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Dishwashing liquid
Dishwashing liquid (BrE: washing-up liquid), known as dishwashing soap, dish detergent and dish soap, is a detergent used to assist in dishwashing. It is usually a highly-foaming mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation, and is primarily used for hand washing of glasses, plates, cutlery, and cooking utensils in a sink or bowl. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid also has various informal applications, such as for creating bubbles, clothes washing and cleaning oil-affected birds.
History
Washing soda (sodium carbonate) is used for dishwashing, and may be used in areas with hard water. It was used for dishwashing before detergents were invented in Germany during World War I. Liquid detergent used for dishwashing was first manufactured in the middle of the 20th century. Dishwashing detergent producers started production in the United States in the 1930–1940s. Teepol, the first such in Europe, commenced production in 1942.
In 2005, dishwashing detergent retail sales totaled nearly USD $10 billion worldwide.
Types
Dishwashing detergents for dishwashers are manufactured and marketed variously as cartridges, gel, liquids, pacs, powder, and tablets. Any dishwashing liquid may contain bleach, enzymes, or rinsing aids. Some dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as borax, essential oil, eucalyptus oil and grated bar soap, among others.
Dishwashing detergents can be formulated to work under different circumstances. In some cases suitably formulated they can be used with cold water or sea water, although they will not generally work as well as those intended for, and used with, hot water.
Common ingredients
The main ingredient is water; the main active ingredients are detergents. Detergents are used, rather than soaps, because they do not react with any minerals in the water to form soap scum. There are other thickening and stabilizing agents. Other ingredients may include surfactants, hydrotrope, salts, preservatives, fragrances, and dyes.
Surfactants remove grease and stuck food particles. They may also provide foam.
Some dishwashing products contain phosphates. Phosphate makes dishes cleaner but can also cause harmful algal bloom as the wastewater goes back to the natural environment. Because of this, it is banned as a component in many places.
In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over triclosan, an antibacterial substance used in some dish liquids. Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can "sabotage some sludge-processing microbes and promote drug resistance in others." The United States FDA has found that triclosan provides no health benefits over soap and water. As of 2014, at least one state within the United States has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids.
Many dishwashing liquids contain perfume which can cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis.
Brands
Euromonitor International research on dishwashing trends in eighty countries identified producers and brands with the largest 2013 retail value shares. Five multinational companies (Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Henkel, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever ,
Clean O Fast and HITRO PLUS), collectively held the greatest retail value shares in sixty-five of those countries. Summaries below show percentages of retail value shares and leading brand names in each country, according to Euromonitor International's 2013 reports.
Procter and Gamble held the highest retail value share percentages in twenty countries: with Fairy brand, United Kingdom, Estonia, Saudi Arabia (56%), United Arab Emirates (34%), Latvia (35%), Lithuania (32%), Finland (23%), Serbia (38%), Bosnia-Herzegovina (30%), Georgia (26%) and Uzbekistan (26%); Sweden (39%) with brand Yes, the Swedish Fairy brand; Greece (40%) with Fairy and Ava brands; with Fairy and Mif brands, Kazakhstan (28%) and Russia (29%); and Ukraine (41%) with Fairy and Gala brands; Canada (39%) with Cascade and Dawn brands; United States (52%) with Cascade brand; Mexico (44%) with Salvo and Dawn brands; Philippines (54%) with Joy brand.Fairy has one of the highest market shares in the Egyptian market.
Unilever held highest retail value share percentages in thirteen countries: Netherlands (25%); with Sunlight brand, Cameroon (32%), South Africa (56%), Indonesia, Thailand (66%); India (61%) with Vim brand; Vietnam (56%) with Sunlight Green Tea, Sunlight Lemon, and Sunlight Active Gel; France (34%) with Sun Turbo Gel and Sun tout en 1; with Sun brand, Switzerland (31%), and Belgium (30%); Argentina (54%) with Ala and Ala Ultra brands; Chile (57%) with Quix brand; and Uruguay (56%) with Hurra Nevex and Cif brands.
Henkel held highest retail value share percentages in nine countries: Germany (29%); Romania (35%); Algeria (22%) with Isis Pril; Egypt with KGaA, Port Said Detergents, and Pril brands; Croatia (22%) with Pur and Somat brands; Slovakia (33%) with Somat brand; Slovenia (35%) with Pril brand; Hungary (30%) with Pur and Somat brands; and Azerbaijan (22%) with Pril and Pemolux brands.
Reckitt Benckiser held highest retail value share percentages in nine countries: Italy (31%), Spain (29%); with Finish brand: Australia (38%), New Zealand (38%), Austria (32%), Ireland (29%), and Israel (27%); Denmark (30%) with Neophos brand; and Portugal (22%) with Calgonit brand.
Colgate-Palmolive held highest retail value share percentages in nine countries: Morocco (23%); Tunisia (24%) with Citrol brand; Malaysia (29%); Pakistan (55%) with Max brand; with Axion, Costa Rica (39%), Dominican Republic (31%), Colombia (40%), and Ecuador (39%); Guatemala (39%) with Axion and Doña Blanca brands.
Research summaries for three countries listed combined retail value shares that included domestic and international producers: Brazil's domestic producers led hand dishwashing products with Química Amparo, Bombril, and Flora Produtos de Higiene e Limpeza; Poland's Grupa Inco with Ludwik and Lucek brands, and Henka Polska with Pur and Somat brands, led sales with a combined retail value share of 46%; and in Belarus the Russian company PZ Cussons PLC accounted for 24% of retail value shares, with Morning Fresh brand, followed by Procter and Gamble (20%) and Henkel (19%).
Summaries for two countries listed combined results for international companies and brands: in the Czech Republic, Procter and Gamble, Henkel, and Reckitt Benckiser held a combined 71% retail value share; and in Turkey Reckitt Benckiser's Finish brand led with 32% retail value share for automatic dishwashing, while Henkel had 31% retail value share, and Pril brand led hand dishwashing liquid with a 42% retail value share.
In fifteen markets, domestic producers held the greatest 2013 retail value share with local brands: in China, Guangzhou Liby Enterprise Group held a 30% retail value share; Hong Kong company Lam Soon held 44% retail value share with Axe and Labour brands; Singapore company Lion Corp led sales with Mama Lemon, Mama Lemon Antibacterial, and Mama Royal brands; South Korean company LG Household & Health Care Ltd. held a 54% retail value share with dishwashing brands Pong Pong, Natural Pong and Safe; in Japan, Kao held a 33% retail value share with CuCute brand; Alimentos Polar in Venezuela held a 37% retail value share with Las Laves brand. In Nigeria, PZ Industries PLC held a 63% share, with Morning Fresh brand. In Norway, Lilleborg AS held 71% retail value share, with Sun and Zalo brands; in Bulgaria, Ficosota Syntez held 29% retail value share, with Eho and Feya brands; in Macedonia, Saponia dd held 22% retail value share; in Iran, Paxan Co. held 24% retail value share with Barf, Orchid, Goli, and Pride brands; in Bolivia, Astrix SA held 47%retail value share with Ola brand; in Peru, Intradevco Industrial SA held 63% retail value share with Sapolio brand; in Venezuela, Alimentos Polar held 37% retail value share with Las Llaves brand. The summary of dishwashing in Kenya noted most consumers there use alternatives like laundry detergent powder or soap instead of dishwashing liquids, but listed Haco as the leading dishwashing liquid, from Haco Tiger Brands Ltd.
Primary uses
Dishwashing liquid is used primarily for removing food from used dishes and tableware. Heavy soil (large food particles) is generally scraped from the dishes before using. Detergent formula can vary based on use (hand or automatic).
Hand dishwashing
Hand dishwashing is generally performed in the absence of a dishwashing machine, when large "hard-to-clean" items are present, or through preference. Some dishwashing liquids can harm household silver, fine glassware, anything with gold leaf, disposable plastics, and any objects made of brass, bronze, cast iron, pewter, tin, or wood, especially when combined with hot water and the action of a dishwasher. When dishwashing liquid is used on such objects it is intended that they be washed by hand.
Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. The reduced surface tension of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allows the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. However, most people also rinse the dishes with pure water to make sure to get rid of any soap residue that could affect the taste of the food.
Dishwashing liquid can be a skin irritant and cause hand eczema. Those with "sensitive skin" are advised amongst other things to persuade someone else to do the washing up.
Automatic dishwashing
Automatic dishwashing involves the use of a dishwashing machine or other apparatus. It is generally chosen through convenience, sanitation, or personal preference. The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants but more reliant on machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes. Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine.
Informal uses
Reader's Digest notes its use as an ant killer, weed killer, to help spread water-borne fertilizer, and to wash human hair. Good Housekeeping says it can be used mixed with vinegar to attract and drown fruit flies. Dishwashing detergent has been used to clean mirrors as well as windows.
Pling, an open source general purpose cleaner for glazed, plastic, chrome and inox bathroom and kitchen surfaces, published by Twibright Labs, uses dishwashing liquid as one of active ingredients.
Dishwashing liquid can be mixed with water and additional ingredients such as glycerin and sugar to produce a bubble-blowing solution.
Dishwashing liquid may be used for cleaning delicate clothing fabrics such as hosiery and lingerie.
Dishwashing liquid is frequently recommended in a dilute solution to make decals and vinyl graphics easier to position when applying.
In industry, dishwashing liquid is also used to inspect pressurized equipment for leaks, such as propane fittings. It is used to inspect pneumatic tires for flats, as well as for quality assurance during the installation process, and as a mounting bead lubricant.
Dishwashing liquid has uses as an ingredient in making homemade garden pest deterrents. Oregon State University's Cooperative Extension Service notes the use of dishwashing liquid to get rid of spidermites. Dish soap has also been used to deter aphids. In some instances, the dish soap may be toxic to plant leaves and cause them to "burn". Use of soap or dish detergent to help spread pesticide on plants is noted by University of Georgia extension service, but not recommended.
A solution of dishwashing liquid and water may be used to remove coffee, tea, olive oil, soda and fruit juice stains from fabrics. One dishwashing liquid brand has been used to remove stains from white or lightly-colored cloth napkins.
Dishwashing liquid has been used to treat birds affected by oil spills. After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, the International Bird Rescue Research Center received hundreds of cases of dishwashing liquid that were used for this purpose. More dishwashing liquid was donated during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to the International Bird Rescue Research Center and the Marine Mammal Center.
See also
Cleaning agent
List of cleaning agents
List of cleaning products
Soap
Green cleaning
Washing
References
Further reading
Category:Cleaning products
Category:Dishwashing | {
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Basaligundi
Basaligundi is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
References
Category:Villages in Belgaum district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
El Chirú
El Chirú is a corregimiento in Antón District, Coclé Province, Panama. It has a land area of and had a population of 3,623 as of 2010, giving it a population density of . Its population as of 1990 was 2,518; its population as of 2000 was 2,830.
References
Category:Corregimientos of Coclé Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Da Ros
Da Ros is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gianni Da Ros (born 1986), Italian cyclist
João Luiz Da Ros, Brazilian rugby union player
Emanuela Da Ros, Italian writer of children's books | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Shakuntala Railway
Shakuntala Railway was a narrow-gauge railway line between Yavatmal and Achalpur in Maharashtra in central India.
History
Killick, Nixon and Company, set up in 1857, created the Central Provinces Railway Company (CPRC) to act as its agents. The company built the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow-gauge line in 1903. The company built this narrow-gauge line in 1903 to carry cotton from cotton-rich interior areas of Vidarbha to the Murtajapur Junction on main broad gauge line to Mumbai from where it was shipped to Manchester in England. Murtajapur Junction was the focal point of this railway. In 1920 line from Darwha-Pusad was dismantled. Though, working autonomously, the CPRC was grouped in 1952 under the Central Railways. A ZD-steam engine, built in 1921 in Manchester, pulled the train for more than 70 long years after being put in service in 1923. It was withdrawn on 15 April 1994, and replaced by a diesel engine.
See also
Shakuntala Express
Conversion to broad gauge
In 2016, Indian Railways announced that the Shakuntala Railway would be converted to broad gauge.
References
Category:Vidarbha
Category:2 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Category:Defunct railway companies of India
* | {
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Burdachia
Burdachia is a genus in the Malpighiaceae, a family of about 75 genera of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. Burdachia comprises 3 species of trees and shrubs occurring in lowland forests near rivers or in low, periodically flooded places in Guyana and Amazonian Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru.
External links
Malpighiaceae Malpighiaceae - description, taxonomy, phylogeny, and nomenclature
Burdachia
Category:Malpighiaceae
Category:Malpighiaceae genera | {
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The Imposter (2012 film)
The Imposter is a 2012 British-American documentary film about the 1997 case of the French confidence trickster Frédéric Bourdin, who impersonated Nicholas Barclay, a Texas boy who disappeared at the age of 13 in 1994. The film was directed by Bart Layton. It includes interviews with Bourdin and members of Barclay's family, as well as archive television news footage and reenacted dramatic sequences.
Summary
Bourdin, who turned out to have a long record of impersonating various children, real or imaginary, embellished his claim to be Nicholas Barclay by alleging that he had been kidnapped for purposes of sexual abuse by Mexican, European, and U.S. military personnel and transported from Texas to Spain. His impersonation fooled several officials in Spain and the U.S., and he was apparently accepted by many of Barclay's family members, even though he was seven years older than Barclay, spoke with a French accent, and had brown eyes and dark hair rather than Barclay's blue eyes and blonde hair. The impersonation was eventually discovered as a result of the suspicions of a private investigator, Charles (Charlie) Parker, and an FBI agent, Nancy Fisher. Bourdin subsequently made a full confession, and in the film he elaborates on the various stages in his impersonation.
Layton said of Bourdin: "He invites sympathy. He has this childlike quality about him, and he can be very charming. And at other times he can be quite repellent, because he can be remorseless and you're reminded about what he did. So as a filmmaker, I was asking: how can I find a way of getting the audience to experience a bit of that?"
Credits
Interviews
Frédéric Bourdin
Carey Gibson
Beverly Dollarhide
Bryan Gibson
Codey Gibson
Nancy Fisher
Charlie Parker
Bruce Perry, M.D., Ph.D
Philip French
Drama sequences
Adam O'Brian as Frédéric Bourdin
Anna Ruben as Carey Gibson
Cathy Dresbach as Nancy Fisher
Alan Teichman as Charlie Parker
Ivan Villanueva as Social Worker
Maria Jesus Hoyos as Judge
Antón Martí as Male Police Officer
Amparo Fontanet as Female Police Officer
Ken Appledorn as U.S. Embassy Official
Reception
The film has received almost universal critical acclaim and has a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 95%. The film received the Grand Jury's Knight Documentary Competition at the 2012 Miami International Film Festival, and was nominated for the Grand Jury's World Cinema - Documentary prize at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival. It won the Filmmakers Award at the 2012 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. The film has been in official selection for several international film festivals, including South by Southwest, Edinburgh International Film Festival, True/False Film Festival, New Zealand International Film Festivals, Sydney Film Festival, Revelation Perth International Film Festival, Seattle International Film Festival, and San Sebastián International Film Festival.
It was nominated for six British Independent Film Awards, for Best Film, Best Director, Best Debut Director, Best Technical Achievement- Editing, Best Achievement in Production, and Best Documentary. It was also shortlisted for an Academy Award for Best Documentary. It was nominated for two BAFTAs at the 66th British Academy Film Awards, Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer and Best Documentary, winning the first.
UK-based film magazine Total Film gave the film a five-star review (denoting 'outstanding'): "Creepier than Catfish and as cinematic as Man on Wire, this is an unnerving story immaculately told and a strong contender for doc of the year." Peter Bradshaw, film critic for The Guardian, awarded the film five stars, writing, "This film is as gripping as any white-knuckle thriller: it is one of the year's best."
References
External links
Category:2012 films
Category:2010s documentary films
Category:British films
Category:British documentary films
Category:Documentary films about crime
Category:English-language films
Category:Film4 Productions films
Category:Films about missing people
Category:Films about con artists | {
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The Three Musketeers (1987 video game)
The Three Musketeers was a 1987 video game for Commodore 64, developed by American Action. The music in the game was made by Lars Hård from Greve Graphics.
References
Category:1987 video games
Category:Adventure games
Category:Amiga games
Category:Commodore 64 games
Category:DOS games
Category:Video games based on works by Alexandre Dumas
Category:Video games developed in Sweden
Category:Video games set in France
Category:Video games set in the 17th century | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Günther Simon
Günther Simon (11 May 1925 – 25 June 1972) was an East German actor.
Biography
Early life
A bank clerk's son, Simon attended an acting school already in Gymnasium. At the age of 16, he was sent to a premilitary training camp of the Hitler Youth and then drafted to the Reich Labour Service. He volunteered to join the paratroopers in August 1943. He was captured by American troops near Normandy and shipped to a POW camp in Colorado, where he acted in the camp's makeshift theater.
Breakthrough
After returning home in 1947, Simon took private acting lessons with Karl Meixner in the Hebbel Theater. He made his debut on stage in the Municipal Theater of Köthen at 1948, in a production of Dmitry Scheglov's The Storm. He then moved to the Schwerin Theater, in which he remained until 1950; there, he met his wife Margarita, who was employed as a dancer. Afterwards, Simon joined the cast of the Dresden Theater. In late 1951, he left it in favour of the Leipzig Theater, where he remained for only a short period.
Summit
Simon was cast for one of the leading roles in the 1952 film The Condemned Village, and since then was active mainly in cinema. At the same year, in spite of his inexperience, he was chosen to portray Ernst Thälmann in Kurt Maetzig's two-part propaganda epic about the communist leader's life. The picture was watched by millions and entered the East German schools' curriculum. Simon received the National Prize first class for his work on the first part, and the Best Actor Award in the 1956 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for his appearance in the second. He joined the country's Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) in 1954 and became a member of the DEFA Studio's management.
Simon appeared in some 30 pictures throughout the years. In 1956, he was awarded the Heinrich Greif Prize second class. He won the National Prize once more, in 1968, for his portrayal of Krause in the television miniseries Krause and Krupp, and received the Art Prize of the Free German Trade Union Federation thrice, in 1967, 1968, and 1971. He had three sons and one daughter, and is buried in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery.
Selected filmography
Das verurteilte Dorf (1952)
Anna Susanna (1953)
Swings Or Roundabouts (1953)
Ernst Thälmann (1954)
Damals in Paris (1956)
Don't Forget My Little Traudel (1957)
The Sailor's Song (1958)
My Wife Makes Music (1958)
Geschwader Fledermaus (1958)
Sun Seekers (1958/1972)
Eine alte Liebe (1959)
Kein Ärger mit Cleopatra (1960)
First Spaceship on Venus (1960)
The Dress (1961)
At A French Fireside (1963)
Der Frühling braucht Zeit (1966)
Bread and Roses (1967)
KLK Calling PTZ - The Red Orchestra (1971)
Ripe Cherry (1973)
References
External links
Category:1925 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:Male actors from Berlin
Category:German male stage actors
Category:German male film actors
Category:German male television actors
Category:Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
Category:Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
Category:Recipients of the Heinrich Greif Prize
Category:20th-century German male actors | {
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Carmody Hills-Pepper Mill Village, Maryland
Carmody Hills-Pepper Mill Village was a census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland during the 2000 census. The combination was arbitrary, and in the mind of most local people there are two separate communities: Carmody Hills and Pepper Mill Village. For the 2010 census the area has been renamed as the Peppermill Village CDP.
Geography
Carmody Hills-Pepper Mill Village was located at (38.895412, −76.890123).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the place had a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,801 people, 1,578 households, and 1,256 families residing in the area. The population density was 6,501.9 people per square mile (2,505.0/km²). There were 1,686 housing units at an average density of 2,283.3/sq mi (879.7/km²). The racial makeup of the area was 1.46% White, 96.90% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.
There were 1,578 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 32.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.36.
In the area the population was spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.2 males.
The median income for a household in the area was $49,068, and the median income for a family was $52,206. Males had a median income of $32,993 versus $35,357 for females. The per capita income for the area was $18,258. About 6.2% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
Category:Former census-designated places in Maryland | {
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Rose Canyon Fault
The Rose Canyon Fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault running in a north-south direction through San Diego County, California.
Extent
The Rose Canyon Fault is about in length. It starts in the Mission Valley area and heads past Mt. Soledad and La Jolla into the Pacific Ocean where it joins other faults such as the Oceanside Fault.
Current state
Not much is known about the Rose Canyon fault, though its slip-rate is thought to be 1.1 mm/year.
The Rose Canyon Fault has sustained at least one late Holocene rupture, with the date of the earthquake estimated to be after AD 1450 and most likely prior to construction of the San Diego Mission in 1769, as a large historical Rose Canyon earthquake would likely have destroyed that mission. The last earthquake believed to have occurred on the fault occurring on May 27, 1862, which was around magnitude 6; however, its association with the Rose Canyon Fault is debatable.
The Rose Canyon Fault has garnered more attention because it runs through such highly populated areas, but is not thought to be much of a threat. However, some geophysicists, such as Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher Jeff Babcock, have hypothesized that a concentrated earthquake involving the Rose Canyon, Oceanside, and Newport–Inglewood faults could result in an earthquake up to magnitude 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale. A 2017 study concluded that, together, the Newport–Inglewood Fault and Rose Canyon Fault could produce an earthquake of 7.3 or 7.4 magnitude.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Faults and Earthquakes in San Diego County – San Diego Natural History Museum
Category:Seismic faults of California
Category:Geology of San Diego County, California
Category:La Jolla, San Diego
Category:Mission Valley, San Diego | {
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Vulturești, Vaslui
Vulturești is a commune in Vaslui County, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Buhăiești, Podeni, Voinești and Vulturești.
References
Category:Communes in Vaslui County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
13.2mm TuF
The Mauser 13.2mm TuF (; lit. "tank and aircraft", known also as 13.2×92mmSR) cartridge, was a major step in the development of anti-tank cartridges, being the first one designed for the sole purpose of destroying armored targets.
History
The cartridge was used in the Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr rifle. Its use was also planned in a new machine gun scheduled for deployment in 1919, the MG 18 TuF.
The 13.2 mm Tuf was designed to counter early British tanks which made their appearance during late World War I. Since a tank's path was difficult to determine prior to its deployment near the front, land mines were difficult to employ as a deterrent to their forward passage. Light artillery pieces pressed into service as anti-tank guns were very effective, but cumbersome and difficult to bring into action quickly enough. Thus, another means of combating these early armored vehicles needed to be found. Since early plate armor was relatively thin due to the need to reduce vehicle weight for low powered drive trains to propel the unit (and since tanks were mainly designed to protect from machine gun fire), large bore rifles could be used to harass and kill tank crews.
The development of the .50 BMG round is sometimes confused with the German 13.2 mm TuF. However, the development of the U.S. .50 caliber round was started before this later German project was completed or even known to the Allied countries. When word of the German anti-tank round spread, there was some debate as to whether it should be copied and used as a base for the new machine gun cartridge. However, after some analysis, an exact copy of the German ammunition was ruled out, its performance was inferior to the later .50 BMG (which some maintain is just enlarged .30-06 Springfield round, which in itself is a modification of an earlier German Mauser round), and because it was a semi-rimmed cartridge, making it sub-optimal for an automatic weapon, although others have stated the .50 BMG is nothing more than a rimless necked down copy of the German round. That said, when the U.S. military learned of the German round the .50 BMG was still on the drawing boards and the fact that the .50 BMG was started prior to discovery of the German round can in no way rule out the often stated belief that the German round played a significant part in formulating the .50 BMG round, even if the latter emerged with significantly different ballistic characteristics. Despite an effort by some to claim the .50 BMG was without any outside influences many sources still continue to mention the association between the two rounds, which seems to have at least some merit given the documentary evidence.
Design
The 13.2 Tuf utilized a 92 mm-long semi-rimmed case featuring a shallow bottle-neck. It was developed by the Polte ammunition factory in Magdeburg, Germany.
See also
List of rifle cartridges
13 mm caliber
References
"An Introduction to Anti-Tank Rifle Cartridges" by Anthony G. Williams
Category:Heavy machine guns
Category:Military cartridges
Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges | {
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Vicente Alberti y Vidal
Vicente Alberti y Vidal (1786 in Mahón – 1859) was a Spanish writer. He wrote Diccionario de voces sagradas, técnicas, históricas y mitológicas in 10 volumes.
Category:People from Mahón
Category:19th-century Spanish writers
Category:1786 births
Category:1859 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eva Taylor
Eva Taylor (January 22, 1895 — October 31, 1977) was an American blues singer and stage actress.
Life and career
Born Irene Joy Gibbons in St. Louis, Missouri, as one of twelve children. On stage from the age of three, Taylor toured New Zealand, Australia and Europe before she was in her teens. She also toured extensively with Josephine Gassman and Her Pickaninnies, a vaudeville act. She settled in New York City by 1920. There she established herself as a performer in Harlem nightspots. Within a year she wed Clarence Williams, a producer (hired by Okeh Records), publisher, and piano player. The newlyweds worked together on radio and recordings. They recorded together through 1930s. Their legacy includes numbers made as the group Blue Five in the mid-1920s, which included the jazz clarinetist and saxophonist Sidney Bechet, trumpet virtuoso Louis Armstrong, and such singers as Sippie Wallace and Bessie Smith.
In 1922 Taylor made her first record for the African-American-owned Black Swan Records, which billed her as "The Dixie Nightingale." She recorded dozens of blues, jazz and popular sides for Okeh and Columbia throughout the 1920s and 1930s. She adopted the stage name Eva Taylor, but she also worked under her birth name in Irene Gibbons and her Jazz Band.
She was part of the Charleston Chasers, the name given to a few all-star studio ensembles who recorded between 1925 and 1930. In 1927, Taylor appeared on Broadway in Bottomland, a musical written and produced by her husband, which lasted for twenty-one performances. In 1929 she had her own radio show on NBC's Cavalcade. She then worked for many years on radio station WOR, in New York (guesting on Paul Whiteman's radio show in 1932). Taylor stopped performing during the 1940s. She returned to performing in the mid-1960s, after her husband's death, and toured in Europe.
Death
Taylor died from cancer in 1977 in Mineola, New York. She was interred next to her husband, Clarence Williams, under the name Irene Joy Williams in Saint Charles Cemetery, in Farmingdale, New York.
Their son, Clarence Williams, Jr. (1923–1976) was the father of the actor Clarence Williams III.
Their daughter Joy Williams (1931–1970) was a singer and actress, performing under the stage name Irene Williams.
Discography
References
Further reading
Sheldon Harris: Blues Who’s Who: a Biographical Dictionary of Blues Singers (Da Capo Press, 1979, most recent edition 1994
A. Napoleon: “The Return of Eva Taylor,” Jazz Journal Volume 21, Issue 1 (1968), page 30.
External links
Eva Taylor bio
Eva Taylor on discogs.com
Bottomland on the Internet Broadway Database
Category:1895 births
Category:1977 deaths
Category:American blues singers
Category:African-American female singers
Category:Burials at Saint Charles Cemetery
Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Category:Classic female blues singers
Category:Okeh Records artists
Category:Musicians from St. Louis
Category:Vaudeville performers
Category:African-American actresses
Category:American stage actresses
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:20th-century American singers
Category:Singers from Missouri
Category:20th-century American women singers
Category:The Charleston Chasers members | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Suguta Valley
The Suguta Valley, also known as the Suguta Mud Flats, is an arid part of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya (Africa), directly south of Lake Turkana.
Location
The Suguta valley today is one of the driest parts of Kenya, with annual rainfall below .
Lake Logipi seasonally fills a small part of the northern end of the valley.
The valley has a relatively flat floor about above sea level.
It is bordered by land to the east and west rising to and dotted with volcanic cinder cones.
The Barrier Volcano, a broad volcanic complex, separates the valley from Lake Turkana.
Mount Ngiro rises to the east of the Suguta valley.
The Losiolo Escarpment, rising above the valley floor on the east side near Maralal provides one of the most dramatic views of the Kenyan rift valley.
Namarunu, a volcano active in historic times, extends into the valley from the western wall.
The Suguta Valley lies along the axis of the Gregory Rift, which has been faulting in this area since the Pliocene along a belt wide. The belt lies between the Ngiro basement uplift to the east and the Loriu Plateau to the west, and is thicker in the eastern part. Exposed volcanic rocks include basalts, tuffs and ash formed between 4.2 and 3.8 million years ago, the products of trachytic volcanism from 3,8 to 2.6 million years ago and basaltic and alkali basaltic rocks created from that period until the present.
In the early Pliocene the least horizontal stress direction - the direction of rift expansion - was NW-SE.
Hydrology
Lake Suguta once filled the valley, at times overflowing into Lake Turkana.
The lake level rose and fell several times in the last 18,000 years due to changes of rainfall during the African Humid Period that lasted from 14,800 to 5,500 years ago.
The lake level began to drop about 8,000 years ago, falling by .
The valley is drained by a seasonal stream, the Suguta River, which in the rainy season forms the temporary Lake Alablad, a playa lake that combines with Lake Logipi at the northern end of the valley.
In the dry season saline hot springs help maintain water levels in Lake Logipi, which is about to at its greatest depth, about wide and wide.
Ecology
The saline waters provide food for cyano-bacteria and other plankton, which in turn are food for flamingoes.
Due to the inaccessibility and harsh climate, with temperatures reaching , only the most determined tourists visit the site.
The valley is used as a hide-out by Pokot and Turkana cattle rustlers. It is considered a "no go" region by the police due to the extremely harsh environment and familiarity of the rustlers with the terrain.
November 2012 Police Killings
In November 2012 over 40 Kenya Police officers and reservists were killed in the Suguta Valley near Baragoi while on a mission to recover stolen cattle.
References
Sources
Category:Great Rift Valley
Category:Masai xeric grasslands and shrublands
Category:Valleys of Kenya | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Poseidon Wars 3-D
Poseidon Wars 3-D is a 1989 Sega Master System video game that was released in North America and Europe.
Gameplay
The player has just been recruited to the United States Navy as a cadet. Like all cadets that serve in the U.S. Navy, the ultimate career goal is to be promoted to admiral. Players must go on various tours of duty with a submarine and destroy targets like battleships and anything vital to the enemy's war efforts. Upon completing a certain amount of missions, the player moves up in the Navy rankings.
If the player runs out of fuel or gets totally damaged, the mission becomes an immediate failure. In this manner, the fuel acts as a sort of time limit that is realistically indicated in-game.
References
External links
Category:1989 video games
Category:Master System games
Category:Master System-only games
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Video games with stereoscopic 3D graphics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eugene W. Hickok
Dr. Eugene W. Hickok (Born 1951, Denver, Colorado) is an advocate for public education reform and an expert in constitutional law.
Education
Hickok is a 1972 graduate of Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia. He also received his master's and Ph.D. from the University of Virginia.
Career
Academics
For 15 years, Hickok taught political science at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and served as director of the college's Clarke Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Contemporary Issues. He also was an adjunct professor at the Dickinson School of Law. He was recognized as an outstanding teacher and was twice awarded Dickinson's prestigious Ganoe Award for Inspirational Teaching in 1985 and 1990. Hickok now serves as an adjunct professor of Constitutional Politics at the University of Richmond.
He also was an associate director of the political science department at Mississippi State University, and the director of financial aid for Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia.
An expert on public policy, the U.S. Constitution and Federalism, Hickok has published articles and books on government and public policy, and has made presentations on these topics before myriad local, state and national organizations. In 1991, Hickok was a consultant to the governments of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia regarding constitutional, political, and economic reform.
In 1986 and 1987, Hickok served as a special assistant in the Office of Legal Counsel at the U.S. Department of Justice. He also has served as an adjunct scholar at the Heritage Foundation, where he was a resident scholar in 1990 and 1991.
He was elected as a member of the Carlisle Area School District Board of Directors and served until his appointment in 1995 as Education Secretary.
Hickok also was a founding member and chairman of the Education Leaders Council, a group of reform-minded education chiefs who oversaw 30 percent of the nation's K-12 public school students in 2000.
He also served on the Carlisle Area School District School Board, before being appointed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.
Hickok was Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Education, where he was responsible for overseeing the state's education system - kindergarten through college. He was an advocate for parental choice and accountability in education and introduced standards for students and teachers. He was an early advocate for public charter schools and worked to pass Pennsylvania's law to allow for the creation of locally designed charter public schools.
Deputy Secretary of Education
President George W. Bush nominated Hickok as his Deputy Secretary of Education on March 30, 2001 and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 10, 2001. Hickok served as both the Under Secretary of Education and Acting Deputy Secretary between July 2003 and November 3, 2003 when the President nominated him to become Deputy Secretary. The deputy secretary is the chief policy advisor to the Secretary. In this position, Hickok oversaw and managed the development of policies, recommendations and initiatives that help define a broad, coherent vision for achieving the President's education priorities, including the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB).
However, on December 2, 2004, Hickok announced he was resigning as deputy education secretary, one week after a federal study concluded that charter schools were "less likely to meet state performance standards" due to "higher numbers of low-achieving minority students from poor families." The relative performance of charter schools compared to the national public school system is a debated aspect of NCLB. In addition, two months earlier the Government Accountability Office had also criticized NCLB citing "serious obstacles" and "a lack of clear and timely guidance from federal officials" in response to the program's newly expanded annual testing practices. The GAO recommended that the Department of Education provide states with written guidelines, however Hickok rejected the request.
In July 2005, Hickok was hired by Washington, DC-based Dutko Worldwide to head their education practice. Dutko is a Washington, DC-based government affairs firm who, according to their web site, is "consistently ranked as one of the top 10 most powerful lobbying firms in the country by FORTUNE magazine." Also in July, former deputy education secretary Hickok registered as a lobbyist with the United States Senate Office of Public Records.
References
External links
U.S. Department of Education Biography
http://www.carlisleschools.org
Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Elizabethtown College alumni
Category:Hampden–Sydney College alumni
Category:The Heritage Foundation
Category:State cabinet secretaries of Pennsylvania
Category:George W. Bush administration personnel
Category:United States Deputy Secretaries of Education
Category:Pennsylvania Republicans | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Electoral district of Bancroft
Bancroft is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created in the 2017 redistribution. It is named after pioneer doctor Joseph Bancroft.
Located in the Moreton Bay Region, Bancroft consists of the north and central sections of the existing electorate of Murrumba, including the suburbs of Burpengary East, Deception Bay, North Lakes and parts of the Narangba, Rothwell, Morayfield and Mango Hill suburbs.
Members for Bancroft
Election results
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
Category:Electoral districts of Queensland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sherry Dutzy
Sherry Dutzy is an American politician. She is a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, where she represents Ward 3 of the city of Nashua, New Hampshire. She is a Democrat.
Political career
Dutzy was elected in 2018 as part of the Demoratic blue wave that swept the United States, including New Hampshire.
In 2019, Dutzy voted in favor of HB 564, a gun control law that bans firearms being carried on public school property in New Hampshire.
She endorsed Michael Bennet during the 2020 democratic primaries.
References
Category:Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Category:21st-century American women politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Lakes, Copenhagen
The Lakes () in Copenhagen, Denmark are a row of three rectangular lakes curving around the western margin of the City Centre, forming one of the oldest and most distinctive features of the city's topography. The paths around them are popular with strollers, bikers and runners.
History
Originally the area, which the lakes now form, was one long stream. It had an arch shape and was just outside the city levees. In the early Middle Ages, a need of water for watermills was determined. As a result of this a dam was built and the Peblinge Sø was created.
As a result of a siege of Copenhagen in 1523, it was decided to expand the entrenchments in order to improve the fortifications of the city. The levee at Peblinge Sø was expanded and another was created, which resulted in the creation of Sortedams Sø. In the beginning of the 16th century, Sankt Jørgens Sø was created, by further damming. This made it possible to flood the banks and lakes in case of an attack.
Peblinge Sø and Sortedams Sø also served as reservoirs for the city, and in the period 1705-1727 they were cleaned and dug deeper. The edges were also straightened, giving them their current shape. In the middle of the 18th century they were discontinued as a source of drinking water, due to poor water quality. Sankt Jørgens Sø was to be used instead and it was cleaned and straightened in a similar manner as had the two other lakes 120 years earlier. Until the end of World War II, it played a central role in as a reservoir in Copenhagen and as a backup reservoir until 1959.
The first Fredensbro (bridge) was built across Sortedams Sø in 1878 as a small wooden bridge. The current Fredensbro is a wide levee, that separates the two basins. It was created in 1976-1977.
The vertical slopes of Peblinge Sø and Sortedams Sø were made in 1929, where the pathways surrounding the lakes also were made. In the 60's it was suggested a four lane city ring (named Søringen) be constructed, but the project was disbanded and the lakes were granted the a status of a protected area in 1966.
Fugleøen (the Bird Island) is located within the northern basin of Sortedams Sø. It was raised to fame in 1967, when it was "liberated" by a group of activists, who declared it an independent state, separate from Denmark.
There are plans to create a park around Sankt Jørgens Sø, with the dual use of acting as a detention basin for cloudburst flood waters. Likely as a consequence of Global Warming, cloudbusts have become much more common in Denmark, making the sewerage pipes designed for the old weather patterns insufficient; using Sankt Jørgens Sø as a detention basin is just one of many such projects in Copenhagen. The municipality of Copenhagen together with Nordic Innovation, an organisation under Nordic Council of Ministers, is launching an extensive climate adaptation and urban space initiative with objectives such as redirecting rainwater from cloudbursts, purifying the water running into the Peblinge City Lake, and creating new, attractive and more liveable urban spaces. Ramboll is Technical Lead this project team which is led by the design studio SLA.
Geography
The landmark consist of three artificial lakes, which are divided into five basins:
Sankt Jørgens Sø () is made of two basins (south and north) with the southernmost point at the Tycho Brahe Planetarium and northernmost point at Gyldenløvesgade (a continuation of H. C. Andersens Boulevard which passes City Hall Square). The two basins are divided by a levee that serves as a foundation for the street Kampmannsgade.
Peblinge Sø (). A single basin between Gyldenløvesgade and Dronning Louises Bro (), which is the continuation of Nørrebrogade. The word pebling means little priest, and was used metaphorically for any student in the elementary and secondary schools in Denmark during the time when the church was the sole provider of education.
Sortedams Sø () consists of two basins (north and south). The southernmost point is by the Dronning Louises Bro, while the northernmost is by Østerbro. The lakes are separated by Fredensbro ().
Water
The lakes inlet is through piped streams (Grøndalsåen, Lygteåen and Ladegårdsåen). These streams jointly provide water from the wet-area Utterslev Mose, the lake Emdrup Sø and to a lesser degree the lake Damhussøen. Ladegårdsåen was converted from an open stream to a piped stream in 1925 and is located below the streets Ågade and Åboulevarden. It provides water for Peblinge Sø and has its endpoint near the pavilion Søpavillonen (). From the lakes the water is streamed further on, with an endpoint at the north end of Sortedams Sø, to the lakes in Østre Anlæg, the Fredrikshavn Entrenchment and Øresund. The water has an average time in the lakes of approximately 1 year.
The water in Utterslev Mose and Emdrup Sø is very high in nutrients. As a result of this, large quantities of algae formed in the lakes and the water became rather unclear as well as hindering animal and plant life. In 1999 the municipality of Copenhagen erected a water treatment plant by Emdrup Sø, to clean the water that was being led to the lakes. This allowed for the re-creation of the water environment. Currently the water is much more clear and animal and plant life are present.
Use
The lakes primarily serve as a recreational area and the paths surrounding them are popular for strolls and a favoured running route. The total distance around the lakes is 6.4 km.
Sankt Jørgens Sø has a depth of 4–5 metres with sloped sides. The other lakes have a depth of 2.5 metres, with hard vertical edges (made of granite). In Sortedams Sø, two artificial islands has been created. They are named Fiskeøen () and Fugleøen () and both serve as sanctuary for birds.
See also
Søtorvet, Copenhagen
Sortedam Lake
References
External links
Visit Copenhagen information
Category:Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
Category:Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
Category:Geography of Copenhagen
Category:Lakes of Zealand
Category:Artificial lakes | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ahmed Jahan Nuristani
Ahmad Jahan Nuristani was an Afghanistan field hockey player, who competed at the 1948 Summer Olympic Games and played in all three matches.
References
Category:Afghan male field hockey players
Category:Olympic field hockey players of Afghanistan
Category:Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Year of birth missing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
In the Shadow of the Dreamchild
In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll is a 1999 book by British author Karoline Leach that posited the concept of the "Carroll Myth": the idea that many of the most famous aspects of Lewis Carroll's biography, including his supposed adoration of Alice Liddell, are more legend than fact.
Its main contentions are:
Lewis Carroll was not 'exclusively focused' on female children as has been claimed by all previous biographers
He did not 'lose interest' in girls over the age of 14, and that many of his so-called 'child-friends' had actually been grown women
Alice Liddell was not 'the real Alice', and that Carroll was never in love with her, or asked to marry her
His relationships with adult women have been consistently under-examined and misreported
His life was haunted by an unnamed pain that may have involved a guilty love affair
The book has had considerable impact on Carroll studies and reactions to it have been very polarised.
See also
Morton N. Cohen
Hugues Lebailly
Further reading
Ronnen, Meir. "Lewis Carroll's girls". Jerusalem Post. 20 May 1999.
Heptonstall, Geoffrey. "In the Shadow of the Dreamchild". Contemporary Review. August 1999. Accessed 11 April 2011.
Rankin, Donald. Review. Victorian Studies 43(4): 650–653. Summer 2001.
Shulevitz, Judith. "THE CLOSE READER; What Was on Lewis Carroll's Mind?". The New York Times. 7 April 2002. Accessed 11 April 2011.
External links
In the Shadow of the Dreamchild, website for the book
Category:Lewis Carroll
Category:British non-fiction literature | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Red Baron Records
Red Baron Records was a jazz record company and label founded by Bob Thiele around 1991.
The Bob Thiele Collective, an all-star group, recorded three albums for the label which Thiele produced. Other new recordings included music by John Hicks, Steve Marcus, David Murray, Ali Ryerson, and McCoy Tyner. Red Baron's reissues included albums by Ruby Braff, Paul Desmond, Earl Hines, Mel Lewis, and the Modern Jazz Quartet. Its list of previously unreleased material included Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn. Red Baron folded in 1996 when Bob Thiele died.
Discography
Red Baron Records commenced released albums on compact disc in 1991 and continued until 1993.
References
Category:American record labels
Category:Jazz record labels
Category:1991 establishments in the United States
Category:1996 disestablishments in the United States
Category:Record labels established in 1991
Category:Record labels disestablished in 1996 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gare de Chaumont
Gare de Chaumont is a railway station serving the town Chaumont, Haute-Marne department, eastern France. It is situated on the Paris–Mulhouse railway.
Services
References
Timetables TER Champagne-Ardenne
Category:Railway stations in Grand Est
Category:Railway stations opened in 1857
Category:1857 establishments in France | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Centropogon trachyanthus
Centropogon trachyanthus is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Category:Flora of Ecuador
trachyanthus
Category:Vulnerable plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Asiat Saitov
Asyat Mansurovich Saitov (; born 1 January 1965) is a retired Russian cyclist. He missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by the Soviet Union and competed at the Friendship Games instead, winning a silver medal in the team road race. The same year he won the Tour of Greece and Olympia's Tour. He also won the GP Cuprosan in 1991, Vuelta a Castilla y León in 1992, Vuelta a Mallorca in 1993 and Gran Premio de Llodio in 1994.
In 1988 he competed at the Summer Olympics in the 100 km team time trial and in the individual road race and finished in seventh and 51st place, respectively.
He is married to Svetlana Masterkova, a Russian Olympic middle distance runner.
Major results
1984
1st Overall Olympia's Tour
1st Stage 6
1st Overall Tour of Greece
1986
3rd Overall Peace Race
1990
1st Stage 19 Vuelta a España
3rd Trofeo Pantalica
1992
1st Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Stage 5a Tour of the Basque Country
7th Trofeo Masferrer
1993
1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Aragón
1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Mallorca
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
3rd Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
3rd Trofeo Masferrer
1994
Vuelta a Castilla y León
1st Stages 1 & 4
1st Stage 4 Route du Sud
1st Stage 1 Vuelta a La Rioja
2nd Clásica de Almería
1995
1st Overall Volta ao Alentejo
1st Stages 1 & 2
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Stage 18 Vuelta a España
1st Stage 5a Tour of the Basque Country
7th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
1996
1st Stage 13 Volta a Portugal
9th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
References
External links
Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Russian male cyclists
Category:Russian Vuelta a España stage winners
Category:Olympic cyclists of the Soviet Union
Category:Cyclists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Samara, Russia
Category:Tour de France cyclists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ovid Township, Michigan
Ovid Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Michigan:
Ovid Township, Branch County, Michigan
Ovid Township, Clinton County, Michigan
See also
Ovid, Michigan, a village in Clinton County
Category:Michigan township disambiguation pages | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Polynomial regression
In statistics, polynomial regression is a form of regression analysis in which the relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y is modelled as an nth degree polynomial in x. Polynomial regression fits a nonlinear relationship between the value of x and the corresponding conditional mean of y, denoted E(y |x). Although polynomial regression fits a nonlinear model to the data, as a statistical estimation problem it is linear, in the sense that the regression function E(y | x) is linear in the unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. For this reason, polynomial regression is considered to be a special case of multiple linear regression.
The explanatory (independent) variables resulting from the polynomial expansion of the "baseline" variables are known as higher-degree terms. Such variables are also used in classification settings.
History
Polynomial regression models are usually fit using the method of least squares. The least-squares method minimizes the variance of the unbiased estimators of the coefficients, under the conditions of the Gauss–Markov theorem. The least-squares method was published in 1805 by Legendre and in 1809 by Gauss. The first design of an experiment for polynomial regression appeared in an 1815 paper of Gergonne. In the twentieth century, polynomial regression played an important role in the development of regression analysis, with a greater emphasis on issues of design and inference. More recently, the use of polynomial models has been complemented by other methods, with non-polynomial models having advantages for some classes of problems.
Definition and example
The goal of regression analysis is to model the expected value of a dependent variable y in terms of the value of an independent variable (or vector of independent variables) x. In simple linear regression, the model
is used, where ε is an unobserved random error with mean zero conditioned on a scalar variable x. In this model, for each unit increase in the value of x, the conditional expectation of y increases by β1 units.
In many settings, such a linear relationship may not hold. For example, if we are modeling the yield of a chemical synthesis in terms of the temperature at which the synthesis takes place, we may find that the yield improves by increasing amounts for each unit increase in temperature. In this case, we might propose a quadratic model of the form
In this model, when the temperature is increased from x to x + 1 units, the expected yield changes by (This can be seen by replacing x in this equation with x+1 and subtracting the equation in x from the equation in x+1.) For infinitesimal changes in x, the effect on y is given by the total derivative with respect to x: The fact that the change in yield depends on x is what makes the relationship between x and y nonlinear even though the model is linear in the parameters to be estimated.
In general, we can model the expected value of y as an nth degree polynomial, yielding the general polynomial regression model
Conveniently, these models are all linear from the point of view of estimation, since the regression function is linear in terms of the unknown parameters β0, β1, .... Therefore, for least squares analysis, the computational and inferential problems of polynomial regression can be completely addressed using the techniques of multiple regression. This is done by treating x, x2, ... as being distinct independent variables in a multiple regression model.
Matrix form and calculation of estimates
The polynomial regression model
can be expressed in matrix form in terms of a design matrix , a response vector , a parameter vector , and a vector of random errors. The i-th row of and will contain the x and y value for the i-th data sample. Then the model can be written as a system of linear equations:
which when using pure matrix notation is written as
The vector of estimated polynomial regression coefficients (using ordinary least squares estimation) is
assuming m < n which is required for the matrix to be invertible; then since is a Vandermonde matrix, the invertibility condition is guaranteed to hold if all the values are distinct. This is the unique least-squares solution.
Interpretation
Although polynomial regression is technically a special case of multiple linear regression, the interpretation of a fitted polynomial regression model requires a somewhat different perspective. It is often difficult to interpret the individual coefficients in a polynomial regression fit, since the underlying monomials can be highly correlated. For example, x and x2 have correlation around 0.97 when x is uniformly distributed on the interval (0, 1). Although the correlation can be reduced by using orthogonal polynomials, it is generally more informative to consider the fitted regression function as a whole. Point-wise or simultaneous confidence bands can then be used to provide a sense of the uncertainty in the estimate of the regression function.
Alternative approaches
Polynomial regression is one example of regression analysis using basis functions to model a functional relationship between two quantities. More specifically, it replaces in linear regression with polynomial basis , e.g. . A drawback of polynomial bases is that the basis functions are "non-local", meaning that the fitted value of y at a given value x = x0 depends strongly on data values with x far from x0. In modern statistics, polynomial basis-functions are used along with new basis functions, such as splines, radial basis functions, and wavelets. These families of basis functions offer a more parsimonious fit for many types of data.
The goal of polynomial regression is to model a non-linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables (technically, between the independent variable and the conditional mean of the dependent variable). This is similar to the goal of nonparametric regression, which aims to capture non-linear regression relationships. Therefore, non-parametric regression approaches such as smoothing can be useful alternatives to polynomial regression. Some of these methods make use of a localized form of classical polynomial regression. An advantage of traditional polynomial regression is that the inferential framework of multiple regression can be used (this also holds when using other families of basis functions such as splines).
A final alternative is to use kernelized models such as support vector regression with a polynomial kernel.
See also
Curve fitting
Line regression
Local polynomial regression
Polynomial and rational function modeling
Polynomial interpolation
Response surface methodology
Smoothing spline
Notes
Microsoft Excel makes use of polynomial regression when fitting a trendline to data points on an X Y scatter plot.
References
External links
Curve Fitting, PhET Interactive simulations, University of Colorado at Boulder
Category:Regression analysis | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bayview, Baltimore
Bayview, or Hopkins-Bayview, is a neighborhood located in the Southeast District of Baltimore between the Pulaski industrial area (East) and the Fifteenth Street and Greektown neighborhoods (West).
The neighborhood is bounded by Lombard Street to the North, Kane Street to the East, Eastern Avenue to the South, and I-895 to the West. Also included in this area is the Joseph Lee neighborhood. Historically, this neighborhood was referred to as "A to K" due to the alphabetical naming of the streets Anglesea, Bonsal, Cornwall, Drew, Elrino, Folcroft, Gusryan, Hornel, Imla, Joplin, and Kane. However, a previous consecutive-alphabet scheme also lies to the south and west of the neighborhood, with these streets being Quail, Rappolla, Savage, Tolna and Umbra. There are no streets starting with V, W, X, Y or Z before resetting to A with Anglesea.
Central to this neighborhood is the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center. Also found on the campus are two branches of the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 460 people living in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of Hopkins-Bayview was 55.4% White, 29.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 10.9% Asian, 3.3% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.
There were 95 housing units in the neighborhood. 12.5% of the occupied housing units were owner-occupied. 3.2% of housing units were vacant.
27.4% of the population were employed, 0% were unemployed, and 72.6% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $28,750. About 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line.
See also
List of Baltimore neighborhoods
References
External links
Southeast Community Development Corporation
Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Campus
National Institute on Aging
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Category:Bayview, Baltimore
Category:Neighborhoods in Baltimore
Category:Southeast Baltimore | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Emirati Dialect
The Emirati dialect is a dialectal variety of the Arabic language that is spoken in the United Arab Emirates, and is a branch of the regional Gulf dialects family. It refers to a range of different levels of dialects: local, national, cultured and formal.
Arabic language
There are different forms of Arabic:
Classical Arabic, the language of the Quran and of all the literature of the first centuries of Hegira (from 622 AD)
Modern Standard Arabic (the fuṣḥah, in Arabic: فصحى), the contemporary standard language taught in schools and used in journalistic prose, in written administrative texts, in mass media and in universities.
Dialectal Arabic, the set of dialects used in everyday communication, outside the written and formal situations that varies not only from one Arabic country to another but also from one region to another within the individual states.
Diglossia and dialectal variety
Due to the coexistence of the Modern Standard Arabic (high language) and the dialect (low language), we can speak about diglossia of the Arabic language.
The United Arab Emirates, extending over a total area of about 83,000 km² and hosting more than 200 different nationalities, represent one of the nations with the largest aggregation of ethnic groups in the world. Archaeological excavations have shown that in this area several Semitic races were established. It follows that the spoken language, the emirate dialect, includes some different dialectal shades. It represents the communication tool used by the overwhelming majority of the population, although people of good cultural level are able to express themselves in official Arabic. Notwithstanding the recent filling up of urban areas to the detriment of rural ones has led to a growing decrease in local dialectal variations, we can still identify three main areas of different shades of the Emirate dialect: Abu Dhabi (including Al-'Ayn, the western region and islands), the Northern Emirates (including Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and part of Ras al-Khaimah) and the East Coast (including Fujairah, Khawr Fakkan, and the remainder of Ras al-Khaimah). To give a practical example, the "mob" negation should be mentioned with its variations: "mesh" in Abu Dhabi, "mob" in the Northern Emirates and "ma" in the East Coast.
Furthermore, the unification of the United Arab Emirates has contributed to making changes to the locally spoken dialect. The Emirates have in fact become residence for expats (not just Arabs) who often make up the majority of "operating" workers. Therefore, it has been necessary to identify a more standard method of communication. As a result, the Emirate dialect has received influences from other Arabic dialects and foreign languages. For example, words from the technical language have often an English origin and have arrived in the Persian Gulf through interchanges with the Indian population, and then have been adapted to an Arabic pronunciation. For example, "draywel" is the local declination of the English word "driver" and "motar" derives from the English word "motor" and means "car".
Moreover, in the spoken emiratate language it is common to substitute some letters with others of similar sound: the "j" can become "y"; the "k" can become "ch"; the "q" can become "g" or "j".
There is also a guide book for the Arabic dialect of the Emirates, Spoken Emirati, and an Italian version, Dialetto Emiratino, edited by Nico de Corato together with Hanan Al Fardan and Abdulla Al Kaabi, authors of the original English version.
Notes
External links
https://dialettoemiratino.com
Category:United Arab Emirates
Category:Arabic language | {
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Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
The Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association on behalf of the Canadian Psychological Association. The editor-in-chief is Allison J. Ouimet (University of Ottawa). The journal was established in 1969 and covers all aspects of psychology.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by MEDLINE/PubMed and the Social Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.356, ranking it 71st out of 137 journals in the category "Psychology, Multidisciplinary".
References
External links
Category:American Psychological Association academic journals
Category:Multilingual journals
Category:Psychology journals
Category:Quarterly journals
Category:Publications established in 1969
Category:Canadian Psychological Association academic journals | {
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Torah Project
The Torah Project is an annotated and illustrated limited edition volume containing the Five Books of Moses. The project began in 2013, initiated by book publisher ACC Arte Scritta, and the handcrafted book was published in Italy in 2017. Each copy includes a handwritten blessing by Pope Francis.
History
At the end of 2013, Ricardo De La Fuente and Maria Cecilia Braschi, the founders of ACC Arte Scritta, came up with the idea, at the Guadalajara International Book Fair, to create an illustrated edition of the Torah called 'The Torah Project', which would contain creative, and inspirational artworks of Jewish culture. Mexican Jewish art collector Dan Tartakovsky was the patron of the project, and he recruited the Cuban-American Jewish artist Baruj Salinas to illustrate the book.
The Torah Project Book
This book contains the Five Books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, in the original Hebrew text. It is a Chumash, a printed edition of the Torah.
It also contains commentaries from personalities in art and biblical studies, which have been translated into four languages — English, Spanish, Italian, and German. Each copy of The Torah Project also includes a handwritten blessing by Pope Francis, which says: “I want to bless all those who have worked in the production of this Torah, which is the word of God, that must unite us in love forever.”
The cover of the Torah Project book represents the city of Jerusalem, and it is made out of wood and pearl. In between the chapters of the Torah, there are 27 lithograph paintings created by Baruj Salinas, a Jewish Cuban-born artist.
The book was printed by Stamperia Santa Chiara in Urbino. This traditional, family-owned business uses massive hand operated printing presses.
The carved wood book covers were hand crafted by Gentili of Fossombrone. Book binding was completed by Steri of Corciano. About 500 craftspeople participated in the book's production.
Presentations
The book has been published in an edition of 126 copies. They will be presented to museums and universities around the world. Other copies will be sold to private collectors.
Presentation to the Vatican
On 23 February 2017, the first copy of The Torah Project book was presented to Pope Francis at the Vatican. Also present was Rabbi Abraham Skorka, from Buenos Aires, ACC Arte Scritta, and scholars in biblical studies and art. One of the guests was Adolfo D. Roitman, the curator of the Shrine of the Book, which holds the Dead Sea Scrolls at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. In addition, many of the people who created the book were present, with their families.
Skorka pointed out in his speech to the Pope and the papal audience that “This is intended as a small, yet very significant cry to eradicate the hatred and animosities that are so tragically perceived today”. Pope Francis expressed his appreciation for the Torah as a “thoughtful gesture” and that it is “the Lord’s gift, his revelation, his word”. He indicated that the editor’s note inside this edition of the Torah indicates the “dialogical approach” that the relations between Catholics and Jews is “a cultural vision of openness, mutual respect, and peace that accords with the spiritual message of the Torah.” He also recognised the efforts and expertise of the craftsmen and artisans, and acknowledged how they added more value to the Torah with colorful illustrations. The Pope said that the gift of this edition of the Torah to the Vatican "is fully embedded" in "fraternal and institutional dialogue between Jews and Christians" that "is expressed not only through words but also in deeds."
Pope Francis received the first copy of this edition of the Torah and it will be added to the Vatican Secret Archives. The book was presented to the Pope by a group of Jewish and Christian children.
Presentations to world leaders
A copy of this Torah has been presented to Israeli president Reuven Rivlin on 27 April 2017.
See also
Hebrew Bible
References
External links
Official site
ACC Arte Scritta
Category:Jewish culture
Category:Torah | {
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Longstreet
Longstreet or Long Street may refer to:
Places
Longstreet, Louisiana, a village
Longstreet, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
Long Street, Buckinghamshire, England
Longstreet, Wiltshire, England
Streets
Long Street (Cape Town), a popular entertainment district in Cape Town, South Africa
Long Street (Tetbury), a popular antique shop street in Tetbury, UK
Other uses
Longstreet (surname)
Longstreet (TV series), a television series about a blind detective
Longstreet (film), a made-for-television movie
Operation Longstreet, a 2003 coalition military operation of the Iraq War | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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First Presbyterian Church (Columbus, Georgia)
First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 1100 1st Avenue in Columbus, Georgia. The church is affiliated with the PCUSA. Its building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
The congregation had worshipped in two previous church buildings before having its current building built, at cost of more than $30,000. It was dedicated in 1862. The building was damaged by fire in November 1891 but was fully restored by February 1893.
It was listed on the National Register along with other historic properties identified in a large survey.
References
External links
Official Website
Category:Presbyterian churches in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Churches completed in 1862
Category:19th-century Presbyterian church buildings in the United States
Category:Churches in Columbus, Georgia
Category:1862 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Muscogee County, Georgia | {
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John Humphrey Small
John Humphrey Small (August 29, 1858 – July 13, 1946) was an attorney and a U.S. Representative from North Carolina.
Early life and education
Born in Washington, North Carolina, Small attended private schools and Trinity College (later Duke University), Durham, North Carolina, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He taught school from 1876 to 1880 and studied law as a legal apprentice. He was admitted to the bar in 1881.
Career
He started a legal practice in his hometown of Washington. Small was elected a reading clerk of the North Carolina State Senate in 1881, the year he was admitted to the bar. That year he was also appointed as superintendent of public instruction of Beaufort County.
He was elected as solicitor of the inferior court of Beaufort County 1882–1885. At the time, he also became editor of the Washington Gazette, serving from 1883 to 1886. He was appointed as attorney of the Board of Commissioners of Beaufort County, serving from 1888 to 1896.
At the same time, Small was elected as a member of the Washington city council 1887–1890. He served as mayor of Washington in 1889 and 1890 (the position rotated among the city council members).
Active in the Democratic Party, Small served as delegate to all Democratic State conventions from 1889 to 1920.
Small was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth and to the ten succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1921) from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. He served as chairman of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors (Sixty-fifth Congress).
He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1920 and retired from political office. Staying in Washington, D.C., he revived his legal practice there until 1931.
Small returned to Washington, where he died on July 13, 1946. He was interred in Oakdale Cemetery.
He inherited Rosedale Plantation and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
References
Sources
Category:1858 births
Category:1946 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Category:North Carolina Democrats
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Mayors of places in North Carolina
Category:North Carolina city council members
Category:People from Washington, North Carolina | {
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Arlind Rustemi
Arlind Rustemi (born 7 February 1986 in Vlorë) is an Albanian footballer who plays as a forward.
Club career
As of the 2010–11 season he played for KF Vlora in the Albanian First Division. In October 2011 he moved to Maltese side Rabat Ajax, and scored on his debut. Later he played for Himara.
He previously played for KS Gramozi Ersekë and KS Flamurtari Vlorë in the Albanian Superliga.
References
External links
Profile - FSHF
Rabat Ajax 2011-12 player stats
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Vlorë
Category:Albanian footballers
Category:Albania youth international footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Flamurtari Vlorë players
Category:KS Gramozi Ersekë players
Category:KF Vlora players
Category:Rabat Ajax F.C. players
Category:KF Himara players
Category:Albanian Superliga players
Category:Albanian First Division players
Category:Albanian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Malta
Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Malta | {
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St. Mary's Convent Matara
St. Mary's Convent is a very famous girls school in Matara, Sri Lanka
History
The Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary came to Galle, Sri Lanka in 1896 for more than 11 years, there was only one house of the SCJM in Galle. The second foundation was proposed from 1906 especially by M. Tiburce De Mol Superior of Galle. In collaboration with the Jesuits the sisters, started the work, and by 1908, they finished the convent and the school. on 15 April 1908 Sr. Josephine Halewijn and Sr. Livine Van Brabant left for Matara with four orphans in order to make last minutes arrangements. Fr. Van Antwerpen S. J. the parish priest. but all student are chatar
The remaining sisters and about ten orphans arrived on Easter (19 April)
The official dedication was to take place on Monday, but due to a heavy storm the ceremony was postponed until the following day. Joseph Van Reeth, Bishop of Galle, blessed the new convent, and put it under the patronage of Mary Immaculate.
The first community consisted of six sisters. Mother Armand Landtmeters, Sr. Winefred Cahill, and Sr. Honor Philbin and Sr. Josephine, Sr. Wilmer Walker, and Sr. Livine Van Brabant.
The original group of six sisters did not remain together for a long time. Already in 1910, Sr. Wilmer left for Kegalle to take up the management of the school. in the same year two new sisters arrived in Matara from Europe.
The first superior, Sr. Armand, had to return to Belgium in 1913 because of health problems. She was succeeded by M. Ursmer Van Massenhove, who had been already in Matara for a few years. During her superiorate the buildings of Matara were expanded, and the school acquired and excellent reputation.
The original buildings were specially designed for the sisters as convent and school. The architect was Father Roelandt, s.j. When the sisters arrived in 1908, the convent and the school were finished. According to eyewitnesses, they were spacious and beautiful buildings. The orphanage was opened for use on 17 June 1908.
Already in 1912 Ghent gave its permission to enlarge the complex. All the rooms were overcrowded and still the sisters had to refuse some children. By the end of 1913, the new buildings were inaugurated : a large dormitory and a big festive hall, that was however used as school for lace-making from the beginning.
1915 : Industrial school turned into an orphanage. The large hall is used as
refectory, gymnastics room, classroom, and at first even as dormitory. The former dormitory of the orphans was used from then on by the small boys, who were boarders.
1919 : Purchase of a piece of land, adjacent to their property. Building of a
dormitory. The sanitary facilities and the kitchen were improved, and a big room for the Oblate Sisters was arranged.
1920 : New building for the boarders and enlargement of the dormitory,
with adjacent verandah.
1921 : Inauguration of the grotto and the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes.
1926 : Blessing of the new classrooms and the new dormitory.
1927 : Blessing of the new orphanage and the new infirmary.
1930 : Occupation of 6 new classrooms.
1936 : Blessing of the new wing by the Bishop.
1937 : Demolition of the old convent. The big chapel is built.
The school started on 1 May 1908. There were 20 pupils in the English school. Besides some general classes, they also taught music and embroidery to the older girls and t women. In 1910 the English school was already recognized by the State, which was important in order to qualify for subsidies.
In 1913, the Marian congregation was established for the pupils of the English school.
The number of boarders was rather high. At the beginning of the First World War there were 82 boarders. Their number decreased during the war, which brought about financial difficulties for the sisters.
They were forced, among other things, to refuse some orphans. After the war everything landed on its feet, and in the twenties there were more than 100 boarders.
There was also a “Cambridge Class, where pupils were prepared for entrance examinations for the Cambridge University in England.
In 1929, a Kindergarten was opened, allied to the English school.
The school started on 1 May 1908 with about 100 pupils, of whom 60 followed regular classes. The Sinhalese school and orphanage were recognized in 911 as “Boarding School by the State inspection. This was rather unusual. A special grant was attached to it. In 1911, the Sinhalese school was enlarged with a 6th form, a 7th and 8th year because two teachers of the school had passed their exams for this highest level.
From 1923 on wards, a kindergarten was also attached to the Sinhalese school.
The institute is now one of the most important schools in the region.
The school for lace- making opened its doors on 1 June 1908. the orphans formed the core, but soon many local children came to the industrial school as well. Several times the pupils obtained marvelous prizes on exhibitions of lacework.
Category:Girls' schools in Sri Lanka | {
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Manuel Silva
Manuel Silva may refer to:
Manuel Silva (athlete) (born 1978), Portuguese Olympic athlete
Manuel Silva (sport shooter) (born 1971), Portuguese sport shooter
Manuel Silva (basketball) (born 1968), Angolan basketball coach and former player
Manuel Silva (swimmer), Brazilian former Olympic swimmer
Manuel Fernando Silva (born 1973), Portuguese volleyball player
Manuel Aranda da Silva, minister in the Mozambican Government
Manuel Pereira da Silva (1920–2003), Portuguese sculptor
Manuel Camilo Silva, mayor of the commune of Pichilemu | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Paul Draper (winemaker)
Paul Draper (born March 10, 1936) is a California winemaker who has been the chief winemaker at Ridge Vineyards in California since 1969. Without any formal training in winemaking, Draper first gained recognition for his 1971 Monte Bello Cabernet Sauvignon when it placed fifth at the Judgment of Paris wine tasting. Draper has played a significant role in the history of California wine through his pioneering work in popularizing "vineyard-designated" wines as well as instigating the resurgence of old vine Zinfandel. Along with Ravenswood Winery's Joel Peterson, Draper is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Californian Zinfandel, rescuing the grape from obscurity and demonstrating its full potential as a serious wine. Draper was featured in a short film titled Terroir and directed by Christopher McGilvray which was shown at the 2017 Cinequest Film Festival.
Early history
Born in Evanston, Illinois in 1936, Draper was raised on a farm and exposed to agriculture at an early age. He graduated from The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut and Stanford University, where he majored in philosophy and first became aware of Ridge Vineyard, which was then owned by a group of Stanford Research Institute engineers. After graduation in 1959, Draper joined the Army where he was stationed at Italy. During that time, in a desire to see the sights from his favorite film La strada, Draper rode through the Italian countryside on a motorcycle, learning about the local culture, cuisine and wine. Following his release from the Army, he spent some time at Sorbonne studying French cuisine and nutrition. On his return to the United States, Draper went to work for at Chateau Souverain in Napa Valley as a cellar assistant with the harvest.
The next year, Draper went to Chile as part of a Peace Corps mission where he leased a Chilean winery with Fritz Maytag, a fellow volunteer and friend from Stanford. Using Cabernet vines from local vineyards, Draper got first hand experience with winemaking in a very low-tech environment. During this time he also read many books on winemaking to expand his knowledge of the field. In 1968, he traveled to Bordeaux where he discussed winemaking with the maître de chai of Château Latour. The experience gave him the confidence he needed to meet with David Bennion and accept the chief winemaking position at Ridge Vineyards in 1969.
Ridge Vineyards
While Ridge had some success with Cabernet, the mission that Draper was charged with was to make Ridge "respectable". One of the first tasks that he set about was in modernizing the facilities of a winery that was first built in 1886. He then went to focus on Ridge's Cabernet Sauvignon and became an advocate of the potential of cool climate Cabernet in contrast to the very ripe, highly alcoholic styles that came out of warmer climates. Located in the Santa Cruz Mountains AVA, the high altitude of Ridge's vineyards as well as its proximity to the Pacific Ocean created a cooler climate that was distinctly different from that found in Napa Valley or Sonoma County. Draper also embraced the French wine concept of terroir and began producing single-vineyard wine that was designated on the wine label with the name of that vineyard. As the reputation of his wine grew, consumers soon began to recognize names such as Monte Bello, Picchetti Vineyard, Jimsomare and Geyserville from their vineyard-designated bottlings.
The style of Draper's Ridge Cabernets are often compared to more Old World styles like Bordeaux and have been reviewed by critics in favorable comparisons to the wines of the First Growths. That is a style that Draper actively tries to parallel and would often serve blind tastings of his Monte Bello Cabernet with a bottle of Château Latour to get feedback on the differences between the two. Draper retired as the CEO and Winemaker of Ridge Vineyards in 2016, but remained on as the Chairman of the Board.
Judgement of Paris
The 1971 Monte Bello Cabernet Sauvignon was selected by organizer Steven Spurrier to take part in his 1976 blind tasting that would pit the best of California wines against the best of France's wines. On the tasting notes, Draper describes the 1971 vintage as the first vintage that they were able to achieve balance in the wine with less sugar in the grapes prior to harvest and the benefit of small amounts of Merlot, Petit Verdot and Cabernet franc. The wine was fermented dry with extended skin contact and then put through malolactic fermentation and aged in small American oak barrels. The wine was expected to hit its peak after 6 years in the bottle. Prior to the tasting, Spurrier expected the Ridge Monte Bello to be the best performing American red. In the final results it ended up being the fifth best overall red wine (and second best American wine) after Stag's Leap Wine Cellars, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château Montrose and Château Haut-Brion.
In the 2006 rematch, the 1971 Ridge was the highest ranked red wine beating out the 1973 Stag's tastings of the same vintage wine as the original competition. A second tasting was held of more recent vintage wine in which the 2000 Monte Bello red wine came in second place behind a 2000 Château Margaux.
Influence on California Zinfandel
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Zinfandel was primarily a jug wine grape. Draper sensed the potential of the wine if grown in the right spot and with low yields. Prior to his arrival, Ridge had been making some Zinfandel in small quantities, often blended with Carignane and Petite Sirah, but it was never much of a focus. Elsewhere, in California the grape was also drawing little interest from "serious" winemakers. Remembering the lessons he learned in Europe about the benefits of "old vines", particularly with keeping low yields, he went looking for some of the oldest vines of Zinfandel that he could find and found several vineyards with plantings from the 1880s-1900s. Over the course of his career he would uncover other "ideal" spots for Zinfandel including Spring Mountain, Howell Mountain, Dry Creek Valley, Mendocino, Lodi, Paso Robles, Amador County and Geyserville. While many of these areas had long histories of Zinfandel production, most of these areas never received much recognition until Draper and Ridge began using them and touting their terroir with vineyard-designated wines.
Winemaking philosophy
Draper is an advocate of natural winemaking, though Ridge is not a certified organic winery. His view stems from his desire to let the vineyards "express themselves" and their terroir without over intrusiveness by man. He has been a critic of overly-powerful, over oak and highly alcoholic wines made from excessively ripe fruit, preferring his wines to be more about finesse and balance. He has also been a critic of high wine prices and consumers who purchase wine for speculating purposes rather than to enjoy them. He has been a harsh critic of the UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology in their emphasis of more "industrial winemaking" versus the traditional methods that he prefers. In contrast to other California Cabernets, Draper's wines are normally around 13% ABV which is low even in comparison to Bordeaux wines. Though his wines are often more of a French style, he has preferred to use American oak because they seem to perform better with his wines.
Over the years Paul Draper has influenced a number of winemakers, both in California and abroad, with such notable wine personalities as Jean-Luc Colombo counting him as among his favorite non-European winemakers.
Honors
2000: Wine Spectator Distinguished Service Award
2005: Wein Gourmet Lifetime Achievement Award, Germany
2006: San Francisco Chronicle Winemaker of the Year
See also
List of wine personalities
References
Darlington, David, ANGEL'S VISITS An Inquiry into the Mystery of Zinfandel, Henry Holt and Company 1991,
External links
Ridge Vineyards official site
The Wine Society Wine Grower Profile
Category:1936 births
Category:American winemakers
Category:Living people
Category:California wine
Category:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners | {
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Rožca
Rožca (in older sources also Rožčica; ) is a grassy high-elevation mountain pass over the western Karawanks. The saddle is located between Hrušica Peak () and Mount Klek, and straddles the border between Slovenia and Austria, above the town of Jesenice. Its slopes serve as sheep pastures.
References
External links
Information about Rožca on Hribi.net
Category:Mountain passes of Slovenia
Category:Karawanks | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Zawata
Zawata () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 6 kilometers Northwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 1,900 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.
Location
Zawata is located 4.4 km north of Nablus. It has Ijnisinya and ‘Asira ash Shamaliya to the east, Ijnisinya and An Naqura to the north, An Naqura and Beit Iba to the west, and Beit Iba and Nablus to the south.
History
Clermont-Ganneau found here tessera, probably from the Ptolemaic period.
Pottery sherds from the late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Medieval eras have been found here.
Ottoman era
Zawata, like all of Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In the 1596 tax registers, it was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami, part of the larger Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 11 households, all Muslims. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup, and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 6,944 akçe.
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Zawata ‘’on the hill-side,’’ part of the Jurat 'Amra district, south of Nablus.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted Zaouata as “a village on a high hill with white limestone slopes, some used for quarrying. The number of the inhabitants is 300. Below the hill a rich spring, 'Ain Zawata, supplies water to the village and irrigates a small valley. During our visit large herds of sheep were crowding around the spring.“
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Zawata as: "a village of moderate size, on a hill, with springs in the valley to the north."
British mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zawata had a population of 214 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census, to 247 Muslims, in 73 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 330 Muslims, while the total land area was 3,558 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.
Of this, 13 dunams were for citrus and bananas, 334 for plantations and irrigable land, 1,842 for cereals, while 31 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Zawata came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population of Zawata was 466.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Zawata has been under Israeli occupation, and according to the Israeli census of that year, the population of Zawata stood at 591, of whom 28 were registered as having come from Israel.
31% of Zawata land is defined as Area A land, 32% is Area B land, while the remaining 37% is defined as Area C. Part of the village land has been confiscated for the construction of an Israeli military road. This road also cuts off Zawata from its northern most land.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to Zawata
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Zawata Village Profile, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Zawata, aerial photo, ARIJ
Development Priorities and Needs in Zawata, ARIJ
Category:Nablus Governorate
Category:Villages in the West Bank
Category:Municipalities of the State of Palestine | {
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Val d'Anniviers
The val d'Anniviers (in German Eifschtal) is a Swiss alpine valley, situated in the district of Sierre in Valais, which extends south of the Rhône Valley, on the northern slopes of the Pennine Alps. The valley was home to six municipalities: Ayer, Chandolin, Grimentz, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc, Vissoie, Vercorin and Zinal. The citizens of those municipalities agreed on November 26, 2006, to merge into one, which was named Anniviers. The merger took place in January 2009.
References
Notes
External links
Official web site
Category:Valleys of the Alps
Category:Valleys of Switzerland
Category:Landforms of Valais
Category:Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Josh Earl (footballer)
Joshua John Francis Earl (born 24 October 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League One side Ipswich Town, on loan from Preston North End.
Career
Preston North End
Earl joined Preston North End at the age of nine and signed a scholarship in July 2015. He featured for the youth team as a defender midfielder and striker. He was also part of the side that reached the FA Youth Cup quarter-finals and scored two goals during the campaign. Earl signed his first professional deal in April 2017.
On 19 August 2017, Earl made his debut in a 1–0 win over Reading. He was called into the side after Greg Cunningham would be ruled out due to a recent injury.
Lancaster City (loan)
On 24 March 2017, Earl joined Northern Premier League Division One North champions Lancaster City on loan for the remainder of the season. Earl made his debut off the bench in a 3–0 win at Radcliffe Borough the following day.
Bolton Wanderers (loan)
On 3 August 2019, Earl joined League One side Bolton Wanderers on loan until January 2020. He made his debut in a 2–0 defeat at Wycombe Wanderers the same day but had to be substituted after 15 minutes due to an injury which will keep him out of action for three months. He returned to the bench on 19 October for Bolton's 1–3 defeat against Rochdale and started in the next game, Bolton's first win of the season, on 22 October, a 2–0 away win against Bristol Rovers.
Ipswich Town (loan)
On 13 January 2020, Earl joined League One side Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season. He made his debut on 8 February, featuring as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 loss to Sunderland.
Career statistics
Notes
Honours
Lancaster City
Northern Premier League Division One North: 2016–17
References
External links
Category:1998 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Sportspeople from Southport
Category:Preston North End F.C. players
Category:Lancaster City F.C. players
Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Category:Ipswich Town F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Northern Premier League players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tsar Kaloyan, Razgrad Province
Tsar Kaloyan () is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, situated in Razgrad Province near the town of Razgrad. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Tsar Kaloyan Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,856 inhabitants.
The village was named Torlak until 1934 when it was reverted to Tsar Kaloyan. In 1951 it was renamed Hlebarovo. In 1991 the name was reverted to Tsar Kaloyan.
References
Category:Towns in Bulgaria
Category:Populated places in Razgrad Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1974–75 Soviet League season
The 1974–75 Soviet Championship League season was the 29th season of the Soviet Championship League, the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union. 10 teams participated in the league, and CSKA Moscow won the championship.
Regular season
Relegation
Avtomobilist Sverdlovsk – SKA Leningrad 0:2, 2:6
External links
Season on hockeystars.ru
Category:1974–75 in Soviet ice hockey
Category:Soviet League seasons
Sov | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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I Married a Dead Man
I Married a Dead Man is a 1948 novel by American crime writer Cornell Woolrich under the pseudonym William Irish.
Plot
Eight months pregnant and alone, Helen Georgesson's only hope is the five dollar bill and the train ticket back to her home town in San Francisco. On the train she befriends newlyweds Patrice and Hugh Hazzard. Tragedy strikes and the train crashes, killing both the Hazzards instantly. When Helen awakes in hospital she discovers she has given birth in the wreckage, and that she has been mistaken for Patrice. On finding out Hugh's family are wealthy and never met the real Patrice, Helen decides to go along with the misunderstanding for the sake of her son.
The Hazzards don't suspect a thing and Helen and her son settle into their new life without a hitch. Until one day, a letter arrives in the mail, containing a single sentence; "Who are you?"
Adaptations
The novel was adapted in 1950 into a movie directed by Mitchell Leisen called No Man of Her Own, and has been the basis for many films over the decades including Kati Patang (1971) and Mrs. Winterbourne (1996).
References
Category:1944 American novels
Category:American novels adapted into films
Category:Novels by Cornell Woolrich
Category:Works published under a pseudonym | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Scarlet Party
Scarlet Party was formed in Essex, England, in the early 1980s. The founder members were, singer/songwriters Graham Dye, and brother Steven Dye, with drummer Sean Heaphy.
They began to perform at many top venues, to a well established following, and had already recorded an album of original material, and were signed to a major record company, when joined by fourth member, Mark Gilmour, brother of Pink Floyd's David Gilmour, on lead guitar.
The debut single, "101 Dam-Nations", was released on EMI’s famous Parlophone label, on 16 October 1982, alongside a special re-release of Love Me Do, celebrating The Beatles' 20th anniversary at EMI. This helped to get Scarlet Party noticed, and with the voice of Graham Dye, uncannily resembling that of John Lennon, a television, radio, and magazine, publicity campaign, helped to reinforce the connection. The single was enthusiastically received (Kate Bush described it as her favourite), and reached number 44 in the UK Singles Chart.
It was voted number 4 in the All-Time Top 100 Singles from Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.
Larkin states 'it should have been an anthem monster number one.'
The follow-up single "Eyes Of Ice" reached number 8 in the Portuguese chart. The single was released in February 1983, on ice-clear vinyl, which was a request from the band, and all art-work for the sleeve was created by Graham Dye, using coloured pencils. EMI then decided not to release the completed album, which was to be called 'Scarlet Skies'.
'Scarlet Skies', was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in 1981-82, but has never been officially released. The linked songs explore themes of war, love, and alienation, in styles reminiscent of both the mini pop operas of The Who, and the progressive concept albums of Pink Floyd.
The band recorded more original songs written by the Dye brothers, as a four-piece, until the departure of Mark Gilmour at the end of 1983, and then, once again, as a three-piece, also working on other projects, including a musical cartoon adventure based on the band, none of which were taken on by EMI.
Scarlet Party continued performing live shows, joined briefly by new member Micky Portman on bass, and recorded several more tracks at Abbey Road Studios. However, the band now feeling disheartened, and disappointed in EMI, decided to call it a day at the end of 1985.
Graham Dye went on to work as lead vocalist, on several albums by The Alan Parsons Project, and more recently, a new version of "101 Dam-Nations" was made, featuring Graham and Steven Dye, together with Phil Collins of Genesis, playing the drums. The brothers requested the help of Alan Parsons to produce the recording, which is not yet available.
Discography
Singles
"101 Dam-Nations" / "What Is This Thing" - 1982, UK #44 (Parlophone R6058)
"Eyes Of Ice" / "Another World", - 1983, (Parlophone R6060),
Albums
'Scarlet Skies' - recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, in 1981-82, not released. Track listing:
"101 Dam-Nations"
"Stop Your Game (War)"
"Aftermath"
"Now's Good Times"
"Judy"
"Eyes Of Ice"
"Scarlet Skies"
"In A World"
"A Deadly Silence"
"Another World"
"101 Dam-Nations" (reprise)
Anthology
Shining, - featuring Mark Gilmour, recorded at EMI Studio, Manchester Square, London, 1982
Sky High, - featuring Mark Gilmour, recorded at Hook End Studio, Henley, 1982
Fly by Night, - engineered by Phil Harding, 1983
Wonder, - engineered by Phil Harding, 1983
Flying Saucers, - engineered by Phil Harding, 1983
Genuine?, - recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, 1984
Love Is..., - recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, 1984
At The End Of The Day, - recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, 1984
Save Me!, - recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, 1984
101 Dam-Nations, - featuring Phil Collins, recorded at Dinamec Studios, Geneva, Switzerland
Words and Music by Graham Dye/Steven Dye - published by Sony/ATV Music
Compilation albums featuring "101 Dam-Nations"
Chart Wars - 1982, Ronco LP album
The Rock Collection : Indie Rock - 1993, Time-Life Music CD album
Shake Some Action Volume 5 - 2001, bootleg CD album
Lost And Found Volume 1 : Imagination - 2001, EMI CD album
Mod And Beyond - 2005, Crimson Productions CD album
References
External links
Scarlet Party website.
Category:Parlophone artists
Category:British rock music groups | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Webster v. New Lenox School District
Webster v. New Lenox School District, 917 F.2d 1004 (7th Cir. 1990) was a court case in Illinois, in which a social studies teacher Ray Webster sued the New Lenox School District 122 in New Lenox, Illinois, which he accused of violating his First Amendment right to free speech for stopping him from teaching "creation science" in class. The court found however that the school district had a right to restrict Webster to teaching the specified curriculum, and that in any case the teaching of "creation science" was illegal, having been ruled to violate the establishment clause in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).
The case hinged on the school district's "pedagogical interest in establishing the curriculum and legitimate concern with possible establishment clause violations".
Webster appealed and the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed the District Court's original decision deciding "teaching creation science for any reason was a form of religious advocacy."
References
External links
District Court opinion in Webster v. New Lenox School Dist., 88-C-2328 (N.D. Ill.)
Category:Establishment Clause case law
Category:United States Free Speech Clause case law
Category:United States education case law
Category:United States creationism and evolution case law
Category:Creation science
Category:1990 in religion
Category:1990 in education
Category:Education in Will County, Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sirje Kingsepp
Sirje Kingsepp (born 13 September 1969) is an Estonian politician and celebrity.
Kingsepp was born in Kiviõli She is a former reality TV show Baar participant, also known as Baari-Sirje (Sirje of "Baar"), and a former chairperson of the Estonian Left Party ()
Kingsepp has mainly caught attention with her legal action against Eesti Päevaleht concerning publication of Feminist and Socialist but not Communist, a political profile story by Eesti Päevaleht while she was still an active politician. The story was written with Kingsepp's active cooperation and originally published on 23 December 2004. It was available via Eesti Päevaleht's web archive until December 2008 when she requested its withdrawal on grounds of it containing her personal data, particularly marital status, number of children, and location of birth, education, and residence. Subsequently, backed the request; Eesti Päevaleht complied but appealed to Tallinn Administrative Court. In June 2009, the court upheld the request on grounds that public interest towards Kingsepp's person has ceased since she withdrew from active politics, and that her former party is a "completely marginal" organisation. Accordingly, the story was no longer available on Eesti Päevaleht's website. It could still be read in libraries that maintain archives of newspapers. From 19 August 2010 it is again available due to the ruling of the Supreme Court of Estonia.
Further reading
Eesti Päevaleht 2 January 2009: Andmekaitse: Kingseppa puudutav otsus ei sündinud kergelt, interview with Viljar Peep, director of Estonian Data Protection Inspection
Eesti Päevaleht 19 August 2010: Kohus: ajaleht ei pea varem ilmunud artiklit kustutama, about a new court order.
References
External links
Kas uudishimu on sõnavabadus? Eesti Päevaleht. 30 June 2009
Eesti Päevaleht 23 December 2004: Feminist ja sotsialist, aga mitte kommunist by Tuuli Koch
Category:Living people
Category:Estonian women in politics
Category:Estonian feminists
Category:Estonian socialists
Category:People from Kiviõli
Category:1969 births
Category:Socialist feminists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Uromastyx alfredschmidti
Uromastyx alfredschmidti, commonly known as the ebony mastigure, Schmidt's mastigure, or Schmidt's spiny-tailed lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae.
Etymology
The specific name, alfredschmidti, is in honor of German herpetologist Alfred A. Schmidt.
Geographic range
U. alfredschmidti is found in Algeria and Libya.
Habitat
The natural habitats of U. alfredschmidti are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rocky areas, and hot deserts.
Conservation status
U. alfredschmidti is threatened by habitat loss.
Diet
Like other species in the genus Uromastyx, U. alfredschmidti is herbivorous.
Taxonomy
The generic name (Uromastyx) is derived from the Ancient Greek words ourá (οὐρά) meaning "tail" and mastigo (Μαστίχα) meaning "whip" or "scourge", after the thick-spiked tail characteristic of all Uromastyx species.
References
Further reading
Wilms T, Böhme W (2001). "Revision der Uromastyx acanthinura - Artengruppe, mit Beschreibung einer neuen Art aus der Zentralsahara (Reptilia: Sauria: Agamidae) [= "Revision of the Uromastyx acanthinura species group, with description of a new species from the Central Sahara (Reptilia: Sauria: Agamidae)]". Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden 51 (8): 73-104. (Uromastyx alfredschmidti, new species). (in German, with English abstract).
Category:Uromastyx
Category:Reptiles described in 2001
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2010–11 Serbian First League
The Serbian First Football League (Serbian: Prva Liga Telekom Srbija) is the second-highest football league in Serbia. The league is operated by the Serbian FA. 18 teams will compete in this league for the 2010-11 season. Two teams will be promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga and four will be relegated to the Serbian League, the third-highest division overall in the Serbian football league system.
League table
References
Official website
soccerway
See also
Serbian SuperLiga
Serbian First League
Serbian League
Serbia national football team
List of football clubs in Serbia
Category:Serbian First League seasons
Category:2010–11 in Serbian football leagues
Serbia | {
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Stéphane Breitwieser
Stéphane Breitweiser (born 1 October 1971) is a Frenchman notorious for his art thefts between 1995 and 2001. He admitted to stealing 239 artworks and other exhibits from 172 museums while travelling around Europe and working as a waiter, an average of one theft every 15 days. The Guardian called him "arguably the world's most consistent art thief."
He differs from most other art thieves in that he did not steal for any profit motive. He was a self-described art connoisseur who stole in order to build a vast personal collection, particularly of 16th and 17th century masters. At his trial, the magistrate quoted him as saying, "I enjoy art. I love such works of art. I collected them and kept them at home." Despite the immensity of his collection, he was still able to recall every piece he stole. He interrupted the lengthy reading of his collection during his trial several times to correct various details.
Thefts
His first theft came in March 1995 during a visit to the medieval castle at Gruyères, Switzerland, with his then-girlfriend Anne-Catherine Kleinklauss. He became entranced with a small painting by Christian Wilhelm Dietrich, later saying, "I was fascinated by her beauty, by the qualities of the woman in the portrait and by her eyes. I thought it was an imitation of Rembrandt." With his girlfriend keeping watch, he worked out the nails holding the painting in its frame and slipped it under his jacket. He would use similar methods for at least 170 other museums for his thefts in the ensuing years. He would visit small collections and regional museums, where security was lax, and Kleinklauss would serve as his lookout as he cut the paintings from their frames.
The most valuable work of art he stole was Sybille, Princess of Cleves by Lucas Cranach the Elder from a castle in Baden-Baden in 1995. Its estimated value at auction would be £5-£5.6 million. He cut it from its frame at a Sotheby's auction where it was to be sold.
Although he amassed such a large collection of art, he never attempted to sell any of it for profit, instead enjoying thinking about how he was "the wealthiest man in Europe." It was all kept in his bedroom in his mother's house in Mulhouse, France. His room was kept in semi-darkness so the sunlight would not fade the paintings. A local framer did not recognize the art which he would re-frame for Nikolaus as being some of Europe's masterpieces. His mother, Marielle Schwengel, did not realize that the works were stolen and thought they were legitimately bought at auction, only later suspecting that he had not bought them legitimately.
Around 110 pieces from his collection have been recovered, leaving another 60 unaccounted for, presumed destroyed. His collection included: (* for those that are presumed destroyed, ** for those that are known to be destroyed)
Pieter Brueghel the Younger - Cheat Profiting From His Master**, cut with scissors
Antoine Watteau - Two Men*
François Boucher - Sleeping Shepherd**, which Breitwieser kept by his pillow and his mother put in the garbage disposal
Corneille de Lyon - Madeleine of France, Queen of Scotland**, garbage disposal
David Teniers - The Monkey's Ball**, shredded with scissors
Breitwieser and Kleinklauss were first caught in 1997, when they walked off with a William van Aelst landscape from a private collection in a gallery, which they were allowed to see with special permission from the owner. Alerted to the theft, the owner ran out and recognized the two as they got into Breitwieser's mother's car. Another artifact was found in the car. Because it was his first offense on Swiss soil, he was given only an eight-month suspended sentence and banned from entering Switzerland until May 2000. However, his job was across the border from France in Switzerland, and he continued working under his mother's maiden name. He also continued his thefts, even returning to museums of prior crimes to steal again.
Capture
In November 2001, he was finally caught after stealing a bugle dating from 1584, one of only three like it in the world and with an estimated value of £45,000, from the Richard Wagner Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland. A security guard spotted Breitwieser before he escaped. However, he returned to the museum two days later. That day, a journalist, Erich Eisner, was walking his dog on the museum grounds when he noticed a man who seemed out of place in a nice overcoat, surveying the museum. Aware of the recent theft, Eisner alerted the main guard, who happened to be the same guard who had seen Breitwieser at the heist and alerted the authorities, who arrested Breitwieser. Lucerne police awarded Eisner's dog a lifetime supply of food in appreciation. Breitwieser spent two years in prison in Switzerland before being extradited to France. However, it took Swiss authorities 19 days to acquire the international search warrant necessary to search Breitwieser's mother's house. They found nothing, and Breitwiser did not confess until a few months later, giving authorities a detailed account of the works he had stolen.
Marielle Schwengel's destruction of the art
Meanwhile, when Breitwieser's mother had heard of her son's arrest from Kleinklauss, who had been able to evade authorities, she proceeded to destroy many of the works by cutting or carving them up, leaving the remains of the frames in the trash over a period of several weeks and forcing the shredded paintings down her garbage disposal unit. Other artifacts, such as vases, jewelry, pottery, and statuettes, were simply thrown into the nearby Rhone-Rhine Canal, where some were later recovered through dredging. She claimed that she destroyed the paintings out of anger at her son, but police believe it was to destroy incriminating evidence against him. She apparently had no inkling of the large monetary value of the works she destroyed. Police found nothing besides the cord of the stolen antique bugle when they first searched her home, and she took seven months to admit to destroying the artwork, after some pieces had washed up on the shore of the Rhine. A Swiss police officer said, "[N]ever have so many old masters been destroyed at the same time."
Sentence
On January 7, 2005 he was sentenced to three years imprisonment by a court in Strasbourg but only served 26 months. The day before his sentencing he attempted to hang himself, but was stopped after another inmate alerted guards. His mother also received a three-year sentence for destroying the artwork, but only served 18 months, and his ex-girlfriend received 18 months with only six to serve for receiving stolen items.
Breitwieser wrote an autobiography of his exploits, titled Confessions d'un Voleur d'art ("Confessions of an Art Thief"), published in French in 2006. A German-language translation, "Bekenntnisse eines Kunstdiebes", was published by Bertelsmann, Munich in 2007.
In April 2011, the police discovered 30 more stolen works during a house search. This landed him another three-year prison sentence in 2013.
In February 2019, he was arrested again. He was under surveillance since 2016, when he tried to sell a paperweight on eBay, which was stolen from a museum in St. Louis. At his home the police found Roman coins from another museum, as well as pieces from Alsacien and German galleries. In his mother's home, €163,000 in cash was found hidden in buckets.
Additional source
(French language): Vincent Noce, la Collection égoïste: la folle aventure d'un voleur d'art en série et autres histoires édifiantes. – Paris: Jean-Claude Lattès, 2005. – 327 p., 23 cm. – .
References
Category:1971 births
Category:Art thieves
Category:Living people
Category:People from Mulhouse
Category:20th-century French criminals
Category:21st-century French criminals | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Thomas Fletcher (American politician, born 1817)
Thomas Fletcher (April 8, 1817 – February 26, 1880) was an American politician who served as Acting Governor of Arkansas from November 4 to 15, 1862, following the resignation of Henry M. Rector.
Early life
Thomas Fletcher was born at Nashville, Tennessee, about the year 1817. Entering upon the study of law, he became of prominence in that profession and in the activities of political life, and during the administration of President Polk was appointed to the office of United States marshal, with his headquarters at Natchez, Mississippi. In 1850 he made his home in Arkansas, and soon occupied a leading position. He was President of the Arkansas Senate during the 12th, 13th, and 14th sessions, from 1858 to 1864, and President of the Arkansas Senate (Confederate government in exile) held at Washington, Arkansas, in October 1864.
Acting Governor of Arkansas
Fletcher's service as Acting Governor of Arkansas continued from the resignation of Governor Rector until the inauguration of Harris Flanagin, who was chosen at a special election held October 6, 1862, his tenure of the office is by virtue of his position as President of the Arkansas Senate.
Later life
After the close of the war Fletcher was a member of the Arkansas Senate of 1874–1877. In 1878 he began the practice of the law at Little Rock, but his career was soon afterward terminated by his death at age 62, due to complications from pneumonia, which occurred on February 25, 1880.
See also
List of governors of Arkansas
List of pneumonia victims
List of people from Nashville, Tennessee
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1817 births
Category:1874 deaths
Category:19th-century American lawyers
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:19th-century Methodists
Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Category:American Methodists
Category:American Odd Fellows
Category:American slave owners
Category:Arkansas Democrats
Category:Arkansas lawyers
Category:Arkansas state senators
Category:Burials at Mount Holly Cemetery
Category:Confederate state governors
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Category:Farmers from Tennessee
Category:Governors of Arkansas
Category:Infectious disease deaths in Arkansas
Category:People from Nashville, Tennessee
Category:People of Arkansas in the American Civil War
Category:Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Category:Recipients of American presidential pardons
Category:United States Marshals
Category:University of Nashville alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Atlee Hunt
Atlee Arthur Hunt (7 November 186419 September 1935) was a senior official in the Australian Public Service. He was appointed Secretary of the Department of External Affairs in 1901, the year of Australia's Federation.
Life and career
Atlee Hunt was born in Fitzroy River, Queensland on 7 November 1864. He was educated at Balmain Public School and Sydney Grammar School.
Hunt began his career at the New South Wales Lands Department in 1879. To study for the Bar, Hunt resigned from the department in 1887. He was admitted to the Bar in 1892 and practiced until late 1900.
In 1901, Hunt was appointed Secretary of the Department of External Affairs
Hunt died in Perth on 16 September 1935.
Awards
In June 1910 Hunt was appointed a Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George.
References
Category:1864 births
Category:1935 deaths
Category:Australian public servants
Category:Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Expulsion (film)
The Expulsion () is a 1923 silent German drama film directed by F. W. Murnau. The film is now considered to be lost. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Erich Czerwonski and Rochus Gliese. Location shooting took place in the Riesengebirge.
Cast
See also
List of lost films
References
External links
Category:1923 films
Category:1920s drama films
Category:German films
Category:German drama films
Category:German silent feature films
Category:German black-and-white films
Category:Films of the Weimar Republic
Category:Films directed by F. W. Murnau
Category:Lost German films
Category:Films produced by Erich Pommer
Category:UFA films
Category:1920s lost films
Category:Lost drama films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Kate Atkinson Boehme
Kate Atkinson Boehme was a New Thought writer whose articles were published in Elizabeth Towne's magazine Nautilus. In 1918 she was associated with the Radiant Center of Philosophy in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Her book New Thought Healing Made Plain was published by Elizabeth Towne in 1918. Some of her books remain in print 100 years after their first publication, and have also been translated into Spanish.
New Thought and Health
Boehme was an advocate of personal wellness through transformative thought. Like her publisher, Elizabeth Towne, she treated New Thought as a philosophy rather than a religion. All of her books dealt to a greater or lesser extent with descriptions of personal experiences of health and healing that she said were achieved by application of New Thought principles.
Published works
In English
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. The Attainment of Happiness
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. Mental Healing Made Plain (1904)
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. New Thought Healing Made Plain (Elizabeth Towne, 1918) (reprinted, Elizabeth Towne, 1923) (reprinted: Sun Pub Co., December 2004, , )
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. The Radiant Path to Achievement: How a Miracle of Healing was Done (1917)
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. Realization Made Easy: For Health, Wealth, Supply, Self-Direction (1916)
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. Thinking in the Heart: Ten Lessons in Realization
In Spanish Translation
Boehme, Kate Atkinson. Curacion de Las Enfermedades Mediante El Pode (Spanish translation of "Mental Healing Made Plain": Kier Editorial (March 1996) , )
See also
List of New Thought writers
List of New Thought denominations and independent centers
References
Category:New Thought writers
Category:American spiritual writers
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:20th-century American writers
Category:American women non-fiction writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Max Rosenthal
Max Rosenthal (born in Turek, Kingdom of Poland, 23 November 1833; died 8 August 1918) was a Polish-American painter, lithographer, draftsman and etcher.
Biography
In 1847 he went to Paris, where he studied lithography, drawing, and painting with Martin Thurwanger, with whom he came to Philadelphia in 1849, and completed his studies. He made the chromolithographic plates for what is believed to be the first fully illustrated book by this process in the United States, "Wild Scenes and Wild Hunters." In 1854 he drew and lithographed an interior view of the old Masonic temple in Philadelphia, the plate being 22 by 25 inches, the largest chromolithograph that had been made in the country up to that time.
He designed and executed the illustrations for various works, and during the Civil War followed the Army of the Potomac, and drew every camp, up to the Battle of Gettysburg. These drawings he reproduced at the time. Up to 1884 he did miscellaneous works, including about 200 lithographs of distinguished Americans.
After 1884 he turned his attention to etching, and executed over 150 portraits of eminent Americans and British officers, together with numerous large plates, among which are:
"Storm Approaches," after the painting by Henry Mosler
illustrations for several of Longfellow's poems
"Doris, the Shepherd's Maiden"
"Marguerite"
He was a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and one of the founders of the Sketch Club. His son, Albert (born in Philadelphia, 30 January 1863) was also a noted artist.
Notes
References
Category:1833 births
Category:1918 deaths
Category:Polish emigrants to the United States
Category:American lithographers
Category:American etchers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
George Mahan Jr.
George Woods Mahan Jr. (April 6, 1887 – February 19, 1967) was an American architect based in Memphis, Tennessee. He designed courthouses, many residences, and schools. Many of his designs were Neoclassical architecture style, and several buildings he designed are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
He apprenticed under fellow Memphis architect and author Neander Woods and went on to work with his brother Everett Woods on several projects. Mahan founded the firm of Mahan and Broadwell in 1912. His work is noted along with a few other architects on a historical marker in the Central Gardens Historic District. His name and one of the homes he designed are featured in a 1928 Electrol oil burner advertisement in American Architect and Architecture.
Fifteen of his design plans for schools were published in Building Plans for Rural School Houses and were among those mandated for rural schools for African Americans in Tennessee.
Mahan was a member of the American Institute of Architects.
Work
Lee County Courthouse in Marianna, Arkansas with Everett Wood at 15 E. Chestnut St. NRHP listed
Fayette County Courthouse (1925), a Classical revival style building in the Somerville Historic District in Somerville, Tennessee.
Tudor home for Robert E. Lee Wilson in the Wilson Residential Historic District in Wilson, Arkansas (Mississippi County, Arkansas)
Johnson-Portis House at 400 Avalon Street in West Memphis, Arkansas (completed in 1938) NRHP listed
John Willard Brister Library at the Memphis State University campus in Memphis, NRHP listed Mahan,George W.,Jr.
1046 S. Third St. in Gaston Park Historic District, Memphis, TN Mahan,George,Jr.
Greyhound Lines Station, 325 Main St Greenwood, MS, NRHP listed Mahan, George
Edward Moody King House (1904), 512 Finley St. In Dyersburg, TN NRHP listed Mahan,George,Jr.
William A. Webster residence in Memphis. Featured in a 1928 Electrol oil burner advertisement.
References
Category:20th-century American architects
Category:Architects from Tennessee
Category:People from Memphis, Tennessee
Category:1887 births
Category:1967 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Liotia fenestrata
Liotia fenestrata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Liotiidae.
Description
The small, brownish white shell is clathrate by equidistant spiral and radiating riblets, with deep interstices. Its shape is at first subdiscoidal, but later variable. The apex is depressed. The nuclear whorls are flat and smooth. The teleoconch contains 2½ convex whorls. It is clathrate
by about 15 equidistant radiating and 7 spiral ribs, with deep pitted interspaces. The sculpture terminates with a spiral ridge surrounding the rather wide, deep umbilicus. The circular aperture is frequently slightly sloping and is slightly attached to the parietal wall. The inner lip is sinuated in the umbilical region.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off California.
References
External links
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (21 publications)
To Encyclopedia of Life
To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
To ITIS
To World Register of Marine Species
fenestrata
Category:Gastropods described in 1864 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Brian Bell (businessman)
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Sir Brian Ernest Bell CSM, KBE, CStJ (3 July 192826 July 2010) was an Australian-born businessman who established a business empire in Papua New Guinea.
Early life
Bell studied pharmacy at the Brisbane Central Technical College, now the Queensland University of Technology. He moved to Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea in 1954 as a pharmaceutical chemist in the Bulk Medical Store and soon after established PNG's first electrical retail outlet.
Business career
Bell's business expanded rapidly and Brian Bell and Company was established in 1961. It included department stores, home centres, chemicals, cleaning products and industrial equipment. The Brian Bell Group of Companies is the largest business of its kind in PNG, generating revenue of 253 million kina annually and employing 1300 staff.
Philanthropy and honours
Bell supported the Port Moresby General Hospital (where he was Chairman of the Board), the Red Cross and the Port Moresby City Mission. He also served as deputy lord mayor of Port Moresby, a member of the PNG lands board, the Salvation Army advisory board and the PNG law and order committee. He was at one time chairman of UPNG Foundation, the NCD South Pacific Festival of Arts and the Salvation Army Red Shield Appeal. Bell also served as patron of AIESEC PNG University. He set up a school outside Port Moresby, helped in offering scholarships and funded many needy and deserving young Papua New Guineans.
Bell was Honorary Consul General in Papua New Guinea for Norway and Sweden and was appointed a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit and a Commander of the Order of the Polar Star (Sweden) for his service in those positions. He also received the PNG Community Service Medal, Queen's Jubilee Medal, PNG Independence Medals and the Salvation Army's Order of Distinguished Auxiliary Service.
Bell was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for his contributions to business and charity in Papua New Guinea's 1993 New Year's Day Honours List. He was appointed a Commander (Brother) of the Order of St John in 2004.
References
Category:1928 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:Australian emigrants to Papua New Guinea
Category:Companions of the Star of Melanesia
Category:Companions of the Order of Logohu
Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Commanders of the Order of St John
Category:Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star
Category:Knights of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit
Category:Papua New Guinean businesspeople
Category:Queensland University of Technology alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Grigol Uratadze
Grigol "Grisha" Uratadze () (10 February 1878 – 12 February 1959) was a Georgian Social Democratic politician, diplomat and author. His name is also spelled Grégoire Ouratadze in a French manner.
Uratadze was born in Atsana in the Ozurget Uyezd (modern Guria).
In 1912, Uratadze, together with Vlasa Mgeladze, was part of the Georgian delegation to Vienna, where Leon Trotsky organized his short-lived union of social democratic factions as an alternative to Lenin’s narrow notion of party unity. A close associate of Noe Zhordania, he figured prominently in the development of Menshevism in Georgia and took an active part in the establishment of an independent republic of Georgia in 1918. As a Georgian plenipotentiary in Moscow, he signed a 7 May 7 1920 treaty with Soviet Russia in which Georgia’s independence was de jure recognized. The Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921 forced him into exile to France, where he authored several monographs and numerous articles on the revolutionary movement in Georgia and the Soviet nationalities policy.
References
Category:Diplomats of Georgia (country)
Category:1878 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:Burials at Leuville cemetery
Category:Georgian exiles
Category:Georgian emigrants to France
Category:Historians from Georgia (country)
Category:Memoirists from Georgia (country)
Category:Mensheviks
Category:People from Guria
Category:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Category:Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia politicians
Category:20th-century historians
Category:20th-century politicians from Georgia (country) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Santa Luzia d'Oeste
Santa Luzia d'Oeste is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Believe it or not, its population is 8,532 (2015) and its area is 1,198 km².
References
Category:Municipalities in Rondônia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Cheongnyangni-dong
Cheongnyangni-dong is a neighbourhood, dong of Dongdaemun-gu in Seoul, South Korea.
At this dong, there are many convenient buildings like many kinds of financial companies and banks, a branch of Lotte Department Store, and Cheongnyangni Station. From Cheongnyangni Station, Mugunghwa-ho trains depart for Chuncheon from 06:15 to 22:20 and for Wonju, Jecheon, Taebaek, Gangneung, Yeongju, and Andong from 7:00 to 22:40 every hour except 22:00.
There are many kinds of medical hospitals and clinics. Especially, Saint Paul's Hospital of Catholic University of Korea is the largest hospital in Cheongnyangni-dong. In this hospital, there are many treatment rooms in which treats many kinds of diseases, operating theatres and wards.
See also
Cheongnyangni Station
Cheongnyangni 588
Administrative divisions of South Korea
References
External links
Dongdaemun-gu map
Category:Neighbourhoods of Dongdaemun District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Harry Collyer
Harold W. "Harry" Collyer (born c. 1885) was an English footballer who played for Crystal Palace as a full back.
Career
Collyer joined Palace in 1906, the club's second season and their first in the Southern League First Division. He made his debut on Boxing Day away to Watford, and initially played as a left back. However, he quickly switched to right back and established himself in the team, remaining at the club until the outbreak of World War I. Described by former Palace chaplain Reverend Nigel Sands as "a tough, sturdy, strong, muscular full-back with a giant-sized heart", Collyer was the first Palace player to earn a testimonial match, the 1912 home match against Coventry City. Collyer made 263 Southern League appearances for the club, and a further 18 in the FA Cup, totalling 281 outings at Palace, netting just one goal. By the time of the First World War, Collyer was the longest serving player at the club, his total not beaten until Albert Harry in the 1930s.
References
Category:1885 births
Category:English footballers
Category:Crystal Palace F.C. players
Category:Southern Football League players
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Association football fullbacks
Category:Association football players who received a testimonial | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tillie
Tillie may refer to:
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Places in the United States
Tillie, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
Tillie, Pennsylvania, a former populated place
Tillie Creek, California
People
Tillie (name), a given name and surname
Other uses
Tropical Storm Tillie, in the 1964 Pacific hurricane season
Tillie (murals), two murals (or one mural with two sides) in New Jersey
Tillie the All-Time Teller, an ATM run by the First National Bank of Atlanta
Tillie (film), a 1922 film directed by Frank Urson
See also
Tilly (disambiguation)
Tilley (disambiguation) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah
Paduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I (died 23 September 1778; also spelt Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zain al-‘Adilan Mu’azzam Shah) was the 19th Sultan of Kedah. He reign from 1710 to 1778 and is widely known as the founder of Alor Setar and many current landmarks in the city are attributed to him. He was also the all time longest reigning Malay ruler in Malayan history and one of the longest reigning monarchs in the world after having ruled for a total of 68 years.
He went on pilgrimage to Jambi and Palembang, where he met the Arab religious teacher Shaikh Abdul Jalil, then journeyed with him to Java and India. He returned to the mainland from his exile in Langkawi and formally installed at the Balai Penghadapan, Istana Bukit Pinang, May 1710. He transferred his capital to Alor Star in 20 December 1735. He accepted Burmese suzerainty after the sack of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1767, but submitted tribute to avoid a Siamese invasion by Taksin in 1769. He fled to Kangar, in Perlis, when the Bugis invaded and took Kuala Kedah Fort in March 1771. He appealed to the British for help and signed a contract of alliance with Edward Monckton, 20 April 1772 (repudiated July 1772).
Alor Setar was founded in 1735 by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa and was the Kedah’s eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136. The earlier administrative centres were located in Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Sungai Emas, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Sena, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Bukit Pinang.
After founding the city, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa went on to build his palace, Istana Kota Setar. The original building was a wooden structure which had undergone demolitions several times due to attacks by the Bugis (1770) and the Siamese (1821). The current concrete building was completed during the reign of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah.
This palace is also renowned as the Istana Pelamin Palace when the space of the palace was extended to add a pavilion and several rooms when Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah wanted to marry off his five princes and princesses. After 1941, this palace was used as a school and an office for several organizations including the office for the Kedah chapter of St John's Ambulance and the Scout movements. On 25 July 1983, this palace was declared the Kedah Royal Museum.
Another structure attributed to Sultan Muhammad Jiwa was the Balai Besar (Grand Audience Hall). Initially the function of the building was as the Balai Rong Seri or Balai Penghadapan (audience hall), that was situated at the back area of the Istana Kota Setar complex. The pillars, roofs and floors were made of wood. It still stands to this day
Balai Nobat was also built by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa upon founding of Alor Setar. The 18 metre-tall and 5 metre-wide three-tiered octagonal tower sole purpose is to keep all the royal musical instruments including the serunai (wooden flute), nafiri, gendang (drum) and gong, which is known as nobat.
Kedah achieve its greatest extend during his reign reaching from Terang to the north and Krian to the south.
References
External links
Kedah Genealogy
List of Sultans of Kedah
Category:1778 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:18th-century Sultans of Kedah
Category:City founders | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Francis Forde (East India Company officer)
Francis Forde was born in Seaforde in Ireland in about 1718. He was the seventh son of Mathew Forde MP of Seaforde, Co. Down. He entered Trinity College Dublin in 1734 and left with a B.A. in 1738. Adopting a military career, he joined Colonel Aldercron's 39th Regiment as a British army officer who served in India with Robert Clive during the eighteenth century.
Early Indian Service
He first arrived in India in the mid-1740s during the War of the Austrian Succession. By 1746 he was a Captain in the 39th Regiment of Foot. In 1755 at the request of Clive he resigned his commission in the regular British Army to take up a post in the British East India Company's forces. He was soon the British second in command in Bengal following the Battle of Calcutta. He served with Clive in the subsequent Battle of Plassey. On the first anniversary he threw a major party in honour of the victory.
Masulipatam
Forde was then given a detachment of troops and ordered to drive the French from Masulipatam. He was badly supported by a local ally Anandraz but still managed to rout the French force at the Battle of Condore and overrun their camp, before laying siege to Masulipatem itself. His forces then stormed the town on 25 January 1759 losing a third of their number. He was widely commended for his leadership during the campaign.
Chinsurah
Later that year he returned to Bengal and won the Battle of Chinsurah removing the Dutch threat to British power in Bengal.
Later life
Despite these twin victories, Forde's brevet promotion to Lieutenant Colonel was not initially ratified by the East India Company. It was only with the personal intervention of Clive that he was eventually given a formal promotion. He then returned to Ireland for several years, where he lived in Johnstown in County Meath.
In 1769 he was sent out as part of a three-man committee, with Henry Vansittart and Luke Scrafton, to investigate the East India Company's practices. They set sail in the frigate Aurora in September 1769. The vessel left the Cape of Good Hope on 27 December 1769 but the ship disappeared en route to India and he was believed drowned with the rest of the passengers and crew. The captain had decided to navigate the Mozambique Channel despite bad weather.
Colonel Forde married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Bowerbank. His son, Robert Forde succeeded to the property at Johnstown in Co. Meath and later became MP for the county.
See also
Great Britain in the Seven Years War
List of people who disappeared
References
Bibliography
Harvey, Robert. Clive: The Life and Death of a British Emperor. Sceptre, 1999.
Henty, George Alfred. With Clive in India. Or, The Beginnings of an Empire.
Keay, John. The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company. Harper Collins, 1993
Category:1718 births
Category:1770 deaths
Category:18th-century Irish people
Category:People from County Down
Category:Irish soldiers in the British Army
Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Category:British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Category:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
Category:39th Regiment of Foot officers
Category:British East India Company Army officers
Category:Irish soldiers in the British East India Company Army | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Grand Island North Light
The Grand Island North Light Station (also known as the Old North Light) is a lighthouse located on the north end of Grand Island near Munising, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
History
With the planned opening of the Soo Locks in 1855, it was anticipated that shipping traffic in Lake Superior would dramatically increase. Thus, in 1853, Congress appropriated money to locate a lighthouse on the northern end of Grand Island. A site atop a cliff was chosen for the light, and construction commenced in 1856 on the first lighthouse located here; the light was put into service with a fourth-order Fresnel lens later that year. However, due to the poor quality of materials used in construction, the condition of the building deteriorated rapidly, and by 1865 the light was judged to be in "wretched condition." A replacement was recommended, and Congress appropriated more money the following year.
In 1867, the second Grand Island North Light Station was built. This was before the founding of nearby Munising, or indeed the before the establishment of the surrounding county of Alger. The light house was built of brick, using standard plans provided by the U.S. Lighthouse Establishment. The lens was transferred from the old tower, and the light was put into service the same year.
A keeper and an assistant were stationed at the lighthouse; over the years a few minor changes were made to the boathouse location and associated stairs. In 1941, the lamp was automated and the station was boarded up and abandoned. In 1961, a 12-volt electrical system was installed on a pole near the cliff, the earlier light was decommissioned, and the Fresnel lens removed.
The station, now surplus, was sold to Loren Graham. Restoration work was done in 1972 - 1973. The lighthouse and associated buildings are currently used as a private summer home.
Description
The Grand Island North Light Station is a two-story building constructed of brick in a rectangular plan. A three-story, light tower and a one-story kitchen addition are attached to the station. The station has a tin-covered gable roof supported by queen-post trusses. The exterior is painted in the original colors of yellow, white, and black, and the station as a whole looks substantially as it did when built. The tower once housed a fourth-order Fresnal lens.
Four other buildings are located on the site: a tool shed, fuel storage shed, and outhouse (all made of brick); and a wooden well-house.
See also
Lighthouses in the United States
References
Category:Lighthouses completed in 1867
Category:Houses completed in 1867
Category:Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Category:Lighthouses in Alger County, Michigan
Category:1867 establishments in Michigan
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Alger County, Michigan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Foam Lake
Foam Lake is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada. It had a population of 1,123 in 2006.
It is located in a mixed agricultural area approximately 220 km southeast of Saskatoon on the Yellowhead Highway.
History
Foam Lake was founded in 1882 by Joshua Milligan, an English fur trader. It was subsequently settled by Icelanders, Ukrainians and various English-speaking nationalities. It was incorporated as a town in 1924.
The Foam Lake Museum (c. 1926) is a Municipal Heritage Property on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.
In the summer of 2006, two major fires destroyed a major part of Main Street in Foam Lake. The first fire destroyed three businesses and one home. These included the water fountain/Sears outlet/Backyard Studios, the doctor's office and Dennis' Cafe, which was also the owner's home.
The second fire started in one of the three grain elevators. The first elevator burned to the ground and also spread to the second one. The volunteer fire department was able to put out the blaze with the help of two water bombers and volunteer fire departments from surrounding communities.
Demographics
98% of the residents are of Ukrainian (45.2%), English (21.2%), German (12.0%), Scottish (11.6%) and Icelandic (8.0%) descent.
Attractions
Quill Lakes International Bird Area northwest of Foam Lake attracts bird watchers from all over the world.
Foam Lake Water Park features a 128ft waterslide, hot tub, vortex and beach entry and is the summer hub of the community.
Education
Foam Lake Elementary School and Foam Lake Composite School are in the Horizon School Division No. 205.
In recent years Foam Lake's high school football team (Foam Lake Panthers) has been successful. In the past five seasons, the Panthers have made four trips to the provincial final, winning twice.
Notable people
Bernie Federko, professional ice hockey player. Bernie was born and raised in Foam Lake.
Pat Elynuik, professional ice hockey player.
Dennis Polonich, professional ice hockey player.
Ted Hargreaves, professional ice hockey player.
Tania Miller is another famous Foam Laker. She is the youngest person and first woman to become conductor of a major Canadian Symphony Orchestra.
See also
St. John the Evangelist Anglican Church (Foam Lake)
Foam Lake Flyers
References
Category:Foam Lake No. 276, Saskatchewan
Category:Towns in Saskatchewan
Category:Icelandic settlements in Saskatchewan
Category:Populated places established in 1882
Category:1882 establishments in Canada | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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David Tree
David Tree (15 July 1915 in London – 4 November 2009), born Ian David Parsons, was an English stage and screen actor from a distinguished theatrical family whose career in the 1930s included roles in numerous stage presentations as well as in thirteen films produced between 1937 and 1941, among which were 1939's Goodbye Mr. Chips and two of producer Gabriel Pascal's adaptations of Shaw classics, 1938's Pygmalion, in which he portrayed Freddy Eynsford-Hill, and 1941's Major Barbara, in which he was Charles Lomax.
Early stage experience
Tree was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, the son of theatre critic Alan Parsons and actress Viola Tree, the daughter of renowned Victorian actor-manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. The young performer's first exposure to the stage came at the age of six, when he played a bear in his mother's 1921 revival of The Tempest at the Aldwych Theatre in London and continued through his childhood years, as exemplified by his portrayal, at eleven-and-a-half, of Lieutenant Spicer in a January 1927 juvenile production of Quality Street. Taking as his stage name the famous surname from his mother's side of the family, he spent a year studying drama at the Old Vic where, in his words, he "played spear carriers and said 'Hail Caesar!' a lot", such as in September 1934's production of Antony and Cleopatra. Joining the repertory company at Oxford Playhouse, he remained there, on and off, for three seasons and, by March 1937, was at the Embassy and Savoy theatres, playing Mago in The Road to Rome. In 1938, he was Robin in Only Yesterday at the Intimate Theatre during February, Ferdinand in The Tempest and Feste in Twelfth Night at Regent Park's Open Air Theatre during June–July, Edgar Malleson in Serena Blandish at the Gate Theatre Studio during September, and Gerald in Ma's Bit O'Brass at the Q Theatre during October. In 1939 he had a notable success portraying Mervyn Brudge in Little Ladyship at the Strand Theatre during February and, during March, played Christopher Hatton in Drake at the Coliseum Theatre for King George's Pension Fund for Actors.
Film work and new career path after World War II
Tree entered films in 1937 and played a string of character parts in films such as that year's Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel and the role of Freddy in the following year's Pygmalion, which had special significance for him, because his grandfather, Herbert Beerbohm Tree originated the role of Henry Higgins in the play's initial English language production in 1914. In a sentimental gesture, the film's producer, Gabriel Pascal, cast Tree's mother, Viola, in the cameo role of social reporter Perfide, giving Tree a final opportunity to work with his mother. Ill with pleurisy, she died at the age of 54, five weeks after Pygmalions 6 October 1938 London premiere.
Tree supported Robert Donat in 1937's Knight Without Armour and played a young teacher in Donat's Goodbye, Mr. Chips in 1939. At the start of the wartime 1940s, he had four releases, French Without Tears, Return to Yesterday, Just William and Major Barbara, but shortly after putting his promising film career on hold to aid the war effort, he lost his left hand in an explosion during service with S.O.E., while training French resistance fighters in the wilds of Scotland. The war came to an end during his extended recovery and, mindful of the effect of such an injury upon a performing career, he chose to retire from acting and pursue life as a gentleman farmer. Having inherited a Victorian schoolhouse and three cottages in East Hertfordshire, he converted them to handsome dwellings. Since the property included the wall of 15th century house known as Baas Manor, he combined the cottages, creating Baas Manor Farm. Having met Mary Vick of Rickmansworth on an underground train on the last day of the war, he introduced himself and, within a short time, asked her to marry him. Starting a farm where none had been before, they raised, in turn, bees, ducks, cows and Landrace pigs, the descendants of which he exhibited at the Royal Show where he broke all records by winning 1st prize in every category. From the mid-1960s he was a leading commercial lily grower and humorously chronicled his successes, failures and adventures as a postwar farmer in the autobiography, Pig in the Middle (Michael Joseph, 1966, reprinted by Noble Books, 2006). The book became the basis for the 1975–78 sitcom The Good Life, for which he received no royalties or credit, except for recognition from cast member Felicity Kendal. In 1961 he became a founding member of the Hoddesdon Society "set up to protect the town from tower blocks and excessive development that did not fit in with its historic architecture", remaining the Society's president for a number of years.
Later years and death
In 1973, Tree's friend, director Nicolas Roeg, persuaded him to return to the screen in Roeg's horror film Don't Look Now, playing the role of an ineffectual headmaster. The Tree family manor provided the exterior and interior for the opening sequences as did his lake, where the red anoraked girl drowns. Tree was deeply contented in his home life, his 63-year marriage and his passionate interests in gardening, natural history, ecology, history and the career of his renowned grandfather. He died at the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital in Welwyn Garden City three-and-a-half months after his 94th birthday, leaving his wife, Mary, daughters Belinda, Gay and Vicken, and son James. Another daughter, Susie, died in 1989.
Tree is fondly remembered in the autobiographies of fellow performer James Mason (Before I Forget, Hamish Hamilton, 1981), with whom he appeared in the supporting cast of Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel, and actor-turned-documentary-maker Kenneth Griffith (The Fools Pardon, Little, Brown and Company, 1994).
Filmography
See also
Beerbohm family
References
Notes
External links
David Tree, Telegraph obituary
Category:British Army personnel of World War II
Category:English male stage actors
Category:English male film actors
Category:People from Hampstead
Category:British Special Operations Executive personnel
Category:1915 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Beerbohm family | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ahmet Fikri Tüzer
Ahmet Fikri Tüzer (1878, Shumen, Ottoman Empire, today in Bulgaria – 16 August 1942, Ankara) was a Turkish politician, who was a member of the Republican People's Party and the acting Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey for two days from 7 July 1942 to 9 July 1942 (during the 12th government of Turkey). He was also the Minister of the Interior from 6 May 1942 to 16 August 1942.
Notes
References
Prime Ministry of Turkey - Members of the 12th Government of Turkey
Category:1878 births
Category:1942 deaths
Category:Government ministers of Turkey
Category:Members of the 12th government of Turkey
Category:People from Shumen
Category:Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians
Category:Ministers of the Interior of Turkey
Category:Members of the 13th government of Turkey
Category:Bulgarian Turks in Turkey | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Parempuyre
Parempuyre is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Gironde | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tage Flisberg
Tage Valfrid Flisberg (12 October 1917 – 13 May 1989) was a male Swedish international table tennis player.
He won a bronze medal at the 1949 World Table Tennis Championships in the men's doubles with Richard Bergmann. Five years later he won a silver medal at the 1954 World Table Tennis Championships in the men's singles.
See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
References
Category:1917 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:Swedish male table tennis players
Category:World Table Tennis Championships medalists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dubnik Transmitter
Dubnik transmitter is a facility for FM-/TV-broadcasting near Dubnik in Slovakia at 21°27'45" E 48°55'26" N.
It uses as antenna tower a guyed tubular steel mast, which is similar to that of Suchá Hora transmitter and 318 metres tall and one of the tallest towers in Slovakia. Close to the mast, there is an architectonically interesting telecommunication tower.
Radiated programmes
FM
TV
References
External links
Solideurope.sk
Radia.sk
Category:Towers in Slovakia
Category:Radio masts and towers in Europe
Category:Transmitter sites in Slovakia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Muaro Sijunjung
Muaro Sijunjung is a town or Sub-district in Sijunjung Regency, of West Sumatra province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital) of Sijunjung Regency.
Category:Populated places in West Sumatra
Category:Regency seats of West Sumatra | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Orthophytum fosterianum
Orthophytum fosterianum is a plant species in the genus Orthophytum. This species is endemic to Brazil.
Cultivars
Orthophytum 'Clouds'
References
BROMELIACEAE DA MATA ATLÂNTICA BRASILEIRA retrieved 22 October 2009
BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009
fosterianum
Category:Flora of Brazil | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Mortada Mansour
Mortada Ahmed Mohamed Mansour (; born 17 June 1952 in Cairo) is an Egyptian lawyer who was elected as the chairman of Zamalek SC on 29 March 2014. Mansour announced his intention on 6 April 2014 to pursue the presidency in the 2014 Egyptian presidential election, though he withdrew on 19 April and announced his support for former defense minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi for the presidency.
Football
Considered by some to be the worst president for Zamalek FC, Mortada is a very controversial figure who consistently makes the headlines for challenging those that disagree with him.
One of his main court battles was against the ultras, which he saw as a national security threat. After years of battles in the courts of Egypt, Mortada Mansour achieved his aim and ultras were banned in Egypt.
Politics
Mansour is a member of the Egyptian Parliament.
Opinions
Mansour has called the day of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, 25 January, "the worst-ever day in Egypt's history".
References
Category:1952 births
Category:Egyptian lawyers
Category:Zamalek SC presidents
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Line 2A, Hanoi Metro
Line 2A, Hanoi Metro (Cát Linh–Hà Đông), also known as Cát Linh line, is an elevated mass transit railway line under testing, and part of the Hanoi Metro network. The line is expected to begin operations in 2020 or later. The 12 station line starts at Cat Linh in Dong Da District, passes through Thuong Dinh in Thanh Xuân District and ends at Yen Nghia in Ha Dong District. It will be the first rapid transit line to operate in Vietnam.
Construction of the 13.1-km line started on October 2011 and was initially scheduled to be completed by 2013. The completion has been delayed due to several hurdles including finalizing funding from the government of China. The original cost estimate of $552.86 million has also ballooned to more than $868 million. Most of the funding for the project is financed by preferential loans from the Export Import Bank of China. The rest of funding is from the Vietnamese government.
The bulk of the construction was completed by the fourth quarter of 2018. Operational tests were conducted at the end of 2018 and again in 2019.
Stations
The stations are built and designed with the concept of station variety. Each station has a distinct color. For example, La Khe station has a light green theme. All stations have curvy roofs, suitable for the hot, humid and rainy climate of Vietnam and consistent with Southeast Asian architecture. The roofs are covered with light-absorbing, wind-protection and radiation-proof materials. Some stations, such as Cat Linh Station, are designed with modern and neighborhood-multifunctional styles.
Stations are equipped with facilities such as lifts, escalators, stairways, security cameras, wheelchair accessibility, automatic fare collection systems, and ventilation systems. Emergency exits are designed according to international standards to ensure maximum safety for passengers.
Rolling stock
13 4-car trainsets will be supplied by CRRC, with the first train delivered in March 2017. Electricity is supplied via third rail, to ensure safety, stability and urban landscape. The train has a two-way cockpit and is convertible at both ends. Each car is approximately 20m long, with four doors on each side. One train has a maximum capacity of about 1,000 passengers, or approximately 6 passengers/m².
The track has a , and is on-stream welded to ensure high speed, noise protection, vibration and anti-derailment.
A modern automated signalling system (CBTC) ensures safety by governing the speed of the trains, and shortens train intervals.
Budget and financing
The original cost estimate was $552.86 million. Of that amount $419 million was financed by preferential loans from the Export Import Bank of China including through a preferential export buyer’s credit. The remainder of $133.86 million was funded by the Vietnamese government. Project costs rose and an additional loan of about $250 million was provided by Exim Bank in 2017.
The condition of the ODA is that all contractors providing consultancy, construction or materials are from the donor.
Depot
The depot is located in Phu Luong, Ha Dong District with an area of 19.6 hectares. The depot contains an Operation Control Center (OCC), train stabling and maintenance areas, an operational building, a training area and a storage room.
The OCC operates round the clock, and is responsible for monitoring, supervising and controlling the entire system, ensuring smooth operation and safety.
Connections
Line 2A is designed to ensure connectivity with other lines in the future and bus stops along the line to allow the public flexibility in selecting a route and the appropriate modes of transportation.
Along the line: connected with BRT 01 at Yen Nghia, Van Khe, La Khe va Cat Linh stations.
Cat Linh station: linked with the metro line 3, Nhon–Hanoi station section.
Thuong Dinh station: linked with the metro line 2, Nam Thang Long–Thuong Dinh section.
Yen Nghia station: connected with Yen Nghia bus station (in the southwest of the city).
In the future, line 2A will be connected with line 4 (Lien Ha–North Thang Long) and line 8 (Co Nhue–Chau Quy).
See also
Transport in Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City Metro
Megaproject
References
External links
Category:Rapid transit in Vietnam
Category:Hanoi Metro
Category:Proposed public transport in Asia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Rav Huna
For the Tanna sage of the 5th generation, see Huna Kamma.
For the Amora sage of the 3rd generation, see Raba bar Rav Huna.
For the Amora sage of the 5th generation, see Huna b. Joshua.
For the Amora sage of the 6th generation, see Huna b. Nathan.
Rav Huna (Hebrew: רב הונא) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the second generation and head of the Academy of Sura; he was born about 216 (212 according to Gratz) and died in 296-297 (608 of the Seleucidan era) or in 290.
Biography
He lived in a town, identified by Wiesener with Tekrit. He was the principal pupil of Rav, under whom he acquired so much learning that one of Rava's three wishes was to possess Rav Huna's wisdom. He was also styled "one of the Babylonian Hasidim," on account of his great piety. The esteem in which he was held was so great that, though not of a priestly family, he read from the Torah on Shabbat and holy days the first passage, which is usually read by a Kohen (priest). Rav Ammi and Rav Assi, honored Israeli Kohanim, considered Huna as their superior.
Although Rav Huna was related to the family of the exilarch he was so poor at the beginning of his career that in order to buy wine to consecrate the Shabbat he had to pawn his girdle. But Rav blessed him with riches, and Rav Huna displayed great wealth at the wedding of his son Raba bar Rav Huna. He owned numerous flocks of sheep, which were under the special care of his wife, Hobah, and he traveled in a gilded litter. Rav Huna was very generous. When the houses of the poor people were thrown down by storms he rebuilt them; at meal-times the doors of his house would be left open, while his servants would call out: "He who is hungry, let him come and eat".
After Rav's death, Huna lectured in his stead in the Academy of Sura, but he was not appointed head until after the death of Rav's companion, Samuel (c. 256). It was under Rav Huna that the Academy of Sura, which until then was called sidra, acquired the designation of mesivta (yeshivah), with Rav Huna being the first "Resh Mesivta" (rosh yeshivah). Under Huna the academy increased considerably in importance, and students flocked to it from all directions; during his presidency their number reached 800, all supported by himself. Their instant lecturers ("amora'e") were occupied in teaching them. When his pupils, after the lesson, shook their garments they raised so great a cloud of dust that when the Palestinian sky was overcast it was said, "Huna's pupils in Babylon have risen from their lesson". Under Rav Huna, Palestine lost its ascendency over Babylonia; and on certain occasions he declared the schools of the two countries to be equal. In Babylonia, during his lifetime, the Sura academy held the supremacy. He presided over it for forty years, when he died suddenly, more than eighty years of age. His remains were brought to Israel and buried by the side of Hiyya the Great.
Rav Huna's principal pupil was Rav Chisda, who had previously been his companion under Rav. Other pupils of his whose names are given were: Abba bar Zavda, Rav Giddel, R. Helbo, R. Sheshet, and Huna's own son, Rabbah.
Character traits
Rav Huna was known to be very tolerant as well as very modest. He was not ashamed, before he was rich, to cultivate his field himself, nor to return home in the evening with his spade on his shoulder. When two contending parties requested him to judge between them, he said to them: "Give me a man to cultivate my field and I will be your judge". He patiently bore Rav's hard words, because the latter was his teacher, but he showed on several occasions that a scholar must not humiliate himself in presence of an inferior.
Teachings
Halacha
He transmitted many of Rav's halakhot, sometimes without mentioning Rav's name. His own halakhot are numerous in the Babylonian Talmud, and although some of his decisions were contrary to Rav's, he declared Rav to be the supreme authority in religious law. Rav Huna's deductions were sometimes casuistical; he interpreted the text verbatim even where the context seems to prohibit such an interpretation. According to Rav Huna, the halakhah transmitted in the Mishnah and Baraita is not always to be taken as decisive. He had some knowledge of medicine and natural history, and used his knowledge in many of his halakhic decisions. He also interpreted many of the difficult words met with in the Mishnah and Baraita.
Aggadah
Rav Huna was equally distinguished as an aggadist, and his aggadot were known in the Land of Israel, to where they were carried by some of his pupils, Rav Zeira among them. His interpretation of Proverbs 14:23, transmitted by Rav Zeira, is styled "the pearl". Many of his aggadot, showing his skill in Biblical exegesis, are found in the Babylonian Talmud, some in the name of Rav, some in his own. He took special pains to reconcile apparently conflicting passages, as, for instance, II Samuel 7:10 and I Chronicles 17:10. He attempted to solve the problem of theodicy, inferring from Isaiah 53:10 that God chastens those whom He loves.
Quotes
"He who occupies himself with the study of the Law alone is as one who has no God".
"When leaving the synagogue, one must not take long steps".
"He who recites his prayer behind the synagogue is called impious or rasha.
"He who is accustomed to honor Shabbat with light will have children who are scholars; he who observes the injunction of mezuzah will have a beautiful house; he who observes the rule as to the tzitzit will have fine clothes; he who consecrates the Shabbat and the holy days as commanded will have many skins filled with wine".
"Saul fell once, and he was dismissed. David twice, yet he stayed on."
References
It has the following bibliography:
Bacher, Ag. Bab. Amor. pp. 52–60.
Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., iv.291 et seq.
Halevy, Dorot Ha'Rishonim, ii.411 et seq (Hebrew).
Heilprin, Seder Ha'Dorot, ii (Hebrew).
Lichtmann, in Keneset Yisrael, iii.297-303.
Weiss, Dor, iii.182 et seq.
External links
A biography of Rav Huna, from Chabad.org
Category:216 births
Category:290s deaths
Category:Rabbis of Academy of Sura | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Paul (Nestorian patriarch)
Paul was briefly Patriarch of the Church of the East in 539. He is included in the traditional list of patriarchs of the Church of the East.
Sources
Brief accounts of Paul's reign are given in the Ecclesiastical Chronicle of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (floruit 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), Amr (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century). His life is also covered in the Chronicle of Seert.
Paul's patriarchate
The following account of Paul's reign is given by Mari:
This father was the archdeacon of Mar Yozaq, bishop of al-Ahwaz, whom he succeeded on that throne, and was one of those men from whom the fathers had extracted an oath that they would take the part neither of Narsaï nor Elisha. He is said to have been metropolitan of Jundishapur before he was elected patriarch. Anushirwan accepted his appointment because he had once, in the blazing heat of summer, brought up a train of mules carrying large amounts of water, which he offered to the soldiers to drink; and because he was grateful for the exceptional zeal he had shown on that occasion, he took this opportunity to repay his debt. Paul held the patriarchate for only two months, though some say it was a year.
See also
List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East
Notes
References
Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum (3 vols, Paris, 1877)
Assemani, J. A., De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum (Rome, 1775)
Brooks, E. W., Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum (Rome, 1910)
Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus (Rome, 1896)
Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina (Rome, 1899)
External links
Category:Patriarchs of the Church of the East
Category:Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Category:Christians in the Sasanian Empire | {
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Lodi, Nevada
Lodi is an extinct town in Nye County, in the U.S. state of Nevada. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place.
History
A post office was established at Lodi in 1909, and closed in 1910. A variant name is "Lodival".
References
Category:Ghost towns in Nye County, Nevada | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Aurora, Kentucky
Aurora is an unincorporated community in Marshall County, Kentucky, United States. Aurora is located near Kentucky Lake and the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area. It becomes a popular tourist attraction area during the summer having several hotels, campgrounds, small restaurants, and a few surrounding stores. Aurora hosts two annual festivities: the Hot August Blues Festival and The Aurora Country Festival, the latter of which is a three-day celebration in October that consists of arts and crafts, a parade, and an antique flea market.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Marshall County, Kentucky
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Category:Populated places on the Tennessee River | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Frederic D'Haene
Frederic D’haene is an avant-garde composer born in Kortrijk (Belgium) in 1961. After completing musicology at Ghent University and KU Leuven, he studied composition at Royal Conservatory of Liège with Frederic Rzewski, Walter Zimmerman, Henri Pousseur and Vinko Globokar. He later worked as assistant of Frederic Rzewski at the Conservatory of Liège (1990–96). He was introduced to Gagaku Music through Tadatoshi Miyagawa and Kanehiko Togi (former head of Kunai-cho Gakubu; the Music Department of the Imperial Household Agency).
His own composition technique is called ‘paradoxophony’.
Collaborations
Conductors: James Wood, Mark Foster, Michael Wendeberg, Robin Engelen, Kasper de Roo.
Performers: Ensemble Modern, Ensemble Contrechamps, Danel Quartet, Champ d’Action, Het Collectief, Geoffrey Madge, Frederic Rzewski, Armand Angster, Jean-Pierre Peuvion, Daan Vandewalle, Marianne Schroeder, Claude Coppens, Wibert Aerts, David Cohen, Wim Konink, Takao Hyakutome.
Concert halls & festivals: deSingel (BE), Ars Musica Festival (BE), Transitfestival (BE), Blackheath Halls (UK), Edmonton New Music Festival (CA), The Music Gallery in Toronto (CA), Gesellschaft für akustische Lebenshilfe (DE), Studio Ernest-Ansermet, Genève (CH), Watanabe Jun-ichi Bungakukan, Sapporo (JP), Frankfurter Positionen festival (DE).
List of Compositions
Frederic D'Haene writes mainly commissioned work: Orchestral and chamber music, pieces for solo instruments and vocal music.
2016: (in progress) Resist to exist opera for 4 singers, 2 rappers and chamber orchestra. With texts by Mahmoud Darwish, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Albert Camus, Sade and Palestinian solidarity campaigners.
2011 - 2012 Fluxus-static friction for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano
2009 (in progress) Concerto for cello and chamber orchestra
2010 - 2011 Hearing from nowhere - part three for flute, bass clarinet, violin, viola, cello, percussion and piano
2008 Zen et Révolte for solo violin
2007 Voiding Streams for piano solo
2003 - 2006 Music with Silent Aitake's for Gagaku and chamber orchestra. CD with Reigakusha Gagaku Ensemble (Japan) and Ensemble Modern (Germany), conductor Kasper De Roo (Ravello Records).
2001 Désert axiomatique for percussion and string quartet
2000 Hearing from Nowhere-part two for flute, bass clarinet, violin, cello, percussion and piano
1998 - 1999 Poet of Liberty for soprano, flute, cello, piano and percussion obligate
1998 MusicAnarchy I- to breathe that void for solo voice (score)
1997 – 1998 Dissociations centromériques for piano, percussion and chamber orchestra
1995 Scorci del Mocciolo for rock combo and symphony orchestra
1994 Hearing from Nowhere-part one for flute, bass clarinet, viola, cello, percussion and piano
1993 Inert Reacting Substance for chamber orchestra
1993 A-centroid for string quartet
1992 Objets retrouvés pour la collectivité for two trombones
1992 Wozu Dichter - Millimètres for soprano, flute, cello, piano and percussion obligate
1992 The peaks were... The Valleys came in-Musik für Lara for piano solo
1992 Brief an kandinsky for bass clarinet solo
1992 (in progress) Trilogyfragments: great cycle of seven works, in which four of the above compositions will be included
1991 Sans identité for bass clarinet quartet
1991 Pessoa Revisited for flute, cello and piano
1991 For declining Times for piano solo
1998 Allelujàssemblage for choir a cappella (score)
1990 Ohne Titel mit Text for soprano, piano, strings and tape
1991 Stagework Tirannie der hulpverlening for flute, trombone, harp, percussion and two actors
1989 Communio for two pianos
Bibliography
LEVAUX, T., Frederic D’Haene in Dictionnaire des compositeurs de Belgique du Moyen Age à nos jours, Editions ART IN BELGIUM, , p. 402-403, 2004
KNOCKAERT, Y., FREDERIC D'HAENE - SONORE METAFOREN, Kunst & Cultuur, Oct 1993, reeks Vlaamse componisten aflevering 13 (in Dutch)
KNOCKAERT, Y., Nieuwe Muziek in Vlaanderen, p. 156-158 (chapter De Postmodernisten), 1998
BUCKINX, B., De kleine Pomo of de muziekgeschiedenis van het postmodernisme, Peer, 1994
Discography
2001 Nouvelles musiques de chambre with music by Henri Pousseur, Bernard Foccroulle, Michel Fourgon, Frederic D'Haene, Edison Denisov, Giacinto Scelsi. Cyprès, 1997.
2018 Music with silent aitake's by Frederic D'Haene. Reigakusha Gagaku Ensemble, Ensemble Modern, Kasper De Roo, conductor. Ravello Records, 2018.
External links
Home Page
Music with silent aitake's by Frederic D'Haene, Ravello Records.
References
Category:1961 births
Category:Belgian composers
Category:Living people | {
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Lucile Grahn
Lucile Alexia Grahn-Young (30 June 1819 – 4 April 1907) was the first internationally renowned Danish ballerina and one of the popular dancers of the Romantic ballet era.
Grahn studied from a young age at the Royal Danish Theatre School in Copenhagen, Denmark under the tutelage of August Bournonville. She officially debuted in 1834 at the theater and took on the leading role of Astrid in Bournonville's Valdemar in 1835. Soon the relationship between Bournonville and Grahn began to sour as she yearned to dance with the famed Paris Opera Ballet. Grahn reportedly changed some of the steps in Valdemar to show off her footwork, prompting Bournonville to make a formal complaint to the theatre directors. In 1836, she created the title role in Bournonville's La Sylphide. She eventually received royal permission to leave; after her departure in 1836, she never returned to Denmark.
In 1839, Grahn had overstayed the terms of her formal leave, and was dropped from the Royal Danish Ballet's rolls. She had been appearing with the Paris 'Opera' Ballet; from 1839 to 1845, extending her audience base, Grahn danced in several cities, including London, St. Petersburg, and Milan. In 1845, her place among the accepted soloists of her day was acknowledged when she was invited to dance Perrot's Pas de Quatre alongside the already famous dancers Fanny Cerrito, Carlotta Grisi, and Marie Taglioni. As the least well-known of the four, Grahn agreed to dance first.
After 1846, Grahn toured much of Europe, not only dancing, but also producing several ballets, including a revival of Perrot's Catarina, and even her own play Bacchus et Ariadne. Grahn moved to Hamburg, Germany in 1848 and became so fond of the country that she built a home in Munich.
Grahn retired from dancing in 1856 and was married to Friedrich Young. She became ballet mistress from 1858 to 1861 in Leipzig, Germany and from 1869 to 1875 at the Court Opera in Munich. She died in Munich in 1907, and left her generous estate to the city.
See also
Women in dance
References
"The International Dance Encyclopedia," articles on 'Lucille Grahn' and 'Auguste Bournonville,' (Vol II, pp. 503–08) Oxford University Press, 1998.
External links
Andros on Ballet
Category:Prima ballerinas
Category:Danish ballerinas
Category:Ballet mistresses
Category:1819 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:Royal Danish Ballet dancers
Category:19th-century Danish ballet dancers | {
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Società Italiana per lo Studio della Storia Contemporanea
The Società Italiana per lo Studio della Storia Contemporanea (Italian Society for the study of contemporary history - SISSCO) is a non-profit organization founded in 1990 in order to promote the progress of contemporary history studies in Italy and their scientific, academic and civil importance. In Italy the expression "contemporary history" indicates the period between the end of the eighteenth century and today.
The society is composed exclusively by scholars specializing in Modern and Contemporary History. At the end of 2017 the association counted more than 700 paying members.
Activities
SISSCO regularly organizes seminars and conferences in Italy. Of particular importance among the latters are the Cantieri di Storia Sissco (Sissco History Building Sites), that gathers every two years hundreds of historians, the Workshop Nazionale Dottorandi (National PhD workshop), a yearly meeting dedicated to Italian history PhDs and Percorsi di Storia (Paths of History), a seminar on Italian historiography.
The society also awards two literary prizes: the Premio Sissco for the best contemporary history book of the previous year written by an Italian author; and the Premio ANCI-Storia, for books about local history, local identity and local government.
The society edits an online calendar that summarizes the contemporary history initiatives that take place in Italy as well as a calendar dedicated to call for papers,
Twice a year SISSCO publishes a journal, Il Mestiere di Storico, (The Historian's Craft), mostly dedicated to reviews of history books.
Organs
Directive Board
SISSCO's Directive board is composed by the President and six members. The president keeps his post for four years. Every year two new Directive board members are elected After the 2017 elections the Directive board members are Maurizio Ridolfi and Simona Merlo elected in 2015, Antonio Bonatesta and Daniela Saresella elected in 2016, Gabriella Gribaudi and Federico Mazzini elected in 2017.
Presidents
References
Category:Non-profit organisations based in Italy
Category:Learned societies of Italy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Gary Deal
Gary Deal (born April 2, 1940) was a weightlifter for the United States.
Early life
At only 10 years old, Deal was diagnosed with polio. This disease left him with a shrunken and weak right arm, shoulder, and right leg. The whole right side of his body was impaired and the only way he was able to move his right arm was with the assistance of his left arm. Deal's determination and will led to a slow and painful process of developing the muscles on the right side of his body.
At 16 years old, he saw another person his age with a big arm who trained with weights. Standing at 6 feet tall weighing only 150 pounds, moving around was a difficult task for him. He began training with a barbell and eventually worked his way up to pressing 85 lbs, snatching 70 lbs, and jerking 100 lbs. However, his right side was doing most of the work. After extensive training with one of his friends, Deal slowly began to develop his right side.
When Deal was 17 years old, he competed at a weightlifting meet in Omaha. At this event, he totaled 470 lbs on three lifts in the 181 lb category. Deal continued to work hard and strive towards getting stronger. He later won the heavyweight title in the Midwestern district and in 1958 won the National Teenage title in his class. During this time he weighed in at 201 lbs and lifted 220 on clean and press, 235 in snatch, and 330 on clean and jerk. Just two years later, he took second place in the Junior Nationals with a total of 800 lbs in the 198 lb weight class. At a later meet, in Omaha, Deal clean and jerked 345 lbs. Soon after, Deal married his wife and took a small break from lifting and competing.
Deal took nearly two years off where his training was obsolete until he started implementing isometric training. This led to an increase in all of his lifts totaling 875 pounds. After he hit this landmark, he had another period of almost nonexistent gains because he was so busy with work. Deal had always been a split lifter but decided to train with the squat style. After spending two years mastering this technique, he realized this was the right style for him.
Deal later learned of the power rack. He cut out the floor of his basement, dug down about two feet and built himself a power rack. Here he was able to use heavy weight on the rack which led to an exponential increase in his lifting numbers. He would perform 1 set of 3 reps in 3 different positions. For each position, Deal would place the pins about a foot apart and then pull the top pin and hold the bar against the top pin for about 6 seconds on the 3rd rep.
Weightlifting achievements
Pan Am Games Champion (1971)
Senior World Team Member (4th Place in 1969)
Senior National Champion (1971)
Silver Medalist at Senior National Championships (1969 and 1970)
Former American record holder
World Masters Games Champion (2005)
National Masters Champion (2005)
American Masters Champion (2005)
American Masters record holder in snatch, clean and jerk, and total
Awarded Grand Master Designation (2006)
References
External links
Gary Deal - Hall of Fame at Weightlifting Exchange
Category:1940 births
Category:American male weightlifters
Category:Living people
Category:Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting
Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Category:Weightlifters at the 1971 Pan American Games | {
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Kawit (queen)
Kawit was an ancient Egyptian queen consort, a lower ranking wife of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II of the 11th Dynasty. Her tomb (DBXI.9) and small decorated chapel were found in her husband's Deir el-Bahari temple complex, behind the main building, along with the tombs of five other ladies, Ashayet, Henhenet, Kemsit, Sadeh and Mayet. She and three other women of the six bore queenly titles, and most of them were priestesses of Hathor, so it is possible that they were buried there as part of the goddess's cult, but it is also possible that they were the daughters of nobles the king wanted to keep an eye upon.
Her stone sarcophagus is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (JE 47397). The queen is depicted with short hair, she is sitting on a chair, a servant girl is arranging her hair, while a servant is pouring her a drink. On her sarcophagus her only titles are priestess and King's Ornament (a title for noble ladies at court), her queenly title appears only in her chapel. Also in her tomb were six miniature wax figurines depicting Kawit, in small wooden coffins, these may be early versions of ushabti.
The queen was also depicted on reliefs in the funerary temple of her husband Mentuhotep II. These depictions are today heavily destroyed, but it seems that she appeared in a scene showing a row of royal women. On the preserved fragments she is shown before queen Kemsit. Her title in the depiction is beloved king's wife.
Her titles were: King's Beloved Wife (ḥmt-nỉswt mrỉỉ.t=f ), King's Ornament (ẖkr.t-nỉswt), King's Sole Ornament (ẖkr.t-nỉswt wˁtỉ.t), Priestess of Hathor (ḥm.t-nṯr ḥwt-ḥrw).
Sources
Category:Queens consort of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Category:Egyptian Museum
Category:Mentuhotep II | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Chinese customs
Chinese customs may refer to:
The agencies taxed with collecting tariffs and other fees on goods imported to or exported from China, particularly:
General Administration of Customs
Chinese Maritime Customs Service
Chinese customs gold unit
The agency responsible for controlling its borders
China Immigration Inspection
Various features of Chinese culture, including:
Chinese pre-wedding customs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Wall of Goth
Wall of Goth is an EP by Mexican rock band Rey Pila, released on April 28, 2017 via Cult Records.
Track listing
Credits
Julian Casablancas – producer
Diego Solórzano – producer
Shawn Everett – producer
Chris Tabron – mixer
Dave Kutch – mastering
Liz Hirsch – artwork
References
Category:2017 EPs
Category:Cult Records EPs
Category:Rey Pila albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Panduwasnuwara Electoral District
Panduwasnuwara electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between July 1977 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Panduwasnuwara in Kurunegala District, North Western Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Panduwasnuwara electoral district was replaced by the multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the proportional representation system.
Members of Parliament
Key
Elections
1977 Parliamentary General Election
References
Category:Former electoral districts of Sri Lanka
Category:Politics of Kurunegala District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Egidio Turchi
Egidio Turchi (born October 4, 1913 in Pistoia) was an Italian professional football player and later in his career became a coach.
Career
Turchi's debut as a professional was for Pistoiese. He played as a midfielder, and remained in Italy for his entire career, representing famous clubs such as Lazio and Napoli.
He coached Pistoiese and Bondenese from 1948 until 1951, managing Colleferro, Bondeno, and ending his career in his hometown and original club, Pistoiese.
External links
Category:1913 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Serie A players
Category:U.S. Pistoiese 1921 players
Category:Inter Milan players
Category:A.S. Livorno Calcio players
Category:S.S. Lazio players
Category:S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 players
Category:S.S.C. Napoli players
Category:A.C. Prato players
Category:S.S.D. Palermo players
(In Italian) Dario Marchetti (edited by), Egidio Turchi , on Enciclopediadelcalcio.it , 2011.
Category:Association football midfielders | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dulab, Isfahan
Dulab (, also Romanized as Dūlāb) is a village in Baraan-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 493, in 120 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Isfahan County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gilport Lions F.C.
Gilport Lions Football Club is a soccer club from Botswana based in Lobatse. Gilport Lions team colours are green and white. The club was previously called Botswana Meat Commission F.C. They won FA Challenge Cup in 2007.
History
The club was founded in 1969 by workers at the Botswana Meat Commission in Lobatse.
The club won the 2007 FA Challenge Cup, defeating ECCO City Greens F.C. on penalties. They also made the cup final in 1996, losing 2-0 to Township Rollers.
In 2015, the club's ownership changed, with owners Kelesitse and Portia Gilika changing the club's name to Gilport Lions. The word "Gilport" is based off their own names.
Stadium
Gilport Lions F.C. plays at Lobatse Stadium, which is situated between the hills in Lobatse, Peleng, next to Peleng river and around 75 km from Gaborone Athletic track and indoor sports arena. Its capacity is 22,000 and it has 5 entrances, 4 changing rooms (two for ladies and two for Gents), a medical room, VIP Grand stand with VIP Lounge, commentator box, media lounge, VIP parking and a DJ box. And offering buffet with the finest cuts of meat that the commission can provide .
Performance in CAF competitions
CAF Cup – 1996
defeated by Mamelodi Sundowns in the first round
FA Vase Winners 2017 beating Tamworth rovers in the final
[citation needed]
References
Category:Football clubs in Lobatse
Category:1969 establishments in Botswana
Category:Association football clubs established in 1969 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
James Cotton (priest)
James Henry Cotton (10 February 1780 – 28 May 1862) was a clergyman and educationist who held the position of Dean of Bangor from 1838 until his death and was instrumental in the restoration of Bangor Cathedral.
He was the son of George Cotton, Dean of Chester, uncle of George Cotton, Bishop of Calcutta and the first cousin of Sir Stapleton Cotton. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and ordained shortly after graduating. By 1810 he was junior vicar and precentor of Bangor Cathedral, and as such was responsible for the fabric of the building. In the same year he married Mary Anne Majendie, daughter of the Bishop of Bangor; they had one son. During the 1820s, the cathedral was restored and rearranged to allow for services in both Welsh and English. He also served as rector of St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog.
Cotton took a great interest in local education, setting up Sunday schools and day schools in several parishes within the diocese. In 1848 he was a founder member of the Bangor Diocesan Board of Education, formed after the notorious "Blue Books". After the death of his first wife, he married Mary Laurens. The younger of their two daughters married Evan Lewis, later Dean of Bangor. Dean Cotton was buried in Bangor Cathedral.
References
Welsh Biography Online
Category:1780 births
Category:1862 deaths
Category:Church of England deans
Category:Deans of Bangor
Category:People educated at Rugby School
Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
All Night Session! Vol. 2
All Night Session! Vol. 2 is the second album by pianist Hampton Hawes from a session recorded the night of November 12/13, 1956 at Contemporary's Studios in Los Angeles and released on the Contemporary label.
Reception
The Allmusic review states "In 1958 Hawes was quoted as saying "It's hard to put into words how good it feels to play jazz when it's really swinging...I've reached a point where the music fills you up so much emotionally that you feel like shouting hallelujah -- like people do in church when they're converted to God. That's the way I was feeling the night we recorded All Night Session!" ".
Track listing
"I'll Remember April" (Gene de Paul, Patricia Johnston, Don Raye) - 7:02
"I Should Care" (Sammy Cahn, Axel Stordahl, Paul Weston) - 4:23
"Woody 'n You" (Dizzy Gillespie) - 5:41
"Two Bass Hit" (Gillespie) - 2:50
"Will You Still Be Mine?" (Tom Adair, Matt Dennis) - 6:55
"April in Paris" (Vernon Duke, Yip Harburg) - 7:30
"Blue 'n' Boogie" (Gillespie, Frank Paparelli) - 8:11
Personnel
Hampton Hawes - piano
Jim Hall - guitar
Red Mitchell - bass
Eldridge Freeman - drums
References
Category:Contemporary Records albums
Category:Hampton Hawes albums
Category:1958 albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Guadalupe, Costa Rica
Guadalupe is a suburb of Costa Rica, the capital of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose. Located at an altitude of 1,204 meters, Guadalupe is represented as the central district of the canton, with 2.48 km 2 in area, 1 and according to the Census 2011, with a population of 21,013 inhabitants living in 7,004 dwellings.
Geography and demography
Guadalupe acquired the title of city on August 10, 1920, and since its founding as a district has preserved its land area of 2.48 km 2. The Guadalupe District is one of the seven districts of the Canton of Goicoechea. Despite limited land area, also has borders with the districts of White Street and San Francisco and west, and that of Ipís and Winburg east. In addition, Guadalupe shares northern border with the canton of Moravia in the north, Montes de Oca south, and a small portion with the central county of San Jose to the southwest.
Notable People
Ulises Segura - Soccer player for D.C. United
References
Category:Districts of Costa Rica
Category:Populated places in San José Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Europa (Roman province)
Europa was a Roman province within the Diocese of Thrace.
History
Established by Roman Emperor Diocletian (284–305), the province largely corresponds to what is modern day European Turkey. The province's capital was Perinthus (later known as Heraclea; modern Marmara Ereğlisi).
Bordering only the provinces of Rhodope and Haemimontus to the west and northwest, Europa was a peninsula and was surrounded by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the northeast, the Bosphorus to the east, and the Sea of Marmara and Aegean Sea to the south and southeast.
The largest city along the Black Sea was Salmydessus. Along the coast of the Sea of Marmara were the cities of Perinthus (the capital; later known as Heraclea), Selymbria, Raidestus, and Callipolis. On the coast of the Aegean and at the mouth of the Hebrus river in the Melas Gulf was the city of Aenus (Thrace).
References
Sources
Category:Late Roman provinces
Category:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
Category:Praetorian prefecture of the East
Category:314 establishments
Category:States and territories established in the 310s
Category:640s disestablishments
Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gregorio Petit
Gregorio Jesus Petit (born December 10, 1984) is a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder and Manager for the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Texas League. Petit made his major league debut in 2008 with the Oakland Athletics. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Athletics, Houston Astros, New York Yankees, Los Angeles Angels, and Minnesota Twins.
Career
Petit was signed by the Oakland Athletics as a non-drafted free agent on July 17, 2001, at 16 years of age.
Oakland Athletics
Petit made his major league debut on May 18, 2008, with the Oakland Athletics. He appeared in 14 games during the 2008 season, splitting time between second base and shortstop, and batted .348/.400/.435.
For the 2009 season, he played in 11 games, splitting his time between second base and third base. Petit was designated for assignment on February 1, 2010, and then sent outright to the minors.
Texas Rangers
On March 24, 2010, Petit was traded to the Texas Rangers for Edwar Ramírez.
San Diego Padres
On December 3, 2010, Petit signed with the San Diego Padres. He was released on February 9, 2011.
Cleveland Indians
Petit signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians on January 19, 2012. He spent all of 2012 with Triple-A Columbus, hitting .260/.320/.403 with 10 HR and 45 RBI in 111 games, 82 at shortstop.
Second stint with Padres
He played the 2013 season in the San Diego Padres organization. With AAA Tucson, Petit batted .292/.344/.380 in 503 at bats.
Houston Astros
Petit signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros on January 14, 2014. He played 37 MLB games for the Astros, hitting .278./.300/.423 with 2 home runs and 9 RBIs. Batting .297/.340/.457 in 317 at bats with the Oklahoma City RedHawks in AAA, he was a 2014 Pacific Coast League All Star. He was outrighted from the roster on December 22.
New York Yankees
The Astros traded Petit to the New York Yankees for cash considerations or a player to be named later on April 1, 2015. He was optioned to Triple-A on April 28. He was recalled the next day on April 29, 2015, after Masahiro Tanaka went on the disabled list. On May 6, Petit was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a bruised right hand. After coming off the DL, Gregorio was sent down to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on June 11. On July 25, he was designated for assignment, and he was sent outright to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on July 27.
In October 2015, Petit was made a free agent by the Yankees.
Los Angeles Angels
He was signed by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in December 2015. In 2016 for the Angels Petit batted .245/.299/.348 in a career-high 204 at bats. On November 28, 2016, Petit was designated for assignment by the Angels. He was non-tendered on December 2.
Toronto Blue Jays
On January 23, 2017, Petit signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. He spent the majority of the 2017 season with the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, for whom he batted .253/.275/.370 in 281 at bats, and elected free agency on November 7.
Minnesota Twins
On December 8, 2017, Petit signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. He was called up by the Twins on May 1, 2018.
In 2018 for the Twins he batted .246/.313/.279 in 61 at bats. With the AAA Rochester Red Wings, Petit batted .268/.313/.327 in 284 at bats. Petit was designated for assignment by the Twins on June 12, 2018. He elected free agency on October 16.
Through 2018, in his major league career he had played 89 games at second base, 68 games at shortstop, 34 games at third base, six games in left field, and one game each in right field and at first base.
Philadelphia Phillies
On December 18, 2018, Petit signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was released on March 21, 2019.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
References
External links
Category:1984 births
Category:2015 WBSC Premier12 players
Category:Arizona League Athletics players
Category:Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Category:Caribbean Series players
Category:Columbus Clippers players
Category:Dunedin Blue Jays players
Category:Houston Astros players
Category:Kane County Cougars players
Category:Leones del Caracas players
Category:Living people
Category:Los Angeles Angels players
Category:Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Category:Major League Baseball second basemen
Category:Major League Baseball shortstops
Category:Midland RockHounds players
Category:Minnesota Twins players
Category:New York Yankees players
Category:Oakland Athletics players
Category:Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Category:People from Ocumare del Tuy
Category:Rochester Red Wings players
Category:Sacramento River Cats players
Category:Salt Lake Bees players
Category:Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Category:Stockton Ports players
Category:Tampa Yankees players
Category:Tucson Padres players
Category:Vancouver Canadians players
Category:Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Canada
Category:Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Department for Education (South Australia)
The Department for Education (South Australia) is a state government department delivering school education throughout the state. Education in Australia at school level is managed by each state, though the Commonwealth government makes a significant contribution. The Department was established through the Education Act of 1875 which allowed for the establishment of public schools and contained provisions for compulsory schooling of children aged between 7 and 13. As the state grew quickly into the 20th Century the Education Department expanded across the very large rural areas of the state. Post World War 2, rising birth rates, large scale immigration and increasing demand for secondary education led to very rapid growth in the Department. The number of Private schools grew in this period and with increasing State aid provided growing competition for the State education sector. In the post war period several of large reviews of education have taken place: in particular the Karmel and Keeves reviews. In 2017 there were 514 Schools and approximately 172,000 students within the Department.
Administration
The Minister for Education in the state government of South Australia is responsible to Cabinet for the Department. The CEO is responsible for administration of the Department under the Minister. Until recent years the CEO title was Director General of Education. The list of Ministers below includes Ministers since 1963.
Office of the Chief Executive
Office of the Deputy Chief Executive
Office of Schools
Office of Child Development
Policy and Communications
Finance and Infrastructure
Aboriginal, Student and Family Services
Teaching and Learning Services
Human Resources and Workforce Development
History
The early settlers believed in a non-conformist tradition of self-help and opposed any State involvement in community services such as schooling where volunteerism could fill the role. They also opposed special privileges being given to the established church. Soon after settlement in 1836 there were moves to set up community schools, often run by a church. They charged fees to support the teacher. One such school opened in 1847 at Mitcham, a few miles south of Adelaide, with Thomas Mugg the teacher, a former cabinet maker. Interest in State involvement in schooling had changed by 1851 when the new Legislative Council passed an Education Act which established a Board of Education. The Act made provision for support for school buildings and a stipend for teachers, paving the way for universal elementary education. However SA was the first state to make a clear separation between church and state in schooling. Only schools that provided non-denominational religious instruction were given support.
In Britain and across Australia the idea of State education grew rapidly during the 1860s and '70s culminated in South Australia with the Education Act 1875 which established the Education Department more or less as it exists today. The act provided for free and compulsory education for children from 7 to 13. By the turn of the century South Australia was becoming more prosperous and the need for a well educated population was becoming more evident. The idea of universal State education was a new concept for society at that time and debate continued about the nature of the education to be provided. A major issue was whether there should be a religious element in the instruction. South Australia dealt with the issue through Australia's first referendum, the 1896 South Australian referendum. The voters decisively supported the existing system, rejecting scripture classes and capitalisation support for religious schools.
1900
There was almost no teacher training and the curriculum was largely devoted to rote learning. The University of Adelaide offered to take responsibility for teacher training and the University Training College opened in 1900. Secondary education at this time was only provided through fee paying private schools. In 1908 Adelaide High School opened, the first free State high school in Australia.
The number of free high schools spread slowly and in 1915 only amounted to 6.2 secondary pupils per thousand people. However this grew to 73 per thousand 1969. The focus of secondary education was strongly academic, following the English grammar-school tradition. The Depression and World War 2 brought significant disruption to the education system. Teacher salaries were reduced during the Depression. The Qualifying Certificate was an important assessment at the end of primary schooling, indicating a standard of elementary literacy and numeracy. The QC was abolished in 1942 indicting that this level of educational achievement was no longer relevant and high school education was the norm.
1950
During the 1950s the school curriculum was standard across the state. In primary schools there the same texts were used in all schools and there was little variation between schools in what was taught. By the end of the decade the greatest problem was the very rapid growth in enrolments due to a higher birth rate, large scale immigration and high school students staying at school longer. The demand for teachers is illustrated by the opening of new Teachers Colleges: Wattle Park in 1957, Western in 1962, Bedford Park in 1966 and Salisbury in 1968.
During the latter part of the 1960s widespread social changes began to impact on the education sector both in schools and tertiary education sectors. There was a growing concern in the school sector for a more child-centred focus and in teachers having greater flexibility in their teaching methods. In 1970 the Director General of Education, Alby Jones released the Freedom and Authority Memorandum which stated quite unequivocally that principals were in control of their schools and had the power to develop a school ethos, interpret how curriculum guidelines were implemented and generally take responsibility for the school's manner of operation. The Memorandum gained nationwide attention as an explicit statement of a change in philosophy in the operation of a major government department - towards more local control and more democratic approaches. It was followed by the establishment of School Councils which increased the authority of parents to oversee the direction of their local school. While the Director General was urging principals to exercise local control there was a matching expectation of principals to share school decision making with their staff.
In this climate of rapid change, the government commissioned a major review of education in the state which was published in 1971. Titled the Report of the Committee of Enquiry into Education in South Australia 1969–70 it was generally known as the Karmel Report. The report of 649 pages was very comprehensive and stimulated widespread reflection and change. Professor Karmel was later commissioned to head a similar review into Australian education which was published in 1985.
During the mid '70s many new schools were built and in the primary sector in particular these were designed on the 'open space teaching' model. Individual classrooms were replaced with larger open spaces of up to 8 classes. They were designed to encourage teachers to work cooperatively and for children to be able to use withdrawal rooms and group work spaces.
1980
In 1981 the Department published a major policy document titled Into the 80s. Our schools and their purposes. It outlined a progressive view of the purposes of schools with eight areas of the curriculum, four priorities and twelve expectations. In continued the emphasis on strong local school influence on the curriculum and education of the "whole child".
After nine years of Labor government, the new Liberal government commissioned a second major review of South Australian schools and its report was published in 1982, known as the Keeves Report. The report recommended greater specificity in the curriculum and observed that Into the 80s gave little indication of the degree of emphasis required for a large number of expectations. It also recommended that the curriculum of each school be reviewed on a regular basis.
In 2012 the Family Services Department and Education Department were combined as The Department of Education and Child Development in an attempt to provide more unified services for children. The arrangement became controversial following highly publicised investigation by the state Ombudsman into the reporting of child abuse incident. The departments were separated in 2016
Education Development Centre
The Education Development Centre in the inner western suburb of Hindmarsh is a conference centre owned by the Department, for use by the Department, the wider education sector and for private hire by the business sector.
Ministers of Education
References
External links
South Australia Department for Education
Australia, South Australia
Education
Category:State departments of education of Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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