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Saint-Philippe du Roule (Paris Métro)
Saint-Philippe du Roule () is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. The station opened on 27 May 1923 with the extension of the line from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin. The village of Roule, which became a suburb in 1722, was a small locality called Romiliacum by Frédégaire, Crioilum by Saint Eligius, then Rolus in the 12th century.
Nearby
North of the station is the fashionable street of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré and the church of Saint-Philippe du Roule. A chapel was established in the district of Bas-Roule, near a leprosarium. It was replaced by a more important church, which was built by Jean Chalgrin between 1774 and 1784. The church of Saint-Philippe du Roule was built in the style of a Greco-Roman basilica. It was enlarged by Godde in 1845 and Victor Baltard in 1860. Its pediment, representing Religion and its attributes, is by François-Joseph Duret.
Station layout
Gallery
References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.
Category:Paris Métro stations in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Category:Railway stations opened in 1923 | {
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Dental Depot
Dental Depot is an American dental practice based in Oklahoma City, United States. It was founded in 1978, headquartered in Oklahoma City with its offices in Moore, Edmond, Yukon, Norman, and Midwest City.
Dental Depot was founded by Dr. Glenn Ashmore in 1978, and still a family-owned and operated dental practice.
In March 2017, the company expanded its offering by starting dental implant services and general dentistry services under the same roof, reportedly by The Oklahoman. The company hits $60 Million annual revenue in 2017.
See also
All Smiles Dental Centers
Kool Smiles
ReachOut Healthcare America
Small Smiles Dental Centers
Smile Starters
Sun Orthodontix
ZocDoc
American Dental Association
References
Category:Dental companies of the United States
Category:Companies based in Oklahoma City
Category:1978 establishments in Oklahoma
Category:Health care companies based in Oklahoma | {
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Bissersheim
Bissersheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
Bissersheim lies in the northwest of the Rhine-Neckar urban agglomeration. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Leiningerland, whose seat is in Grünstadt, although that town is itself not in the Verbandsgemeinde. It sits at an elevation of 141 m above sea level near the northern end of the German Wine Route. To the west rises the Haardt, the Palatinate Forest’s eastern edge, and in the east stretches the Upper Rhine Plain. Flowing through the municipality from west to east is the river Eckbach, also regionally known as die Eck.
History
In 774, Bissersheim had its first documentary mention as Bizziricheshaim.
After the Second World War, it belonged to the district of Frankenthal (Landkreis Frankenthal), until this was abolished in 1969. After the transfer to the new district of Bad Dürkheim had been made the following year, Bissersheim was likewise grouped into the newly formed Verbandsgemeinde of Grünstadt-Land in 1972.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman
Coat of arms
The municipality’s arms might be described thus: Argent, in base a dragon slain sans wings and hindlegs vert standing on which Saint Margaret of Antioch vested gules, robed of the first, booted, crined and crowned Or, in her dexter hand a cross-staff bottonny, the lower arm in the dragon’s chest.
Saint Margaret of Antioch appears in the coat of arms as one of the local church’s patron saints. The church, Pfarrkirche St. Blasius und St. Margaretha (“Parish Church of Saint Margaret and Saint Blaise”), also has Saint Blaise as a patron.
Culture and sightseeing
Regular events
The Bissersheimer Weinkerwe (“Bissersheim Wine Fair”) is held each year on the second weekend in August.
Economy and infrastructure
The municipality is a winegrowing centre in the Palatinate wine region and looks back on a long winegrowing tradition.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Abraham Kuhn (1838–1900), professor of medicine at the University of Strasbourg (then Straßburg).
References
External links
Bissersheim in the collective municipality’s Web pages
Category:Bad Dürkheim (district) | {
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2015 Danish Individual Speedway Championship
The 2015 Danish Individual Speedway Championship was the 2015 edition of the Danish Individual Speedway Championship. In contrast to previous years, the final was staged over a single round, at Slangerup, and was won by Niels Kristian Iversen. It was the fourth time Iversen had won the national title, having also been victorious in 2012, 2013 and 2014.
Event format
Each rider competed in five rides, with the four top scorers racing in an additional heat. The points from the additional heat were then added to the previous score from the five riders. The winner was the rider who accumulated the most points in all of their rides, and not the rider who won the additional heat.
Final
References
Denmark
Category:Speedway in Denmark
Category:2015 in Danish sport | {
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List of What's Happening Now!! episodes
Below is a list of episodes from What's Happening Now!!, a sitcom that aired in first run syndication from 1985 to 1988.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1985–86)
Season 2 (1986–87)
Season 3 (1987–88)
External links
Category:Lists of American sitcom television series episodes | {
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Angela Tiatia
Angela Tiatia (born November 21, 1973) is a New Zealand-Australian artist.
She works with paint, sculpture, video installation, and performance art. Tiatia's work explores contemporary culture, with particular attention paid to that culture's interactions with gender, race, and neocolonialism.
Tiatia's work has frequently been singled out on a national and international stage. One of her most recent installations, The Fall (2017), was met with widespread acclaim and critical recognition.
Early life
Tiatia was born on November 21, 1973, in Auckland, New Zealand. Her great-grandmother was a Chinese immigrant to Samoa. Tiatia's mother emigrated to Auckland, New Zealand from Samoa in the 1960s in order to find a job in a factory as part of a government push to bolster the country's growing economy.
Modeling career
Tiatia's mother was wary of her daughter beginning a career in the arts, which she considered a difficult field with not much hope of financial reward. Tiatia instead chose to pursue a career in modeling in her teens and early twenties. In 2019 she told I-D magazine that the experience served as a parallel to her religious upbringing, where sexual images were foreign and unfamiliar to her. "The sense of control that was over my body as a Christian woman was completely different too: I was told how to cover up and what to eat. On the flip side to that you'd think there was a lot of freedom in the fashion industry, but I was under immense control. Again I was told what to wear, what to eat and how my body was to look." These two systems gave her an understanding of what she described as a lack of female agency over their own bodies. Tiatia no longer considers herself religious, citing her experience as a questioning child in Sunday school as an example of the curious nature that led her away from her Christian upbringing.
Tiatia later addressed the similarities and contradictions of the religious and modeling worlds in her 2014 art pieces Heels and Walking the Wall, which see her openly displaying her sacred malu, or female-specific Samoan tattoo. For Tiatia, this demonstration meant confronting a cultural taboo from her childhood while simultaneously embracing and examining the symbols of female sexuality that she had come across in her modeling.
Education
Tiatia studied commerce at the University of Auckland, graduating in 2002. In 2010, she graduated from Auckland University of Technology (AUT), with a degree in visual arts. While much of the artist's later career has been defined by her video and photographic work, her application to AUT was based around her painting.
Career
Tiatia intends her work to call attention to culture's interaction with the commodification of body and place brought on by neocolonialism. She said in 2018 that her art is meant to examine "how the Pacific body/place/experience has been stereotyped through images/media/popular culture/art over the last 150 years. Within this time frame, I explore ways in which I can challenge these stereotypes and create new narratives and imagery. As well as this, I also look at the universality of the human experience and the human condition that binds us all."
Tiatia's focus on neo-colonialism also takes into account the increasing wealth gap in international economics. "The gradual nature of this growing inequality is deceiving because it normalises the problem - we don't notice the change because it's incremental," she said in 2014. Tiatia considers her work an opportunity to spark conversation about this issue.
In June 2018, Tiatia was awarded the Ravenswood Australian Women's Art Prize, the richest professional art prize for women in Australia. The award, valued at $35,000, was granted on the basis of Tiatia's video installation The Fall, a production inspired by the Fall of Singapore. In a single take, the five-minute film uses a cast of 30 performers, playing 60 characters, to tell the story of the 1942 battle in a full 360-degree navigation of the space, ending with Tiatia and her camera crew's own image. While the work was commissioned by the Australian War Memorial with the intention of telling a specific historical story, Tiatia also considered The Fall an opportunity to hold a mirror up to modern political turmoil. She wanted the project to be a reminder of the failings of history, and hoped that audiences would gain a new understanding of alternate historical outcomes as a part of their examination of the project.
Her work has been spotlighted by several national and international exhibitions, including the National Museum of Singapore, the 57th Venice Biennial, and the Queensland Art Gallery.
Tiatia's works are held in the collections of Queensland Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Victoria.
Awards and accolades
Along with recognition for The Fall, in 2011 Tiatia was a finalist for the Bold Horizons National Art Award. She has also been a finalist for the John Fries Award twice (in 2016 and 2017). In 2017 she was a finalist for the Paramor Prize: Art + Innovation, and in 2018 she was a finalist for the Archibald Prize.
In October 2018 she announced as the recipient of the 2018 Creative New Zealand Contemporary Pacific Artist Award. Presented by the Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa, the award is one of the only national awards for Pasifika artists across all art forms. It recognizes "an artist who has demonstrated innovation, who has continually pushed the boundaries of their practice, and who has achieved excellence in their field."
References
Category:Living people
Category:Auckland University of Technology alumni
Category:University of Auckland alumni
Category:People from Auckland
Category:New Zealand people of Samoan descent
Category:Archibald Prize finalists
Category:1973 births | {
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Lerista labialis
The southern sandslider, Lerista labialis is a species of skink or Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia and widespread across the continent, being most commonly found within sandy termite mounds. This is where they take safe refuge from the harsh Australian climate and various ground predators.
Description
The southern sandslider is a small skink, with a snake-like body and tail. It is red to brown in colour with a darker brown line on the side, being very similar to Lerista bipes. The skink has no fore limbs and the hind limbs are small. The southern sandslider has one supraocular (scales lying above the eyes) between the eyes and no supraciliaries (small scales along the outer margin of the upper eyelid).
An adult female southern sandslider is generally much longer than an adult male. The females can reach approximately 38 to 60 mm (snout-to-vent) in length. The males only reach between 37 and 55 mm (snout-to-vent) in length.
Taxonomy
There are eight synonym for the southern sandslider, these include:
Lerista labialis (STORR 1971: 69)
Lerista labialis (COGGER 1983: 174)
Rhodona rolloi (WELLS & WELLINGTON 1985: 37 (fide SHEA & SADLIER 1999))
Lerista labialis (GREER 1990)
Lerista labialis (COGGER 2000: 523)
Gaia labialis (WELLS 2012: 202)
Gaia rolloi (WELLS 2012: 206)
Lerista labialis (WILSON & SWAN 2010)
Distribution
Southern sandsliders are found throughout the desert plains of Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Western Queensland and New South Wales.
Southern sandsliders are most commonly found within the dune crests. This is mainly due to the suitability of this habitat in that it provides them with optimum temperatures, an adequate supply of food and the vegetation sparseness results in soft sandy areas that can aid in the reduction of energy costs (being able to move easily).
Ecology and habitat
Southern sandsliders are fossorial, nocturnal (night-active), and terrestrial. They have a very narrow preferred body temperature range, ranging between 21–36 °C. They are found within dunes not only for the availability of food but for its thermoregulation. The southern sandslider swims through the loose sand of termite mounds.
They are abundant in sandy deserts with vegetation cover that is sparse on dune crests. This benefits the species allowing for unrestrained burrowing. Dunes provide an optimum temperature for the survival of the skinks as well as providing their food source.
Reproduction
The southern sandsliders breed throughout summer, however the Lerista species tend to breed in winter during the dry season. They lay shelled eggs within November and February with the clutch size generally being an average of 2. The southern sandsliders sex cannot be determined by an external examination, the only way to determine the sex of the individual is through internal examination.
Diet
Southern sandsiders have diets that consume mostly termites, and this makes up at least 78% of their diet, with the last 22% resulting in invertebrate classes including that of Hemiptera, Neuroptera etc. The southern sandsliders catch their food by foraging below the ground surface
Southern sandsliders forage late at night to the early morning between the surface and just below finding termites and other invertebrates. Not only do they ingest termites and invertebrates, the sandsliders also consume sand. The sand is ingested and is used to aid in the digestion.
Overall, the termites can offer a reliable food source for the southern sandslider. With the increase in rainfall, the southern sandslider benefits from this. The increase in rainfall impacts on the Spinifex species, these species become more abundant with the increase in water availability, spinifex is the diet of termites. With an increase of food availability for the termites, these will cause an increase of termite population. Thus, as the southern sandsliders pray becomes more abundant so will the southern sandslider.
Southern sandsliders are not affected by the seasonal changes but are rain dependent on their food availability, however they will source other species of prey if they need to. They do not need to drink; as they receive water and re-hydrate through the food they eat.
Predators
The Southern sandslider take refuge in dunes to protect themselves from surface-active predators and also the harm of the extreme temperatures within its environment. There are two main predators of the southern sandslider, these are the snake Simoselaps fasciolatus and the skink Eremiascincus fasciolatus.
Threats
There are currently no major threats for the Southern sandslider, their protection status is considered as least concerned wildlife.
References
Category:Endemic fauna of Australia
Category:Skinks of Australia
Category:Reptiles described in 1973
Category:Taxa named by Glen Milton Storr
Category:Lerista | {
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Codex Tudela
The Codex Tudela is a 16th-century pictorial Aztec codex. It is based on the same prototype as the Codex Magliabechiano, the Codex Ixtlilxochitl, and other documents of the Magliabechiano Group.
Little is known about the codex's history. The Spanish government bought the manuscript when it was rediscovered in 1940, and it is now held by the Museo de América in Madrid. Sr José Tudela de la Orden, after whom it was named, worked at the Museo de America and made the codex known to scholars. In Spanish it is sometimes called the Códice del Museo de América.
The Tudela Codex is a document performed in mid 16th century in Mexico Centre during the early colonial stage over European laid paper. It has three parts, Libro Indígena, Libro Pintado Europeo and Libro Escrito Europeo.
The first part occupies pages 11 to 125 and was painted by the Indian scribes in a Pre-Hispanic style near 1540, containing iconography and hieroglyphic writing information regarding Mexican or Aztec religion; types of calendar, rituals regarding disease and death, gods of the drunk, etc. The codex is a religious document that details deities, religious rites, religious ceremonies, cosmological beliefs, calendars and rituals regarding topics such as disease and death.
Further reading
<Facsimilefinder. (2017). Tudela Codex « Facsimile edition. Retrieved from https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/tudela-codex-facsimile>
Tudela | {
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Teakettle Junction, California
Teakettle Junction is a junction in Inyo County, California. It lies at an elevation of . It is in Death Valley near the Racetrack Playa, and Ubehebe Crater.
At the junction where the unimproved road from Ubehebe Crater meets roads to the Racetrack Playa and Hunter Mountain, there is a sign reading "Teakettle Junction," with many teakettles that visitors have attached to it, with messages written on them.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Inyo County, California
Category:Unincorporated communities in California
Category:Death Valley | {
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Warner Village
Warner Village can refer to:
Warner Village, New Jersey, an unincorporated community in the United States.
Warner Village Cinemas, a defunct chain of multiplex theaters in the United Kingdom.
Warner Village Theme Parks, the former name of Village Roadshow Theme Parks, a group of theme parks located in the United States and Australia. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gun laws in New Jersey
Gun laws in New Jersey regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of New Jersey. New Jersey's firearms laws are among the most restrictive in the country.
Summary table
Constitutional provisions
The Constitution of New Jersey has no provision explicitly guaranteeing the right of citizens to keep and bear arms.
Limits and restrictions
Hollow-point ammunition is available for unrestricted purchase from most retailers wherever firearms are sold, and may be transported by purchasers without special licensing. However, hollow-point bullets may not be carried outside of a place of target practice, dwelling, premises or land possessed by a person, even if one has a valid permit to carry a handgun, except when being transported directly to and from these places. LEOSA (HR 218) qualified and retired or separated LEOs carrying anywhere in the USA are exempt from state laws and may legally carry hollow points ammo or any ammo that is not prohibited under the Gun Control Act of 1968 or the National Firearm Act. Additionally the NJ Superior Court in State v Brian Aitken have ruled that there is no exception for moving between residences with hollow-point bullets.
Some localities have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions.
Permits to purchase and own
In New Jersey, anyone seeking to purchase firearms (one does not need to obtain a Firearm Purchaser Identification card to own, possess in the home, transport firearms to and from authorized target range, to a gunsmith for purposes of repair, or to the woods or fields of the state for purposes of hunting) is required to obtain a lifetime Firearm Purchaser Identification card, commonly referred to as FID, for the purchase of rifles and shotguns. To purchase a handgun, a separate permit is needed from the Chief of Police of their municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police if the municipality does not have a local police department. A permit is required for each handgun to be purchased and expires after 90 days but may be extended for an additional 90 days at the discretion of the Chief of Police or Superintendent of State Police. These, like the initial Firearms Purchaser Identification Card (FID), are provided to applicants on a shall-issue basis. They require in-depth application questioning, multiple references and background checks via the State Bureau of Identification and New Jersey State Police; however, authorities do not have discretion and must issue permits to applicants who satisfy the criteria described in the statutes. Reasons for denial include being convicted of a crime (equivalent to a felony) or disorderly persons offense (equivalent to a misdemeanor) in the case of domestic violence. As of August 2013 anyone on the terror watchlist is also disqualified.
NJ law states that Firearms Identification approval and/or handgun purchase permit(s) must be issued within 30 days. However, this is not always adhered to with some applicants waiting months to receive their permits. Applicants are able to appeal the denial of permits. The Firearm Purchaser ID card is also required to purchase handgun ammunition at dealers in the state. "Handgun ammunition" is interpreted as any caliber that can be used in a handgun, therefore some calibers that are typically used in rifles and shotguns require one to show a FPIC to purchase.
Private firearm transfers require a background check conducted through a federally licensed gun dealer. The dealer is required to keep a record of the sale. There are limited exceptions, including for transfers between members of an immediate family and for law enforcement officers.
Forms required by municipalities
:
Only two forms are required to obtain a FPIC or permit to purchase a handgun: the "Application for Firearms Purchaser Identification Card and/or Handgun Purchase Permit", STS-33, and "Consent For Mental Health Records Search", SP-66. Additionally, the Chief of Police for the Municipality or the Superintendent of State Police may require an applicant to be fingerprinted or complete a "Request for Criminal History Record Information", form SBI 212A. Fingerprinting is usually done at private facilities such as Morpho (Safran) and the SBI 212A form can be submitted online or on paper. The method of submission is determined by the local police department. Many police departments and the NJSP are moving toward online submission and phasing out the paper SBI 212A.
Some municipalities have required additional forms, photographs and other requirements such as notarization. These forms are not required for approval per NJSA 2C:58-3a. This has been affirmed by the Appellate Court in two cases, one against the City of Paterson by resident Jeremy Perez, and another against Jersey City by resident Michael McGovern where the court ruled against the cities in violation.
Fees
Each FPIC application fee is $5 and each permit to purchase a handgun is $2. Fingerprinting is charged a fee by the private facility contracted by the state, approximately $50 to $60. The SBI 212A "Request for Criminal History Record Information" application fee is $18 if submitted on paper or $20 if submitted online. Each police department has its own policy with regard to which method they choose for background checks. Some may require fingerprinting for each application, but most only require it for the initial FPIC.
New Jersey limits handgun purchases to one per 30-day period. Upon completing a New Jersey State police form, an FID card holder may be granted permission to purchase more than one handgun a month by declaring good reason. Reasons may include: recreational shooting; the purposes of collectors; when it is required for certain employment; and when obtaining firearms as the beneficiary of a will. The State application required for this increase, Form SP-015, specifically requires the make, model and serial number of each firearm to be transferred prior to the exemption, keeping the spirit of the purchasing limit safe from circumvention.
Ghost guns
New Jersey outlawed the creation and possession of ghost guns in 2018 along with 3D printing guns, including possessing or sharing computer code that can be used to program the printing of such guns. The law is being challenged in court.
Permits to carry and transport
Permit to carry a handgun
New Jersey "may issue" a Permit to Carry a Handgun to both residents and non-residents. One must submit an application to the chief law enforcement officer of one's municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police in areas where there is no local police department. Armored car employees are required to apply to the Superintendent of State Police. Non-residents may apply to the Superintendent of State Police. By statute, New Jersey is a "may-issue" permit system, in which authorities are allowed discretion in the approval and denial of applications. Additionally, training and range qualification is required, non politically connected or retired LEO will not be issued a permit. After a background check and review by the law enforcement agency, permit applications are forwarded to the Superior Court where they are approved or denied.
Every applicant not applying as a law enforcement officer must demonstrate justifiable need in order to obtain a permit, by means of a letter detailing specific need attached to the application; this requirement applies to active and retired judges, prosecutors, public defenders, military personnel, and elected officials in addition to the general populace. Justifiable need has been defined as, "urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun." This standard effectively places permits out of the reach of ordinary citizens, as one would have to demonstrate taking exceptional measures to mitigate such a danger; to include for example, moving to another part of the state or moving out of New Jersey entirely. In practice, very few permits are granted; normally only individuals with political connections are able to obtain handgun carry permits. Many applicants have reported difficulty in obtaining New Jersey Permits to Carry, especially non-residents. Most people do not even bother to apply since denial is almost a certainty and any denial must be disclosed on subsequent applications for permits to purchase a firearm, which is cause for a future firearms purchase to be denied. Registered and licensed private security officers and private investigators encounter less difficulty, however their permits are usually heavily scrutinized and restricted to carry while on duty only.
Retired law enforcement officers are eligible to obtain a permit to carry a handgun without specific justifiable need, pursuant to . These permits are administered by the Superintendent of State Police and not subject to judicial review unless the officer was denied and is appealing a denial. Additionally, qualified retired law enforcement officers may carry under LEOSA, which allows retired and current law enforcement officers who qualify and meet certain criteria to carry concealed firearms. There is no requirement for qualified retired or separated officers to apply for the state permit when carrying under LEOSA (H.R. 218) since the federal law trumps state law. As of the end of 2013, there were 1,212 active Handgun Carry Permits in New Jersey, out of a population of nearly 9 million residents.
Carry to exempted locations
There are a few exempted locations where one may carry and possess firearms. These locations are your home, place of business, premises or land possessed, or to a gunsmith for purposes of repair. Members of rifle or pistol clubs that submit their names to the state police annually are allowed to possess and transport their firearms to "a place of target practice." Those who are not members of a rifle or pistol club can carry their firearms to "an authorized target range." One may also carry firearms to the woods or fields or waters of the state for purposes of hunting or fishing. One must have a valid hunting or fishing license and the firearms must be appropriate for hunting or fishing to be covered under this exemption.
Interstate transportation of unloaded firearms
Interstate transportation is covered under the Safe Passage provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA), 18 USC § 926A, which states:
However, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has found that this provision only applies to transporting a firearm in a vehicle, and that carrying a firearm in a locked container in checked luggage in an airport terminal to declare it to the airline constitutes unlawful possession and is not protected under the law. This decision was a direct result of a 2005 incident where Gregg C. Revell, a Utah Resident with a valid Utah Concealed Firearm Permit was traveling through Newark Airport en route to Allentown, Pennsylvania. Because of a missed flight, he was given his luggage, which included a properly checked firearm, and was forced to spend the night in a hotel in New Jersey. When he returned to the airport the following day to check his handgun for the last portion of the trip, he was arrested for illegal possession of a firearm. Revell lost his lawsuit after The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held in Gregg C. Revell v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, [222] held that "Section 926A does not apply to Revell because his firearm and ammunition were readily accessible to him during his stay in New Jersey." This opinion will apply to NJ airports. If you miss a flight or for any other reason your flight is interrupted and the airline tries to return you luggage that includes a checked firearm, you cannot take possession of the firearm if you are taking a later flight. The Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs (ANJRPC) later also sued the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which resulted in a similar decision.
Assault firearms and magazine capacity
Firearms classed as "assault firearms" but acquired before May 1, 1990, and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency. FFLs are also allowed to possess "assault firearms."
Assault firearm feature criteria
Under New Jersey law, a firearm is classified as an "assault firearm" if it meets the following criteria:
Semi-automatic rifles able to accept detachable magazines and at least two of the following:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip
Bayonet mount
Flash suppressor, or threaded barrel designed to accommodate one
Grenade launcher mount
Semi-automatic pistols with detachable magazines and at least two of the following:
Magazine that attaches outside the pistol grip
Threaded barrel to attach barrel extender, flash suppressor, handgrip, or suppressor
Barrel shroud safety feature that prevents burns to the operator (does not include the slide of a pistol)
Unloaded weight of 50 oz (1.4 kg) or more
A semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm.
Semi-automatic shotguns with at least one of the following:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon
A magazine capacity exceeding six rounds
An ability to accept a detachable magazine
“Assault firearm” shall not include a semi-automatic rifle which has an attached tubular device and which is capable of operating only with .22 caliber rimfire ammunition.
Banned manufacturers, models, and types
The following manufacturers, models, and types are banned:
Armalite AR-180 type
Australian Automatic Arms SAR
Avtomat Kalashnikov type semi-automatic firearms
Beretta AR-70 and BM59 semi-automatic firearms
Bushmaster Assault Rifle
Calico M-900 Assault carbine and M-900
CETME G3
Chartered Industries of Singapore SR-88 type
Colt AR-15 and CAR-15 series (Colt Match Target Rifle are allowed)
Daewoo K-1, K-2, Max 1 and Max 2, AR 100 types
Demro TAC-1 carbine type
Encom MP-9 and MP-45 carbine types
FAMAS MAS223 types
FN-FAL, FN-LAR, or FN-FNC type semi-automatic firearms
Franchi SPAS 12 and LAW 12 shotguns
G3SA type
Galil type
Heckler and Koch HK91, HK93, HK94, MP5, PSG-1
Intratec TEC 9 and 22 semi-automatic firearms
M1 carbine type
M14S type (M1A's are allowed)
MAC 10, MAC 11, MAC 11-9mm carbine type firearms
PJK M-68 carbine type
Plainfield Machine Company Carbine
Ruger K-Mini-14/5F and Mini-14/5RF (Folding & Telescopic Models)
SIG AMT, SIG 5050SP, SIG 551SP, SIG PE-57 types
SKS with detachable magazine type
Spectre Auto carbine type
Springfield Armory BM59 and SAR-48 type
Sterling MK-6, MK-7, and SAR types
Steyr A.U.G. semi-automatic firearms
USAS 12 semi-automatic type shotgun
Uzi type semi-automatic firearms
Valmet M62, M71S, M76, or M78 type semi-automatic firearms
Weaver Arm Nighthawk
Magazine capacity
In New Jersey, it is illegal to possess any magazine that is capable of accepting more than 10 rounds of ammunition for semi-automatic pistols or rifles, or 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns that accept detachable magazines. Sales to law enforcement agencies or to federally licensed firearm dealers are exempt.
This definition shall not include a semi-automatic rifle which has an attached tubular device and which is capable of operating only with .22 caliber rimfire ammunition.
Bump stock
In his final day in office in January 2018, Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie signed legislation making the gun accessory known as a bump stock illegal.
New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law
The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law is a 2002 state law that requires that all Dealers offer at least One (1) smart gun for sale in their store.
Red flag law
Under New Jersey's red flag law, a judge may issue a gun violence restraining order authorizing the police to confiscate a person's firearms if the judge determines that the person poses a significant risk of personal injury to himself or others. A hearing must be held within ten days. At the hearing the person's firearms may be taken away for a period of up to one year.
See also
Law of New Jersey
New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law
References
Category:New Jersey law
New Jersey | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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List of judges of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
The Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in Australia has six resident Judges, including a Chief Justice. Judges from other Courts and retired Judges have regularly held appointment as additional or acting Judges to assist, particularly with appeal sittings where at least three Judges are required.
The Northern Territory went through a period where from 1961 up until Self-Government in 1978 Federal Court (and before that Commonwealth) Judges were appointed and sat occasionally in the Northern Territory.
Notes
References
Northern Territory Supreme Court
Supreme Court of Northern Territory
Supreme Court Judges | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Envelope (disambiguation)
An envelope is the paper container used to hold a letter being sent by post.
Envelope may also refer to:
In mathematics
Envelope (mathematics), a curve, surface, or higher-dimensional object defined as being tangent to a given family of lines or curves (or surfaces, or higher-dimensional objects, respectively)
Envelope (category theory)
In science
Viral envelope, the membranal covering surrounding the capsid of a virus
Cell envelope of a bacterium, consisting of the cell membrane, cell wall and outer membrane
In applied science
Envelope (waves), a curve joining the peaks of an oscillating waveform or signal
Envelope detector, an electronic circuit used to measure the envelope of a waveform
ADSR envelope, the variation of a sound over time, as is used in sound synthesis
Envelope (motion), a solid representing all positions that an object may occupy during its normal range of motion
Flight envelope, the limits within which an aircraft can operate
Building envelope, the exterior layer of a building that protects it from the elements
Airship#Envelope, the fabric skin covering the airship
Envelope (radar), the volume of space where a radar system is required to reliably detect an object
In entertainment
Envelopes (band), an indie/pop band from Sweden and France, based in the UK
Envelope (film), a 2012 film
"Envelopes", a song by Frank Zappa from his 1982 album Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch
Other uses
Envelope (poetry), a poetic device in which a line or a stanza is repeated to enclose a section of verse
Envelope (military) (envelop, with the stress on the second syllable, is the related verb), attacking one or both of the enemy's flanks to encircle the enemy
The envelope of an Internet email, its SMTP routing information
See also
Two envelopes problem, a paradox
Common envelope event, a short-lived phase in the evolution of a binary star in which the larger of the two stars has initiated unstable mass transfer to its companion star | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Marinus Dijkerman
Marinus Dijkerman (born 2 March 1948) is a Dutch field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch male field hockey players
Category:Olympic field hockey players of the Netherlands
Category:Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from The Hague | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette)
"Apollo-Soyuz" was a Soviet brand of cigarettes which were manufactured by the "Java Tobacco Factory" in Moscow, Soviet Union and Philip Morris USA in the United States. Today it is owned and manufactured by the Krasnodar Tobacco Factory, a Russian subsidiary of Altria.
History
To honor the joint Soviet-American flight of the Soyuz-Apollo, a series of postage stamps and envelopes with the stamp first day covers, postcards, photo albums, as well as cigarettes under the name "Apollo-Soyuz" with the famous Virginia tobacco from the American company Philip Morris were issued to be made.
The brand was introduced for the occasion of the joint Soviet-American Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission in July 1975.
The cigarettes went on sale in the Soviet Union on July 15, 1975, the day the Soyuz was launched, and later in the United States. The cigarettes were manufactured for 5 years, during this time the Moscow factory released an order of 500 million cigarettes, although it was difficult to actually acquire a pack due to a trade deficit in the USSR. In the astronauts city Leninsk (nowadays called Baikonur) the cigarettes could be bought freely at 1.5 Soviet rubles per pack (at the time this was considered quite expensive). In other cities of the USSR, the cigarettes were instantly bought and resold by speculators. The cigarettes were popular in the Soviet Union, a total of 3 billion were exported there. In the United States however, the brand found little appeal, mainly because the brand was expensive.
Manufacturing of the brand was discontinued in 1980 upon expiry of the term of the license agreement between Philip Morris and Glavtabakom.
Resumption of production
Cigarette manufacturing resumed in 1995 by the Krasnodar Tobacco Factory, owned by Philip Morris. In 1996 the factory was arranged in a full technological cycle of production, and since then the cigarettes are manufactured there.
On July 17, 1998 the production of a new cigarette called "Apollo Alliance Special", which were more expensive than the original, was started. On April 1 of 2000, production began of the "Apollo Alliance Special Lights Bookstore" cigarettes (retail price per pack 9-10 Russian rubles), who were claimed to be a low-tar and nicotine cigarettes (8 mg tar and 0.6 mg nicotine per cigarette).
Packaging
The cigarette pack features a blue circle with a rendering of the docked Apollo-Soyuz spacecraft inside it, and bears English writing in blue and Russian in red. On one side it says: "Apollo Soyuz commemorative brand," and on the other "Soyuz Apollo". On one edge of the pack are the words, "Developed by Philip Morris Inc. U.S.A. and Glavtabak, U.S.S.R. in commemoration of U.S./Soviet space cooperation" in English and Russian, along with the English words, "Made in U.S.S.R., Tava Factory, Moscow." Glavtabak was the Soviet State Tobacco Agency. The other edge displays the U.S. Surgeon General's warning that cigarettes are dangerous to your health.
Markets
Apollo-Soyuz was only sold in the Soviet Union and the United States, but since its re-introduction it is still sold in Russia.
In popular culture
Video games
Apollo-Soyuz cigarettes appeared in the game Escape from Tarkov where the brand is called "Apollon Soyuz".
See also
Cigarette
Tobacco smoking
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
References
Category:Philip Morris brands
Category:Russian cigarette brands
Category:Soviet brands
Category:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
Category:Soviet Union–United States relations | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1992 in Russia
Events from the year 1992 in Russia
Incumbents
President of Russia – Boris Yeltsin (Democratic Party of Russia)
Vice President of Russia – Alexander Rutskoy (Patriots of Russia)
Prime Minister of Russia –
until 15 June: Boris Yeltsin (Democratic Party of Russia)
15 June–14 December: vacant
starting 14 December: Viktor Chernomyrdin (Our Home – Russia)
Events
January 2 - RTR channel began airing Santa Barbara, which would become the longest-running TV series on Russian television (although only episodes from 217th to 2,040th were aired).
Sport
Notable births in 1992
January 1 - Daniil Apalkov, ice hockey player
January 2 - Anna Arina Marenko, tennis player
January 18 - Karen Akopyan, footballer
January 21 - Almaz Askarov, footballer
January 31 - Alexandr Loginov, biathlete
February 6 - Sean Babas, commercial, music video and motion picture film director
April 3 - Artur Amirov, ice hockey player
April 12 - Denis Barantsev, ice hockey defenceman
June 5 - Maksim Batov, footballer
June 8 - Dmitri Avramenko, footballer
June 19 - Dmitry Barkov, footballer
July 3 - Alena Adanichkina, triathlete
July 26 - Sergei Barbashev, ice hockey player
August 3 - Denis Ablyazin, artistic gymnast
August 16 - Islam Dzhabrailov, footballer
September 19 - Magomed Adayev, footballer
September 29 – Marina Antipova, ice dancer
October 20 – Ksenia Semenova, Olympic gymnast
November 6 - Zakhar Arzamastsev, ice hockey player
November 18 - Apti Aukhadov, weightlifter
December 31 - Artur Anisimov, footballer
Notable deaths in 1992
References
External links
Category:1990s in Russia
Category:Years of the 20th century in Russia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Sucklord
The Sucklord (born Morgan Phillips circa 1969)) is a New York pop artist. He manufactures unlicensed action figures and toys through his company, Suckadelic. The Sucklord appeared as a contestant in the second season of Work of Art: The Next Great Artist. On September 10, 2012, the Sucklord appeared in the fifth episode of Bravo's Gallery Girls reality TV show, in which he produced limited editions of action figures and sold them at the girls' East Village shop, End of Century.
The Sucklord has been a long-time fan of Star Wars and Star Wars merchandise and has been profiled for his own versions of Star Wars collectibles. He contributed to series five and six of Topps' Star Wars Galaxy trading cards and produced three series of his own Suckpax cards.
Phillips was born in the West Village and attended P.S. 41 and the High School for the Humanities, graduating in 1987. He later attended an art school in Eugene, Oregon. Phillips made his first reality TV appearance in the 2004 premiere episode of VH1's Can't Get a Date. Phillips produced the YouTube shows Toylords of Chinatown and Microsexuals.
Exhibition
January 2011, Suckadelic, Boo-Hooray Gallery, New York City.
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:Artists from New York (state)
Category:Pop artists
Category:1969 births
Category:Participants in American reality television series | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Melanoplus punctulatus
Melanoplus punctulatus, known generally as the pine tree spur-throat grasshopper or grizzly spur-throat grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.
Subspecies
These three subspecies belong to the species Melanoplus punctulatus:
Melanoplus punctulatus arboreus Scudder, 1897 i c g
Melanoplus punctulatus griseus (Thomas, 1872) i c g
Melanoplus punctulatus punctulatus (Scudder, 1863) i c g
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
External links
Category:Melanoplinae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1863 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Setaria
Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.
The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.
The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world, and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses.
Three species of Setaria have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali (S. pumila) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico. Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet (S. italica) and korali (S. pumila), while others are considered invasive weeds. Setaria viridis is currently being developed as a genetic model system for bioenergy grasses.
Species
formerly included
Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria, Dissochondrus, Echinochloa, Holcolemma, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, Paspalidium, Pennisetum, Pseudoraphis, Setariopsis, and Urochloa
See also
Hendrik de Wit, a botanist who studied Setaria
References
External links
Setaria. California Department of Food and Agriculture.
Category:Poaceae genera
Category:Grasses of Africa
Category:Grasses of Asia
Category:Grasses of Europe
Category:Grasses of North America
Category:Grasses of Oceania
Category:Grasses of South America
Category:Panicoideae
Category:Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1977 Mestaruussarja
This page provides statistics of the Mestaruussarja, the premier division of Finnish football, for the 1977 season.
Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Haka Valkeakoski won the championship.
League standings
References
Finland - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Category:Mestaruussarja seasons
Fin
Fin
1 | {
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Filipa
{{Infobox given name
| name = Filipa
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption=
| pronunciation =FIL-i-pa
| gender =Female
| meaning ="Friend of horses"
| region = Portugal, Brazil, Croatia, Poland Serbia
| origin = Greek
| related names = Philippa, Filippa
| footnotes =
}}
Filipa is a given name meaning "friend of horses". Common alternative spellings include Philippa, Phillippa, Filippa, or Felipa. It is the feminine form of the masculine name Philip'' in Serbian, Portuguese, Croatian, and Polish. It is a relatively common name in Portugal and a very rare name in Brazil.
Notable people with the name Filipa include:
Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, Portuguese noblewoman
Filipa de Lencastre, English princess, consort queen of Portugal
Filipa of Coimbra, Portuguese royal, granddaughter of Filipa de Lencastre
Filipa Azevedo, Portuguese singer
Filipa Carmo da Silva, South African singer
Filipa César, Portuguese film director
Filipa Sousa, Portuguese singer
See also
Philippa
References
Category:Portuguese feminine given names | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Azul (Cristian Castro album)
Azul is the seventh studio album recorded by Mexican singer and songwriter, Cristian Castro. It was released by BMG U.S. Latin on June 5, 2001 (see 2001 in music). It was produced again by Colombian songwriter and record producer Kike Santander working last album Cristian's Mi Vida Sin Tu Amor (1999). It was nominated Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in the 44th Annual Grammy Awards on February 27, 2002. The title track, "Azul", topped the Latin charts.
Track listing
Charts
Sales and certifications
References
Category:2001 albums
Category:Cristian Castro albums
Category:Spanish-language albums
Category:BMG albums
Category:Albums produced by Kike Santander | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hazelbaker
Hazelbaker is a surname. It may refer to:
Frank A. Hazelbaker (1878–1939), American politician in Montana who served as Lieutenant Governor of Montana
Frank W. Hazelbaker (1912–1990), American politician in the state of Montana
Jeremy Hazelbaker (born 1987), American baseball outfielder
Jill Hazelbaker, American communications executive, political campaign activist primarily for candidates of the U.S. Republican Party | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Maccabi Segev Shalom F.C.
Maccabi Segev Shalom (), also called Maccabi Shaqib al-Salam (), iss an Israeli football club based in Shaqib al-Salam (Segev Shalom).
History
The club was founded in 2008 and played in Liga Gimel South division for its first two seasons, winning the divisional cup in its first season and finishing as runners-up in its second season. Ahead of its third season, the South division was scrapped and the club was assigned to the Central division. The long distances to rival teams and the police refusal to allow the club to host matches In Shaqib al-Salam led to the collapse of the club and to its withdrawal from the league, after failing to appear to three matches.
Ahead of the 2012–13 the club was re-established and rejoined Liga Gimel. In 2015 the club won its division and was promoted to Liga Bet.
Honours
League
External links
Maccabi Segev Shalom The Israel Football Association
References
Segev Shalom
Segev Shalom
Category:Association football clubs established in 2008
Category:Association football clubs established in 2011
Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2012
Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2016
Category:Bedouins in Israel | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tête-à-Tête (Art Pepper and George Cables album)
Tête-à-Tête is a duet album by saxophonist Art Pepper and pianist George Cables recorded in 1982 and released on the Galaxy label.
Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow noted "Pepper never did decline on record, and although he died in June 1982 (just a month after the last of these duets), he is prime form throughout the emotional performances".
Track listing
"Over the Rainbow" (Harold Arlen, Yip Harburg) - 6:43
"Tête-à-Tête" (George Cables) - 4:29
"Darn That Dream" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Eddie DeLange) - 4:17
"Body and Soul" (Johnny Green, Frank Eyton, Edward Heyman, Robert Sour) - 5:17
"The Way You Look Tonight" (Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields) - 6:47
"'Round Midnight" (Thelonious Monk, Cootie Williams, Bernie Hanighen) - 5:40
"You Go to My Head" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) - 6:04
Recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, CA on April 13, 1982 (track 4), April 14, 1982 (tracks 1-3, 5 & 6) and May 11, 1982 (track 7)
Personnel
Art Pepper - alto saxophone
George Cables - piano
References
Category:Art Pepper albums
Category:George Cables albums
Category:1983 albums
Category:Galaxy Records albums
Category:Collaborative albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lord Hardinge
Lord Hardinge may refer to:
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge (1755–1856), British field marshal
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (1858–1944), British diplomat and the grandson of the first viscount. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Federico Zenuni
Federico Zenuni (born 19 January 1997) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Italian club Virtus Francavilla and the Albania national under-21 football team.
Club career
Early career
Zenuni started his youth career at age of 6 with Torino F.C.. In 2014 he advanced at the Primavera team and won the 2014–15 Campionato Nazionale Primavera beating Lazio Primavera in the final. He was part of the team also in the next season and participated in the 2015–16 UEFA Youth League Domestic Champions Path.
Torino
Loan to Tuttocuoio
On 25 July 2016 Torino decided to loan Zenuni at Lega Pro side A.C. Tuttocuoio 1957 San Miniato for the 2016–17 season.
He made it his first professional debut at Tuttocuoio on 11 September 2016 against Lupa Roma coming on as a substitute in the 69th minute in place of Marco Berardi.
Loan to Viterbese Castrense
Zenuni was loaned one more time at Serie C moving on 27 July 2017 to A.S. Viterbese Castrense.
Teramo
On 11 July 2018, he moved on a permanent basis to the Serie C club Teramo.
Virtus Francavila
On 14 January 2019, he signed with Virtus Francavilla.
International career
Italy U15
Zenuni was gathered with Italy national under-15 football team in 2011.
Albania U19
He was called up at Albania national under-19 football team by coach Arjan Bellaj to participate in the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification from 12–17 November 2015. He played 2 full 90-minutes match in the opening one against Austria U19 finished in the 2–1 loss and against Georgia U19 two days later finished in the 1–0. In the closing game against Wales U19, Zenuni scored twice in the 10th and 36th minutes to sent Albania U19 in advantage in both cases and following a goal later by Ardian Krasniqi in the 42nd minute, Albania U19 ended by taking the 3–2 victory.
Albania U21
Zenuni received his first call up at the Albania national under-21 football team by coach Skënder Gega to participate in the Antalya Cup developed in Antalya, Turkey against Saudi Arabia U21 on 22 January 2016, Bahrain U21 on 24 January, Azerbaijan U21 on 26 January, Kosovo U21 on 28 January and Ukraine U21 on 30 January.
2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
Zenuni was called up by coach Alban Bushi for the Friendly match against France U21 on 5 June 2017 and the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification opening match against Estonia U21 on 12 June 2017. He was not part of the 18-man squad which featured in the opening match of the qualifiers against Estonia U21.
Career statistics
Club
International goals
. Albania score listed first, score column indicates score after each Zenuni's goal.
References
External links
Federico Zenuni profile at FSHF.org
Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Turin
Category:Albanian footballers
Category:Albania youth international footballers
Category:Albania under-21 international footballers
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Italian people of Albanian descent
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Serie C players
Category:A.C. Tuttocuoio 1957 San Miniato players
Category:A.S. Viterbese Castrense players
Category:S.S. Teramo Calcio players
Category:Albanian expatriate footballers
Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Virtus Francavilla Calcio players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Arkansas's 2nd congressional district
Arkansas's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district located in the central part of the U.S. state of Arkansas and includes the state capital of Little Rock, its suburbs and surrounding areas.
It is represented by Republican French Hill.
George W. Bush won 51% of the vote in this district in 2004. John McCain carried the district in 2008 with 53.69% of the vote while Barack Obama received 44.07%.
Voting
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
The 2018 election was held on November 6, 2018.
Living former members
, there are five former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arkansas's 2nd congressional district that are currently living. The most recent representative to die was Ray Thornton (served 1991–1997) on April 13, 2016.
References
Bibliography
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
02 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Cowcowing, Western Australia
Cowcowing is a small town located just off the Koorda–Wyalkatchem road from Perth
in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.
The town originated as a railway siding and was later gazetted as a townsite in 1919. The name of the town is Aboriginal in origin and was first recorded by explorers in 1854. The name of the nearby lake recorded as "Gow gow eeh lake" has now been changed to Cowcowing Lake; the meaning of the name remains unknown.
The town is a Cooperative Bulk Handling receival site.
Notable residents
Captain Hugo Throssell (1884–1933), awarded Victoria Cross at Gallipoli
References
Category:Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Category:Grain receival points of Western Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Power of Truth
The Power of Truth is a book written by essayist and Saturday Evening Post editor, William George Jordan. The book was first published in 1902. The Power of Truth is a self-help book that was originally 151 pages long. Circa 1933 the copyright and printing plates for this book were purchased by Heber J. Grant, the president of the LDS Church, in conjunction with Deseret Book Company, from Nellie Jordan, William's widow. Deseret Book re-published it in 1935 as the 8th edition. Grant first encountered the book while he was in England between 1903 and 1906 serving as president of the LDS Church's European Mission. He purchased over 4,000 copies of it before returning to the United States. He thereafter started a long-running correspondence with William George Jordan.
References
Category:1902 non-fiction books
Category:LDS non-fiction
Category:Self-help books
Category:Deseret Book books | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Theophilus Jones (historian)
Theophilus Jones (18 October 1758 – 15 January 1812) was a Welsh lawyer, known as a historian of Brecknockshire.
Life
Theophilus Jones was the son of Hugh Jones (d. 1799), vicar of Llangammarch and then Llywel, Brecknockshire, and a prebendary of the collegiate church of Brecon; and his wife, Elinor (d. 1786), daughter of the historian Theophilus Evans. For many years he practised as a solicitor in Brecon. The death of his father gave him an additional degree of financial security, and following his appointment as deputy-registrar of the archdeaconry of Brecon, he sold his business in 1808 to have time to write.
Jones married Mary Price in 1783. He died on 15 January 1812, and was buried in the church of Llangammarch; his widow died on 22 July 1828.
Works
Jones's History of the County of Brecknock was published in two volumes in Brecon in 1805 and 1809. It was reprinted in one volume in 1898; and in a considerably enlarged form in four volumes, edited by Joseph Russell Bailey, 1st Baron Glanusk, in 1909 to 1930.
Jones also published antiquarian communications in magazines, two papers in the Cambrian Register in 1795 and 1796, and another in Archaeologia, journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London, in 1814. He planned to write a history of Radnorshire which, however, never materialised; and he began a translation of Ellis Wynne's romance Gweledigaethau y Bardd Cwsg (Visions of the Sleeping Bard).
References
Bibliography
Attribution
Category:1758 births
Category:1812 deaths
Category:Welsh solicitors
Category:Welsh antiquarians
Category:Welsh historians
Category:18th-century antiquarians
Category:19th-century antiquarians
Category:18th-century Welsh historians
Category:19th-century Welsh historians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bahiopsis laciniata
Bahiopsis laciniata is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names San Diego County sunflower, San Diego viguiera and tornleaf goldeneye. It is native to the deserts and dry mountain slopes of northwestern Mexico (States of Sonora and Baja California), its distribution extending north as far as Ventura County, California.
The habitat of Bahiopsis laciniata includes chaparral and coastal sage scrub. It is a hairy, resinous shrub growing to a maximum height well over one meter. The leaves have lance-shaped blades up to 5 centimeters long which are glandular and shiny with resin. The blades have smooth or shallowly toothed edges which are sometimes rolled under or crinkled. The inflorescence is a solitary sunflower-like flower head or cyme of several heads. The flower head has several yellow ray florets measuring 6 millimeters to over a centimeter long. The fruit is an achene tipped with a pappus.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
Category:Heliantheae
Category:Flora of Baja California
Category:Flora of California
Category:Flora of Sonora | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Catherine Burks-Brooks
Catherine Burks-Brooks (born October 8, 1939 near Selma, Alabama) is an American civil rights movement activist, teacher, social worker, jewelry retailer, and newspaper editor.
Personal life
Burks was born on October 8, 1939 near Selma, Alabama, she was however raised in Birmingham, Alabama.
Burks was a student at Tennessee State University. Burks was active in the Mississippi movement and was the co-editor of Mississippi Free Press from 1962–1963. Burks taught as an elementary school teacher in 1964. In 1965–1966 she worked as a social worker in Detroit, she later became a jeweler specializing in African jewelry and clothing.
Burks lived in the Bahamas in the 1970s before relocating back to Birmingham, Alabama in 1979.
Burks became a district sales manager for Avon cosmetics in 1982, until 1998. Burks now works as a substitute teacher in Birmingham.
Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement
Burks participated in multiple Freedom Rides including a Freedom Ride from Nashville, Tennessee to Montgomery, Alabama from May 17–21, 1961.
On the second day of the freedom ride, May 18, Burks recalls bantering with a segregationist and Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner, Bull Connor as he drove Nashville freedom riders back to the Tennessee state line from jail. She also recalls telling Connor that "We'll see you back in Birmingham by high noon."
Two days later Burks was caught in the middle of a riot at the Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station. In the film Freedom Riders, Burks clearly recalled an assault on fellow Freedom Rider, Jim Zwerg stating "Some men held him while white women clawed his face with their nails. And they held up their little children --children who couldn't have been more than a couple years old – to claw his face. I had to turn my head back because I just couldn't watch it."
She later witnessed a siege of the First Baptist Church by angry segregationists on the following day. Burks recalls "I heard a rock hit the window. Some of us got up to look out the window and we got hit by more rocks. That's when a little fear came."
Later in August 1961, she married Freedom Rider Paul Brooks. They later participated in the Mississippi voter registration movement, and co-edited the Mississippi Free Press in 1962–1963.
References
Category:Living people
Category:1939 births
Category:20th-century African-American activists
Category:Activists for African-American civil rights
Category:Freedom Riders
Category:Activists from Birmingham, Alabama
Category:Activists from Selma, Alabama
Category:Tennessee State University alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon is a small, man-made wading pool in the Waikiki neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of the island of Oahu near the Ala Wai Small Boat Harbor and Fort DeRussy Military Reservation. The Hilton Hawaiian Village is adjacent to the lagoon.
History
The lagoon was developed in the 1950s along with Henry J. Kaiser's Hawaiian Village development project. Once completed, the new beach and lagoon were named after surfer and Olympic swimming champion Duke Kahanamoku. In 1961, Hilton Hotels acquired Kaiser's Hawaiian Village Resort property.
Beautification Project
As the lagoon aged, it became murky, stagnant and undesirable for swimming. In 2006 the lagoon underwent renovations for approximately $15 million. With introduction of a new water circulation system, smaller size and shallower waters, the pond became a desirable swimming spot for many. The renovations also incorporated a small island, palm trees, and a boardwalk. On October 16, 2007 the lagoon was officially re-opened with a ceremony attended by Hawaii Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona and relatives of Duke Kahanamoku.
See also
Ala Moana Beach Park
U. S. Army Museum of Hawaii
List of beaches in Oahu
Magic Island
References
External links
Waikiki Beach Activities at the Duke Kahanamoku Lagoon
Category:Beaches of Oahu
Category:Waikiki | {
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Mervyn Blake
Mervyn Alexander Clifford Blake, (30 November 1907 – 9 October 2003) was a Canadian stage actor.
Born in Dehradun, India, he joined the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1957. He was the first Stratford actor to appear in Shakespeare's entire canon of plays.
In 1995, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada for "his dedication to his craft and to the development of the Stratford Festival".
References
External links
Category:1907 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:Canadian male stage actors
Category:Members of the Order of Canada
Category:Male actors from Dehradun | {
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Melicent Knapp Smith
Melicent Knapp Smith (October 15, 1816 – September 24, 1891) was an American educator and Christian missionary in the Hawaiian Islands. She was a member of the Tenth Company sent to the islands by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in 1841.
Early life
Melicent Knapp was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the daughter of Jared Knapp and Mary Owen Knapp. Her brother Horton Owen Knapp (1813-1845) was also a missionary in Hawaii, preceding her by five years.
In Hawaii
Melicent Knapp arrived in Hawaii with her new husband, a medical missionary, in 1842, as a member of the Tenth Company sent by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). They were stationed at Koloa, Hawaii on the island of Kauai. She looked after their congregation and household, and provided hospitality for the wives and children of visiting sea captains, while her husband treated patients all over the island. She started and operated the Koloa Boarding School for Girls, teaching with two of her daughters, Emma and Lottie, from 1861 until 1871. She also taught Bible study and sewing classes for Hawaiian women.
Personal life
Melicent Knapp married physician James William Smith in 1841. They had nine children born between 1843 and 1857, including William Owen Smith (1848-1929), Jared Knapp Smith (1849-1897), and Melicent Philena Smith Waterhouse (1854-1943). Two daughters, both named Mary, died in infancy. Melicent Knapp Smith was widowed in 1887 and died in 1891 in Koloa, aged 74 years. Her gravesite is in the churchyard at Koloa Union Church. The Smith Family papers are archived at the Kauai Historical Society.
Alfred S. Hartwell was one of Melicent Knapp Smith's sons-in-law. Her descendants included grandson Alfred Herbert Waterhouse (1877-1948). The Koloa Scholarship Fund was established in memory of James William Smith, Melicent Knapp Smith, Jared Knapp Smith, Alfred Waterhouse, and Mabel Plamer Waterhouse.
References
External links
Category:1816 births
Category:1891 deaths
Category:American missionaries
Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut | {
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Raghunathpur, Purulia
Raghunathpur is a city and a municipality in Purulia district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Raghunathpur subdivision. Industrial City Raghunathpur is located near Adra on the North-East part of Purulia district. It is connected with other cities through five main way road's, which are Purulia – Barakar road, Raghunathpur-Adra-Hura road, Raghunathpur-Chas road, Cheliyama road and Raghunathpur-Bankura road. The nearest main junction station is Adra Junction railway station.
Geography
Location
Raghunathpur is located at . It has an average elevation of . The area forms the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills.
Area overview
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills.Raghunathpur subdivision occupies the northern part of the district. 83.80% of the population of the subdivision lives in rural areas. However, there are pockets of urbanization and 16.20% of the population lives in urban areas. There are 14 census towns in the subdivision.It is presented in the map given alongside. There is a coal mining area around Parbelia and two thermal power plants are there – the 500 MW Santaldih Thermal Power Station and the 1200 MW Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station. The subdivision has a rich heritage of old temples, some of them belonging to the 11th century or earlier. The Banda Deul is a monument of national importance.The comparatively more recent in historical terms, Panchkot Raj has interesting and intriguing remains in the area.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
Police stations
Raghunathpur police station has jurisdiction over Raghunathpur municipality and parts of the Raghunathpur I CD block. The area covered is 337 km2 and the population covered is 197,430.
Raghunathpur Women police station. It will cover all the police stations areas of Raghunathpur subdivision.
Adra Police station has jurisdiction over some parts of Arrah and Sanka areas.
CD block HQ
The headquarters of the Raghunathpur I CD block are located at Raghunathpur.
Administration
Raghunathpur town area falls under Raghunathpur Municipality.
Some parts of Raghunathpur are in intermediate panchayat in Purulia district, with Arrah, Babugram, Bero, Choprahari, Khajura, Nutandi, Sanka, Barrah, Cheliama, Jotadih, Mangaldah-Mautore, Nildih, and Nutandih village panchayats under it.
Demographics
Raghunathpur total area covered 12.95 km2, and at present 13 nos of Ward. Raghunathpur had a total population of 25,932 in 2011. Out of this 11,326 were males and 10,486 were females. 2,640 persons were below the age of 6 years. 13,317 persons were literate.
Economy
Damodar Valley Corporation has planned for a power plant at Raghunathpur as a proposed greenfield plant in the 11th plan. The first stage would be 2 X 600 MW.
Representatives of the Jai Balaji group visited the Raghunathpur on 11 January 2007 to see the sites for their proposed steel, cement and power plants.
A steel plant of 5 million tons capacity along with a cement plant with capacity of 3000,000 tons will be set up at block one in Raghunathpur. The Jai Balaji group will be setting up these projects worth Rs 16,000 crore with a captive power plant on of land. Adhunik group will set up an 1,100,000 ton capacity steel plant along with a 1000,000 ton cement plant. The project covering an area of nearly will also comprise a captive power plant involving an investment of Rs 6400 crore. The state cabinet approved the industrial projects on 22 August 2007.
The state government has acquired of land against the requirement of . The land acquired was handed over to Jai Balaji group in October 2009. The state government was acquiring the balance portion of the land, In the first phase the Jai Balaji group will begin with coal mining at Asansol and sponge iron production at Raghunathpur. The company expects to start production in 2011. Jai Balaji Industries Limited (JBIL), the flagship company of Jai Balaji group, has raised Rs 198.50 crore through Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) of shares.
Education
Raghunathpur College was established in 1961. Affiliated with the Sidho Kanho Birsha University, it offers honours courses in Bengali, Sanskrit, English, economic, geography, history, political science, sociology, accountancy, physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.
Raghunathpur has a number of Educational Institutions. They are
Raghunathpur Gobinda Das Lang Institution
Raghunathpur Girls High School
Raghunathpur High School
Gogra High school
Babugram high School
Sankra High School
Raghunathpur Municipal Managed High School
References
Gallery
Category:Cities and towns in Purulia district | {
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Bangalore Palace
Bangalore Palace is a royal palace located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, in an area that was owned by Rev. J. Garrett, the first principal of the Central High School in Bangalore, now famous as Central College. The commencement of the construction of the palace is attributed to him.
Construction
The property was purchased from Rev. Garrett in 1873 at a cost of Rs. 40,000 by the British Guardians of the minor Maharaja Chamarajendra Wadiyar 10 using his personal funds. They were in charge of his education and administrative training to ready him to take over his reign in 1881 AD. As the young Maharaja did not have a suitable place to stay during his training in Bengaluru, this property was purchased and transformed.
Construction of a palace building was started in April 1874 and completed by 1878. Mr. Cameron of Lalbagh did the landscaping.
Many additions and improvements were carried out in subsequent years. In the later years, Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar added some portions outside of Durbar Hall e.g. the twin external staircase and platform for musicians.
The palace has a floor area of 45,000 sft, and grounds of 454 acres (183 ha). The palace was built in Tudor Revival style architecture with fortified towers, battlements and turrets. The interiors were decorated with elegant wood carvings, floral motifs, cornices and relief paintings on the ceiling. The furniture, which was neo-classical, Victorian and Edwardian in style, was bought from John Roberts and Lazarus.
The upkeep of the gardens was the responsibility of the horticulturist Gustav Hermann Krumbiegel.
A total of 35 rooms were built in the palace with most of them being bedrooms and a swimming pool. The renovation included addition of stained glass and mirrors, specially imported from England, besides a manual lift and wooden fans from General Electric.
In 1970, HH Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar is said to have transferred the possession of the property to two companies promoted by a civil contractor by name Chamaraju, close to the corridors of power. These companies were known as Chamundi Hotels (P) Ltd (110 acres) and Sree Venkateswara Real Estate Enterprises (p) Ltd (344 acres). But on the given date the companies were yet to be incorporated and there was no sale deed either. It was a fraudulent transaction. Jayachamarajendra's only son Srikanta Datta Narsimharaja Wadiyar instituted a civil suit against this deal. But Jayachamarjendra Wadiyar died in 1974. The legal battle continued and in the mean time Srikanta Datta Narsimharaja Wadiyar gave each to his five sisters namely Late Gayatri Devi, Meenakshi Devi, Kamakashi Devi, Indrakshi Devi and Vishalakshi Devi in 1983 along the Ramana Mahasrhi Road.
They are in possession of their respective portion and many events like Rock shows, exhibitions, marriages, tennis, cricket, golf and horse academies are conducted in those portions. Srikanta Datta Narasimharaja Wadiyar ultimately compromised with the Chamaraju Group in the years 1990 and 1994, and got back his portion of the property including the Main Palace except , which the Chamaraju group still retains along the Jayamahal Road. All along, the Government of Karnataka was making various attempts to confiscate the property under Land Acquisition Act 1894 and Urban Land (ceiling and regulation) Act 1976. Having not succeeded in their designs, the government ultimately enacted the Bangalore Palace (Acquisition & transfer) Act 1996 under Mr. H.D. Deve Gowda to expropriate the entire premises spreading over 450 acres of prime real estate in the world for a farthing of 11 crores Rupees. This dispute is pending before the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India till date as it needs constitutional issues like whether material resources of the community under Article 39(b) of the Indian Constitution covers what is privately owned. The same awaits decision by a 9 Judge Constitution Bench of Indian Supreme Court. A judgement in favour of government might lead to more such legislation for acquisition of similar properties. This is alleged to be in contrast to new Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013 recently passed by the Indian Parliament.
Bangalore Palace is currently owned and managed by H.H.Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, legal heir to H.H.Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar.
Interior décor
The ground floor consists of an open courtyard containing granite seats covered with fluorescent blue ceramic tiles. It also contains a ballroom for holding private parties. The first floor, containing an elaborate hall known as the Durbar Hall, can be reached by climbing a decorated staircase. This is a sprawling hall where the king used to address the assembly. The walls along the staircase are adorned with paintings and the Durbar Hall has a massive elephant head mounted in it. One side of the hall contains stained glass windows in Gothic style. The yellow colour is used profusely and the walls and the sofa set in the hall are in yellow. A screen on one end separates the area where the ladies used to sit and watch the assembly proceedings in relative privacy.
The interior walls of the palace are adorned by old paintings belonging to the mid-19th century, including some Greek and Dutch paintings. Some of the other attractions include a dining table belonging to the Diwan of Mysore, Sir Mirza Ismail. This table contained a mother-of-pearl inlay with Chinese lacquer work.
Renovation
Srikanta Datta Narsimharaja Wadiyar worked towards renovating this palace after he obtained the right to own it. The woodwork has been renovated and the ballroom has been redone. Even the brass-fittings and lamps have been replaced and the furniture has been newly upholstered. Out of the collection of 30,000 photographs currently present in the palace, it is planned that about 1,000 of them will be restored and put up for viewing in an exhibition. A room has been converted into a boutique where silks and other garments used by the royal family will be exhibited. The palace is open to the public who can visit it after paying a fee (entry is from Palace Road near the railway overbridge and as of November 2018, the ticket is for Rs. 230 per head for Indians/Rs. 460 for foreigners including an audio guide. Using a still camera is another Rs. 695). There are also plans to rent out the ballroom for private parties and to sell silk scarves, photographs and other articles used by the royal family to tourists. Illumination of the palace and renovating the gardens using Mexican grass is in progress.
Palace grounds
The sprawling grounds surrounding the palace used to be used for holding public events including music concerts.
The grounds are now (2018) severely neglected with only the portion immediately in front of the palace cultivated
Many international artists have performed in the grounds. Today a legal battle between government and the Mysore Royal family has seen a ban of commercial activities. Nevertheless, a number of private companies controlled by the royal family runs a number of wedding halls on the grounds.
For the past 34 years the oldest Security Agency of Karnataka named Scorpion Security Ltd has their national headquarters inside the Palace premises.
Over the past few years, Palace Grounds have been hosts to major music artists like: Iron Maiden, Aerosmith, Backstreet Boys, Don Moen, David Guetta, Elton John, Deep Purple, Textures, Amon Amarth, Lamb of God, Mark Knopfler, Akon, The Black Eyed Peas, The Rolling Stones, Metallica, Michael Learns to Rock, Roger Waters, Guns N' Roses, The Prodigy, No Doubt, Sepultura, Scorpions, Enrique Iglesias, Machine Head, Cradle of Filth.
Iron Maiden's performance in 2007 was a historic gig named Eddfest in the sub-continent. The concert was part of the band's A Matter Of Life And Death Tour. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. The concert is the largest paid concert ever to take place in India with an estimated 38,000 people in attendance with 4000 people watching from outside the venue without tickets. It marked the first visit of Iron Maiden to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country.
Jay Sean, Ludacris and Flo Rida performed in Palace Grounds on 22 September 2011 for the opening ceremony of the Champions League T20.
Metallica performed at Palace Grounds on 30 October 2011 as part of the Rock N India festival, their first show in India which was attended by 31,000 people. It would also turn out to be the last concert to take place as the state government and police stopped giving permission for any future musical events or concerts at the venue(All concerts banned).
Fun World
Fun World is an amusement park situated in palace grounds. This amusement park is allowed under permission from H.H.Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, owner and legal heir to Late H.H. Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar. It has various joy rides, water park and snow room.
See also
Wadiyar
Mysore Palace
References
External links
Category:Houses completed in 1944
Category:Palaces in Bangalore
Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore
Category:Convention and exhibition centres in India
Category:Kingdom of Mysore
Category:1862 establishments in India
Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka | {
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Supermarine S.6B
The Supermarine S.6B is a British racing seaplane developed by R.J. Mitchell for the Supermarine company to take part in the Schneider Trophy competition of 1931. The S.6B marked the culmination of Mitchell's quest to "perfect the design of the racing seaplane" and represented the cutting edge of aerodynamic technology for the era.
The S.6B was last in a line of racing seaplanes to be developed by Supermarine, followed on from the S.4, S.5 and the S.6. Despite these predecessors having twice won the Schneider Trophy previously, the development of the S.6B was troubled by wavering government support, being promised, withdrawn, and then issued once again following a high-profile public campaign encouraged by Lord Rothermere and a substantial donation by Lady Houston. Once government backing had been secured, there were only nine months remaining until the race, thus Mitchell decided to refine the existing S.6 rather than pursue a clean-sheet design, thus the type's designation of S.6B.
The principal design differences between the S.6 and the S.6B were made in its more powerful Rolls-Royce R engine and redesigned floats, providing much needed additional cooling; minor aerodynamic refinements typically aimed at drag reduction were also implemented. A pair of S.6Bs, serials S1595 and S1596, were constructed for the competition. Flown by members of RAF High Speed Flight, the type competed successfully, winning the Schneider Trophy for Britain. Shortly after the race, S.6B S1596, flown by Flt Lt. George Stainforth, broke the world air speed record, attaining a peak speed of 407.5 mph (655.67 km/h).
Supermarine did not build any successive racing aircraft during this era, largely due to other commitments, including the development of a new fighter aircraft at the request of the British Air Ministry, known as the Type 224. Mitchell and his team's experience in designing high speed Schneider Trophy floatplanes greatly contributing to the development of the later Supermarine Spitfire, an iconic fighter aircraft flown in large numbers by the Royal Air Force; it has been viewed as Britain's most successful interceptor of the Second World War. Both the Spitfire and its Rolls-Royce Merlin engine drew directly upon the S.6B and its Rolls-Royce R engine respectively.
Development
Financing
Despite Prime Minister James Ramsay MacDonald's pledge that government support would be provided for the next British race entrant immediately after Britain's 1929 victory, official funding was withdrawn less than two months later following the Wall Street Crash; the official reason given for the withdrawal that the previous two contests had collected sufficient data on high speed flight, so further expenditure of public money was unwarranted. A further rational given of the government's revised position was that that original purpose in pioneering high speed seaplanes had been satisfied by this point. A committee established by the Royal Aero Club, who were responsible for organising the 1931 race and included representatives from both the aircraft and aero engine industries, was formed to discuss the feasibility of a privately funded entry, but concluded that not only would this be beyond their financial reach, but that the lack of the highly skilled RAF pilots of the High-Speed Flight would pose a severe problem.
The apparent discontinuation of involvement resulted in enormous public disappointment: having won two successive races, a British victory in a third race would secure the trophy outright. As ever active in aviation affairs, Lord Rothermere's Daily Mail group of newspapers launched a public appeal for money to support a British race entrant; in response, several thousand pounds were raised. Lady Houston publicly pledged £100,000. The British government also changed its position and announced its support for an entry in January 1931; however, by this point, there were less than nine months left to design, produce and prepare any race entrant. The RAF High Speed Flight was reformed while Mitchell and Rolls-Royce set to work.
Redesign and refinement
Mitchell, recognising that he only had seven months to prepare an entry, knew that there was not enough time left to viably design a whole new aircraft from scratch. Instead, he refined the design of the existing Supermarine S.6; the new variant being referred to as the Supermarine S.6B. According to aviation author John D. Anderson Jr, Mitchell retained the majority of the S.6's design, his efforts being principally focused on improving the prospective aircraft's heat dissipation; speaking on a radio broadcast, he later referred to the S.6B as a "flying radiator". Mitchell decided to make use of the aircraft's floats as an additional radiator area; these were considerably larger than those of the S.6, their design being supported by a series of wind tunnel tests performed at the National Physical Laboratory, which was also an area in which government support was helpful to the project. The floats were extended forward by some three feet (0.9 m); while being larger and longer than their predecessor's counterparts, they were streamlined and had a smaller frontal area.
One obvious means of improving the S.6's performance was by obtaining more power from the R-Type engine. Engineers at Rolls-Royce's Derby facility had managed to increase the available power of the engine by 400 hp (298 kW), enabling it to now provide up to 2,300 hp (1,715 kW); however, this level of performance was only guaranteed for a fairly small timeframe. To improve the engine performance, the use of an exotic fuel mix was necessary, as well as the adoption of Sodium-cooled valves. Anderson states that the improvements to the engine and the floats were the only two major innovations of the S.6. Other modifications to the airframe design were mostly limited to minor improvements and some strengthening in order to cope with the increased weight of the aircraft. One cutting-edge feature used in the aircraft's manufacture was the use of flush riveting, a newer and more expensive form of riveting that had drag reduction benefits. Drag reduction was an important priority of Mitchell's refinements, this factor being greatly beneficial to any fast-moving aircraft.
Operational history
Competition and records
Although the British team faced no competitors, due to misfortunes and delays suffered by other intending participants, the RAF High Speed Flight brought a total of six Supermarine Schneider racers to Calshot Spit on Southampton Water for training and practice. These aircraft were: S.5 serial number N219, second at Venice in 1927, S.5 N220, winner at Venice in 1927, two S.6s with new engines and redesignated as S.6As (N247 that won at Calshot in 1929 and S.6A N248, disqualified at Calshot in 1929), and the newly built S.6Bs, S1595 and S1596.
For the competition itself, only the S.6Bs and S.6As were intended to participate. The British plan for the Schneider contest was to have S1595 fly the course alone and, if its speed was not high enough, or the aircraft encountered mechanical failure, then the more-proven S.6A N248 would fly the course. If both S1595 and N248 failed in their attempts, then N247, which was planned to be held in reserve, would be used. The S.6B S1596 was then to attempt the world air speed record. During practice, N247 was destroyed in a takeoff accident, resulting in the death of the pilot, Lieut. G. L. Brinton, R.N., precluding any other plans with only the two S.6Bs and the sole surviving S.6A prepared to conduct the final Schneider run.
On 13 September 1931, the winning Schneider flight was performed by S.6B S1595, piloted by Flt. Lt. John Boothman, having attained a recorded top speed of 340.08 mph (547.19 km/h) and flown seven perfect laps of the triangular course over the Solent, the strait between the Isle of Wight and the British mainland.<ref name = "BAE Heri">"Supermarine S6 and S6B." BAE Systems, Retrieved: 28 May 2019.</ref> Seventeen days later, another historic flight was performed by S.6B S1596, flown by Flt Lt. George Stainforth, having broken the world air speed record by reaching a peak speed of 407.5 mph (655.67 km/h).Lionel Robert James 2003, p. 127.
Legacy
The performance of the S.6B and its forerunners served as the foundations for Mitchell to be recognised as a legendary designer of performance aircraft. The S.6B has been hailed as giving the impetus to the development of both the Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft and the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine that powered it. Neither Mitchell nor Supermarine would produce further racing aircraft for successive competitions as work on the development of a new fighter aircraft at the British government's behest had taken precedence.
Only 18 days following the S.6B's Schneider triumph, the British Air Ministry issued Specification F7/30, which called for a modern all-metal land-based fighter aircraft and sought innovative solutions towards a major improvement in British fighter aircraft; perhaps most significantly, the ministry specifically invited Supermarine to participate. Accordingly, Mitchell's next endeavour after the S.6B was to produce the company's submission to meet this specification, which would be designated the Type 224.Ferdinand Andrews and Morgan 1981, p. 211. While the Type 224 would not meet with government approval and ultimately be a disappointment, Supermarine's next project would result in the development of the legendary Spitfire.Bader 1973, p. 45.
According to author Birch Matthews, the S.6B and Supermarine's racing lineage had played an influence of the design of both the Type 224 and the Spitfire, largely in terms of its aerodynamic cleanness and innovative heat dissipation, there were substantial differences and fresh innovations being incorporated as well. Furthermore, as observed by industrial consultant Philip H. Stevens, the outstanding performance of the S.6B had drawn the attention of not only British military officials and aircraft designers, but internationally as well, influencing new fighter projects in, amongst other nations, both Nazi Germany and the United States.
Aircraft on display
After the completion of the record-breaking flights, both S.6Bs were retired. The Schneider Trophy winning S.6B S1595 was donated to the Science Museum in London, where it resides in an unrestored state.
The ultimate fate of the S1596 is presently unknown. For a short period of time, S1596 did undergo testing at the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) at Felixstowe. Until the 1960s, S.6A N248 was displayed incorrectly as S1596 at Southampton Royal Pier as a visitor attraction.
Operators
Royal Air Force
High Speed Flight
Specifications (S.6B)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Anderson, John D. Jr. "The Grand Designers." Cambridge University Press, 2018. .
Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914, 2nd edition. London: Putnam, 1987. .
Bader, Douglas. "Fight for the Sky: the Story of the Spitfire and the Hurricane." Doubleday, 1973. .
Ferdinand Andrews, Charles and Eric B. Morgan. "Supermarine aircraft since 1914." Putnam, 1981. .
Green, William, ed. "Supermarine's Schneider Seaplanes." Flying Review International, Volume 10, No. 11, July 1967.
Lionel Robert James, Cyril. "Letters from London: Seven Essays by C.L.R. James." Signal Books, 2003. .
Matthews, Birch. "Race with the Wind: How Air Racing Advanced Aviation." MBI Publishing Company, 2001. .
McKinstry, Leo. Spitfire – Portrait of a Legend. London: John Murray, 2007. .
Nichols, Mark, ed. Spitfire 70: Invaluable Reference to Britain's Greatest Fighter, Flypast Special. Stamford, Linc, UK: Key Publishing, 1996.
Price, Alfred. Spitfire: A Documentary History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1997. .
Robertson, Bruce. Spitfire: Story of a Famous Fighter. London: Harleyford, 1962. .
Spick, Mike. Supermarine Spitfire. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. .
Stephens, Philip H. Industrial design: a practising professional. Hard Pressed Pub., 2002. .
Winchester, Jim. "Supermarine S.6B". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .
External links
Air racing history
RJ Mitchell: A life in aviation, 1931 Schneider Trophy, Cowes
16mm B&W Newsreel footage of 1931 Schneider Trophy
"The Supermarine S.6b", Popular Mechanics, December 1931, complete detailed cutaway drawings of S.6B
Photo walk around by Don Busack of the actual Schneider Trophy winning Supermarine S.6B displayed at the Science Museum, London.
"The Supermarine S.6B Monoplane." Flight, 2 October 1931, pp. 981–982.
Category:Schneider Trophy
Category:1930s British sport aircraft
Category:Floatplanes
S.6B
Category:Low-wing aircraft
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1931 | {
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Alabama Museum of Health Sciences
The Alabama Museum of the Health Sciences was opened and dedicated at the UAB campus in 1975. It was developed to display the health sciences in the areas of education, research, and practice in the U.S. with special emphasis on the state of Alabama and its contributors to the practice of medicine. It houses a combined collection of rare and important medical books and manuscripts—dating to the Middle Ages—and equipment, instruments, and objects from the health sciences. It also houses manuscript collections with an emphasis on the health science fields.
External links
Alabama Museum of the Health Sciences
Category:University of Alabama at Birmingham
Category:University museums in Alabama
Category:Science museums in Alabama
Category:Museums in Birmingham, Alabama
Category:Medical museums in Alabama
Category:Museums established in 1975
Category:1975 establishments in Alabama | {
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2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I – Pool A
Group A of the 2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Americas Zone Group I of the 2007 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom two teams proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top teams played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.
Brazil vs. Chile
Brazil vs. Mexico
Mexico vs. Chile
See also
Fed Cup structure
References
External links
Fed Cup website
Category:2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone | {
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Songs from the Village
Songs from the Village is the second studio album by Jess & Matt. The album features 12 classic songs that defined a generation in the 1960s in Greenwich Village, New York.
Matt Price said: "It's 50, almost 60 years later, and these songs are just as influential as ever, and a lot of the messages – in songs like "The Times They Are a-Changin" – calling for equality, in this modern world it feels more relevant than ever. It was interesting coming back to those songs and seeing how they stood the test of time, and that the messages have come back around."
The album was announced on 14 November 2017 alongside the album's pre-order and the announcement of a national tour with Rick Price and Jack Jones.
Reception
David from auspOp said; "Most songs on this collection sit in the “classics” category... [and] to take them on is a challenge in itself, but to do so well is the other half of the battle." adding "Jess & Matt to do a really good job." David said "Matt's vocals dominate the majority of songs but it relegates Jess almost to backing vocalist duties on several songs.". He called out "The Sound of Silence" as the album highlight.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
Category:2018 albums
Category:Covers albums
Category:Sony Music Australia albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Botha
Botha () is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. It was brought to South Africa in 1678 by Frederich Botha. Botha roughly translates to "son of the leader" in Middle Dutch.
The progenitors of the extended clan were Maria Kickers, her first partner Ferdinandùs Appel, and her later husband Frederich Botha. Married in 1714, Kickers and Botha later farmed for a living between Stellenbosch and Somerset West. Today, their legal descendants number around 76,125 people, and including:
Adriaan Botha, South African sprinter
Andre Botha (bodyboarder) (born 1980), South African bodyboarder
Andre Botha (cricketer) (born 1975), South African-born Irish cricketer
Andries Botha, Khoikhoi leader in the Cape Colony
Anthony Greyvensteyn Botha, South African cricketer
Arno Botha, South African rugby player
Bernado Botha, South African rugby player
Beverly Botha, South African female cricketer
Brendon James Botha, South African rugby player
Cornelius Botha, South African politician
Chrysander Botha, Namibian rugby player
Danila Botha, South African-born Canadian novelist
Dewald Botha, South African cricketer
Dawid Botha, Namibian cricketer
Francois Botha, South African boxer
Gary Botha, South African rugby player
Hannah Botha, South African actress
Heidi Botha, South African fencer
Hendrik Egnatius "Naas" Botha, South African rugby player
John Philip "Bakkies" Botha, South African rugby player
Leon Botha, South African artist and progeria victim
Lukas "Luki" Botha, South African Formula One driver
Mike Botha, South African-born master diamond cutter
Mouritz Botha, South African rugby player
Piet Botha, South African rock musician
Riaan Botha, South African pole vaulter
Roelof Botha, South African account, former PayPal chief financial officer
Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha (1932–2018), South African politician and diplomat
Ruan Botha, South African rugby player
Sandra Botha, South African diplomat and ambassador
Stoffel Botha, South African politician
Theo Botha, South African shareholder activist
Thozamile Botha, South African politician
Tom Botha, South African rugby player
Tyler Botha, South African skeleton racer
Wendy Botha, South African-born Australian surfer
Willem Botha, South African singer and actor
Descendants of Ferdinandùs Appel
Prior to her marriage to Frederich Botha, Maria Kickers had an out-of-wedlock child fathered by Ferdinandùs Appel, another Hollander from an Amsterdam family. This child, a son named Theunis, was later adopted by the Bothas. His descendants include:
Louis Botha (1862–1919), first Prime Minister of South Africa, often referred to as "General Botha"
Pieter Willem "P.W." Botha (1916–2006), South African prime minister from 1978 to 1984 and state president from 1984 to 1989
Other uses
Botha, village in the Lundazi district in Eastern Province, Zambia
1354 Botha, asteroid
Anna Elizabeth Botha (née Rossouw), former South African first lady
Blackburn Botha, Royal Air Force reconnaissance aircraft
Botha, Alberta, Canadian settlement in Alberta
Botha Sigcau, former President of Transkei
Botha's Hill, South African settlement in KwaZulu-Natal
Botha's lark (Spizocorys fringillaris), a South African lark
Gunther Botha, South African mercenary in Matthew Reilly's Area 7
Jaapie Botha, fictional South African Police officer in the film The Power of One
Karl Botha, fictional counterfeiter from Pepetela's novels
Louis Botha Avenue, Johannesburg street
Mutro Botha, assassin in the television series Batman Beyond
Regiment Botha, South African Army unit
SATS General Botha, South African warship
References
Category:Surnames
Category:Afrikaans-language surnames
Category:Surnames of Frisian origin
Category:South African families | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kobe Bryant
Kobe Bean Bryant ( ; August 23, 1978 – January 26, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. As a shooting guard, Bryant entered the National Basketball Association (NBA) directly from high school, and played his entire 20-season professional career in the league with the Los Angeles Lakers. Bryant won many accolades: five NBA championships, 18-time All-Star, 15-time member of the All-NBA Team, 12-time member of the All-Defensive Team, 2008 NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP), two-time NBA Finals MVP winner. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, he led the NBA in scoring during two seasons, ranks fourth on the league's all-time regular season scoring and all-time postseason scoring lists.
Bryant was the son of former NBA player Joe Bryant. He attended Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania, where he was recognized as the top high-school basketball player in the country. Upon graduation, he declared for the 1996 NBA draft and was selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th overall pick; the Hornets then traded him to the Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, and he was named an All-Star by his second season. Despite a feud with teammate Shaquille O'Neal, the pair led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002. In 2003, Bryant was accused of sexual assault by a 19-year-old hotel clerk. Criminal charges were brought and then dropped after the accuser refused to testify, with a civil suit later settled out of court. Bryant denied the assault charge but admitted to a sexual encounter, and issued a public apology, but the allegations were considered to have harmed his public profile and led to the loss of several sponsorships.
After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals, O'Neal was traded and Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers. He led the NBA in scoring during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons. In 2006, he scored a career-high 81 points; the second most points scored in a single game in league history, behind Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game in 1962. Bryant led the team to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010, and was named NBA Finals MVP on both occasions. He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013, when he suffered a torn Achilles tendon at age 34. Although he recovered from that injury, he suffered season-ending injuries to his knee and shoulder, respectively, in the following two seasons. Citing his physical decline, Bryant retired after the 2015–16 season.
At 34 years and 104 days of age, Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points. He became the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1, 2010, surpassing Jerry West. Bryant was also the first guard in NBA history to play at least 20 seasons. His 18 All-Star designations are the second most all time, while it is the record for most consecutive appearances as a starter. Bryant's four All-Star MVP Awards are tied with Bob Pettit for the most in NBA history. He gave himself the nickname "Black Mamba" in the mid-2000s, and the epithet became widely adopted by the general public. At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics, he won two gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team. In 2018, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for his 2017 film Dear Basketball.
Bryant died at age 41, along with his 13-year-old daughter Gianna and seven others, in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California.
Early life
Bryant was born in Philadelphia, the youngest of three children and only son of former NBA player Joe Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant. He was also the maternal nephew of basketball player John "Chubby" Cox. His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe, Japan, which they saw on a restaurant menu. His middle name, Bean, was derived from his father's nickname "Jellybean." Bryant's family was Catholic and he had always practiced his faith.
Bryant started playing basketball when he was aged three, and the Lakers were his favorite team when he was growing up. When Bryant was six, his father retired from the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball at a lower level. After two years, they moved first to Reggio Calabria, then to Pistoia and Reggio Emilia. Kobe became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian. He was especially fond of Reggio Emilia, which he considered a loving place and where some of his best childhood memories were made. Bryant began to play basketball seriously while living in Reggio Emilia. Bryant's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games for Bryant to study. Another source of inspiration was animated European films about sports, from which he learned more about basketball. He also learned to play soccer and his favorite soccer team was A.C. Milan. During summers, Bryant would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league. When Bryant was thirteen, he and his family moved back to Philadelphia, where he enrolled in eighth grade at Bala Cywynd Middle School.
High school
Bryant earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career at Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, located in the Philadelphia suburb of Lower Merion. He played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman. Bryant became the first freshman in decades to start for Lower Merion's varsity team, but the team finished with a 4–20 record. The following three years, the Aces compiled a 77–13 record, with Bryant playing all five positions. During his junior year, he averaged 31.1 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 5.2 assists and was named Pennsylvania Player of the Year while also earning a fourth-team Parade All-American nomination, attracting attention from college recruiters in the process. Duke, Michigan, North Carolina and Villanova were at the top of his list. However, after high schooler Kevin Garnett went in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft, Bryant also began contemplating going directly to the pros.
At Adidas ABCD Camp, Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom. While in high school, then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team, where he played one-on-one with Jerry Stackhouse. In his senior year of high school, Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years. During the run, he averaged 30.8 points, 12 rebounds, 6.5 assists, 4 steals, and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31–3 record. Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania's all-time leading scorer at 2,883 points, surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons.
Bryant received several awards for his outstanding performance during his senior year at Lower Merion. These included being named Naismith High School Player of the Year, Gatorade Men's National Basketball Player of the Year, a McDonald's All-American, a first-team Parade All-American and a USA Today All-USA First Team player. Bryant's varsity coach, Greg Downer, commented that he was "a complete player who dominates" and praised his work ethic, even as the team's top player. In 1996, Bryant took R&B singer Brandy to his senior prom. Ultimately, the 17-year-old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA, becoming only the sixth player in NBA history to do so. Bryant's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep-to-pro NBA players were not very common (Garnett being the only exception in 20 years). His basketball skills and SAT score of 1080 would have ensured admission to any college he chose, but he did not officially visit any campuses. In 2012, Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald's All-Americans.
Professional career
1996 NBA draft
Before the 1996 NBA draft, Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles, where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and, according to then-Laker manager Jerry West, "marched over these people".
The Lakers were looking to trade their starting center Vlade Divac for a player's draft rights to free up salary cap space to make an offer to free-agent center Shaquille O'Neal. Bill Branch, the Charlotte Hornets' head scout at the time, said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection at #13 to the Lakers the day before the draft. Before the trade agreement, the Hornets never considered drafting Bryant. During the draft, the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select minutes before the pick was made. Bryant was the first guard drafted directly out of high school. After the draft, the trade was put in jeopardy when Divac threatened to retire rather than be traded from Los Angeles. However, on June 30, Divac relented on his threat and the trade was made final on July 9, 1996, when the league's off-season moratorium ended. Since Bryant was still 17 at the time, his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began. Bryant signed a three-year rookie contract totaling $3.5 million.
Adjusting to the NBA (1996–1999)
Bryant debuted in the Summer Pro League in Long Beach, California, scoring 25 points in front of a standing-room-only crowd. Defenders struggled to get in front of him, and his performance excited West and Lakers coach Del Harris. He scored 36 points in the finale and finished with averages of 24.5 points and 5.3 rebounds in four games. As a rookie in 1996–97, Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel. At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game (18 years, 72 days; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and former teammate Andrew Bynum), and also became the youngest NBA starter (18 years, 158 days). Initially, Bryant played limited minutes, but as the season continued, he began to see some more playing time.
By the end of the season, he averaged 15.5 minutes a game. During the All-Star weekend, Bryant participated in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, becoming the youngest dunk champion at the age of 18. Bryant's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All-Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight.
The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz, when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5. Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist, Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with Utah's Jeff Hornacek, and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1:46 remaining in the fourth quarter. Bryant shot four air balls at the end of the game; the Jazz won 98–93 in overtime to eliminate the Lakers 4–1. He first missed a game-winning two-point jump shot in the fourth quarter, and then misfired 3 three-point field goals in overtime, including two tying shots in the final minute. O'Neal commented that "[Bryant] was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that."
In Bryant's second season, he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard. As a result, Bryant's point averages more than doubled, from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game. Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers "played small", which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up. Bryant was the runner-up for the NBA's Sixth Man of the Year Award, and through fan voting, he also became the youngest NBA All-Star starter in NBA history. He was joined by teammates O'Neal, Van Exel, and Jones, making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All-Star Game. Bryant's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season.
The 1998–99 season marked Bryant's emergence as a premier guard in the league. With starting guards Van Exel and Jones traded, Bryant started every game for the lockout-shortened 50-game season. During the season, Bryant signed a six-year contract extension worth $70 million. This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003–04 season. Even at an early stage of his career, sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson. The playoff results, however, were no better, as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals.
Three-peat (1999–2002)
Bryant's fortunes would improve when Phil Jackson took over as coach of the Lakers in 1999. After years of steady improvement, Bryant became one of the premier shooting guards in the league, earning appearances in the league's All-NBA, All-Star, and All-Defensive teams. The Lakers became championship contenders behind the center-guard combination of Bryant and O'Neal. Jackson utilized the triangle offense that he implemented to win six championships with the Chicago Bulls; this offense would help both Bryant and O'Neal rise to the elite class of the NBA. Three championships were won consecutively in 2000, 2001, and 2002, further cementing this view.
Bryant was sidelined for six weeks prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season due to a hand injury that he had incurred during a preseason game against the Washington Wizards. When Bryant was back and playing over 38 minutes a game, he had an increase in all statistical categories during the 1999–2000 season. This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game. The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games, tied for fifth-most in NBA history. This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All-NBA Team Second Team and All-NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career (the youngest player to receive defensive honors). While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs, Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25-point, 11 rebound, 7 assist, 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers. He also threw an alley-oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series. In the 2000 Finals, against the Indiana Pacers, Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers' Jalen Rose's foot. Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally. Bryant did not return to the game, and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury. In Game 4, Bryant scored 22 points in the second half and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game. Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120–118. With a 116–111 Game 6 victory, the Lakers won their first championship since 1988.
Statistically, the 2000–01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year, but he averaged six more points per game (28.5). It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface. Once again, Bryant led the team in assists, with five per game. The Lakers, however, only won 56 games, an 11-game dropoff from the previous year. The Lakers would respond by going 15–1 in the playoffs. They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round. In the semifinals round, the Lakers swept the Sacramento Kings. In Game 4 against the Kings, Bryant recorded 48 points, 16 rebounds and 3 assists in a 119–113 series-clinching win. They swept the San Antonio Spurs in the conference finals to advance to the Finals, before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in overtime. They would go on to win the next four games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons. During the playoffs, Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points, 7.3 rebounds, and 6.1 assists per game. In the playoffs, teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league. Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row. In addition, he was also voted to start in the NBA All-Star Game for the third year in a row (no game in 1999).
In the 2001–02 season, Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career. On January 14, 2002, Bryant recorded a then career-high 56 points to go along with five rebounds and four assists in a 120–81 win over the visiting Memphis Grizzlies. He continued his all-round play by averaging 25.2 points, 5.5 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game. Bryant also had a career-high 46.9% shooting and once again led his team in assists. He claimed his first All-Star MVP trophy after a 31-point performance in Philadelphia when he was loudly booed by fans as they had throughout the game, stemming from his earlier comment to a 76ers heckler during the Finals that the Lakers were "going to cut your hearts out". While making the All-NBA Defensive team again, Bryant was also named to the All-NBA First Team for the first time in his career. The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second in the Pacific Division behind in-state rival Sacramento Kings. Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers' March 1, 2002 victory over the Pacers.
The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had enjoyed the previous year. While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4–1 in the first two rounds of the playoffs, the Lakers did not have home-court advantage against the Sacramento Kings. The series would stretch to seven games, the first time this had happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals. However, the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance. In the 2002 Finals, against the New Jersey Nets, Bryant averaged 26.8 points, 51.4% shooting, 5.8 rebounds, 5.3 assists per game, which included scoring a quarter of the team's points. At age 23, Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships. Bryant's play was notable and praised for his performance in the fourth quarter of games, specifically the last two rounds of the playoffs. This cemented Bryant's reputation as a "clutch player".
Coming up short (2002–2004)
In the first game of the 2002–03 season, Bryant recorded 27 points, 10 rebounds, 5 assists and 4 steals in an 87–82 loss to the visiting Spurs. On November 1, Bryant recorded a triple-double of 33 points, 15 rebounds and 12 assists in a 108–93 win over the LA Clippers. He also set an NBA record for three-pointers in a game on January 7, 2003, when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics. Bryant averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run, posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February. In addition, he averaged 6.9 rebounds, 5.9 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, all career-highs to that point. Bryant was once again voted to both the All-NBA and All-Defensive first teams, and came in third place in voting for the MVP award. After finishing 50–32 in the regular season, the Lakers floundered in the playoffs and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals in six games to the eventual NBA champions San Antonio Spurs.
In the following season, the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All-Stars Karl Malone, and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA championship. Bryant was arrested for sexual assault before the season began. This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day. In the final game of the regular season, the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers. Bryant made two buzzer-beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title. At the end of the fourth quarter, Bryant made a three-pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime. The game eventually went to a second overtime, in which Bryant made another three-pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers, 105–104.
With a starting lineup of O'Neal, Malone, Payton, and Bryant, the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals. However, they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons, who won their first championship since 1990. In that series, Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists. He shot 35.1% from the field. Jackson's contract as coach was not renewed, and Rudy Tomjanovich took over. O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom, Caron Butler, and Brian Grant. The following day, Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed with the Lakers, on a seven-year contract.
Scoring records and playoff upsets (2004–2007)
Bryant was closely scrutinized and criticized during the 2004–05 season with his reputation badly damaged from all that had happened over the previous year. A particularly damaging salvo came when Jackson wrote The Last Season: A Team in Search of Its Soul. The book detailed the events of the Lakers' tumultuous 2003–04 season and has several criticisms of Bryant. In the book, Jackson called Bryant "un-coachable". Midway through the season, Tomjanovich suddenly resigned as Lakers coach, citing the recurrence of health problems and exhaustion. Without Tomjanovich, stewardship of the remainder of the Lakers' season fell to career assistant coach Frank Hamblen. Bryant was the league's second-leading scorer at 27.6 points per game, but he was surrounded by a subpar supporting cast, and the Lakers went 34–48 and missed the playoffs for the first time in over a decade. The year signified a drop in Bryant's overall status in the NBA, as he did not make the NBA All-Defensive Team and was also demoted to the All-NBA Third Team. During the season, Bryant also engaged in public feuds with Malone and Ray Allen.
The 2005–06 season marked a crossroads in Bryant's basketball career. Despite past differences with Bryant, Jackson returned to coach the Lakers. Bryant endorsed the move, and by all appearances, the two men worked together well the second time around, leading the Lakers back into the playoffs. Bryant's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career. On December 20, 2005, Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks. Entering the fourth quarter, Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62–61, the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock. When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16, 2006, Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game, signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them. A month later, at the 2006 NBA All-Star Game, the two were seen laughing together.
On January 22, 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points in a 122–104 victory against the Toronto Raptors. In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor, Bryant's 81-point game was the second-highest point total in NBA history, surpassed only by Chamberlain's 100-point game in 1962. Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win, Bryant created his own shot—mostly from the outside—in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter. Chamberlain, playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful, accounted for 59 percent of his team's points in Philadelphia's 169–147 win, compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers' 122 points. In that same month, Bryant also became the first player since 1964 to score 45 points or more in four consecutive games, joining Chamberlain and Baylor as the only players to do so. For the month of January, Bryant averaged 43.4 points per game, the eighth highest single month scoring average in NBA history and highest for any player other than Chamberlain. By the end of the 2005–06 season, Bryant set Lakers single-season franchise records for most 40-point games (27) and most points scored (2,832). He won the league's scoring title for the first time by averaging 35.4 points per game, becoming just the fifth player in league history to average at least 35 in a season. Bryant finished in fourth place in the voting for the 2006 NBA Most Valuable Player Award but received 22 first place votes—second only to winner Steve Nash.
Later in the season, it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006–07 season. Bryant's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33. After the Lakers' season ended, Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie, but it was unavailable, as was 33, retired with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp and chose 8 by adding those numbers. In the first round of the playoffs, the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3–1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns, culminating with Bryant's overtime-forcing and game-winning shots in Game 4. They came within six seconds of eliminating the second-seeded Suns in Game 6, however, they lost that game 126–118 in overtime. Despite Bryant's 27.9 points per game in the series, the Lakers broke down and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games. After scoring 50 points on 20 of 35 shooting in the Game 6 loss, Bryant was criticized for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121–90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix.
During the 2006–07 season, Bryant was selected to his ninth All-Star Game appearance, and on February 18, he logged 31 points, 6 assists, and 6 steals, earning his second career All-Star Game MVP trophy. Over the course of the season, Bryant became involved in a number of on-court incidents. On January 28 while attempting to draw contact on a potential game-winning jump shot, he flailed his arm, striking San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili in the face with his elbow. Following a league review, Bryant was suspended for the subsequent game at Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks. The basis given for the suspension was that Bryant had performed an "unnatural motion" in swinging his arm backward. Later, on March 6, he seemed to repeat the motion, this time striking Minnesota Timberwolves guard Marko Jarić. On March 7, the NBA handed Bryant his second one-game suspension. In his first game back on March 9, he elbowed Kyle Korver in the face which was retroactively re-classified as a Type 1 flagrant foul.
On March 16, Bryant scored a season-high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers, which helped end the Lakers 7-game losing streak. This was the second-best scoring performance of his 11-year career. The following game, Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves, after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies—becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50-plus point games, a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987. The only other Laker to do so was Baylor, who also scored 50+ in three consecutive contests in December 1962. In the following day, in a game against the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets, Bryant scored 50 points, making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50-point games behind Chamberlain, who achieved it twice with streaks of five and seven. Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50-plus point games, surpassed only by Chamberlain. Bryant also won his second straight scoring title that season. Throughout the 2006–07 season, his jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China. A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant's new number, as well as his continuing All-Star performance on the court. In the 2007 NBA playoffs, the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns, 4–1.
Back on top (2007–2010)
On May 27, 2007, ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority. Bryant later confirmed his desire for West's return to the franchise but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that did not take place. However, three days later, on Stephen A. Smith's radio program, Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers "insider" who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal's departure from the team, and publicly stated, "I want to be traded." Three hours after making that statement, Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Jackson, he had reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request. Bryant was later shown in an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All-Star Jason Kidd.
On December 23, 2007, Bryant became the youngest player (29 years, 122 days) to reach 20,000 points, in a game against the New York Knicks, in Madison Square Garden, after scoring 39 points to go along with 11 rebounds and 8 assists. This record has since been broken by LeBron James. On March 28, Bryant scored a season-high 53 points to go with 10 rebounds in a loss to the Memphis Grizzlies.
Despite an injury to his shooting hand's small finger, described as "a complete tear of the radial collateral ligament, an avulsion fracture, and a volar plate injury at the MCP joint" that occurred in a game on February 5, 2008, Bryant played all 82 games of the regular season instead of opting for surgery. Regarding his injury, he stated, "I would prefer to delay any surgical procedure until after our Lakers season, and this summer's Olympic Games. But, this is an injury that and the Lakers' medical staff will just have to continue to monitor on a day-to-day basis." In early September 2008, Bryant decided not to have surgery to repair the injury.
Aided by the trade for All-Star Pau Gasol, Bryant led his team to a West-leading 57–25 record. The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6, 2008, and Bryant was officially announced as the league MVP. He said, "It's been a long ride. I'm very proud to represent this organization, to represent this city." West, who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers, was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern. Stern stated, "Kobe deserved it. He's had just another great season. Doesn't surprise me one bit." In addition to winning his MVP award, Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All-NBA team on May 8, 2008, for the third straight season and sixth time in his career. He would then headline the NBA All-Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett, receiving 52 points overall including 24 first-place nods, earning his eighth selection.
The Lakers concluded the 2007–08 regular season with a 57–25 record, finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first-round contest against the Nuggets. In Game 1, Bryant, who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game, scored 18 of his 32 points in the final eight minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead. That made Denver the first 50-win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four games to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004. In the first game of the next round, against the Jazz, Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1. The Lakers won the next game as well, but dropped Games 3 and 4, even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game. The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals. This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs. The Lakers defeated the Spurs in five games, sending themselves to the NBA Finals, against the Boston Celtics. This marked the fifth time in Bryant's career, and the first time without O'Neal, that he made the NBA Finals. The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in six games.
In the 2008–09 season, the Lakers opened the campaign by winning their first seven games. Bryant led the team to tie the franchise record for most wins to start the season going 17–2, and by the middle of December they compiled a 21–3 record. He was selected to his 11th consecutive All-Star Game as a starter, and was named the Western Conference Player of the Month for December and January in addition to being named Western Conference Player of the week three times. In a game against the Knicks on February 2, 2009, Bryant scored 61 points, setting a record for the most points scored at Madison Square Garden. During the 2009 NBA All-Star Game, Bryant tallied 27 points, 4 assists, 4 rebounds, and 4 steals was awarded All-Star Game co-MVP with former teammate O'Neal. The Lakers finished the regular season with the best record in the west (65–17). Bryant was runner-up in the MVP voting behind LeBron James, and was selected to the All-NBA First Team and All-Defensive First Team for the seventh time in his career.
In the playoffs, the Lakers defeated the Utah Jazz in five games and the Houston Rockets in seven games in the opening two rounds. By finishing off the Denver Nuggets in the Conference Finals in six games, the Lakers earned their second straight trip to the NBA Finals. The Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic in five games. Bryant was awarded his first NBA Finals MVP trophy upon winning his fourth championship, achieving series averages of 32.4 points, 7.4 assists, 5.6 rebounds, 1.4 steals and 1.4 blocks. He became the first player since West in the 1969 NBA Finals to average at least 32.4 points and 7.4 assists for a finals series and the first since Jordan to average 30 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 assists for a title-winning team in the finals.
During the 2009–10 season, Bryant made six game-winning shots including a buzzer-beating, one-legged 3-pointer against the Miami Heat on December 4, 2009. Bryant considered the shot one of the luckiest he has made. A week later, Bryant suffered an avulsion fracture in his right index finger in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves. Despite the injury, Bryant elected to continue playing, rather than take any time off to rest the injury. Five days after his finger injury, he made another game-winning shot, after missing on an opportunity in regulation, this time against the Milwaukee Bucks in an overtime game. Bryant also became the youngest player (31 years, 151 days) to reach 25,000 points in his career during the season, surpassing Chamberlain. He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game-winning three-pointer against the Sacramento Kings, and what would be the game-winning field goal against the Boston Celtics. The following day, he surpassed West to become the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history. After being sidelined for five games by an ankle injury, Bryant made his return and made another clutch three-pointer to give the Lakers a one-point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies. Two weeks later, he made his sixth game-winning shot of the season, against the Toronto Raptors.
On April 2, 2010, Bryant signed a three-year contract extension worth $87 million. Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games, due to injuries to his knee and finger. Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result, missed nine games. The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder, eventually defeating them in six games. The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round and advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they faced the Phoenix Suns. In Game 2, Bryant finished the game with 13 assists, setting a new playoff career-high; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996. The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season. In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics, Bryant, despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field, led the Lakers back from a 13-point third-quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship; he scored 10 of his game-high 23 points in the fourth quarter and finished the game with 15 rebounds. Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award. This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals. Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships.
Chasing a sixth championship (2010–2013)
Bryant wanted a sixth championship to match Jordan's total. The Lakers started the 2010–11 season by winning their first eight games. In his ninth game of the season, playing against the Denver Nuggets, Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points. Bryant also recorded his first triple-double since January 21, 2009. On January 30 against the Celtics, he became the youngest player to score 27,000 points. On February 1, 2011, Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points, 5,000 rebounds, and 5,000 assists. In Boston on February 10, Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15-point deficit for a 92–86 win over the Celtics. It was the Lakers' first victory of the season against one of the league's top four teams, as they entered the game 0–5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points. Bryant, selected to his 13th straight All-Star game after becoming the leading vote-getter, had 37 points, 14 rebounds, and three steals in the 2011 All-Star Game and won his fourth All-Star MVP, tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All-Star MVP awards. During the season, Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all-time career scoring list, passing John Havlicek, Dominique Wilkins, Oscar Robertson, Hakeem Olajuwon, Elvin Hayes, and Moses Malone. Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game, his fewest since the 2003–04 season.
On April 13, 2011, the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day's game. The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA's decision to fine Bryant, and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant's language was a "disgrace" and "distasteful". Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine. He later apologized for the use of the word. Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior. The team's quest for another three-peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs.
Bryant received experimental platelet-rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle, and Mike Brown replaced the retired Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the off-season. Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist. On January 10, 2012, Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns. "Not bad for the seventh-best player in the league", said Bryant, referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA's top players. He went on to score 40, 42, and 42 in his next three games. It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games, a feat exceeded only by Chamberlain (19 times). At the 2012 NBA All-Star Game, Bryant scored 27 points to pass Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All-Star Game. He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All-Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade. In April, Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin. He returned three games before the end of the regular season. In the last game of the regular season, against Sacramento, he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title, having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant. The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs, losing in five games.
The Lakers in 2012–13 acquired center Dwight Howard and point guard Steve Nash. On November 2, 2012, Bryant scored 40 points with two steals, and he passed Magic Johnson (1,724) as the Lakers career leader in steals. However, the Lakers lost the game to the Clippers and started the season 0–3 for the first time in 34 years and just the fourth time in franchise history. After starting the season 1–4, coach Brown was fired. He was replaced by Mike D'Antoni, who Bryant knew as a child when Bryant's father was playing in Italy and D'Antoni was also a star player there. Bryant had grown close with D'Antoni during their time with Team USA. On December 5 against New Orleans, Bryant became the youngest player (34 years and 104 days) in league history to score 30,000 points, joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain, Jordan, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone. On December 18, in a 101–100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats, Bryant scored 30+ points in his seventh consecutive game, the longest streak by an NBA player after turning 34 years old; it was the fourth-longest such streak in his career. His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104–87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers, when he scored 27 points, sitting out the whole fourth quarter. In a move to improve the team's defense, D'Antoni began having Bryant guard the opponent's best perimeter player; Bryant was the primary defender on the Cavaliers' Kyrie Irving, who was held to 15 points. Bryant acknowledged he was a more focused defender when he had a challenging defensive assignment as opposed to when he played off the ball against weaker players. His defense disrupted opponents and freed Nash from unfavorable matchups.
Bryant was leading the league in scoring through much of the first 42 games. With a disappointing 17–25 start to the season, D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot-up shooter. In the next three games, Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three-game total of 39 assists, the most in his career. He missed a triple-double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other. In two crucial wins in March, he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back-to-back games, becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since West in 1970.
With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference, coupled with injuries on the team, Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game. On April 10, 2013, Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points, eight rebounds, five assists, four blocks, and three steals in an NBA game. On April 12, Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors, ending his season. His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games. The 34-year-old Bryant was averaging his most minutes (38.6) in six years, and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes. Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier, but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers' playoff push. Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear, and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months. He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring an average of 27.3 points, 46.3 percent shooting, 5.6 rebounds, and 6 assists. However, The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention "perhaps some of the finest work of his career." Eight times he reached 40 points during the season, and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor, dubbed "Magic Mamba" after the passing skills of Magic Johnson. Bryant's assists were the second-highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008–09. The Lakers finished the season at 45–37, good for seventh in the West. Playing without Bryant, the Lakers were swept in four games by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs.
Injury-plagued years (2013–2015)
Bryant resumed practicing in November 2013, after the 2013–2014 season had already begun. On November 25, he signed a two-year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million. He remained the league's highest-paid player, although he accepted a discounted deal; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year. Bryant's contract became a polarizing topic, with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their team more financial freedom, while supporters countered that the NBA's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value. Bryant resumed playing on December 8 after missing the season's first 19 games. On December 17, Bryant matched his season high of 21 points in a 96–92 win over Memphis, but he suffered a lateral tibial plateau fracture in his left knee that was expected to sideline him for six weeks. He had played six games since returning from his Achilles injury, which included time at point guard after injuries to Nash, Steve Blake, and Jordan Farmar. Bryant was averaging 13.8 points, 6.3 assists, and 4.3 rebounds. Despite being sidelined, he was voted by fans to start in his 16th All-Star game. Bryant did not feel he was deserving of the selection, and some likened it to a career achievement award for his past performance. However, he missed playing in the game, still hampered by his knee. On March 12, 2014, the Lakers ruled Bryant out for the remainder of the season, citing his need for more rehab and the limited time remaining in the season. At the time, the team was 22–42 and tied for the worst record in the Western Conference. The Lakers finished 27–55 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005.
Bryant returned for the 2014–15 season, his 19th season with the Lakers, who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant's former Lakers teammate, Byron Scott. On November 30, 2014, in a 129–122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors, Bryant recorded his 20th career triple-double with 31 points, 12 assists and 11 rebounds. At age 36, he became the oldest NBA player to achieve 30 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists in a game. On December 14, Bryant became the NBA's third all-time leading scorer, passing Jordan (32,292) in a 100–94 win against Minnesota. He played in the first 27 games of the season, averaging team-highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game. However, Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season, when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8-for-30 shooting in a 108–101 loss to Sacramento. He was suffering from soreness in his knees, feet, back, and Achilles tendons and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward. Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game, and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape. For the season, Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field, and the team's record was only 8–19. In his second game back after resting, he had 23 points, 11 assists, and 11 rebounds in a 111–103 win over Denver, and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple-doubles in a season at age 36 or older. On January 21, 2015, Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two-handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans. Though he was right-handed, he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting, dribbling, and passing almost exclusively with his left hand. Prior to the injury, Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games. He underwent season-ending surgery for the injury, finishing the season averaging 22.3 points but shooting a career-low 37.3 percent, well below his 45.4 percent career mark to start the season. He was expected to be sidelined for nine months with a return targeted toward the start of the 2015–16 season. The Lakers finished the season with a record of 21–61, surpassing the franchise record for most losses in a season that they had set the previous year.
Final season (2015–2016)
After recovering to play in the 2015–16 preseason, Bryant suffered a calf injury and missed the final two weeks of exhibition games. However, he played in the season opener to begin his 20th season with the Lakers, surpassing John Stockton's league record of 19 for the most seasons with the same team. On November 24, 2015, the Lakers fell to 2–12 after losing 111–77 to the Warriors. Bryant scored just four points in 25 minutes on 1-for-14 shooting, matching the worst-shooting game of his career in which he attempted at least five shots. On December 1, 2015, Bryant played his last game against his hometown team, the Philadelphia 76ers, where the Lakers lost 103–91.
On November 29, 2015, Bryant announced via The Players' Tribune that he would be retiring at the end of the season. In his poem titled "Dear Basketball", Bryant wrote that he fell in love with the game at age six; "A love so deep I gave you my all/From my mind & body/To my spirit & soul." The 2015–16 season "is all I have left to give./My heart can take the pounding/My mind can handle the grind/But my body knows it's time to say goodbye./And that's OK./I'm ready to let you go." In a letter distributed to Lakers' fans before that evening's game against the Indiana Pacers, Bryant wrote, "What you've done for me is far greater than anything I've done for you. ... My love for this city, this team and for each of you will never fade. Thank you for this incredible journey."
At the time of his announcement, he was second on the team in minutes (30.8) behind Jordan Clarkson and leading the team with 16.7 field goal attempts per game, while averaging just 15.7 points and shooting a career-low 31.5 percent. His free throw attempts had dropped from his career average, and his game had become over-reliant on pump fakes and long-range shots, making a league-worst 19.5 percent from three-point range while attempting seven a game, almost double his career average. In his press conference after the announcement, he acknowledged his declining skills. "Even though I play like shit, I've worked really, really hard not to play like crap and I do everything I possibly can. And I feel good about that", he said.
Bryant requested that opposing teams on the road not hold any on-court ceremonies in his honor or present him any gifts in public. Prior to announcing his retirement, he had been steadfast about not wanting the fuss of a staged farewell tour, preferring to hear boos instead of cheers. Still, he was honored around the league with video tributes and fan ovations, including arenas that historically jeered him such as Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Vivint Smart Home Arena in Salt Lake City, TD Garden in Boston, and Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento. Previously, Bryant was respected but not beloved, and he was astonished at the cheers he was now receiving.
On February 3, Bryant made seven three-pointers and scored a then season-high 38 points, including 14 of the team's 18 points in the last 5:02 of the game, for a 119–115 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. The win ended a 10-game losing streak, and the Lakers averted establishing the longest losing streak in franchise history.Bryant became just the fourth NBA player over 37 years old to log at least 35 points, five rebounds, and five assists in a game. Bryant was the leading overall vote-getter for the 2016 All-Star Game with 1.9 million votes, ahead of Stephen Curry's 1.6 million. Having moved to small forward that season, Bryant was selected as a frontcourt starter for the first time. Playing in his first All-Star game since 2013, Bryant had 10 points, six rebounds, and seven assists. West teammates offered to feed him the ball in an attempt to get him another All-Star MVP, but he declined.
In the season finale on April 13, Bryant scored an NBA season-high 60 points against Utah in his last NBA game, outscoring the entire Jazz team 23–21 in the fourth quarter, in the Lakers' 101–96 victory. He became the oldest player to score 60 or more points in a game at 37 years and 234 days old. The Lakers finished the season with a 17–65 record, their worst record in franchise history.
National team career
Bryant declined to play in the 2000 Olympics because he was getting married in the off-season. He also decided not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship. Bryant was originally selected for the FIBA Americas Championship in 2003 but withdrew after undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgeries. In the following summer, he had to withdraw from the Olympic team because of his sexual assault case. Along with LeBron James, he was one of the first two players to be publicly named to the 2006–2008 U.S. preliminary roster in 2006 by Jerry Colangelo.However, he was once again sidelined after knee surgery and didn't participate in the 2006 FIBA World Championship.
Bryant's United States national team career finally began in 2007. He was a member of the 2007 USA Men's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10–0, won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics. He started in all 10 of the USA's FIBA Americas Championship games. Bryant averaged 15.3 points, 2.9 assists, 2.0 rebounds, and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament.
On June 23, 2008, he was named to the USA Men's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics. This was his first time going to the Olympics. Bryant scored 20 points, including 13 in the fourth quarter, along with six assists, as Team USA defeated Spain 118–107 in the gold medal game on August 24, 2008, for its first gold medal in a worldwide competition since the 2000 Olympics. He averaged 15.0 points, 2.8 rebounds, and 2.1 assists while shooting .462 from the field in eight Olympic contests.
Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics. After winning another gold medal, Bryant decided to retire from the team. He finished his national team career with a record of 26-0 across three tournaments, winning a gold medal each time.
Player profile
Bryant primarily played as a shooting guard. He was listed at and , though Bryant himself said that he was , or "probably" in shoes. He was often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA. Bryant has drawn frequent comparisons to Jordan, after whom he modeled his playing style. Like Jordan, he became most known for shooting a fall-away jump shot. Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated described another of Bryant's most famous moves as the "jab step-and-pause": Bryant jabbed his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax, but instead of bringing the jab foot back, he pushed off of it and drove around his opponent to get to the basket.
Bryant established a reputation for taking shots in the closing moments of tight games, even when he was double or triple-teamed, and was noted as one of the premier closers in the NBA. In a 2012 annual survey of NBA general managers, Bryant was selected for the 10th consecutive season as the player general managers would want to take a clutch shot with a game on the line.Bryant enjoyed being the villain, and reveled in being booed and then silencing the crowd with his play. His ability to make difficult shots has also drawn criticism of his shot selection. Throughout his career, Bryant was disparaged for being a selfish, high-volume shooter; he missed more field goal attempts in his career than any other player in NBA history. Phil Jackson, who coached Bryant for many years, stated that Bryant "tends to force the action, especially when the game isn't going his way. When his shot is off, Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns." According to Bryant, "I would go 0 for 30 before I would go 0 for 9; 0 for 9 means you beat yourself, you psyched yourself out of the game."
In addition to his abilities on offense, Bryant also established himself as a standout defensive player. Bryant rarely drew charges when he played defense, which he believed spared his body and contributed to his longevity. Some critics have suggested that Bryant's defensive accolades in his later years were based more on his reputation than his actual play.
Bryant was also lauded for his work ethic. Throughout his first 16 seasons, his body was resilient, and he exhibited a high pain threshold while often playing through injuries. A fierce competitor, Bryant made opponents and teammates alike the objects of his scorn. Many players have considered him difficult to play with because of his high level of commitment and performance. According to sportswriter Mark Heisler of Forbes, "circa 2004–2007, Kobe was the most alienated superstar the NBA had ever seen." He did, however, lead the Lakers to two championships after the departure of Shaquille O'Neal; during this period, he became more of a mentor to his teammates than he had been earlier in his career. Bryant's longtime head coach Phil Jackson noted that the biggest difference between his first and second stints in coaching the Lakers was if Bryant talked to teammates in his earlier years with the Lakers, it was usually, "Give me the damn ball." During the latter period, "[Bryant] embraced the team and his teammates, calling them up when we were on the road and inviting them out to dinner. It was as if the other players were now his partners, not his personal spear-carriers."
NBA career statistics
Source:
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 71 || 6 || 15.5 || .417 || .375 || .819 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .7 || .3 || 7.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 79 || 1 || 26.0 || .428 || .341 || .794 || 3.1 || 2.5 || .9 || .5 || 15.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 50 || 50 || 37.9 || .465 || .267 || .839 || 5.3 || 3.8 || 1.4 || 1.0 || 19.9
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 66 || 62 || 38.2 || .468 || .319 || .821 || 6.3 || 4.9 || 1.6 || .9 || 22.5
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 68 || 68 || 40.9 || .464 || .305 || .853 || 5.9 || 5.0 || 1.7 || .6 || 28.5
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 80 || 80 || 38.3 || .469 || .250 || .829 || 5.5 || 5.5 || 1.5 || .4 || 25.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 82 || 41.5 || .451 || .383 || .843 || 6.9 || 5.9 || 2.2 || .8 || 30.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 65 || 64 || 37.6 || .438 || .327 || .852 || 5.5 || 5.1 || 1.7 || .4 || 24.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 66 || 66 || 40.7 || .433 || .339 || .816 || 5.9 || 6.0 || 1.3 || .8 || 27.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 80 || 80 || 41.0 || .450 || .347 || .850 || 5.3 || 4.5 || 1.8 || .4 || style="background:#cfecec;"|35.4*
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 77 || 77 || 40.8 || .463 || .344 || .868 || 5.7 || 5.4 || 1.4 || .5 || style="background:#cfecec;"|31.6*
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 82 || 38.9 || .459 || .361 || .840 || 6.3 || 5.4 || 1.8 || .5 || 28.3
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 82 || 36.1 || .467 || .351 || .856 || 5.2 || 4.9 || 1.5 || .5 || 26.8
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 73 || 73 || 38.8 || .456 || .329 || .811 || 5.4 || 5.0 || 1.5 || .3 || 27.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 82 || 33.9 || .451 || .323 || .828 || 5.1 || 4.7 || 1.2 || .1 || 25.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 58 || 58 || 38.5 || .430 || .303 || .845 || 5.4 || 4.6 || 1.2 || .3 || 27.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 78 || 78 || 38.6 || .463 || .324 || .839 || 5.6 || 6.0 || 1.4 || .3 || 27.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 6 || 6 || 29.5 || .425 || .188 || .857 || 4.3 || 6.3 || 1.2 || .2 || 13.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 35 || 35 || 34.5 || .373 || .293 || .813 || 5.7 || 5.6 || 1.3 || .2 || 22.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 66 || 66 || 28.2 || .358 || .285 || .826 || 3.7 || 2.8 || .9 || .2 || 17.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 1,346 || 1,198 || 36.1 || .447 || .329 || .837 || 5.2 || 4.7 || 1.4 || .5 || 25.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 15 || 15 || 27.6 || .500 || .324 || .789 || 5.0 || 4.7 || 2.5 || .4 || 19.3
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1997
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 9 || 0 || 14.8 || .382 || .261 || .867 || 1.2 || 1.2 || .3 || .2 || 8.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1998
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 11 || 0 || 20.0 || .408 || .214 || .689 || 1.9 || 1.5 || .3 || .7 || 8.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1999
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 8 || 8 || 39.4 || .430 || .348 || .800 || 6.9 || 4.6 || 1.9 || 1.3 || 19.8
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2000†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 22 || 22 || 39.0 || .442 || .344 || .754 || 4.5 || 4.4 || 1.5 || 1.5 || 21.1
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2001†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 16 || 16 || 43.4 || .469 || .324 || .821 || 7.3 || 6.1 || 1.6 || .8 || 29.4
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2002†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 19 || 19 || 43.8 || .434 || .379 || .759 || 5.8 || 4.6 || 1.4 || .9 || 26.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2003
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 12 || 12 || 44.3 || .432 || .403 || .827 || 5.1 || 5.2 || 1.2 || .1 || 32.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2004
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 22 || 22 || 44.2 || .413 || .247 || .813 || 4.7 || 5.5 || 1.9 || .3 || 24.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2006
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 7 || 7 || 44.9 || .497 || .400 || .771 || 6.3 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 27.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2007
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 5 || 5 || 43.0 || .462 || .357 || .919 || 5.2 || 4.4 || 1.0 || .4 || 32.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2008
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 21 || 21 || 41.1 || .479 || .302 || .809 || 5.7 || 5.6 || 1.7 || .4 || 30.1
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2009†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 23 || 23 || 40.8 || .457 || .349 || .883 || 5.3 || 5.5 || 1.7 || .9 || 30.2
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2010†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 23 || 23 || 40.1 || .458 || .374 || .842 || 6.0 || 5.5 || 1.3 || .7 || 29.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2011
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 10 || 10 || 35.4 || .446 || .293 || .820 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .3 || 22.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2012
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 12 || 12 || 39.7 || .439 || .283 || .832 || 4.8 || 4.3 || 1.3 || .2 || 30.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 220 || 200 || 39.3 || .448 || .331 || .816 || 5.1 || 4.7 || 1.4 || .6 || 25.6
Basketball legacy
Bryant was called "one of the greatest players in the history of our game" by NBA commissioner Adam Silver, and The New York Times wrote that he had "one of the most decorated careers in the history of the sport." Reuters called him "arguably the best player of his generation", while both Sporting News and TNT named him their NBA player of the decade for the 2000s. In 2008 and again in 2016, ESPN ranked him the second-greatest shooting guard of all time after Jordan. Players including Kevin Durant, Dirk Nowitzki, Dwyane Wade, and Derrick Rose called Bryant their generation's version of Jordan. The Press-Enterprise described Bryant as "maybe the greatest Laker in the organization's history". He was the Lakers' all-time leading scorer, and his five titles are tied for the most in franchise history. Both numbers he wore during his career, 8 and 24, were retired by the Lakers on December 18, 2017.
With career averages of 25.0 points, 5.2 rebounds, 4.7 assists, and 1.4 steals per game, he was considered one of the most complete players in NBA history. He was the first player in NBA history to have at least 30,000 career points and 6,000 career assists, and was one of only four players with 25,000 points, 6,000 rebounds, and 6,000 assists. Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the and seasons. His 81-point performance against Toronto in 2006 was the second-highest in NBA history, behind only Chamberlain's 100. He scored at least 50 points 24 times in his career, which is third in league history behind Jordan (31) and Chamberlain (118); six times Bryant scored at least 60. He was just the third player in NBA history to average 40 points in a calendar month, which he accomplished four times. Bryant was voted the league MVP in 2008 and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men's basketball team, occasionally referred to as "The Redeem Team". He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010, winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions.
Bryant was an 18-time All-Star, which ranks second behind only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's 19. He was chosen a record 18 straight times, each time as a starter. On four occasions (2003, 2011, 2013, 2016) he was the leading vote-getter. Four times Bryant was named the All-Star MVP, a record he shares with Bob Pettit. He was selected to the All-NBA Team on 15 occasions, tied for the most with Abdul-Jabbar and Tim Duncan, and his 11 first-team honors are tied for the second-most with Karl Malone. Bryant was also a 12-time All-Defensive Team selection, trailing only Duncan's 15, and nine times he was named to the All-Defensive First Team, tied with Jordan, Garnett, and Gary Payton for the most all time. He was the first guard to play 20 seasons in the NBA. He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 and was its youngest winner. In his career, Bryant scored 40-plus points in 121 games, and 21 times he recorded a triple-double.
Following his death, on February 15, 2020, commissioner Adam Silver announced that the NBA All-Star Game MVP Award would be renamed to the NBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player in honor of Bryant.
Off the court
Personal life
Bryant was the youngest of three children. He grew up with two older sisters, Sharia and Shaya, and had a close relationship with them until his death.
In November 1999, 21-year-old Bryant met 17-year-old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video "G'd Up". Bryant was in the building and working on his debut album. The two began dating and became engaged six months later in May 2000, while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach, California. To avoid media scrutiny, she finished high school through independent study. According to Vanessa's cousin Laila Laine, there was no prenuptial agreement. Vanessa said Bryant "loved her too much for one".
They married on April 18, 2001, at St. Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in Dana Point, California. The wedding was not attended by Bryant's parents, his two sisters, his longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem, or his Laker teammates. Bryant's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons. Reportedly Bryant's parents had problems with him marrying so young, especially to a woman who was not African-American. This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years, which ended when the couple's first daughter was born.
The Bryants' first child was born in January 2003. The birth resulted in a reconciliation between Bryant and his parents. Due to an ectopic pregnancy, Vanessa suffered a miscarriage in the spring of 2005. Their second daughter, Gianna Maria-Onore (also referred to as "Gigi"), was born in May 2006. On December 16, 2011, Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences, and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters. On January 11, 2013, Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce. In early December 2016, Vanessa gave birth to their third daughter, and in January 2019 the Bryants announced they were expecting a fourth daughter. Their daughter was born in June 2019.
Bryant was a practicing Catholic. He said his faith and a priest helped him through difficult times, such as the period following his accusation of rape. A Catholic cantor said she was inspired by Bryant's faith, and the respect that he showed her. Bryant and his family were regular attendees at Our Lady Queen of Angels Catholic Church in Newport Beach. Bryant and his daughter, Gianna, received the Eucharist together just hours before they died.
Bryant was multilingual. He was fluent in English, Italian and Spanish. Bryant assigned himself the nickname of "Black Mamba", citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the eponymous snake's ability to "strike with 99% accuracy at maximum speed, in rapid succession." During the 2012–13 season, he began referring to himself as "vino" to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine.
In January 2002, Bryant bought a Mediterranean-style house for $4 million, located on a cul-de-sac in Newport Coast, Newport Beach. He sold the house in May 2015.
In 2013, Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother had put up for auction. Bryant's mother received $450,000 from the auction house for the items, and contended Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home. However, Bryant's lawyers asked the auction house to return the items. Before the scheduled trial, a settlement was reached allowing the auction house the sale of less than 10% of the items. Bryant's parents apologized to him for the misunderstanding in a written statement, and appreciated the financial support he had given them over the years.
Bryant was a lifelong fan of his hometown NFL team, the Philadelphia Eagles. He was also a fan of soccer teams Barcelona, AC Milan and Manchester City.
According to Forbes, Bryant's $680 million in career earnings was the most ever by a team athlete during their playing career.
Sexual assault case
In the summer of 2003, the sheriff's office of Eagle, Colorado, arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19-year-old hotel employee. Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of undergoing knee surgery nearby. The accuser stated that Bryant raped her in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure. Bryant admitted to an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser but denied her sexual assault allegation.
The accusation tarnished Bryant's reputation, and the public's perception of him plummeted; his endorsement contracts with McDonald's and Nutella were terminated. Sales for Bryant's replica jersey fell significantly. However, in September 2004, the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser decided not to testify at the trial. Afterward, Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident, including his public mea culpa:
The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant, which the two sides settled privately.
Endorsements
Before starting the 1996–97 season, Bryant signed a six-year contract with Adidas that was worth approximately $48 million. His first signature shoe was the Equipment KB 8. Bryant's other, earlier endorsements included deals with The Coca-Cola Company to endorse their Sprite soft drink, appearing in advertisements for McDonald's, promoting Spalding's new NBA Infusion Ball, Upper Deck, Italian chocolate company Ferrero SpA's brand Nutella, Russell Corporation, and appearing on his own series of video games by Nintendo. Many companies like McDonald's and Ferrero SpA terminated his contracts when rape allegations against him became public. A notable exception was Nike, Inc., who had signed him to a five-year, $40–45 million contract just before the incident. However, they refused to use his image or market a new shoe of his for the year but eventually did start promoting Bryant once his image recovered two years later. He has since resumed endorsement deals with The Coca-Cola Company, through their subsidiary Energy Brands, to promote their Vitamin Water brand of drinks. Bryant was also the cover athlete for NBA '07: Featuring the Life Vol. 2 and appeared in commercials for the video games Guitar Hero World Tour (with Tony Hawk, Michael Phelps, and Alex Rodriguez) in 2008 and Call of Duty: Black Ops (alongside Jimmy Kimmel) in 2010.
In a 2008 video promoting Nike's Hyperdunk shoes, Bryant appears to jump over a speeding Aston Martin. The stunt was considered to be fake, and the Los Angeles Times said a real stunt would probably be a violation of Bryant's Lakers contract. After promoting Nike's Hyperdunk shoes, Bryant came out with the fourth edition of his signature line by Nike, the Zoom Kobe IV. In 2010 Nike launched another shoe, Nike Zoom Kobe V. In 2009, Bryant signed a deal with Nubeo to market the "Black Mamba collection", a line of sports/luxury watches that range from $25,000 to $285,000. On February 9, 2009, Bryant was featured on the cover of ESPN The Magazine. However, it was not for anything basketball related; rather, it was about Bryant being a big fan of FC Barcelona. CNN estimated Bryant's endorsement deals in 2007 to be worth $16 million a year. In 2010, Bryant was ranked third behind Tiger Woods and Jordan in Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes with $48 million.
On December 13, 2010, Bryant signed a two-year endorsement deal with Turkey's national airline, Turkish Airlines. The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital, print and billboard advertising.
In September 2012, Bryant shot a commercial for Turkish Airlines with FC Barcelona star Lionel Messi. In the airline's latest commercial, the duo competes to win the attention of a young boy. In 2013, Forbes listed Bryant the fifth highest paid sports star in the world behind Floyd Mayweather, Cristiano Ronaldo, LeBron James and Lionel Messi.
Bryant appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games:
Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside
NBA Courtside 2: Featuring Kobe Bryant
NBA Courtside 2002
NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant
NBA '07: Featuring the Life Vol. 2
NBA '09: The Inside
NBA 2K10
NBA 2K17 (Legend Edition; Legend Edition Gold)
Bryant was also one of the global ambassadors of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup in China.
Music
In high school, Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW, named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm. The group was signed by Sony Entertainment, but the company's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own. The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant's youth and NBA fame. He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight's "Hold Me". Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect, starting the track "3 X's Dope", though Bryant's name was not listed on the credits.
Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio-friendly sound. His debut album, Visions, was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000. The first single, "K.O.B.E'", featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook. The single debuted in January 2000, and was performed at NBA All-Star Weekend that month; the song was not well received. Sony abandoned plans for the album, which was never released, and dropped Bryant later that year. The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left, and Bryant's other backers had mostly abandoned him. Afterward, Bryant co-founded an independent record label, Heads High Entertainment, but it folded within a year. In 1999, Bryant appeared on a remix of "Say My Name" by Destiny's Child on the Maxi single version of the song.
In 2011, Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou's single, "The Heaven and Earth Challenge" (天地一鬥, pronounced "Tian Di Yi Dou"). The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment. The music video of the single also features Bryant. The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China.
In 2009, rapper Lil Wayne titled a song "Kobe Bryant". Similarly, in 2010, rapper Sho Baraka released a song called "Kobe Bryant On'em", which was featured on his album Lions and Liars.
Television
Bryant made his acting debut in 1996, appearing in an episode of Moesha. He had met the show's star, Brandy, earlier in the year at a Nike All-Star basketball game, and then a couple of months later in May 1996, Brandy was Bryant's date to his high school senior prom. In 1998, he portrayed himself on the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That, and then appeared on MTV's Ridiculousness in 2019.
Beginning in 2018, Bryant wrote, produced and hosted a multi-season television series called ‘Detail’ which aired on ESPN and ESPN+. It featured Bryant's insights into the game of basketball and in-depth analyses of games and individual players.
Philanthropy
Bryant was the official ambassador for After-School All-Stars (ASAS), an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after-school programs to children in thirteen US cities. Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation, a charity backed by the Chinese government. The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs. On November 4, 2010, Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty: Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport, where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment, an Activision-founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended.
Together with his wife, Bryant founded the Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Family Foundation (KVBFF). Its goals are "helping young people in need, encouraging the development of physical and social skills through sports and assisting the homeless". Bryant spoke of the injustice aimed at homeless people who are blamed for their situation, saying that homelessness should not be ignored or made a low priority. Bryant said he wanted more out of life than just a successful basketball career.
Bryant was a founding donor of the National Museum of African American History and Culture. During his lifetime, Bryant granted over two hundred requests for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.
Business ventures
Bryant established Kobe Inc. to own and grow brands in the sports industry. The initial investment was a 10% stake in the Bodyarmor SuperDrink company for $6 million in March 2014. The headquarters are in Newport Beach, California. With The Coca-Cola Company purchasing a minority stake in the company in August 2018, the valuation of Bryant's stake rose to approximately $200 million.
In 2013, Bryant launched a production company called Granity Studios, which developed different media, ranging from films, to television shows, to novels.
On August 22, 2016, Bryant and his business partner Jeff Stibel launched Bryant-Stibel, a venture capital firm focused on different businesses including media, data, gaming, and technology, with $100 million in funding.
Film
Bryant was the subject of Spike Lee's 2009 documentary film Kobe Doin' Work, which chronicled Bryant during the 2007-08 NBA season.
In 2018, Bryant became the first African-American to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film and the first former professional athlete to be nominated and to win an Academy Award in any category for his film Dear Basketball. The film also won the Annie Award for Best Animated Short Subject and a Sports Emmy Award. The film was produced by Bryant's production company, Granity Studios. In addition to future animation projects, he had been in talks with animator veteran Bruce Smith for the last six months before his death about starting his own animation studio.
Books
On October 23, 2018, Bryant's book The Mamba Mentality: How I Play, with photographs and afterword by Andrew D. Bernstein, an introduction by Phil Jackson, and a foreword by Pau Gasol, was published by MCD / Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book looks back on his career with photos and his reflections.
At the time of his death, he was working with Brazilian author Paulo Coelho on a children's book aimed at inspiring underprivileged children. After Bryant's death, Coelho deleted the draft, saying in an interview that "it didn't make any sense to publish without him." He did not say how many pages had been written or whether the book had a title.
Bryant also co-wrote/produced several young adult novels through Granity Studios: The Wizenard Series: Training Camp, Legacy and the Queen, and Epoca: The Tree of Ecrof. A fourth novel, The Wizenard Series: Season One, will be released posthumously in March 2020.
Death
Accident
At 9:06a.m. Pacific Standard Time on January 26, 2020, a Sikorsky S-76 helicopter departed from John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, with nine people aboard: Bryant, his 13-year-old daughter Gianna, six family friends, and the pilot. The helicopter was registered to the Fillmore-based Island Express Holding Corp., according to the California Secretary of State business database. The group was traveling to Camarillo Airport in Ventura County for a basketball game at Bryant's Mamba Academy in Thousand Oaks.
Due to light rain and fog that morning, the Los Angeles Police Department helicopters and most other air traffic were grounded. The flight tracker showed that the helicopter circled above the L.A. Zoo due to heavy air traffic in the area. At 9:30 a.m. the pilot contacted the Burbank Airport's control tower, notifying the tower of the situation and was told he was "flying too low" to be tracked by radar. At that time, the helicopter experienced extreme fog and turned south towards the mountains. At 9:40 a.m. the helicopter climbed rapidly from , flying at .
At 9:45 a.m., the helicopter crashed into the side of a mountain in Calabasas, about northwest of downtown Los Angeles, and began burning. Bryant, his daughter, and the other seven occupants were killed. Initial reports indicated that the helicopter crashed in the hills above Calabasas in heavy fog. Witnesses reported hearing a helicopter struggling before crashing.
Investigations
The cause of the crash is still unknown, as the helicopter was not equipped with a black box. The Federal Aviation Administration, National Transportation Safety Board, and the FBI have launched investigations into the crash. On January 28, Bryant's identity was officially confirmed using fingerprints. The following day, the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner stated that the official cause of death for him and the eight others on the helicopter was blunt force trauma.
Funeral services
On February 7, Bryant and his daughter were buried in a private funeral in Pacific View Memorial Park in the Corona del Mar neighborhood of Newport Beach, California. Their graves were unmarked to protect their privacy. A public memorial service was held on February 24 at Staples Center, the Lakers' home arena in downtown Los Angeles.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1978 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Accidental deaths in California
Category:African-American basketball players
Category:African-American Catholics
Category:American expatriates in Italy
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:American Roman Catholics
Category:Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Basketball players from Pennsylvania
Category:Best Short Film Academy Award winners
Category:Burials at Pacific View Memorial Park
Category:Catholics from California
Category:Charlotte Hornets draft picks
Category:Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year
Category:Los Angeles Lakers players
Category:Lower Merion High School alumni
Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:National Basketball Association All-Stars
Category:National Basketball Association high school draftees
Category:National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Category:Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
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Category:American podcasters | {
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} |
Michael Noakes
Michael Noakes (28 October 1933 – 30 May 2018) was an English artist and portrait painter.
He was educated at Downside School and the Royal Academy Schools. His prime interests as a painter were in portraiture and landscape. He was President of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and Chairman of the Contemporary Portrait Society.
He was a Member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters and a Freeman of the City of London. He painted actors, writers, academics, diplomats, politicians, lawyers, churchmen, senior military personnel, businessmen, leaders of the industry and members of the Royal Family.
He received a platinum disc for his sleeve design for the record Portrait of Sinatra (1977), the only painter ever to have been awarded such an honour. He has painted many of the world's leading figures. Among those who sat for him are the Queen, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, the Prince of Wales and Anne, Princess Royal, as well as most other members of the Royal Family. He was commissioned to paint Margaret Thatcher when she was Prime Minister.
He painted President Clinton, making preparatory studies with the President in the Oval Office – one of only very few painters to have been given such access to any President of the United States – and Pope Benedict XVI. Michael Noakes spent much of 1999 with the Queen, making sketches, paintings and drawings for the book The Daily Life of the Queen: An Artist's Diary, written by his late wife Vivien (died 2011), published September 2000. Somerville College, Oxford is in possession of some of his portraits.
References
External links
Michael Noakes profile, National Portrait Gallery; accessed 9 April 2014.
Profile, Debretts People of Today; accessed 11 April 2014.
Category:1933 births
Category:Place of birth missing
Category:2018 deaths
Category:20th-century English painters
Category:English male painters
Category:21st-century English painters
Category:English portrait painters
Category:People educated at Downside School | {
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} |
Thomas Wheatley
Thomas Wheatley (1821–1883) was an English mechanical engineer who worked for several British railway companies and rose to become a Locomotive Superintendent at the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) and the North British Railway (NBR).
Career
He became an apprentice with the Leeds and Selby Railway and later worked for the Midland Railway and the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. Subsequently, he was Locomotive Superintendent for the Southern Division of the London and North Western Railway for 5 years. From 1867 to 1874 he was Locomotive Superintendent of the North British Railway (NBR). Prior to 1867 the post had been split across divisions.
Locomotives
Under Wheatley's superintendency, 185 new locomotives were added to NBR stock, and a number of old engines were rebuilt for further service. Only eight of the new locomotives were intended for express passenger trains. Locomotives designed by Thomas Wheatley included:
See also
Locomotives of the North British Railway
Notes
References
Category:1821 births
Category:1883 deaths
Category:Locomotive builders and designers
Category:British engineers
Category:British mechanical engineers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ober-Logone
Ober-Logone was located in the Neukamerun administrative district of the German colony of Kamerun. In the modern day, its territory belongs mainly to the Republic of Chad.
The area was ceded from French Equatorial Africa to Cameroon (Neukamerun) following the Treaty of Fez. It comprised mainly the former French districts Pende, Moyen-Logone and Mao Kabi. A military occupation started in 1912 by the newly formed 12th Company of the protection force under Captain Bruno Raven. On 1 February 1913, the 12th company and its commander received management powers for the district, which originally was called Mao Kabbi. It was renamed Ober-Logone on 18 February 18 1913.
Sources
Florian Hoffmann: Okkupation und Militärverwaltung in Kamerun. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols, Teil I, Göttingen 2007, S. 345-347
Category:Kamerun
Category:History of Chad | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Dans la Rue
Le Bon Dieu Dans la Rue (commonly known as Dans la Rue) is a secular non-profit operating in English and French to meet the immediate needs of homeless and at-risk youth in downtown Montreal.
History
This organization was founded by in 1988 by Father Emmett "Pops" Johns, who sought to help homeless youth with empathy and acceptance without judgment. With a personal loan of $10 000, he purchased a used Winnebago and began driving nightly shifts through the streets of downtown Montreal, serving hot dogs and distributing clothing, personal care products, and nonperishable foods.
Dans la Rue has since grown, adding the Bunker youth overnight shelter, the Chez Pops day centre, permanent housing units, and family services. It has evolved into a multi-disciplinary team of skilled professionals and dedicated volunteers, headed by a leadership team and board of directors, all committed to fulfilling Johns<s vision of helping youth survive the streets and learn the skills necessary to build a brighter and more independent future.
Johns retired from active involvement in 2016 and died on January 13, 2018 aged 89.
Mission
Dans La Rue cares for the immediate needs of homeless and at-risk youth, and helps them acquire the skills and resources need to lead more autonomous and rewarding lives. Fr. Johns' philosophy, "to help without judgment", inspired this approach.
Services
Working with partners in numerous focus areas, Dans la Rue concentrates on meeting basic needs (food, shelter, clothing), mental and physical health, addressing legal and administrative issues, education and career-building, and parental skills.
Emergency services
The Van (La Roulotte) is an RV that serves as a mobile point of contact for street-involved youth. Volunteers distribute food and clothing and may refer users to other services upon request. The Van's circuit covers most of downtown Montreal.
The Bunker Emergency Shelter, opened in 1993, provides bed, showers, and meals to 17 youths from 12 to 21. Specialized counsellors are available for additional services and referrals.
Services and programs for long-term stability
The Day Centre was opened in 1997 and provides meals, hygienic products, clothing, and non-perishable food. The Centre also offers legal services, an on-site school, and recreational workshops.
The Family Services program aims to develop the parenting skills of street-involved youth.
As of December 2014, Dans la Rue operates 17 permanent housing units, which are able to lodge 15 young people and two families.
References
Bibliography
Karabanow, J. (1999). Creating community: a case study of a Montreal street kid agency. Community development journal, v. 34 (4), 318. Doi:10.1300/J137v13n02_04
Karabanow, J. (2008). Getting off the street: Exploring the process of young people’s street exits. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 772. DOI: 10.1177/0002764207311987
Boivin, J.F., & Roy, É., & Haley, N., Galbaud du Fort, G,. (2005). The health of street youth. Canadian journal of public health, v.96(6), 432. Retrieved from
http://www.med.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/courses/EPIB591/Fall%202010/Class%201%20-%201%20Sept/Boivin%20-%20Canadian%20J%20Public%20Health%202005.pdf
Curran Peggy. (2012, Feb. 15). More kids on street, more calls for help: Demands dealt with by Dans la rue have broadened, as problems faced by street kids become more complex. Part 1 of 2. The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved from https://montrealgazette.com/news/More+kids+street+more+calls+help/6153169/story.html
Curran Peggy. (2012, Feb. 16) For street people of all ages, mental health a critical issue. Part 2 or 2. The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved from https://montrealgazette.com/news/Mental+illness+rise+street+people/6159806/story.html
Schwartz, Susan. (2001, October 3). Tasteful charity event for Dans la rue. The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved from https://montrealgazette.com/technology/Tasteful+charity+event+Dans/5492026/story.html
Clara Chapdelaine, C. & Aroni, F. (2007). Child Justice in Canada and the Four Ps: Protection, Prosecition, Prevention, and Participation. Canadian Criminology, 15(3). pp 267–284. DOI: 10.1007/s10612-007-9036-2
Category:Homelessness charities
Category:Charities based in Canada
Category:Non-profit organizations based in Montreal | {
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} |
Nürburg Castle
The Nürburg is a ruined hilltop castle in the German Eifel Mountains near the village of Nürburg south of Adenau in the district of Ahrweiler in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It stands within the famous North Loop, or Nordschleife, of the Nürburgring racing course at a height of 678 metres on a volcanic basalt cone. It may be visited for a fee.
History
The site was first mentioned in the records in 1166 as Noureberg or Mons Nore, but it is probable that it was already used as a signal station in Roman times to protect the important Roman road that ran through the Eifel.
The actual instigator of the Nürburg was Count Ulrich, who, is named in a document from 1169, although his father, Dietrich I of Are had already started the construction of a refuge castle on the mountain. Ulrich's descendants called themselves the lords of Nürburg and Are and were vassals (Lehnsmänner) of the bishops of Cologne and the Hohenstaufen emperor.
In 1290, ownership of the castle was transferred to the Electorate of Cologne, because there were no more descendants of the lords of Nürburg. The archbishopric appointed a bailiff (Amtmann), who from then on was to represent their interests.
The construction of the castle was carried out in three stages. After the construction of the rectangular inner ward or kernburg, the zwinger walls were built between 1340 and 1369 under the bailiff, Johann von Schleiden, as a second defensive ring. In the 15th century a third wall was erected to protect the hitherto freely-accessible castellan's buildings that have not survived.
As early as the 16th century the castle fell into a very poor condition, a situation which the officiating bailiffs complained about. As a result, restoration work was carried out several times.
In 1633, during the Thirty Years' War, the Nürburg was captured by the Swedes under General Baudissin, who plundered and damaged it. In 1674, imperial troops occupied the castle.
In 1689, French soldiers finally destroyed the place. The surviving keep, or bergfried, was initially used as a prison, but was no longer fit for that purpose after 1752. The castle was abandoned and used as a stone quarry.
In 1818 Prussia had the bergfried restored because, with its height of , it would be able to act as a trigonometric point. In the course of this work the outer ward was demolished. Today only the remnants of the enceinte testify to its existence.
In 1949, ownership of the ruins was transferred to Rhineland-Palatinate's State Department for Conservation, who entrusted it to the Management of State Castles of Rhineland-Palatinate (Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser Rheinland-Pfalz, today the Burgen, Schlösser Altertümer Rheinland-Pfalz). The latter had work carried out several times (last in 1988/89) in order to expose elements of the building that had been filled in, as well as to carry out safety and restoration work.
Sources
Werner Bornheim gen. Schilling: Ruine Nürburg. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Burgen, Schlösser, Altertümer Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2003 (= Führer der Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser Rheinland-Pfalz, Heft 14).
External links
Die Nürburg bei der Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz
Category:Castles in Rhineland-Palatinate
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Hotel GB
Hotel GB is a British reality television series broadcast on Channel 4 airing for five consecutive nights in October 2012. Presented by Paddy McGuinness live from Hotel GB, the show's stars (all of whom feature in Channel 4 shows) take on a one-week challenge, helping unemployed young people find work. It was axed on 1 April 2013 due to poor ratings.
The team
Ratings
Episode viewing figures from BARB.
References
External links
Category:2010s British reality television series
Category:2012 British television series debuts
Category:2012 British television series endings
Category:Channel 4 television programmes
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Shemeti
Shemeti () is a rural locality (a selo) in Dobryansky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 99 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.
References
Category:Rural localities in Perm Krai | {
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John Williams (Liberal politician)
John Carvell Williams (September 20, 1821 – October 8, 1907) was an English Nonconformist campaigner and a Liberal Party politician.
Williams was the son of John Allen Williams of Stepney and his wife Mary Carvell, and was educated privately. He was a Nonconformist and campaigned against the privileged status of the Church of England. From 1847 to 1877, he was secretary to the Liberation Society and was Parliamentary chairman to the society. He authored works on disestablishment and other ecclesiastical subjects. He was a Director of Whittlington Life Insurance Company.
In the 1885 general election, Williams was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Nottingham South but lost the seat in the 1886 general election. He was elected MP for Mansfield In the 1892 general election and held the seat until the 1900 general election.
Williams lived at Crouch End and died at the age of 86.
Publications
A Plea for a Free Churchyard 1870
Religious Liberty in the Churchyard 1876
The Demand for Freedom in the Church of England
Disestablishment 1885
References
External links
Category:1821 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:UK MPs 1885–1886
Category:UK MPs 1892–1895
Category:UK MPs 1895–1900 | {
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Oxalate degrading enzyme
An oxalate degrading enzyme is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the biodegradation of oxalate. Enzymes in this class include oxalate oxidase, oxalate decarboxylase, oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase, and formyl-CoA transferase.
Specific enzymes
Oxalate oxidase （Enzyme Commission number ）occurs mainly in plants. It can degrade oxalic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide.
Oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC，) is a kind of oxalate degrading enzyme containing Mn2+, found mainly in fungi or some bacteria. Brown rot fungi secrete oxalate to break down cellulose fibers of wood, but deploy this enzyme to permit regulatory control over the total quantity of oxalate present. It can appear in the absence of other cofactors under the action of the degradation of oxalic acid directly to form formic acid and CO2.
Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase（）mainly mediates degradation of bacterial oxalic acid.
Formyl-CoA transferase （）mediates the exchange of oxalyl and formyl groups on coenzyme A, interconverting formyl-CoA and oxalyl-CoA.
Calcium oxalate stones and oxalate degrading enzymes
Calcium oxalate is the main component of the most common type of kidney stone in humans.
References
Category:Oxalates
Category:Enzymes | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Charles Maurras
Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (; ; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of Action Française, a political movement that was monarchist, anti-Semitic, anti-parliamentarist, and counter-revolutionary. Maurras' ideas greatly influenced National Catholicism and "nationalisme intégral". A major tenet of integral nationalism was stated by Maurras as "a true nationalist places his country above everything". He was one of the few eminent and probably the most important of all French ethnic nationalists, being naturally opposed to republican universalism and liberalism, advocating for corporatism, order, hierarchy and an organically decentralised France. A political theorist and a major intellectual influence in early 20th-century Europe, his views influenced several far-right ideologies; it also anticipated some of the ideas of fascism.
Biography
Before World War I
Maurras was born into a Provençal family, brought up by his mother and grandmother in a Catholic and monarchist environment. In his early teens he became deaf. Like many other French politicians, he was affected greatly by France's defeat in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. After the 1871 Commune of Paris and the 1879 defeat of Marshal MacMahon's Moral Order government, French society slowly found a consensus for the Republic, symbolized by the rallying of the monarchist Orleanists to the Republic. Maurras published his first article, at the age of 17 years, in the review Annales de philosophie chrétienne. He then collaborated on various reviews, including L’Événement, La Revue bleue, La Gazette de France and La Revue encyclopédique, in which he praised Classicism and attacked Romanticism.
At some point during his youth, Maurras lost his Catholic faith and became an agnostic. In 1887, at the age of seventeen, he came to Paris and began writing literary criticism in the Catholic and Orleanist Observateur. At this time, Maurras was influenced by Orleanism, as well as German philosophy reviewed by Catholic thinker Léon Ollé-Laprune, an influence of Henri Bergson, and by the philosopher Maurice Blondel, one of the inspirations of Christian "modernists", who would later become his greatest opponents. He became acquainted with the Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral in 1888 and shared the federalist thesis of Mistral's Félibrige movement (see Maurras and Félibrige). The same year he met the nationalist writer Maurice Barrès.<ref name=AF>Biographical notice on Maurras on the ''Action Françaises website </ref>
In 1890, Maurras approved Cardinal Lavigerie's call for the rallying of Catholics to the Republic, thus making his opposition not to the Republic in itself, but to "sectarian Republicanism".
Beside this Orleanist affiliation, Maurras shared some traits with Bonapartism. In December 1887, he demonstrated to the cry of "Down with the robbers!" during the military decorations trafficking scandal, which had involved Daniel Wilson, the son-in-law of President Jules Grévy. Despite this, he initially opposed the nationalist-populist Boulangist philosophy. But in 1889, after a visit to Maurice Barrès, Barrès voted for the Boulangist candidate; despite his "anti-Semitism of the heart" ("anti-sémitisme de coeur"), he decided to vote for a Jew.
During 1894–95 Maurras briefly worked for Barrès' newspaper La Cocarde (The Cockade), although he sometimes opposed Barrès' opinions concerning the French Revolution. La Cocarde supported General Boulanger, who had become a threat to the parliamentary Republic in the late 1880s.
During a trip to Athens for the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, Maurras came to criticize the Greek democratic system of the polis, which he considered doomed because of its internal divisions and its openness towards métèques (foreigners).
Maurras became involved in politics at the time of the Dreyfus affair, becoming a well-known Anti-Dreyfusard. He endorsed Colonel Henry's forgery blaming Dreyfus, as he considered that defending Dreyfus weakened the Army and the justice system. According to Maurras, Dreyfus was to be sacrificed on the altar of national interest. But while the Republican nationalist thinker Barrès accused Dreyfus of being guilty because of his Jewishness, Maurras went a step further, vilifying the "Jewish Republic". While Barrès' anti-Semitism originated both in pseudo-scientific racist contemporary theories and Biblical exegesis, Maurras decried "scientific racism" in favor of a more radical "state anti-Semitism."
Maurras assisted with the foundation of the nationalist and anti-Dreyfusard Ligue de la patrie française at the end of 1898, along with Maurice Barrès, the geographer Marcel Dubois, the poet François Coppée and the critic and literature professor Jules Lemaître.
In 1899 Maurras founded the review Action Française (AF), an offshoot of the newspaper created by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois the year preceding. Maurras quickly became influential in the movement, and converted Pujo and Vaugeois to monarchism, which became the movement's principal cause. With Léon Daudet, he edited the movement's review, La Revue de l'Action Française, which during 1908 became a daily newspaper with the shorter title L'Action Française. The AF mixed integral nationalism with reactionary themes, shifting the nationalist ideology, previously supported by left-wing Republicans, to the political right. It had a wide readership during the implementation of the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State. In 1899 he wrote a short notice in favour of monarchy, "Dictateur et roi" ("Dictator and King"), and then in 1900 his "Enquête sur la monarchie" (Investigations on Monarchy), published in the Legitimist mouthpiece La Gazette de France, which made him famous. Maurras also published thirteen articles in the newspaper Le Figaro during 1901 and 1902, as well as six articles between November 1902 and January 1903 in Edouard Drumont's anti-Semitic newspaper, La Libre Parole.
Between 1905 and 1908, when the Camelots du Roi monarchist league was initiated, Maurras introduced the concept of political activism through extra-parliamentary leagues, theorizing the possibility of a coup d'état.
Maurras also founded the Ligue d'Action Française in 1905, whose mission was to recruit members for the Action Française.
Members pledged to fight the republican regime and to support restoration of the monarchy under Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926).
Many early members of the Action Française were practicing Catholics, including Bernard de Vésins, the art historian Louis Dimier and the essayist Léon de Montesquiou. They helped Maurras develop the royalist league's pro-Catholic policies.
From World War I to the end of the 1930s
Maurras then endorsed France's entry into World War I (even to the extent of supporting the thoroughly republican Georges Clemenceau) against the German Empire. During the war, the Jewish businessman Emile Ullman was forced to resign from the board of directors of the Comptoir d'Escompte bank after Maurras accused him of being a German agent. He then criticized the Treaty of Versailles for not being harsh enough on the Germans and condemned Aristide Briand's policy of cooperation with Germany.
In 1925 he called for the murder of Abraham Schrameck, the Interior Minister of Paul Painlevé's Cartel des Gauches's (left-wing coalition) government, who had ordered the disarming of the far-right leagues. For this death threat, he was sentenced to a fine and a year in jail (suspended). He also voiced death threats against the President of the Council Léon Blum, organizer of the Popular Front, in the Action Française of 15 May 1936, emphasizing his Jewish origins (he once called him an "old semitic camel"). This other death threat earned him eight months in prison, from 29 October 1936 to 6 July 1937. Fearing communism, he joined the pacifists and praised the Munich Agreement of 1938, which the President of the Council Édouard Daladier had signed without any illusions. He also wrote in Action Française:
During the 1930s – especially after the 6 February 1934 crisis—many of Action Française members turned to fascism, such as Robert Brasillach, Lucien Rebatet, Abel Bonnard, Paul Chack, and Claude Jeantet. Most of them belonged to the staff of the fascist newspaper Je suis partout (I am everywhere).
Influencing António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo regime in Portugal, Maurras also supported Francisco Franco and, until spring 1939, Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. Opposing Adolf Hitler because of his germanophobia, Maurras himself criticized the racist policies of Nazism in 1936, and requested a complete translation of Mein Kampf – some of its passages had been censored in the French edition.
After his failure against Charles Jonnart in 1924 to be elected to the Académie française, he succeeded in entering the ranks of the "Immortals" on 9 June 1938, replacing Henri-Robert, winning by 20 votes against 12 to Fernand Gregh. He was received in the Academy on 8 June 1939 by Catholic writer Henry Bordeaux.
Vichy regime, arrest and death
Although in June 1940 articles in Action Française signed by Maurras, Léon Daudet and Maurice Pujo praised General Charles de Gaulle, Maurras quickly came to acclaim the end of the Third Republic, replaced by Marshal Philippe Pétain's Vichy France, as a "divine surprise". Vichy's reactionary program of a Révolution Nationale (National Revolution) was fully approved of by Maurras, who inspired large parts of it. The monarchist newspaper was forbidden in the Occupied Zone and under Vichy censorship in the Southern Zone from November 1942. In La Seule France (1941) Maurras argued for a policy of France d'abord ("France First"), whereby France would restore itself politically and morally under Pétain, resolving the causes in his eyes of France's defeat in 1940, before dealing with the issue of the foreign occupation. This position was contrasted to the attitude of the Gaullists, who fled France and continued the military struggle. Maurras savaged the pre-war French governments for taking an increasingly bellicose position vis-à-vis Germany at precisely the same time that these governments were weakening France, militarily, socially and politically, thereby making France's defeat during 1940 all but inevitable. Maurras also criticized the 1940 Statute on Jews for being too moderate. At the same time he continued to express elements of his longstanding germanophobia by arguing in La Seule France that Frenchmen must not be drawn to the German model and by hosting anti-German conferences, and he opposed both the "dissidents" in London and the collaborators in Paris and Vichy (such as Lucien Rebatet, Robert Brasillach, Pierre Laval, or Marcel Déat). In 1943, the Germans planned to arrest Maurras.
A pre-war admirer of Charles de Gaulle, who himself had been influenced by Maurras' integralism, Maurras then harshly criticized the General in exile. He later claimed he believed that Pétain was playing a "double game", working for an Allied victory in secret.
After the liberation of France, Maurras was arrested in September 1944 together with his right-hand man Maurice Pujo, and indicted before the High Court of Lyon for "complicity with the enemy" on the basis of the articles he had published since the start of the war. At the end of the trial, during which there were many irregularities such as false dating or truncated quotations, Maurras was sentenced to life imprisonment and deprivation of civil liberties. He was automatically dismissed from the Académie française (a measure included in the ordinance of 26 December 1944). His response to his conviction was to exclaim "C'est la revanche de Dreyfus!" (It's Dreyfus's revenge!) Meanwhile, the Académie française declared his seat vacant, as it had for Pétain's, instead of expelling him as it did for Abel Hermant and Abel Bonnard. (The academy waited until his death to elect his successor, and chose Antoine de Lévis-Mirepoix, who was himself influenced by Action Française and collaborated with Pierre Boutang's monarchist review La Nation Française.)
After being imprisoned in Riom and then Clairvaux, Maurras was released in March 1952 to enter hospital. He was supported by Henry Bordeaux, who repeatedly asked the President of the Republic, Vincent Auriol, to pardon Maurras. Although weakened, Maurras collaborated with Aspects de la France, which had replaced the outlawed review Action Française in 1947. He was transferred to a clinic in Tours, where he soon died. In his last days he readopted the Catholic faith of his childhood and received the last rites.
Maurras' work
Maurras and Félibrige
A Provence-born author, Maurras joined Félibrige (from félibre, Provençal for pupil or follower), a literary and cultural association founded by Frédéric Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote Occitan languages and literature.
Maurras' political thought
Maurras' political ideas were based on intense nationalism (what he described as "integral nationalism") and a belief in an ordered society based on strong government. These were the bases of his endorsement for both a French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church.
He formulated an aggressive political strategy, which contrasted with the Legitimists' apathy for political action. He managed to combine the paradox of a reactionary thought which would actively change history, a form of Counter-revolution opposed to simple conservatism. His "integral nationalism" rejected all democratic principles which he judged contrary to "natural inequality", criticizing all evolution since the 1789 French Revolution, and advocated the return to a hereditary monarchy.
Like many people in Europe at the time, he was haunted by the idea of "decadence", partly inspired by his reading of the publications of Hippolyte Taine and Ernest Renan, and admired classicism. He felt that France had lost its grandeur during the Revolution of 1789, a grandeur inherited from its origins as a province of the Roman Empire and forged by, as he put it, "forty kings who in a thousand years made France." The French Revolution, he wrote in the Observateur Français, was negative and destructive.
He traced this decline further back, to the Enlightenment and the Reformation; he described the source of the evil as "Swiss ideas", a reference to the adopted nation of Calvin and the birth nation of Rousseau. Maurras further blamed France's decline on "Anti-France", which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the xenophobic term métèques). Indeed, to him the first three were all "internal foreigners."
Antisemitism and anti-Protestantism were common themes in his writings. He believed that the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the eventual outcome of the French Revolution had all contributed to individuals valuing themselves more than the nation, with consequent negative effects on the latter, and that democracy and liberalism were only making matters worse.
Although Maurras advocated the revival of monarchy, in many ways Maurras did not typify the French monarchist tradition. His endorsement of the monarchy and for Catholicism was explicitly pragmatic, as he alleged that a state religion was the only way of maintaining public order. By contrast with Maurice Barrès, a theorist of a kind of Romantic nationalism based on the Ego, Maurras claimed to base his opinions on reason rather than on sentiment, loyalty and faith.
Paradoxically, he admired the positivist philosopher Auguste Comte, like many of the Third Republic politicians he detested, with which he opposed German idealism. Whereas the Legitimist monarchists refused to engage in political action, retreating into an intransigently conservative Catholicism and a relative indifference to a modern world they believed was irredeemably wicked and apostate, Maurras was prepared to engage in political action, both orthodox and unorthodox (the Action Française's Camelots du Roi league frequently engaged in street violence with left-wing opponents, as well as Marc Sangnier's socialist Catholic Le Sillon). Maurras was twice convicted of inciting violence against Jewish politicians, and Léon Blum, the first Jewish French prime minister, nearly died from the injuries inflicted by associates of Maurras.His slogan was the phrase "La politique d'abord!" ("Politics first!"). Other influences included Frédéric Le Play; English empiricists, who allowed him to reconcile Cartesian rationalism with empiricism, and René de La Tour du Pin.
Maurras' religious views were likewise less than orthodox. He supported the political Catholic Church both because it was intimately involved with French history and because its hierarchical structure and clerical elite mirrored his image of an ideal society. He considered the Church to be the mortar which held France together, and the association linking all Frenchmen together. However, he distrusted the Gospels, written, as he put it, "by four obscure Jews", but admired the Catholic Church for having allegedly concealed much of the Bible's "dangerous teachings". Maurras' interpretation of the Gospels and his integralist teachings were fiercely criticised by many Catholic clergy. However, towards the end of his life Maurras eventually converted from agnosticism to Catholicism.
Notwithstanding his religious unorthodoxy, Maurras gained a large following among French monarchists and Catholics, including the Assumptionists and the Orleanist pretender to the French throne, the comte de Paris, Philippe. Nonetheless, his agnosticism worried parts of the Catholic hierarchy, and in 1926 Pope Pius XI placed some of Maurras's writings on the Index of Forbidden Books and condemned the Action Française philosophy as a whole. Seven of Maurras' books had already been placed on this list in 1914 and a dossier on Maurras had been submitted to Pius X.
It was not just his agnosticism which worried the Catholic hierarchy but that by insisting upon politiques d'abord he questioned the primacy of the spiritual and thus the teaching authority of the Church and the authority of the Pope himself. That this was the basis of the matter is shown by Jacques Maritain's book Primauté du Spirituel. Maritain was associated with L’Action Française and knew Maurras. While his unease with the movement pre-dates the 1926 crisis, it was this which occasioned his alienation from Maurras and L’Action Française. This papal condemnation was a great surprise to many of his devotees, who included a considerable number of French clergy, and caused great damage to the movement. It was ended however in 1939, a year after Maurras was elected to the Académie française.
Legacy
Maurras is a major intellectual influence of national Catholicism, far-right movements, Latin conservatism, and integral nationalism. He and the Action Française influenced many people and movements including General Francisco Franco, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, António Sardinha, Leon Degrelle, and autonomist movements in Europe. The Christian Democrat Jacques Maritain was also close to Maurras before the papal condemnation of the AF in 1927, and criticized democracy in one of his early writings, Une opinion sur Charles Maurras ou le devoir des catholiques. Furthermore, Maurrassism also influenced many writings from members of the Organisation armée secrète who theorized "counter-revolutionary warfare". In Spain, the Acción Española adopted not only its far right monarchism but also its name from Maurras's movement.
The influence extended to Latin America, as in Mexico where Jesús Guiza y Acevedo was nicknamed "the little Maurras", as well as the historian Carlos Pereyra or the Venezuelan author Laureano Vallenilla Lanz, who wrote a book titled Cesarismo democratico (Democratic Caesarism). Other figures influenced include the Brazilian Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira. Maurras' thought also influenced Catholic fundamentalist supporters of the Brazilian dictatorship (1964–85) as well as the Cursillos de la Cristiandad (Christendom Courses), similar to the Cité Catholique group, which were initiated during 1950 by the bishop of Ciudad Real, Mgr. Hervé. The Argentine militarist Juan Carlos Onganía, who overthrew Arturo Illia in a military putsch in 1969, as well as Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, who succeeded Onganía after another coup, had participated in the Cursillos de la Cristiandad, as did also the Dominican militarists Antonio Imbert Barrera and Elías Wessin y Wessin, chief of staff of the military and an opponent of the restoration of the 1963 Constitution after Rafael Trujillo was deposed. In Argentina he also influenced the nationalist writers of the 1920s and 1930s such as Rodolfo Irazusta and Juan Carulla.
In 2017, Michael Crowley wrote that Steve Bannon, then chief strategist to President Donald Trump, "... has also expressed admiration for the reactionary French philosopher Charles Maurras, according to French media reports confirmed by Politico."
Works
References
Further reading
Curtis, Michael (2010). Three Against the Third Republic: Sorel, Barrès and Maurras, Transaction Publishers.
Kojecky, Roger (1972). "Charles Maurras and the Action Française," in T.S. Eliot's Social Criticism. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, pp. 58–69.
Molnar, Thomas (1999). "Charles Maurras, Shaper of an Age," Modern Age 41''' (4), pp. 337–342.
External links
Maurras.net online library : works of Charles Maurras (in French).
Dreyfus Rehabilitated
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Greenville, Ohio
Greenville is a city in and the county seat of Darke County, Ohio, United States, located in southwestern Ohio about 33 miles northwest of Dayton. The population was 13,227 at the 2010 census.
History
Greenville is the historic location of Fort Greene Ville, which was built in November of 1793 by General Anthony Wayne's Legion of the United States during the Northwest Indian War. Named for Revolutionary War hero Nathaniel Greene, its defenses covered about , which made it the largest wooden fort in North America. The fort was a training ground and base of operations for the ~3000 soldiers of the Legion and Kentucky Milia prior to their march northward in Aug. 1794 to the Battle of Fallen Timbers. A year after the battle, the Treaty of Greenville was signed at the fort on August 3, 1795, bringing an end to the Indian wars in the area and opening the Northwest Territory for settlement. Fort Greenville was abandoned in 1796, and partly burned later that year to retrieve nails used in its construction. Some of its logs were carried away to be reused in the newly emergent settlement of Dayton to the south. In the War of 1812, what remained was refitted, and used as a supply depot and staging area. The earliest European settlers were in 1807; the city of Greenville was officially founded in August 1808.
Geography
Greenville is located at (40.102474, -84.627985).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Local airports include Darke County Airport, seven miles away in Versailles and James M. Cox Dayton International Airport 35 miles away in Vandalia.
General information
Greenville is home to The Great Darke County Fair which runs for nine days in August. Greenville is also home to KitchenAid small appliances.
Built in 1849, the historic Bear's Mill is an authentic example of a stonegrinding flour mill of its time. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, it is still in use today to grind cornmeal, whole-wheat flour, rye flour, and pancake mixes. The mill and the buhr stones are powered by water. Self-guided tours may be taken during regular business hours.
Greenville has a local history museum, the Garst Museum, which features the most extensive known collections of memorabilia of Annie Oakley and Lowell Thomas, both of whom were born nearby. It also holds historical artifacts relating to Anthony Wayne and the Treaty of Greenville as well as Native American artifacts. The museum also includes a village of shops; a wing of early American furnishings, pioneer life, and military uniforms; an early Indianapolis 500 race car built in Greenville; and an extensive genealogy room for research. Also located in Greenville is St. Clair Memorial Hall, the center for the arts in Darke County. This piece of architecture, built in 1910, has been completely remodeled and is a showpiece for all of Darke County.
The city and surrounding areas are served by a daily newspaper published in Greenville, The Daily Advocate.
Notable companies
Various companies and brands such as KitchenAid and BASF North America have offices in Greenville.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,227 people, 5,933 households, and 3,430 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 6,536 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White, 0.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 5,933 households of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.2% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17, and the average family size was 2.83.
The median age in the city was 43.4 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64, and 22.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,294 people, 5,649 households, and 3,462 families living in the city. The population density was 2,206.4 people per square mile (851.2/km²). There were 6,030 housing units at an average density of 1,000.8 per square mile (386.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.31% White, 0.56% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.
There were 5,649 households out of which 27.3% had children living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23, and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city, the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,791, and the median income for a family was $38,699. Males had a median income of $33,143 versus $24,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,830. About 10.2% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Jack Baldschun, baseball player
Jeffrey D. Feltman, diplomat
Ray Hathaway, baseball player
Matt Light, American football player
Paul Norris, comic book artist
Gene Riegle, Harness racing driver and trainer
Jim Van Bebber, film director
Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter
Clayton Murphy, Olympic medalist runner
References
External links
City website
archaeological preservation of Fort Greenville
Category:Greenville, Ohio
Category:Cities in Ohio
Category:Cities in Darke County, Ohio
Category:1795 establishments in the Northwest Territory
Category:County seats in Ohio
Category:Populated places established in 1795 | {
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Austin E. and Alta S. Fife
Austin Edwin Fife (December 18, 1909 – February 7, 1986) and Alta Stevens Fife (March 16, 1912 – December 8, 1996) are the pioneering Utah folklorists for whom the Fife Folklore Archives, the Fife Folklore Conference, and the Fife Honor Lecture are each named at Utah State University. This husband and wife duo dedicated much of their time for collecting and preserving the cultural expressions of the American West and Mormon folklore. The Fifes’ work has influenced not only the generations of folklorists who have tried to follow in their footsteps but also the lives of countless Utahans, who have enjoyed a richer cultural experience because of the many folk festivals and folklore programs inspired by the Fifes’ dedication and service.
The Fifes: Research Partners
Called “the founders of Mormon folklore studies” by Eric A. Eliason, Austin and Alta Fife were dedicated to the future of folkloristics in Utah (153). Barbara Lloyd explains that “Austin and Alta Fife . . . met at Utah State University. . . . [and] as a married couple, they began folklore research together in the late 1930s when they were living in California, where Austin was a graduate student at Stanford University, serving as research assistant to the distinguished professor of Hispanic-American folklore, Aurelio Espinosa, Sr.” (2004, 230).
Notably, the Fifes worked together as a team, an aspect of their folkloristic efforts that David Stanley identifies as one of the two items he finds “especially pertinent and interesting to the study and collection of Utah folklore” (2004, 1). The other interesting item that Stanley mentions is an interview transcript of Alta, who describes her trip with Austin across the country following the “Mormon Trail” from Palmyra, New York, to Salt Lake City, Utah. Stanley explains that “the Fifes’ purpose on this journey was to collect not Mormon folklore but folklore about Mormons from those residents of the Midwest who still recounted tales about ‘when the Mormons were here’” (1).
In his essay focused on the Fifes, William A. Wilson describes their profound influence on folklore in Utah:
Austin and Alta Fife devoted much of their lives to interpreting the Mormon and Western culture that had produced them. Just as their parents and grandparents had helped pioneer the West, they broke new ground in American folklore scholarship—in the study of Mormon folklore, cowboy and western folksong, and material folk culture—and charted a course others were to follow (2004, 41).
The Fifes and Folkloristics at USU
In 1960, the Fifes returned to Utah so that Austin could teach classes at Utah State University (USU) in French and folklore (Lloyd 230). When Austin planned to retire in the 1970s, he selected William A. Wilson to run the folklore program at USU because Wilson seemed like “someone who could provide strong leadership for the new [folklore] archive and who had the right kind of vision for the future, for what the USU folklore program could become” (Lloyd 231). As a result of the Fifes folklore research and advocacy, USU now has a folklore program, the Fife Folklore Workshop, the Fife Folklore Archives, the Fife Folklore Conference, and a legacy of folkloristic scholarship worth being proud of.
The Fife Folklore Archives
According to USU's "History"webpage, the Fifes donated their collection of folklore research to Utah State University’s Merrill-Cazier Library in 1966, a collection which was eventually called the Fife Folklore Archives: “one of a number of leading research facilities that acquire, preserve and make available the materials in folklore fields.”
The Fife Folklore Conferences
The Fife Folklore Conference is a five-day workshop that gives USU students a chance to meet folklore scholars from other colleges throughout the United States. In an essay dedicated to this topic, Barbara Lloyd, director of one of the many Fife Folklore Conferences, describes it this way:
The conference was a perfect time for us to gather together people we loved, to talk about ideas we loved, and nothing else really mattered. It was and is a brief and shining moment for folklore. (238)
Lloyd also asserts that “some of the greatest lessons in folklore were available to be learned at the Fife Conference” each year, where she learned from folklorist William A. Wilson “that the separations between fine art and folk art, between high-brow literature and folk narrative, are so minimal that it would be much more accurate to speak of all literature and not make the separations that we do,” but from Austin Fife she learned “about the stuff itself—our folklore—and how it matters, even how texts can matter apart from context or performance . . . and how any context is magnified and often enriched and nourished by the traditional elements it may contain” (Lloyd 2004, 236–37).
Wilson and the Fife Honor Lecture
In his essay, “Building Bridges: Folklore in the Academy,” William A. Wilson explains that a friend of his at USU encouraged him “to join the faculty there and to continue the work begun earlier by prominent folklorist Austin Fife” (29). Wilson also established the Fife Honor Lecture “as a way to pay tribute to outstanding folklorists, and later, under the direction of Barre Toelken, the honor was extended to include anyone who was doing interesting work in folklore or folklore-related fields” (Lloyd 233).
Publications
“Saints of Sage and Saddle by the Fifes remains the most complete book-length treatment of Mormon folklore” (Terry Rudy 2004, 144).
See also
Three Nephites
References
External links
Fife Slide Collection of Western U.S. Vernacular Architecture: Utah State University
Photos of Alta and Austin Fife from the Utah Folklorist Image Collection, Digital Collection: Utah State University
Category:American folklorists
Category:Mormon studies
Category:People from Utah
Category:Married couples | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tuberculosis management
Tuberculosis management refers to the medical treatment of the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB).
The standard "short" course treatment for TB is isoniazid (along with pyridoxal phosphate to obviate peripheral neuropathy caused by isoniazid), rifampicin (also known as rifampin in the United States), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for two months, then isoniazid and rifampicin alone for a further four months. The patient is considered to be free of living bacteria after six months. For latent tuberculosis, the standard treatment is six to nine months of daily isoniazid alone or three months of weekly (12 doses total) of isoniazid/rifapentine combination.
If the organism is known to be fully sensitive, then treatment is with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin for four months. Ethambutol need not be used.
Drugs
First line
All first-line anti-tuberculous drug names have semistandardized three-letter and single-letter abbreviations:
ethambutol is EMB or E,
isoniazid is INH or H,
pyrazinamide is PZA or Z,
rifampicin is RMP or R,
streptomycin is SM or S.
First-line anti-tuberculous drug names are often remembered with the mnemonic "RIPE," referring to the use of a rifamycin (like rifampin), isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. US practice uses abbreviations and names that are not internationally convened: rifampicin is called rifampin and abbreviated RIF; streptomycin is abbreviated STM. Other abbreviations have been widely used (for example, the notations RIF, RFP, and RMP have all been widely used for rifampicin, and the combination regimens have notations such as IRPE, HRZE, RIPE, and IREP that are variously synonyms or near-synonyms, depending on dosage schedules), but for clarity, the semistandardized abbreviations used above are used in the rest of this article. In this system, which the World Health Organization (WHO) supports, "RIPE" is "RHZE". (Both have mnemonic potential, as tuberculosis is named after tubercles (small tubers), and a tuber can be ripe and can be a rhizome.)
Drug regimens are similarly abbreviated in a semistandardised manner. The drugs are listed using their single letter abbreviations (in the order given above, which is roughly the order of introduction into clinical practice). A prefix denotes the number of months the treatment should be given for; a subscript denotes intermittent dosing (so 3 means three times a week) and no subscript means daily dosing. Most regimens have an initial high-intensity phase, followed by a continuation phase (also called a consolidation phase or eradication phase): the high-intensity phase is given first, then the continuation phase, the two phases divided by a slash.
So,
2HREZ/4HR3
means isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide daily for two months, followed by four months of isoniazid and rifampicin given three times a week.
In the US only, streptomycin is not considered a first line drug by ATS/IDSA/CDC because of high rates of resistance. The WHO have made no such recommendation.
Second line
The second line drugs (WHO groups 2, 3 and 4) are only used to treat disease that is resistant to first line therapy (i.e., for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)). A drug may be classed as second-line instead of first-line for one of three possible reasons: it may be less effective than the first-line drugs (e.g., p-aminosalicylic acid); or, it may have toxic side-effects (e.g., cycloserine); or it may be effective, but unavailable in many developing countries (e.g., fluoroquinolones):
aminoglycosides (WHO group 2): e.g., amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KM);
polypeptides (WHO group 2): e.g., capreomycin, viomycin, enviomycin;
fluoroquinolones (WHO group 3): e.g., ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin (MXF);
thioamides (WHO group 4): e.g. ethionamide, prothionamide
cycloserine (WHO group 4)
terizidone (WHO group 5)
Third line
Third-line drugs (WHO group 5) include drugs that may be useful, but have doubtful or unproven efficacy:
rifabutin
macrolides: e.g., clarithromycin (CLR);
linezolid (LZD);
thioacetazone (T);
thioridazine;
arginine;
vitamin D;
bedaquiline.
These drugs are listed here either because they are not very effective (e.g., clarithromycin) or because their efficacy has not been proven (e.g., linezolid, R207910). Rifabutin is effective, but is not included on the WHO list because for most developing countries, it is impractically expensive.
Standard regimen
Rationale and evidence for the standard regimen
For treatment of lung tuberculosis, see main article pathophysiology
Tuberculosis has been treated with combination therapy for over fifty years. Drugs are not used singly (except in latent TB or chemoprophylaxis), and regimens that use only single drugs result in the rapid development of resistance and treatment failure. The rationale for using multiple drugs to treat TB are based on simple probability. The rate of spontaneous mutations that confer resistance to an individual drug are well known: 1 mutation for every 107 cell divisions for EMB, 1 for every 108 divisions for STM and INH, and 1 for every 1010 divisions for RMP.
Patients with extensive pulmonary TB have approximately 1012 bacteria in their body, and therefore will probably be harboring approximately 105 EMB-resistant bacteria, 104 STM-resistant bacteria, 104 INH-resistant bacteria and 10² RMP-resistant bacteria. Resistance mutations appear spontaneously and independently, so the chances of them harbouring a bacterium that is spontaneously resistant to both INH and RMP is
1 in 108 × 1 in 1010 = 1 in 1018, and the chances of them harbouring a bacterium that is spontaneously resistant to all four drugs is 1 in 1033. This is, of course, an oversimplification, but it is a useful way of explaining combination therapy.
There are other theoretical reasons for supporting combination therapy. The different drugs in the regimen have different modes of action. INH are bacteriocidal against replicating bacteria. EMB is bacteriostatic at low doses, but is used in TB treatment at higher, bactericidal doses. RMP is bacteriocidal and has a sterilizing effect. PZA is only weakly bactericidal, but is very effective against bacteria located in acidic environments, inside macrophages, or in areas of acute inflammation.
All TB regimens in use were 18 months or longer until the appearance of rifampicin. In 1953, the standard UK regimen was 3SPH/15PH or 3SPH/15SH2. Between 1965 and 1970, EMB replaced PAS. RMP began to be used to treat TB in 1968 and the BTS study in the 1970s showed that 2HRE/7HR was efficacious. In 1984, a BTS study showed that 2HRZ/4HR was efficacious, with a relapse rate of less than 3% after two years. In 1995, with the recognition that INH resistance was increasing, the British Thoracic Society recommended adding EMB or STM to the regimen: 2HREZ/4HR or 2SHRZ/4HR, which are the regimens currently recommended. The WHO also recommend a six-month continuation phase of HR if the patient is still culture positive after 2 months of treatment (approximately 15% of patients with fully sensitive TB) and for those patients who have extensive bilateral cavitation at the start of treatment.
Monitoring, DOTS, and DOTS-Plus
DOTS stands for "Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course" and is a major plank in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Plan to Stop TB. The DOTS strategy focuses on five main points of action. These include government commitment to control TB, diagnosis based on sputum-smear microscopy tests done on patients who actively report TB symptoms, direct observation short-course chemotherapy treatments, a definite supply of drugs, and standardized reporting and recording of cases and treatment outcomes. The WHO advises that all TB patients should have at least the first two months of their therapy observed (and preferably the whole of it observed): this means an independent observer watching patients swallow their anti-TB therapy. The independent observer is often not a healthcare worker and may be a shopkeeper or a tribal elder or similar senior person within that society. DOTS is used with intermittent dosing (thrice weekly or 2HREZ/4HR3). Twice weekly dosing is effective but not recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), because there is no margin for error (accidentally omitting one dose per week results in once weekly dosing, which is ineffective).
Treatment with properly implemented DOTS has a success rate exceeding 95% and prevents the emergence of further multi-drug resistant strains of tuberculosis. Administering DOTS, decreases the possibilities of tuberculosis from recurring, resulting in a reduction in unsuccessful treatments. This is in part due to the fact that areas without the DOTS strategy generally provide lower standards of care. Areas with DOTS administration help lower the number of patients seeking help from other facilities where they are treated with unknown treatments resulting in unknown outcomes. However, if the DOTS program is not implemented or done so incorrectly positive results will be unlikely. In order for the program to work efficiently and accurately health providers must be fully engaged, links must be built between public and private practitioners, health services must be available to all, and global support is provided to countries trying to reach their TB prevention, and treatment aims. Some researchers suggest that, because the DOTS framework has been so successful in the treatment of tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa, DOTS should be expanded to non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and epilepsy.
The WHO extended the DOTS programme in 1998 to include the treatment of MDR-TB (called "DOTS-Plus"). Implementation of DOTS-Plus requires the capacity to perform drug-susceptibility testing (not routinely available even in developed countries) and the availability of second-line agents, in addition to all the requirements for DOTS. DOTS-Plus is therefore much more resource-expensive than DOTS, and requires much greater commitment from countries wishing to implement it. Resource limitations mean that the implementation of DOTS-Plus may lead inadvertently to the diversion of resources from existing DOTS programmes and a consequent decrease in the overall standard of care.
Monthly surveillance until cultures convert to negative is recommended for DOTS-Plus, but not for DOTS. If cultures are positive or symptoms do not resolve after three months of treatment, it is necessary to re-evaluate the patient for drug-resistant disease or nonadherence to drug regimen. If cultures do not convert to negative despite three months of therapy, some physicians may consider admitting the patient to hospital so as to closely monitor therapy.
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
Tuberculosis not affecting the lungs is called extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Disease of the central nervous system is specifically excluded from this classification.
The United Kingdom and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation is 2HREZ/4HR; the US recommendation is 2HREZ/7HR. There is good evidence from randomised-controlled trials to say that in tuberculous lymphadenitis and in TB of the spine, the six-month regimen is equivalent to the nine-month regimen; the US recommendation is therefore not supported by the evidence.
Up to 25% of patients with TB of the lymph nodes (TB lymphadenitis) will get worse on treatment before they get better and this usually happens in the first few months of treatment. A few weeks after starting treatment, lymph nodes often start to enlarge, and previously solid lymph nodes may soften and develop into tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. This should not be interpreted as failure of therapy and is a common reason for patients (and their physicians) to panic unnecessarily. With patience, two to three months into treatment the lymph nodes start to shrink again and re-aspiration or re-biopsy of the lymph nodes is unnecessary: if repeat microbiological studies are ordered, they will show the continued presence of viable bacteria with the same sensitivity pattern, which further adds to the confusion: physicians inexperienced in the treatment of TB will then often add second-line drugs in the belief that the treatment is not working. In these situations, all that is required is re-assurance. Steroids may be useful in resolving the swelling, especially if it is painful, but they are unnecessary. Additional antibiotics are unnecessary and the treatment regimen does not need to be lengthened.
Tuberculosis of the central nervous system
Tuberculosis may affect the central nervous system (meninges, brain or spinal cord) in which case it is called TB meningitis, TB cerebritis, and TB myelitis respectively; the standard treatment is 12 months of drugs (2HREZ/10HR) and steroid are mandatory.
Diagnosis is difficult as CSF culture is positive in less than half of cases, and therefore a large proportion of cases are treated on the basis of clinical suspicion alone. PCR of CSF does not significantly improve the microbiology yield; culture remains the most sensitive method and a minimum of 5 ml (preferably 20 ml) of CSF should be sent for analysis. TB cerebritis (or TB of the brain) may require brain biopsy in order to make the diagnosis, because the CSF is commonly normal: this is not always available and even when it is, some clinicians would debate whether it is justified putting a patient through such an invasive and potentially dangerous procedure when a trial of anti-TB therapy may yield the same answer; probably the only justification for brain biopsy is when drug-resistant TB is suspected.
It is possible that shorter durations of therapy (e.g., six months) may be sufficient to treat TB meningitis, but no clinical trial has addressed this issue. The CSF of patients with treated TB meningitis is commonly abnormal even at 12 months; the rate of resolution of the abnormality bears no correlation with clinical progress or outcome, and is not an indication for extending or repeating treatment; repeated sampling of CSF by lumbar puncture to monitor treatment progress should therefore not be done.
Although TB meningitis and TB cerebritis are classified together, the experience of many clinicians is that their progression and response to treatment is not the same. TB meningitis usually responds well to treatment, but TB cerebritis may require prolonged treatment (up to two years) and the steroid course needed is often also prolonged (up to six months). Unlike TB meningitis, TB cerebritis often required repeated CT or MRI imaging of the brain to monitor progress.
Central nervous system TB may be secondary to blood-borne spread: therefore some experts advocate the routine sampling of CSF in patients with miliary TB.
The anti-TB drugs that are most useful for the treatment of Central nervous system TB are:
INH (CSF penetration 100%)
RMP (10–20%)
EMB (25–50% inflamed meninges only)
PZA (100%)
STM (20% inflamed meninges only)
LZD (20%)
Cycloserine (80–100%)
Ethionamide (100%)
PAS (10–50%) (inflamed meninges only)
The use of steroids is routine in TB meningitis (see section below). There is evidence from one poorly designed trial that aspirin may be beneficial, but further work is required before this can be recommended routinely.
Steroids
The usefulness of corticosteroids (e.g., prednisolone or dexamethasone) in the treatment of TB is proven for TB meningitis and TB pericarditis. The dose for TB meningitis is dexamethasone 8 to 12 mg daily tapered off over six weeks (for those who prefer more precise dosing should refer to Thwaites et al., 2004). The dose for pericarditis is prednisolone 60 mg daily tapered off over four to eight weeks.
Steroids may be of temporary benefit in pleurisy, extremely advanced TB, and TB in children:
Pleurisy: prednisolone 20 to 40 mg daily tapered off over 4 to 8 weeks
Extremely advanced TB: 40 to 60 mg daily tapered off over 4 to 8 weeks
TB in children: 2 to 5 mg/kg/day for one week, 1 mg/kg/day the next week, then tapered off over 5 weeks
Steroids may be of benefit in peritonitis, miliary disease, tubercular osteomyelitis, TB osteomyelitis, laryngeal TB, lymphadenitis and genitourinary disease, but the evidence is scant and the routine use of steroids cannot be recommended. Steroid treatment in these patients should be considered on a case by case basis by the attending physician.
Thalidomide may be of benefit in TB meningitis and has been used in cases where patients have failed to respond to steroid treatment.
Non-compliance
Patients who take their TB treatment in an irregular and unreliable way are at greatly increased risk of treatment failure, relapse and the development of drug-resistant TB strains.
There are variety of reasons why patients fail to take their medication. The symptoms of TB commonly resolve within a few weeks of starting TB treatment and many patients then lose motivation to continue taking their medication. Regular follow-up is important to check on compliance and to identify any problems patients are having with their medication. Patients need to be told of the importance of taking their tablets regularly, and the importance of completing treatment, because of the risk of relapse or drug-resistance developing otherwise.
One of the main complaints is the bulkiness of the tablets. The main offender is PZA (the tablets being the size of horse tablets). PZA syrup may be offered as a substitute, or if the size of the tablets is truly an issue and liquid preparations are not available, then PZA can be omitted altogether. If PZA is omitted, the patient should be warned that this results in a significant increase in the duration of treatment (details of regimens omitting PZA are given below).
The other complaint is that the medicines must be taken on an empty stomach to facilitate absorption. This can be difficult for patients to follow (for example, shift workers who take their meals at irregular times) and may mean the patient waking up an hour earlier than usual everyday just to take medication. The rules are actually less stringent than many physicians and pharmacists realise: the issue is that the absorption of RMP is reduced if taken with fat, but is unaffected by carbohydrate, protein, or antacids. So the patient can in fact have his or her medication with food as long as the meal does not contain fat or oils (e.g., a cup of black coffee or toast with jam and no butter). Taking the medicines with food also helps ease the nausea that many patients feel when taking the medicines on an empty stomach. The effect of food on the absorption of INH is not clear: two studies have shown reduced absorption with food but one study showed no difference. There is a small effect of food on the absorption of PZA and of EMB that is probably not clinically important.
It is possible to test urine for isoniazid and rifampicin levels in order to check for compliance. The interpretation of urine analysis is based on the fact that isoniazid has a longer half-life than rifampicin:
urine positive for isoniazid and rifampicin patient probably fully compliant
urine positive for isoniazid only patient has taken his medication in the last few days preceding the clinic appointment, but had not yet taken a dose that day.
urine positive for rifampicin only patient has omitted to take his medication the preceding few days, but did take it just before coming to clinic.
urine negative for both isoniazid and rifampicin patient has not taken either medicine for a number of days
In countries where doctors are unable to compel patients to take their treatment (e.g., the UK), some say that urine testing only results in unhelpful confrontations with patients and does not help increase compliance. In countries where legal measures can be taken to force patients to take their medication (e.g., the US), then urine testing can be a useful adjunct in assuring compliance.
RMP colours the urine and all bodily secretions (tears, sweat, etc.) an orange-pink colour and this can be a useful proxy if urine testing is not available (although this colour fades approximately six to eight hours after each dose).
In study on cases of extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB), researchers at the University of the Philippines Manila found that similarity of symptoms of EPTB to other diseases results to delayed identification of the disease and late provision of medication. This, ultimately contribute to increasing rates of mortality and incidence rates of EPTB.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prescription of fixed-dose combination drugs, in order to improve adherence to treatment by reducing the number of tablets that need to be taken by people, and also possibly reducing prescribing errors. A Cochrane review, published in 2016, found moderate quality evidence that "there is probably little or no difference in fixed-dose combination drugs compared to single-drug formulations".
Treatment adherence strategies
As stated above, non-compliance to anti-tuberculin treatment can result in treatment failure or development of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, overall treatment strategies should be focused on promoting adherence. WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend a multi-faceted patient centered care approach. Public health and private sector practitioners can promote TB treatment adherence by allowing patients to be active partners in making their own treatment decisions; improving patient's knowledge and understanding of tuberculosis disease, treatment and potential spread; and by discussing expected interim and long-term outcomes with patients. CDC also recommends use of incentives and enablers. Incentives are monetary rewards for a healthy behavior (e.g.transport or food vouchers), while enablers function to remove economic burdens impeding healthcare access (e.g. grouping clinic visits, providing after hours clinic visits, or home visits). However, more research is needed to determine whether incentives and enablers have a significant effect on long term treatment adherence for TB. Smartphones are considered to have potential to improve compliance.
Individuals with tuberculosis may also benefit from the emotional support of peers and survivors. Advocacy organizations and patient support groups such as STOP TB, TB Alert, Treatment Action Group (TAG) and others work to connect TB survivors.
Adverse effects
For information on adverse effects of individual anti-TB drugs, please refer to the individual articles for each drug.
The relative incidence of major adverse effects has been carefully described:
INH 0.49 per hundred patient months
RMP 0.43
EMB 0.07
PZA 1.48
All drugs 2.47
This works out to an 8.6% risk that any one patient will need to have his drug therapy changed during the course of standard short-course therapy (2HREZ/4HR). The people identified to be most at risk of major adverse side effects in this study were:
age >60,
females,
HIV positive patients, and
Asians.
It can be extremely difficult identifying which drug is responsible for which side effect, but the relative frequency of each is known. The offending drugs are given in decreasing order of frequency:
Thrombocytopenia: Rifampicin (RMP)
Neuropathy: Isoniazid (INH)
Vertigo: Streptomycin (STM)
Hepatitis: Pyrazinamide (PZA), RMP, INH
Rash: PZA, RMP, Ethambutol (EMB)
Thrombocytopenia is only caused by RMP and no test dosing need be done. Regimens omitting RMP are discussed below. Please refer to the entry on rifampicin for further details.
The most frequent cause of neuropathy is INH. The peripheral neuropathy of INH is always a pure sensory neuropathy and finding a motor component to the peripheral neuropathy should always prompt a search for an alternative cause. Once a peripheral neuropathy has occurred, INH must be stopped and pyridoxine should be given at a dose of 50 mg thrice daily. Simply adding high dose pyridoxine to the regimen once neuropathy has occurred will not stop the neuropathy from progressing. Patients at risk of peripheral neuropathy from other causes (diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, renal failure, malnutrition, pregnancy, etc.) should all be given pyridoxine 10 mg daily at the start of treatment. Please refer to the entry on isoniazid for details on other neurological side effects of INH.
Rashes are most frequently due to PZA, but can occur with any of the TB drugs. Test dosing using the same regimen as detailed below for hepatitis may be necessary to determine which drug is responsible.
Itching RMP commonly causes itching without a rash in the first two weeks of treatment: treatment should not be stopped and the patient should be advised that the itch usually resolves on its own. Short courses of sedative antihistamines such as chlorpheniramine may be useful in alleviating the itch.
Fever during treatment can be due to a number of causes. It can occur as a natural effect of tuberculosis (in which case it should resolve within three weeks of starting treatment). Fever can be a result of drug resistance (but in that case the organism must be resistant to two or more of the drugs). Fever may be due to a superadded infection or additional diagnosis (patients with TB are not exempt from getting influenza and other illnesses during the course of treatment). In a few patients, the fever is due to drug allergy. The clinician must also consider the possibility that the diagnosis of TB is wrong. If the patient has been on treatment for more than two weeks and if the fever had initially settled and then come back, it is reasonable to stop all TB medication for 72 hours. If the fever persists despite stopping all TB medication, then the fever is not due to the drugs. If the fever disappears off treatment, then the drugs need to be tested individually to determine the cause. The same scheme as is used for test dosing for drug-induced hepatitis (described below) may be used. The drug most frequently implicated as causing a drug fever is RMP: details are given in the entry on rifampicin.
Drug-induced hepatitis
Drug-induced hepatitis, from TB treatment, has a mortality rate of around 5%.
Three drugs can induce hepatitis: PZA, INH and RMP (in decreasing order of frequency). It is not possible to distinguish between these three causes based purely on signs and symptoms. Test dosing must be carried out to determine which drug is responsible (this is discussed in detail below).
Liver function tests (LFTs) should be checked at the start of treatment, but, if normal, need not be checked again; the patient need only be warned of the symptoms of hepatitis. Some clinicians insist on regular monitoring of LFT's while on treatment, and in this instance, tests need only be done two weeks after starting treatment and then every two months thereafter, unless any problems are detected.
Elevations in bilirubin must be expected with RMP treatment (RMP blocks bilirubin excretion) and usually resolve after 10 days (liver enzyme production increases to compensate). Isolated elevations in bilirubin can be safely ignored.
Elevations in liver transaminases (ALT and AST) are common in the first three weeks of treatment. If the patient is asymptomatic and the elevation is not excessive then no action need be taken; some experts suggest a cut-off of four times the upper limit of normal, but there is no evidence to support this particular number over and above any other number. Some experts consider that treatment should only be stopped if jaundice becomes clinically evident.
If clinically significant hepatitis occurs while on TB treatment, then all the drugs should be stopped until the liver transaminases return to normal. If the patient is so ill that TB treatment cannot be stopped, then STM and EMB should be given until the liver transaminases return to normal (these two drugs are not associated with hepatitis).
Fulminant hepatitis can occur in the course of TB treatment, but is fortunately rare; emergency liver transplantation may be necessary and deaths do occur.
Test dosing for drug-induced hepatitis
Drugs should be re-introduced individually. This cannot be done in an outpatient setting, and must be done under close observation. A nurse must be present to take patient's pulse and blood pressure at 15-minute intervals for a minimum of four hours after each test dose is given (most problems will occur within six hours of test dosing, if they are going to occur at all). Patients can become very suddenly unwell and access to intensive care facilities must be available. The drugs should be given in this order:
Day 1: INH at 1/3 or 1/4 dose
Day 2: INH at 1/2 dose
Day 3: INH at full dose
Day 4: RMP at 1/3 or 1/4 dose
Day 5: RMP at 1/2 dose
Day 6: RMP at full dose
Day 7: EMB at 1/3 or 1/4 dose
Day 8: EMB at 1/2 dose
Day 9: EMB at full dose
No more than one test dose per day should be given, and all other drugs should be stopped while test dosing is being done. So on day 4, for example, the patient only receives RMP and no other drugs are given. If the patient completes the nine days of test dosing, then it is reasonable to assume that PZA has caused the hepatitis and no PZA test dosing need be done.
The reason for using the order for testing drugs is because the two most important drugs for treating TB are INH and RMP, so these are tested first: PZA is the most likely drug to cause hepatitis and is also the drug that can be most easily omitted. EMB is useful when the sensitivity pattern of the TB organism are not known and can be omitted if the organism is known to be sensitive to INH. Regimens omitting each of the standard drugs are listed below.
The order in which the drugs are tested can be varied according to the following considerations:
The most useful drugs (INH and RMP) should be tested first, because the absence of these drugs from a treatment regimen severely impairs its efficacy.
The drugs most likely to be causing the reaction should be tested as late as possible (and possibly need not be tested at all). This avoids rechallenging patients with a drug to which they have already had a (possibly) dangerous adverse reaction.
A similar scheme may be used for other adverse effects (such as fever and rash), using similar principles.
Dysbiosis caused by HRZE antibiotic treatment
Tuberculosis treatment results in changes to the structure of the gut microbiome both during and after treatment in mice and humans. It is currently unknown what the long term effects of this dysbiosis are on systemic immunity.
Deviations from the standard regimen
There is evidence supporting some deviations from the standard regimen when treating pulmonary TB. Sputum culture positive patients who are smear negative at the start of treatment do well with only 4 months of treatment (this has not been validated for HIV-positive patients); and sputum culture negative patients do well on only 3 months of treatment (possibly because some of these patients never had TB at all). It is unwise to treat patients for only three or four months, but all TB physicians will have patients who stop their treatment early (for whatever reason), and it can be re-assuring to know that sometimes retreatment is unnecessary. Elderly patients who are already taking a large number of tablets may be offered 9HR, omitting PZA which is the bulkiest part of the regimen.
It may not always be necessary to treat with four drugs from the beginning. An example might be a close contact of a patient known to have a fully sensitive strain of tuberculosis: in this case, it is acceptable to use 2HRZ/4HR (omitting EMB and STM) in the expectation that their strain will be INH susceptible also. Indeed, this was previously the recommended standard regimen in many countries until the early 1990s, when isoniazid-resistance rates increased.
TB involving the brain or spinal cord (meningitis, encephalitis, etc.) is currently treated with 2HREZ/10HR (12 months of treatment in total), but there is no evidence to say that this is superior to 2HREZ/4HR, it is merely that no-one has been brave enough to do the clinic trial that answers the question if the short course is equivalent.
Regimens omitting isoniazid
Isoniazid resistance accounts 6.9% of isolates in the UK (2010). Worldwide, it is the most common type of resistance encountered, hence the current recommendation of using HREZ at the beginning of treatment until sensitivities are known. It is useful to know of current reported outbreaks (like the current outbreak of INH-resistant TB in London).
If patients are discovered to be infected with an isoniazid-resistant strain of TB having completed 2 months of HREZ, then they should be changed to RE for a further 10 months, and the same thing if the patient is intolerant to isoniazid (although 2REZ/7RE may be acceptable if the patient is well supervised). The US recommendation is 6RZE with the option of adding a quinolone such as moxifloxacin. The level of evidence for all these regimens is poor, and there is little to recommend one over the other.
Regimens omitting rifampicin
The UK prevalence of rifampicin (RMP) resistance is 1.4%. It is rare for TB strains to be resistant to RMP without also being resistant to INH, which means that rifampicin-resistance usually means resistance to INH as well (that is, MDR-TB). However, RMP intolerance is not uncommon (hepatitis or thrombocytopaenia being the most common reasons for stopping rifampicin). Of the first-line drugs, rifampicin is also the most expensive, and in the poorest countries, regimens omitting rifampicin are therefore often used. Rifampicin is the most potent sterilising drug available for the treatment of tuberculosis and all treatment regimens that omit rifampicin are significantly longer than the standard regimen.
The UK recommendation is 18HE or 12HEZ. The US recommendation is 9 to 12HEZ, with the option of adding a quinolone (for example, MXF).
Regimens omitting pyrazinamide
PZA is a common cause of rash, hepatitis and of painful arthralgia in the HREZ regimen, and can be safely stopped in those patients who are intolerant to it. Isolated PZA resistance is uncommon in M. tuberculosis, but M. bovis is innately resistant to PZA. PZA is not crucial to the treatment of fully sensitive TB, and its main value is in shortening the total treatment duration from nine months to six.
An alternative regimen is 2HRE/7HR, for which there is excellent clinical trial evidence. The 1994 US CDC guidelines for tuberculosis erroneously cite Slutkin as evidence that a nine-month regimen using only isoniazid and rifampicin is acceptable, but almost all of the patients in that study received ethambutol for the first two to three months (although this is not obvious from the abstract of that article). This mistake was rectified in the 2003 guidelines.
This regimen (2HRE/7HR) is the first-line regimen used to treat M. bovis, since M. bovis is intrinsically resistant to pyrazinamide.
Regimens omitting ethambutol
EMB intolerance or resistance is rare. If a patient is truly intolerant or is infected with TB that is resistant to EMB, then 2HRZ/4HR is an acceptable regimen. The main motivator for including EMB in the initial two months is because of increasing rates of INH resistance.
Tuberculosis and other conditions
Liver disease
People with alcoholic liver disease are at an increased risk of tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculous peritonitis is particularly high in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
There are broadly two categories of treatment:
A) Cirrhotic patients with essentially normal baseline liver function tests (Childs A Cirrhosis). Such patients may be treated with standard 4 drug regime for 2 months followed by 2 drugs for remaining 4 months (total 6-month treatment).
B) Cirrhotic patients altered baseline liver function tests (Childs B & C). According to 2010 WHO guidelines: depending on the severity of the disease and degree of decompensation, the following regimen can be used, by altering the number of hepatotoxic drugs. One or two hepatotoxic drugs may be used in moderately severe disease (e.g., Childs B cirrhosis) whereas hepatotoxic drugs are completely avoided in decompensated Child C cirrhosis.
• Two hepatotoxic drugs
- 9 months of Isoniazid, Rifampin and Ethambutol (until or unless isoniazid susceptibility is
documented)
- 2 months of Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol and Streptomycin followed by 6 months of Isoniazid and Rifampin
• One hepatotoxic drug
- 2 months of Isoniazid, Ethambutol & Streptomycin followed by 10 months of Isoniazid and Ethambutol
• No hepatotoxic drugs
- 18–24 months of Streptomycin, Ethambutol and Quinolones
Patients with liver disease should have their liver function tests monitored regularly throughout TB treatment.
Drug-induced hepatitis is discussed in a separate section above.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy itself is not a risk factor for TB.
Rifampicin makes hormonal contraception less effective, so additional precautions need to be taken for birth control while tuberculosis treatment.
Untreated TB in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and major fetal abnormality, and treatment of pregnant women. The US guidelines recommend omitting PZA when treating TB in pregnancy; the UK and WHO guidelines make no such recommendation, and PZA is commonly used in pregnancy. There is extensive experience with the treatment of pregnant women with TB and no toxic effect of PZA in pregnancy has ever been found. High doses of RMP (much higher than used in humans) causes neural tube defects in animals, but no such effect has ever been found in humans. There may be an increased risk of hepatitis in pregnancy and during the puerperium. It is prudent to advise all women of child-bearing age to avoid getting pregnant until TB treatment is completed.
Aminoglycosides (STM, capreomycin, amikacin) should be used with caution in pregnancy, because they may cause deafness in the unborn child. The attending physician must weigh the benefits of treating the mother against the potential harm to the baby, and good outcomes have been reported in children whose mothers were treated with aminoglycosides. Experience in Peru shows that treatment for MDR-TB is not a reason to recommend termination of pregnancy, and that good outcomes are possible.
Kidney disease
People with kidney failure have a 10 to 30-fold increase in risk of getting TB. People with kidney disease who are being given immunosuppressive medications or are being considered for transplant should be considered for treatment of latent tuberculosis if appropriate.
Aminoglycosides (STM, capreomycin and amikacin) should be avoided in patients with mild to severe kidney problems because of the increased risk of damage to the kidneys. If the use of aminoglycosides cannot be avoided (e.g., in treating drug-resistant TB) then serum levels must be closely monitored and the patient warned to report any side-effects (deafness in particular). If a person has end-stage kidney disease and has no useful remaining kidney function, then aminoglycosides can be used, but only if drug levels can be easily measured (often only amikacin levels can be measured).
In mild kidney impairment, no change needs to be made in dosing any of the other drugs routinely used in the treatment of TB. In severe chronic kidney disease (GFR<30), the EMB dose should be halved (or avoided altogether). The PZA dose is 20 mg/kg/day (UK recommendation) or three-quarters the normal dose (US recommendation), but not much published evidence is available to support this.
When using 2HRZ/4HR in patients on dialysis, the drugs should be given daily during the initial high-intensity phase. In the continuation phase, the drugs should be given at the end of each haemodialysis session and no dose should be taken on non-dialysis days.
HIV
In patients with HIV, treatment for the HIV should be delayed until TB treatment is completed, if possible.
The current UK guidance (provided by the British HIV Association) is
CD4 count over 200—delay treatment until the six months of TB treatment are complete.
CD4 count 100 to 200—delay treatment until the initial two-month intensive phase of therapy is complete
CD4 count less than 100—the situation is unclear and patients should be enrolled in clinical trials examining this question. There is evidence that if these patients are managed by a specialist in both TB and HIV then outcomes are not compromised for either disease.
If HIV treatment has to be started while a patient is still on TB treatment, then the advice of a specialist HIV pharmacist should be sought. In general, there is no significant interactions with the NRTI's. Nevirapine should not be used with rifampicin. Efavirenz may be used, but dose used depends on the patient's weight (600 mg daily if weight less than 50 kg; 800 mg daily if weight greater than 50 kg). Efavirenz levels should be checked early after starting treatment (unfortunately, this is not a service routinely offered in the US, but is readily available in the UK). The protease inhibitors should be avoided if at all possible: patients on rifamycins and protease inhibitors have an increased risk of treatment failure or relapse.
The World Health Organization (WHO) warns against using thioacetazone in patients with HIV, because of the 23% risk of potentially fatal exfoliative dermatitis.
According to Caprisa 003 (SAPiT) Study the mortality in patients who were started on anti-retrovirals during TB treatment was 56% lower than those started after TB treatment was completed (hazard ratio 0.44 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.79); p=0.003).
Epilepsy
INH may be associated with an increased risk of seizures. Pyridoxine 10 mg daily should be given to all epileptics taking INH. There is no evidence that INH causes seizures in patients who are not epileptic.
TB treatment involves numerous drug interactions with anti-epileptic drugs and serum drug levels should be closely monitored. There are serious interactions between rifampicin and carbamazepine, rifampicin and phenytoin, and rifampicin and sodium valproate. The advice of a pharmacist should always be sought.
Drug-resistance
Definitions
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as TB that is resistant at least to INH and RMP. Isolates that are multi-resistant to any other combination of anti-TB drugs but not to INH and RMP are not classed as MDR-TB.
As of Oct 2006, "Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" (XDR-TB) is defined as MDR-TB that is resistant to quinolones and also to any one of kanamycin, capreomycin, or amikacin. The old case definition of XDR-TB is MDR-TB that is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. This definition should no longer be used, but is included here because many older publications refer to it.
The principles of treatment for MDR-TB and for XDR-TB are the same. The main difference is that XDR-TB is associated with a much higher mortality rate than MDR-TB, because of a reduced number of effective treatment options. The epidemiology of XDR-TB is currently not well studied, but it is believed that XDR-TB does not transmit easily in healthy populations, but is capable of causing epidemics in populations which are already stricken by HIV and therefore more susceptible to TB infection.
Epidemiology of drug-resistant TB
A 1997 survey of 35 countries found rates above 2% in about a third of the countries surveyed. The highest rates were in the former USSR, the Baltic states, Argentina, India and China, and was associated with poor or failing national Tuberculosis Control programmes. Likewise, the appearance of high rates of MDR-TB in New York city the early 1990s was associated with the dismantling of public health programmes by the Reagan administration.
Paul Farmer points out that the more expensive a treatment, the harder it is for poor countries to get. Farmer sees this as verging on denial of basic human rights. Africa is low in quality of treatment partly because many African cultures lack the 'concept of time' essential to the schedule of administration.
MDR-TB can develop in the course of the treatment of fully sensitive TB and this is always the result of patients missing doses or failing to complete a course of treatment.
Thankfully, MDR-TB strains appear to be less fit and less transmissible. It has been known of many years that INH-resistant TB is less virulent in guinea pigs, and the epidemiological evidence is that MDR strains of TB do not dominate naturally. A study in Los Angeles found that only 6% of cases of MDR-TB were clustered. This should not be a cause for complacency: it must be remembered that MDR-TB has a mortality rate comparable to lung cancer. It must also be remembered that people who have weakened immune systems (because of diseases such as HIV or because of drugs) are more susceptible to catching TB.
Children represent a susceptible population with increasing rates of MDR and XDR-TB. Since diagnosis in pediatric patients is difficult, large number of cases are not properly reported. Cases of pediatric XDR-TB have been reported in most countries including the United States.
In 2006 an outbreak of XDR-TB South Africa was first reported as a cluster of 53 patients in a rural hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, with all but one dying. What was particularly worrying was that the mean survival from sputum specimen collection to death was only 16 days and that the majority of patients had never previously received treatment for tuberculosis. This is the epidemic for which the acronym XDR-TB was first used, although TB strains that fulfil the current definition have been identified retrospectively, this was the largest group of linked cases ever found. Since the initial report in September 2006, cases have now been reported in most provinces in South Africa. As of 16 March 2007, there were 314 cases reported, with 215 deaths. It is clear that the spread of this strain of TB is closely associated with a high prevalence of HIV and poor infection control; in other countries where XDR-TB strains have arisen, drug-resistance has arisen from mismanagement of cases or poor patient compliance with drug treatment instead of being transmitted from person to person. This strain of TB does not respond to any of the drugs currently available in South Africa for first- or second-line treatment. It is now clear that the problem has been around for much longer than health department officials have suggested, and is far more extensive. By 23 November 2006, 303 cases of XDR-TB had been reported, of which 263 were in KwaZulu-Natal. Serious thought has been put to isolation procedures that may deny some patients their human rights, but which may be necessary to prevent further spread of this strain of TB.
Treatment of MDR-TB
The treatment and prognosis of MDR-TB are much more akin to that for cancer than to that for infection. It has a mortality rate of up to 80%, which depends on a number of factors, including
How many drugs the organism is resistant to (the fewer the better),
How many drugs the patient is given (patients treated with five or more drugs do better),
Whether an injectable drug is given or not (it should be given for the first three months at least),
The expertise and experience of the physician responsible,
How co-operative the patient is with treatment (treatment is arduous and long, and requires persistence and determination on the part of the patient),
Whether the patient is HIV positive or not (HIV co-infection is associated with an increased mortality).
Treatment courses are a minimum of 18 months and may last years; it may require surgery, though death rates remain high despite optimal treatment. That said, good outcomes are still possible. Treatment courses that are at least 18 months long and which have a directly observed component can increase cure rates to 69%.
The treatment of MDR-TB must be undertaken by a physician experienced in the treatment of MDR-TB. Mortality and morbidity in patients treated in non-specialist centres is significantly elevated compared to those patients treated in specialist centres.
In addition to the obvious risks (i.e., known exposure to a patient with MDR-TB), risk factors for MDR-TB include male sex, HIV infection, previous incarceration, failed TB treatment, failure to respond to standard TB treatment, and relapse following standard TB treatment.
A large proportion of people suffering from MDR-TB are unable to access treatment due to what Paul Farmer describes as an "Outcome Gap". The majority of people struck with MDR-TB live in "resource-poor settings" and are denied treatment because international organizations have refused to make technologies available to countries who cannot afford to pay for treatment, the reason being that second line drugs are to expensive therefore treatment methods for MDR-TB are not sustainable in impoverished nations. Paul Farmer argues that this is social injustice and we cannot allow people to die simply because they are faced with circumstances where they cannot afford "effective therapy".
Treatment of MDR-TB must be done on the basis of sensitivity testing: it is impossible to treat such patients without this information. If treating a patient with suspected MDR-TB, the patient should be started on SHREZ+MXF+cycloserine pending the result of laboratory sensitivity testing.
A gene probe for rpoB is available in some countries and this serves as a useful marker for MDR-TB, because isolated RMP resistance is rare (except when patients have a history of being treated with rifampicin alone). If the results of a gene probe (rpoB) are known to be positive, then it is reasonable to omit RMP and to use SHEZ+MXF+cycloserine. The reason for maintaining the patient on INH despite the suspicion of MDR-TB is that INH is so potent in treating TB that it is foolish to omit it until there is microbiological proof that it is ineffective.
There are also probes available for isoniazid-resistance (katG and mabA-inhA), but these are less widely available.
When sensitivities are known and the isolate is confirmed as resistant to both INH and RMP, five drugs should be chosen in the following order (based on known sensitivities):
an aminoglycoside (e.g., amikacin, kanamycin) or polypeptide antibiotic (e.g., capreomycin)
PZA
EMB
a fluoroquinolones: moxifloxacin is preferred (ciprofloxacin should no longer be used);
rifabutin
cycloserine
a thioamide: prothionamide or ethionamide
PAS
a macrolide: e.g., clarithromycin
linezolid
high-dose INH (if low-level resistance)
interferon-γ
thioridazine
meropenem and clavulanic acid
Drugs are placed nearer the top of the list because they are more effective and less toxic; drugs are placed nearer the bottom of the list because they are less effective or more toxic, or more difficult to obtain.
Resistance to one drug within a class generally means resistance to all drugs within that class, but a notable exception is rifabutin: rifampicin-resistance does not always mean rifabutin-resistance and the laboratory should be asked to test for it. It is only possible to use one drug within each drug class. If it is difficult finding five drugs to treat then the clinician can request that high level INH-resistance be looked for. If the strain has only low level INH-resistance (resistance at 0.2 mg/l INH, but sensitive at 1.0 mg/l INH), then high dose INH can be used as part of the regimen. When counting drugs, PZA and interferon count as zero; that is to say, when adding PZA to a four drug regimen, you must still choose another drug to make five. It is not possible to use more than one injectable (STM, capreomycin or amikacin), because the toxic effect of these drugs is additive: if possible, the aminoglycoside should be given daily for a minimum of three months (and perhaps thrice weekly thereafter). Ciprofloxacin should not be used in the treatment of tuberculosis if other fluoroquinolones are available.
There is no intermittent regimen validated for use in MDR-TB, but clinical experience is that giving injectable drugs for five days a week (because there is no-one available to give the drug at weekends) does not seem to result in inferior results. Directly observed therapy certainly helps to improve outcomes in MDR-TB and should be considered an integral part of the treatment of MDR-TB.
Response to treatment must be obtained by repeated sputum cultures (monthly if possible). Treatment for MDR-TB must be given for a minimum of 18 months and cannot be stopped until the patient has been culture-negative for a minimum of nine months. It is not unusual for patients with MDR-TB to be on treatment for two years or more.
Patients with MDR-TB should be isolated in negative-pressure rooms, if possible. Patients with MDR-TB should not be accommodated on the same ward as immunosuppressed patients (HIV infected patients, or patients on immunosuppressive drugs). Careful monitoring of compliance with treatment is crucial to the management of MDR-TB (and some physicians insist on hospitalisation if only for this reason). Some physicians will insist that these patients are isolated until their sputum is smear negative, or even culture negative (which may take many months, or even years). Keeping these patients in hospital for weeks (or months) on end may be a practical or physical impossibility and the final decision depends on the clinical judgement of the physician treating that patient. The attending physician should make full use of therapeutic drug monitoring (particularly of the aminoglycosides) both to monitor compliance and to avoid toxic effects.
Some supplements may be useful as adjuncts in the treatment of tuberculosis, but for the purposes of counting drugs for MDR-TB, they count as zero (if you already have four drugs in the regimen, it may be beneficial to add arginine or vitamin D or both, but you still need another drug to make five).
arginine, some clinical evidence (peanuts are a good source)
Vitamin D, (some in-vitro evidence & see Vitamin D and tuberculosis treatment )
The drugs listed below have been used in desperation and it is uncertain whether they are effective at all. They are used when it is not possible to find five drugs from the list above.
imipenem
co-amoxiclav
clofazimine
prochlorperazine
metronidazole
On 28 December 2012 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bedaquiline (marketed as Sirturo by Johnson & Johnson) to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, the first new treatment in 40 years. Sirturo is to be used in a combination therapy for patients who have failed standard treatment and have no other options. Sirturo is an adenosine triphosphate synthase (ATP synthase) inhibitor.
The follow drug is experimental compounds that are not commercially available, but which may be obtained from the manufacturer as part of a clinical trial or on a compassionate basis. Their efficacy and safety are unknown:
Pretomanid (manufactured by Novartis, developed in partnership with TB Alliance)
There is increasing evidence for the role of surgery (lobectomy or pneumonectomy) in the treatment of MDR-TB, although whether this is should be performed early or late is not yet clearly defined.
See Modern surgical management
Treatment failure
Patients who fail treatment must be distinguished from patients who relapse. Patients who responded to treatment and appeared to be cured after completing a course of TB treatment are not classed as treatment failures, but as relapses and are discussed in a separate section below.
Patients are said to have failed treatment if they
fail to respond to treatment (cough and sputum production persisting throughout the whole of treatment), or
only experience a transient response to treatment (the patient gets better at first, but then get worse again, all the while on treatment).
It is very uncommon for patients not to respond to TB treatment at all (even transiently), because this implies resistance at base-line to all of the drugs in the regimen. Patients who fail to get any response at all while on treatment should first of all be questioned very closely about whether or not they have been taking their medicines, and perhaps even be admitted to hospital to be observed taking their treatment. Blood or urine samples may be taken to check for malabsorption of TB drugs. If it can be shown that they are fully compliant with their medication, then the probability that they have another diagnosis (perhaps in addition to the diagnosis of TB) is very high. These patients should have their diagnosis carefully reviewed and specimens obtained for TB culture and sensitivity testing. Patients who get better and then get worse again should likewise be questioned very closely about adherence to treatment. If adherence is confirmed then they should be investigated for resistant TB (including MDR-TB), even if a specimen has already been obtained for microbiology before commencing treatment.
Prescription or dispensing errors will account for a proportion of patients who fail to respond to treatment. Immune defects are a rare cause of non-response. In a tiny proportion of patients, treatment failure is a reflection of extreme biological variation and no cause is found.
Treatment relapse
Patients are said to relapse if they improve while on treatment, but become ill again after stopping treatment. Patients who experience only a transient improvement while on treatment, or who never respond to treatment are said to have failed treatment and are discussed above.
There is a small relapse rate associated with all treatment regimens, even if the treatment has been taken religiously with 100% compliance (the standard regimen 2HREZ/4HR has a relapse rate of 2 to 3% under trial conditions). The majority of relapses occur within 6 months of finishing treatment. Patients who are more likely to relapse are those who took their medication in an unreliable and irregular fashion.
The probability of resistance is higher in those patients who relapse and every effort must be made to obtain a specimen that can be cultured for sensitivities. That said, most patients who relapse do so with a fully sensitive strain and it is possible that these patients have not relapsed, but have instead been re-infected; these patients can be re-treated with the same regimen as before (no drugs need to be added to the regimen and the duration need not be any longer).
The WHO recommends a regimen of 2SHREZ/6HRE when microbiology is not available (the majority of countries where TB is highly endemic). This regimen was designed to provide optimal treatment for fully sensitive TB (the most common finding in patients who have relapsed) as well as to cover the possibility of INH-resistant TB (the most common form of resistance found).
Because of the lifelong risk of relapse, all patients should be warned of the symptoms of TB relapse upon finishing treatment and given strict instructions to return to their doctor if symptoms recur.
Public health and health policy
As of 2010, India has more reported cases of TB than any other country. This is in part due to severe mismanagement of diagnosis and treatment of TB within the private health care sector of India that serves about 50% of the population. There are therefore calls for the private sector to engage in the public Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program that has proved effective in reducing TB amongst the patients receiving health care through the government. Additionally, a study by Maurya et al. conducted in 2013 shows evidence that there is a burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India and change is needed for testing, surveillance, monitoring and management.
Trial of therapy
In areas where TB is highly endemic, it is not unusual to encounter patient with a fever, but in whom no source of infection is found. The physician may then, after extensive investigation has excluded all other diseases, resort to a trial of TB treatment. The regimen used is HEZ for a minimum of three weeks; RMP and STM are omitted from the regimen because they are broad spectrum antibiotics, whereas the other three first-line drugs treat only mycobacterial infection. Resolution of the fever after three weeks of treatment is good evidence for occult TB and the patient should then be changed to conventional TB treatment (2HREZ/4HR). If the fever does not resolve after three weeks of treatment then it is reasonable to conclude that the patient has another cause for his fever.
This approach is not recommended by the WHO and most national guidelines.
Surgical treatment
Surgery has played an important part in the management of tuberculosis since the 1930s.
Historical surgical management
The first successful treatments for tuberculosis were all surgical. They were based on the observation that healed tuberculous cavities were all closed. Surgical management was therefore directed at closing open cavities in order to encourage healing. These procedures were all used in the pre-antibiotic era. There exists a myth that surgeons believed that the purpose was to deprive the organism of oxygen: it was however well known that the organism survives anaerobic conditions. Although these procedures may be considered barbaric by 21st century's standards, it must be remembered that these treatments represented a potential cure for a disease that at the time had a mortality at least as bad as lung cancer in 2000s.
Recurrent or persistent pneumothorax
The simplest and earliest procedure was to introduce air into the pleural space so as to collapse the affected lung and therefore the open cavity. There was always spontaneous resolution of the pneumothorax and the procedure had to be repeated every few weeks.
Phrenic nerve crush
The phrenic nerve (which supplies the diaphragm) was cut or crushed so as to permanently paralyse the diaphragm on that side. The paralysed diaphragm would then rise up and the lung on that side would collapse, thus closing the cavity.
Thoracoplasty
When the cavity was located in the apex of the lung, thoracoplasty could be performed. Six to eight ribs were broken and pushed into the thoracic cavity to collapse the lung beneath. This was a disfiguring operation, but it avoided the need for repeated procedures. In the Novosibirsk TB Research Institute (Russia), osteoplastic thoracoplasty (a variant of extrapleural thoracoplasty) has been used for the last 50 years for patients with complicated cavitary forms of TB for whom lung resection is contraindicated.
Plombage
Plombage reduced the need for a disfiguring operation. It involved inserting porcelain balls into the thoracic cavity to collapse the lung underneath.
Surgical resections of infected lungs were rarely attempted during the 1930s and 1940s, due to the extremely high perioperative mortality rate.
Modern surgical management
In modern times, the surgical treatment of tuberculosis is confined to the management of multi-drug resistant TB. A patient with MDR-TB who remains culture positive after many months of treatment may be referred for lobectomy or pneumonectomy with the aim of cutting out the infected tissue. The optimal timing for surgery has not been defined, and surgery still confers significant morbidity. The centre with the largest experience in the US is the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver, Colorado. From 1983 to 2000, they performed 180 operations in 172 patients; of these, 98 were lobectomies, and 82 were pneumonectomies. They report a 3.3% operative mortality, with an additional 6.8% dying following the operation; 12% experienced significant morbidity (particularly extreme breathlessness). Of 91 patients who were culture positive before surgery, only 4 were culture positive after surgery.
Some complications of treated tuberculosis like recurrent hemoptysis, destroyed or bronchiectaic lungs and empyema (a collection of pus in the pleural cavity) are also amenable to surgical therapy.
In extrapulmonary TB, surgery is often needed to make a diagnosis (rather than to effect a cure): surgical excision of lymph nodes, drainage of abscesses, tissue biopsy, etc. are all examples of this. Samples taken for TB culture should be sent to the laboratory in a sterile pot with no additive (not even water or saline) and must arrive in the laboratory as soon as possible. Where facilities for liquid culture are available, specimens from sterile sites may be inoculated directly following the procedure: this may improve the yield. In spinal TB, surgery is indicated for spinal instability (when there is extensive bony destriction) or when the spinal cord is threatened. Therapeutic drainage of tuberculous abscesses or collections is not routinely indicated and will resolve with adequate treatment. In TB meningitis, hydrocephalus is a potential complication and may necessitate the insertion of a ventricular shunt or drain.
Nutrition
It is well known that malnutrition is a strong risk factor for becoming unwell with TB, that TB is itself a risk factor for malnutrition, and that malnourished patients with TB (BMI less than 18.5) are at an increased risk of death even with appropriate antibiotic therapy. Knowledge about the association between malnutrition and TB is prevalent in some cultures, and may reduce diagnostic delay and improve adherence to treatment.
Although blood levels of some micronutrients may be low in people starting treatment for active tuberculosis, a Cochrane review of thirty-five included trials concluded that there is insufficient research to know whether the routine provision of free food or energy supplements improves tuberculosis treatment outcomes. However, nutritional supplementation probably improves weight gain in some settings.
Vitamin D and tuberculosis epidemiology
Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for tuberculosis, and vitamin D deficiency appears to impair the body's ability to fight tuberculosis, but there is no clinical evidence to show that treating vitamin D deficiency prevents tuberculosis, although the available evidence is that it ought to. Reduced levels of vitamin D may explain the increased susceptibility of African-Americans to tuberculosis, and may also explain why phototherapy is effective for lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin) (a finding which won Niels Finsen the Nobel Prize in 1903), because skin exposed to sunlight naturally produces more vitamin D.
Concerns that tuberculosis treatment itself decreases vitamin D levels appear not to be an issue in clinical practice.
Genetic differences in the vitamin D receptor in West African, Gujarati and Chinese populations have been noted to affect susceptibility to tuberculosis, but there is no data available in any population that shows vitamin D supplementation (that is, giving extra vitamin D to people with normal vitamin D levels) has any effect on susceptibility to TB.
Vitamin D and tuberculosis treatment
Giving vitamin D to TB patients who are vitamin D deficient may be beneficial in a proportion of patients. When taken as a group, vitamin D supplementation appears to have no benefit when using sputum culture conversion as an endpoint, and giving vitamin D supplements to TB patients who have normal vitamin D levels does not provide any benefit from the point of view of TB. In a subset of patients with the tt genotype of the TaqI vitamin D receptor and who are vitamin D deficient, vitamin D supplementation appears to hasten sputum culture conversion. There are no studies of vitamin D using the gold standard outcome of relapse, so the true benefit of vitamin D is not at present known.
It was noted as early as the mid-19th century that cod liver oil (which is rich in vitamin D) improved patients with tuberculosis, and the mechanism for this is probably an enhancement of immune responses to tuberculosis.
The addition of vitamin D appears to enhance the ability of monocytes and macrophages to kill M. tuberculosis in vitro as well as ameliorating potentially harmful effects of the human immune system.
Other
arginine has some clinical evidence as an adjuvant.
Mycobacterium vaccae has been completed in Phase III trials by Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd., injectable Vaccae(TM) and Immunitor LLC., oral tablet Tubivac (V7) .
Latent tuberculosis
The treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential to controlling and eliminating TB by reducing the risk that TB infection will progress to disease.
The terms "preventive therapy" and "chemoprophylaxis" have been used for decades and are preferred in the UK because it involves giving medication to people who have no active disease and are currently well, the reason for treatment is primarily to prevent people from becoming unwell. The term "latent tuberculosis treatment" is preferred in the US because the medication does not actually prevent infection: it prevents an existing silent infection from becoming active. The feeling in the US is that the term "treatment of LTBI" promotes wider implementation by convincing people that they are receiving treatment for disease. There are no convincing reasons to prefer one term over the other.
It is essential that assessment to rule out active TB is carried out before treatment for LTBI is started. To give LTBI treatment to someone with active TB is a serious error: the TB will not be adequately treated and there is a risk of developing drug-resistant strains of TB.
There are several treatment regimens available:
9H—Isoniazid for 9 months is the gold standard and is 93% effective.
6H—Isoniazid for 6 months might be adopted by a local TB program based on cost-effectiveness and patient compliance. This is the regimen currently recommended in the UK for routine use. The US guidance exclude this regimen from use in children or persons with radiographic evidence of prior tuberculosis (old fibrotic lesions). (69% effective)
6 to 9H2—A twice-weekly regimen for the above two treatment regimens is an alternative if administered under Directly observed therapy (DOT).
4R—Rifampicin for 4 months is an alternative for those who are unable to take isoniazid or who have had known exposure to isoniazid-resistant TB.
3HR—Isoniazid and rifampicin may be given for 3 months.
2RZ—The 2-month regimen of rifampicin and pyrazinamide is no longer recommended for treatment of LTBI because of the greatly increased risk of drug-induced hepatitis and death.
3RPT/INH - 3-month (12-dose) regimen of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid.
Evidence for treatment effectiveness:
A 2000 Cochran review containing 11 double-blinded, randomized control trials and 73,375 patients examined six and 12 month courses of isoniazid (INH) for treatment of latent tuberculosis. HIV positive and patients currently or previously treated for tuberculosis were excluded. The main result was a relative risk (RR) of 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31 to 0.52) for development of active tuberculosis over two years or longer for patients treated with INH, with no significant difference between treatment courses of six or 12 months (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.73 for six months, and 0.38, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.50 for 12 months).
A 2013 systematic review published by the Cochrane Collaboration, compared Rifamycins (monotheraphy and combination therapy) to INH monotheraphy as an alternative in preventing active TB in HIV negative populations. The evidence suggested that shorter Rifampicin regimes (3 or 4 months) had higher treatment completion rates and fewer adverse events when compared to INH. However, the overall quality of evidence as per GRADE criteria was low to moderate. Another meta-analysis came to a similar conclusion, namely that rifamycin-containing regimens taken for 3 months or longer had a better profile in preventing TB reactivation.
Current research
There is some evidence from animal and clinical studies that suggests that moxifloxacin-containing regimens as short as four months may be as effective as six months of conventional therapy.
Bayer is currently running a phase II clinical trial in collaboration with the TB Alliance to evaluate shorter treatment regimens for TB; encouragingly, Bayer have also promised that if the trials are successful, Bayer will make moxifloxacin affordable and accessible in countries that need it. Another approach for anti-TB drug development, which does not rely on antibiotics, consists of targeting NAD+ synthase, an essential enzyme in tuberculosis bacteria but not in humans.
National and international guidelines
See also
Modern era
ATC code J04 Drugs for treatment of TB
Mantoux test
Heaf test
TB Alliance
Tuberculosis management in the era before antituberculosis drugs
History of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs (historical)
References
Further reading
</ref>
Category:Medical treatments
Category:Tuberculosis
Category:Vitamin D
simple:Tuberculosis treatment | {
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Ujarrás (brand)
Ujarrás is a Costa Rican brand of jellies and related products. The company was established in January 1962 by Manuel Rodríguez Rojas and is named after the village of Ujarrás. They produce products such as marmalade, blackberry, guava and strawberry jam and products such as fruit paste, crackers and cookies with jam in them, similar to Jammie Dodgers.
External links
Official Ujarrás website
Category:Food and drink companies of Costa Rica
Category:Costa Rican brands
Category:Food and drink companies established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Costa Rica
Category:Fruit preserve companies | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Khijarpur
Khijarpur is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).
References
List of cities near the village
Bhulath
Kapurthala
Phagwara
Sultanpur Lodhi
Air travel connectivity
The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.
External links
Villages in Kapurthala
List of Villages in Kapurthala Tehsil
Category:Villages in Kapurthala district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Poul la Cour
Poul la Cour (13 April 1846 – 24 April 1908) was a Danish scientist, inventor and educationalist. Today la Cour is especially recognized for his early work on wind power, both experimental work on aerodynamics and practical implementation of wind power plants. He worked most of his life at Askov Folk High School where he developed the historic genetic method of teaching the sciences. Early in his life he was a telegraphic inventor working with multiplex telegraphy.
Biography
Poul la Cour was born on 13 April 1846 on a farm near Ebeltoft in Denmark. His father was a modern farmer introducing new technology at his farm as the first among neighbours. However la Cour had his gifts in mathematics from his mother. At Latin school in Randers he performed very poorly in languages and had to give up an early wish to become a priest. His brother Jørgen la Cour (1838–98), who knew the possible directions of study in Copenhagen, soon directed his brother into the new field of meteorology.
Telegraphic inventor
After having finished his studies in physics and meteorology in Copenhagen in 1869 Poul la Cour travelled in Europe to study practical meteorology. He received his most important inspiration from the Dutch meteorologist de Buijs Ballot, with whom he spent a month. He became convinced that Denmark should set up a planned meteorological institute according to the principles of de Buijs Ballot. During the next five years his life was closely interwoven with the early history of the Danish Meteorological Institute, which was founded in 1872 with him as a Deputy Director.
Telegraphy, the most important technological prerequisite for modern meteorology, soon became his main interest. In June 1874, the year in which Edison invented his quadruplex telegraphy, la Cour invented a telegraphic device based on tuning forks. The idea was to permit a number of telegraphers to send messages on a single wire, each using his own frequency. By using the resonance phenomenon of tuning forks it was possible to split out the messages at the receiving end of the wire. He patented his invention in London on 2 September 1874, but in the United States Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray and others had been working along similar lines, which resulted in protests against his American patent applications. Having too little money to pay lawyers, he gave up his claim in America, and this invention was credited to Elisha Gray. La Cour however maintained that Gray had been working on the invention of the telephone, and only had changed his invention at the instant la Cour's American application was published. La Cour later wrote in an autobiographical article that he felt some malicious pleasure when Graham Bell was awarded the telephone patent by applying only a few hours before Gray.
In 1876 la Cour could demonstrate 12-fold telegraphy with his system, and the Great Nordic Telegraph Company was interested in it for some time. However, only the Danish Railroad Company seems to have used his invention in Denmark. After the disappointment on the American market, he produced a new invention, the phonic wheel – a synchronous motor driven by a tuning fork, which used an electromagnet to rotate the cogwheel of the motor by one tooth for each vibration. With two synchronous phonic wheels at a distance, a multitude of telegraphic devices was possible. This time there were no problems with the patent. The invention was produced in August 1875, patented in 1877, and the details were published in the book The Phonic Wheel in 1878 in a Danish and a French edition. At that time the invention was adopted by the American company The Delany Synchronous multiple Telegraph, and a new fight of priority arose. In 1886 the Franklin Institute awarded la Cour the John Scott Legacy Medal for the phonic wheel and at the same time presented Delany with the Elliott Cresson Medal for the synchronism, a decision la Cour protested against.
The phonic wheel was used (in the form of Delany's multiplex telegraphy) on some telegraph lines on the East Coast of the U.S.A., and in the London Post Office. It was used as a chronometer, which was accurate to 0.00004 seconds in short time measurements. The most modern application was in the mechanical "television" of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1884).
The experimental mill at Askov 1891
During the 1880s there had been some criticism of the Grundtvigian historical approach in the Folk High Schools, especially the use of Nordic myths and realism gained a stronger position at Askov.
La Cour's historical approach was not criticized much, but he also reread his Grundtvig and claimed that "in fact it is an indication of the power of history that I creates life (now)". In the 1890s la Cour and Askov Folk High School became more concerned with material reality, in teaching as well as in action.
La Cour again became an inventor and experimental physicist, working for the benefit of the rural areas, form where most of the students came. Denmark is blessed with a lot of wind, and at a time where electricity was about to be introduced in Denmark, la Cour felt that the wind should contribute to the electrification of the country. In the Netherlands, the idea of electrification by means of windmills had been investigated with negative conclusions, because of their low efficiency, and the problems of storing energy . But these problems had appealed to the inventor and physicist la Cour. In 1891 he got the idea of storing wind as hydrogen (and oxygen) energy by passing the electricity through water and using electrolysis.
He was granted financial support by the Danish Government, and the first experimental mill at Askov was erected in the summer of 1891. La Cour's first task however was to "tame" the wind power, in order to make the mill produce a constant power in order to drive a generator. This was solved by the so-called Kratostate, a differential regulator, which later was simplified ("vippeforlaget") and widely used in electricity producing windmills in the Nordic countries and Germany.
Electrochemical experiments
With assistance from professor Pompeo Garuti of Italy he was able to develop the hydrogen storage system in a few years. Because of his personal contributions to this technology he was granted a monopoly of using Garutis patents in Denmark. From 1895 until 1902 Askov Folk High School was illuminated by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, and although the energy originated from the wind, there does not seem to have been a single day without light, thanks to the 12 cubic metres hydrogen tank.
The reason why la Cour abandoned this system in 1902 was that he failed to develop a gas engine based on hydrogen as a fuel, although years were spent on experiments. With such a motor electricity could be reproduced, and la Cour soon realized that electricity was the energy medium of the future. He then tried other forms electrochemical energy storage, the idea being to develop prototypes of small cottage industry: from limestone and coal he produced Calcium carbide according to the process of Thomas L Willson and from salt he produced soda lye, sodium hydroxide. This did not turn into cottage industries but gave rise to some small Danish companies "Dansk Acetylen gasværk" og "Dansk elektrolytisk Alkalindustri". His last electrochemical idea was the small scale production of artificial fertilizer using the process just invented by the Norwegians, Kristian Birkeland and Sam Eyde.
Experiments in aerodynamics 1896–1900
The classical windmills should be able to rotate in a gentle breeze, but the traditional miller was not able to utilize the huge amount of energy in a storm. For la Cour the windmill was a power plant, which should produce a maximum of energy. Therefore, the traditional windmill had to be changed, and that was the background for his experiments in aerodynamics starting in 1896.
Traditional wisdom considered the action of wind on the wings as an impulse of particles, which made Newtonian calculations possible. Although Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler had laid the foundation of modern fluid dynamics a hundred years earlier this had had no consequence for such complicated practical problems as that of the action of wind on wings; and in the cases where a computation was possible, theory did not match experience (Paradox of d'Alembert). The union of theory and experiment came mainly through careful wind tunnel experiments. The Danish tradition in this area was started by H. C. Vogt and Johan Irminger in the early 1890s. La Cour continued in 1896 when he started to test small models of windmills in a wind tunnel, probably the first such experiments in the world focusing on windmills.
After only a few weeks of experiments la Cour came to the general conclusions that are still accepted: to produce a maximum of energy with a given wing area, the number of wings should be small, their bevel small and the speed of rotation fast. A few years later he presented his results to an audience of engineers: working with the a standard size wing he found that under optimal conditions 8 wings would absorb 28% of the total energy passing swept area, and 16 wings only slightly better (29%), and even 4 wings were fairly good (21%). In a calculation based on the particle conception of wind, he found that the four wings could absorb 144% of the energy which struck them, which of course is impossible. He concluded that in general all former theories and formulae concerning wings seemed to be incorrect; and to the extent they were correct, gave no information of any practical importance to the millwright.
A closer examination of the quality of la Cour's wind tunnel shows that the wind speed varies with a factor 2 form the centre line to the edge, thus putting some inaccuracy to his results. He was probably aware of this defect, for throughout 1899 he was very careful in the experimental setup. He now worked with small wing sections, flat and curved plates, in the middle of the wind tunnel, and measured both size and direction of the resulting force, thereby discovering the advantages of curved profiles. His curved wing could produce a factor 3 better than the flat wing if there was not too much air resistance to take into account.
Based on these experiments he suggested an ideal mill with four times the effect (per wing area) of the average of five existing mills which he had measured. When he actually in 1899 built a new mill in Askov it was only twice as effective, because of a 7% resistance area. In 1929, only twenty years after la Cour's death, a new Askov mill was built directly according to la Cour's "ideal" and this time the factor 4 was obtained. For comparison, windmills today are about 3 times as effective as the 1929 mill. Needless to say there are some assumptions and problems with all these comparisons, but they do indicate that an important step forward was made by la Cour.
Popular technical enlightenment
The fact that la Cour's ideal mill looked very much like the traditional Dutch windmill resulted in some criticism of his work, and government support was reduced in 1902. But by that time most of the experimental work had been completed and published, and he only considered these experiments a means to his goal which was the development of the rural areas in Denmark. It thus happened that in 1902 the windmill in Askov became a prototype electrical power plant serving the village of Askov until 1958 with batteries for energy storage and a petrol-engine for reserve power.
At the same time la Cour started to propagate the idea of wind electricity. If people in a city or a village planned a power plant, la Cour was often invited to explain the advantages of this new energy source. He even wrote a fairy tale, "Trolden" (the troll), about energy for children, and there was no doubt that electricity was the hero in that fairy tale.
The most important means of propagating wind electricity was the Danish Wind Electricity Society (DVES) initiated by la Cour in 1903. For the next five years, the consultant engineer of DVES planned a hundred small electricity power-plants, a third of these being based on wind power.
Just as important for rural electricity was the training of rural electricians. DVES instructed about 20 electricians a year in Askov. They learned theory for three months with the maintenance and development of the Askov wind power plant as a parallel practical experience. They finished with a project building a small power plant somewhere in Denmark. This was a short training period compared to the 4 years of the city electrician, but an investigation of their later careers shows that most of them found jobs as rural electricians – many as managers of small power plants.
Finally DVES published a bimonthly journal on wind electricity with la Cour as the author of most of the articles. Comparing this total activity with the actual number of small rural electric power plants built in Denmark in the beginning of the century one must conclude that DVES was one of the most important factors in the unique decentralized electrification in Denmark.
References
Arnfred, J. Th. (1968): Poul la Cour som opfinder. Årbog for Danmarks Tekniske Museum.
Dresing, P. C. (1887): The invention of synchronous rotations by means of Poul la Cours phonic wheel as used in telegraphy. Electrical Review 14 January 1887, pp. 31f.
Hansen, Hans Christian (1985): Poul la Cour, grundtvigianer, opfinder og folkeoplyser. Doctoral thesis in Danish with an English summary. Extract
Hansen, Hans Christian (1981): Forsøgsmøllen i Askov.
van Heurn, J. (1894): Electrische Beweegkracht verkregen door Windmolens. Amsterdam.
la Cour, L. F. (1917): Slægten la Cour.
la Cour, Poul (1887): The Phonic Wheel. In electrical Review 25 November 1887.
la Cour, Poul( 1900): Forsøgsmøllen i Askov I-II,
Nissen, Povl-Otto (2003): Poul la Cour og vindmøllerne.
Report of the Special Committee appointed to investigate the protest of Poul la Cour... Journal of the Franklin Institute, August 1887.
Patents
Elektriske Telegrafapparater. Danish Patent no. 41, 1875
Obtaining synchronous Movements. English Patent no. 4779, 1882.
Fremgangsmåde til Spektrotelegrafi, samt dertilhørende Apparater. Danish Patent no. 193, 1890.
Apparat til at bringe en motor til automatisk at følge en af samme uafhængig bevæget Mekanisme. Danish Patent no. 1068, 1892
Fremgangsmåde og Anordning til Formering og Udvaskning af Kviksølvkatoder under ensartede Betingelser. Danish Patent no. 5048, 1902.
Automatisk Reguleringsmetode for en elektrisk Strøm fra en Ligestrømsdynamo til et Akkumulatorbatteri med dertil hørende Ledningsnet. Danish patent no. 6138, 1903. English patent no. 131, 1904.
External links
Website of The Poul la Cour Museum in Askov, Denmark
Later history of wind power in Denmark
Lyngsø-Petersen, Erik. "Poul la Cour og hans tid" Ingeniøren, 6 September 1985
Category:1846 births
Category:1908 deaths
Category:People from Ebeltoft
Category:Danish physicists
Category:People associated with wind power
Category:Danish inventors
Category:Danish meteorologists | {
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1340s BC
The 1340s BC is a decade which lasted from 1349 BC to 1340 BC.
Events and trends
c. 1348 BC—Amenhotep IV changes his name to Akhenaten.
1348 BC–1336 BC: Akhenaten and his family, relief from Akhetaten (modern el-Amarna) was made. 18th dynasty. It is now in Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum.
c. 1348 BC–1336 BC: Nefertiti, bust from Akhetaten (modern Amarna) was made. 18th dynasty. It is now in Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum.
c. 1348 BC–1336 BC: Tish-shaped vase, from Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna) was made. 18th dynasty. It is now in the British Museum, London.
c. 1348 BC–1327 BC: State ship, detail of a tempera facsimile by Charles K. Wilkinson of a cow painting in the tomb of the governor of Nubia Amenhotep Huy in Qurnet Murai was made. 18th dynasty. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
1347 BC—Legendary King Erechtheus II is reportedly killed by lightning after a reign of 50 years and is succeeded by his younger brother Cecrops II.
1346 BC—Pharaoh Amenhotep IV of Egypt begins his Cult of Aten and begins construction of Amarna intended to be his new capital.
1345 BC—Pharaoh Amenhotep IV of Egypt renames himself to Akhenaten.
1342 BC-Pharaoh King Tut (Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten) is born.
c. 1340 BC—Citadel walls are built in Mycenae.
Births
c. 1341 BC - Tutankhaten, Pharaoh of Egypt
c. 1348 BC - Ankhesenamun | {
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2015–16 Professional U18 Development League
The 2015–16 Professional U18 Development League was the fourth season of the Professional Development League system.
League 1
The league was split into two regional divisions – north and south. After playing each team in their own division twice, the league was split into a second league stage consisting of three further divisions. The winning team of Group 1 in the second league stage was the overall champion and qualified for the UEFA Youth League in the 2016–17 season.
First League stage
North Division
South Division
Second league stage
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
League 2
League 2, referred to as the Professional Development U18 League, is split into two regional divisions.
Teams will play each team in their own division twice, and each team in the other division once, for a total of 30 games for North division teams, and 29 games each for South division teams.
At the end of the season, the teams finishing in the top two positions of both divisions will meet in the knockout stage to determine the overall league champion.
North Division table
South Division table
Knock-out stage
Semifinals
Final
League 3
League 3 is run by the Football League under the auspices of the Football League Youth Alliance. 50 teams entered the competition this season.
League Stage
North-West Division
North-East Division
South-West Division
South-East Division
See also
2015–16 Professional U21 Development League
2015–16 FA Cup
2015–16 FA Youth Cup
2015–16 in English football
References
Category:2015–16 in English football leagues
2015-16 | {
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1969 European Indoor Games – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres event at the 1969 European Indoor Games was held on 8 March in Belgrade.
Medalists
Results
Heats
First 4 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.
Final
References
Category:800 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships
800 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Chromis amboinensis
Chromis amboinensis is a damselfish from the Western Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of in length.
References
External links
Amboinensis
Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Category:Fish described in 1871 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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New Liskeard station
{{Infobox station
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| type=Ontario Northland (inter-city rail)
| style=Ontario Northland Railway
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| address=Jaffray Street, New Liskeard, ON, Canada
| coordinates=
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New Liskeard station is located on the north end of Jaffray Street (right across from the west entrance of Spruce Avenue) in the city of Temiskaming Shores in Ontario, Canada.
It was a station stop for Northlander'' trains of Ontario Northland before service was discontinued in 2012. It was then used as an Ontario Northland bus station until March 4, 2016.
References
External links
ONR - New Liskeard Station
Category:Ontario Northland Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1906
Category:Temiskaming Shores | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Walter Harnott
Walter Herbert "Happy" Harnott (b. September 24, 1909 in Montreal, Quebec - d. January 8, 1977) was a professional ice hockey player who played eight games in the National Hockey League. He played with the Boston Bruins.
External links
Category:1909 births
Category:1977 deaths
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Boston Bruins players
Category:Calgary Tigers players
Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Category:Sportspeople from Montreal | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Abisare
Abisare ruled the ancient West Asian city-state of Larsa from 1841 BC to 1830 BC. He was an Amorite. The annals of his 11-year reign record that he smote Isin in his 9th regnal year.
See also
Chronology of the ancient Near East
Notes
External links
Abisare Year Names at CDLI
Category:Amorite kings
Category:Sumerian rulers
Category:19th-century BC rulers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ernest Wedderburn
Sir Ernest MacLagan Wedderburn (3 February 1884 – 3 June 1958) was a Scottish lawyer, and a significant figure both in the civic life of Edinburgh and in the legal establishment. He held the posts of Professor of Conveyancing in the University of Edinburgh (1922–35), Deputy Keeper of the Signet (1935–54), and Chairman of the General Council of Solicitors (1936–49), the forerunner to the Law Society of Scotland, and chaired the latter 1949/50. He was also an enthusiastic amateur scientist, and first Treasurer then Vice President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Early life
Wedderburn was born in Forfar, Forfarshire in 1884, the son of Anne Oglivie and her husband (and cousin), Dr Alexander Stormonth MacLagan Wedderburn of Pearsie. He was one of 14 children, and the younger brother of Joseph Wedderburn, who became Professor of Mathematics at Princeton and conceive the Wedderburn–Etherington number and Artin–Wedderburn theorem. He was distantly related, through his father, to 18th-century Lord of Session, Peter Wedderburn, Lord Chesterhall, and to the latter's son, Lord Chancellor Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn.
He was educated at George Watson's College then studied law at the University of Edinburgh, graduating with an MA in 1904 and an LLB in 1907. During this period he lived with his uncle J R M Wedderburn at 3 Glencairn Crescent in Edinburgh..
From 1904 he also had practical experience in the offices of Gillespie & Paterson WS at 31 Melville Street.
He qualified as a Writer to the Signet in 1907 and then joined his uncle's firm of Carment, Wedderburn & Watson WS based at 2 Glenfinlas Street off Charlotte Square.
During World War I, he served as Meteorological Officer to GHQ. While employed with the Ordnance Committee, his aptitude for mathematics enabled him to establish a new system for calculating the allowance to be made for ballistic winds in long-range artillery shooting, which had been widely adopted by the end of the war. He was appointed Assistant Director of Experiments at the Ministry of Defence's site at Shoeburyness, Essex, was mentioned twice in despatches and awarded a military OBE.
Career
Wedderburn joined the firm of Carment, Wedderburn and Watson. The Wedderburn of the firm's name was Joseph Robert Maclagan Wedderburn (1850–1936), Ernest's paternal uncle, who in 1922 would lead the merger with Guild and Shepherd which would form Shepherd and Wedderburn, now one of Scotland's largest law firms.
Ernest practised with the firm until that merger in 1922, when he took up the post of Professor of Conveyancing in the Faculty of Law of the University of Edinburgh, in succession to Professor Mounsey. During this time he pioneered the employment of small tutorial-sized classes in his teaching, a practice which continued until instruction in drafting was removed from undergraduate studies to the Diploma in Legal Practice in 1981. He demitted the Chair in 1935, and was succeeded by Harry H. Monteath. In 1938, the University awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
Upon his retirement from the Edinburgh Chair in 1935, Wedderburn became Deputy Keeper of the Signet, the most senior member of the Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet. In civil actions in the Court of Session, a pursuer is required to have his writ stamped with the Signet to give him authority from the Crown to serve the writ on the defender. That conferral, called "passing the Signet," was until 1976 carried out by the Signet Office, the administration of which was one of the Society's responsibilities. The office of Keeper of the Signet is held by the Lord Clerk Register (the oldest surviving of the Great Officers of State, which at the time was held by Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Mar) but is a purely ceremonial one, the Deputy Keeper instead being the most senior membership representative in the Society's administration.
A year later he took up the post of Chairman of the General Council of Solicitors in Scotland. This body had been established a few years before by the Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1933 as the first national body for the solicitors' profession, with responsibilities for the education and training of solicitors and for enforcing standards of conduct, and its membership drawn from representatives of local faculties. Admission to practice was still controlled by these local bodies, such as the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen, Royal Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow, and in Wedderburn's case the WS Society. The Act had also established the Independent Discipline Committee, before which cases by the General Council against mischievous solicitors were to be brought.
Wedderburn was knighted in July 1942. A 1946 photographic portrait of him by the Bassano studio, taken in his capacity as Chairman of the General Council, is held by the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Accounts of the General Council's efficacy are unfavourable, mostly citing lack of funds, and it was replaced in 1949 by a new body, the Law Society of Scotland. This body assumed the responsibility of registering all solicitors and taking cases before the new Solicitors' Discipline Tribunal, as well as charging registration fees to prevent some of the issues faced by its predecessor. Wedderburn served as Chairman of the Law Society in its first year, resigning in 1950.
Science
Although a lawyer by trade, Wedderburn had a keen interest in science. During World War I he found a new system for calculating the allowance to be made for ballistic winds in long-range artillery shooting, which had been widely adopted by the end of the war. While a student he worked, in the University's vacations, with Sir John Murray on the bathymetrical study of fresh water lochs. He continued this enthusiasm in later in life, following George Chrystal's work on seiches on the Scottish lochs.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 21 January 1907. His proposers were Sir John Murray, George Chrystal, Thomas Nicol Johnston, and William Peddie. Wedderburn won the Society's Makdougall-Brisbane Prize for 1908/1910 and was an active member of the Society, proposing many notable scientists for membership and serving as Treasurer for ten years, from 1937 to 1947. He served as Vice President from 1947 to 1950.
He was closely involved with the Scottish Meteorological Society, and published an article on its history in the November 1955 edition of the journal Weather.
Retirement and death
Wedderburn remained Deputy Keeper of the Signet throughout his tenure as Chairman of the General Council,retiring from the position in 1954. He died on 3 June 1958 at his home at 6 Succoth Gardens, in Edinburgh's West End.
Family
On 5 April 1911, he married Mary Goldie (d.1979), daughter of Rev Thomas Smith Goldie, Minister of Granton. Their son, Ernest Alexander Maclagan Wedderburn, a Major in the Royal Scots, was killed on 24 December 1944, and is buried in the Ancona War Cemetery, Italy.
References
External links
Portrait of Sir Ernest Wedderburn, Professor of Conveyancing, Edinburgh University Archives
Category:1884 births
Category:1958 deaths
Category:People from Forfar
Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:People educated at George Watson's College
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Scottish solicitors | {
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Quebrada de los Cuervos
The Quebrada de los Cuervos (Spanish for Crows Ravine) is an important landform in Treinta y Tres Department, Uruguay.
Crossed by the Yerbal Chico creek, it constitutes a natural protected area. This Important Bird Area (IBA) is inhabited by several endangered species, such as Agelaius flavus, Xolmis dominicanus, Limnoctites rectirostris, Sporophila cinnamomea, Sporophila ruficollis. The very name of this place refers to crow-like Cathartidae which breed on its cliffs: Cathartes burrovianus, Cathartes aura, and Coragyps atratus.
References
External links
Official website
Pictures of the Crows Ravine
Category:Landforms of Treinta y Tres Department
Category:Tourist attractions in Uruguay
Category:Protected areas of Uruguay
Category:Birdwatching sites in Uruguay
Category:National parks of Uruguay | {
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Tiruppattur, Tirupathur district
Tirupattur is a town and also the headquarter of Tirupattur district, India, one of the oldest places in Tamil Nadu. It is known for its reservoir of fine sandal wood in the trailing mountains around it. It is located about 89 km from Vellore, 85 km from Hosur and Thiruvannamalai, 210 km from Chennai, and 125 km from Bangalore.
Overview
The name Tirupattur means a group of ten villages/small towns. There exists a village called Aathiyur (Aathi means Begin) in the southern fringes of the Town and Kodiyur (Kodi means End) in the northern fringes of the town. It is surrounded by several of these villages, making Tirupattur a Taluk. It has Old Shiva, Vishnu temples and Tanks (Big Tank & Small Tank) built during the Hoysala Dynasty. It is well connected by road and rail to other important cities of Tamil Nadu such as Vellore, Chennai, Salem, Coimbatore and Thiruvannamalai and to Bangalore in Karnataka. This town is also famous in Islamic religious circles as many great saints "Awliyas" had made it their home town. Some of them are buried at various places in the town, As of 2011, the town had a population of 64,125.
Tirupattur has been a Revenue Sub Division since the British Raj, earlier as a part of Salem District and then as a part of Vellore District. Tirupattur, Natrampalli, Vaniyambadi and Ambur taluks form the Tirupattur Sub Division. India's first lady IAS officer Anna Rajam Malhotra, independent India's first foreign Secretary KPS Menon, present Secretary to the PM Modi Dr.T.V Somanathan were all Sub Collectors of Tirupattur.
Tirupattur Municipality was constituted as a third grade municipality in the year 1886. As per G.O. No. 194, date: 10.02.1970, classified as Second Grade Municipality. At present from 1.4.1977 onward as per G.O. No. 654, classified as first grade municipality.
Tirupattur's population and land area are good enough to have political representations in the state legislature of Tamil Nadu (Member of the Legislative Assembly), and part of Thiruvannamalai constituency for the central/federal legislature of India (Member of Parliament as of 2009 elections).
History
Tirupattur's date of establishment is unknown.
From the inscriptions so far surveyed by Archaeological Survey of India in Tirupattur, it is estimated that this town is more than 1600 years old. During the regimes of various rulers like Cholas, VijayaNagara Dynasty, Hoysalas the town had been referred to, by the following names: Sri Mathava Chaturvedi Mangalam,Veera Narayana Chaturvedi Mangalam, Tiruperur and Brahmapuram (Brahmeeswaram). The present name "Tirupattur" might have got derived from "Tiruperur". Erstwhile "Tiruperur" or "Sri Madhava Chaturvedi Mangalam" was in "Eyyil Nadu", subdivision of "Nigarili Chola Mandalam", division of "Chola Empire". There existed a fort in the eastern part of the town around 800 years ago. Its entrance might have been near the Kottai Darwaja Sri Veera Anjaneyar Temple, since the word "Kottai" in Tamil means "Fort", and the word "Darwaja" in Hindi/Urdu means "Gate" or "Door". The area is still known as "Kottai"(fort).This town is also famous in Islamic religious circles as many great saints "Awliyas" had made it their home town. Some of them are buried at various places in the town, including Hazrath Syed Sha Mohammed alias Syed Khawja Meeran Hussaini Jaffari, Hazrath Syed Sha Ameenuddin Hussaini Chisty ur Kahdri (who is better known as Munshi Hazrath);Munshi Hazrath's son Janab Syed Sha Nayeem Hussaini Chisty ul Khadri (better known in and around the town as Nayeem Hazrath) he was the last among a series of saints who have lived and have been buried at Tirupattur
As of 15 August 2019, the trifurcation of Vellore district resulted in formation of Tirupattur as a new district with Tirupattur town as its Headquarter.
Tourism
Yelagiri or Elagiri is a small hill station between the towns of Vaniyambadi and Jolarpettai (Tamil Nadu, India), dating back to British colonial days.
"The Whole of Yelagiri was once the private property of the Yelagiri Zamindar Family. It was taken over by the government of India during the Early 1950s. The house of the Yelagiri Zamindars still exists in Reddiyur."
Fr. Francis Guezou of Don Bosco, worked for the uplift of hill tribals. He has been the main reason for the educational upliftment to the people of Yelagiri.
At a distance 37 km from Yelagiri, 37 from Athanavur and 13 km from Thirupattur, magnificent Jalagamparai Waterfalls near Jadayanur is created by the River Attaaru running through the valleys of Yelagiri Hills. It is one of the best places to visit in Yelagiri Hills.
Jalagamparai waterfalls is flowing down from a height of 15 meters. Bathing in this waterfall is said to cure diseases because it passes through various herbal plants in the hills. The falls has a trek route and also a motorable road. The falls can be reached after 1.5-hour trek of 6 km from Nilavoor (6 km from Yelagiri Punganoor Lake). It is little tough trek, but the view of the valley from the falls is truly amazing. Local guides are available to guide the trek to the falls.
The motorable road passes through Thirupattur (13.4 km away) which needs 5–10 minutes walk. The isolated location of the waterfalls attracts people in large groups for picnicking. The flow of water in the Jalagamparai Waterfalls has considerably been reduced as compared to recent past years. Adjacent to the Jalagamparai falls, there is a Murugan temple within a building constructed in the shape of a Lingam.
Jalagamparai Waterfalls is at its best from November to February when it is gushing with water but the waterfall is dry in summer.
Climate
Tirupattur is known for recording coldest temperature in the Tamil Nadu plains during winter. The seasonal climate conditions are moderate and the weather is uniformly salubrious. The town experiences hot summers and cool winters. The town gets its majority of rainfall during the south west monsoon period. September and October are the wettest months with around 400 mm of rain being received in these two months. The town also experiences fairly frequent thunderstorms in late April and May, which gives necessary relief from the heat, along with the dip in night temperatures. The warmest nights are in May, when the town has an average minimum temperature of 23.4 °C. The coldest nights are in January, when the average minimum temperatures drop to 16.1 °C. May is the hottest month with an average maximum of 37.0 °C. The highest ever temperature recorded in the town is 46.3 °C on 7 May 1976. The lowest ever recorded temperature is 10.2 °C on 15 December 1974. The highest 24‑hour precipitation is 167.3 mm received on 4 November 1966. The average annual rainfall being received in the town is 982 mm.
Yelagiri's climate is classified as tropical. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. This climate is considered to be Aw according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.
Geography
It is known as the "Sandalwood Town" due to the abundant availability of sandalwood trees in the surrounding hills.It is very close to the 4th major hill station of Tamil Nadu, the Yelagiri hills, which is also known as the common man's Ooty. The town is at an average elevation of 388m. The Javadhu Hills,a part of the eastern ghats lie another to the east of Tirupattur .
Tirupattur town has 56.059 km length of roads and the municipality is maintaining 'B' Grade Bus stand in the heart of the town. There is a century old municipal market having 413 shops which helps in promoting commercial and economic activities of the town. This town is known for recording coldest temperature in the Tamil Nadu plains during winter. The seasonal climate conditions are moderate and the weather is uniformly salubrious. The town experiences hot summers and cool winters. The town gets its majority of rainfall during the south west monsoon period. September and October are the wettest months with around 400 mm of rain being received in these two months. The town also experiences fairly frequent thunderstorms in late April and May, which gives necessary relief from the heat, along with the dip in night temperatures. The warmest nights are in May, when the town has an average minimum temperature of 23.4 °C. The coldest nights are in January, when the average minimum temperatures drop to 16.1 °C. May is the hottest month with an average maximum of 37.0 °C. The highest ever temperature recorded in the town is 46.3 °C on 7 May 1976. The lowest ever recorded temperature is 10.2 °C on 15 December 1974. The highest 24‑hour precipitation is 167.3 mm received on 4 November 1966. The average annual rainfall being received in the town is 982 mm. The major group of soils that are found in the town are black and red varieties. The red soil constitutes 90 percent while black soil only 10 percent.
Climate
Demographics
According to 2011 census, Tirupattur had a population of 19,487 with a sex-ratio of 1,010 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 7,255 were under the age of six, constituting 3,717 males and 3,538 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 18.33% and .43% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 76.22%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 14084 households. There were a total of 22,895 workers, comprising 240 cultivators, 161 main agricultural labourers, 1,145 in house hold industries, 18,782 other workers, 2,567 marginal workers, 38 marginal cultivators, 27 marginal agricultural labourers, 246 marginal workers in household industries and 2,256 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Tirupattur (M) had 81.93% Hindus, 16.39% Muslims, 1.52% Christians, 0.03% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists, 0.11% Jains, 0.00% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.
Ambur and Vaniyambadi are the highest muslims living area's of tamilnadu and tirupattur is the highest number of Muslims living district of tamilnadu.
Main sights
Yelagiri is a hill station on the Vaniyambadi-Tirupattur Road, midway between Chennai and Bangalore. Located at an altitude of 1,050 metres (3,500 ft) and spread across 30 km2, the Yelagiri village (also spelt Elagiri at times) is surrounded by orchards, rose-gardens, and green valleys. Vainu Bappu Observatory, Sri vetkaaliamman temple (142 feet height) (13 km) Kandhili, Bheeman Falls (38 km from Tirupattur) and Jalagamparai Falls (14 km from Tirupattur) are other prominent tourist destinations around the town. Jalagamparai waterfalls is found on the eastern slope of the Yelagiri hills. The Javadi Hills are located about 35 km from Tirupattur. In the middle of this hill, lies the Kavalur Observatory, which has several optical and reflective telescopes run and governed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.
Transport
The Tamil Nadu state Bus transport corporation (TNSTC) is providing 85% of transport facilities to this town. Tirupattur is well connected by road and rail to major cities of India. Regarding transportation linkage, the highway (NH 46) from Chennai to Krishnagiri (via) Natrampalli passes through the outskirts of the town. The town is separated by a distance with Chennai (225 km), Bangalore (130 km), Vellore (87 km) and Salem (108 km). Several State Highways connects the town from Dharmapuri (60 km), Krishnagiri (40 km) Vaniyambadi (22 km), Harur (47 km) and Salem (108 km) section. Frequent buses are there to Chennai, Vellore, Harur, Salem, Bangalore, and Villupuram.
Tirupattur Railway Station is under the administrative control of the Southern Railways. It is 2 km from the bus stand. Traveling north, Jolarpettai Junction (8 km) is the nearest junction, and going south-west, Morappur is the next station. Due to proximity to the Jolarpettai Railway Junction only few express trains halt here.
The nearest airports are at Salem (105 km) and Vellore Air Strip (85 km), while the nearest international airports are at Bengaluru (135 km) and Chennai (225 km).
Politics and municipal administration
Tirupattur is represented in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by Nallathambi A as of 2016. Tirupattur is part of Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency). The present MP (elected in 2019) of the Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha Constituency is Mr.annadurai.
References
External links
Tirupattur official website
Tirupattur's website
Tirupattur Travel app for Android
Category:Cities and towns in Vellore district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Rome City School District
The Rome City School District is a public school district in Floyd County, Georgia, United States, based in the city of Rome. It serves the city of Rome and the surrounding communities in Floyd County.
Schools
The Rome City School District has six elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school.
Elementary schools
Anna K. Davie Elementary School
East Central Elementary School
Elm Street Elementary School
Main Elementary School *(Closed for replacement)*
North Heights Elementary School
West Central Elementary School
West End Elementary School
Middle school
Rome Middle School
High schools
Rome High School
Phoenix Performance Learning Center
References
External links
Rome City School District
Category:School districts in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Education in Floyd County, Georgia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Cogollor
Cogollor is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 40 inhabitants.
Category:Municipalities in the Province of Guadalajara
Category:Populated places in the Province of Guadalajara | {
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Autonomic Network Architecture
The Autonomic Network Architecture (ANA) project aims at exploring novel ways of organizing and using networks beyond legacy Internet technology. The ultimate goal is to design and develop a novel autonomic networking architecture that enables flexible, dynamic, and fully autonomous formation of network nodes as well as whole networks. Universities and research institutes from Europe and Northern America are participating in this project.
The resulting autonomic network architecture will allow dynamic adaptation and re-organisation of the network according to the working, economical and social needs of the users. This is expected to be especially challenging in a mobile context where new resources become available dynamically, administrative domains change frequently, and the economic models may vary.
About the Project
This Integrated Project aims at exploring novel ways of organizing and using networks beyond legacy Internet technology. The ultimate goal is to design and develop a novel network architecture that enables flexible, dynamic, and fully autonomic formation of network nodes as well as whole networks. It will allow dynamic adaptation and re-organization of the network according to the working, economical and social needs of the users. This is expected to be especially challenging in a mobile context where new resources become available dynamically, administrative domains change frequently, and the economic models may vary.
The scientific objective of this proposal is to identify fundamental autonomic network principles. Moreover, this project will build, demonstrate, and test such an autonomic network architecture. The key attribute is that such a network scales in a functional way that is, the network can extend both horizontally (more functionality) as well as vertically (different ways of integrating abundant functionality). The challenge addressed in this project is to come up with a network architecture and to fill it with the functionality needed to demonstrate the feasibility of autonomic networking within the coming 4 years.
Facts and Figures
Period: January 1, 2006–December 31, 2009
Funding Agency: European Union (EU)
Program: Information Societies Technology—Future Emerging Technologies (IST-FET)
Coordinating Agency: ETH Zurich, Communication Systems Group
Project Objectives
The Autonomic Network Architecture (ANA) project has two complementary objectives that iteratively provide feedback to each other: a scientific objective and a technological one.
Scientific Objective
To identify fundamental autonomic networking principles that enable networks to scale not only in size but also in functionality. The main premise of our work is that a functionally scaling network is a synonym for an evolving network which includes the various self-x attributes essential to autonomic communication such as self-management, self-optimization, self-monitoring, self-repair, and self-protection. The hypothesis is that, due to these self-x attributes, such functional scaling will naturally lead to networks that are not only richer in functionality but which also scale in size. Scientific research in ANA will explore the “Internet de-construction” trends of functional atomization, diffusion and sedimentation that will replace the current static layering approach.
A new Autonomic Network Architecture will emerge as a result of this research. This architecture will provide the framework for network function re-composition. The goal is to produce an architectural design that enables flexible, dynamic and fully autonomic formation of large-scale networks in which the functionalities of each constituent network node are also composed in an autonomic fashion. This architecture must allow dynamic adaptation and re-organisation of the network according to the working, economical and social needs of the users. Moreover, it must support mobile nodes and multiple administrative domains.
Technological Objective
The second premise in ANA is that the only way to make new ideas and concepts succeed is to put them into practice. Therefore, ANA takes on the challenge of not only producing original scientific research results and a novel architectural design, but also showing that they work in real situations, and using the experience gained experimentally as feedback to refine the architectural models and other research results.
The technological objective of ANA is therefore to build an experimental autonomic network architecture, and to demonstrate the feasibility of autonomic networking within the coming 4 years.
As a first step, a network based on the predominant infrastructure of Ethernet switches and wireless access points will be built. The goal is to demonstrate self-organization of individual nodes into a network. The design of such network should potentially scale to large network meshes in the range of 105 active (routing) elements. Obviously, the consortium alone will not have resources to literally build a network of 105 nodes. In order to show scalability, three approaches are envisaged: a) overlay for interconnecting the participating sites, b) simulations, and c) a distributed open collaborative approach similar to successful initiatives such as “SETI@Home”, “Folding@Home”, to include external experimentators and to disseminate ANA results.
The second step, using insights from the first effort, will loosen the constraints and permit wired and multihop wireless heterogeneous devices to be integrated in an autonomic way. Here the focus is on the self-organization of networks into a global network. The rationale for a two phase approach is that an architecture can only be developed and its quality be validated if more than one case is explored.
These two (scientific and technical) objectives complement and reinforce each other in a tight feedback loop: Prototypes of research results will be implemented in the testbed at an early stage, such that preliminary experimental results can be used as a feedback to steer and refine the architectural design and to obtain more accurate and realistic research results. The research part will shape the testbed in order to maintain it at the fore-front of technology. To help the long term visions to materialize, ANA uses the testbed as an investigative research vehicle while remaining committed to the far looking character of the situated and autonomic networking initiative.
Project Partners
ETH Zurich, Communication Systems Group
University of Basel
NEC Europe Ltd. Network Laboratories (NEC)
Lancaster University (ULanc)
Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS)
Université de Liége (ULg)
Université Paris VI
Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA)
University of Oslo (UiO)
Telekom Austria
University of Waterloo
See also
Autonomic Computing
Autonomic Systems
Network Compartment
Autonomic Networking
External links
EU IST Project
ANA Project website (Broken link, please remove)
Practical Autonomic Computing - Roadmap to Self Managing Technology
Category:Computer networks | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Don Getty
Donald Ross Getty, (August 30, 1933 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician who served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992. A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979. He returned to politics six years later to contest the leadership contest resulting from Lougheed's retirement. He defeated two other candidates, and became Premier November 1, 1985.
As Premier, Getty was faced with an economic slowdown and falling energy prices, which hit Alberta's petroleum-dominated economy hard. Faced with mounting government deficits and increasing unemployment, he cut social spending and intervened with government money to prevent businesses from failing. Several of these interventions backfired in high-profile fashion, failing at their intended objective and costing scarce public funds as well. While some analysts argue that Getty's fiscal program laid the groundwork for Ralph Klein's later balancing of the provincial budget, on Getty's departure from office the government's debt had reached $11 billion, setting the stage for his successor to characterize the Getty years as an era of wasteful and excessive spending.
His efforts at strengthening Alberta's presence in Canada initially appeared more successful, as he won the agreement of Canada's other first ministers in including elements of Senate reform in the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, but these efforts came to naught when both accords were rejected—the second by the Canadian public, including a majority of Albertans. Getty was also facing political problems within Alberta, including a defeat in his home riding of Edmonton-Whitemud in the 1989 election (leading to a successful by-election in Stettler, vacated by a P.C. MLA) and leadership machinations from some of his own ministers. In light of this, he resigned the Premiership in 1992.
Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.
Early life
Don Getty was born on August 30, 1933 in Westmount, Quebec, the son of Beatrice Lillian (Hampton) Getty (1910–1973) and Charles Ross Getty (1909–1974). His father had dropped out of McGill University's medical school due to the Great Depression and worked a variety of jobs—sometimes more than one at a time—to support his wife, three sons, and two daughters. Getty's childhood was spent in Verdun, Toronto, Ottawa, London, and Agincourt, sharing a three-room apartment with his seven-member family in the last. Returning for London in time for high school, he became an accomplished athlete (drinking eggnog to gain enough weight to play football) and was elected students' council president. Sports were his passion, and he was an especially great fan of the Montreal Canadiens and of Toronto Argonauts running back Royal Copeland.
Football
After graduating, Getty enrolled to study business administration at the University of Western Ontario, where he became a football star and a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He quarterbacked the Western Ontario Mustangs to Eastern Collegiate Union Championships in 1954 and 1955, and was awarded the Claude Brown Memorial Trophy as the outstanding athlete at UWO in 1955. He also played basketball, and was part of championship teams in that sport in 1952, 1953, and 1954. A week after his 1955 graduation, he married Margaret Mitchell, his high school sweetheart. The Edmonton Eskimos had offered Getty a professional contract, so the newlyweds drove out west in an old blue Buick.
While still playing football, Getty was hired by Imperial Oil in 1955. He worked for Midwestern Industrial Gas Limited, beginning in 1961 as Lands and Contracts Manager with a promotion to Assistant General Manager following in 1963. In 1964 he founded his own company, Baldonnel Oil and Gas Company, before entering the world of finance as a partner with Doherty, Roadhouse, and McCuaig investments in 1967.
MLA and cabinet minister
In 1965, Getty was approached by fellow Eskimos veteran and Progressive Conservative leader Peter Lougheed to run in the 1967 provincial election. Getty agreed to run in Strathcona West, and defeated incumbent Social Crediter Randolph McKinnon by more than one thousand votes. He entered the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as one of six newly elected P.C.s. Four years later, in the 1971 election, Getty was re-elected by more than 3,500 votes in the new riding of Edmonton-Whitemud and was appointed Minister of Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs in the new Lougheed majority government. With Getty and the government both re-elected by increasing margins in the 1975 election, Lougheed appointed him Minister of Energy. In this capacity Getty partially continued his responsibility for relations with the federal government, as energy policy was a major sticking point between the two governments (at one point, federal Energy Minister Donald Macdonald called Getty "dripping with venom"). Getty did not seek re-election in the 1979 election.
Hiatus from politics and leadership fight
While out of politics, Getty became the head of an investment firm and sat on the boards of a number of corporations, including the Royal Bank of Canada, Sparrow Energy, Nortek Energy and Celanese Canada. However, when Lougheed stepped down from the Progressive Conservative leadership in 1985, Getty entered the contest to replace him and immediately became the favourite. At an October convention, Getty won a second ballot victory against Minister of Municipal Affairs Julian Koziak and former legislator Ron Ghitter.
Premier
Getty was appointed Premier November 1, 1985. He returned to the legislature just over a month later, winning a by-election in his old riding of Edmonton-Whitemud. As Premier for nearly seven years, Getty presided over some of Alberta's toughest economic times. His time in office was characterized by attempts to reduce the government's budget deficit and interventions calculated to stabilize the economy during the recession of the 1980s. When Getty became Premier he left his predecessor's cabinet completely intact.
Budget deficit
After Getty won the party leadership, Lougheed told him to expect a budget deficit of $2.5 billion in his first year in office, though the figure turned out to be $2.1 billion. Things got worse the next year as a drop in energy prices led to the oil-rich province running a deficit of $3.4 billion, as energy revenues fell by $3 billion. Getty's Treasurer, Dick Johnston, reacted by raising taxes by $1 billion and cutting program spending by 6.3%, including decreases of 3% in grants to schools, universities, municipalities, and hospitals. In 1990, due to these measures, Johnston predicted that the government would be in surplus by the 1995 fiscal year. By 1992, program spending was growing at a rate of 2.3% annually, among the lowest rates in Canada. In fact, when adjusted for population growth and inflation, government spending fell over Getty's term in office, with non-health care program spending 40% lower in 1993 than it had been in 1986 (health spending had remained approximately constant over the same period). Even so, Getty entered the premiership with no public debt and left with the public debt at $11 billion.
Economic intervention
Getty's government was faced with a combination of a general economic malaise and falling oil prices. The slowdown in the energy sector contributed to a decrease in capital spending, which reduced demand for labour in the construction industry by 50% between 1980 and 1985. Many workers left the province, which suppressed real estate prices and hurt financial institutions; two Albertan banks, the Canadian Commercial Bank and the Northlands Bank, failed in September 1985. Credit unions were facing similar troubles, and the Lougheed government had, in its last days, injected $100 million into the industry.
Getty's response to these issues was interventionist. During his first budget, he targeted spending at the province's struggling agricultural sector, including a $2 billion loan program meant to address high interest rates. His government tried to stimulate the energy sector by making loan guarantees to Husky Oil ($380 million) and Syncrude ($200 million) for new and expanded capital projects. The government also provided a $55 million guarantee—in addition to a $20 million loan—to Peter Pocklington's Gainers meat-packing plant; when Pocklington defaulted on the loan, the government seized, and eventually closed, the plant. This incident and others contributed to a perception that Getty's administration was willing to spend public money to support large businesses, but that it was indifferent to the struggles of labour (the Gainers loan had initially been made after the government brokered a labour settlement favourable to the plant's management). In 1986 the price of oil bottomed at $US10 a barrel. Getty responded by providing the oil industry with $250 million in incentives and royalty cuts. By the end of 1986 Alberta had granted another nine-month cut from 12% to 1% in royalties at the Suncor oilsands.
Most damaging to the government's reputation was the failure of the Principal Group, an Edmonton-based trust company. Its investment subsidiaries were ordered shut down June 30, 1987, by court orders obtained at the instigation of Provincial Treasurer Dick Johnston. The parent company went bankrupt August 10 amid accusations of fraud. A court-ordered investigation led by Bill Code found that the company was in trouble as early as 1980 and, though subsequent economic downturns hurt it, "it would not have been profitable in any event". It also found that Consumer and Corporate Affairs Minister Connie Osterman had disregarded 1984 warnings from a regulator in her department that the company was likely insolvent. Though Osterman was fired shortly after the report's release, Getty's immediate offer of an $85 million settlement to investors further hurt the government's reputation in areas of business.
A similar incident stemmed from the 1992 privatization of Alberta Government Telephones (AGT). NovaTel, a cellular subsidiary of AGT, had made a number of financing deals with local companies in the late 1980s, and many of these deals were collapsing just as the government was prepared to sell AGT. At the last moment, the government removed NovaTel from the AGT share offering. NovaTel's liabilities eventually cost the government more than $600 million.
Intergovernmental and constitutional affairs
As a former Minister of Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs, Getty had strong views about constitutional matters, and about Senate reform in particular. He made the cause the centrepiece of Alberta's constitutional policy going into the Meech Lake Accord discussions. The Accord's final version included a provision whereby the Prime Minister would continue to recommend senatorial appointments to the Governor-General, but would have to make their recommendations from lists provided by the provincial governments. Once it became apparent that the Meech Lake Accord would fail, Getty's government introduced the Senatorial Selection Act, which provided for an election process whenever there was a vacant Senate seat for Alberta. However, Getty's favoured candidate, Progressive Conservative Bert Brown, was soundly defeated by Stan Waters of the upstart Reform Party of Canada, which opposed Meech Lake and favoured aggressive senate reform. Though Prime Minister Brian Mulroney opposed the legislation, he eventually recommended Waters for appointment to the Senate. Getty was still more successful at pursuing senate reform during the negotiations for the Charlottetown Accord, when he won the addition of a Triple-E Senate to the package, against Mulroney's opposition. However, the Charlottetown Accord failed after a national referendum in which a majority of Canadians, including 60.2% of Albertans, rejected it.
In 1991, Getty's Progressive Conservatives formally severed ties with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which was becoming increasingly unpopular under Mulroney. Getty also broke with Mulroney on a number of issues other than Senate reform, including the new federal Goods and Services Tax, which he fought unsuccessfully against implementing. His government also implemented legislation, against Mulroney's express wishes, that made English the only official language of Alberta. Despite these steps, Getty remained a supporter of the federal Conservatives (and not the Reform Party, to which many provincial P.C.s were defecting), whose unpopularity rubbed off on him.
Getty's government also made progress on aboriginal land claims in the northern part of the province. In addition to creating Canada's first Métis land base in 1989, Getty took the lead in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to negotiate a settlement between the federal government and the Lubicon Cree.
Political style
In contrast to his predecessor, who was actively involved in most elements of his government, Getty preferred to set the government's broad direction and leave lower-level details to his ministers. Ralph Klein, while serving as Environment Minister under Getty, commented that "If you are a minister, you run that portfolio yourself" and expressed an appreciation for the freedom that the Premier gave his cabinet. Al Adair, who served in two different portfolios under Getty, described this approach in his memoirs as "you make the decisions, you run your department, but make mistakes and you're gone". Lisac credits him for knowing when to intervene and when not to, but Adair felt that his approach led to ministers working too much in isolation.
Getty was a private, reserved person, which, combined with his tendency to delegate to ministers, sometimes gave the impression of an uncaring aloofness. During the Principal Group affair, which he left primarily in the hands of Treasurer Dick Johnston and Consumer and Corporate Affairs Minister Elaine McCoy, a photographer captured a shot of Getty playing golf while his press secretary had said that he was "working out of the office". This was typical of his strained relationship with the media, which Adair attributed to the Premier's awkwardness and the media's unfairness.
Although Getty governed with fairly large majorities during his tenure, they were nowhere near as large as the ones Lougheed enjoyed. His first election as premier saw the return of the provincial Liberals to the legislature after being shut out for 15 years. That same election saw the Alberta NDP pick up 16 seats in the legislature. In contrast, during his last two terms, Lougheed never faced more than six opposition MLAs in total.
Decline and retirement
Getty called the 1989 election less than three years into his 1986 mandate to take advantage of the economic optimism prevalent in the province, partly as a result of the Canada-U.S. free trade agreement. While the P.C.s made spending promises including paving all of the province's secondary highways, the Liberals under new leader Laurence Decore stressed dealing with the deficit. The overall end result was respectable for the government, as it won a sixth term in government with a net loss of only two seats. However, Getty was defeated in his own riding by Liberal Percy Wickman. Brian C. Downey resigned his seat in the rural central Alberta riding of Stettler to allow Getty to run in a by-election, which he won handily. He built a home in the riding on Buffalo Lake, and was later accused of arranging for the lake to be risen so it would be better-suited for fishing (though Adair claimed that the arrangements had been in place since 1979, when he had been Minister of Recreation, Parks and Wildlife).
Getty's relationship with his own party was often stormy. Shortly after he lost his riding in 1989, a group of Calgary Conservatives, including party budget director Jack Major and Getty's old leadership rival Ron Ghitter, began making plans to force party renewal, with or without Getty. They felt that the party was perceived as being tired, directionless, arrogant, and deaf to urban concerns, and that it was in political trouble in the crucial battleground of Calgary. At the 1989 party convention, recently retired cabinet minister Marvin Moore, who had organized Ghitter's 1985 leadership campaign, advocated for a leadership review; after a speech by Getty, the convention voted to refer the recommendation to a committee for months of study. Cabinet ministers, including Treasurer Dick Johnston and Education Minister Jim Dinning, began to consider leadership bids in the event that Getty retired or was pushed out.
In 1992, as the national referendum on the Charlottetown Accord and the release of a report on the NovaTel incident loomed, Getty decided to leave politics. In his last months, he deliberately refrained from taking measures that he knew would be popular, such as shrinking cabinet, in order to leave them for his successor. After a party leadership election chose Ralph Klein to succeed him, Getty resigned as party leader December 5 and as Premier several days later.
Political legacy
As Premier, Klein positioned himself in contrast to Getty, asserting that the government had "a spending problem", and stating that he had become Premier at a time of "uncontrolled spending". Given Klein's aggressive spending cuts, which shaped the political climate of Alberta for much of the 1990s, Getty's legacy with respect to public finances has been criticized. However, Kevin Taft, writing four years before entering politics, challenged this view, asserting that Getty was running "the tightest government in Canada". Besides its management of the deficit, Getty's government is remembered for the creation of Family Day. For the most part, however, Getty dropped quickly from the public view and public memory. Lisac suggests that this is because, unlike his predecessor and successor, he lacked a central message:
Professional football career
Getty played 10 seasons with the Edmonton Eskimos as a quarterback. For the first part of his career, he backed up Jackie Parker and filled in for him when he was moved to running back. Eskimos coach Pop Ivy surprised many observers when he started Getty at quarterback in the third game of the 1956 western final (which was a three-game series at the time) during the 44th Grey Cup, with Parker at running back. However, it bore results as Parker tied the record for most touchdowns scored in a Grey Cup game, at three. Getty also handed the ball to Johnny Bright for two touchdowns and scored two himself on quarterback keeps from the one-yard line, as the Eskimos won their third consecutive championship over the Montreal Alouettes by a score of 50–27. He continued with Eskimos until 1963, and also made three appearances in the 1965 season.
Getty was one of the most successful Canadian-born quarterbacks in the history of the Canadian Football League and sits at third on the all-time passing yardage list of Canadian quarterbacks, behind Russ Jackson and Gerry Dattilio, with nearly nine thousand yards. He was declared the outstanding Canadian player in the Western Interprovincial Football Union in 1959, and was the runner up (to Jackson) for the Schenley Award as the league's most outstanding Canadian player the same year. He was placed on the Eskimos' Wall of Honor in 1992.
Career statistics
1Until and including the 1958 season, a tackle for a loss on a passing play was registered as a rushing attempt.
Retirement and death
Getty kept a low profile after leaving politics. He assumed several corporate directorships and spent time with his grandchildren. Unlike Lougheed, he rarely commented on political matters. He was appointed as an Officer to the Order of Canada in 1998.
In July 2008, after Ed Stelmach announced $2 billion in funding to industry to develop carbon capture technology, Getty's company sought some of the funding to bury carbon dioxide in salt caverns near Two Hills.
On February 26, 2016, Getty died of heart failure at the age of 82 in Edmonton, following years of declining health.
Honours
He was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on 21 October 1998. He was appointed as a Member of the Alberta Order of Excellence in 1999. He received the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992, the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012.
In 2012 he was inducted into the London Sports Hall of Fame in London, Ontario, in recognition of his achievements in Canadian football.
On 19 November 2013 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Alberta.
Electoral record
As party leader
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.
As MLA
Party leadership contest
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:1933 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:People from Westmount, Quebec
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Canadian men's basketball players
Category:Western Ontario Mustangs basketball players
Category:Players of Canadian football from Quebec
Category:Canadian football quarterbacks
Category:Western Ontario Mustangs football players
Category:Edmonton Eskimos players
Category:Grey Cup champions
Category:Canadian sportsperson-politicians
Category:Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs
Category:Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Category:Members of the Executive Council of Alberta
Category:Members of the United Church of Canada
Category:Officers of the Order of Canada
Category:Premiers of Alberta
Category:Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta
Category:20th-century Canadian politicians | {
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Filippo Serena
Filippo Serena (born 12 October 1999) is an Italian football player. He plays for Pontedera on loan from Venezia.
Club career
He made his Serie C debut for Venezia on 7 May 2017 in a game against Maceratese.
References
External links
Category:1999 births
Category:Sportspeople from Parma
Category:Living people
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Venezia F.C. players
Category:U.S. Città di Pontedera players
Category:Serie C players
Category:Serie D players | {
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Richard Carrión
Richard L. Carrión (born November 26, 1952) is the executive chairman of Popular, Inc., the parent company of Banco Popular de Puerto Rico and Popular Bank. Prior to assuming his current position in July 2017, he served as chairman and chief executive officer of Popular, Inc. for over 20 years. He is on the board of directors at Verizon Communications and Centro Financiero BHD and the supervisory board of NIBC Holding N.V. Carrión is currently a partner at J.C. Flowers & Co. He served as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 2008 to 2015.
Early life
Carrión was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His grandfather was one of the founders of Popular, Inc. (BPPR). He received a bachelor's degree from the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce in 1974 and an MS in Management Information Systems from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1976. After the master's degree, Mr. Carrión joined Banco Popular in 1976. After his father's death, Carrión became the leader of that banking corporation.
Popular, Inc.
While at the helm of Popular, Inc., Carrión led the way in bringing technology innovation to banking in Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands and several countries in Latin America. Carrión's vision brought the first network of ATMs to Puerto Rico and many other Latin American countries. He also spearheaded the successful migration from paper to electronic transactions and the establishment of the largest data processing center in the Caribbean, a regional leader in information technology.
Philanthropy
For almost three decades Mr. Carrión has divided his time between Popular and philanthropy, placing particular emphasis on education and sports. He is the founder and trustee of the Banco Popular Foundation; which, among other charities, has donated scholarships to over 1,000 students through the Rafael Carrión, Jr. Scholarship Fund. He currently serves on the board of directors of Verizon. Since 1992, Carrión has also been involved in the production of music videos that highlight Puerto Rico's musical culture and history. In 2007, he was appointed a member of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) Finance Commission.
Mr. Carrión has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. He participated in Sapientis Week, an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico.
International Olympic Committee
He has been a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 1990 and currently chairs the Finance Commission and is a member of the IOC's Marketing, TV and Internet Rights Commissions. Mr. Carrión led the negotiation team for the U.S. broadcast of the 2010 and 2012 Olympic Games – generating $2 billion in revenue – and was elected to the IOC executive board in 2004. He was one of the torch carriers for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
From 1987, he and the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee led a fight to try to bring the 2004 Summer Olympic Games to San Juan. That bid failed, however, when Athens was voted in 1997 as the city to host those games.
In 2012, Carrión awarded Javier Culson with the bronze medal for the 400 m hurdles and Jaime Espinal with the silver medal for wrestling freestyle 84 kg at the 2012 Olympics. Culson and Espinal were the first Puerto Ricans to win Olympic medals outside of boxing.
2013 Candidacy for IOC President
On May 22, 2013, Carrión confirmed that he would run for president of the IOC. At the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Carrión secured 29 votes in the final round of voting, but lost the election to Thomas Bach.
Personal life
Carrión is currently married to Isabella Heseltine. He was previously married to Conxita Viñamata Martorell, with whom he had a son, Rafael Luis. Carrión has 4 children from his first marriage, Io Ana, Richard, Ceciliana and Ana Sofía. Carrión is the cousin of Puerto Rican actress and radio talk show host Camille Carrión.
See also
Rafael Carrión Sr.
List of Puerto Ricans
References
Category:Puerto Rican businesspeople
Category:International Olympic Committee members
Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Category:Living people
Category:1952 births | {
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Duke Ping of Jin
Duke Ping of Jin (, died 532 BC) was from 557 to 532 BC the ruler of the State of Jin, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His ancestral name was Ji, given name Biao, and Duke Ping was his posthumous name. He succeeded his father, Duke Dao of Jin, who died in 558 BC.
Battle of Zhanban
In 557 BC, soon after Duke Ling ascended the throne, Jin fought its last major battle with its traditional enemy Chu at Zhanban (湛阪, in present-day Pingdingshan, Henan Province). Chu was defeated and lost all of its territory north of Fangcheng. The Battle of Zhanban marked the end of the eight-decade-long Jin-Chu rivalry, as a weakened Chu would be consumed by numerous wars with its new enemy Wu, culminating in the 506 BC Battle of Boju, when the Wu army would capture and destroy the Chu capital Ying. Meanwhile, Jin would increasingly be riven by internal strife that would ultimately lead to its partition into the new states of Han, Zhao, and Wei.
Battle of Pingyin
In 555 BC Duke Ling of the State of Qi switched his alliance from Jin to its enemy Chu. In response, Duke Ping invaded and inflicted a crushing defeat on Qi. The Jin army occupied large swathes of Qi territory, besieged the Qi capital Linzi, and burned down the outer portion of the city.
Rebellion of Luan Ying
In 550 BC Jin general Luan Ying (欒盈) from the powerful Luan clan rebelled at Quwo with support from Duke Zhuang II of Qi. Aided by the Wei clan, Luan's forces captured the capital Jiang (綘), before being defeated by the Jin army. Luan Ying was killed at Quwo and the Luan clan was exterminated. Two years later Jin attacked Qi again for supporting Luan's rebellion.
Death and succession
Duke Ping reigned for 26 years and died in 532 BC. He was succeeded by his son Yi, Duke Zhao of Jin.
References
Category:Monarchs of Jin (Chinese state)
Category:6th-century BC Chinese monarchs
Category:532 BC deaths
Category:Year of birth missing | {
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Brabham BT56
The Brabham BT56 was a Formula One car designed by John Baldwin and Sergio Rinland and raced by the Brabham team in the 1987 Formula One season. The car was powered by the straight 4 turbocharged BMW engine and raced on Goodyear tyres. Brabham finished 8th in the 1987 Constructors Championship with 10 points scored. It was driven by Andrea de Cesaris, Riccardo Patrese and Stefano Modena; both de Cesaris and Patrese scored a 3rd place driving the BT56.
This was the last Formula One Car until to use BMW engines, not counting the Megatron-badged engines used by Arrows in .
After a disappointing season with the BT55, the team reverted to a more conventional design in 1987. Long time Brabham designer Gordon Murray had moved to McLaren leaving the BT56 as the first Brabham car not designed by Murray since the Ralph Bellamy designed Brabham BT37 that raced in the and seasons. The BT56 was not a very competitive car; although it was quicker than some others (Patrese ran as high as second before retiring at the San Marino Grand Prix that year) it was nowhere near as competitive as the Williams, McLaren, Ferrari or Lotus cars that year. It was also a very unreliable car; of the 16 races, Patrese finished 6 races, and de Cesaris only finished one race- which was his third place at the Belgian Grand Prix that year; although he had a bad reputation for crashing, most of his retirements were due to mechanical failures, but some suspected that this was down to his questionable temperament and his harsh treatment of the car. Patrese also managed a third place in Mexico, although earlier in the season he had been unlucky to lose second place at the San Marino Grand Prix with alternator failure.
This was the last Brabham to use a turbocharged engine. It was also the last Brabham designed while longtime owner Bernie Ecclestone ran the team- he sold the team for US$5 million to Swiss businessman Walter Brun at the end of 1988 after buying it in 1972 for US$120,000 from the team's co-founder Ron Tauranac. Brabham would actually not appear on the Formula One grids through the season and would return in with the naturally aspirated Judd V8 powered Brabham BT58.
Complete Formula One results
(key)
References
Category:Brabham Formula One cars
Category:1987 Formula One season cars | {
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Reticulate banded gecko
The reticulate banded gecko or reticulated gecko (Coleonyx reticulatus) is a species of small gecko native to the United States (Texas) and Mexico (Coahuila).
Description
Reticulate banded geckos can grow to 6.5 inches long, and are a pink or brown color with brown or black spots, sometimes with faint banding. They can easily be mistaken for the Texas banded gecko as they share habitat, but the reticulate banded gecko grows to a larger size. They resemble leopard geckos.
Behavior
It is nocturnal and carnivorous, consuming almost any small species of arthropod. They are found in semi-arid, rocky areas. They are capable of vocalizations, and sometimes will emit squeaking sounds if handled.
Conservation concerns
The reticulate banded gecko is listed as a threatened species in the state of Texas, as it only occurs in two counties, but its habitat is fairly remote and not easily accessible and is not under immediate threat. Also, part of its habitat is found within the protected confines of Big Bend National Park.
References
Category:Coleonyx
Category:Reptiles of the United States
Category:Reptiles of Mexico
Category:Reptiles described in 1958 | {
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Toons.TV
Toons.TV was a multiplatform entertainment channel owned and operated by the Rovio Animation division of Rovio Entertainment (known best for creating the Angry Birds franchise). It was available on most Rovio apps, video-on-demand providers, smart TVs and other connected devices, as well as its own app. As of December 2014, its content was viewed more than four billion times.
As of August 2017, however, the Toons.TV brand has been discontinued; its site and the app are shut down, and any links to it have been redirected to the Angry Birds''' official YouTube channel.
Final programming
Original programmingAngry Birds Toons (16 March 2013 – 13 May 2016)Angry Birds Stella (1 November 2014 – 11 March 2016)Piggy Tales (11 April 2014 – 30 May 2019)Rocket Science Show (9 July 2015 featuring NASA, Special Journey to Mars appeared on 23 July 2016)Angry Birds Blues (10 March 2017 – 14 December 2017; first 10 episodes only)
Third-party programming
Wallace and Gromit: Cracking Contraptions Shaun the Sheep: Mossy Bottom Shorts Morph Glumpers Canimals Takat the Dog Pucca Shaman's Quest Qumi-Qumi Om Nom Stories 50 Birds, 50 States (Nat Geo Kids initiative)
Monsters & Pirates Olly: The Little White VanDiscontinued programming Annoying Orange Annoying Orange Orange Master Of Gossips Transformers Oggy and the Cockroaches Zig and Sharko The Daltons Rintindumb Space Goofs Zooville (Nat Geo Kids initiative)
Hubert and Takako Log Jam Oscar's Oasis (Developed by TeamTO)
Fraggle Rock Limon and Oli
Scaredy Squirrel (Creators Nelvana, YTV)
Chakra: The Invincible (also broadcast in Hindi at India only)
AngryBirdsNest'' (Videos from the popular fan website of the same name)
References
Category:Defunct video on demand services
Category:Rovio Entertainment | {
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Heavy Metal Soul by the Pound
Heavy Metal Soul by the Pound is the fifth full-length album from metal/funk/soul pioneers 24-7 Spyz. Released through the "What Are Records?" label, it is the first album to feature the band as a trio. Former drummer Joel Maitoza returns to replace Anthony Johnson, but the band decided not to replace departed vocalist P. Fluid. Instead, guitarist Jimi Hazel would also become the lead singer (bassist Rick Skatore would also share lead vocal duties in concert).
The album, clocking in at nearly 70 minutes, begins with five heavy metal tunes before entering a funk, soul, R&B, and pop section for over 20 minutes.
In March 1996, six months before the release of Heavy Metal Soul by the Pound, the Enemy label released an alternate European version of the album entitled 6. This version of the album does not include the songs "Earth And Sky" and "Save The World." Instead, the album contains covers of The Association's "Along Comes Mary" and Love's "7 and 7 Is." The album is titled 6 due to it being the sixth release by the band, if including the This is...24-7 Spyz! EP.
Together, both versions of the album helped reignite the band's popularity in Europe and the United States, but personal tensions and disagreements between Hazel and Skatore would lead to the official breakup of 24-7 Spyz the following year.
Track listing
Heavy Metal Soul by the Pound
"Spyz In Da House"
"Love and Peace"
"Yeah x 3"
"If I Could"
"Burned"
"Simple Minded Simon"
"Eyes Don't Lie"
"Interlude"
"El Lame"
"Earth and Sky"
"Free To Be"
"Let Your Fancy Flow"
"Crushonya"
"No Hope For Niggaz"
"Love For Sale"
"Clique"
"Save The World"
6 (European version)
"Spyz in Da House"
"Love and Peace"
"Yeah x 3"
"If I Could"
"Burned"
"Simple Minded Simon"
"Eyes Don't Lie"
"Interlude"
"El Lame"
"Free to Be"
"Let Your Fancy Flow"
"Crushonya"
"No Hope for Niggaz"
"Love for Sale"
"Clique"
"7 and 7 Is"
"Along Comes Mary"
Credits
Jimi Hazel: guitar, vocals
Rick Skatore: bass
Joel Maitoza: drums
Doug Pinnick: vocals on "Love And Peace" and "Yeah x 3"
References
Category:1996 albums
Category:24-7 Spyz albums | {
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Popůvky
Popůvky may refer to the following places in the Czech Republic:
Popůvky (Brno-Country District)
Popůvky (Třebíč District) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ecuador at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Ecuador competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. As of July 1, 2008, 25 Ecuadorians had qualified to compete in nine sports.
Medalists
Athletics
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Track & road events
Field events
Women
Track & road events
Boxing
Ecuador qualified three boxers for the Olympic boxing tournament. All three qualified at the first American qualifying tournament.
Cycling
BMX
Judo
Shooting
Women
Swimming
Men
Women
Taekwondo
Tennis
Weightlifting
See also
Ecuador at the 2007 Pan American Games
References
sports-reference
Category:Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2008
Summer Olympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Wim Jonk
Wilhelmus Maria "Wim" Jonk (born 12 October 1966) is a Dutch football coach, former international player and former Head of Academy at Ajax Amsterdam. Together with Jordi Cruyff, Jonk manages Cruyff Football and is responsible for the worldwide continuation and dissemination of the football legacy of Dutch football legend Johan Cruyff, who died on 24 March 2016. Jonk is the trainer of FC Volendam for the season 2019/2020, the club where Jonk started his career as football player. FC Volendam currently plays in the Eerste Divisie.
Biography
Born in Volendam, Jonk started his career in amateur club RKAV Volendam, before signing for Volendam in 1986. As a central midfield player, he scored many goals, assisting his club to promotion to the Eredivisie in 1987, where he scored a further of five goals. Ajax monitored his progress keenly and his skills did not escape the scouts of the club, who hastened his transfer to Amsterdam in 1988.
At Ajax, he slotted into the squad easily, even scoring 6 goals in his debut season. First team chances were regular, if not abundant, but his first appearance for the Dutch national team seemed a long way away. His gameplay is not very artistic, but he has earned a reputation as a midfield anchor in the same mould as other Dutch players like Aron Winter, Erwin Koeman, Philip Cocu, Mark van Bommel and Kevin Strootman. Therefore, with the Dutch 1990 World Cup squad brimming with attack-minded midfielders like Richard Witschge and Jan Wouters, he was unsurprisingly omitted from selection for the national team in the late 1980s as well as the 1990 World Cup squad. He helped Ajax to the 1992 UEFA Cup Final in which he scored to help them overcome Torino.
His pin-point passing, outstanding vision and combative and hard-working style of play earned him his debut for the Dutch national team in a 3–2 win in a friendly against Austria on 27 May 1992 and he signed on for Internazionale in 1993 before the 1994 World Cup, where he was joined by compatriot Dennis Bergkamp. The Italian club had seemingly followed their illustrious city rivals Milan into buying Dutch players in the hope to emulate Milan's success with Marco van Basten, Frank Rijkaard and Ruud Gullit in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The Dutch 1994 World Cup squad selected by then coach Dick Advocaat had been tipped to reach the quarter-finals of the tournament and Advocaat had opted for a central midfield pairing of Jonk and usually Jan Wouters or Rob Witschge, supported by speedy wingers such as Marc Overmars and Bryan Roy. In the first group game against Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands fell behind to a goal by Saudi player Fuad Amin in the 19th minute of the match before Jonk opened his World Cup scoring account by netting a 50th minute long-range effort from a good 35 metres out. Though the keeper could have saved the shot, it went in nonetheless, and the goal became one of the most spectacular of the tournament.
The Dutch went on to win the match by a goal from Gaston Taument in the 86th minute. Jonk would score another goal against the Republic of Ireland from another long-range effort and a goalkeeping blunder, in a convincing 2–0 win to help the Dutch qualify for a quarter-final meeting with Brazil.
Meanwhile, at Internazionale, he managed 54 appearances in two seasons and scored eight goals. He scored in a UEFA Cup Final again, this time as Internazionale won the 1994 final. However, when teammate Dennis Bergkamp left Internazionale for Arsenal at the end of the 1994–95 season, he felt that opportunities for a first team place at the Italian club seemed to be under threat (he was by then close to being 30 years old) and he went back to the Netherlands to sign with PSV. He stayed long enough at PSV to convince then manager Guus Hiddink to be selected for the 1998 World Cup in France, after being overlooked for Euro 1996. At the 1998 World Cup, Jonk played in five of the seven matches that the Netherlands played and did not score any goals.
With the appointment of Frank Rijkaard as the new manager after the 1998 World Cup, Jonk's international career seemed to be over. However, he did play once more for the Netherlands in a friendly against Denmark on 18 August 1999. Jonk finished his international career on 49 caps and 11 goals.
For the 1998–99 season, Jonk went to join Sheffield Wednesday for a fee of £2.5 million, where he was a regular starter for the relegation-threatened side. Apparently, his once-impressive performances for both club and country had gone and he was frequently injured, which caused the Wednesday fans to voice dissent about a clause in his contract which stipulated that he would automatically receive £5,000 per game which he would miss through injury. At the beginning of the 2000–01 season, he announced his retirement from the game.
Head of Academy
After his career as a player, Jonk featured as a TV football analyst on NOS Studio Sport, before returning to his first love FC Volendam as the board member for technical affairs. In this role Jonk also worked as an individual trainer and assistant to the first and second team of FC Volendam.
Between 2008 until November 2015, Jonk worked for Ajax Amsterdam. First as an individual technical skills trainer (2008 – 2011), later as the Head of Academy and member of the Technical Heart (2011 – 2015). In 2010, Jonk, Johan Cruyff and Ruben Jongkind wrote the Plan Cruyff which led to the so-called ‘velvet revolution’. In 2011, the Plan Cruyff was officially adopted as the new Ajax club policy. One of its core pillars was the fundamental reform of the Ajax youth academy, based on an individual approach in talent development. In concert with Cruyff as an advisor and Ruben Jongkind as Head of Talent Development, Jonk implemented this innovative vision between 2012 and 2015, sparking a rebirth of the academy including a new organisational structure and culture. During his time as Head of Academy, Jonk was a coach of a various Ajax youth teams, including Ajax Under 19.
After ongoing disagreement between Jonk and Cruyff with the board of directors, about the interpretation and lack of implementation of the Plan Cruyff at the first team and in the overall club policy, Jonk left the club in December 2015, together with Johan Cruyff and a large group of key academy personnel.
Cruyff Football
As of September 2016, Jonk and Jordi Cruyff co-manage and lead the Amsterdam-based international football institute Cruyff Football. Cruyff Football, the official heir of the football legacy of Johan Cruyff, is responsible for managing, protecting, sharing, developing and implementing the Cruyff football vision and talent development philosophy worldwide, at both professional football clubs and national football federations.
Honours
Ajax
Eredivisie: 1990
KNVB Cup: 1993
UEFA Cup: 1992
Internazionale
UEFA Cup: 1994
PSV
Eredivisie: 1997
KNVB Cup: 1996
Johan Cruijff Shield: 1996, 1997, 1998
References
External links
Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Netherlands international footballers
Category:AFC Ajax players
Category:Inter Milan players
Category:PSV Eindhoven players
Category:FC Volendam players
Category:Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Category:Eredivisie players
Category:Premier League players
Category:Serie A players
Category:UEFA Euro 1992 players
Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players
Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Category:People from Volendam
Category:AFC Ajax non-playing staff
Category:UEFA Cup winning players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Cloisters Cross
The Cloisters Cross, also referred to as the Bury St Edmunds Cross, is a complex 12th-century ivory Romanesque altar cross in The Cloisters, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The cross is carved from walrus ivory.
Description
The carvings which cover both front and back sides include ninety-two intricately carved figures and ninety-eight inscriptions. The figures, each of which is only about one-half inch tall, illustrate a number of Biblical scenes, and on the back a number of the Old Testament prophets with banderoles containing quotations from their books. There is debate over whether or not these inscriptions are chosen with an anti-Semitic intent. The Metropolitan Museum of Art's website currently says: "Prominent among the inscriptions are several strong invectives against Jews. Though it is impossible to know precisely who commissioned this piece and with what aims, the cross certainly offers some indication of the anti-Semitism prevalent in England at this time. By the end of the thirteenth century, Jews were expelled from the country". This theme was developed in a book by Thomas Hoving, the curator involved when the Metropolitan acquired the cross, and later Director. This was unkindly described in an academic review of Elizabeth C. Parker and Charles T. Little as "an autobiographical romance...written in Raymond Chandler style".
Parker and Little disagree with Hoving and think that it is doubtful that the cross, a sophisticated theological object, was specifically designed for the purpose of either castigating or converting any member of the small Jewish population in England in the mid-twelfth century.
The sculptor is not known. Thomas Hoving, who managed the acquisition of the cross while he was associate curator at The Cloisters, concluded that it was carved by Master Hugo at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in Suffolk. However, beyond stylistic affinities there is no certain evidence to suggest that the cross was even made in England; although this is accepted by most scholars, other places of origin such as Germany have been proposed.
The history of the cross before it was acquired by Ante Topić Mimara (1898–1987) is unknown. He sold it to the Metropolitan Museum in 1963. The British Museum was also keen to buy the cross, but they eventually declined, because Topić Mimara steadfastly refused to provide proof that he had full title to sell the cross. Hoving reportedly sat up drinking coffee with Topić Mimara until after midnight on the night that the British Museum's option lapsed, and he purchased the cross immediately afterwards for £200,000.
References
Literature
Thomas Hoving, King of the Confessors. Simon & Schuster. New York, New York: 1981.
Thomas Hoving, King of the Confessors: A New Appraisal. cybereditions.com. Christchurch, New Zealand: 2001.
Elizabeth C. Parker & Charles T. Little, The Cloisters Cross. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York: 1994, Full online PDF from MMA
External links
Picture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art website
Category:Romanesque art
Category:Ivory works of art
Category:Medieval European sculptures
Category:Sculptures of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Category:Altar crosses
Category:Individual crosses and crucifixes
Category:12th-century sculptures | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Baldurs draumar
Baldurs draumar (Baldur's Dreams) is the name of a ballet by the Norwegian composer Geirr Tveitt.
The story of the ballet is heavily based on the eddaic poem Baldrs draumar, rewritten to be more easily understood by the audience.
The ballet premiered as a concertante version in Oslo in 1938, with over 100 musicians and 12 custom made drums. It was one of the biggest musical events of the time.
Stavanger Symphony Orchestra made the first modern recording of the piece in 2004, based on a reconstruction by Russian composer Alexei Rybnikov and Norwegian composer Kaare Dyvik Husby. The record was released on BIS records to critical acclaim.
Reviews
Press reviews
External links
Stavanger Symphony Orchestra
BIS records
Category:Baldr
Category:Ballets by Geirr Tveitt
Category:Compositions by Geirr Tveitt
Category:1938 ballet premieres
Category:Neopagan music
Category:Norse mythology in music | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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John Wild (priest)
The Very Revd. John Herbert Severn Wild (1904–1992) was Dean of Durham and Master of University College, University of Oxford.
J. H. S. Wild was an undergraduate at Brasenose College, Oxford (1923–27) where he studied Greats.<ref name="reminiscences">Wild, J. H. S., Reminiscences of the Very Revd. J. H. S. Wild, University College Record, Volume IX, Number 4, pages 41–52, October 1988.</ref> He became an assistant curate in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Wild was then a Chaplain Fellow of University College from 1933–1945, before becoming Master. He was the only clerical Master of University College during the 20th century and was not a noted academic.
In 1951, he was selected to be Dean at Durham Cathedral. He succeeded Cyril Alington, whose eldest son, Giles Alington, was a Fellow at University College from 1944 to 1956, including while Wild was Master. Wild later became Dean Emeritus.
He was married to Margaret Elizabeth Everard Wild (née Wainwright), who died on 21 October 2008 at the age of 86.
Books
A Short Guide to the Cathedral Church of Durham'' (1957)
References
Category:1904 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Category:British chaplains
Category:Anglican chaplains
Category:Fellows of University College, Oxford
Category:Chaplains of University College, Oxford
Category:Masters of University College, Oxford
Category:Deans of Durham | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
House House
House House is an independent video game developer based in Melbourne, Australia. They are known for their video games Push Me Pull You (2016) and Untitled Goose Game (2019). The indie studio comprises four people: Nico Disseldorp, Jacob Strasser, Stuart Gillespie-Cook, and Michael McMaster.
Their first video game, Push Me Pull You, released for PlayStation 4 on 3 May 2016 and for computer systems on 12 July 2016. In 2017, a gameplay trailer for Untitled Goose Game went viral, which led to the company signing a publishing deal with Panic Inc. The game was later released on 20 September 2019 to critical acclaim, on the platforms Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows and macOS, with ports for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One which released on 17 December 2019. Untitled Goose Game was a commercial success, topping the download charts for the Nintendo Switch in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States.
In January 2020, House House confirmed they were giving 1% of all profits to the Pay the Rent scheme, in recognition that they make their video games on "stolen Wurundjeri land."
Products
Video games
Push Me Pull You (2016)
Untitled Goose Game (2019)
References
External links
Official website
Category:Video game development companies | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
At Short Notice... Live in Germany
At Short Notice... Live in Germany is the first live album by the Power metal band Narnia.
Track listing
"Introduction" - 2:23
"Inner Sanctum" - 5:49
"The Mission" - 4:04
"The Countdown Has Begun" - 5:05
"Back from Hell" - 7:26
"No Time to Lose" - 6:53
"Long Live the King" - 5:52
"Living Water" - 3:58
"Shelter Through the Pain" - 4:59
"Dangerous Game" - 5:06
"Awakening" - 5:47
"Break the Chains" - 5:40
"The Witch and The Lion" - 4:31
External links
Narnia at Metal-Archives
Category:Narnia (band) albums
Category:2006 live albums | {
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Bavarian B IV
Bavarian B IVs were early German steam locomotives with the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn).
The six engines built by Kessler were trialled with a Kessler boiler. This had a pear-shaped cross section and could therefore be set lower down between the wheels. The same effect was also attempted on the machines from Hartmann by using two boilers: a lower boiler with a small diameter and a larger, upper boiler. After two boiler explosions occurred, all the engines were equipped with normal boilers. All the vehicles had a steam dome in the centre, and the overhanging outer firebox had a flat top on which there was a safety valve and a pump (Fahrpumpe) driven by the crossheads.
They had Bavarian 3 T 5 tenders.
See also
List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses
External links
Railways of Germany forum
Category:2-4-0 locomotives
B 04
Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1852
Category:1B n2 locomotives | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Herbert Bunston
Herbert Bunston (15 April 1874 – 27 February 1935) was an English stage and screen actor. He is remembered for his role as Dr. John Seward in the Broadway and film versions of Dracula.
Bunston was born in Charmouth and briefly attended Cranleigh School in Surrey. before working as an actor. Bunston emigrated to the United States in 1922. His first Broadway appearance was Arthur Wing Pinero's The Enchanted Cottage in 1923. Other short-running roles in That Awful Mrs. Eaton! and Simon Called Peter were followed by a critically noticed role in a run of 260 performances of 1925's Young Woodley. On 5 October 1927, Bunston debuted as Dr John Seward in a Broadway production of Dracula with alongside Bela Lugosi.
Bunston's stage success led to a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Between 1929 and 1935 he had mainly character roles in over 30 films, and 1931 he re-created his Broadway role in the film adaptation of Dracula. Bunston died of a heart attack in 1935.
Bunston married Emily Fox Chaffey (1866-1939) in 1898 and they had two children, Margaret (1899-1966), and John (1905–1949).
Partial filmography
The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) - Lord Elton
The Lady of Scandal (1930) - Lord Crayle
Old English (1930) - Mr. Brownbee (uncredited)
Under Suspicion (1930) - Maj. Manners
Dracula (1931) - Doctor Seward
Always Goodbye (1931) - Merson
The Last Flight (1931) - Man on Train (uncredited)
I Like Your Nerve (1931) - The Colonel (uncredited)
Once a Lady (1931) - Roger Fenwick
Ambassador Bill (1931) - British Ambassador
Charlie Chan's Chance (1932) - Garrick Enderly
File 113 (1932) - Fauvel
Vanity Fair (1932) - Mr. Sedley
Almost Married (1932) - Lord Laverling (uncredited)
Smilin' Through (1932) - Minister (uncredited)
The Monkey's Paw (1933) - Sampson
Trick for Trick (1933) - Professor King (uncredited)
Long Lost Father (1934) - The Bishop
Gambling Lady (1934) - Doctor at Party (uncredited)
Riptide (1934) - Maj. Bagdall (uncredited)
Dr. Monica (1934) - Mr. Pettinghill
The Moonstone (1934) - Sir John Verinder
The Age of Innocence (1934) - W.J. Letterblair (uncredited)
Desirable (1934) - Uncle Fred (uncredited)
British Agent (1934) - First Cabinet Member (uncredited)
The Richest Girl in the World (1934) - Cavendish
The Little Minister (1934) - Mr. Carfrae
Clive of India (1935) - First Director (uncredited)
A Shot in the Dark (1935) - College President
After Office Hours (1935) - Barlow - Norwood's Butler
Les Misérables (1935) - Judge at Favorelles (uncredited)
Cardinal Richelieu (1935) - Duke of Normandy (final film role)
References/
Coughlin, Jim. "The Supporting Players of Universal's Dracula". Midnight Marquee #49, pp. 63–7.
"Herbert Bunston". Variety (US), March 6, 1935, p62.
External links
Category:1874 births
Category:1935 deaths
Category:English male stage actors
Category:English male film actors
Category:People educated at Cranleigh School
Category:People from Dorset
Category:20th-century English male actors | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Product stewardship
Product stewardship is an approach to managing the environmental impacts of different products and materials and at different stages in their production, use and disposal. It acknowledges that those involved in producing, selling, using and disposing of products have a shared responsibility to ensure that those products or materials are managed in a way that reduces their impact, throughout their lifecycle, on the environment and on human health and safety. This approach focusses on the product itself, and everyone involved in the lifespan of the product is called upon to take up responsibility to reduce its environmental, health, and safety impacts.
For manufacturers, this includes planning for, and if necessary, paying for the recycling or disposal of the product at the end of its useful life. This may be achieved, in part, by redesigning products to use fewer harmful substances, to be more durable, reusable and recyclable, and to make products from recycled materials. For retailers and consumers, this means taking an active role in ensuring the proper disposal or recycling of an end-of-life product.
Those who advocate it are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process. It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.
The most familiar example is the container-deposit legislation. A fee is paid to buy the bottle, separately from the fee to buy what it contains. If the bottle is returned, the fee is returned, and the supplier must return the bottle for re-use or recycling. If not, the collected fee can be used to pay for landfill or litter control measures. Also, since the same fee can be collected by anyone finding and returning the bottle, it is common for people to collect these and return them as a means of surviving: this is quite common, for instance, among homeless people in U.S. cities.
However, the principle is applied very broadly beyond bottles to paint and automobile parts such as tires. When purchasing paint or tires in many places, one simultaneously pays for the disposal of the toxic waste they become. In some countries, such as Germany, law requires attention to the comprehensive outcome of the whole extraction, production, distribution, use and waste of a product, and holds those profiting from these legally responsible for any outcome along the way. This is also the trend in the UK and EU generally. In the United States, the issue has been confronted via class action lawsuits that attempt to hold companies liable for the environmental impact of their products. Thus far, such as litigation or proposed accounting reforms such as full cost accounting have not gained much traction for the product stewardship concept in the United States beyond the realm of academe and corporate public relations (derisively referred to as greenwashing).
The demand-side approach ethical consumerism, supported by consumer education and information about environmental impacts, may approach some of the same outcomes as product stewardship.
Extended producer responsibility
Product Stewardship is often used interchangeably with extended producer responsibility, a similar concept. However, there are distinct differences between the two, as suggested by the semantics of the different terms used.
While both concepts bring the onus of waste management for end-of-life products from the government to the manufacturers, Product Stewardship further extends this responsibility to everyone involved in the life-cycle of the product. This includes not only the manufacturers, but also the retailers, consumers and recyclers as well.
See also
Extended producer responsibility
Recycling
Sustainability
References
External links
Product Stewardship Society
Product Policy Institute
The Product Stewardship Institute
Northwest Product Stewardship Council
Container Recycling Institute
Global Product Stewardship Council
Category:Corporate social responsibility
Category:Waste management concepts
Category:Waste minimisation
Category:Products and the environment | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1946 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1946 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1946. Democratic nominee William Lee Knous defeated Republican nominee Leon Lavington with 52.11% of the vote.
Primary elections
Primary elections were held on September 10, 1946.
Democratic primary
Candidates
William Lee Knous, Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court
Results
Republican primary
Candidates
Leon Lavington, Auditor of Colorado
Results
General election
Candidates
William Lee Knous, Democratic
Leon Lavington, Republican
Results
References
1946
Colorado
Gubernatorial | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Euonymus paniculatus
Euonymus paniculatus is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Tamil Nadu in India.
References
paniculatus
Category:Flora of Tamil Nadu
Category:Endangered plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
I'm Never Giving Up
"I'm Never Giving Up", written and composed by Ron Roker, Jan Pulsford, and Phil Wigger, was the United Kingdom's entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1983, performed by the trio Sweet Dreams.
Sweet Dreams won the right to perform at Munich by winning the UK national final, A Song for Europe, where they were the first act to perform. At Munich, the song was performed third on the night, after Norway's Jahn Teigen with "Do Re Mi", and before Sweden's Carola Häggkvist with "Främling." At the end of judging that evening, "I'm Never Giving Up" took the sixth-place slot with 79 points. Sweden awarded the UK its only 12 points of the night.
The song was sung up-tempo and related to the story of the singers "never giving up" in their quest to win back their lover, and restoring their love "the way it was before." The trio was dressed in exercise gear, with McVay colour-coordinated in blue, and Gray and Kray in red and yellow accessories, respectively. Also unique that year was their use of stools as props, sliding off them at one point to signify a key change in the melody.
After Eurovision, the song was placed at No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart during an eight-week run. It would become Sweet Dreams' only hit before they disbanded at the end of 1983.
Charts
References
Category:Eurovision songs of the United Kingdom
Category:Eurovision songs of 1983
Category:1983 in the United Kingdom
Category:1983 singles
Category:Songs written by Jan Pulsford
Category:1983 songs
Category:Songs written by Ron Roker
Category:Arista Records singles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Shimanagashi
Shimanagashi () is a form of punishment where people are banished to small islands. It was created during the feudal period in Japan, where political offenders were often sent away and confined on the island of Sado in the Sea of Japan.
References
Category:Punishments
Category:Legal history of Japan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Donald Laing
Donald Laing (May 24, 1883 – 1975) was a Scottish-born farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Kerrobert from 1926 to 1929 and from 1934 to 1938 and Kerrobert-Kindersley from 1938 to 1944 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Liberal.
He was born in Nairnshire, the son of Donald Laing and Ann Fraser, and was educated in Ardersier. Laing came to Canada in 1906. In 1913, he married Eleanor Brownell. He served as Reeve and was on the council for the rural municipality of Oakdale, also serving as reeve. Laing lived in Coleville, Saskatchewan. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1926 by-election held after John Albert Dowd resigned his seat. He was defeated by Robert Hanbidge when he ran for reelection to the assembly in 1929; Laing defeated Hanbridge in the general election that followed in 1934. He was defeated by John Wellbelove when he ran for reelection in 1944.
References
Category:Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLAs
Category:1883 births
Category:1975 deaths
Category:Scottish emigrants to Canada
Category:Canadian farmers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Maxima clam
The maxima clam (Tridacna maxima), also known as the small giant clam, is a species of bivalve mollusc found throughout the Indo-Pacific region. They are much sought after in the aquarium trade, as their often striking coloration mimics that of the true giant clam; however, the maximas maintain a manageable size, with the shells of large specimens typically not exceeding in length.
Description
Bivalves have two valves on the mantle. These siphon water through the body to extract oxygen from the water using the gills and to feed on algae. The maxima is less than one-third the size of the true giant clam (Tridacna gigas).
Shell
Adults develop a large shell that adheres to the substrate by its byssus, a tuft of long, tough filaments that protrude from a hole next to the hinge.
Mantle
When open, the bright blue, green or brown mantle is exposed and obscures the edges of the shell which have prominent, distinctive furrows. The attractive colours of the small giant clam are the result of crystalline pigment cells. These are thought to protect the clam from the effects of intense sunlight, or bundle light to enhance the algae's photosynthesis. Maxima produce the color white in their mantle by clustering red, blue and green cells, while individual T. derasa cells are themselves multi-colored.
Distribution and habitat
The small giant clam has the widest range of all giant clam species. It is found in the oceans surrounding east Africa, India, China, Australia, Southeast Asia, the Red Sea and the islands of the Pacific.
Found living on the surface of reefs or sand, or partly embedded in coral, the small giant clam occupies well-lit areas, due to its symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae, which require sunlight for energy production.
Biology
A sessile mollusc, the small giant clam attaches itself to rocks or dead coral and siphons water through its body, filtering it for phytoplankton, as well as extracting oxygen with its gills. However, it does not need to filter-feed as much as other clams since it obtains most of the nutrients it requires from tiny photosynthetic algae known as zooxanthellae.
Beginning life as a tiny fertilised egg, the small giant clam hatches within 12 hours, becoming a free-swimming larva. This larva then develops into another, more developed, larva which is capable of filter-feeding. At the third larval stage, a foot develops, allowing the larva to alternately swim and rest on the substrate. After eight to ten days, the larva metamorphoses into a juvenile clam, at which point it can acquire zooxanthellae and function symbiotically. The juvenile matures into a male clam after two or three years, becoming a hermaphrodite when larger (at around 15 centimetres in length). Reproduction is stimulated by the lunar cycle, the time of day, and the presence of other eggs and sperm in the water. Hermaphroditic clams release their sperm first followed later by their eggs, thereby avoiding self-fertilisation.
References
External links
Stephen D. A. Smith, Growth and population dynamics of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding) at its southern limit of distribution in coastal, subtropical eastern Australia; Molluscan Research 31(1): 37–41; ISSN 1323-5818
Category:Tridacna
Category:Fauna of Western Australia
Category:Bivalves described in 1798
Category:Taxa named by Peter Friedrich Röding | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2012 Budapest Grand Prix – Singles
Roberta Vinci was the defending champion, but decided to play at the Estoril Open instead.
Sara Errani won this tournament, defeating Elena Vesnina in the final, 7–5, 6–4. With this win, Errani extended her clay court winning streak to 15.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Qualifying Competition
| team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1= Eva Birnerová
| RD1-score1-1=6
| RD1-score1-2=6
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2= Krisztina Kapitány
| RD1-score2-1=1
| RD1-score2-2=3
| RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3=
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
2012 Singles
Budapest Grand Prix - Singles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Fjallavatn
Fjallavatn is the second largest lake in the Faroe Islands. It is situated on the island of Vágar and its size is 1 km2.
Category:Lakes of the Faroe Islands
Category:Vágar | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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