. Essener Kolloquium über Sprachkontakt, Sprachwandel, Sprachwechsel, Sprachtod, edited by N. Boretzky et al., 45–88. Bochum: Brockmeyer. Luffin, X., Un créole arabe : le kinubi de Mombasa, Kenya, Munich, Lincom Europa, 2005 (470 p.) Luffin, X., Kinubi Texts, Munich, Lincom Europa, 2004 (173 p.) Luffin, X., Les verbes d’état, d’existence et de possession en kinubi, Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 43, 2004 : 43–66 Musa-Wellens, I. (1994) A descriptive sketch of the verbal system of the Nubi language, spoken in Bombo, Uganda. MA thesis, Nijmegen. Nhial, J. "Kinubi and Juba Arabic. A comparative study". In Directions in Sudanese Linguistics and Folklore, S. H. Hurriez and H. Bell, eds. Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies, pp. 81–94. Owens, J. Aspects of Nubi Syntax. PhD thesis, University of London. Owens, J. (1997) "Arabic-based pidgins and creoles". Contact languages: A wider perspective, edited by S.G. Thomason, 125–172. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Wellens, Dr. I.H.W. (2001) An Arabic creole in Africa: the Nubi language of Uganda (Doctoral dissertation, Nijmegen). References Category:Arab diaspora in Africa Category:Arabic-based pidgins and creoles Category:Languages of Kenya Category:Languages of Uganda Category:South Sudanese diaspora Category:Sudanese diaspora	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1966 Grand National The 1966 Grand National was the 120th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 26 March 1966. The winner was Anglo by 20 lengths, giving Freddie second place for a second consecutive year. The winning jockey Tim Norman had been injured in a car accident two days earlier. Finishing order Non-finishers References 1966 Grand National Grand National Category:20th century in Lancashire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines The spark-ignition petrol engines listed below were formerly used by various marques of automobiles and commercial vehicles of the German automotive concern, Volkswagen Group, and also in Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications, but are now discontinued. All listed engines operate on the four-stroke cycle, and unless stated otherwise, use a wet sump lubrication system, and are water-cooled. Since the Volkswagen Group is European, official internal combustion engine performance ratings are published using the International System of Units (commonly abbreviated "SI"), a modern form of the metric system of figures. Motor vehicle engines will have been tested by a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) accredited testing facility, to either the original 80/1269/ EEC, or the later 1999/99/EC standards. The standard initial measuring unit for establishing the rated motive power output is the kilowatt (kW); and in their official literature, the power rating may be published in either the kW, or the 'Pferdestärke' (PS, which is sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'metric horsepower'), or both, and may also include conversions to imperial units such as the horsepower (hp) or brake horsepower (bhp). (Conversions: one PS ≈ 735.5 watts (W), ≈ 0.98632 hp (SAE)). In case of conflict, the metric power figure of kilowatts (kW) will be stated as the primary figure of reference. For the turning force generated by the engine, the Newton metre (Nm) will be the reference figure of torque. Furthermore, in accordance with European automotive traditions, engines shall be listed in the following ascending order of preference: Number of cylinders, engine displacement (in litres), engine configuration, and Rated motive power output (in kilowatts). The petrol engines which Volkswagen Group are currently manufactured and installed in today's vehicles can be found in the list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines article. Air-cooled petrols The Volkswagen air-cooled engine was introduced in 1935 in Germany, produced in factories all over the world, and the last complete engine was produced in December 2005, Its production was ceased by anti-pollution laws and the last engine was produced in São Bernardo do Campo. Its air-cooled, four-cylinder, boxer configuration was unique in its day for a production automobile, but has gone on to power millions of vehicles around the world, being considered one of the most reliable automotive engines of all eras. Water-cooled 'boxer' petrols The Volkswagen wasserboxer was a horizontally opposed or 'boxer' water-cooled four cylinder petrol engine. It was introduced in 1982, and was produced for ten years, ending in 1992. The wasserboxer was only used in the Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) (T3 Transporter / Caravelle / Vanagon / T25). Four cylinder EA111 petrols This section is about discontinued four-cylinder petrol engines, for current four-cylinder petrol engines, see list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Four cylinder EA827/EA113 petrols and list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Four cylinder EA888 petrols The EA111 series of internal combustion engines was introduced in the mid-1970s in the Audi 50, and shortly after in the original Volkswagen Polo. It is a series of water-cooled inline three- and inline four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines, in a variety of displacement sizes. This overhead camshaft engine features a crossflow cylinder head design, and directly driven auxiliary units. The exhaust side is in driving direction, closest to the front of the vehicle. 0.8 R4 25kW identification parts code prefix: 052; engine ID code: HE engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.10:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 195.8 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, sliding-finger cam followers, timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system, aspiration 31 PIC or 34 PIC-5 single-barrel downdraft carburettor; cast alloy intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold DIN-rated motive power & torque output application Volkswagen Polo (01/76-07/78 – Sweden only) 0.9 R4 29kW identification parts code prefix: 052; engine ID code: HA engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.18:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 224.8 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, sliding-finger cam followers, timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system, aspiration 31 PIC or 34 PIC-5 single-barrel downdraft carburettor; cast alloy intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,200 rpm; at 3,200 rpm applications Volkswagen Polo (04/75-09/81), Volkswagen Derby (04/75-09/81) 1.0 R4 37kW (Škoda) This engine was originally developed by Škoda Auto, before the company was acquired by Volkswagen Group, and is therefore NOT an EA111 engine. However, this engine was used in some Škodas after the takeover. identification parts code prefix: 047.D, engine ID codes: AHT, AQV (EU3), ARV (EU2) engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: 61.2, stroke ratio: 1.18:1, 249.05 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; three main bearings, cast iron cylinder liners, duplex chain-driven camshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, overhead valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker shaft aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold, underfloor catalytic converter fuel system common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque output , applications SEAT Arosa (AHT: 11/98-02/00), Škoda Fabia (AQV/ARV: 10/00-08/02), Volkswagen Lupo 1.0 R4 16v 51kW This engine entered production in November 1996, after supplies of the Ford-built 1.0 had dried up. It was called the AT-1000 by Volkswagen do Brasil. identification parts code prefix: 036, engine ID codes: AST (Brazil), AVZ engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 249.7 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, bucket tappets, timing belt-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) aspiration plastic intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold fuel system common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Total Flex Gasoline or Ethanol on Brazilian AST variant DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5750 rpm; at 4250 rpm applications SEAT Ibiza (AVZ: 05/00-05/02, AST: 06/00-05/02), SEAT Cordoba (AVZ: 05/00-08/02, AST: 06/00-08/02), Volkswagen Gol 1.0 R4 16v Turbo 82kW engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 249.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, double overhead camshafts (DOHC), intake variable valve timing aspiration Garrett GT12 turbocharger, intercooler fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic ME 3.8.3 engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,500 rpm; at 4,500 rpm applications Volkswagen Gol, Volkswagen Parati 1.05 R4 33-37kW identification parts code prefix: 030, engine ID codes: GL, HZ, AAK, AAU, ACM, AEV engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.27:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 260.7 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, two concentric valve springs per valve, bucket tappets, belt-driven forged or cast steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management Pierburg 1B3 or Weber 32 TLA/32 TL carburettor, later with throttle body-sited electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI) and Bosch Mono-Jetronic or Mono-Motronic engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs – carburettor — GL at 5,600rpm — ACM — HZ DIN-rated motive power * torque outputs – SPI at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm — AAK, AAU, ACM, AEV applications Volkswagen Polo (GL: 08/81-10/86, HZ: 08/85-01/92, AAK: 01/90-07/90, AAU: 10/90-07/94, ACM: 02/92-12/92, AEV: 10/94-06/96), Volkswagen Derby (GL: 10/81-11/84), Volkswagen Golf (HZ: 05/85-10/91), Volkswagen Jetta (HZ: 08/86-10/91, AAK: 01/90-07/90), SEAT Ibiza Mk2 (02/93-06/96), VEB Sachsenring Trabant (1989–1991) 1.1 R4 37-44kW engine ID codes HB, HC, HD engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.97:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 273.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.2:1 (HB); 9.7:1 (HB8); 9.3:1 (HC) cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system Solex carburettor DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs HB: at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm HD: HC: applications Audi 50, Volkswagen Golf Mk1, Volkswagen Polo Mk1, Volkswagen Derby This engine weighs in at only including the clutch but not the gearbox. 1.3 I4 40-50kW (Škoda) This engine was originally developed by Škoda Auto, before the company was acquired by Volkswagen Group, and is therefore NOT an EA111 engine. However, this engine was used in some Škodas after the takeover. OHV, engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 322.3 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy, three main bearings, duplex chain-driven camshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy, two valves per cylinder with twin valve springs, overhead valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker shaft fuel system & engine management Pierburg 2E-E Ecotronic dual-barrel carburettor controlled by ECU Pierburg 2E3 dual-barrel carburettor Jikov 28–30 LEKR dual-barrel carburettor that derived from above Pierburg 2E3 Bosch electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI), Bosch Mono-Motronic engine control unit Siemens Simos 2P multi-point fuelinjection rated motive power & torque output (see Škoda Favorit article for detailed variations) 135 – at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,250 rpm 135B – at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,250 rpm (from 1993, SPI with catalytic converter) 135M – at 4,500 rpm; at 2500 rpm (from 1996, MPI with catalytic converter) 136 – at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,750 rpm 136B – at 5,500 rpm; at 3,000–3,750 rpm (from 1993, SPI with catalytic converter) 136M – at 5,000 rpm; at 2600 rpm (from 1996, MPI with catalytic converter) applications Škoda Favorit 135, Škoda Favorit 136, Škoda Felicia. Later, 1.4 8V engine, that derived from this engine was used in Škoda Octavia and Škoda Fabia. 1.3 R4 40-55kW engine ID codes 2G, 3F, AAV, FY, FZ, GK, GT, HH, HJ, HK, HW, MH, MN, NU, NZ engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 75.0 x 72.0, 318.0 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management Pierburg 2E3 carburettor, later with electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI) and Bosch L-Jetronic or Mono-Motronic engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs at 5200 rpm; at 2800 rpm (carb.) at 5000 rpm; at 3000 rpm (SPI) at 5900 rpm; at 3200 rpm (MPI, or 'GT') applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf, Audi 80 B2 1.3 R4 40kW engine ID codes ADX engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 70.6, 324.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI), Bosch Mono-Jetronic engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf 1.3 R4 G40 85kW engine ID codes MM, PY engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 75.0 x 72.0, 318.0 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.0:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast pistons with increased size gudgeon pins cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy with post-production heat treatment; two valves per cylinder with two concentric valve springs, belt-driven forged steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC) aspiration dual V belt-driven G-Lader scroll-type supercharger with 40 mm diameter inlet, side-mounted intercooler fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Digifant engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5500 rpm; at 3500 rpm application Volkswagen Polo Mk2 GT G40 (08/86-07/94) 1.4 R4 44kW engine displacement & engine configuration / inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 75.0 x 78.7 / 79.14, 347.7 / 349.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI) and Bosch Mono-Jetronic engine control unit, later multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors (MPI) DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm at 4,700 rpm; at 2,800 rpm applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf 1.4 R4 44kW engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 75.6 (1.01 ratio), 347.5 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors (MPI) DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 4,700 rpm; at 2,800 rpm applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf 1.4 I4 44-50kW (Škoda) This engine was originally developed by Škoda Auto, before the company was acquired by Volkswagen Group, and is therefore NOT an EA111 engine. However, this engine was used in some Škodas after the takeover. engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.97:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 349.2 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; three main bearings, duplex chain-driven camshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, overhead valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker shaft fuel system & engine management multi-point indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs at 5,000 rpm; at 2,600 rpm — AZE, AZF at 4,500 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — AMD at 5,000 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — AQW, AME, ATZ applications Škoda Fabia Mk1, Škoda Octavia Mk1 1.4 R4 FSI 63-77kW engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 75.6 (1.01 ratio), 347.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 12.0:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system common rail electronic multi-point Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) homogeneous direct petrol injection, up to 110 bar high-pressure fuel pump, stratified-charge combustion at partial load aspiration two-position tumble flap in the intake manifold controlling the turbulence exhaust up to 35% exhaust gas recirculation, NOx storage-type catalytic converter engine management Bosch Motronic MED 7 DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications at 5,000 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — AXU: Volkswagen Polo Mk4 at 5,200 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — BKG, BLN: Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (−05/05) at 6,200 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — ARR: Volkswagen Lupo 1.4 R4 identification parts code prefix: 030, ID codes: ABD, AEX engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.01:1 – 'square engine', 347.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers, timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system electronic fuel injection DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 4,800–5,000 rpm; at 2,750 rpm applications Audi A2, Volkswagen Fox, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Type 2 (T2) in Brazil, SEAT Ibiza, Volkswagen Polo Mk3 reference 1.4 R4 16v identification parts code prefix: 036 engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.01:1 – 'square engine', 347.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 5,000 rpm; at 3,300 rpm — AHW, AXP, AKQ, APE, AUA, BCA, BBY, BKY at 5,000 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — BUD, CGGA at 5,000 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — BXW, CGGB at 6,000 rpm; at 4,400 rpm — AFH, AFK, AUB, BBZ (discontinued) applications Audi A2, SEAT Ibiza, SEAT Córdoba, SEAT León Mk1 (1M), SEAT Altea, SEAT Toledo, Škoda Fabia, Škoda Octavia II, Škoda Octavia II Tour (CGGA), Škoda Octavia II FL (CGGA), Škoda Roomster (BXW: 05/06->2011,CGGB:2011–>), Volkswagen Lupo, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Jetta, Volkswagen New Beetle 1.6 R4 48-55kW engine ID codes 496, 1F, AEE, AEA, ABU, ALM engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 86.9 (0.88 ratio), 399.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management SPI: electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI), Bosch Mono-Jetronic engine control unit MPI: multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors (MPI), Magneti Marelli 1AV engine control unit EWG-rated motive power & torque output, ID code & application — 496: Volkswagen Industrial Motor (12/77-01/84) DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs SPI: at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800–3,400 rpm – AEA SPI: at 5,200 rpm; at 3,400 rpm – ABU MPI: at 4,500 rpm; at 3,500 rpm – AEE, ALM applications Volkswagen Polo Mk3, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Passat B3, SEAT Ibiza Mk2, SEAT Toledo Mk1, Škoda Felicia, Škoda Octavia Mk1 1.6 R4 FSI 81-85kW engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 86.9 (0.88 ratio), 399.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 12.0:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, belt-driven and BLF chain driven(camshaft) double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system common rail electronic multi-point Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) homogeneous direct petrol injection, up to 110 bar high-pressure fuel pump, stratified-charge combustion at partial load aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold, two-position tumble flap controlling the turbulence exhaust up to 35% exhaust gas recirculation, NOx storage-type catalytic converter engine management Bosch Motronic MED 7 DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications at 5,800 rpm; at 4,400 rpm — BAD: Audi A2, Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Jetta Mk4 at 6,000 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — BAG, BLF, BLP: Audi A3 Mk2, Škoda Octavia Mk2, Volkswagen Golf Mk5, Volkswagen Jetta Mk5, Volkswagen Eos, Volkswagen Touran, Volkswagen Passat B6 reference 1.6 R4 16v 88-92kW (GTI) engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 86.9 (0.88 ratio), 399.5 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 6,200 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — AJV at 6,500 rpm; at 3,300 rpm — ARC, AVY applications Volkswagen Polo GTI, Volkswagen Lupo GTI, Volkswagen GX3 1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW engine ID codes 1H, PG engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.0:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast pistons with increased size gudgeon pins cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy with post-production heat treatment; sodium-cooled exhaust valves, automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, belt-driven forged steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC) 8v: two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 8 valves total 16v: four valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 16 valves total aspiration dual V belt-driven G-Lader scroll-type supercharger with 60 mm diameter inlet and electronically controlled boost regulation, side-mounted intercooler (SMIC), front-mounted intercooler (FMIC) on 16v variant fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Digifant engine control unit, knock sensor DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications 8v: at 5,800 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — VW Golf Mk2 G60 (08/88-07/89), VW Passat G60 (08/88-07/93), VW Corrado G60 (09/88-07/93) 16v: at 6,300 rpm — VW Golf Mk2 Limited 4WD (this version was a 'homologation special', and does not appear in any official parts catalogues) reference Four cylinder EA827/EA113 petrols This section is about discontinued four-cylinder petrol engines, for current four-cylinder petrol engines, see list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Four cylinder EA827/EA113 petrols and list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Four cylinder EA888 petrols 1.0 R4 37kW identification parts code prefix: 030, ID codes: AER, ALD, ALL, ANV, ATE, AUC engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 249.7 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron (cast aluminium alloy – AER/ALL); five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, initially: bucket tappets (AER/ALL) – later: low-friction roller rocker arms with automatic hydraulic clearance compensation (ALD/ANV/ATE/AUC), timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) aspiration plastic intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold – AUC with integrated starter/primary catalytic converter, underfloor main catalytic converter, exhaust gas recirculation on AUC fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; initially: Bosch Digifant engine control unit (ECU) (AER/ALL/ATE) – later: Bosch Motronic MP 9.0 electronic engine control unit (ALD/ANV/AUC) EWG-rated motive power & torque output, application, ID codes — Volkswagen Industrial Motor (AER: 02/99-05/00, ATE: 06/00->) DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,600 rpm — (discontinued) applications SEAT Arosa (AER: 02/97-09/99, ALL: 08/97-05/99, ALD/ANV: 07/99-07/00, AUC: 07/00-06/04), SEAT Ibiza Mk2 (AER: 09/96-06/99, ANV: 08/99-07/00, ALD: 08/99-05/02, AUC: 07/00-05/02), SEAT Cordoba (AER: 06/97-06/99, ANV: 08/99-07/00, ALD: 08/99-08/02, AUC: 07/00-08/02), Volkswagen Lupo (AER/ALL/ANV/ALD/AUC: 11/98-05/05) (?), Volkswagen Polo Mk3 (AER: 09/96-12/99, ANV/ALD/AUC: 01/00-12/01) (?) reference 1.6 R4 74-75kW identification parts code prefix: 06B, ID code: AHP (75 kW) engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.3:1 cylinder block & crankcase aluminium alloy aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch MD 7 electronic engine control unit (ECU) electronic indirect injection Total Flex gasoline, LPG and/or ethanol (Brazil) ARM with Simos (by Siemens) ecu DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 5,800 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — AFT, AKS (discontinued) at 6,300 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — ABB (discontinued) at 5,800 rpm; at 4,400 rpm — AEK (10/94-12/95) – Golf, Vento, Passat at 5,300 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — ANA, ARM, ADP, AHL (discontinued) at 5,600 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — AEH, AKL, APF, AUR, AWH (discontinued) at 5,600 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — ALZ, AVU, AYD, BFQ, BFS, BGU, BSE, BSF, CCS, CHG, CMX (discontinued) applications Audi: Audi A3 Mk1 & Mk2 (AEH: 09/96-06/01, AKL: 08/97-06/03, APF: 06/99-08/00, AVU: 05/00-04/02, BFQ: 05/02-06/03, BGU: 05/03-05/05, BSE/BSF: 06/05-03/13, CCSA: 12/07-03/13, CMXA: 05/08-03/13), Audi 80 (ABB: 08/90-05/93), Audi A4 B5, B6 & B7 (ADP: 11/94-10/96, AHL: 10/96-07/99, ANA: 08/98-06/00, ARM: 08/98-10/91, ALZ: 06/00-06/08), Audi 100 (ABB: 03/92-07/93) SEAT: SEAT Ibiza Mk2 (AFT: 09/95-06/99, AKL: 06/99-05/02, AEH: 01/00-05/02, APF: 03/00-10/00, AUR: 07/00-05/02), SEAT Córdoba Mk1 (AFT: 09/95-06/99, AKL: 06/99-08/02, AEH: 01/00-08/02, APF: 03/00-10/00, AUR: 07/00-08/02), SEAT León Mk1 & Mk2 (AEH: 08/99-10/05, AKL: 11/99-10/05, BFQ: 10/05-06/06, BSE/BSF: 07/05-12/12, CCSA: 07/05-12/12, CHGA: 12/09-12/12, CMXA: 05/10-12/12), SEAT Altea (BGU: 03/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 05/05-06/13, CCSA: 12/07-06/13, CHGA: 09/09-07/15, CMXA: 05/10-06/13), SEAT Toledo Mk1, Mk2 & Mk3 (AFT, AKS: 09/96-03/99, AKL: 10/98-07/04, AEH: 11/98-07/04, BGU: 02/04-03/06, BSE/BSF: 05/05-05/09, CCSA: 12/07-05/09), SEAT Exeo (ALZ: 03/09-09/10) Škoda: Škoda Octavia Mk1 & Mk2 (AEH: 12/97-12/07, AKL: 08/98-12/07, AVU: 08/00-04/02, BFQ: 04/02-12/10, BGU: 05/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 05/05-06/13, CCSA: 11/07-06/13, CHGA: 08/09-11/12, CMXA: 11/08-06/13) VW/VWCV: Volkswagen Polo Mk3 (AFT: 12/95-08/99, AEH/AKL: 10/99-09/01, APF: 03/00-10/00, AUR: 07/99-09/01), Volkswagen Golf Mk3 (AFT: 07/95-10/00, AKS: 04/97-10/00), Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (AKL: 10/97-05/04, AEH: 01/98-05/04, APF: 05/99-04/01, AVU: 09/99-04/02), Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (BFQ: 05/02-06/06, BGU: 01/04-07/07, BSE/BSF: 05/05-12/13, CCSA: 11/07-12/08), Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (CCSA: 01/09-12/13, CHGA: 03/09-12/13, CMXA: 10/08-12/13), Volkswagen Vento (AFT: 01/96-12/97, AKS: 04/97-12/97), Volkswagen Bora (AKL: 08/98-05/05, AEH: 09/98-05/05, APF: 05/99-09/00, AVU: 09/99-04/02, BFQ: 05/02-05/05), Volkswagen Jetta (74kW AHP: 05/98-01/02, BGU: 05/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 08/05->, CCSA: 01/08-10/10), Volkswagen Touran (BGU: 07/03-05/05, BSE/BSF: 06/05-05/10), Volkswagen New Beetle (AWH: 11/99-10/00, AYD: 06/00-07/05, BFS: 06/02-09/10), VW Passat B4, B5 & B6 (AFT: 12/95-12/96, ADP: 01/97-10/97, AHL: 10/96-08/00, ARM: 01/99-08/00, ANA: 07/99-08/00, ALZ: 10/00-05/05, BSE/BSF: 05/05-11/10), Volkswagen Caddy Mk3 (BGU: 04/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 06/05-05/15, CHGA: 05/11-05/15) Volkswagen Citi Mk1, Volkswagen VeloCITI, Volkswagen Citi Life 1.8 R4 50-72kW identification parts code prefix: ??? engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, bucket tappets, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system Pierburg 2E2 carburettor EWG-rated motive power & torque output, ID code & application — 262: Volkswagen Industrial Motor (06/83-03/94) DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 5,000 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — AAM, ANN, DD at 5,200 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — RP at 5,500 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — ABS, ADZ, ANP, ACC, ADD at 5,400 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — 1P applications Audi 80, Audi 100, SEAT Ibiza Mk2, SEAT Córdoba Mk1, SEAT Toledo Mk1, Volkswagen Golf Mk2, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Golf Mk3.5 Cabriolet, Volkswagen Golf Mk3 Variant, Volkswagen Vento, VW Jetta Mk2, VW Jetta Mk3, VW Passat B2, VW Passat B3, VW Passat B4 1.8 R4 16V 102kW engine ID code PL, KR engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast pistons cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy with post-production heat treatment; sodium-cooled exhaust valves, automatic hydraulic clearance compensation, timing-belt-driven forged steel double overhead camshafts (DOHC) 16v: multi-valve\|four valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 16 valves total aspiration normal fuel system & engine management Bosch K-Jetronic DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications 16v: VW Golf, VW Passat B3, Volkswagen Scirocco Mk2 reference Golf/Corrado/Passat Owners Handbooks 1.8 R4 82kW identification parts code prefix: ???, ID code: DZ engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, five main bearings cylinder head & valvetrain aluminium alloy, two valves per cylinder, bucket tappets, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque output applications Audi 80 (01/83-12/91), Audi 90 (08/89-12/91), Audi Coupé B2/B3 (08/86-07/91) 1.8 R4 20v 92kW This is a naturally aspirated version of the 1.8 R4 20vT. identification parts code prefix: ???, ID codes: AGN, APG, ADR, ARG, APT, AVV engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, five main bearings cylinder head & valvetrain aluminium alloy, five valves per cylinder, bucket tappets, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors, 95 RON/ROZ unleaded; Bosch Motronic ME 7.5 electronic engine control unit DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs at 5,800 rpm; at 3,500 rpm at 6,000 rpm; at 4,200 rpm at 5,800 rpm; at 3,950 rpm applications Audi A3 (AGN: 09/96-08/00, APG: 11/99-06/03), Audi A4 (ADR: 11/94-04/99, ARG: 07/98-11/01, APT: 02/99-09/01, AVV: 06/00-09/01), Audi Cabriolet (ADR: 04/97-08/00), Audi A6 (ADR: 10/95-11/97), SEAT León (AGN: 11/99-12/03, APG: 06/00-10/05), SEAT Toledo (AGN: 10/98-12/03, APG: 06/00-07/04), Škoda Octavia (AGN: 10/96-1999), Volkswagen Passat (ADR: 12/96-01/99, APT: 01/99-08/00, ARG: 02/99-08/00), Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (AGN: 10/97-11/00), Volkswagen Bora (AGN: 02/99-10/00) 2.0 R4 16v 100-110kW identification parts code prefix: ???, ID codes: ABF, 9A engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.0 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase CG25 grey cast iron, five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, forged steel connecting rods cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy, multi-valve\|four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold engine management Siemens 5WP4 304 (Golf & Ibiza) CIS-E, or Bosch Motronic, or Digifant (ABF) engine control units DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs 9A: at 5,800 rpm; at 3,500 rpm (CIS-E & Motronic) ABF: at 6,000rpm; at 4,800 rpm applications SEAT Ibiza Mk2 GTi16V. (later Cupra), SEAT Ibiza Mk3 Sport, Volkswagen Passat B3 SEAT Toledo, Volkswagen Vento, Volkswagen Golf Mk3 GTI16V and Volkswagen Jetta GLi 16V to 1992 2.0 R4 20v 96kW identification parts code prefix: 06B, ID code: ALT engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy, five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, contra-rotating balancer shaft, forged steel connecting rods cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy, five valves per cylinder, 20 valves total, bucket tappets, double overhead camshafts (DOHC), continuous intake camshaft adjustment aspiration two-position variable cast aluminium alloy intake manifold fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors, 95 RON/ROZ unleaded; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU) DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,700 rpm; at 3,300 rpm applications Audi A4 (12/00-06/08), Audi A6 (06/01-01/05), Volkswagen Passat (11/01-05/05) 2.0 R4 16v FSI (EA113) identification parts code prefix: ???, ID code: AXW, BPG, BWT (North America) engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.1 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 11.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase AlSi aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers, double overhead camshaft (DOHC), continuously adjustable intake camshaft aspiration variable intake manifold and dual-branch front pipe fuel system common rail Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), single-piston high-pressure injection pump, air-guided homogeneous combustion process, stratified lean-burn operation with excess air at part load DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm; at 3,500 rpm applications VW Golf Mk5, VW Jetta, VW Passat, Audi A3, Audi A4, Škoda Octavia, SEAT León, SEAT Toledo, SEAT Altea reference Four cylinder LT/MWM petrols This section is about discontinued four-cylinder petrol engines, for current four-cylinder petrol engines, see list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Four cylinder EA827/EA113 petrols and list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Four cylinder EA888 petrols 2.0 R4 52-55kW (EA831) This engine was designed by Audi for sole use in the Volkswagen LT. Other versions of this engine were installed in cars as diverse as the Porsche 924 and the AMC Gremlin. identification parts code prefix: 046, ID codes: CL, CH engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.02:1 – 'square engine', 496.0 cc per cylinder, compression ratios: CL – 7.0:1, CH – 8.3:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast alloy oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 8 valves total, screw-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system 35 PDSIT 28 mm or 1B1 single-barrel carburettor, 85 RON petrol, 80 RON for CL DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes CL: at 4,300 rpm; at 2,400 CH: at 4,300 rpm; at 2,400 application Volkswagen LT (CH: 04/75-11/82, CL: 05/76-??/??) 2.3 R4 105kW identification parts code prefix: 00A, ID code: AGL Mercedes-Benz M111 engine engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1, 573.7 cc per cylinder, viscous cooling fan cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, bucket tappets, duplex roller chain-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold with separate throttle valve body, cast iron exhaust manifold; exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) fuel system, ignition system & engine management fuel tank sited electric fuel pump, multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; two dual-output ignition coils, electronic engine control unit (ECU) DIN-rated motive power & torque output application Volkswagen LT (05/96-11/01) Five cylinder petrols This section is about discontinued five-cylinder petrol engines. For current five-cylinder petrol engines, see list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Five cylinder petrols 1.9 R5 74-85kW identification parts code prefix: 035 engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 384.2 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, very small run in aluminium; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system Keihin carburettor DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — WH — WN applications Audi 80 (WN: 08/81-07/83), Audi Coupé (WN: 10/80-07/83), Audi 100 (WH: 08/80-07/84), Volkswagen Passat (WN: 01/81-07/83), VW Santana (WN: 01/81-07/83) 2.0 R5 81-118kW identification parts code prefix: 034/035 engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy 10v: two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves in total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) 20v: four valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, bucket tappets, timing belt & simplex roller chain hybrid-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) aspiration – 4v cast alloy intake manifold, tubular-branch exhaust manifold fuel system 10v: Bosch K/KE-Jetronic multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors 20v: electronic sequential multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes 10v: — JL (Japan) 10v: — SK, SL 10v: — HP, JS, KP, PS, RT 20v: — NM applications Audi 80 (JS: 08/82-07/84, HP: 08/83-07/84, JL: 08/83-07/84), Audi 90 (HP/JL/JS: 10/84-03/87, SK: 02/86-03/87, PS: 04/87-12/91, NM: 01/88-12/91), Audi 100 (KP: 08/84-12/87, RT: 01/88-12/90, SL: 02/86-12/87), Audi Coupé (HP/JS: 08/83-07/86, JL: 08/83-07/88, SK: 02/86-07/86, NM: 08/90-07/91), Volkswagen Passat (JS: 08/83-03/88, HP: 08/83-07/88) 2.1 R5 79-85kW identification parts code prefix: 035 engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.92:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 428.9 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system Bosch K/KE-Jetronic multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs — WE (Australia, Japan, Sweden) — WE, KM (Japan) applications Audi 80 (WE-79/85 kW: 08/81-07/83), Audi Coupé (WE-79 kW: 08/81-07/82, KM: 08/82-07/83), Audi 100 (WE-79/85 kW: 03/77-07/82), Volkswagen Passat (WE: 01/81-07/83) 2.2/2.23 R5 79-101kW identification parts code prefix: 034 engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system multi-point K/KE-jetronic indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — WU — KZ, WB — KX, PX — JT — KE, KF, KL — KV — HY, KK, PR, WC, WG, WK — HX, KU applications Audi 80 (KK/KL: 08/82-07/84), Audi 90 (KV: 06/84-12/91, HY: 06/84-03/87, KX: 01/85-03/87, JT: 08/85-03/87), Audi Coupé (KE: 08/81-07/84, KL: 08/82-07/84, HY: 08/84-07/88, KV: 08/84-07/91, KX: 01/85-07/88, JT: 08/85-12/87), Audi 100 (WG: 08/76-07/80, WC: 08/76-07/84, WB: 04/78-07/84, KF/WU: 08/82-07/84, KZ: 08/84-09/86, HX: 08/84-12/87, KU: 08/84-12/90, PX: 08/85-07/86, PR: 08/89-12/90), Audi C2 200 (WK: 10/79-09/82, WC: 10/79-07/84, KU: 08/84-07/85), Volkswagen Passat (HY: 08/84-07/88, KV: 01/85-03/88, KX: 08/85-03/88, JT: 08/85-07/88) 2.2/2.23 R5T 100-147kW identification parts code prefix: 034/035 engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, oil cooler cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, pressed steel or cast aluminium alloy oil sump WR: cast aluminium alloy cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, initially: shim-adjustable bucket tappets – later: one-piece bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) aspiration water-cooled KKK turbocharger with remote wastegate, intercooler, cast iron exhaust manifold fuel system multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — KH — WX — MC — KJ, WJ, WS — JY, KG — 2B — GV, MB, WR, 1B applications Audi Quattro (GV/WR: 07/80-07/87, MB/WX: 08/87-07/89), Audi 100 (MC: 03/86-12/90), Audi C2 200 5t/Audi C3 200 turbo (WJ: 10/79-09/82, WS: 08/80-12/81, KJ: 08/81-09/82, KH: 08/83-07/85, JY: 08/83-01/87, KG: 08/83-12/87, MC: 01/85-11/90, 1B/2B: 02/88-11/90) 2.2 R5 20vT 162-225kW identification parts code prefix: 034 engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.30:1, oil cooler cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, alloy for KW; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast aluminium alloy oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, initially: shim-adjustable bucket tappets – later: one-piece bucket tappets, timing belt & simplex roller chain hybrid-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) aspiration water-cooled turbocharger with remote wastegate, intercooler, tubular-branch exhaust manifold fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU) DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs — RR, 3B at 5,900 rpm; at 1,950 rpm — AAN, ABY — KW applications Audi Sport Quattro (KW: 05/84-07/87), Audi Quattro (RR: 08/89-07/91), Audi C3 200 quattro (3B: 03/89-11/90), Audi S2 (3B: 09/90-09/92, ABY: 10/92-05/95), Audi C4 S4 (AAN: 08/91-07/94), Audi C4 S6 (AAN: 06/94-07/97) 2.2 R5 20vT 232kW (RS2) , this engine generates the second highest specific power output of all (even current) Volkswagen Group engines. With its output, that gives this engine a specific power output of per litre displacement. identification parts code prefix: 034, engine ID code: ADU engine displacement & engine configuration , inline-five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: :1 – undersquare/long-stroke, per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.0:1, oil cooler cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast aluminium alloy oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; 4 valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, one-piece bucket tappets, toothed belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts (DOHC) aspiration water-cooled turbocharger, front-mounted intercooler (FMIC), tubular-branch exhaust manifold fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; two LAZ pre-power output stage control units and five single spark ignition coils with Bosch spark plugs; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU), powered by PORSCHE DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,500 rpm; at 3,000 rpm application Audi RS2 Avant (03/94-07/95) 2.3 NG 98-125kW identification parts code prefix: 034 (054: AAR) engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 461.9 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, pressed steel or cast aluminium alloy oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy 10v: two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves in total, bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC), compression ratio: 10.1:1 20v: four valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, bucket tappets, timing belt & simplex roller chain hybrid-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC), compression ratio: 10.3:1 aspiration dual-barrel throttle valve, two-piece (one-piece on 20v) cast alloy intake manifold, two-piece cast iron exhaust manifold fuel system & engine management 10v: Bosch KE-Jetronic multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors 20v: common rail multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; 'MPI' electronic engine control unit (ECU) DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes 10v: at 5,500 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — NG, AAR 10v: — NF Audi 100 Avant Duo 20v: at 6,200 rpm — 7A applications Audi 80 (NG: 09/91-11/94), Audi 90 (NG: 04/87-12/91, 7A: 06/88-12/91), Audi Coupé (NG: 08/86-07/94, 7A: 11/88-07/91), Audi Cabriolet (NG: 06/91-07/94), Audi 100 (NF: 08/86-12/90, AAR: 12/90-07/94), Audi A6 (AAR: 06/94-06/96) 2.3 VR5 110-125kW This engine was sometimes badged as a 'V5'. identification parts code prefix: 071/066 engine displacement & engine configuration VR5 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.90:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 464.8&n1bsp;cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy 10v: two unequal-length valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves in total, roller chain relay-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) 20v: four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 20 valves in total, roller finger cam follower, self-adjusting hydraulic tappets, simplex roller chain relay-driven double overhead camshaft (DOHC) with ECU-controlled variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust valves, compression ratio: 10.8:1 aspiration plastic variable intake manifold, tubular exhaust manifold fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; 'MPI' electronic engine control unit (ECU) DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes 10v: at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — AGZ 20v: at 6,200 rpm; at 3,300 rpm — AQN, AZX applications SEAT Toledo (AGZ: 10/98-11/00, AQN: 09/00-11/03), Volkswagen Golf (AGZ: 10/97-02/01, AQN: 09/00-05/06), Volkswagen Bora (AGZ: 09/98-02/01, AQN: 09/00-05/05), Volkswagen New Beetle (AQN: 10/00->), Volkswagen Passat (AGZ: 09/97-08/00, AZX: 01/01-05/05) 2.5 R5 75-85kW engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.85:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 492.1 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Digifant electronic engine control unit (ECU) with Bosch distributor DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — AXL — AAF, ACU, AEN, AEU at 4,500 rpm; at 2,400 rpm — AET, APL, AVT applications Volkswagen Transporter (AAF: 09/90-12/93, ACU: 01/94-10/96, AEN: 05/95-12/95, AET: 08/96-06/03, AEU: 08/96-06/03, APL: 05/99-12/99, AVT: 12/99-06/03, AXL: 04/01-06/03), Volkswagen California (AAF: 09/90-07/93, ACU: 08/93-10/96, AEU: 08/96-04/02, AET: 08/96-09/03, APL: 05/99-12/99, AVT: 12/99-04/02, AXL: 04/01-06/03) 2.5 R5 20v (EA855; Americas/Mid. East) This engine was only used in the North American, South American, and is being used in Middle Eastern markets, as the replacement for the inline-four naturally aspirated 2.0-litre 8v. This engine was replaced by the GEN3 EA888 I4 in North America. identification parts code prefix: 07K engine displacement & engine configuration inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.1 cc per cylinder cylinder block & crankcase GJL250 grey cast iron; two-part sump, 6-bolt cast or die-forged steel crankshaft with six steel main bearings, water-cooled oil cooler cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 20 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, chain-driven (relay method, using two simplex roller chains) double overhead camshaft (DOHC), variable intake valve timing aspiration Plastic intake manifold, single throttle body with electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valve fuel system multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors ignition system & engine management five individual direct-acting single spark coils with longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic engine control unit (ECU), secondary air injection during cold start phase to reduce emissions, single knock sensor exhaust system one-piece cast iron 5-into-1 exhaust manifold, ceramic catalytic converter, two heated oxygen sensors (three when equipped with California emissions) for permanent lambda control DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 5,000 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — January 2005 (BGP/BGQ/BPR/BPS) at 5,700 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — from May 2007 (CBT/CBU) applications BGP/BGQ/BPR/BPS: Volkswagen Jetta (2005–2007), Volkswagen New Beetle (2006–2011), Volkswagen Rabbit (Golf Mk5) (2006–2007). CBT/CBU: Volkswagen Beetle (A5) (2012–2014), Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (2010–2014), Volkswagen Jetta (2008–2013), Volkswagen Passat (2012–2014), in the middle east in Volkswagen Passat (till date), Volkswagen Rabbit (2008–2009). Six cylinder petrols This section is about discontinued six-cylinder petrol engines, for current six-cylinder petrol engines, see list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Six cylinder petrols 2.4 R6 66-70kW identification parts code prefix: 073 engine displacement & engine configuration inline six engine (R6/I6); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 397.1 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: ??.?:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crossplane crankshaft, pressed steel oil sump cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) directly acting on shim-adjustable bucket tappet valve lifters aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold (two-part on fuel injected variant), two cast iron exhaust manifolds fuel system DL: 2B6 or 2E3 dual-barrel carburettor 1E: Digifant fuel injection with six manifold-sited fuel injectors and one common rail fuel rail DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at ?,??? rpm — DL at ?,??? rpm — 1E (with exhaust catalytic converter) application Volkswagen LT (DL: 08/82-07/92, 1E: 08/88-12/95) 2.4 V6 30v 125kW identification parts code prefix: 077, 078; ID code: BDV, AMM engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, double overhead camshafts fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm applications Audi 80, Audi Cabriolet, Audi 100, Audi A6 Audi A4 2.4 V6 24v 130kW This 2.4 V6 is a smaller version of the all-alloy 3.2 V6 FSI – without the variable intake manifold and the FSI direct injection. identification parts code prefix: ???; ID code: BDW engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 11.3:1 cylinder block & crankcase homogeneous monobloc low-pressure gravity die casting hypereutectic 'Alusil' aluminium-silicon alloy (AlSi17Cu4Mg) with a closed-deck design, mechanically stripped hard silicon crystal integral liners, honed under simulated mechanical stress; die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 24 valves total, simplex chain-driven double overhead camshafts, continuously variable valve timing system both for intake and exhaust fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic ME 7.X electronic engine control unit (ECU) exhaust system two ceramic catalytic converters DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm (15.5 m/s piston speed); at 3,000–5,000 rpm; (MEP) application Audi A6 (04/04-09/08) references 2.6 V6 102-110kW identification parts code prefix: ??? engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.02:1 – 'square engine', 433.0 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.3:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 12 valves total, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold, two-stage dual-barrel throttle valve fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; one LAZ pre-power output stage control unit and one 6-way ignition coil with longlife spark plugs; Bosch 'MPFI' electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — ACZ, Chinese market at 5,750 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — ABC applications Audi 80 (ABC: 07/92-07/95), Audi Coupé (ABC: 08/92-12/95), Audi Cabriolet (ABC: 01/94-08/00), Audi 100 (ABC: 03/92-07/94), Audi A4 (ABC: 11/94-07/98), Audi A6 (ABC: 06/94-10/97) notes 2.7 V6 30v T 169-195kW identification parts code prefix: 078 engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.0–9.9:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts aspiration 'biturbo': two parallel turbochargers (one per cylinder bank), two side-mounted intercoolers fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited Siemens fuel injectors; six individual spark coils; Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications, ID codes at 5,800 rpm; at 1,750 rpm — Audi C5 A6 (AJK) at 5,800 rpm; at 1,800 rpm — Audi C5 A6 allroad (ARE, BEL, BES) at 5,800 rpm; at 1,800 rpm — Audi B5 S4 (APB North American market) at 5,800 rpm; at 1,850 rpm — Audi B5 S4 (AGB, AZB) 2.7 V6 30v T 280kW (B5 RS4) Based on the Audi B5 S4 2.7 V6 biturbo, this engine was tuned by Cosworth Technology (now MAHLE Powertrain), and featured enlarged intake and exhaust ports on the cylinder heads, two uprated parallel turbochargers, and two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs), together with new induction and exhaust systems, and a re-calibrated engine management system. Due to the high performance nature of the vehicle, it was also fitted with a multi-baffled two-section oil sump to help prevent oil starvation during high g-force manoeuvres. , this engine generates the highest specific power output of all (even current) Volkswagen Group engines. With its output, that gives this engine a specific power output of per litre displacement. identification parts code prefix: ???; ID codes: ASJ (EU2 compliant), AZR (EU3 compliant) engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.0–9.2:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, timing belt and simplex roller chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts aspiration 'biturbo': two parallel turbochargers (one per cylinder bank), two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs) fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel Siemens fuel injectors, six individual spark coils, Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 7,000 rpm; at 2,500–6,000 rpm application Audi B5 RS4 (ASJ: 06/00-10/00, AZR: 11/00-09/01) notes 2.8 V6 128kW identification parts code prefix: ???; ID codes: AAH, AFC engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 461.9 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.3:1 (AFC 10.0:1) cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, two-part cast aluminium alloy oil sump cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs (AFC has a single valve spring design), 12 valves total, self-adjusting hydraulic valve-play compensation, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshafts aspiration hot-film mass airflow meter (MAF), two-stage dual-barrel throttle valve, two-part cast aluminium alloy variable length intake manifold (380 mm short path, 780 mm long path) fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; one LAZ pre-power output stage control unit and one 6-way ignition coil with longlife spark plugs; Bosch 'MMS' MPI electronic engine control unit (ECU) with cylinder selective knock control; 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,500 rpm; at 3,000 rpm; redline: 6,700 rpm updates from AAH to AFC Valvetrain differences between original AAH design and later AFC design include 1) AFC camshaft provides different valve timing and is lighter. 2) AFC use single valve springs with less mass. 3) AFC inlet and exhaust valves have a smaller stem diameter with revised stem oil seals. The AFC engine had a revised lubrication circuit and oil pan assembly, constructional detail includes 1) AFCs use a larger oil filter. 2) AFC engine oil cooler has a larger cross-sectional area. 3) AFC engines oil pressure relief valve is integrated into a cover assembly. 4) AFC engines oil pickup is integrated into the upper section of the oil sump, with a revised lower oil sump gasket. applications Audi 80 / Audi 90 (AAH: 09/91-07/95 {North America: 01/92-05/95, AFC: 07/93-07/95}), Audi Coupé (AAH: 08/91-12/95), Audi Cabriolet (AAH: 11/92-08/00 {North America: 11/93-07/94, AFC: 08/94-07/98}), Audi 100 (AAH: 12/90-07/94 {North America: 10/91-07/94}), Audi A4 (AAH: 11/94-07/97 {North America: 06/94-07/95, AFC: 07/95-07/97}), Audi A6 (AAH: 06/94-10/97 {North America: 06/94-07/95}, AFC: 08/94-06/95 {North America: 08/94-10/97}), Audi A8 (AAH: 06/94-03/96) references 2.8 VR6 103-130kW identification parts code prefix: 021 engine displacement & engine configuration 15° VR6 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.90:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 465.3 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 12 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic M2.7/M2.9/M3.8.1 ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(95 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — AES VW Eurovan (05/96-05/00 – North America only) at 5,800 rpm; at 4,200 rpm — AAA — AFP applications Volkswagen Corrado, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Volkswagen Jetta (AAA, AFP), Volkswagen Passat (AAA), Volkswagen Sharan, Volkswagen Transporter (T4) Awards was placed in the 1995 annual list of Ward's 10 Best Engines 2.8 V6 30v 137-142kW identification parts code prefix: 078; ID code: ACK, AGE, AHA, ALG, AMX, APR, AQD, ATQ, ATX, BBG engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 461.9 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.1:1 (AGE, ATX, BBG); 10.3:1 (ALG, AMX), 10.6:1 (ACK, AHA, APR, AQD, ATQ) cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, double overhead camshafts aspiration cast aluminium alloy two-position variable intake manifold fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy (ACK, AHA, ALG, AMX, APR, AQD, ATQ); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded allowed (AGE, ATX, BBG) DIN-rated motive power & torque output, ID codes at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — AGE at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ATX, BBG at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ALG, AMX at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ACK, AHA, APR, AQD, ATQ applications Audi B5 A4 (03/96-12/98), Audi A6 (10/95-01/99), Audi D2 A8 (07/95-01/99), VW Passat B5 & B5.5 (1997–2005) notes 2.8 VR6 24v 147-150kW identification parts code prefix: 022; ID codes: AQP, AUE, AXK (USA), AYL, BDE, BDF (USA) engine displacement & engine configuration 15° VR6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.90:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 465.3 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.7:1 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 24 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes — BDF, USA-only, Jetta (10/01-06/04), Golf (03/02->) at 6,200 rpm; at 2,400–5,500 rpm — AXK, USA-only VW Eurovan (05/00-06/03) at 6,200 rpm; at 3,400 rpm applications Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (AUE: 01/00-04/01), VW Bora (AUE: 03/00-04/01), SEAT León 1M Cupra 4 (AUE: 10/00-07/01, BDE: 06/01-04/04), SEAT Alhambra (AUE: 06/00-04/02, AYL: 06/00->), Volkswagen Sharan (AYL: 04/00-05/08) notes 2.9 VR6 140kW identification parts code prefix: 021; ID codes: ABV engine displacement & engine configuration 2.9 litre 15° VR6; bore x stroke (mm): 82.0 x 90.3 cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 12 valves total, duplex chain-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic M 2.9 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(95 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications — VW Passat B4 VR6 (10/94-12/96) at 5,800 rpm; at 4,200 rpm — Volkswagen Corrado VR6 (08/91-07/95), VW Golf Mk3 VR6 (10/94-12/97) notes Eight cylinder petrols This section is about discontinued eight-cylinder petrol engines, for current eight-cylinder petrol engines, see list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#Eight cylinder petrols All Volkswagen Group V8 and W8 petrol engines are constructed from a lightweight, cast aluminium alloy cylinder block (crankcase) and cylinder heads. They all use multi-valve technology, with the valves being operated by two overhead camshafts per cylinder bank (sometimes referred to as 'quad cam'). All functions of engine control are carried out by varying types of Robert Bosch GmbH Motronic electronic engine control units. They are all longitudinally front-mounted, and the V8 engines listed below were for a long time only used in cars bearing the Audi marque, but latterly being installed in Volkswagen Passenger Cars flagship Volkswagen Phaeton. 3.6 V8 32v 184kW identification parts code prefix: 077, ID code: PT engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.6:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; twin Hitachi ignition coils (one per cylinder bank) with Bosch longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,800 rpm; at 4,000 rpm application Audi V8 (10/88-11/93) reference 3.7 V8 32v 169kW identification parts code prefix: 077, ID codes: AEW, AKJ engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 462.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; twin LAZ pre-power output stage control units (one per cylinder bank) and eight single spark ignition coils with Bosch longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,500 rpm; at 2,700 rpm application Audi D2 A8 (AEW: 07/95-12/98, AKJ: 06/97-12/98) reference 3.7 V8 40v 191-206kW identification parts code prefix: 077 engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 462.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.0:1 (BFL: 11.3:1) cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, low friction roller rocker fingers, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) hollow double overhead camshafts, variable inlet camshaft timing aspiration 3-stage variable composite intake manifold fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; eight single spark ignition coils with Bosch longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 6,000 rpm; at 3,250 rpm — AQG, AKC at 6,000 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — BFL applications Audi D2 A8 (AQG: 10/98-02/01, AKC: 05/00-09/02), Audi D3 A8 (BFL: 11/02-05/06) references 4.0 W8 32v 202kW The 'W8' badged engine is an eight-cylinder W engine of four banks of two cylinders, formed by joining two imaginary 15° VR4 engines, placed on a single crankshaft, with each cylinder 'double-bank' now at a 72° vee-angle. identification parts code prefix: 07D, ID codes: BDN (09/01-09/04), BDP (05/02-09/04) engine displacement & engine configuration 72° WR8 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.93:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 499.9 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy with two-part cast aluminium alloy oil sump; five main bearings; die-forged steel crankshaft with split crankpins; Lanchester principle balance shafts one above the other, counter-rotating at twice the crankshaft speed, symmetric to the middle of the crankshaft, upper one driven by a toothed belt cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, simplex roller chain-driven (relay method, using three chains) double overhead camshafts, continuous vane-adjustable variable valve timing for intake and exhaust camshafts with up to 52° variance inlet camshafts and 22° for exhaust camshafts aspiration hot-film air mass meter, single throttle body with electronically controlled Bosch 'E-Gas' 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valve, four-part two-channel cast aluminium resonance intake manifold fuel system, ignition system, engine management two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned NGK longlife spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with eight individual direct-acting single spark coils; Bosch Motronic ME electronic engine control unit (ECU), cylinder-selective knock control via four knock sensors, permanent lambda control; 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy exhaust system vacuum-operated secondary air injection pump for direct injection into exhaust ports to assist cold start operation, one cast iron exhaust manifold per cylinder bank with integrated ceramic catalytic converter per cylinder bank, four heated oxygen sensors monitoring pre- and post catalyst exhaust gasses, EU4 compliant dimensions mass: , length: length, width: , height: DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm; at 2,750 rpm ( MEP); max. engine speed: 6,400 rpm (19.2 m/s) application Volkswagen Passat B5.5 W8 4motion references Awards was voted 'best technical innovation', and awarded the "Golden Pegasus" by "Za ruljom" at the Moscow Motor Show 4.2 V8 32v 206-250kW identification parts code prefix: 0215 engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.91:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 521.5 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.3:1 (ABH: 10.8:1) cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy dimensions mass: depending on variant DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 5,800 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — ABH at 5,900 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — AEC at 6,000 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — ABZ, AKG, ARS, ASG at 6,600 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — AHK at 6,600 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — AHC, AKH, AQJ applications Audi V8 (ABH: 08/91-11/99), Audi C4 S4 (ABH: 10/92-07/94), Audi C4 S6 (AEC: 09/94-10/97), Audi C5 A6 (ARS: 04/99-05/01, ASG: 06/00-01/05), Audi D2 A8 (ABZ: 06/94-05/99, AKG: 06/97-12/98), Audi C4 S6 Plus (AHK: 06/96-10/97), Audi C5 S6 (AQJ: 09/99-05/01), Audi D2 S8 (AHC: 09/96-12/98, AKH: 08/97-12/98) reference 4.2 V8 40v 220-265kW identification parts code prefix: 077 engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.91:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 521.5 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.0:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts fuel system, ignition system, engine management two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes at 6,200 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — ARS, ASG at 6,200 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — AUX, AWN at 7,000 rpm; at 3,400 rpm — AQJ, ANK at 7,000 rpm; at 3,400 rpm — AQH, AVP, AYS, BCS applications Audi C5 A6 (ARS: 99-00, ASG: 00-04), Audi D2 A8 (AUX: 99-01, AWN: 01-02), Audi C5 S6 (AQJ: 99-01, ANK: 01-04), Audi D2 S8 (AQH: 05/99-02/01, AVP: 09/00-09/02, {Japan only – BCS: 09/00-02/01, AYS: 02/01-09/02}) 4.2 V8 40vT 331-353kW (C5 RS6) Based on the existing 4.2 V8 from the Audi C5 S6, this engine was tuned with the assistance of VW Group subsidiary Cosworth Technology (now MAHLE Powertrain), and featured two parallel turbochargers, known as 'biturbo', with two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs). Enlarged and modified intake and exhaust ports on the new five valve cylinder heads, together with new induction and dual branch exhaust systems, a re-calibrated Motronic engine management system, revised cooling system, and decorative carbon fibre engine covers complete the upgrade. The initial variant of this engine generates a specific power output of per litre displacement, and the 'RS6 Plus' variant gives per litre. identification parts code prefix: 077.A engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.91:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 521.5 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 9.8:1, two oil coolers – oil:water and oil:air, two or three (dependent on target market) coolant radiators cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crossplane crankshaft with shared crankpins, two-part oil sump – upper: baffled cast alloy, lower: pressed steel, simplex roller chain driven oil pump cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder (three inlet, and two sodium-cooled exhaust valves), 40 valves total, low-friction roller-bearing finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, timing belt and simplex roller chain-driven (hybrid system) hollow-tube double overhead camshafts (the crankshaft-driven timing belt operates both exhaust camshafts, which in turn individually chain-drive the inlet camshafts), variable inlet camshaft timing aspiration two carbon fibre-cased siamesed air filters, two hot-film air mass meters, cast alloy intake manifold with Bosch 'E-Gas' drive by wire electronic throttle control valve, 'biturbo' – two fast-acting turbochargers (one per cylinder bank) with vacuum-actuated excess pressure control, two all-alloy side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs) optimised to prevent pressure loss fuel system, ignition system, engine management fuel tank sited electric low pressure fuel lift pump, underfloor electric high pressure relay fuel pump, common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; eight individual single-spark ignition coils, NGK longlife spark plugs; Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy exhaust system dual-branch exhaust pipes with metallic-element catalytic converters and secondary air injection, four lambda sensors, European EU3 emissions standard DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications at 5,700–6,400 rpm; at 1,950–5,600 rpm — BCY: Audi C5 RS6 (07/02-09/04) at 6,000–6,400 rpm; at 1,950–6,000 rpm — BRV: Audi C5 RS6 Plus (04/04-09/04) references Ten cylinder petrols 5.0 V10 40v (Lamborghini) Only the third engine developed by Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., and the first since Lamborghini was acquired by AUDI AG, this engine shares many technologies with other Audi-developed engines, although it is not directly based on any existing designs. It is constructed in two distinct stages: all components within the cylinder block and crankcase are built up at the Audi Hungaria Motor Kft. factory in Győr, with final assembly being completed at Sant'Agata Bolognese. engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V10 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.5:1; dry sump lubrication system cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy with integrated liners with eutectic alloy; cylinder bore spacing; die-forged steel crankshaft with split crankpins (to create even 72 deg firing interval with the 90 deg vee-angle) cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, chain driven double overhead camshafts, continuously variable valve timing system both for intake and exhaust aspiration two air filters, two hot-film air mass meters, two cast alloy throttle bodies each with electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valves, cast magnesium alloy variable geometry and resonance intake manifold fuel system two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with ten intake manifold-sited fuel injectors ignition system & engine management mapped direct ignition with centrally mounted spark plugs and ten individual direct-acting single spark coils; two Lamborghini LIE electronic engine control units (ECUs) working on the 'master and slave' concept due to the high revving nature of the engine exhaust system five-into-one exhaust manifolds for each cylinder bank DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs at 7,800 rpm; at 4,500 rpm (80% available from 1,500 rpm) — 2003–2005 at 8,000 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — SE, Spyder, and 2006-on at 8,000 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — Superleggera application Lamborghini Gallardo references Twelve cylinder petrols 6.2/6.5 V12 48v (Lamborghini) This was a legacy engine, an original 3.5 litre version was developed nearly 50 years before the takeover of Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. by the German Volkswagen Group subsidiary AUDI AG. The current 6.2 and 6.5 litre versions can trace their lineage to the original. The final model to use this was the Murciélago, which was released during the current VW Group ownership, developed with help from Audi. engine configuration 60° V12 engine; dry sump lubrication system engine displacement etc. 6.2: ; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.00:1 – 'square engine', 516.0 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.6:1 6.5: ; bore x stroke: (stroke ratio: 0.99:1 – 'square engine'); 541.3 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.8:1 cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 48 valves total, double overhead camshafts aspiration two air filters, four cast alloy throttle bodies each with Magneti Marelli electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valves, cast magnesium alloy intake manifold fuel system & ignition system two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with twelve intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with 12 individual direct-acting single spark coils exhaust system two 3-branch exhaust manifolds per cylinder bank, connected to dual-inlet catalytic converters, heated oxygen (lambda) sensors monitoring pre- and post-catalyst exhaust gasses DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs 6.2: at 7500 rpm; and at 5500 rpm 6.5: at 7500 rpm; and at 5200 rpm 6.5: — Reventón applications 2004 Lamborghini Murciélago LP640 Coupé and Roadster, Lamborghini Reventón reference German press release: auto katalog 2006 See also list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines (current) list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines (current) list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines list of North American Volkswagen engines Wasserboxer VR6 engine G-Lader G60 – for detailed development info and progression of forced induction in Volkswagen Group engines Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) Suction Diesel Injection (SDI) BlueMotion list of Volkswagen Group platforms list of Volkswagen Group factories References External links VolkswagenAG.com – Volkswagen Group corporate website Chemnitz (Germany) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Kassel (Germany) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Salzgitter (Germany) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Polkowice (Poland) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability São Carlos (Brazil) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Shanghai (China) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Audi at a glance – includes information on the Győr engine plant * Category:Gasoline engines by model Category:Lists of engines Category:Inline-six engines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elmacık, Adıyaman Elmacık is a village in the District of Adıyaman, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. References Category:Populated places in Adıyaman Province Category:Adıyaman Category:Villages in Turkey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Volkswagen D24 engine The Volkswagen D24 engine is a 2.4-litre inline-six-cylinder (R6/I6), naturally aspirated diesel engine, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group from 1978 to 1995. Subsequent forced induction variants of this engine were also available as the Volkswagen D24T engine with a turbocharger, and a turbo intercooled version, the Volkswagen D24TIC engine. These turbocharged variants resulted in higher power and torque outputs. Technical description All variants (naturally aspirated and forced induction) displace from a cylinder bore of , and a piston stroke of . Its inline six cylinder block is constructed from grey cast iron, and has seven main bearings to support the die-forged steel crankshaft. The cast aluminium alloy cylinder head contains two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, and shim-adjustable bucket tappets. The valves are opened via a timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC), and the combustion chamber compression ratio is 23.0:1. Attached to the cylinder head is a cast aluminium alloy intake manifold on one side, and two cast iron exhaust manifolds on the same side (it's a non cross flow engine) (one manifold for three cylinders) followed by a two in one exhaust pipe system. The fuel system uses a Bosch mechanical distributor-type (Bosch VE type) injection pump which feeds indirect fuel injection into a remote whirl pre-combustion chamber. The cooling system is composed of a timing belt driven water pump, an 87 °C thermostat in the engine block itself. The thermostat receives coolant from the engine block and from a bypass running from the engine head. This system allows a very accurate opening and closing operation, avoiding thermal shocks and big coolant temperatures amplitude. The initially available variant of the D24 produced a DIN-rated power output of at 4,500 rpm; and it generated a torque of at 2,800 rpm. Subsequent minor updates and revisions resulted in differing power and torque ratings. The weight of this engine is 182 kg or 401 lbs. Applications The D24 was fitted in the Volkswagen LT range from Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, with factory production from August 1978 to December 1995. Specific dates of the variants - CP: 08/78-11/82, DW: 12/82-07/92, 1S: 08/88-07/92, ACT: 08/92-12/95. The D24 was also found in a number of Volvo Cars - specifically the 240, 740, and 940 and was coupled to Volvo ZF, Automatic Aisin Warner AW55, Automatic Borg Warner BW55, M45, M46 (overdrive) or M47, M47 II and M90 transmissions. The D24 also found use in military vehicle applications. It was used in the Steyr-Daimler-Puch Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle 716 & 718 models in its turbocharged variant - the D24T. Operational experience In service, the unit proved to be a somewhat mixed bag; some owners reported excellent reliability and long engine lives, others complained of overheating, frequent blowing of head gaskets, cylinder head cracks (cracks between the valve seats are common and do not represent danger if the cracks do not exceed specifications), premature wear of the bottom and top end bearings, low oil pressure etc. A poorly maintained cooling system could also lead to overheating and, especially with the higher stressed turbo engines, head gasket problems. The head gasket problem has been treated with the adoption of a multi-layer steel head gasket which replaces the fiber one. The camshaft drive belt also required changing at the recommended intervals, which was a pretty involved job, not least because of poor access in the under-floor engined LT vans, and the necessity of special (and expensive) locking tools to carry out the replacement, which have always been scarce and are becoming increasingly difficult to obtain. The top end also featured adjustable tappets using the bucket and shim arrangement, and required checking every , although later (1990–) models had self-adjusting hydraulic tappets. In many cases however, engines that have been looked after properly and treated with mechanical sympathy (this engine is particularly sensitive to being thrashed from cold, it is important to go gently until warmed up, and to avoid short journeys which will exacerbate rapid engine wear) have been known to clock up 500 000 - 600 000 miles See also list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines wasserboxer list of Volvo engines References http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/240DieselPressRelease1978.pdf External links Volkswagen Group corporate website Chemnitz (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Kassel (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Salzgitter (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Polkowice (Poland) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability São Carlos (Brazil) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability Shanghai (China) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/240DieselPressRelease1978.pdf D24 D24 Category:Diesel engines by model Category:Inline-six engines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Holothrix filicornis Holothrix filicornis is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss. References filicornis Category:Least concern plants Category:Endemic flora of Namibia Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Treaty of Bruges (1521) The treaty of Bruges (not to be confused with the unrelated 1375 treaty between England and France) was a secret treaty of alliance between England and Spain signed late in the year 1521 during the 1521-1526 Italian war. The treaty sought to establish a date for war with France waged by an Anglo-Habsburg alliance. The treaty was between the English King Henry VIII and Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and signed by representatives of the interested parties and subject to papal agreement. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was the chief representative for the Kingdom of England and Margaret of Savoy represented the Habsburg interests. Terms of the Treaty The treaty was a secret document that detailed plans for a war with France, conducted against them by an Anglo-Habsburg alliance, by March 1523. It demanded that from February 1522 each party was to make allowance for their leader's to be able to move freely across the Channel between England and the Habsburg Low Countries in order to raise money and men for the war. 3000 troops were recommended to complete the task of protecting the movements of Henry VIII and Charles V. Historian John Guy suggests the treaty detailed for a 'Great Enterprise' to be established between the two allies, as Charles V worked through French possessions in Italy and Henry VIII invaded Northern France itself. Both were to land with an agreed 10,000 cavalry and 30,000 troops, though the treaty makes specific provision for England to be able to use some of Charles V's forces in that figure. The allies were expected to meet their objectives by November or further action was to be taken, namely Papal interdicts. Charles V was even expected to finish his Italian efforts by the 15th May 1523. Reality of the Treaty Throughout the alliance's lifetime, the relationship between Henry VIII and Charles V was marked by English scepticism after Ferdinand II of Aragon let the English down in 1511. Though 1523 was the suggested start date, a small English expedition, led by the Earl of Surrey, assaulted Picardy in 1522 with little real consequence or notable victories. The offensive's date was delayed until 1524 through the 1522 Treaty of Windsor between Henry VIII and Charles V, possibly to further drain French finances being spent in Italy. In 1525 the 'Great Enterprise' was abandoned and the constantly oscillating foreign policy of Wolsey and Henry switched outlook towards France and away from Spain in the 1525 Treaty of the More. References Category:Treaties of the Spanish Empire Category:Italian Wars Category:Treaties of England Category:1520s treaties	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
M (virtual assistant) M was a virtual assistant by Facebook, first announced in August 2015, that can automatically complete tasks for users, such as purchase items, arrange gift deliveries, reserve restaurant tables, and arrange travel. By April 2017, it was available to about 10,000 users. It works inside the Facebook Messenger instant messaging service. When a user makes a request for M, it uses algorithms to determine what the user wants. If M doesn't understand, a human takes over the conversation, unbeknownst to the user. This allows M to learn. Alex Lebrun runs the project, which began in 2015, and which in April 2017 the MIT Technology Review called "successful". In January 2018, Facebook announced that they would be discontinuing M. The company stated that what they learned from M would be applied to other artificial intelligence projects at Facebook. Rollout of suggestions In April 2017, Facebook enabled suggestions, powered by M, for users in the United States. M scans chats for keywords and then suggests relevant actions. For example, a user writing "You owe me $20" to a friend triggers M to enable the user's friend to pay the user via Facebook's payment platform. See also Google Assistant Google Allo References Category:Virtual assistants Category:Natural language processing software Category:Facebook Messenger Category:Webcams	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pseudosciaphila duplex Pseudosciaphila duplex, the aspen leaftier, poplar leafroller or spotted aspen leafroller, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America from Quebec and New England to northern California and British Columbia. The wingspan is 20–25 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August. The larvae feed on the leaves of poplar, birch and willow. External links Bug Guide Category:Olethreutini	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Actinochaetopteryx bivittata Actinochaetopteryx bivittata is a species of parasitic fly in the family Tachinidae. References Further reading Category:Tachinidae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 1982	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lynne Hanson Lynne Hanson is a Canadian singer-songwriter based in Ottawa, Ontario who has released five albums and has toured internationally. Biography After performing with Shane Simpson from 2000 to 2005, she launched her solo songwriting career with the release of her first album, Things I Miss in 2006, followed by Eleven Months (2008) and Once the Sun Goes Down (2010). Her fourth studio album River of Sand was produced by Juno-award-winning songwriter Lynn Miles, and released in September 2014 on Continental Song City by the Dutch record label CRS. In 2010 she was the winner of the Colleen Peterson Songwriting Award for her song "Rest of My Days" and in 2009 was nominated for a Canadian Folk Music Award in the New/Emerging Artist category. Hanson was a New Folk Finalist at the prestigious Kerrville Folk Festival in Texas in 2009. She has toured across Canada and internationally as a solo artist. She has toured in Europe and the Southern US with fellow Canadian songwriter Lynn Miles, and the United Kingdom and Ireland as support for Grammy-nominated Nashville based songwriters Steve Forbert in October 2012 and Gretchen Peters in March 2012. In 2014, she performed at the CBC Canada Day Songwriters' Circle. She also collaborates with Lynn Miles in the band project The Lynnes, who released their debut album Heartbreak Song for the Radio in 2018. In 2018 The LYNNeS were nominated for 5 Canadian Folk Music Awards, winning English Songwriter of the Year and Ensemble of the Year. Discography Things I Miss (2006) 11 Months (2008) Once The Sun Goes Down (2010) River of Sand (2014) 7 Deadly Spins (2015) Uneven Ground (2017) Heartbreak Song for the Radio (2018 / The LYNNeS) Just Words (2020) Contributions Shane Simpson, Sketches (2001) Shane Simpson, More Electric (2002) Awards and achievements Canadian Folk Music Award winner English Songwriter and Ensemble of the Year with The LYNNeS (2018) Canadian Folk Music Award nominee Vocal Group, producer, Contemporary Album of the Year with The LYNNeS (2018) Colleen Peterson Songwriting Award (2010) Canadian Folk Music Award nominee Emerging Artist (2009) Kerrville Folk Festival New Folk finalist (2009) Mountain Stage New Song regional finalist (2008) References External links Official website bio at CanadianBands.com Category:Canadian folk singer-songwriters Category:Canadian female singer-songwriters Category:Canadian female guitarists Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Ottawa Category:Canadian Folk Music Award winners	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Qasemabad, Neyriz Qasemabad (, also Romanized as Qāsemābād) is a village in Hana Rural District, Abadeh Tashk District, Neyriz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 643, in 146 families. References Category:Populated places in Neyriz County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Michael Grant (basketball) Michael Grant (born March 13, 1963) is an American college basketball coach, most recently the head coach for Coppin State University. He was also a graduate assistant at the University of Michigan where he helped coach his younger brother Gary Grant. Grant was fired as Coppin State coach on March 20, 2017 after compiling a three-year record of 25–69. Division I head coaching record References Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Allegheny Gators men's basketball coaches Category:American men's basketball coaches Category:American men's basketball players Category:Basketball coaches from Ohio Category:Basketball players from Ohio Category:Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball coaches Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States Category:College men's basketball players in the United States Category:Coppin State Eagles men's basketball coaches Category:Kentucky State Thorobreds basketball coaches Category:Malone University alumni Category:Michigan Wolverines men's basketball coaches Category:Southern Jaguars basketball coaches Category:Toledo Rockets men's basketball coaches	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ueli Isler Ueli Isler (born 27 April 1946) is a Swiss rower. He competed in the men's double sculls event at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Swiss male rowers Category:Olympic rowers of Switzerland Category:Rowers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tarnów Voivodeship Tarnów Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded by a much larger Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Its capital city was Tarnów. Located in southeastern part of the country, its area was 4,151 km2. (which was 1.3% of the total area of Poland). In 1975 the population was 577,900, in 1998 it grew to 700,800. Tarnów (121 494) Dębica (49 107) Bochnia (29 887) Brzesko (17 859) Dąbrowa Tarnowska (11 178) See also Voivodeships of Poland References Category:Former voivodeships of Poland (1975–98) Category:Tarnów Category:History of Lesser Poland Voivodeship Category:History of Podkarpackie Voivodeship	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gokarnamatam Gokarnamatam is a village in Nizampatnam mandal, located in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a coastal area with a sea harbor nearby. The occupation of the people is mainly agriculture and fishing. References Category:Villages in Guntur district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rose McNamara Rose McNamara (10 September 1885 – 6 March 1957) was an Irish nationalist, republican, and Vice Commandant during the Easter Rising of 1916. Early life Rose Anne McNamara was born to Benjamin McNamara, a van driver, and Johanna Mangan, at 8 Denmark Street, Dublin, on 10 September 1885. Her father died in 1898. Rose was just 15. Marie Perolz introduced McNamara to Inghinidhe na hÉireann around 1906. Perolz's sister Delia was her sister in law. Delia was married to Matthew McNamara. McNamara joined Sinn Féin and became a member of Cumann na mBan when that formed out of the Inghinidhe na hÉireann. With them she marched in public parades, conducted demonstrations, learned to make field dressings and collected money for ammunition and equipment for the Irish Volunteers. Revolution On Good Friday 1916, in preparation for the Easter Rising McNamara and others of the Cumann made field dressings. On the Monday her branch from Cumann na mBan were matched in full uniform to Emerald Square where they were given their instructions from Eamonn Ceannt. Rose served as Vice Commandant of the group who served in the Marrowbone Lane garrison, which was based in Jameson's Distillery. She spent the Rising with a number of roles, working as quartermaster for the men, acting as a spotter for the snipers and ensuring nursing facilities for the wounded. On Sunday, April 30 they were told of the surrender. McNamara, refused the opportunity to leave as part of the women who were considered less important to the British accepting the surrender and she and the rest of the Cumann na mBan marched between the male Volunteers and were duly arrested and imprisoned. “On the route to Richmond Barracks we were right behind Commandant Thomas McDonagh and Major McBride. When we reached somewhere about Kilmainham, both Major McBride and T. McDonagh said: "That's right, girls, sing away" and Major McBride said to me: "Sing away, girls. You'll be alright. You'll be out tomorrow", and I replied "and what about you" meaning all the men. He said, very sadly, "Ah no. We won't be out. We'll be shot". While they were in prison in Kilmainham Gaol they could hear the men being executed by firing squad as McBride had predicted. In the aftermath the members of the Cumann were disheartened but collected funds for the prisoner's dependents. In 1917 McNamarra was First Lieutenant of her branch. Military drills and training began again. In 1918 the branch, including McNamara were involved in the anti-conscription activities. During the Irish War of Independence McNamara worked with the other women in collecting funds, attending funerals and other parades and in protesting at the gaols where prisoners were on hunger-strike. in 1919 McNamara became Captain of her Cumann na mBan branch. Her role was to ensure nursing cover at first aid stations during planned ambushes. She was notified in advance to make sure the house was ready to receive any wounded men. Commandant Joe O'Connor and Seán Guilfoyle were working with her on these. In the Irish Civil War she served under Countess Markievicz. She attended the events at the Four Courts where the Pro and Anti Treaty sides clashed. McNamara was on the Anti-Treaty side. She procured refreshments for the men and carried messages for them. The following day she was given orders to serve at the United Services Club. Fighting continued in the city over night. Rose McNamara died 6 March 1957. References Category:1885 births Category:1957 deaths Category:Irish republicans Category:Women in war 1900–1945 Category:Women in war in Ireland Category:People of the Easter Rising Category:People of the Irish War of Independence Category:People from Dublin (city) Category:Cumann na mBan members	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Citizen Left The Citizen Left Party of Chile (, IC), known until 2013 as Christian Left Party of Chile (, same acronym) was a Chilean left-wing political party. Founded in 1971, in its early days it was suppressed by the Pinochet dictatorship. It is nowadays part of the Nueva Mayoría coalition, supporting the presidential candidacy of former president Michelle Bachelet. History The Christian Left Party was founded when a number of Christian Democrats left their party in protest against the party's cooperation with the right-wing forces and confrontation with the Allende government. Thus, on 31 July 1971, Bosco Parra declared that he saw no future for Christian left positions within the Christian Democrat party. He was joined by six other MPs, Fernando Buzeta, Jaime Concha, Alberto Jaramillo, Luís Maira, Pedro Urra and Pedro Videla, as well as by Silvia Alvarez, the only woman and Luís Badilla, the leader of the Christian Democratic youth organization. At this stage, the new organization was joined by a number of MAPU militants (incl. 3 senators: Julio Silva Solar, Alberto Jerez and Jacques Chonchol) who were dissatisfied with their party's affiliation with Marxism-Leninism. Christian Left was part of the Unidad Popular coalition, and declared itself to be a revolutionary party of Christian and Humanist tradition, and in favour of constructing socialism. It tended to agree with the radical wing of the Unidad Popular (the leftist majority of the Socialist Party and parts of the MAPU). After the 1973 coup, the party members were subject to arrest and torture, like people from other leftist groups. The party's militants continued operating together with and within left-wing groups. After democracy was restored in Chile in 1990, most of the militants joined the Socialist Party while others continued as the Christian Left party. In 2003, IC became a member of the political alliance "Together We Can Do More" (Spanish: Juntos Podemos Más), together with the Communist Party of Chile and the Humanist Party. Their joint presidential candidate in 2005 was Tomás Hirsch of the Humanist Party. The second national congress of the Christian Left took place in 2006. The activists chose Manuel Jacques as the president of the Party. On 3 October 2007, it started a process to re-enter the Political Party Registry (Spanish: Registro de Partidos Políticos), from which it was removed in 1989, for not having obtained enough votes to continue as a legal party. The process ended successfully on 25 May 2008, when the Electoral Service (Servicio Electoral) of Chile re-registered it as a legal political party. In 2012 formed a party with other political leftist movements called Citizen Left. On the eve of the 2013 presidential election, the Citizen Left joined the opposition pact Nueva Mayoría and supported the presidential candidacy of Michelle Bachelet, formalizing its existence to change the legal name of the Christian Left in the Electoral Service. In 2018, Citizen Left merged with MAS Region to become MAS Citizen Left. Presidential candidates The following is a list of the presidential candidates supported by the Citizen Left. (Information gathered from the Archive of Chilean Elections). 1988 plebiscite: "No" (won) 1989: Patricio Aylwin, PDC-Concertación (won) 1993: Eugenio Pizarro, Ind.-ADI (lost) 1999: Ricardo Lagos, PPD-Concertación (won) 2005: Tomás Hirsch, PH-Juntos Podemos (lost) 2009: Jorge Arrate, PCCh-Juntos Podemos (lost) 2013: Michelle Bachelet, PS-Nueva Mayoría (won) 2017: Alejandro Guillier, Ind.-Nueva Mayoría (lost) See also Christian left Christian socialism References External links Home page (in Spanish) Category:1971 establishments in Chile Category:2018 disestablishments in Chile Category:Catholicism and far-left politics Category:Christian political parties Category:Christian socialist organizations Category:Defunct political parties in Chile Category:Foro de São Paulo Category:Left-wing politics in Chile Category:Political parties disestablished in 2018 Category:Political parties established in 1971 Category:Socialist parties in Chile	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lower Onslow Lower Onslow is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Colchester County. References Lower Onslow on Destination Nova Scotia Category:Communities in Colchester County, Nova Scotia Category:General Service Areas in Nova Scotia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mesoregion of Araçatuba The Mesoregion of Araçatuba is one of the 15 mesoregions of the São Paulo state, Brazil. It is located at the northwest portion of the state, and has an area of 16,768.1 km². The population of the mesoregion is 695,801 inhabitants (IBGE/2010), spread over 36 municipalities. Municipalities All data from IBGE/2010 Microregion of Andradina Population: 190,536 Area (km²): 6,891.6 Population density (km²): 26.37 Andradina, Castilho, Guaraçaí, Ilha Solteira, Itapura, Mirandópolis, Murutinga do Sul, Nova Independência, Pereira Barreto, Sud Mennucci, Suzanápolis Microregion of Araçatuba Population: 256,560 Area (km²): 5,365.6 Population density (km²): 47.82 Araçatuba, Bento de Abreu, Guararapes, Lavínia, Rubiácea, Santo Antônio do Aracanguá, Valparaíso Microregion of Birigüi Population: 257,531 Area (km²): 4,510.9 Population density (km²): 57.09 Alto Alegre, Avanhandava, Barbosa, Bilac, Birigüi, Braúna, Brejo Alegre, Buritama, Clementina, Coroados, Gabriel Monteiro, Glicério, Lourdes, Luiziânia, Penápolis, Piacatu, Santópolis do Aguapeí, Turiúba References Aracatuba	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ulindi River The Ulindi River is a tributary of the Lualaba River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). There is a proposal to build a hydroelectric power plant on the river to power a gold mining project. Location The river rises in the east of South Kivu and flows in a northwesterly direction through Maniema, joining the Lualaba downstream from Kindu. The upper Ulindi valley has a richly diverse fauna, including many monkey species, chimpanzees, leopards, buffaloes, elephants and antelopes. The valley has traditionally been occupied by the Lega people, speakers of Kilega, a Bantu language. It is administratively divided into the Mwenga, Shabunda and Pangi territories. History In 1874 the Ulindi river was visited by the explorer Verney Lovett Cameron, the second European to cross Africa. During the Congo Free State period, the region was under the control of Arabs from the east coast of Africa. Some of these such as Munie Chabodu and Munie Mtoro were agents of the Free State. The town of Shabunda was established by the Arabs. In 1899 it had an estimated population of 8,000. In June 1997 reports surfaced of a massacre of refugees in February that year at a bridge over the Ulindi just north of Shabunda in South Kivu. The refugees included unarmed civilians and armed Hutu fighters who had been involved in the 1994 massacre of Tutsis in Rwanda. They were attacked by Rwandan Tutsi troops who were fighting with the rebel forces of Laurent Kabila to overthrow the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Witnesses said that hundreds of people were killed. Gold recovery In April 2009 Banro Corporation, a Canadian gold miner, reported results of a feasibility study for a hydroelectric power plant on the river. The project would exploit a drop in the river over a distance of . It would cost about US$133.8 million, giving a "green" source of power for the Twangiza gold project. The mining concessions cover and are located south-southwest of Bukavu. The proven and probable reserve based on a 0.5-gram-per-tonne cutoff grade is 4.54 million ounces of gold. The planned power plant will be in a "pristine montane forest", and will impact local fish-farming. A study showed that 1,860 households living in the area between the Twangiza and Lulimbohwe rivers would be affected, with 1,257 having to be resettled. Most of the people are farmers or artisanal miners. In the rivers downstream of the project about 1,725 workers are engaged in recovery of gold, tin, tungsten and tantalum, in operations controlled by various rebel groups and warlords, often under the protection of local authorities. The illegally extracted metals are sold on the black market. Decades of artisanal mining have contaminated the river beds with lead, chromium, arsenic and possibly mercury. References Sources External links Category:Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2004 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2004 season was the 12th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in the National League. It would begin with the team attempting to improve on their season from 2003, where they were the defending World Series champion, having won the World Series in six games against the New York Yankees. Their manager was Jack McKeon. They played most of their home games at Pro Player Stadium. They played two against the Montreal Expos at Chicago's U.S. Cellular Field due to Hurricane Ivan. The team started off 8-1, but then collapsed and finished with a record of 83-79, 3rd in the NL East, and missed the playoffs. From 2004 to present the Marlins would fail to make the playoffs. Offseason November 25, 2003: Derrek Lee was traded by the Florida Marlins to the Chicago Cubs for Hee-seop Choi and Mike Nannini (minors). December 4, 2003: Matt Treanor was signed as a Free Agent with the Florida Marlins. Regular season Season standings National League East Record vs. opponents Opening Day starters Juan Pierre – CF Luis Castillo – 2B Miguel Cabrera – RF Mike Lowell – 3B Jeff Conine – LF Hee-Seop Choi – 1B Ramón Castro – C Álex González – SS Josh Beckett – SP Transactions May 6, 2004: Josías Manzanillo was signed as a Free Agent with the Florida Marlins. June 17, 2004: Billy Koch was traded by the Chicago White Sox to the Florida Marlins for Wilson Valdez and cash. July 30, 2004: Paul Lo Duca was traded by the Los Angeles Dodgers with Juan Encarnación and Guillermo Mota to the Florida Marlins for Hee-seop Choi, Brad Penny, and Bill Murphy. September 8, 2004: Dave Weathers was signed as a Free Agent with the Florida Marlins. Roster Player stats Batting Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases Other batters Starting pitchers Other pitchers Relief pitchers Farm system References External links 2004 Marlins 2004 Florida Marlins at Baseball Almanac Category:Miami Marlins seasons Miami Florida Marlins	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pollywood Pollywood may refer to Pashto cinema - the Pashto language film industry in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjabi cinema - the Punjabi language film industry in the Indian state of the Punjab See also Pallywood - supposed media manipulation, distortion or fraud by the Palestinians and other Arabs in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
49th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom) The 49th Infantry Brigade, also known as 49 (East) Brigade, was a brigade of the British Army. History The brigade started its existence as part of the 16th (Irish) Division, part of Kitchener's Army in the First World War. The 16th Division served through the war on the Western Front. The 49th Brigade also served in Kenya during the Mau Mau Uprising from 1953 to 1955-6, incorporating the 1st Battalion, Royal Northumbrian Fusiliers, and the 1st Battalion, Royal Innskilling Fusiliers, joined by the 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers, from January 1955. However the core of the brigade's present history descends from the 49th (West Riding) Division, which fought in both World Wars. In the Second World War, the division was involved in the Norwegian Campaign, the guarding of Iceland, and Operation Overlord, where it landed in Normandy under XXX Corps. It was part of the reformed Territorial Army (as an armoured formation for a time) from 1947 to 1967. The Brigade Headquarters was reformed as a regular HQ with TA units in 1982 as part of 2nd Infantry Division. It consisted of 5th and 7th Battalions, Royal Anglian Regiment, 5th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 3rd Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, the Royal Yeomanry, equipped with Fox armoured cars, 100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, with 105mm Light Guns, and 307 OP Battery RA (V). The Division was tasked with the wartime rear-area security of the I (BR) Corps sector, behind the forward armoured divisions, during any Soviet thrust into Western Europe. Following the end of the Cold War, the Brigade was reorganised as 49 (East Midlands) Brigade on 1 April 1992, and then as 49 (East) Brigade on 1 April 1995 following the merger with 54 (East Anglia) Brigade. The brigade now has regional responsibility for Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Leicester, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Essex, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Rutland. In April 2000 the Brigade came under command of the 4th Division based in Aldershot. As from 1 April 2007, the Brigade came under the command of the 5th Division based in Shrewsbury and as of 2012 the Brigade came under the command of Support Command. Under Army 2020, 49 (East) Brigade was merged with 7th Armoured Brigade to become 7th Infantry Brigade on 13 February 2015. Regular Units ] Regular units were as follows: The Light Dragoons - light armored reconnaissance regiment 1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Border Regiment - light role infantry battalion 16th (The London and Kent Gunners) Regiment, Royal Artillery - light role artillery regiment 23 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers - light role engineer regiment 39 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers - light role engineer regiment 33 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers - EOD engineer regiment 170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, Royal Engineers 5 Transport Regiment, Royal Logistics Corps - transport regiment 15th Psychological Information Support Group Territorial Units Territorial Units: 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment - light role infantry battalion 4th Battalion, Mercian Regiment - light role infantry battalion 100th Regiment, Royal Artillery - light role artillery regiment 6th Regiment, Army Air Corps 73rd Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers 26th Signals Regiment, Royal Signals 71 (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment, Royal Signals 4th General Support Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps 254th General Support Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps 158th (Royal Anglian) Transport Regiment, Royal Logistics Corps Catering Support Regiment, Royal Logistics Corps 124th Petroleum Squadron, Royal Logistics Corps 103rd Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers East Midlands University Officer's Training Corps Cambridge University Officer's Training Corps References External links David C Isby and Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company, 1985 Gregory Blaxland, The Regiments Depart: A History of the British Army 1945-70, William Kimber, London, 1971. 49	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shooting at the Moon (film) Shooting at the Moon is a short Super-8 punk/Remodernist film directed by Jesse Richards and Nicholas Watson, starring Matthew Quinn Martin (billed as Matthew Martin) as Buddy and Leila Laaraj as Lana, and features music by Billy Childish. It was shot in the summer of 1998 and its final cut was completed in 2003. The film premiered at the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival in November 2003. On March 8, 2008 the film made its London premiere at Horse Hospital during their FLIXATION Underground Cinema event. External links Review in FILM THREAT Original 2000 edit of Shooting at the Moon Category:2003 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:2000s short films Category:Punk films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
United Nations Security Council Resolution 279 United Nations Security Council Resolution 279, adopted unanimously on May 12, 1970, at 15 words is the shortest Security Council resolution ever adopted; it reads simply "The Security Council Demands the immediate withdrawal of all Israeli armed forces from Lebanese territory." The resolution came in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon. See also List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 201 to 300 (1965–1971) References Text of the Resolution at undocs.org External links 0279 0279 Category:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon Category:1970 in Lebanon Category:1970 in Israel 0279 Category:May 1970 events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Strike Vector Strike Vector is a "Brutal aerial FPS" game developed by the French independent studio Ragequit Corporation. The game offers a hardcore learning curve, with a distinct old-school feel, reminiscent to games such as Crimson Skies and Quake 3. Strike Vector is centered on multiplayer but also offers a solo game mode called "Challenge mode". Ship designs and Environment designs have been done by Paul Chadeisson (concept artist on DontNod's Remember Me) and Pierre-Etienne Travers (concept artist on Evolution Studio's MotorStorm Apocalypse and MotorStorm RC). The Blues-rock soundtrack is composed and performed by The Maravers. The game is built on the Unreal Development Kit Engine. It was released for Microsoft Windows on January 28, 2014 on Steam. Game Modes Deathmatch Team DeathMatch Domination Bounty Hunter Capture the Flag Demolition Challenge mode (solo) Gameplay Strike Vector is an arena shooter game like Quake 3. You fly the Vector, a hyper-speed VTOL, highly customizable and manoeuvrable Jet fighter. Your can instantly switch between 2 movement modes : Jet Mode: reach high-speed, intercept opponents and fast evade incoming projectiles. Stationary Mode: strafe in all directions with increased precision, hold and defend key locations. The game features a third-person view and first-person cockpit view. Weapons The player can equip 2 weapons with infinite ammunition. Available weapons are : Gatling Carabine PlasmaGun (sniper gun) Homing missiles Swarm missiles Shotgun LMG Rocket launcher Special Actions In addition, The player equips a "Special Action". Available Special Actions are : Ghost Nano machines Instant shield Rocket booster Mines Stalker mine Tesla coil EMP (Electro Magnetic Pulse) Specializations Prince of Darkness Echelon Prism Smooth Operator Fast Amigo Fuel Siphon Saurian Skin Copernicus Credits Pierre-Etienne Travers: Concept Art, 3D Art, FX Paul Chadeisson: Concept Art, 3D Art, Interfaces Cédric Lecacheur: Gameplay Programming, FX Jérémy Chaïeb: Interface and Network Programming David Demotier: Music Gabriel Miller: 3D models David Juhens: QA, Level Design Pierre-Jean Griscelli: Audio Benjamin Huet: Programming Laurent Harduin: Lighting Artist Thomas Iché: FX Artist Ryan Cooper: Voice Actor References External links Category:Video games about mecha Category:Space opera video games Category:MacOS games Category:Linux games Category:PlayStation 4 games Category:2014 video games Category:Space combat simulators Category:Video games developed in France Category:Windows games Category:Xbox One games Category:PlayStation Network games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Raimondo Mei Raimondo Mei (1743-after 1810) was an Italian composer who was maestro di cappella at Pavia. He composed several operas including an Ipermestra and an Ifigenia in Aulide to the librettos of Metastasio. References Category:1743 births Category:1810s deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Isser Zalman Meltzer Isser Zalman Meltzer ()(February 6, 1870 – November 17, 1953), was a famous Belarusian Orthodox rabbi, rosh yeshiva and posek. He is also known as the "Even HaEzel"—the title of his commentary on Rambam's Mishne Torah. Early life Rabbi Meltzer was born on 5 Adar 5630 in the city of Mir, in the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Republic of Belarus) to Rabbi Baruch Peretz and Miriam Reisel Meltzer. From the age of 10, he studied with Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipman, the rabbi of the city, and at the Mir Yeshiva. In 1884, at the age of 14, he began studying at the Volozhin yeshiva under the Netziv and Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik, where he remained for seven years. While at the yeshiva, he became involved in the secret [Orthodox] Ness Ziona Society, part of the Hovevei Zion movement. Together with his brother-in-law, Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein, he contributed to the founding of the city of Hadera by buying land for an etrog orchard. In 1892, at age 22, he married Beila Hinda, daughter of R. Faivel Frank of Ilukste. During his engagement period, he studied at the Raduń Yeshiva with the Chofetz Chaim. During his studies, he contracted tuberculosis due to his roommate hanging animal skins in the room they were renting, and he was forced to return to his parents' home in Mir. His fiancee's family sent him money to pay for medical treatment while pressuring her to cancel the match. She refused, despite the pessimistic predictions of the doctors, and they married after he had recovered. In 1894, Rabbi Melzer was appointed by Rav Nosson Tzvi Finkel as a maggid shiur at the Slabodka yeshiva, together with his brother-in-law, Rabbi Epstein. In 1897, Rabbi Meltzer left Slabodka to lead another yeshiva which had been established by the Ridvaz in Slutsk. Later life In 1903, Rabbi Meltzer was appointed as the Rabbi of Slutsk, a position he held for 20 years. Although he had already been serving as the rosh yeshiva in that city, he had no document of semicha because he had never planned on accepting a position in the rabbinate, but to teach Torah instead. When the communal leaders resolved to appoint him as their rabbi, Rabbi Meltzer wrote to his teacher Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik and to Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein, author of the Arukh HaShulkhan, asking them to send him the necessary affirmation. Rabbi Epstein immediately mailed him a letter of semicha, while Rabbi Soloveitchik made do with a brief telegram that simply bore the words, "Yoreh yoreh, yodin yodin". Rabbi Meltzer was also a disciple of the Chofetz Chaim and Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel. He was the father-in-law of Rabbi Aharon Kotler and maternal grandfather of Rabbi Shneur Kotler. He and Rav Aharon fled from Russia to Poland at the outbreak of the outbreak of the Bolshevik revolution. Rabbi Meltzer, who subsequently emigrated to Eretz Yisrael, was a friend and admirer of Rabbi Avraham Yitzhak Hacohen Kook, the chief rabbi of Palestine and a self-avowed supporter of Zionism. Rabbi Meltzer once said to the famous sage Rabbi Chaim Ozer Grodzinsky of Vilna, “We are considered Torah giants only up until the point that we reach the door of Rabbi Kook’s room.” In his later years, Rabbi Meltzer served as the rosh yeshiva of the Etz Chaim Yeshiva in Jerusalem. He died on Tuesday, 17 November (10th Kislev) 1953 at age 83, exactly 20 years after his brother-in-law Rabbi Moshe Mordechai, and was interred on Har HaMenuchot in Jerusalem. Students The legacy of Rabbi Meltzer was carried on by his numerous students: His son, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Meltzer, Chief Rabbi of Rehovot, and the father-in-law of Rabbi Yehuda Amital His son, Rabbi Dr. Professor Feivel Meltzer was a noted linguist of Biblical Hebrew in Israel and contributor to the Da’at Miqra commentary on the Tanach His son-in-law, Rabbi Yitzchack Ben Menachem, Chief Rabbi of Petah Tikva His son-in-law, Rabbi Aharon Kotler, founder of Bais Medrash Gevoha in Lakewood, New Jersey His granddaughter's husband, Rabbi Yehuda Amital, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion. Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, rosh yeshiva of Kol Torah and leading posek of his time. Rabbi Yisroel Yaakov Fisher Rabbi Shlomo Goren, former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel. Rabbi Yosef Eliyahu Henkin, founder of Ezras Torah Rabbi Moshe Aharon Poleyeff, rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva University. Rabbi Elazar Shach, rosh yeshiva of Ponevezh Yeshiva in Israel, and leader of Lithuanian Jews Rabbi Avraham Yaakov Zelaznik, rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Etz Chaim. Rabbi Shimon Zelaznik, (the above's brother) rosh yeshiva in Yeshivat Shaalvim Rabbi Amram Zaks, rosh yeshiva of the Slabodka yeshiva of Bnei Brak Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg, leading 20th century posek on medicine and halacha; dayan in Jerusalem. Rabbi Isaac L. Swift References Eckman, Lester: History of Yeshivot and White Russia from their Beginnings Until 1945: publ Judaic Research institute, Elizabeth, New Jersey : p 253-259 Category:1870 births Category:1953 deaths Category:People from Karelichy District Category:People from Novogrudsky Uyezd Category:Belarusian Orthodox rabbis Category:Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine Category:Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent Category:Rosh yeshivas Category:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah Category:Haredi rabbis in Europe Category:Haredi rabbis in Israel Category:Burials at Har HaMenuchot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ernst Geerling Ernst Geerling (25 July 1909 – 18 August 1971) was a German sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1932 Summer Olympics. References Category:1909 births Category:1971 deaths Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics Category:German male sprinters Category:Olympic athletes of Germany Category:Sportspeople from Frankfurt	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bellewe's Cases temp. Richard II Ans du Roy Richard II., hors des les Abridgments de Statham, Fitzherbert et Brooke is the title of a collection of law reports, compiled by Richard Bellewe, of cases decided between approximately 1378 and 1400. For the purpose of citation their name may be abbreviated to "Bel". They are reprinted in volume 72 of the English Reports. In 1847, J. G. Marvin said: References Ans du Roy Richard II., hors des les Abridgments de Statham, Fitzherbert et Brooke. 16mo. London. 1585. External links Statham, N and Fitzherbert, A and Brooke, R and Bellewe, R. Les ans du roy Richard le Second. 1585. Reprinted by Steven and Haynes in 1869. Digitised copy from Google Books. Category:Sets of reports reprinted in the English Reports	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Youssef Zulficar Pasha Youssef Zulficar Pasha () (6 June 1866 – after 1952) was an Egyptian judge. He was the father of Queen Farida of Egypt and thus father-in-law of King Farouk I. Youssef Zulficar belonged to a prominent family of Turkish origin whose ancestors came to Egypt with viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha at the beginning of the 19th century, and who went on to become part of the country's aristocracy. He was the grandson of Youssef Bey Rasmi, commander of the Egyptian armies in the Abyssinian and Russian Wars. His father was Ali Zulficar, a former Governor of Cairo. Youssef Zulficar obtained a law degree from the Khedivial School in Cairo and entered the judiciary. He became vice-president of the Alexandria Mixed Court of Appeal. Zulficar married Zeinab Sa'id, the daughter of former Prime Minister Muhammad Sa'id Pasha and sister of renowned artist Mahmoud Sa'id. Zeinab served as lady-in-waiting to Queen Nazli. Zulficar and Zeinab had a daughter, Safinaz (born in 1921), as well as two sons, Muhammad Sa'id (born c. 1926) and Sherif (born c. 1931). After her son Farouk ascended the throne as King of Egypt, Queen Nazli urged him to take Zulficar's daughter Safinaz as his wife. Although Zulficar was wary at the prospect of his daughter becoming part of the royal family and feared the outcome of the marriage, the wedding eventually took place. Safinaz became Queen of Egypt and changed her name to Farida when she married King Farouk I on 20 February 1938. Farouk conferred upon Zulficar the nobiliary title of Pasha on 25 August 1937, six months before the wedding ceremony. Upon his daughter's marriage, Zulficar received from the Royal Chamberlain an envelope containing a cheque for 10,000,000 Egyptian piastres (US$257,000), half of the royal dowry. Zulficar was appointed the first Egyptian ambassador to Iran on 13 March 1939. His appointment came after diplomatic relations between the two countries were upgraded to ambassadorial level. He was initially sent to Iran to prepare for the arrival of King Farouk's sister Princess Fawzia, who married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran on 16 March 1939. Following the outbreak of World War II, Zulficar secretly communicated with representatives of the Axis powers in Tehran. King Farouk and many Egyptians at the time sympathized with Nazi Germany in the hope that an Axis victory would put an end to the decades-old British occupation of Egypt. Zulficar informed the German minister plenipotentiary in Tehran of Egypt's goodwill towards Germany and of the king's respect for Adolf Hitler. The most dangerous mission of Zulficar's ambassadorship took place in 1941, when he forwarded to the Germans a letter by King Farouk containing details of the forthcoming Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. In 1942, Zulficar was replaced as Egypt's ambassador to Iran by Abdel Latif Pasha Talaat. He returned to Egypt where he was nominated as a senator in July of the same year. He was renominated as a senator in May 1946. Farouk and Farida's marriage was not successful, and the two divorced in 1948. Four years later, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 toppled King Farouk. Following Farouk's abdication and his departure from Egypt, Zulficar granted interviews to the press in which he talked about his daughter's divorce from the ex-king. This angered Farouk, who stated that "the aged, garrulous father of my first wife [...] in his dotage is apparently now ready to gossip upon intimate family matters with any wandering reporter who cares to rap upon his front door." Farouk believed the reason Zulficar was talking publicly about the divorce was because he was "no doubt anxious to ingratiate himself with [Egypt's] dangerous new regime." Decorations Zulficar was a recipient of the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile. References External links Category:1866 births Category:19th-century Egyptian people Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to Iran Category:Egyptian judges Category:Egyptian pashas Category:Egyptian people of Turkish descent Category:Egyptian people of World War II Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Nile Category:Members of the Parliament of Egypt Category:Year of death missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Cutting (psychiatrist) John Charles Cutting is a British psychiatrist specialising in schizophrenia research. He has written a number of books, and articles and reviews in professional journals, on the subjects of psychiatry, clinical psychology, schizophrenia and the functioning of the right cerebral hemisphere of the brain. Cutting has been an honorary senior lecturer at Kings College Hospital in London and the Institute of Psychiatry in London. Life and career John Cutting was born in Aberdeen 1952, Scotland, and brought up in Yorkshire, England. He studied and qualified as a doctor of medicine in London and went on to train in psychiatry. Cutting is a psychiatrist based in London. Cutting worked as a consultant psychiatrist at Maudsley Hospital, London and Bethlem Royal Hospital, a specialist psychiatric facility at Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, and the Institute of Psychiatry in London for 20 years. He has been an honorary senior lecturer at Kings College Hospital, London and the Institute of Psychiatry. Since the early 1990s, Cutting "has been studying philosophy with the aim of contributing to the growing discipline of philosophical psychopathology – explaining conditions such as schizophrenia and depression in philosophical terms." He has written a number of books, and articles and reviews in professional journals, on the subjects of psychiatry, clinical psychology, psychopathology, schizophrenia and the functioning of the right cerebral hemisphere of the brain. In September 2005, Cutting was a speaker at a two-day international conference in London, at the Institute of Psychiatry, entitled "Phenomenology and Psychiatry for the 21st Century." Awards In 1977, whilst he was working at the Maudsley Hospital, Cutting won The Gaskell Medal and Prize from the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Influence Speaking in an interview with Frontier Psychiatrist, Iain McGilchrist, author of The Master and His Emissary, a book about the world views of the two hemispheres of the brain, stated: "What I began to see – and it was John Cutting's work on the right hemisphere that set me thinking – was that the difference lay not in what they do, but how they do it." Selected publications Books (Hardcover) (Hardcover) (Paperback) (Paperback) (Paperback) (Hardcover) (Paperback) Books edited (Hardcover) Journal articles . . . . E- Print . . E- Print . Translations (Paperback) References Category:Living people Category:British psychiatrists Category:British medical writers Category:Schizophrenia researchers Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nadir Haroub Nadir Haroub Ali (born 10 February 1982) is a Tanzanian former footballer who last played for Young Africans FC as a defender. Haroub's nickname Cannavaro is in reference to the way he plays the game as a defender similar to Fabio Cannavaro. Career On 13 August 2009 left Young Africans FC of the Tanzanian Premier League who played from 2006 to 2009 on loan to Vancouver Whitecaps Residency, formerly played one season in the Zanzibar Premier League. International career Haroub represented the Tanzania national football team in qualifying matches for the FIFA World Cup and the Africa Cup of Nations, and in friendly matches. He capped 13 times for Tanzania in three different editions of the FIFA World Cup qualifiers (2010, 2014 and 2018). Being Zanzibari, he played for the Zanzibar national football team in seven editions of the CECAFA Cup (from 2007 to 2012, and 2015). International goals for Tanzania Scores and results list Tanzania's goal tally first. International goals for Zanzibar Scores and results list Zanzibar's goal tally first. References External links Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:People from Mjini Magharibi Region Category:Tanzanian footballers Category:Zanzibari footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Young Africans S.C. players Category:Vancouver Whitecaps Residency players Category:Tanzania international footballers Category:Zanzibar international footballers Category:Tanzanian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate soccer players in Canada	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ripcord (skydiving) A ripcord is a part of a skydiving harness-container system; a handle attached to a steel cable ending in a closing pin. The pin keeps the container closed and keeps the spring-loaded pilot chute inside. When the ripcord is pulled, the container is opened and the pilot chute is released, opening the parachute. On tandem systems the ripcord releases the 3-ring release system anchoring the bridle to the harness-container, allowing the parachute to open. See also Pullstring Category:Parachuting	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Peeking Heights Peeking Heights was a Ferris wheel that opened in 2005 at the long-lived Mystic East area of Chessington World of Adventures Resort, where it provided views of the entire park and on a clear day a view of London, including Wembley Stadium. It was relocated from Thorpe Park Resort where it was known as 'Eclipse' until it moved to Chessington. It was tall, had 18 pods, and was manufactured by Fabbri Group. The attraction closed in September 2017 to make way for some new Amur Tiger enclosures in a new themed area called 'Land of the Tiger' which opened in 2018 and is a retheme of the parks 'Mystic East' area, the parks log flume attraction in this area called 'Dragon Falls' was also re-themed and re-named 'Tiger Rock'. References Category:Former Ferris wheels Category:2005 establishments in England Category:2017 disestablishments in England Category:Chessington World of Adventures past rides Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 2005 Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2017	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tosia Altman Tosia Altman () (24 August 1919 – 26 May 1943) was a courier and smuggler for Hashomer Hatzair and the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) during the German occupation of Poland and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Born into a well-off family of Zionist leanings, she joined Hashomer Hatzair and became part of the central leadership before the war. After the invasion of Poland, she fled with the leadership of the youth movements to Vilnius. Volunteering as a courier, she passed herself off as a Polish gentile and risked her life to visit ghettos, first to organize underground education and later to warn them of the impending mass extermination of Jews. After the formation of the ŻOB in the Warsaw Ghetto, Altman was appointed a liaison to the Home Army. She smuggled weapons and explosives into the ghetto and established a chapter of the ŻOB in the Kraków Ghetto. During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, she acted as a courier between bunkers. Seeking shelter at the command bunker at 18 Miła Street, she was one of six to escape when the Germans discovered it. Despite suffering wounds to the leg and head, Altman escaped from the ghetto via the sewers. She was captured two weeks later when the factory she was sheltering in caught fire. Severely burned, she was handed over to the Gestapo and died two days later. Early life Altman was born on 24 August 1919 to Anka and Gustav Altman in Lipno, Poland. Her father, a watchmaker, owned a jewelry shop in Włocławek and the family was relatively well-off. Although her father had been raised in a Hasidic household, Altman's parents had a liberal interpretation of the Jewish faith and encouraged Altman to study Polish and Hebrew. Influenced by her father's General Zionist convictions, Altman studied at a Hebrew-language gymnasium and joined the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement at the age of eleven. Elected as a representative of the local branch of Hashomer Hatzair, she attended the Fourth World Convention in 1935. Inspired to immigrate to Israel, she joined a training kibbutz in Częstochowa in 1938, but Hashomer Hatzair soon appointed her to the central leadership of youth education in Warsaw. World War II Courier Upon the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, the Zionist youth movements urged their members to flee eastward to avoid the Germans. With Adam Rand, a friend from Hashomer Hatzair, Altman walked to Rovno. When the Soviet Union invaded, Altman and the youth movement leadership evacuated to Vilna, under Polish and then Lithuanian control until June 1940. Altman joined the headquarters of Hashomer Hatzair in Vilna, and helped to organize several unsuccessful attempts to send members of the youth movements illegally to Palestine. The youth movements were concerned about their friends and relatives trapped under Nazi occupation. Because most of the leaders had fled, the remaining members of youth movements could not organize effectively. It was therefore decided to send some of the leadership back into the General Government region of occupied Poland. Altman was considered to be an inspiring leader and good at organizing. Her blonde hair and fluent Polish meant that she could easily pass as a gentile. Most youth movement couriers were women, because Jewish men could be distinguished by their circumcision. After two failed attempts to cross the Soviet and German borders, in December 1939 she visited her family in Włocławek and returned to Warsaw, the first youth movement leader to do so. Altman traveled frequently to Galicia and Częstochowa despite restrictions on Jews traveling by train, where she attempted to organize clandestine education and even training kibbutzim. She sent postcards to youth movement leaders in Vienna, Vilna, and Switzerland, describing the suffering of the Jews under the Nazi regime. After the walling-off of the Warsaw Ghetto, her own family trapped inside, Altman continued to travel under false papers despite the fact that to be caught outside the ghetto was a capital offense. She sent food packages into the Warsaw Ghetto for her family and friends. On 24 December 1941, Altman and Haika Grossman managed to return to the Vilna Ghetto, where they met with Abba Kovner and the leadership of the United Partisan Organization. Altman described the horrible conditions in the Warsaw Ghetto, but still urged the Zionist leaders to evacuate there, since the Vilna Ghetto was being systematically depopulated in a series of massacres at Ponary. Kovner disagreed, as he believed that there was a systematic plan to exterminate all Jews under Nazi control. The youth movements decided to promulgate the word about mass killings and encourage the ghettoized Polish Jews to resist with force. On her trip back to Warsaw, Altman visited several eastern Polish ghettos, including Grodno, to pass along this message. Smuggling arms Upon her return to Warsaw, Altman found that the Jews were unwilling to accept that they were about to be exterminated, even after reports arrived of a death camp at Chełmno. In early 1942, she collaborated with other leftist groups to establish a self-defense organization, but their efforts came to nothing because they were unable to secure any arms. In July, during the Grossaktion Warsaw and after the establishment of the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), Altman, due to her Aryan appearance and Polish language skills, was appointed a liaison with the Home Army and Armia Ludowa. Although these Polish resistance organizations refused to offer any substantial help, Altman helped smuggle some grenades and explosives. Living on the Aryan side of the city, she also helped Jews escape from the ghetto and find places to hide. In a letter to Adam Rand, then in Vienna, in April 1942, she wrote, "Jews are dying before my eyes and I am powerless to help. Did you ever try to shatter a wall with your head?" In September, the Grossaktion finally ceased, leaving less than 70,000 Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto, one-fifth the original population. The leadership of Hashomer Hatzair was damaged by Gestapo arrests and an explosives cache of another smuggler was detected. Altman was joined by Arie Wilner, another Hashomer Hatzair activist, in an attempt to convince the Polish resistance groups to arm them. She also continued her visits to other ghettos, this time organizing armed resistance. She was instrumental in setting up a chapter of the ŻOB in the Kraków Ghetto. In October, the Home Army recognized the ŻOB and began to provide weapons, starting in December. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and death In January 1943, during the next wave of deportations, the Warsaw Jews put up scattered armed resistance. The ŻOB infiltrated the Jews rounded up for deportation and launched a surprise attack on the Germans. Most were killed, but the leader, Mordechai Anielewicz, managed to escape. During the action, Altman returned to the ghetto with another female smuggler, , to fight with the ŻOB. Both were apprehended and taken to the Umschlagplatz for deportation to Treblinka, but Altman was released by a Jewish ghetto policeman acting for Hashomer Hatzair. The resistance was partly successful: the Germans only deported 5,000 Jews, rather than the 8,000 that they had wanted to. After the January skirmish, the Home Army began to support the ŻOB in earnest, and the remaining Jews trained and built bunkers in preparation for the final liquidation. Altman and Wilner were also able to buy a few weapons on the black market. Wilner was arrested in March, but he did not betray the resistance even under torture. Afraid that the Germans had tracked her down, Altman returned to the ghetto, replaced by Yitzhak Zuckerman as liaison to the Polish resistance. On 18 April, German forces surrounded the ghetto in preparation for its liquidation. Altman, whose function was still to relay messages, reported the initial success of the resistance to Zuckerman via telephone. On 21 April, as the Germans began to burn the ghetto, Anielewicz took refuge in a bunker at 18 Mila Street; Altman became the courier between the command bunker and another bunker where the wounded were held. She also rescued some fighters from the fires. At this time, the fighters decided to try to escape via the sewer system. When the Germans discovered the Mila Street bunker on 8 May, they filled it with gas to force the inhabitants to leave. Anielewicz and many other resistance fighters committed suicide. Altman, although wounded, was one of six who managed to escape and was found by Zivia Lubetkin and Marek Edelman, who smuggled her out to the Aryan side. Altman hid with other Jewish fighters in a celluloid factory. On 24 May, an accidental fire broke out. Severely burned, Altman was forced into the open where she was captured by police who turned her over to the Gestapo. She died of her injuries two days later. Notes References Category:1918 births Category:1943 deaths Category:Jewish Polish history Category:Polish female soldiers Category:Jewish Combat Organization members Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto Category:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising insurgents Category:Hashomer Hatzair members Category:People from Włocławek Category:Polish women in WWII resistance	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gebhard III (bishop of Regensburg) Gebhard III, called Gebhard of Franconia or von Hohenlohe, was the bishop of Regensburg (or Ratisbon) from 1036 to 2 December 1060. He succeeded Gebhard II. As the son of Adelaide of Metz, he was an uncle of the Emperor Henry III and an ally of the emperor in Bavaria, where he fell into conflict with the Duke Conrad I. It was Gebhard who, as bishop, recommended the young Gebhard be appointed to the vacant see of Eichstädt. This younger Gebhard would later be Pope Victor II. Henry also showed his favour to the Bavarian see with the grant to Gebhard of the abbey of Kempten. During his episcopate likewise were founded the collegiate chapter of Ohringen and the Geisenfeld convent. When Henry III was on his deathbed in 1056, he appointed Gebhard, Gotebald, and Pope Victor II to determine the regency for his young son Henry IV. On his death, Gebhard was succeeded by Otto of Ritenberg. Category:11th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:1060 deaths Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Regensburg Category:Year of birth unknown	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Jones (footballer, born 1918) George Henry Jones (27 November 1918 – 1995) was an English footballer who played for Sheffield United between 1935-1950 in the position of winger. References Clarebrough, Denis (1989). Sheffield United F.C., The First 100 years. Sheffield United Football Club. . They Played At The Lane, Sheffield United Match Day Programme, 20 September 1988. Notes Category:1918 births Category:1995 deaths Category:Sheffield United F.C. players Category:Barnsley F.C. players Category:Footballers from Sheffield Category:English footballers Category:Association football wingers Category:Date of death missing Category:English Football League players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edward Green Shoes Edward Green is an English shoemaker founded in 1890. Edward Green is based in Northampton, England. The level of handwork involved in production is very high and only around 250 pairs of shoes are completed a week. During the 1930s, Edward Green was one of the largest manufacturers of officers' boots for the British Army. Their shoes have also been selected by such clients as the Duke of Windsor, Ernest Hemingway and Cole Porter. Edward Green shoes are available from their own shops in Jermyn Street in London and on the Boulevard St Germain in Paris, as well as stores around the world such as Double Monk in Melbourne, Isetan in Japan, Matches in Wimbledon Village, Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City and Unipair in Seoul, . History In 1890, Edward Green began to make hand-crafted shoes for gentlemen in a small factory in Northampton. The company was sold in 1977 by Green’s nephew, Michael Green to an American leather entrepreneur, Marley Hodgson, but financial problems continued and it was sold for a single British pound to another bespoke shoemaker, John Hlustik, an expert at finishing who is often credited with making brown shoes acceptable to British gentlemen. Upon Hlustik’s death in 2000, the company was willed to his partner, Hilary Freeman. External links Category:Shoe companies of the United Kingdom Category:Shoe brands Category:Companies based in Northampton Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1890 Category:1890 establishments in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karl Gustav von Strandmann Karl Gustav von Strandmann (; 1786–1855) was a Russian German military officer, a general of the Imperial Russian Army. Born in the Governorate of Livonia to Gustav Ernst von Strandmann, governor-general of Siberia and a general of infantry of the Russian Army, Karl Gustav von Strandmann joined the Page Corps at an early age. He did not graduate from it however, as in 1803 he joined the Chevalier Guard Regiment to fight in the Napoleonic Wars. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, he took part in suppressing the November Uprising in Poland and continued to serve in various command duties until his death in 1855. Category:1786 births Category:1855 deaths Category:Imperial Russian Army generals Category:Russian-German people Category:Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elizabeth Stuckey-French Elizabeth Stuckey-French is an American short story writer and novelist. Life Stuckey-French was born on September 2, 1958, in Little Rock. She grew up in the town of Lafayette, IN. She graduated from Purdue University and was founding editor of the Sycamore Review. She was a James A. Michener Fellow at the Iowa Writers Workshop; she graduated with an MFA in 1992. Her stories have appeared in The Atlantic Monthly, The Gettysburg Review, The Southern Review, Five Points, Narrative. She teaches creative writing at Florida State University. She lived in Tallahassee, FL with her husband Ned Stuckey-French and her two daughters, Phoebe and Flannery. Ned died of cancer in June 2019. Awards 2005 O. Henry Award for the story "Mudlavia", cited by juror Richard Russo 2004–2005 Howard Foundation grant Indiana Arts Foundation grant Florida Arts Foundation grant Works Short stories "Junior," The Atlantic, April 1996 "Electric Wizard," The Atlantic, June 1998 "Mudlavia," The Atlantic, September 2003 Novels Mudlavia, Doubleday The Revenge of the Radioactive Lady, Doubleday, 2011 Where Wicked Starts, 2014 Anthologies Non-fiction Review Richard Russo in his commentary about the selections in the 2005 O. Henry anthology, called Stuckey-French's "Mudlavia", "the one that burrowed deepest under my skin". He praised the "simplicity of its storytelling; the way its private and public stories play off each other; its fond, gentle humor; the heartbreaking, hard-won wisdom of its narrator." References External links "Wise Kids, Childish Adults: A conversation with Elizabeth Stuckey-French", The Nation, June 11, 1998 "Aimee Bender and Elizabeth Stuckey-French", Beatrice Interview Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Purdue University alumni Category:Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni Category:American short story writers Category:Florida State University faculty	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Robert Brady (criminal) Robert G. "Big Bob" Brady (1904 – January 22, 1934) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. A well-known Oklahoma bandit during the 1920s and 1930s, Brady was associated with Wilbur Underhill, Harvey Bailey and Jim Clark. Biography Early life and criminal career Born in Oklahoma in 1904, Brady was first arrested in Kansas for larceny at age 15. He was sent to the State Industrial Reformatory in Hutchinson for five years. Brady continued his criminal career, serving time for forgery, petty theft and other minor offences, and was imprisoned in Oklahoma for forgery in 1922 and armed robbery in 1925. Upon his release in 1931, Brady joined Clarence "Buck" Adams in the robbery of $5,300 from a bank in Texhoma, Oklahoma on September 15, 1931. Brady and his partner were captured by Sheriff O.L. Clark eleven days later at Carlsbad Cavern in New Mexico and immediately transferred to the county lockup in Amarillo, Texas. Brady attempted to escape during this time and sustained a serious head wound, the bullet very narrowly missing his brain, and was taken to Epworth Hospital in Liberal, Kansas where he underwent surgery. He would have to wear glasses for the rest of his life and could not completely close his left eyelid. The following month, by the time Brady had recovered, he was transferred to the state prison in McAlester, Oklahoma. Escape and Midwest crime spree Brady escaped from McAlester on July 23, 1932, and went on to embark on a five-month crime spree in at least five states. He stopped briefly in Ada, Oklahoma to visit his brother, who ran a local real estate brokerage, and while there robbed the same bank he had held up prior to his arrest the previous year. He then headed east raiding another bank in El Dorado Springs, Missouri and, on October 1, he stole a new car from a dealership in Liberal, Kansas. The next day, with Frank Philpot, he raided a bank in Springer, New Mexico. He was finally captured on December 20 after being spotted by police in Des Moines, Iowa. At the time of his arrest, he was found with a .38 revolver and a police badge stolen from an Oklahoma sheriff's deputy. Although wanted in four other states, he was tried in Kansas and sentenced to life imprisonment in Lansing. Bailey-Underhill Gang After five months inside, Brady escaped from Lansing in a mass escape which included Harvey Bailey, Wilbur Underhill, Jim Clark and seven other inmates on May 30, 1933. He remained on the run with Bailey, Underhill and Clark later joining them on a bank job in Black Rock, Arkansas on June 16. On July 3, they robbed a bank in Clinton, Oklahoma for $11,000 and hit another in Kingfisher, Oklahoma on August 9. Two days after their latest robbery, he and the rest of the Bailey-Underhill gang met near Shawnee, Oklahoma to plan a bank heist in Brainerd, Minnesota. The following day, Bailey was arrested by federal agents during a raid on a ranch owned by George "Machine Gun" Kelly. With Bailey in custody, the Brainerd job was abandoned. Brady was also a suspect in the Kansas City Massacre. One of the three surviving federal agents, Reed Vetterli, wrote that he was "convinced" Brady was one of the gunmen. A little over a year later, however, Vetterli and the other agents agreed it was Pretty Boy Floyd. After Underhill headed off on his own, he and Clark decided to lie low for a while and took their "gun molls" to Arizona. Two months later, they returned in Oklahoma and hit a bank in Frederick for $5,000 on October 6. The outlaws escaped with $5,000 but missed nearly $80,000 in the bank vault and the teller cages in their rush to make their getaway. The robbery soon turned from bad to worse when they were forced to take three hostages, switch to a second getaway car in Indiahoma and race across Texas in an attempt to reach New Mexico. When police found their first car, they discovered a map marking their escape route and were able to phone ahead to authorities in New Mexico. Brady and Clark were eventually caught in Tucumcari, Oklahoma authorities waiving the bank robbery charges, and both were returned to Lansing. Brady had been shot by police during this time and Vetterli, who visited him while recovering in hospital, failed to identify him from Union Station. Death He and Clark were put in solitary confinement upon their return to Lansing. They gradually regained their prison privileges over a three-month period and, on January 19, 1934, Brady took part in yet another major prison break escaping with Clark and five others while on kitchen work detail. Once on the outside, he and Clark split up to go off on his own while his former partner joined fellow escapee Frank Delmar in a near-seven-month crime spree. Brady lasted only three more days on the run when authorities finally caught up with him. Trapped on a farm near Paola, Kansas, he attempted to engage in a shootout with Undersheriff Harvey Ray Lininger and Deputy Ed Schlotman but when his shotgun misfired, the officers opened fire and killed him. His death brought considerable attention to the area and reportedly around 2,500 people came to view his body in the local mortuary before it was sent to Oklahoma for burial. References Further reading Hack, Richard. Puppetmaster: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Beverly Hills, California: New Millennium Press, 2004. Johnson, Lester Douglas. The Devil's Front Porch. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1970. Newton, Michael. The FBI Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003. (pg. 48–49, 338) Category:1904 births Category:1934 deaths Category:American bank robbers Category:Depression-era gangsters Category:People from Oklahoma	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
C-Station is a Japanese animation studio established in 2009 as an extension of Bee Train Production and chaired by Ryoji Maru, a former producer and production manager for Bee Train. Its focus is mostly subcontracting animation services with other studios, doing tasks such as photography, keys, in-betweens, and production assistance for various shows. In 2012 C-Station split from Bee Train and in 2013 it was announced that it would be animating the series Dragonar Academy, making it their first produced show. C-Station is the producer for the one-minute short webisodes of Akame ga Kill! based from the series produced by White Fox. Works Television series Dragonar Academy (2014) Star-Myu (2015–2019) Laid-Back Camp (2018–present) Hakyū Hoshin Engi (2018) Heya Camp (2020) OVAs Akame ga Kill! Theater (2014) (with White Fox) Star-Myu (2016–2018) References External links Category:Japanese companies established in 2009 Category:Animation studios in Tokyo Category:Media companies established in 2009 Category:Japanese animation studios	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bank of Athens Over time, two Greek banks have been named the Bank of Athens. Both had their headquarters in Athens, Greece. The first Bank of Athens was founded in 1893 and operated in the Balkans and Eastern Mediterranean until its acquisition by the National Bank of Greece in 1953. In 1993, the second Bank of Athens was founded, and merged with Eurobank Ergasias in 1999. Subsidiaries of the Bank of Athens have been incorporated into foreign financial entities. Some banks in the US have incorporated the phrase, "Bank of Athens" in their name. First Bank of Athens (1894 1962) In 1893, E. Empeirikos, A. Lambrinoudis, A. Kallergis, M. Lordanopoulos, and N. Triantafyllidis founded the Bank of Athens using Greek, French, and English capital. The bank opened for business in 1894. In 1895, the bank established branches in London, Constantinople, Smyrna, and Khartoum. In 1896, Jean (John) Pesmatzoglou, an Alexandrian private banker, merged his bank with the Bank of Athens and became chairman of the Bank of Athens. In 1904, Pesmatzoglou aligned the Bank of Athens with the Banque de l'Union Parisienne. Pesmatzoglou's bank became the Bank of Athens branch in Alexandria, Egypt, where there was a large Greek community. In 1902, a branch was opened in Manchester. In 1906, the Bank of Athens purchased the Industrial Credit Bank (Τράπεζα Επαγγελματικής Πίστεως) an entity which had operated in Athens since 1873. The Industrial Credit Bank had offices in Istanbul and possibly in Smyrna. By 1910, the Bank of Athens had opened branches in Chania, Heraklion, Rethymno, and Trabzon and Samsoun. In 1921, the Bank of Athens opened an office in New York City. By 1922, the bank had branches throughout Greece, in Limassol and Nicosia, Alexandria, Cairo, Port Said, Galata, Stamboul, Beyoğlu, Edirne, London and Manchester. In 1923, following the Greco-Turkish War, the Government of Turkey seized the Bank's office in Constantinople. In 1926, the bank's New York City office was made a subsidiary called the "Bank of Athens Trust Company". In 1930, the National Bank of Greece and the Bank of Athens combined their activities in Egypt to form a subsidiary called the "Banque Nationale de Grèce et d’Athénes". By the 1930s, the Bank of Athens also had offices in Korçë and Durrës. In 1941, during the Axis Occupation of Greece, the Dresdner Bank assumed oversight of the bank. In 1947, the bank founded the South African Bank of Athens to serve Hellenes residing in South Africa. It is a 99.79% subsidiary of National Bank of Greece. In 1953, the Bank of Athens merged with National Bank of Greece to form the "National Bank of Greece and Athens". In New York City, the two banks merged their subsidiaries into the "Atlantic Bank of New York". Second Bank of Athens (1992 1999) In 1992, the National Bank of Greece owned seventy-five percent of the Credit Bank of Professionals (Τράπεζα Επαγγελματικής Πίστεως), when it sold sixty-seven percent of its holdings to the Hanwha Bank. The Hanwha Bank was renamed the "Bank of Athens". In 1998, Eurobank Ergasias, a member of the Latsis Group, bought fifty-eight percent of the Bank of Athens' common stock. In 1999, Eurobank Ergasias absorbed the Bank of Athens. Bank of Athens in foreign nations The name, "Bank of Athens" has been used in the branding of several banks in the US. The First National Bank of Athens arrived in Europe from the USA. It was merged with a small British private bank to form the "Gunners Bishop Bank of Athens". This bank operated as a British bank in the City of London (Fenchurch Street, London EC3). The Bank was Greece's representative bank in London from 1860 until 27 February 1953 when it became part of Barclays Bank PLC of London. A 1906 Act of Parliament had regulated the industrial and state banks in Britain giving Greece's representative banks an official status. When the World Trade Centre opened in London, the Bank of Athens was invited. Also in 1906, the Bank of Athens was absorbed by the International Credit Industry Banque de Grece, in France, becoming the bank's presence in Europe. This bank also did British Government business from 1908 as the "London Bankers". The bank opened a branch in Constantinople-Karakkoy in 1906, when the Banque D'Athenes worked with French Treasury, Basel II with Bourse de Paris and Constantinople. In 1930, the "Banque Nationale de Grece and d'Áthenes, France" was created via mergers and in 1932, it moved to London. In 1956 the First National Bank of Athens arrived in the US. As above, the South African Bank of Athens (known locally as "Bank of Athens"), operating since 1947. References Category:Banks established in 1893 Category:1893 establishments in Greece Category:Banks disestablished in 1999 Category:Defunct banks of Greece Category:Economy of Athens Category:Modern history of Athens	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Parvaliya Sani Parvaliya Sani is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block. Demographics According to the 2011 census of India, Parvaliya Sani has 155 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 70.25%. References Category:Villages in Huzur tehsil	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. It is also called sec-butyl chloride. It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Physical Properties It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Being an alkyl chloride, its boiling point varies depending on what kind of halide is attached and where it is attached. The boiling points of chlorides are lower than bromides or iodides due to the small size of chlorine relative to other halogens, and its weaker intermolecular forces. Despite its polarity, 2-chlorobutane is only slightly soluble in water due to the hydrocarbon chain its attached to, this makes it soluble in nonpolar-organic solvents. Like many alkyl halides, it is relativity reactive, although not as reactive as iodides and bromides (I>Br>Cl>F), because of this reactivity, alkyl fluorides are more stable than others, and are not readily reactive. Synthesis 2-Chlorobutane can be synthesized through the addition of hydrochloric acid to 2-butene in the following reaction: The reaction is two-step, with the pi electrons attacking the chloride hydrogen, which forms a chloride nucleophile. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation generated in the first step. Although addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene is stereoselective, the symmetrical structure of 2-butene prevents an anti-Marknikov product from forming due to both sides of the double bond having the same stability. In addition, 2-chlorobutane can be synthesized in a substitution reaction by reacting 2-butanol with hydrochloric acid. In this case, the reaction is SN1 because 2-butanol generates a carbocation in a 2-step reaction. Because a hydroxyl group is not a good leaving group, it first attacks the chloride hydrogen, creating water, which is a good leaving group, this generates the carbocation. In the second step, the chloride nucleophile attacks the carbocation to form the product. 2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. Uses 2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. Substitution Reactions 2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. In an Sn2 reaction, a nucleophile (iodine) attacks the partially positive carbon, which eliminates the chlorine. This occurs in one step. A less favorable but still possible reaction is an Sn1 reaction, where a secondary carbocation is formed once the leaving group is removed. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation, forming the product. Elimination Reactions Additionally, because 2-chlorobutane is antiperiplanar, it can undergo E2 elimination reactions with strong bases. In it, the chlorine leaving group is removed, and the double bond is restored to yield different constitutional isomers2. This is because 2-chlorobutane possesses two different sets of β-hydrogens at the first and third carbons respectively, resulting in 1-butene or 2-butene. It is important to note that as a secondary alkyl halide, both E2 and Sn2 reactions are equally likely when reacting with a substance that can act as both a base and a nucleophile. Which reaction occurs is dependent on the surrounding conditions. In an E2 mechanism, a strong base (ex. sodium hydroxide) abstracts a beta hydrogen, causing the elections from the former carbon-hydrogen bond to re-form the double bond. This action removes the leaving group, converting 2-chlorobutane to 2-butene or 1-butene depending on which beta hydrogen is removed, because of Zaitsev's rule, the more stable 2-butene product is favored. The mechanism for the formation of 2-butene (favored): The mechanism for the formation of 1-butene (not favored): Grignard Reactions As an alkyl halide, 2-chlorobutane can be used to prepare a Grignard reagent for use in forming a carbon-carbon bond. In the first step, a magnesium ion donates an electron to the alpha carbon in 2-chlorobutane, removing chlorine and forming an allyl radical as well as a Mg+1 radical. In the second step, the Mg+1 radical couples with the allyl radical while the chloride ion interacts with the magnesium ion. References Category:Chloroalkanes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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