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Ikigai is a Japanese concept that roughly translates to “a reason for being” or "something that gives life worth". The term comes from the combination of two Japanese words; iki meaning life or "the condition of being alive", and kai meaning a reason, value, or benefit. Although the concept is mainly used in Japan, it has recently gained exposure in other countries such as the United States. One popular English interpretation of Ikigai revolves around the combination of doing what you love, what you are good at, what the world needs, and what you can be paid for. Each of these four components are equally important in creating a sense of Ikigai under the English interpretation. Without one, the concepts breaks apart into something less holistic. For example, doing something that the worlds needs and something that you can be paid for would be considered a vocation under this interpretation. Clinical psychologist Akihiro Hasegawa of Toyo Eiwa University claims that the term dates back to the Heian Period of Japan which spanned from 794 to 1185. Hasegawa also contends that the popular English interpretation is widely inaccurate. He states that many Japanese people do not associate Ikigai with making money or working at all. The Japanese interpretation of Ikigai more commonly revolves around factors such as personal and family health, intellectual activeness, and fulfilling social roles. While these factors can often include working in some sort of way, the concept of Ikigai for Japanese people is not directly related to work. One of the most comprehensive and respected works dealing with Ikigai is Ikigai-ni-tsuite, or About Ikigai, written by Mieko Kamiya. In her book, Kamiya explains that the concept of Ikigai is very similar to happiness but has a subtle focus on looking towards the future. As a result, someone who is struggling towards a better life in the future can still be within a state of Ikigai even though they may be unhappy at the moment. Kamiya also breaks down Ikigai into two subcategories. The first is objects that make up one's Ikigai. This includes the various people, actions, or objects that directly relate to the feelings of Ikigai that one has. The second category is feelings regarding one's Ikigai object. One example using these two subcategories could be one's family and friends as an Ikigai object and a sense of existence and belonging as the feeling regarding this object. In Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life by Hector Garcia and Francesc Miralles (2017), they examined how the people of Okinawa Japan exercise Ikigai to increase their life expectancy. Okinawans, who are known for their many centenarians, state that moving throughout the day, no matter how little, is essential for staying healthy. Garcia and Miralles contend that Rajio Taiso is a key component of Okinawans' daily movement. Rajio Taiso roughly translates to "Radio Physical exercise" or physical exercise over the Radio. These Radio exercises were introduced in Japan in 1928 as a commemoration of emperor Hirohito’s coronation. The broadcasts consist of short warm-up exercises guided by music and radio hosts. Although the broadcasts were banned by occupying powers for being too militaristic in nature after Japan’s defeat in WW2, they were later reintroduced in 1951 after several reworks. Currently, these routines are used in the workplace at the beginning of the workday, in order to raise energy levels and encourage good health. Additionally, the group aspect of the exercises can help build moral and group unity among employees. Nomikai can be roughly translated to "gathering to drink." Nomikais are drinking parties that are held by employers to mark various events from project completions, foundation anniversaries, retirements, etc. They are usually held in restaurants that have been partially rented out. Employees are expected to attend; however, they are not required to drink. Nomikai usually involve certain departments of a company, although larger full company parties can also take place. The party doesn't stop there. After Nomikai, comes Nijikai. Nijikai is basically an after party where attendance is not required and is usually smaller groups of friends who want to keep socializing and drinking. Lastly there is Bonenkai. Bonenkai, or "gathering to forget the year", is the end of year Nomikai of a company where the goal is to forget any arguments or troubles that have occurred during the year and celebrate the coming year. Overall, the purpose of these parties is to help build post-work relationships and camaraderie among employees in addition to celebrating events. Lastly, and probably most importantly, you must show up to work the next day. The excuse that you got too drunk at the party will not be accepted by your boss. While the purported goal of the events is to build camaraderie, the practice has led to unhealthy behavior in many cases. Timinsky notes that salarymen began to engage in the practice regularly in the 1950s, and the practice led many to alcoholism, malnourishment, and sleep deprivation. The lifestyle of nightly drinking bouts among salarymen became so commonplace that drug companies marketed hangover drugs to these professionals by exploiting fears about hangovers and work. Lifetime hiring is where Japanese companies and employees agree to an unofficial for life contract. Where the employee promises to devote themselves to the company and the company promises to try their best not to fire them. Beginning in Japan around 1955, many Japanese firms started hiring their employees for life. Although this was not a legally binding contract for lifetime employment it came with certain expectations. The employer expected that the new hire would devote their time and loyalty to the company while the hire would expect the employer to take all measures possible to avoid firing or laying off employees. As a result, employees hired under the unofficial lifetime employment practice could feel a sense of economic security and trust with their employer. Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates is a Japanese custom where companies look to hire new college or high school graduates all at once and begin their employment at a collective start date. One goal of this custom is to help new hires adjust to the workforce by surrounding them with people of a similar age and experience level. Paired with lifetime employment practices, SCR allows employees to build deep and lifelong relationships with their peers, increasing their productivity and satisfaction within the workplace. It has been shown that having an Ikigai can increase quality of life and even reduce the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Companies have implemented Ikigai practices to capitalize on increased productivity and success due to worker satisfaction. However, the companies may also implement the practices to distract workers from the poor working conditions to which they are subject. Japanese professionals work longer hours and more overtime hours than many other countries. A survey by Matthews found that while work is often at the center of Japanese society, "very few informants, even the most successful, seemed to find profound satisfaction in work". According to a poll of 451 Japanese professionals, over 54% of them "often" work overtime hours. Studies have shown that those workers who work more overtime hours are more susceptible to cardiovascular problems. Japanese workers are reluctant to use paid vacation days. In 2018, it was found that only 52% of professionals used all of their paid vacation, and many had multiple unused days. A form of Groupthink occurs where employees see that their bosses and coworkers refuse to take vacation days, so they fear that taking days will cause their colleagues to think less of them. An unfortunate consequence of the culture of overwork in Japan is Karoshi, or death from overwork. Numerous professionals have been lost by Karoshi since the first official case in 1969. One such case was that of Matsuri Takahashi, a 24 year-old worker at Dentsu, Inc. During her eight months at Dentsu, she logged hundreds of overtime hours. She began making disturbing posts on social media and committed suicide shortly after. Miwa Sado was a 31 year-old political journalist who died from heart failure in July 2013. In the previous month, she had logged 159 hours of overtime. In 2005, Shunichi Araki, the President of the National Institute of Industrial Health, wrote an article that recognized the connection between overwork, brain and heart diseases and death, and made suggestions for the Japanese government to reduce the occurrence of overwork. The Japanese government has created legislation to decrease overwork, but some argue that more must be done. In the 1970s, Japanese public transportation could not meet the growing demand due to economic growth. Oshiyas, or passenger pushers, were hired to pack as many commuters as possible into each train car at rail stations. The rail cars regularly reach two to three times the designed capacity. Publications have described the experience as uncomfortable, but the situation can become dangerous, as it did in a case where a window broke from the pressure due the packed cabin. Tanshin funin, which translates to "bachelor husband," is the practice of living in away from one's family to live closer to one's business and to focus more effectively on one's work. These professionals may only see their families on weekends or holidays. Studies have shown that professionals who engage in Tanshin funin are more susceptible to heart disease and common illnesses, drink alcohol in higher quantities, and are generally more stressed than those who abstain from the practice. Kemp, N. (2019, Nov 20). Ikigai According To Professor Akihiro Hasegawa. The Ikigai Podcast. https://ikigaitribe.com/ikigai/podcast01/ Madelaine. (2018, July 27). Complete Guide to Nomikai. KiMi. https://kimi.wiki/work/nomikai Timinsky, S. (2019, May 15). The nation that never rests: Japan's debate over work-life balance and work that kills. Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 17, issue 10, No. 2 https://apjjf.org/2019/10/Timinsky.html Alexander, J. (2015, Jun 23). Medicating the salaryman lifestyle: fear-based marketing of liver stimulant drugs in postwar Japan. Japan Forum, Vol. 27, No. 2 (134-166). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09555803.2015.1040819?casa_token=jblMGCTzDrMAAAAA:AWR5d0PwDdiny8Fn6QaFpjS2bZaA87Iu2ljGtRdrmnmQRuLF_jAQyVqJhVJ59FY0JU4_HHxGWhPK Koshiro, K. (1984). Lifetime Employment in Japan: Three Models of the Concept. Monthly Labor Review, 107(8), 34. Eguchi, E., Iso, H., Ogino, K., Tamakoshi, A., Yasukawa, S. (2018, May). "Ikigai", Subjective wellbeing, as a modifier of the parity-cardiovascular mortality association- The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Circulation Journal, Vol. 82, issue 5 (1302-1308). (Web of Science) Bakker, A., Leiter, M., Schaufeli, W., Taris, T. (2008, Jul). Work engagement: an emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, Vol. 22, No. 3. (187-200). (Academic Search Complete). Matthews, G. (1996). The Pursuit of a life worth living in Japan and the United States. Ethnology. Vol 35, No. 1. (51-62). (JSTOR) What Japan Thinks. (2010). Nine in ten Japanese workers do overtime https://whatjapanthinks.com/2010/03/23/nine-in-ten-Japanese-workers-do-overtime/ Liu, Y. & Tanaka, H. (2002, Jul 1). Overtime work, insufficient sleep, and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Japanese men. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 59, no. 7. (447-451). https://oem.bmj.com/content/59/7/447.info Hisanga, N., Iwasaki, K., Oka T., Sasaki, T. (1999, Aug 31). Association of working hours with biological indices related the cardiovascular system among engineers in a machinery manufacturing company. Industrial Health, Vol. 37, No. 4. (457-463). https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth1963/37/4/37_4_457/_pdf/-char/en Demetriou, D. (2020, Jan 17). How the Japanese are putting an end to extreme work weeks. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200114-how-the-japanese-are-putting-an-end-to-death-from-overwork Janis, I. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin. Martin, A. (2017, Dec 12). Japanese workers feel guilty taking time off and use fewer holidays than their international peers: survey. Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/12/national/japanese-workers-feel-guilty-taking-time-off-use-fewer-holidays-international-peers-survey/#.XqsdIpl7k2w Jozuka, E. & Wakatsuki, Y. (2016, Nov 30). Death by Overwork: Pressure Mounts on Japan to Act. CNNMoney. https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/30/news/economy/japan-workers-overwork-death/index.html McCurry, J. (2017, Oct 5). Japanese woman 'dies from overwork' after logging 159 hours of overtime in a month.The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/05/japanese-woman-dies-overwork-159-hours-overtime Araki, S. & Iwasaki, K. (2005, Feb). Death due to overwork (Karoshi): Causation, health service, and life expectanacy of Japanese males. Japanese Medical Assoication, Vol. 48, No.2 (92-98). https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/jmaj/v48no02.pdf Morioka, R & North, S. (2016, Oct 28). Hope found in lives lost: karoshi and the pursuit of worker rights in Japan. Contemporary Japan, Vol. 28, No. 1 (59-80). https://doi.org/10.1515/cj-2016-0004 Said-Moorhouse, L. (2012, Oct 29). How to Survive Tokyo's Subway Sandwich. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2012/10/26/world/asia/tokyo-travel-subway/index.html Nyan, E. (2014, Nov 20). Filled to the bursting point? Rush hour crush on Tokyo subway leaves train with broken window. SoraNews24. https://soranews24.com/2014/11/20/rush-hour-crush-on-tokyo-subway-leaves-train-with-broken-window/ Matsubara, T., Nakadaira, H., Yamamoto, M. (2005, Nov 30). Mental and physical effects of tanshin funin, posting without family, on married male workers in Japan. Journal of Occupational Health. Vol 48. (113-123). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/58ef/52420f33a41da36ef1f93212e138a761c0d5.pdf
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Lars and the Real Girl is a 2007 about a shy, lonely young man who develops a relationship with a life-sized, anatomically correct doll he orders online. Directed by Craig Gillespie. Written by Nancy Oliver. The search for true love begins outside the box They're not real, so they last forever. Isn't that neat? That is just not true! God! Every person in this town bends over backward to make Bianca feel at home. Why do you think she has so many places to go and so much to do? Huh? Huh? Because of you! Because all these people love you! We push her wheelchair. We drive her to work. We drive her home. We wash her. We dress her. We get her up, and put her to bed. We carry her. And she is not petite, Lars. Bianca is a big, big girl! None of this is easy—for any of us—but we do it... Oh! We do it for you! So don't you dare tell me how we don't care. Sometimes I get so lonely I forget what day it is, and how to spell my name. Lars: I was talking to Bianca, and she was saying that in her culture they have these rites of passages and rituals and ceremonies, and just all kinds of things that, when you do them, go through them, let you know that you're an adult. Doesn't that sound great? Gus: It does. Lars: How'd you know? Gus: How'd I know what? Lars: That you were a man. Gus: Ahhh. I couldn't tell ya. Lars: Was it... Okay, was it sex? Gus: Um. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's uh, yeah, yeah it's kind of— it's, uh— No. Well, it's kind of sex but it's not, uh, you know? I don't know. I don't know. It's— uh... good question, good question. Lars: Yeah, but I have to know. Gus: [the dryer buzzes] Hold that thought. [goes into the basement, Lars follows] You know, you should ask Dagmar. Lars: I did ask Dagmar. And she said that I should ask you. Gus: Okay, you know I can only give you my opinion. Lars: That's what we want. Gus: Well, it's not like you're one thing or the other, okay? There's still a kid inside but you grow up when you decide to do right, okay, and not what's right for you, what's right for everybody, even when it hurts. Lars: Okay, like what? Gus: Like, you know, like, you don't jerk people around, you know, and you don't cheat on your woman, and you take care of your family, you know, and you admit when you're wrong, or you try to, anyways. That's all I can think of, you know. It sounds like it's easy and for some reason it's not. Hazel: Well, that's how life is, Lars. Mrs. Gruner: Everything at once. Sally: We brought casseroles. Lars: Thank you. [looks around the sewing circle. The three ladies are knitting and doing needlepoint] Um, is there something I should be doing right now? Mrs. Gruner: No, dear. You eat. Sally: We came over to sit. Hazel: That's what people do when tragedy strikes. Sally: They come over, and sit. Ryan Gosling - Lars Lindstrom Emily Mortimer - Karin Lindstrom Paul Schneider - Gus Lindstrom Kelli Garner - Margo Patricia Clarkson - Dagmar Wikipedia has an article about: Lars and the Real Girl Lars and the Real Girl quotes at the Internet Movie Database Lars and the Real Girl at Rotten Tomatoes
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Meta-emotion: What are meta-emotions? How do they influence our emotional lives? From a young age, children express and identify emotions - we know what sadness, anger, and disgust may look like, just as we can show happiness, surprise, and fear. But sometimes, emotions become more complex. Instead of simply feeling angry at the injustices of the world, we can experience righteous indignation. Instead of solely feeling happy about indulging in a rich dessert, we can experience guilty pleasure. In such cases, intrinsically negative emotions such as anger might be valued, even enjoyed, whereas intrinsically positive emotions, such as happiness, might be unwelcome. Thus, happiness cannot always be equated to happiness, nor anger to anger. In such situations, the fundamental nature of emotions as either positive or negative does not always apply. This has lead researchers to consider that an emotional phenomenon is at work. It has been determined that emotions can be accompanied by meta-emotions which colour the experience of the primary emotion, and "influence how people express and regulate them" (Bartsch et al., 2008, p. 8). Meta-emotions are emotions about emotions. As a relatively newly defined emotional concept, meta-emotion has become more pronounced in recent psychological research. Meta-emotions have been shown to influence our emotional lives in a number of ways, impacting our emotional regulation, well-being, psychopathology, and interpersonal relationships. The term meta-emotion was first coined by John Gottman and colleagues in their work related to parenting philosophy (Gottman et al., 1996). They defined parental meta-emotion philosophy as "an organized set of feelings and thoughts about one's own emotions and one's children's emotions" (Gottman et al., 1996, p. 243). Their initial interest in the concept of parents' awareness of, and connection to their children's emotional lives led to the development of the meta-emotion interview. Since then, research on the topic of meta-emotion has extended well beyond the field of family therapy. Psychological research in personality psychology, media psychology, decision making, and clinical psychology has operationalised meta-emotion in different ways, resulting in many different definitions. Notable descriptions of meta-emotion include: emotional reactions about the emotional self, with a self-regulatory function (Mitmansgruber et al., 2009) affective appraisals which can "change the expected course of the primary emotion" (Bartsch et al., 2010, p. 16) a set of strategies for adaptively discriminating, labelling, and regulating emotional information (Koven, 2011) a response to an emotion's physiological changes, expression, behavioural urges, or subjective feelings (Shaver et al., 2013) second-order emotions about one's own emotions (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019) Within these descriptions there is some disagreement around whether a meta-emotion should be considered an emotion of its own right or as a self-regulatory system, and if meta-emotions stem from the appraisal of a full emotion or an individual subcomponent of an emotion. This is still up for debate in the literature today, nevertheless, these descriptions find a consensus in that meta-emotion involves emotions about emotions (see Figure 1; Norman & Furnes, 2016). Meta-emotions have been theorised to be a distinct emotional experience (Bailen et al., 2019) and otherwise noted as a "special case of emotion" (Bartsch et al., 2008, p. 14). As such, there are few psychological theories specifically investigating meta-emotions. Instead, meta-emotion is conceptualised largely in terms of emotional theory. Indeed, much of the psychological research has viewed meta-emotions through an appraisal theory lens (Bartsch et al., 2008), though recent research has highlighted the structure of meta-emotions and how their properties differ from primary emotions. Appraisal theorists such as Lazarus (1991), Frijda (1986), and Scherer (1984) consider emotions to be outcomes of cognitive processes. These appraisal theories consider how a person's perception of the conditions in a situation may elicit an emotion. It is argued that each emotion is characterised by a specific combination/pattern of appraisals - also called an appraisal profile. Combinations of the following criteria make up an appraisal profile (Jäger & Batsch, 2006): novelty - the perceived change in the situation, certainty - the perceived confidence as to whether (or what degree) the situation is (or will be) present, hedonic valence - the perceived positive or negative emotional value of the situation, goal relevance - the perceived relevance of the situation to the subject’s goals, normative adequacy - the perceived adequacy/inadequacy of the situation in reference to the individual's salient norms, agency - the perceived cause of the situation (individual or others or circumstance), controllability - the perceived potential for the individual to overcome, control or influence the situation (Jäger & Batsch, 2006). It is suggested that a primary emotion, which is elicited by the appraisal of a situation, can then become the eliciting situation for a meta-emotion (Bailen et al., 2019). As yet, meta-emotions have not been systematically studied from an appraisal perspective, though the theories still lend themselves to explain the phenomenon of meta-emotion (Jäger & Bartsch, 2006; Bartsch, 2008). Indeed, meta-emotions are presumed to result when a primary emotion is appraised in a manner that fits within an emotion's appraisal profile (Jäger & Bartsch, 2006). In the above criteria, this would mean replacing the word 'situation' with 'primary emotion.' An example of a meta-emotional appraisal is given in the below box. It is evident that the relationship between meta-emotions and primary emotions is equally as complex as the relationship between primary emotions and the eliciting event (Bartsch, 2008). The appraisal theories of emotion parsimoniously explain meta-emotion, despite not being developed or thoroughly validated for the phenomena. Little research has been conducted on how meta-emotions may be treated within other approaches (such as neurological, script theoretical, and social constructionist views) as noted by Jäger and Bartsch (2006). In spite of this apparent lack of research, Gottman and colleagues argue that we study meta-emotion more than we might presume (2013). They find that we always engage a person’s meta-emotion structure when eliciting emotion, whether we study it or not (Gottman et al., 2013). Furthermore, meta-emotion may account for some of the variance in emotional expression between subjects in emotion induction experiments such as the startle experiment (Gottman et al., 2013). Not only do meta-emotions align with emotional appraisal theory, meta-emotions also play an undeniable part in colouring emotional psychological research, whether this is intended or not. Gottman originally considered meta-emotion to be analogous to meta-cognition - cognition about one's own cognitions. As such, recent research has explored the facets of meta-cognition as pertaining to meta-emotion (Norman & Furnes, 2016). It has been proposed that meta-emotion can be more deeply understood as the interplay between the theoretically distinguishable meta-emotional experiences, knowledge, and strategies (Norman & Furnes, 2016). The meta-emotional experiences facet refers to the raw feel or subjective component of the meta-emotion (Norman & Furnes, 2016). Meta-emotional experiences may not be consciously accessible or controllable and might be accompanied by cognitive experiences such as reflection. For example, if a father were to get angry at his child, he may feel unconsciously or uncontrollably guilty about his anger and reflect on the situation. Meta-emotional knowledge, which refers to the organised set of thoughts about emotions, can be distinguished from, and influenced by meta-emotional experiences (Norman & Furnes, 2016). Synonymous to emotion knowledge, meta-emotional knowledge may include acknowledging one's own or other's emotions, knowledge about specific emotions, and knowledge about emotional antecedents. Mendonça indicates that meta-emotional knowledge can be taught through feedback from others about meta-emotional experiences (2013). The facet of meta-emotional strategies can be defined as the deliberate use of strategies to control or change one's primary emotion (Norman & Furnes, 2016). These self-regulatory mechanisms can include distraction, suppression and reappraisal. For example, if a student expresses pride about their final grade inappropriately, they may feel the meta-emotion shame, and reappraise their grade as 'good enough, but nothing to be proud of.' Although presented as separate, we can picture these facets as mutually dependent in meta-emotion (see Figure 3). This faceted model of meta-emotion is also reflected in the work of Bartsch and colleagues where it is stated that meta-emotion involves affective, cognitive, and motivational aspects (2008). They especially identified meta-emotion as "processes that involve appraisal of emotions as relevant to concerns beyond the scope of the primary emotion, affective reactions toward the primary emotion, and motivation to change the expected course of the primary emotion" (Bartsch et al., 2008, p. 16). Though meta-emotions largely stem from the same kinds of appraisals as a primary emotion, they have distinctive properties which facilitate their influence on our emotional lives. Paradox, responding to unexpressed primary emotions, and reflexivity are all unique properties of meta-emotions. Could one feel good about feeling bad, or bad about feeling good? Some meta-emotional pairs (ie. the primary emotion and meta-emotion) can result in what may appear to be a paradox. Consider feeling excited about feeling fear on a rollercoaster, or feeling sad about feeling joyful after losing a friend. These meta-emotional pairs show a mismatch between the positive and negative valence of the primary and meta-emotion (Jäger & Batsch, 2006). This paradoxical experience indicates that meta-emotional experiences can be Positive-Positive, Positive-Negative, Negative-Positive, and Negative-Negative (Bailen et al., 2019). Table 1 illustrates several examples for each type of these meta-emotional experiences. Table 1. Examples of Types of Meta-emotional Experiences (adapted from Bailen et al., 2019; Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019) Meta-emotions can also arise from the non-expression of emotions (see last row of Table 1; Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). In these cases, the non-expression of a felt emotion can still be evaluated/appraised, leading to the elicitation of a meta-emotion. For example, if a person did not express their (strongly felt!) sadness about being passed over for a promotion, they may feel angry about the non-expression of their sadness (angry-about-no sadness). Explaining this phenomenon further, the meta-emotion 'anger' can arise from an appraisal profile whereby someone else is responsible (agency) for blocking their goal (goal relevance) which is viewed as unfair (normative adequacy) (Kuppens et al., 2003). In this example, the person's anger arose from the perception that they were unable to express their sadness due to the presence of a co-worker which they found unfair. However, if the primary emotion is not felt or expressed, then there can be no meta-emotion, only a meta-cognitive evaluation of an imagined state (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). For example, if a person did not feel or express sadness in front of a bully (Figure 4), then the primary emotion is not sadness (as this was not felt) but instead may be pride (or anger, or joy). This could result in a cognitive evaluation of how the situation may have changed if the person had of felt sadness. Meta-emotions are not only influenced by the primary emotions, but can also reflexively shape the experience of the primary emotions through magnification, attenuation, or reversal (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). This means that the most fundamental part of the primary emotion - the hedonic valence - can be altered from positive to negative or vice versa, as well as in intensity and quality (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). Additionally, Miceli and Castelfranchi argue that meta-emotions can produce responses that reflexively modify one's emotional experience, decisions, goals, behaviour, and to an extent, one's identity (2019). This reflexivity has been thought to potentially "produce vicious circles and rebound effects" (Mitmansgruber et al., 2009 p. 448). Consider feeling interested in a person (romantically or aspirationally). If you then felt embarrassed-about-interest - perhaps someone caught you staring or judged the subject of your interest undesirably - how might this impact your interest? Like many of us, does your interest now have a negative valence? Do you feel less intensely interested? Would your decisions and behaviour be different now? Reflexivity can act as a powerful function of meta-emotions. It is posited that although meta-emotions require a significant level of attention and clarity, most people are capable of meta-emotional experiences (Bailen et al., 2019). Bailen and colleges found in a diverse sample that on average, participants experienced a meta-emotion roughly 5.6% of the time when measured 56 times in a week (2019). As such, meta-emotional experiences are not only proposed to be common and wide-ranging phenomenon (Bailen et al., 2019), but also to have significant influence over our emotional lives. We see this impact in the research linking meta-emotion to emotional regulation, subjective and psychological well-being, psychopathology, and relationships. Meta-emotions can function as adaptive processes which influence our emotional lives through emotion regulation. Norman and Furnes (2016) state that meta-emotions themselves can be considered a strategy for using emotional information adaptively through attending to, labelling, discriminating amongst, and regulating emotions. However, there are also strategies for emotional regulation which are influenced by meta-emotions including situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019; Gross, 2008). Most importantly, meta-emotions can motivate change towards achieving our emotional goals and matching our emotions to our values/self-standards (Figure 5). Meta-emotions act as a sort of 'acceptability gauge' for the primary emotion. Negatively valenced meta-emotions (NN or PN) find the primary emotion unacceptable, whereas positively valanced meta-emotions (PP or NP) find the primary emotion acceptable (Mitmansgruber et al., 2009). When meta-emotions act as this gauge, our current and future emotional lives are oriented toward or away certain experiences, depending if they align with our emotional goals (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). In this way, meta-emotions motivate people to either change their emotion or the situation (when NN or PN), or maintain their emotion or the situation (when PP or NP) via the emotional regulation strategies listed above (Gross, 2008). As an example, joy-about-interest may imply the emotion goal of developing and maintaining interest, and may trigger the meta-emotional goal to seek out interest-arousing situations in the future. In addition to regulating a person's emotional goals, meta-emotions can also regulate a person's attitudes and behaviours via their values or self-standards (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). Without meta-emotions, it is possible that we would drift significantly from our ideal self-standards and values with our emotional responses, resulting in poor psychosocial outcomes (such as those associated with incongruence or cognitive dissonance). For instance, negative meta-emotions can favour repressive coping and emotional avoidance in the attempt to 'get rid of' primary emotions which are unconsciously disapproved of, though this can lead to dysfunctional attitudes and behaviours. Negative meta-emotions about negative primary emotions in particular can create self-perpetuating and paralysing conditions (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). Conversely, positive meta-emotions may result in approach behaviours, as the primary emotion is approved of in terms of values and self-standards. As an example of how meta-emotions can regulate attitudes and behaviours, consider the negative meta-emotion fear-about-fear. This meta-emotion illustrates how we might alter our behaviour to avoid situations that elicit the primary emotion, as it is inconsistent with values or self-standards ("I'm a brave person. I value courage. But I feel afraid... I need to get away from this situation."). This might create a dysfunction in attitude ("I'm not brave at all - I'm anxious!") or perpetuate the problem, such as in panic disorder ("I shouldn't feel so afraid. What is wrong with me? Am I dying?"). Meta-emotions have been widely researched in relation to well-being and its associated concepts, including psychopathology and mindfulness. A study conducted by Mitmansgruber and colleagues found a powerful effect of meta-emotions on well-being, over and above mindfulness (2009). The findings of this study suggests that positive meta-emotions in particular are associated with increases in well-being and life satisfaction, most likely due to the acceptance of the primary emotion embedded in its positive appraisal. However, other psychological research indicates that negative meta-emotions are not always detrimental to well-being, as evidenced in a sample of paramedics (Mitmansgruber et al., 2008). Though the meta-emotion of anger had the expected negative effect on wellbeing, other negative meta-emotions such as contempt, shame, and 'tough control' (compromising diverse negative meta-emotional experiences, one item under tough control was ‘‘When I am sad or anxious I am rather stern to myself” ) were found to be beneficial to well-being (Mitmansgruber et al., 2008). This illustrates how meta-emotions are a separate, but interacting concept to well-being, psychopathology, and negative affect (Mitmansgruber et al., 2008). Consider then the effect of meta-emotions on emotional disorders. In one study, depression severity was positively associated with NN meta-emotional experiences (Bailen et al., 2019). Practically, this finding aligns with maladaptive appraisals and the non-acceptance of negative feelings oft depicted in cases of depression and other emotional disorders (Predatu et al., 2019). Indeed, some treatments for depression and anxiety such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and mindfulness-based therapies specifically address the acceptance of primary emotions (ie. feeling fewer negative meta-emotions), resulting a reduction in anxious and depressive symptoms (Bailen et al., 2019; Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2019). In relation to PTSD and post-traumatic growth, positive meta-emotions and meta-cognitions were found to impede the development of PTSD after a natural disaster, and facilitate adaptive functioning in the form of post-traumatic growth (Nalipay & Mordeno, 2017). Although the sample sizes in these studies were small, taken together, this research highlights the importance of positive meta-emotions when dealing with challenging situations, and accepting negative primary emotions as they arise instead of feeling 'bad' about them. Circling back to Gottman, meta-emotion is also thought to influence our, and other people's emotional lives via our relationships (Figure 6). Meta-emotions are considered an integral part of parenting and are understood more broadly as "parent's awareness of specific emotions, their awareness of these emotions in their child, and their coaching of the emotion in their child." (Gottman et al., 2013 p. 6). Following this definition, parents largely fall into two emotional parenting styles; 1) emotion dismissing where parents try to eliminate negative emotions in their children as these feelings are seem as harmful, or 2) emotion coaching where parents encourage emotion knowledge in their children by helping them label/accept emotions and offering strategies for coping in emotion-eliciting situations (Chen et al., 2012). A parent's meta-emotional philosophy has been shown to have an impact on their parenting style, and consequently the social and emotional outcomes for their child. For instance, the emotion coaching parenting style (where parental meta-emotions are accepting towards their child's emotions) was found to significantly and positively impact a child's attachment style (Chen et al., 2012) and peer social competence (Gottman et al., 1996). Similar positive outcomes can be found in marital relationships. High levels of positive meta-emotions were associated with higher levels of marital adjustment in terms of marital consensus, affection, cohesion, and satisfaction among Indian couples (Rani et al., 2017). Taken together, positive meta-emotions are associated with positive outcomes in relationships, whereas negative meta-emotions are not. Evidently, the way we see emotions and how we feel about the way others feel can influence our relationships and the emotional lives of those around us. Meta-emotions are secondary emotional responses to primary emotional experiences. Psychological research has indicated that meta-emotions align with the appraisal theory of emotion and have special properties including reflexivity, paradox, and responding to unexpressed primary emotions. Meta-emotions can be both adaptive and maladaptive. In terms of adaptivity, meta-emotions function as an 'acceptability gauge' to help modify current and future emotional experiences in a way that fits emotion goals, values, and self-standards. However, meta-emotions can have a complex impact on individual well-being and interpersonal relationships resulting in both functional and dysfunctional outcomes. As such, it is helpful to become aware of one's meta-emotions, and understand what they might be trying to tell us about our primary emotions, the situation, or ourselves. While they may make life uncomfortable at times, people's emotional lives simply would not be as colourful, nor as rich, without the influence of meta-emotions. John Gottman (Wikipedia) Emotional intelligence (Book chapter, 2011) Emotion (Wikiversity) Guilty pleasure (Book chapter, 2020) Meta-emotion (Wikipedia) Mood (Wikiversity) Emotional regulation (Wikipedia) Bailen, N., Wu, H., & Thompson, R. (2019). Meta-emotions in daily life: Associations with emotional awareness and depression. Emotion, 19(5), 776-787. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000488 Bartsch, A. (2008). Meta-emotion: How films and music videos communicate emotions about emotions. Projections, 2(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2008.020104 Bartsch, A., Appel, M., & Storch, D. (2010). Predicting emotions and meta-emotions at the movies: The role of the need for affect in audiences’ experience of horror and drama. Communication Research, 37(2), 167-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209356441 Bartsch, A., Vorderer, P., Mangold, R., & Viehoff, R. (2008). Appraisal of emotions in media use: Toward a process model of meta-emotion and emotion regulation. Media Psychology, 11(1), 7-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701813447 Chen, F. M., Lin, H. S., & Li, C. H. (2012). The role of emotion in parent-child relationships: Children’s emotionality, maternal meta-emotion, and children’s attachment security. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(3), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9491-y Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Gottman, J., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243 Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (2013). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Routledge. Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. Handbook of emotions, 3(3), 497-513. Jäger, C., & Bartsch, A. (2006). Meta-emotions. Grazer Philosophische Studien, 73(1), 179-204. https://doi.org/10.1163/18756735-073001011 Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., Smits, D. J., & De Boeck, P. (2003). The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity and sufficiency of components. Emotion, 3(3), 254. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.254 Koven, N. (2011). Specificity of meta-emotion effects on moral decision-making. Emotion, 11(5), 1255-1261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025616 Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press on Demand. Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2019). Meta-emotions and the complexity of human emotional experience. New Ideas in Psychology, 55, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.05.001 Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T., Höfer, S., & Schüßler, G. (2009). When you don’t like what you feel: Experiential avoidance, mindfulness and meta-emotion in emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.013 Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T., & Schüßler, G. (2008). “Mindful helpers”: Experiential avoidance, meta-emotions, and emotion regulation in paramedics. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1358-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.012 Nalipay, M. J., & Mordeno, I. G. (2018). Positive metacognitions and meta-emotions as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in survivors of a natural disaster. Journal of loss and trauma, 23(5), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2017.1415734 Norman, E., & Furnes, B. (2014). The Concept of “Metaemotion”: What is there to learn from research on metacognition?. Emotion Review, 8(2), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914552913 Predatu, R., David, D. O., & Maffei, A. (2019). Beliefs About Emotions, Negative Meta-emotions, and Perceived Emotional Control During an Emotionally Salient Situation in Individuals with Emotional Disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10064-5 Shaver, J., Veilleux, J., & Ham, L. (2013). Meta-emotions as predictors of drinking to cope: A comparison of competing models. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1019-1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033999 Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. Approaches to emotion. 2293(317), 31. Rani, R., Sarraf, S. R., Pandey, D., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2017). Positive meta-cognitions and meta-emotions facilitate marital adjustment. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 8(11), 1409-1413. How you feel about feelings (The Gottman Institute) Feeling all the feels: Crash Course Psychology #25 (Crash Course)
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Project Background................................................................................... (page) Objectives.................................................................................................. (page) Modeling Team......................................................................................... (page) Participants:........................................................................................... (page) Planning Logistics................................................................................ (page) Agendas..................................................................................................(page) Group Model Building Scripts........................................................... (page) Objective 1ː Objective 2ː Objective 3ː Objective 1ː Objective 2ː Objective 3ː The core modeling team (CMT) is responsible for the design of the workshop. The facilitation team is responsible for the delivery of the workshop itself. Facilitation team members may be a part of the core modeling team, or could be brought in for the facilitation only. Meeting Convener/Closer: Primary responsibility for starting the session, introducing participants to the exercise, making sure that participants understand the purpose of the exercise within the context of their organization or community, and introducing the facilitators. Closer has primary responsibility for bringing the session to close and thanking participants for their time. Community Facilitator: The community facilitator's primary responsibility is to extend their social capital to help the community accept and work with the modeler facilitator. This is a person who is familiar with the local or substantive knowledge of the problem being modeled and knows the local language and community norms in cross-cultural situations. The substantive expert/facilitator should have strong group facilitation skills, some exposure to system dynamics (e.g., through the planning process and training session or workshop), and have sufficient knowledge of the topic and/or community to anticipate and mediate conflicts that might arise within the group model building session. Modeler Facilitator: Primary responsibility for system dynamics modeling and group model building process. This is a person who is trained in systems thinking/system dynamics model with expertise teaching and leading groups in the use of systems/thinking/system dynamics. The person should also have experience facilitating groups and leading group model building sessions. If the goal of the project is to develop a simulation model, it is expected that the modeler/facilitator also be an expert modeler and able to anticipate and address the variety issues that can arise in data and modeling. Modeler: The modeler's primary responsibility is to build the system dynamics causal maps, models, and simulations. This is a person with expertise in system dynamics modeling and software (Vensim, IThink/Stella, etc. ), formulating and entering equations, testing and analyzing the model, and running simulations for answering policy questions. Note Taker/Time Keeper: Primary responsibility for taking notes about what is said in the workshop and notifying the facilitation team when time is short. It is overall very important to start and end on time as much as possible. Process Coach: The process coach's primary responsibility is to observe the group process with attention to how participants are experiencing the session. This role requires someone who is able to reflect on the group process and accurately identify what is happening for participants based on observing their behavior and language. The process coach also plays an evaluation role and helps provide accurate feedback to the core modeling team about how the sessions are going. The process coach should be noticing when group dynamics begin to interfere with the process and identify potential solutions. Production Coordinator: The production coordinator’s primary responsibility is to ensure that the information collected during the exercises, which includes diagrams, group model building scripts, agenda, pictures, notes, electronic versions of diagrams, etc., are collected, appropriately archived, and made available. Reflector: Primary responsibility for helping the group reflect on what they have done so far and recognize the issues/insights that have been developed during the modeling. This role requires someone who can speak to the relevance of the activities and insights to a larger substantive context, or to system dynamics modeling more generally. Runner: Primary responsibility is to be available to solve logistical problems as they emerge – including technical assistance, materials, etc. These people can also be on hand to support with wall building. Wall Builder: The primary responsibility of the wall builder is to organize products from an exercise into thematic clusters, as well as to explain the clusters to the participants in order to elicit their feedback. The following scripts were used in the group model building workshop. Scripts are structured small group exercises used in group model building. These scripts are compiled in a wikibook called Scriptapedia which is intended to be a freely distributed book and easily edited to support the creation of new scripts, discussion of what works and what doesn't, and internationalization of group model building practice. Scriptapedia is available at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Scriptapedia. License Scriptapedia is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareALike 3.0 Unported License. Anyone is free to share (copy, distribute, and transmit the work) and remix (adapt the work) under the following conditions: (1) users must attribute the work in a manner specified by the author of the content, but not so in a way that suggests that they endorse or are using adaptation, and (2) if a user alters, transforms, or builds upon another author or authors’ works, users can distribute the resulting working only under the same or similar license as this one. With this understanding, any of the above conditions can be waived if the user gets permission from the copyright holder. If any or all of the elements of the work is already in public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: (1) users fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; (2) author’s moral rights, and (3) rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. For any reuse or distribution, the user reusing or distributing the Molecule Library and its contents must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is by copying this page or linking to the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareALike 3.0 Unported License website.
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Lesson I.6: Essen Section Problems >> As you know from the introduction, in German, there are four cases. Three are used often. The first, Nominative Case, you learned in Lesson 1. It covers the subject, and the predicate noun (in "He is (noun). ", (noun) is the predicate noun). The second, the Accusative Case, you will learn now. It covers the direct object and the object of several prepositions. The third, the Dative Case will be taught later on. It covers the indirect object and the object of many other prepositions. The object of a sentence will be in accusative case. In, "You hurt me. ", 'me' would be accusative. Note: The Accusative Case and Dative Case are identical in English; that's why German has one case extra. * The indefinite article for plurals is non-existent. However related words, such as possessives and the kein- words that you will learn later this lesson, will end in eine for plurals. In the articles, the memory hook for accusative case is "Der goes to den (pronounced "dane" audio (help·info)) and the rest stays the same." The masculine indefinite article goes to einen, and everything else stays the same there. Therefore above, der Hamburger goes to den Hamburger and ein Hamburger goes to einen Hamburger when the hamburger is the direct object, such as in "Er hat einen Hamburger." ("He has a hamburger.") If you are getting confused, it's fine. This topic is one of the hardest for English speakers to grasp. Here are some solutions: To find out the case of something, first find the verb. The verb rules the sentence. Everything revolves around it. Next you find the subject of the sentence. The subject is the thing/person that is doing the verb. The subject is always in the Nominative Case, so it takes on the der, die, das, die, or ein, eine, ein. Now you look back at the verb. If it is a being verb (am, are, is, etc. ), the next noun after the verb is the predicate noun. An easy way to figure this out is to write an equation. If the verb can be replaced with an equals sign (=), then the following noun is a predicate noun. If it can't be replaced by an equals sign, refer to the next paragraph. The predicate noun is also always in the Nominative Case, so the same rules apply to it. Ich bin ein Junge. Sie ist eine Frau. If the verb of the sentence is an action verb (playing, throwing, making, eating), find what the subject is doing the verb to. For example, if the verb is "makes" (macht), you look for what is being made. That is the direct object. The direct object is always in the Accusative Case, so it takes on the den, die, das, die, or einen, eine, ein. Sie haben den Cheeseburger. Habt ihr einen Salat? The indefinite articles, when you just look at their endings, select e, -, e for nominative case, and en, e, -, e for accusative. Remember, between nominative and accusative, the only third-person change is in the masculine form. Section Problems >> The pronouns experience a much bigger change than the articles. This is also true in English, as the articles (a, an, the) do not change ever, but I goes to me, we goes to us, etc. Not everything is the same, though. While me is mich and us is uns, the second and third persons undergo different changes. In third person, as in the articles, the only change is in masculine singular. Following the "der goes to den" rule, er goes to ihn when in the accusative case. The second person in English never changes. In German, du goes to dich and ihr goes to euch. Sie, the formal version of either, stays the same. Remember, Sie (2nd person formal) and sie (3rd person plural) only differ in their meanings and the fact that the former is capitalized and the latter is not. This stays true throughout German grammar. Here is a tabular representation of the above. Section Problems >> Note: This is just a quick lesson in English grammar applied into German. If you already know all about antecedents in English, skip the first paragraph. When using a pronoun, you have to know what it is for it to work. There are some rare exceptions, such as in mysteries or drama, but otherwise this is always true. Sometimes in dialogue this is taken care of by pointing or making some other gesture, but most of the time, the pronoun modifies something already mentioned. The object/person mentioned earlier that turns into a pronoun later is called the antecedent. In German this is very useful. You can't simply say 'it' any more. Many food words are masculine and feminine, and when you turn them into pronouns, they turn into 'he', 'she', 'him', and 'her', not always 'it'. For example, the sentence "The cheeseburger tastes good. It's very crunchy." turns into "The cheeseburger tastes good. He's very crunchy." Note: You will learn how to say this in German later in this lesson. Why is it "he"? This is where the antecedent comes in. Because there are foods that are masculine and feminine in German, you can't assume the 'es'. You have to look back at the previous sentence, at the antecedent, der Cheeseburger. "Der Cheeseburger" is replaced by er (since it is the subject, and therefore in Nominative Case). Therefore, all you need to know are these connections: der/den-er/ihn, die-sie, das-es, die-sie. Section Problems >> essen (I) - to eat, to be eating, to do eat trinken - to drink, to be drinking, to do drink bekommen - to get/receive, to be getting/receiving, to do get/receive möchten (M) - would like wollen (M) - to want, to be wanting, to do want Of these five verbs, only trinken and bekommen are regular. Essen is irregular (that's what the "I" means). Do you remember from the last lesson 'lesen' and 'sehen'? In both of them, the first 'e' changed to 'ie' in the du- and er/sie/es-forms. Well essen experiences the same change, except that it changes to 'i', not 'ie'. Also, it acts the same as 'lesen' in the du-form: You don't have three s's in a row. Isst sounds and looks a lot like ist. The minute difference happens to be in the way you pronounce the s. When you mean eats it is sometimes an overstressed hissing (i.e. extremely sharp) sound. In normal life Germans, too, can only tell which verb is meant from knowing the context. Just like in last lesson, where you could say, "Ich spiele gerne Fußball. ", you can also extend it to food. "I like to eat cheeseburgers." is translated as "Ich esse gerne Cheeseburger." Before 1996, the usage of ißt and eßt were common, but the new reform rules specify that these spellings are now the only correct spellings. The last two verbs (marked (M)) are modals. They will be discussed in the next section. Section Problems >> In the introduction, you learned that German has no helping verbs. Instead, they have modals, words that basically do the same thing. Modals are conjugated very differently from normal verbs. The ich- and er/sie/es-forms are always the same, while the du-form adds an 'st'. Most modals experience a vowel change from singular to plural, and the rest is the same. 'Möchten' isn't technically a modal, but it acts exactly the same. There is no vowel change, and the ich- and er/sie/es forms are "möchte". Here is the complete conjugation: 'Möchten' means "would like" and can be applied to food (e.g. Ich möchte einen Cheeseburger.). Möchten can be translated even more literally as "would like to", and is traditionally used with an infinitive verb at the end of the sentence (e.g. "Ich möchte jetzt gehen"/"I would like to go now"). However, this infinitive is not necessary if it's completely obvious what you're talking about (If you say "Ich möchte einen Cheeseburger", everyone will assume that you would like a cheeseburger to eat.) (Note: Technically, "möchten" is not a word. The above cited conjugation is actually the "Konjunktiv" of "mögen", which has become so popular as a phrase, that even many Germans today aren't aware of it any more, so you don't need to worry about it. "Etwas mögen" means "to like to", and "I would like" is the closest translation of "ich möchte.") 'Wollen' is a true modal; it even changes vowels. Ich/er/sie/es will and du willst. Here is the complete conjugation: 'Wollen' can also be applied to food, but may be considered impolite and demanding ("Ich will einen Cheeseburger!" roughly means "I demand a cheeseburger!" Möchten should be used instead: "Ich möchte einen Cheeseburger!" = "I want a cheeseburger!"). 'Wollen' should not be confused with the future tense, despite the presence of the English word 'will' in the conjugations. However, will can also mean an intent or a document showing what one wants to happen. So it is not so different from 'to want' as possibly originally presumed. This is very important. When you need to use another verb with a modal (such as expressing you would like or want to perform an action), the sentence's word order is somewhat different than it would be in English. In English, you would state the subject pronoun (such as "I"), an English equivalent to the modal verb (such as "want"), the action you want to perform (such as "to eat") and then what the action will be performed on (such as "hamburger"), making the sentence "I want to eat a hamburger." In German you must put the action at the end of the sentence, making the sentence "I want a hamburger to eat." ("Ich will einen Hamburger essen.") Section Problems >> In German, instead of saying, "I'm hungry. "(Ich bin hungrig), you may also say "I have hunger. "(Ich habe Hunger) The same applies to thirst. Here are the German translations of the corresponding nouns: Hunger - der Hunger Thirst - der Durst Like in English, these two words do not have a plural form. When using them, you don't need to worry about the 'der'; you can just say, "Ich habe Hunger" to say "I am hungry" and "Ich habe keinen Hunger" for "I am not hungry." Somewhat archaic but still in use are the adjectives hungrig and durstig. Those are often used when talking about someone (especially animals): "Der Löwe ist hungrig" for "The lion is hungry". Section Problems >> In Lesson 1, you learned how to talk formally, using phrases like "Guten Morgen!" and "Wie heißen Sie?". There are, however, a few words that are 'survival words' in Germany, specifically: Danke - Thank you, Thanks Bitte - Please and You're welcome. To make this even more formal, you can tack on the word 'schön' to the end of "Thank you" and "You're welcome" to make 'dankeschön' and 'bitteschön' (both one word) in response. 'Schön' literally means 'pretty' (you'll relearn this next lesson). Some other ways to say "thank you": Dankeschön - Thank you very much Danke sehr - Thanks a lot Herzlichen Dank ("herzlichen" means sincere or from the heart; you may remember it from "Herzlichen Glückwunsch zum Geburtstag!" last lesson) Vielen Dank - Thanks a lot Tausend Dank* - Thanks a million (literally meaning a thousand, but English is more generous) Aufrichtigen Dank* - would be "thank you sincerely" (very formal) * - You will not be tested on these phrases. Some other ways to say "You are welcome": Bitteschön! Bitte sehr! Gern geschehen! - Don't mention it Gerne! - also meaning "gladly" Kein Problem! - No problem Dafür nicht! * - (Do) not (thank me) for this (only used in Northern Germany) * - You will not be tested on this phrase. These might also be useful: Entschuldigung - Excuse me, Pardon Es tut mir leid - Sorry, I'm sorry Section Problems >> Twice you have been taught that the ending of the indefinite article for plurals would be eine (for Nominative and Accusative cases), if there was an indefinite article for plurals. Now that lesson applies. The kein-words have the same endings as the ein-words, and they mean the opposite: no, not any, none. For example, "kein Cheeseburger" means "no cheeseburger". "Keine Cheeseburger" (in this case Cheeseburger is plural) means "No cheeseburgers". Notice the 'e' at the end of 'keine'. That's the ending for plurals and feminine nouns and can be likened to the "der, die, das -> die" relationship, where the feminine article serves for the plural as well. Section Problems >> das Restaur'ant' (French pronunciation) - Restaurant Fr-Restaurant.ogg (help·info) There are many restaurants you might find in Germany. Much like in English-speaking countries, you would more likely use the name of the restaurant than name what kind of restaurant. If you want to address the wish to eat a certain food, there are two ways: example: "wanting to eat chinese food" 1. "Ich möchte gerne zum Chinesen." - literally: "I want to go to the Chinese (restaurant)." 2. "Ich möchte gerne chinesisch essen (gehen)." - literally: "I want to (go) eat Chinese (style food)." Here are some more restaurants you can find in Germany: American food: "zum Amerikaner" / "amerikanisch essen"* Arabic food: "zum Araber" / "arabisch essen" Chinese food: "zum Chinesen" / "chinesisch essen" French food: "zum Franzosen" / "französisch essen" Greek food: "zum Griechen" / "griechisch essen" Italian food: "zum Italiener" / "italienisch essen" Indian food: "zum Inder" / "indisch essen" Japanese food: "zum Japaner" / "japanisch essen" Mexican food: "zum Mexikaner" / "mexikanisch essen" Spanish food: "zum Spanier" / "spanisch essen" Turkish food: "zum Türken" / "türkisch essen" * "zum Amerikaner" is often used in a jokey way, to express that one is going to either McDonald's or Burger King. There are few American restaurants, in Germany and they are mostly referred to as "(American) Diner", so it is not used like "zum Italiener". You read at the beginning of this lesson that the Accusative Case covers the direct object and the objects of some prepositions. Here are those prepositions that always fall under Accusative Case bis - until durch - through entlang - along für - for gegen - against ohne - without um - at, around You learned um last lesson, and ohne earlier this lesson. Bis, durch, entlang and gegen will be taught in depth later, and für will be taught now. Up until this point, you have only worried about the Accusative Case in third person. Für, meaning 'for', can and should be used in the first and second persons, too. Here's an example: "The cheeseburger is for me." - "Der Cheeseburger ist für mich." As you can see, 'me' is put into accusative case because the preposition is für. Section Problems >> In German (as in English) there are several ways of telling how food tastes. You can do this with 'gut' and 'schlecht' from Lesson 1 to say: Der Cheeseburger schmeckt gut - The cheeseburger tastes good Der Cheeseburger schmeckt schlecht - The cheeseburger tastes bad But this is bland. Hopefully the food has more flavor than the description of it. You can use the following words to more colorfully describe how the cheeseburger tastes: delicious - lecker delicious - delikat* (a lot more formal than lecker) tasty - schmackhaft juicy - saftig* crunchy - knackig (can also mean crispy) crispy - knusprig* spicy - würzig, pikant stale, tasteless - fade* (Austria: fad) salty - salzig oversalted - versalzen* oder zu salzig sweet - süß bitter - bitter sour - sauer creamy - cremig* hot (in the sense of "very spicy") - scharf - literally meaning "sharp" hot (in the sense of "very warm") - heiß burnt - angebrannt* cold - kalt disgusting, terrible - schrecklich * - You will not be tested on these descriptors. Schmecken is a regular verb. Here is its conjugation: The first and second persons really shouldn't be used. No one is going to say, "You guys taste salty" or "I taste creamy." So the only forms you really need to know are er/sie/es schmeckt and sie (plural) schmecken. You can use 'schmeckt' and 'schmecken' or 'ist' and 'sind' to state how the food tastes. Just use whichever one you would use in English and it'll usually be correct. Although the English meaning of schmecken is simply to taste, "Schmeckt der Cheeseburger?" can be taken in a positive way to mean "Do you like the cheeseburger?". In other words, schmecken alone can mean to taste good. Section Problems >> "The cheeseburger tastes good." does not sound that specific as to which cheeseburger you are talking about. You could be talking about a cheeseburger that is not directly in front of you. It just isn't clear. Now, if you said, "This cheeseburger tastes good. ", it would be obvious that you're talking about the cheeseburger you're eating. 'Dieser' is the German translation for 'this': "Dieser Cheeseburger schmeckt gut." 'Dieser' is a special adjective. It changes forms in different situations: different genders and different cases. It can also mean 'these' when modifying a plural. Here are its forms: As you can see, dieser is only appropriate for modifying masculine nouns in nominative case. But 'Cheeseburger', which is masculine, is the subject of the sentence, "Dieser Cheeseburger schmeckt gut." So it is correct in that circumstance. Jeder means 'every'. It acts exactly like 'dieser' in its endings, so it should be easy to remember. Here are the different forms: Notice the absence of the plural form. When you think about this, it's the same in English: no one says 'every books'. 'Welcher' is the third of this threesome of adjectives. 'Welcher' means 'which' and is used like the other interrogatives (wer, was, wann, wo, warum, wie, and welcher). However, because the general subject has to be specified, welcher must be inflected before use: "Welcher Hamburger ist seiner?" Its forms have the same endings as 'dieser'. You might want to say 'every day', 'this week', 'every morning', or 'which Tuesday night?'. But to do this, not only do you need to know the jeder-forms, but also the genders of the times and the cases. The second one is easy: Whenever you do something at a certain time, that time is put into Accusative Case. Last lesson, you learned the gender of one time: der Tag. So now you know everything to say 'diesen Tag', 'jeden Tag', and 'welchen Tag?' (this day, every day, and which day?). Here are the cases of all the times in Lesson 2: When extending to 'which Tuesday night? ', remember that the night stays feminine on Tuesday, so it stays "Welche Dienstagnacht?". Likewise, you can say 'every June' the same as 'every month': 'jeden Juni'. Ich möchte einen Cheeseburger. Der schmeckt sehr gut. Ich esse jeden Tag Cheeseburger. Die habe ich gern. Look at the second sentence of each of these German dialogues. What's missing? That's right, instead of "Der Cheeseburger schmeckt sehr gut." and "Die Cheeseburger habe ich gern. ", both of the 'Cheeseburgers, so to speak, are dropped. We're left with just the articles, only in this case, they aren't articles. They're demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns aren't scary. They're just the same as the normal pronouns, only they give more oomph to the sentence. They can be translated as either 'this' or 'that' ("I'd like a cheeseburger. That tastes very good. "), or 'these' or 'those' for plurals ("I eat cheeseburgers every day. These I like."). Demonstrative pronouns are exactly the same as the definite articles (well, there is one change in dative, but that will be covered in Lesson 7). If you are not sure of the gender (meaning in context, the speaker doesn't know, not that you've forgotten that it's 'der Cheeseburger'), use 'das', like in "Was ist das?" (What is that?). Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Belgium and Südtirol – in other words: all German speaking regions except Switzerland and Liechtenstein– have given up their former currencies and adopted the Euro as of 1999. One Euro is worth 100 Cents. Because they are not members of the European Union, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have kept the Swiss Francs (Franken = 100 Rappen). 'Euro' normally does not change in the plural in German, so you would still say "Ich habe 500 Euro." Nevertheless, there is an exception: Euro coins. If you say "Ich habe vier Euros. ", you actually are saying that you have four 1-Euro coins. Because the backsides of euro coins look different in each country, many people in Europe have started collecting foreign euro coins. In this case you can say "Ich habe irische Euros." (I have Irish euro coins.) for example. There is not yet a rule whether or not the word "Cent" has a different plural form. The majority of Germans are using the word "Cent" as a plural form, but when they don't it is simply "Cents". In German "euro" is pronounced [‘oi-ro], not [you-ro]. For "Cent" there are two pronunciations: you can either pronounce it as in English or you say "tzent". The latter version seems to be preferred by older people. When at a restaurant, you will want to pay at the end. You can use this vocabulary to help you. to pay - zahlen the bill - die Rechnung* the waiter - der Kellner, die Bedienung (also der Ober)** the waitress - die Kellnerin (but not die Oberin because this means Reverend Mother) "How much is that?" - "Was macht das?" ("What does that make?") or the "umgangssprachliche" "Wie viel kostet das?" * To ask for the bill you can say, "Bitte zahlen! ", or make it a complete sentence: "Ich würde gern zahlen! ", or "Wir möchten/wollen zahlen!". You can also say, "(Herr Ober), die Rechnung bitte!". The term "der Ober" is the waiter, but this sounds very old fashioned and is hardly ever used today. To address the waiter you would probably say "Entschuldigen Sie, ..." ("Pardon, ...") as in "Entschuldigen Sie, wir würden gern zahlen" (Pardon me, we would like to pay"). ** Although it is perfectly OK to say “Bedienung” or “Kellner” when talking about a waiter or a waitress, you should not address the waiter by saying "Bedienung!" or even “Fräulein!” which is regarded very impolite since the 1980s. Section Problems >> The test will be located here, but the test for this lesson is not yet completed.
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*) MODULE NetSystem; (** portable *) (* mg 16.08.96 *) (* A Portable Oberon Interface to Internet Protocols *) IMPORT SYSTEM, Kernel, Modules, NetBase, NetPorts, NetIP, NetUDP, NetTCP, NetDNS, Input, Texts, Oberon, TextFrames, Strings, Fonts; CONST anyport* = 0; (** any port value *) (** result values *) done* = 0; (** everything went ok *) error* = 1; (** failure occured *) (** return values of procedure State *) closed* = 0; (** connection is closed (neither sending nor receiving) *) listening* = 1; (** passive connection is listening for a request *) in* = 2; (** receiving only *) out* = 3; (** sending only *) inout* = 4; (** sending and receiving is possible *) waitCon* = 5; (** still waiting to be connected *) errorCon* = 6; (** connecting failed *) CR = 0DX; LF = 0AX; Trace = FALSE; TYPE Connection* = POINTER TO ConnectionDesc; (** handle for TCP connections *) ConnectionDesc* = RECORD port: NetPorts.Port; res*: INTEGER; (** result of last operation on a connection (error indication) *) state: INTEGER; Available: PROCEDURE (C: Connection; VAR res: INTEGER): LONGINT; Receive: PROCEDURE (C: Connection; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; beg, len: LONGINT; VAR res: INTEGER); Send: PROCEDURE (C: Connection; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; beg, len: LONGINT; VAR res: INTEGER); END; IPAdr* = LONGINT; (** IP address in network byte order *) Socket* = POINTER TO SocketDesc; (** handle for UDP "connections" *) SocketDesc* = RECORD C: NetUDP.Connection; res*: INTEGER; (** result of last operation on a connection (error indication) *) state: INTEGER END; Password = POINTER TO PasswordDesc; PasswordDesc = RECORD service, user, host, passwd: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; next: Password END; VAR anyIP*: IPAdr; (** "NIL" ip-number *) allIP*: IPAdr; (** broadcast ip-number *) hostIP*: IPAdr; (** main ip-number of local machine *) hostName*: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; (** main name of local machine *) started: BOOLEAN; W: Texts.Writer; passwords: Password; hex: ARRAY 17 OF CHAR; task: Oberon.Task; PROCEDURE GetEntry (key, name: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR arg0, arg1: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR S: Texts.Scanner; key0: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; i, j: INTEGER; BEGIN COPY(key, key0); i := 0; WHILE key0[i] # 0X DO INC(i) END; j := 0; WHILE name[j] # 0X DO key0[i] := name[j]; INC(i); INC(j) END; key0[i] := 0X; Oberon.OpenScanner(S, key0); IF S.class IN {Texts.Name, Texts.String} THEN COPY(S.s, arg0); Texts.Scan(S) ELSE COPY("", arg0) END; IF (S.class = Texts.Char) & (S.c = ",") THEN Texts.Scan(S); IF S.class IN {Texts.Name, Texts.String} THEN COPY(S.s, arg1) ELSE COPY("", arg1) END ELSE COPY("", arg1) END END GetEntry; PROCEDURE GetEntry0 (key, name: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR arg: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR S: Texts.Scanner; key0: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; i, j: INTEGER; BEGIN COPY(key, key0); i := 0; WHILE key0[i] # 0X DO INC(i) END; j := 0; WHILE name[j] # 0X DO key0[i] := name[j]; INC(i); INC(j) END; key0[i] := 0X; Oberon.OpenScanner(S, key0); IF S.class IN {Texts.Name, Texts.String} THEN COPY(S.s, arg); Texts.Scan(S) ELSE COPY("", arg) END END GetEntry0; PROCEDURE ToNum0 (num: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR n: INTEGER; VAR done: BOOLEAN); VAR i: INTEGER; BEGIN n := 0; i := 0; WHILE ("0" <= num[i]) & (num[i] <= "9") DO n := n * 10 + ORD(num[i]) - ORD("0"); INC(i) END; done := num[i] = 0X END ToNum0; PROCEDURE ToHost0 (num: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR adr: NetIP.Adr; VAR done: BOOLEAN); VAR addr: IPAdr; buf: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR; i, j, k, n: INTEGER; BEGIN done := TRUE; addr := 0; i := 0; j := 0; WHILE done & (j < 4) & (num[i] # 0X) DO k := 0; WHILE (num[i] # ".") & (num[i] # 0X) DO buf[k] := num[i]; INC(k); INC(i) END; buf[k] := 0X; ToNum0(buf, n, done); addr := ASH(addr, 8) + n; done := done & (n <= 256); IF num[i] = "." THEN INC(i) END; INC(j) END; adr := SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, addr); NetBase.HostLToNet(adr); done := done & (j = 4) & (num[i] = 0X) END ToHost0; PROCEDURE AdrToStr(netAdr: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; VAR net: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR i, j: LONGINT; BEGIN j := 0; FOR i := 0 TO NetBase.MacAdrLen-1 DO net[j] := hex[ORD(netAdr[i]) DIV 10H MOD 10H]; net[j+1] := hex[ORD(netAdr[i]) MOD 10H]; net[j+2] := ":"; INC(j, 3) END; DEC(j); net[j] := 0X END AdrToStr; (* Look up an ethernet address to find ip address and hostname. *) PROCEDURE FindAddress(key: ARRAY OF CHAR; netAdr: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; VAR hostname, num: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR net: ARRAY 20 OF CHAR; s: Texts.Scanner; found: BOOLEAN; BEGIN AdrToStr(netAdr, net); num[0] := 0X; hostname[0] := 0X; IF net # "00:00:00:00:00:00" THEN Oberon.OpenScanner(s, key); found := FALSE; WHILE (s.class = Texts.String) & ~found DO found := s.s = net; Texts.Scan(s); IF (s.class = Texts.Char) & (s.c = ",") THEN Texts.Scan(s); IF s.class = Texts.String THEN COPY(s.s, hostname); Texts.Scan(s); IF (s.class = Texts.Char) & (s.c = ",") THEN Texts.Scan(s); IF s.class = Texts.String THEN IF found THEN COPY(s.s, num) END; Texts.Scan(s) END ELSE s.class := Texts.Inval END END ELSE s.class := Texts.Inval END END; IF num[0] = 0X THEN hostname[0] := 0X; Texts.WriteString(W, "NetSystem.Route#.Host setting not found in Oberon.Text"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.WriteString(W, net); Texts.WriteString(W, " not found in "); Texts.WriteString(W, key); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END ELSE (* MAC adr all zero, ignore *) END END FindAddress; (** -- Adressing/Naming section. *) (** Convert a dotted IP address string (e.g. "1.2.3.4") to an IPAdr value. *) PROCEDURE ToHost* (num: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR adr: IPAdr; VAR done: BOOLEAN); BEGIN ToHost0(num, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, adr), done); IF ~done THEN adr := anyIP END END ToHost; (** Convert an IPAdr value to a dotted IP address string *) PROCEDURE ToNum*(adr: IPAdr; VAR num: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR i, j, n: LONGINT; PROCEDURE Digit(d: LONGINT); BEGIN num[j] := CHR(ORD("0")+d); INC(j) END Digit; BEGIN j := 0; FOR i := 0 TO 3 DO n := adr MOD 256; adr := adr DIV 256; IF n >= 100 THEN Digit(n DIV 100); Digit((n DIV 10) MOD 10) ELSIF n >= 10 THEN Digit(n DIV 10) END; Digit(n MOD 10); num[j] := ". "; INC(j) END; num[j-1] := 0X END ToNum; (** Procedure delivers the ip-number of a named host. If a symbolic name is given, it will be resolved by use of domain name servers. *) PROCEDURE GetIP* (name: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR IP: IPAdr); VAR hostName, hostIP: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; res: INTEGER; done: BOOLEAN; BEGIN IF (CAP(name[0]) >= "A") & (CAP(name[0]) <= "Z") THEN GetEntry("NetSystem.Hosts. ", name, hostName, hostIP); IF hostIP # "" THEN ToHost0(hostIP, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, IP), done) ELSE IF started THEN IF hostName # "" THEN NetDNS.HostByName(hostName, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, IP), res) ELSE NetDNS.HostByName(name, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, IP), res) END; done := (res = NetDNS.Done) ELSE done := FALSE END END ELSIF (name[0] >= "0") & (name[0] <= "9") THEN ToHost0(name, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, IP), done) ELSE done := FALSE END; IF ~done THEN IP := anyIP END END GetIP; (** GetName is the reverse of GetIP. Given an ip-number, it delivers the name of a host. *) PROCEDURE GetName* (IP: IPAdr; VAR name: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR adr: NetIP.Adr; res: INTEGER; BEGIN IF started THEN adr := SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, IP); NetDNS.HostByNumber(adr, name, res) END; IF ~started OR (res # NetDNS.Done) THEN COPY("", name) END END GetName; (** -- TCP section. *) (* Stream oriented communication *) (* PROCEDURE TCPSetState (C: Connection); BEGIN IF C.state IN {in, inout} THEN IF ~NetTCP.Connected(C.port(NetTCP.Connection)) THEN IF C.state = inout THEN C.state := out ELSIF C.state = in THEN C.state := closed END END END END TCPSetState; *) PROCEDURE TCPAvailable (C: Connection; VAR res: INTEGER): LONGINT; VAR len: LONGINT; BEGIN len := NetTCP.Available(C.port(NetTCP.Connection)); IF len < 0 THEN len := 0; res := error ELSE res := done END; (*TCPSetState(C);*) RETURN len END TCPAvailable; PROCEDURE TCPReceive (C: Connection; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; beg, len: LONGINT; VAR res: INTEGER); VAR l: LONGINT; BEGIN l := 0; REPEAT l := len; NetTCP.Receive(C.port(NetTCP.Connection), buf, beg, l); IF l > 0 THEN beg := beg + l; len := len - l END UNTIL (len = 0) OR (l < 0); IF l < 0 THEN res := error ELSE res := done END; (*TCPSetState(C)*) END TCPReceive; PROCEDURE TCPSend (C: Connection; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; beg, len: LONGINT; VAR res: INTEGER); BEGIN NetTCP.Send(C.port(NetTCP.Connection), buf, beg, len); IF len < 0 THEN res := error ELSE res := done END; (*TCPSetState(C)*) END TCPSend; PROCEDURE DmyAvailable (C: Connection; VAR res: INTEGER): LONGINT; BEGIN res := error; RETURN 0 END DmyAvailable; PROCEDURE DmyReceive (C: Connection; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; beg, len: LONGINT; VAR res: INTEGER); BEGIN res := error END DmyReceive; PROCEDURE DmySend (C: Connection; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; beg, len: LONGINT; VAR res: INTEGER); BEGIN res := error END DmySend; PROCEDURE ^Cleanup(c: SYSTEM.PTR); (** Procedure opens a connection. locPort, remPort, remIP are contained in the quadrupel which determines a connection uniquely. As locIP is always the current machine, it is omitted. If remPort is equal to anyport or remIP is equal to anyIP, a passive connection will be opened. After execution, C is a brand new connection. res indicates any error. *) PROCEDURE OpenConnection* (VAR C: Connection; locPort: INTEGER; remIP: IPAdr; remPort: INTEGER; VAR res: INTEGER); VAR conC: NetTCP.Connection; listC: NetTCP.Listener; remAdr: NetIP.Adr; BEGIN IF started THEN remAdr := SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, remIP); NEW(C); IF (SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, remIP) = SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, NetIP.IPany)) OR (remPort = NetPorts.anyport) THEN NetTCP.Listen(listC, locPort, remAdr, remPort, C.res); IF C.res = NetTCP.Done THEN C.port := listC; C.state := listening; C.Available := DmyAvailable; C.Send := DmySend; C.Receive := DmyReceive; Kernel.RegisterObject(C, Cleanup, FALSE) ELSIF C.res # NetTCP.Timeout THEN C.res := error END; res := C.res ELSIF ~NetIP.IsBroadcast(remAdr) THEN NetTCP.Connect(conC, locPort, remAdr, remPort, C.res); IF C.res = NetTCP.Done THEN C.port := conC; C.state := inout; C.Available := TCPAvailable; C.Send := TCPSend; C.Receive := TCPReceive; Kernel.RegisterObject(C, Cleanup, FALSE) ELSIF C.res # NetTCP.Timeout THEN C.res := error END; res := C.res ELSE res := error END ELSE res := error END END OpenConnection; (** Like OpenConnection, but this procedure may return immediately and delay the actual opening of the connection. In this case State() should be checked to wait for the connection status to change from waitCon. *) PROCEDURE AsyncOpenConnection*(VAR C: Connection; locPort: INTEGER; remIP: IPAdr; remPort:INTEGER; VAR res: INTEGER); VAR conC: NetTCP.Connection; remAdr: NetIP.Adr; BEGIN IF ~started OR (SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, remIP) = SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, NetIP.IPany)) OR (remPort = NetPorts.anyport) OR NetIP.IsBroadcast(remAdr) THEN OpenConnection(C, locPort, remIP, remPort, res) (* same as synchronous case *) ELSE (* to do: make truly asynchronous. current same as OpenConnection. *) remAdr := SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, remIP); NEW(C); NetTCP.Connect(conC, locPort, remAdr, remPort, C.res); IF C.res = NetTCP.Done THEN C.port := conC; C.state := inout; C.Available := TCPAvailable; C.Send := TCPSend; C.Receive := TCPReceive; Kernel.RegisterObject(C, Cleanup, FALSE) ELSIF C.res # NetTCP.Timeout THEN C.res := error END; res := C.res END END AsyncOpenConnection; (** Procedure closes the connection. Connection can not be used for send operations afterwards. *) PROCEDURE CloseConnection* (C: Connection); BEGIN IF C # NIL THEN IF C.port IS NetTCP.Listener THEN C.state := closed; NetTCP.Close(C.port(NetTCP.Listener)) ELSIF C.port IS NetTCP.Connection THEN IF C.state = inout THEN C.state := in ELSIF C.state = out THEN C.state := closed END; NetTCP.Disconnect(C.port(NetTCP.Connection)) ELSE HALT(99) END; C.res := done END END CloseConnection; PROCEDURE Cleanup(c: SYSTEM.PTR); VAR s: ARRAY 20 OF CHAR; BEGIN WITH c: Connection DO IF c.state # closed THEN IF Trace THEN Kernel.WriteString("NetSystem: Cleanup "); ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, c.port.rip), s); Kernel.WriteString(s); Kernel.WriteChar(":"); Kernel.WriteInt(c.port.rport, 1); Kernel.WriteLn END; CloseConnection(c) END END END Cleanup; (** Indicates whether there exists a remote machine which wants to connect to the local one. This Procedure is only useful on passive connections. For active connections (State(C) # listen), it always delivers FALSE. *) PROCEDURE Requested* (C: Connection): BOOLEAN; BEGIN RETURN (C.port IS NetTCP.Listener) & NetTCP.Requested(C.port(NetTCP.Listener)) END Requested; (** Procedure accepts a new waiting, active connection (newC) on a passive one (State(C) = listen). If no connection is waiting, accept blocks until there is one or an error occurs. If C is not a passive connection, Accept does nothing but res is set to Done. *) PROCEDURE Accept* (C: Connection; VAR newC: Connection; VAR res: INTEGER); VAR conC: NetTCP.Connection; BEGIN res := NetTCP.NotDone; IF C.port IS NetTCP.Listener THEN NetTCP.Accept(C.port(NetTCP.Listener), conC, res); IF res = NetTCP.Done THEN NEW(newC); newC.port := conC; newC.state := inout; newC.Available := TCPAvailable; newC.Send := TCPSend; newC.Receive := TCPReceive END END; C.res := res END Accept; (** Procedure returns the state of a connection (see constant section). *) PROCEDURE State* (C: Connection): INTEGER; BEGIN IF C.state IN {in, inout} THEN IF NetTCP.Connected(C.port(NetTCP.Connection)) THEN (* skip *) ELSE IF NetTCP.Available(C.port(NetTCP.Connection)) # 0 THEN (* workaround for client errors *) (* skip *) ELSE IF C.state = inout THEN C.state := out ELSIF C.state = in THEN C.state := closed END END END END; RETURN C.state END State; (** Returns the number of bytes which may be read without blocking. *) PROCEDURE Available* (C: Connection): LONGINT; BEGIN RETURN C.Available(C, C.res) END Available; (** Blocking read a single byte. *) PROCEDURE Read* (C: Connection; VAR ch: CHAR); BEGIN C.Receive(C, ch, 0, 1, C.res) END Read; (** Blocking read len bytes of data (beginning at pos in buf) to buf. *) PROCEDURE ReadBytes* (C: Connection; pos, len: LONGINT; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE); BEGIN C.Receive(C, buf, pos, len, C.res); END ReadBytes; (** Blocking read two bytes in network byte ordering. *) PROCEDURE ReadInt* (C: Connection; VAR x: INTEGER); BEGIN C.Receive(C, x, 0, 2, C.res); NetBase.NetToHost(x) END ReadInt; (** Blocking read four bytes in network byte ordering. *) PROCEDURE ReadLInt* (C: Connection; VAR x: LONGINT); BEGIN C.Receive(C, x, 0, 4, C.res); NetBase.NetLToHost(x); END ReadLInt; (** Blocking read a string terminated by ( [CR]LF | 0X ). *) PROCEDURE ReadString* (C: Connection; VAR s: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR ch, ch0: CHAR; i: INTEGER; BEGIN i := -1; ch := 0X; REPEAT INC(i); ch0 := ch; C.Receive(C, ch, 0, 1, C.res); s[i] := ch; UNTIL (C.res = error) OR (ch = 0X) OR (ch = LF); IF (ch = LF) & (ch0 = CR) THEN s[i - 1] := 0X ELSE s[i] := 0X END END ReadString; (** Blocking write a single byte to C. *) PROCEDURE Write* (C: Connection; ch: CHAR); BEGIN C.Send(C, ch, 0, 1, C.res) END Write; (** Blocking write len bytes of data (beginning at pos in buf) to C. *) PROCEDURE WriteBytes* (C: Connection; pos, len: LONGINT; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE); BEGIN C.Send(C, buf, pos, len, C.res) END WriteBytes; (** Blocking write two bytes in network byte ordering to C. *) PROCEDURE WriteInt* (C: Connection; x: INTEGER); BEGIN NetBase.HostToNet(x); C.Send(C, x, 0, 2, C.res) END WriteInt; (** Blocking write four bytes in network byte ordering to C. *) PROCEDURE WriteLInt* (C: Connection; x: LONGINT); BEGIN NetBase.HostLToNet(x); C.Send(C, x, 0, 4, C.res) END WriteLInt; (** Blocking write a string without "0X" and terminated by "CRLF" to C. *) PROCEDURE WriteString* (C: Connection; s: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR cs: ARRAY 2 OF CHAR; i: INTEGER; BEGIN i := 0; WHILE s[i] # 0X DO INC(i) END; C.Send(C, s, 0, i, C.res); cs[0] := CR; cs[1] := LF; C.Send(C, cs, 0, 2, C.res) END WriteString; (** Procedure delivers the ip-number and port number of a connection's remote partner. *) PROCEDURE GetPartner* (C: Connection; VAR remIP: IPAdr; VAR remPort: INTEGER); BEGIN remPort := C.port.rport; remIP := SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, C.port.rip) END GetPartner; (** -- UDP section. *) (* Datagram oriented communication *) (** Opens a socket which is dedicated to datagram services. locPort is registered to receive datagrams from any port and any host. *) PROCEDURE OpenSocket* (VAR S: Socket; locPort: INTEGER; VAR res: INTEGER); BEGIN IF started THEN NEW(S); NetUDP.Open(S.C, locPort, NetIP.IPany, NetPorts.anyport, S.res); IF S.res = NetUDP.Done THEN S.state := inout ELSE S.C := NIL; S.res := error END; res := S.res ELSE res := error END END OpenSocket; (** Closes the socket. You can not receive datagrams anymore. *) PROCEDURE CloseSocket* (S: Socket); BEGIN S.state := closed; NetUDP.Close(S.C); S.C := NIL; S.res := done END CloseSocket; (** Sends len bytes of data (beginning at pos in buf) to the host specified by remIP and remPort. *) PROCEDURE SendDG* (S: Socket; remIP: IPAdr; remPort: INTEGER; pos, len: LONGINT; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE); BEGIN NetUDP.Send(S.C, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, remIP), remPort, buf, pos, len); S.res := done END SendDG; (** Stores an entire datagram in buf beginning at pos. On success (S.res = done), remIP and remPort indicate the sender, len indicate the length of valid data. *) PROCEDURE ReceiveDG*(S: Socket; VAR remIP: IPAdr; VAR remPort: INTEGER; pos: LONGINT; VAR len: LONGINT; VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE); BEGIN NetUDP.Receive(S.C, SYSTEM.VAL(NetIP.Adr, remIP), remPort, buf, pos, len); IF len >= 0 THEN S.res := done ELSE S.res := error END END ReceiveDG; (** Returns the size of the first available datagram on the socket. *) PROCEDURE AvailableDG* (S: Socket): LONGINT; BEGIN RETURN NetUDP.Available(S.C) END AvailableDG; (* Conversions *) (** Write 2 bytes in network byte ordering to buf[pos]. *) PROCEDURE PutInt* (VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; pos: INTEGER; x: INTEGER); BEGIN NetBase.HostToNet(x); SYSTEM.PUT(SYSTEM.ADR(buf[pos]), x) END PutInt; (** Write 4 bytes in network byte ordering to buf[pos]. *) PROCEDURE PutLInt* (VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; pos: INTEGER; x: LONGINT); BEGIN NetBase.HostLToNet(x); SYSTEM.PUT(SYSTEM.ADR(buf[pos]), x) END PutLInt; (** Read 2 bytes in network byte ordering from buf[pos]. *) PROCEDURE GetInt* (VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; pos: INTEGER; VAR x: INTEGER); BEGIN SYSTEM.GET(SYSTEM.ADR(buf[pos]), x); NetBase.NetToHost(x) END GetInt; (** Read 4 bytes in network byte ordering from buf[pos]. *) PROCEDURE GetLInt* (VAR buf: ARRAY OF SYSTEM.BYTE; pos: INTEGER; VAR x: LONGINT); BEGIN SYSTEM.GET(SYSTEM.ADR(buf[pos]), x); NetBase.NetLToHost(x) END GetLInt; (** -- Passwords section. *) PROCEDURE WriteURL(VAR service, user, host: ARRAY OF CHAR); BEGIN Texts.WriteString(W, "NetSystem.SetUser "); Texts.WriteString(W, service); Texts.Write(W, ":"); Texts.WriteString(W, user); Texts.Write(W, "@"); Texts.WriteString(W, host); Texts.WriteString(W, " ~"); Texts.WriteLn(W) END WriteURL; (** Retrieve the password for user using service on host. Parameters service, host and user must be specified. Parameter user is in/out. If empty, it returns the first (user,password) pair found, otherwise it returns the specified user's password. *) PROCEDURE GetPassword*(service, host: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR user, password: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR pass: Password; r: Texts.Reader; ch: CHAR; BEGIN Strings.Lower(service, service); Strings.Lower(host, host); pass := passwords; WHILE (pass # NIL) & ~((pass.service = service) & (pass.host = host) & ((user = "") OR (pass.user = user))) DO pass := pass.next END; IF pass # NIL THEN COPY(pass.user, user); COPY(pass.passwd, password) ELSE IF (service # "") & (user # "") THEN IF Oberon.Log.len > 0 THEN Texts.OpenReader(r, Oberon.Log, Oberon.Log.len-1); Texts.Read(r, ch); IF ch # CHR(13) THEN Texts.WriteLn(W) END END; WriteURL(service, user, host); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END; COPY("", user); COPY("", password) END END GetPassword; (** Remove password for user using service on host. *) PROCEDURE DelPassword*(service, user, host: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR ppass, pass: Password; BEGIN Strings.Lower(service, service); Strings.Lower(host, host); ppass := NIL; pass := passwords; WHILE (pass # NIL) & ((pass.service # service) & (pass.host # host) & (pass.user # user)) DO ppass := pass; pass := pass.next END; IF pass # NIL THEN IF ppass # NIL THEN ppass.next := pass.next ELSE passwords := pass.next END END END DelPassword; PROCEDURE Reboot; VAR cmd: Modules.Command; m: Modules.Module; BEGIN m := Modules.ThisMod("System"); IF m # NIL THEN cmd := Modules.ThisCommand(m, "Reboot"); IF cmd # NIL THEN cmd END END END Reboot; PROCEDURE InputRead(VAR ch: CHAR); (* not really clean *) BEGIN WHILE Input.Available() = 0 DO NetBase.Poll END; Input.Read(ch); IF ch = 0FFX THEN Reboot END END InputRead; (** Command NetSystem.SetUser { service ":" ["//"] [ user [ ":" password ] "@" ] host [ "/" ] } "~" If password is not specified in-line, prompts for the password for the (service, host, user) triple. The (service, host, user, password) 4-tuple is stored in memory for retrieval with GetPassword. Multiple identical passwords may be set with one command. *) PROCEDURE SetUser*; VAR R: Texts.Reader; service, usr, host, pwd, entered: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; ok, verbose: BOOLEAN; ch: CHAR; pass: Password; PROCEDURE Next(VAR str: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR i: LONGINT; BEGIN Texts.Read(R, ch); WHILE ~R.eot & ((ch <= " ") OR (ch = ":") OR (ch = "@") OR (ch = "/") OR ~(R.lib IS Fonts.Font)) DO Texts.Read(R, ch) END; i := 0; WHILE ~R.eot & (ch > " ") & (ch # ":") & (ch # "@") & (ch # "/") & (ch # "~") & (R.lib IS Fonts.Font) DO str[i] := ch; INC(i); Texts.Read(R, ch) END; str[i] := 0X END Next; PROCEDURE InputStr(prompt: ARRAY OF CHAR; show: BOOLEAN; VAR str: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR i: LONGINT; ch: CHAR; BEGIN Texts.SetColor(W, 1); Texts.WriteString(W, prompt); Texts.SetColor(W, 15); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); InputRead(ch); i := 0; WHILE (ch # 0DX) & (ch # 1AX) DO IF ch = 7FX THEN IF i > 0 THEN Texts.Delete(Oberon.Log, Oberon.Log.len-1, Oberon.Log.len); DEC(i) END ELSE IF show THEN Texts.Write(W, ch) ELSE Texts.Write(W, "*") END; Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); str[i] := ch; INC(i) END; InputRead(ch) END; IF ch # 0DX THEN i := 0 END; str[i] := 0X; Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END InputStr; PROCEDURE Replace(p: Password); VAR q, prev: Password; msg: ARRAY 12 OF CHAR; BEGIN q := passwords; prev := NIL; WHILE (q # NIL) & ~((q.service = p.service) & (q.host = p.host) & (q.user = p.user)) DO prev := q; q := q.next END; IF q # NIL THEN (* password exists, delete old one first *) IF prev = NIL THEN passwords := passwords.next ELSE prev.next := q.next END; msg := "replaced" ELSE msg := "set" END; p.next := passwords; passwords := p; IF verbose THEN Texts.WriteString(W, p.service); Texts.Write(W, ":"); Texts.WriteString(W, p.user); Texts.Write(W, "@"); Texts.WriteString(W, p.host); Texts.WriteString(W, " password "); Texts.WriteString(W, msg); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END END Replace; BEGIN Texts.OpenReader(R, Oberon.Par.text, Oberon.Par.pos); ok := TRUE; entered[0] := 0X; verbose := FALSE; WHILE ~R.eot & ok DO ok := FALSE; Next(service); IF service = "\v" THEN verbose := TRUE; Next(service) END; Strings.Lower(service, service); IF ch = ":" THEN Next(usr); IF ch = ":" THEN (* password specified in-line *) Next(pwd); IF ch = "@" THEN Next(host) ELSE COPY(pwd, host); pwd[0] := 0X END ELSIF ch = "@" THEN (* no password specified in-line *) pwd[0] := 0X; Next(host) ELSE (* no user or password specified *) COPY(usr, host); usr[0] := 0X; pwd[0] := 0X END; Strings.Lower(host, host); IF host[0] # 0X THEN IF (usr[0] = 0X) OR ((pwd[0] = 0X) & (entered[0] = 0X)) THEN Texts.WriteString(W, service); Texts.WriteString(W, "://"); IF usr[0] # 0X THEN Texts.WriteString(W, usr); Texts.Write(W, "@") END; Texts.WriteString(W, host); Texts.WriteLn(W) END; IF usr[0] = 0X THEN (* no user specified, prompt *) InputStr("Enter user name: ", TRUE, usr); IF usr[0] = 0X THEN RETURN END END; IF pwd[0] = 0X THEN (* no pwd specified *) IF entered[0] = 0X THEN (* prompt first time *) InputStr("Enter password: ", FALSE, entered); IF entered[0] = 0X THEN RETURN END (* esc *) END; pwd := entered END; NEW(pass); COPY(service, pass.service); COPY(host, pass.host); COPY(usr, pass.user); COPY(pwd, pass.passwd); Replace(pass); ok := TRUE END END END END SetUser; (** Command NetSystem.ClearUser ~ Clear all passwords from memory. *) PROCEDURE ClearUser*; BEGIN passwords := NIL END ClearUser; (** -- Initialisation section. *) PROCEDURE SetDevices; VAR T: Texts.Text; device, name, arg: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR; i: INTEGER; F: TextFrames.Frame; BEGIN NEW(T); i := 0; device := "Device0"; GetEntry("NetSystem.Hosts. ", device, name, arg); WHILE (i < NetBase.MaxDevices) & (name # "") & (name[0] # "<") DO Texts.Open(T, ""); Texts.WriteString(W, name); Texts.Write(W, " "); Texts.WriteString(W, arg); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(T, W.buf); F := TextFrames.NewText(T, 0); TextFrames.Call(F, 0, FALSE); INC(i); device[6] := CHR(i+ORD("0")); GetEntry("NetSystem.Hosts. ", device, name, arg) END END SetDevices; PROCEDURE SetRoutes; VAR route: NetIP.Route; key: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; hostname, num, device, arp, dmy, gateway: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; i, j, devnum: LONGINT; done: BOOLEAN; dev: NetBase.Device; BEGIN key := "NetSystem.Hosts.Route0. "; i := 0; GetEntry0(key, "Device", device); WHILE (i < NetIP.MaxRoutes) & (device # "") DO Strings.Lower(device, device); IF device = "default" THEN devnum := 0 ELSIF Strings.Prefix("device", device) & (device[6] >= "0") & (device[6] <= "9") & (device[7] = 0X) THEN devnum := ORD(device[6])-ORD("0") ELSE devnum := -1 END; dev := NetBase.FindDevice(devnum); IF dev # NIL THEN NEW(route); route.dev := dev; (*log := FALSE;*) GetEntry0(key, "Mode", arp); IF arp = "arp" THEN INCL(route.options, NetIP.arpopt) END; GetEntry(key, "Host", hostname, num); ToHost0(num, route.adr, done); IF ~done THEN (* try using table *) FindAddress("NetSystem.Hosts.Table", route.dev.hostAdr, hostname, num); ToHost0(num, route.adr, done); (*log := log OR done*) END; IF ~done THEN (* ok if still to be assigned, e.g. PPP *) route.adr := NetIP.IPany (* must be assigned later *) ELSE IF i = 0 THEN (* first host *) COPY(hostname, hostName); hostIP := SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, route.adr) END END; GetEntry(key, "Gateway", gateway, num); ToHost0(num, route.gway, done); IF ~done THEN (* ok if not arp, e.g. SLIP or PPP *) route.gway := NetIP.IPany END; GetEntry(key, "Netmask", dmy, num); ToHost0(num, route.subnet, done); IF ~done THEN (* ok if not arp, e.g. SLIP or PPP *) route.subnet := NetIP.IPany (* all destinations local *) END; IF (SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, anyIP) = SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, route.gway)) & (SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, anyIP) # SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, route.adr)) THEN (* gateway not set, but host adr set - attempt auto setting *) FOR j := 0 TO NetIP.AdrLen-1 DO (* take host address AND subnet mask *) route.gway[j] := SYSTEM.VAL(CHAR, SYSTEM.VAL(SET, route.adr[j]) * SYSTEM.VAL(SET, route.subnet[j])) END; (* add .1 at end (common convention) *) route.gway[3] := SYSTEM.VAL(CHAR, SYSTEM.VAL(SET, route.gway[3]) + {0}); (*log := TRUE*) END; (* IF log THEN ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, route.adr), s); Texts.WriteString(W, "IP: "); Texts.WriteString(W, s); ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, route.subnet), s); Texts.WriteString(W, ", Subnet: "); Texts.WriteString(W, s); ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, route.gway), s); Texts.WriteString(W, ", Gateway: "); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END; *) NetIP.InstallRoute(route) ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Device ["); Texts.WriteString(W, device); Texts.WriteString(W, "] not found"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END; INC(i); key[21] := CHR(i+ORD("0")); GetEntry0(key, "Device", device) END END SetRoutes; PROCEDURE SetDns; VAR name, num, dns: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; i, nodns: INTEGER; adr: NetIP.Adr; done: BOOLEAN; BEGIN nodns := 0; dns := "DNS0"; FOR i := 0 TO 3 DO dns[3] := CHR(i + ORD("0")); GetEntry("NetSystem.Hosts. ", dns, name, num); IF (num # "") & (num[0] # "<") THEN ToHost0(num, adr, done); IF done THEN NetDNS.InstallDNS(name, adr); INC(nodns) END END END; IF nodns = 0 THEN ToHost0("129.132.98.12", adr, done); NetDNS.InstallDNS("dns1.ethz.ch", adr) END; END SetDns; PROCEDURE PollDevices(me: Oberon.Task); BEGIN NetBase.Poll END PollDevices; (** Command NetSystem.Start ~ Start up NetSystem. *) PROCEDURE Start*; VAR name, num: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; pos: LONGINT; ch: CHAR; BEGIN IF ~started THEN SetDevices; IF NetBase.FindDevice(0) # NIL THEN SetRoutes; NetDNS.Init; GetEntry("NetSystem.Hosts. ", "Domain", name, num); IF name # "" THEN IF hostName # "" THEN (* check hostname *) pos := 0; Strings.Search(". ", hostName, pos); IF pos = -1 THEN (* append domain name *) Strings.AppendCh(hostName, ". "); Strings.Append(hostName, name) END END; NetDNS.InstallDom(name); ELSE NetDNS.InstallDom("ethz.ch") END; SetDns; started := NetIP.nofRoutes > 0; IF started THEN NetIP.SetDirectedCast(NetIP.routes[0]); NetBase.Start; NetIP.Start; NetPorts.Init; NetUDP.Start; NetTCP.Start; NEW(task); task.safe := TRUE; task.time := Oberon.Time(); task.handle := PollDevices; Oberon.Install(task); IF (hostName = "") & (SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, anyIP) # (SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, hostIP))) THEN (*Texts.WriteString(W, "Host: "); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf);*) GetName(hostIP, hostName); pos := 0; LOOP ch := hostName[pos]; IF ch = 0X THEN EXIT END; IF (ch >= "A") & (ch <= "Z") THEN ch := CHR(ORD(ch)+32) END; hostName[pos] := ch; INC(pos) END; IF pos = 0 THEN hostName := "x.oberon.ethz.ch" END; (*Texts.WriteString(W, hostName); Texts.WriteLn(W)*) END; Texts.WriteString(W, "NetSystem started"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Oberon.Text - NetSystem not configured"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Oberon.Text - No network driver configured"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END END END Start; (** Command NetSystem.Stop ~ Shut down NetSystem. *) PROCEDURE Stop*; BEGIN IF Kernel.shutdown = 0 THEN IF task # NIL THEN Oberon.Remove(task); task := NIL END; NetTCP.Stop; NetUDP.Stop; NetIP.Stop; NetBase.Stop; hostName := ""; started := FALSE; Texts.WriteString(W, "NetSystem stopped"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END END Stop; (** Command NetSystem.Show ~ Display status. *) PROCEDURE Show*; VAR s: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR; r: NetIP.Route; dev: NetBase.Device; i: LONGINT; p: Password; BEGIN IF started THEN p := passwords; WHILE p # NIL DO WriteURL(p.service, p.user, p.host); p := p.next END; Texts.WriteString(W, "Host: "); ToNum(hostIP, s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteString(W, " / "); Texts.WriteString(W, hostName); Texts.WriteString(W, " / "); Texts.WriteString(W, NetDNS.dom[0]); Texts.WriteLn(W); i := 0; LOOP dev := NetBase.FindDevice(i); IF dev = NIL THEN EXIT END; Texts.WriteString(W, "Device"); Texts.WriteInt(W, i, 1); Texts.WriteString(W, ": "); CASE dev.state OF NetBase.closed: Texts.WriteString(W, "closed") |NetBase.open: Texts.WriteString(W, "open") |NetBase.pending: Texts.WriteString(W, "pending") ELSE Texts.WriteInt(W, dev.state, 1) END; Texts.Write(W, " "); AdrToStr(dev.hostAdr, s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteString(W, " / "); AdrToStr(dev.castAdr, s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteLn(W); INC(i) END; FOR i := 0 TO NetIP.nofRoutes-1 DO r := NetIP.routes[i]; Texts.WriteString(W, "Route"); Texts.WriteInt(W, i, 1); Texts.WriteString(W, ": "); ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, r.adr), s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteString(W, " / "); ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, r.subnet), s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteString(W, " / "); ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, r.gway), s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); Texts.WriteString(W, " -> "); Texts.WriteInt(W, r.dev.num, 1); IF NetIP.arpopt IN r.options THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " arp") ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, " noarp") END; Texts.WriteLn(W) END; Texts.WriteString(W, "DNS: "); FOR i := 0 TO NetDNS.nofdns-1 DO ToNum(SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, NetDNS.server[i].adr), s); Texts.WriteString(W, s); IF i = NetDNS.dns THEN Texts.Write(W, "*") END; IF i # NetDNS.nofdns-1 THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " / ") END END; Texts.WriteLn(W) END; Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END Show; BEGIN task := NIL; anyIP := SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, NetIP.IPany); allIP := SYSTEM.VAL(IPAdr, NetIP.IPall); hostName := ""; hex := "0123456789ABCDEF"; Texts.OpenWriter(W); started := FALSE; passwords := NIL; Start; Kernel.InstallTermHandler(Stop) END NetSystem. Tasks NetBase.Poll for all devices, if Available then allocate item, Receive, multiplex upcall: NetIP.ArpReceive - send arp queued packets & reply to arp request NetIP.IPReceive - queue up to 30 packets in NetIP.ipq NetIP.IPDemux for all items in NetIP.ipq, check header, multiplex upcall: NetUDP.Input - find connection c & put up to 20 items to c.rq NetTCP.Demux - handle some items or put up to 30 items in c.rq NetTCP.TcpReceive one task per connection. for all items in c.rq, call c.handle NetIP.Timer every 3 seconds, process arp cache NetTCP.Timer process events in NetTCP.sq (deleteev, sendev, retransev, persistev) Install NetIP.StartTimer NetBase.InstallProtocol(ArpReceive, arpid) (* 806H *) timer.handle := Timer; Oberon.Install(timer) NetIP.StartIP NetBase.InstallProtocol(IPReceive, ipid) (* 800H *) NetUDP.Start NetIP.InstallDemux(Input, NetIP.UDP) (* 17 *) NetTCP.Start NetIP.InstallDemux(Demux, NetIP.TCP) (* 6 *) timer.handle := Timer; Oberon.Install(timer) NetTCP.ProcListen (from NetTCP.Demux) T.handle := TcpReceive; Oberon.Install(T) NetTCP.Connect T.handle := TcpReceive; Oberon.Install(T) Modification NetSystem.TCPSetState fold into State bug: NetTCP.Poll does not check window... ? Other uses of Oberon & Texts NetSystem Oberon.Par, Oberon.Log, Oberon.OpenScanner, Texts. * SLIP.InstallDevice Oberon.Par, Texts.Scanner PPPHDLC Timeout task PPPMain Oberon.OpenScanner Connect task Connection state (old) closed, listening, in, out, inout, waitCon, errorCon inout -> out TCPSetState ~NetTCP.Connected in -> closed TCPSetState ~NetTCP.Connected * -> listening OpenConnection listening connection * -> inout OpenConnection talking connection * -> closed CloseConnection listening connection inout -> in CloseConnection talking connection out -> closed CloseConnection talking connection * -> inout Accept arriving connection * -> waitCon AsyncOpenConnection waitCon -> inout waitCon -> errorCon * -> inout OpenSocket * -> closed CloseSocket Dialer.Dial Dialer.Hangup NetSystem.Stop System.Free NetSystem SLIP NetTCP NetDNS NetUDP NetPorts NetIP NetBase ~ NetSystem.Start Find.All ^ Find.Domain NetBase.Mod NetIP.Mod NetPorts.Mod NetUDP.Mod NetTCP.Mod NetDNS.Mod NetSystem.Mod ~ Compiler.Compile NetBase.Mod\s NetIP.Mod\s NetPorts.Mod\s NetUDP.Mod\s NetTCP.Mod\s NetDNS.Mod\s NetSystem.Mod Net3Com509.Mod ~ Compiler.Compile *\x
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Costa Rica is a small country in Central America. This nation has bewilderingly diverse culture, climates, flora, and fauna, and landscapes range from rainforests, to dry tropical and temperate forests, to volcanoes, to Caribbean and Pacific beaches, to high mountains, and marshy lowlands. Costa Rica is an exceptionally stable and peaceful country compared to the volatile region it's in, and is one of the world's top destinations for nature and ecotourism. Owing in part to its comparative wealth, it can be a bit more expensive than its northern neighbors. Due to Costa Rica's topography and historical development, most economic growth has been concentrated in the Central Valley, which has four cities: San José (capital), Alajuela, Cartago and Heredia. Provincial capitals (Liberia, Puntarenas and Limón) and other towns with strategic locations have regional importance, especially for tourism. Some of Costa Rica's most important cities for travellers are: 9.933333-84.0833331 San José – the capital 10.031087-84.2040672 Alajuela – location of Juan Santamaría International Airport 9.866667-83.9166673 Cartago – Costa Rica's first capital 9.998463-84.1168624 Heredia – coffee plantations 9.62005-84.604445 Jacó – the Central Pacific coast's largest city, among incredibly biodiversity and natural beauty, famous surf spot 10.617969-85.4374236 Liberia – location of Guanacaste Airport and gateway to the beaches of Guanacaste, such as Samara, Nosara, Carillo 10.002216-83.0840377 Puerto Limón – main city on the Caribbean side 10.344069-84.4198998 Quesada – the largest city by far in the north, surrounded by hot springs popular with Costa Rican vacationers; known locally as "San Carlos" 10.463333-84.7033331 Arenal Volcano - active volcano 9.729167-82.8252 Cahuita National Park 9.48-83.483 Chirripo National Park 5.528056-87.0611114 Cocos Island National Park 8.55-83.5833335 Corcovado National Park 9.375556-84.1358336 Manuel Antonio National Park 10.3-84.8166677 Monteverde and Santa Elena Cloud Forest Reserves 10.83-85.3238898 Rincón de la Vieja Volcano National Park 10.5833-83.51679 Tortuguero National Park Since the late 1980s, Costa Rica has been a popular nature travel destination, and its main competitive advantage is its well-established system of national parks and protected areas, covering around 23.4% of the country's land area, the largest in the world as a percentage of the country's territory, and home to a rich variety of flora and fauna, in a country covering only 0.03% of the world's landmass, but containing about 5% of the world's biodiversity. The country also has plenty of world renowned beaches, in the Pacific Ocean and in the Caribbean Sea, within short travel distances between the coasts, and also several active volcanoes that can be visited safely. Costa Rica has managed to avoid the political turmoil and violence plaguing the region. President Figueres constitutionally abolished the Costa Rican army permanently in 1948 after winning the 44-day civil war, the last significant political violence in the country. Costa Rica is Latin America's oldest democracy (since the Chilean coup d'etat in 1973) and one of only a handful of presidential republics in the world to last more than five decades. Costa Rica placed 5th among 21 Latin American countries (68th overall) in the 2018 Human Development Index. It frequently performs better than countries with higher GDP per capita in this measure and while still plagued with stark income and wealth inequality, it has these problems to a lesser extent than many other Latin American countries. Costa Rica is ranked third in the world and first among the Americas in terms of the 2010 Environmental Performance Index. And the New Economics Foundation (NEF) ranked Costa Rica as the happiest nation in the world in 2009 and in 2012. NEF ranked Costa Rica as the "greenest" country in the world. Costa Rica has been home to a large Jamaican diaspora community in Limón Province since the 19th century, and an English-based creole similar to Jamaican patois continues to be spoken there. So don't be surprised to meet locals with English names (such as football [soccer] players Joel Campbell and Kendall Watson) despite Costa Rica being a Spanish-speaking country. A more recent phenomenon is Nicaraguan immigration to Costa Rica which happens both for political and economic reasons and occasionally causes tensions. The name Costa Rica means 'Rich Coast' in Spanish. While Costa Rica shares much of its history well into the 19th century with the other central American states (and gained independence on the same day as Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala), which is still visible in the blue white blue basic flag of all these countries (Costa Rica simply added a red stripe in the middle of the white one), there are some notable differences. The most visible today is that in Costa Rica, European settlement mostly occurred in the Central Valley, which led to it becoming the economic and political heart of the country and the ancestry decidedly European. The historical myth many Ticos (as Costa Ricans like to call themselves) hold onto about the early years of the republic is one of "coffee democracy" where everyone lived in the Central Valley and peacefully shared power unlike the decidedly messier history of other Latin American countries. Of course this simplistic view excludes virtually everyone who wasn't white, male, upper class and connected to central valley elites and even then there were violent power struggles, including Costa Rica's part in defeating the American would-be dictator of Central America William Walker in the 1850s. While the political climate until the short civil war of 1948 (won by José Figueres Ferer, who would later be president three separate times and was one of Costa Rica's most influential politicians) was thus not all that different from the rest of Central America (think coups and rigged elections), it has since improved a lot and all elections since 1949 were peaceful and up to international democratic standards. One reason for this is that Figueres upon taking over abolished the military and Costa Rica is still one of only a handful of countries without one, leading to fewer coups and more money for education and social programs. This however has led to Costa Rica being hugely influenced by the USA and being one of America's closest allies in the region. In the 1980s almost all of Central America was embroiled in civil wars and shaky unpopular governments. Costa Rican President Oscar Arias Sanchez made a peace proposal that got almost all sides in war-torn Nicaragua to sit together and talk and achieved a lasting peaceful solution and democratic elections in 1990. He got a Nobel Peace Prize for his troubles although the hardest part may have been to convince the U.S. to sign on to his peace proposal. However Nicaragua-Costa Rica relations deteriorated and dominated the political agenda of Arias Sanchez' second term in the 2000s. The Ortega government once more ruling Nicaragua since 2006 has given subsequent Costa Rican presidents headaches, which seem to be used on both sides of the border as convenient distraction from domestic issues. Rio San Juan, which belongs to Nicaragua but runs along the border, became a hot button issue. One point of contention was Nicaraguan drainage operations on the river which Nicaragua claims were to ensure safe shipping, but Costa Rica claims illegally entered their territory (Nicaragua pointed to Google Maps in their defense). Another point of contention is whether Costa Rica has to pay a fee for tourist excursions on the river. Costa Rica claims an old treaty guarantees both countries free navigation of the river, whereas Nicaragua maintains the only thing the treaty says is that Costa Rican ships may transport "goods" without paying a fee and people are not, in fact, goods. The situation was made worse by Arias Sanchez' successor Laura Chinchilla who insisted on building a controversial highway right next to the river over Nicaraguan protests, which Nicaragua claims not only harms Costa Rican nature reserves but might also overload the river with sediment. The issue is further complicated by a number anywhere from several hundred thousand to a million Nicaraguans living in various states of legality in Costa Rica. They are not always treated all that well. However, signs of reconciliation are also made from both sides and a new bridge was opened in 2015, which crosses the Rio San Juan near San Carlos (Nicaragua), enabling overland transport towards Los Chiles. The countries see each other as pueblos hermanos (brother peoples), if sometimes bothersome and annoying brothers. Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus, lying between latitudes 8° and 12°N, and longitudes 82° and 86°W. It has a total of 1,290 km (800 mi) of coastline, 212 km (132 mi) on the Caribbean coast and 1,016 km (631 mi) on the Pacific. Costa Rica borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km or 192 mi of border) and Panama to the south-southeast (639 km or 397 mi of border). In total, Costa Rica comprises 51,100 km2 (19,700 sq mi) plus 589 km2 (227 sq mi) of territorial waters. The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,819 metres (12,530 ft); it is the fifth highest peak in Central America. The highest volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano (3,431 m or 11,257 ft). The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal. Costa Rica also comprises several islands. Cocos Island (24 km2/9.3 sq miles) stands out because of its distance from the continental landmass, 480 km (300 mi) from Puntarenas, but Calero Island is the largest island of the country (151.6 km2/58.5 sq mi). Nearly 25% of Costa Rica's national territory is protected by SINAC (the National System of Conservation Areas), which oversees all of the country's protected areas. Costa Rica is such a popular destination for ecotourists because of its biodiversity. Costa Rica has the greatest density of species in the world, and around 25% of its national territory is protected by a system of conservation areas and national parks. The country may contain as much as 6% of the world's plant and animal species. Tropical plant and animal species are abound in Costa Rica. Some of the more impressive plants range from huge ficus trees with epiphytes abounding on their limbs to approximately 1500 different orchids. The animals are just as majestic, whether it's a jaguar (the largest cat in the New World), the ever-elusive Margay, or the wonderful birds like the green or scarlet macaws (lapas in Costa Rican Spanish). Among the amphibians the poison dart frogs with their bright colors are bound to catch your attention, as will the giant cane toads. Because Costa Rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the Equator, the climate is tropical, year-round. However, the country has many microclimates depending on elevation, rainfall, topography, and by the geography of each particular region. Costa Rica's seasons are defined by how much rain falls during a particular period and not to the four seasons to which the residents of the temperate latitudes are accustomed. The year can be split into two periods, the dry season known to the residents as summer, and the rainy season, known locally as winter. The summer, or dry season, lasts from December to April, and winter, or rainy season, lasts from May to November. During this time it rains daily in some regions – almost every afternoon at the start of the season, and much more during the peak rainfall months. September and October have the most rain and the fewest tourists. The tourist industry markets those two months as the "Green Season", because the constant rain results in lush growth in the rainforests. The winter, or rainy season, coincides closely with the eastern Pacific and Atlantic/Caribbean hurricane seasons. Despite being at tropical latitudes, Costa Rica is rarely struck by hurricanes, with the three most recent notable occurrences being Hurricane Nate, Hurricane Otto, and Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 2017, 2016, and 1996, respectively. The location receiving the most rain is the Caribbean slopes of the Central Cordillera mountains, with an annual rainfall of over 5000 mm. Humidity is also higher on the Caribbean side than on the Pacific side. The mean annual temperature on the coastal lowlands is around 27°C, 20°C in the main populated areas of the Central Cordillera, and below 10°C on the summits of the highest mountains. 1 January - New Year's Day (Año Nuevo) Maundy Thursday / Good Friday - (Jueves y Viernes Santo) 11 April – Day of Juan Santamaría (commemoration of the Battle of Rivas 1856) 1 May – Labour Day (Día del Trabajo) 25 July – Annexation of Nicoya (Anexión de Guanacaste) 2 August – Day of the patron of Costa Rica; Our Lady of the Angels (Virgen de los Ángeles) 15 August - Mother's Day (Día de la Madre) 15 September – Independence Day (Día de la Independencia) 1 December - Army Abolition Day (Día de la Abolición del Ejercito) 25 December - Christmas (Navidad) Travel is busiest in the week before Easter (Semana Santa), at mid year school holidays in July, and at the end of December. Most of the people of Costa Rica are called "Ticos". Compared to many other Latin American countries, the indigenous population and their culture is small and less visible. Other notable minorities are the Afro-Costa Ricans on the Caribbean side of the country and many first or second generation Nicaraguan immigrants. Spanish is the official language of Costa Rica, and is spoken by virtually all locals. There are also indigenous languages spoken by some of the indigenous ethnic groups, though speakers of these languages are usually able to speak Spanish as well. An English-based Creole language known as Limonese Creole or Mekatelyu is spoken in Limón Province on the Caribbean Sea coast. This Creole language is essentially a localized form of Jamaican Patois, and is similar to varieties such as Colón Creole, Miskito Coastal Creole, Belizean Kriol language, and San Andrés and Providencia Creole. The name Mekatelyu is a transliteration of the phrase "make I tell you", or in standard English "let me tell you". Virtually all speakers of Limonese Creole are also able to speak Spanish, as well as standard English (or can at least approximate it). English is spoken by staff at most tourist establishments, and information for visitors is often bilingual. Many businesses operated by European proprietors can accommodate guests in Spanish, English and their native languages. Generally speaking, younger Costa Ricans (i.e. aged under 30) and those from more affluent backgrounds have at least a basic grasp of English. Outside of that, English proficiency among locals - particularly among older people - tends to be rudimentary at best. You will likely encounter situations where nobody speaks English, so it is worth investing time and effort in learning at least the basics of Spanish before you go. Some Costa Rican colloquial expressions: Mae or sometimes "Maje" is used akin to the American English word 'dude'. Generally spoken among the male population, or among friends. It is as informal as the word 'dude'. Mae is mostly used by the younger population and Maje by the older population. It is pronounced 'maheh'. Pura vida, literally translated as "pure life," is an expression common to Costa Rica. It can be used in several contexts, as an expression of enthusiasm, agreement, or salutation. It's pronounced 'poora veeda'. Tuanis, means "OK" or "cool." Was believed to be taken from English phrase "too nice", but it is actually a word borrowed from the Código Malespín, a code developed for communication during the various Central American civil wars in the 19th century. A prevalent version of slang in Costa Rica, and other regions of Latin America, is called "pachuco", "pachuquismo" or "costarriqueñismo" and is used by all social classes (to some degree), however, it can be at times vulgar and is considered an informal way of speaking. For the word "you", (singular informal form), instead of "tú", most people of the Central Valley use "vos" (as in "vos sos" - you are) which is also common to other Latin nations (Argentina, Uruguay), but the word "usted" is prominent in south Pacific Costa Rica and preferred over "vos". Either way, formal Spanish is understood and you may use any form of the word "you" you consider proper. Costa Ricans tend to use the term Regálame, literally "gift me", instead of "get me". An example is when a Costa Rican says: "regálame la cuenta", literally "gift me the bill", which is unusual to other Spanish speaking countries, however, it is a very common Costa Rican term. Another such case might be when Costa Ricans go out to buy something, in which case they might use the term this way: "Regáleme un confite y una Coca", literally, "Gift me a piece of candy and a Coke", but it is understood that the person asking is going to buy said things and is not expecting the other to gift him or her those things. A more precise phrase in standard Spanish would be: "Me vende un confite y una Coca", meaning: "Sell me a piece of candy and a Coke". Visitors from most developed countries can enter Costa Rica without a visa and can stay for 90 days. Check with Immigration for more details. However, people of any nationality holding valid U.S., Canada, Japan, South Korea or Schengen visas do not need a prior visa. The only conditions being that the visa must be valid for three months and should be stamped in your passport. Before travelling, verify the entry requirements in effect with TimaticWeb or with a Costa Rican consulate. If you have an unusual passport/visa combination, allow extra time for check-in, especially if flying with a minor airline, like InterJet, which may not have a TimaticWeb subscription, or whose staff may not know how to use it. The entry requirements include having a return ticket. If you are doing a multi-country trip, and the return air ticket to your home country is from an adjacent country, such as Panama or Nicaragua, that would usually satisfy the immigration authorities and the airline check-in staff; nonetheless, if travelling on an itinerary like this (especially with an unusual passport), it may be safer to purchase a fully refundable ticket directly from Costa Rica, and cancel it once no longer needed. A word of caution to Nicaraguan citizens traveling through the San José airport: the 30-day tourist visa for Nicaraguans permits only a single entry. if you have a flight from San José going elsewhere make sure to double check with the embassy, otherwise they will make you buy an extra flight and not let you in. Costa Rica requires a valid yellow fever certificate if arriving from countries where that disease is prevalent (such as Panama and most South American countries). If such is not presented you would not be allowed to enter/board the flight. At Bogota airport, if you have a certificate you can have it e-mailed to the airline and then proceed to the local vaccination authority for duplicate certificate to be issued free of charge. The critical part is to get the printed version on time. If you don't have a certificate or cannot get it on time you will probably be approached by friendly police officers to arrange it for a fee. Keep in mind that the date of the vaccination should be at least 10 days prior to entering the country from which you are flying. 9.993889-84.2088891 Juan Santamaría Airport (SJO IATA) (close to the cities Alajuela (3 km (1.9 mi)), Heredia and the capital San José (25 km (16 mi)).). SJO is run by the same organization that runs the airports in Houston, Texas. The pleasant airport features the normal assortment of duty-free shops, interesting souvenir shops and bookshops, but has a poor selection of restaurants (Church's Chicken, Burger King, Poás Deli Cafe and Papa John's pizza). It is served daily by Air Transat (seasonal), American Airlines, Canjet (seasonal), Condor, Delta, Frontier Airlines, Iberia, Interjet, JetBlue Airways, Spirit Airlines, United, Air Canada, Avianca, Copa Airlines and AirPanama. The airport receives flights from Los Angeles, New York, Houston, Dallas, Miami, Philadelphia, Charlotte, Atlanta, Phoenix, Orlando, Chicago, Newark, Toronto, Montreal, Madrid, Frankfurt, Mexico City, Bogotá, Medellín, Caracas, Lima, Guayaquil, Quito and all Central American capitals. There is also a domestic terminal for internal flights operated by Skyway Airlines, offering flights to Drake Bay, Puerto Jimenez, Manuel Antonio, Santa Teresa, Tamarindo, Liberia. (updated Feb 2020) 10.593056-85.5441672 Guanacaste Airport (LIR IATA) (near Liberia in the Guanacaste province). This airport is closest to the Pacific Northwest coast. Guanacaste Airport receives flights from Delta, American, United, JetBlue, Air Canada, CanJet (charter), Sun Wing (charter), and First Choice (charter). Connecting the airport with Atlanta, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, Houston, Dallas, Newark, Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, London, etc. 9.957222-84.1394443 Tobías Bolaños International Airport (SYQ IATA) (in the Pavas district of San José about a 10-15 minute drive from the city center.). This airport primarily serves as the gateway linking to local Costa Rican domestic flights or nearby international destinations of Nicaragua and Panama. This airport is the hub for Aerobell. The terminal is neat, and clean though small. There is reasonably priced cafeteria food service on the second floor of the terminal. The terminal is not open 24 hr a day so if you have an early flight verify what time the building opens before you take the taxi. There is no comfortable place to wait near the terminal if you arrive too early. (updated Feb 2019) There is a US$29 exit fee for outbound international flights. This must be paid in cash, or by Visa (in which case it will be processed as a cash advance). The fee can also be paid in advance at some hotels or banks (Banco de Costa Rica). Due to legal requirements (EU) the exit fee is included in the ticket price since 2015 for many airlines (Aeroméxico, Air Canadá, Air France, Air Panamá, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Grupo Avianca, British Airways, Condor, Copa Airlines, Delta Airlines, Edelweiss, Iberia, Interjet, JetBlue Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, United Airlines, Volaris Costa Rica, Volaris México). Ask your airline if it is included. The Interamericana (Pan-American Highway) runs through Costa Rica and is the main entry point by car. It is labeled as "Ruta 1" North of San José and "Ruta 2" south of it. The border post in the north (to Nicaragua) is called Peñas Blancas and in the south (to Panamá) Paso Canoas (closes at 22:00 Costa Rican time, or 23:00 Panamá time). Virtually all travel out of the capital (except to the Caribbean side) will involve traveling this road. The locals call the highway Via Muerta, and after you have been on it a while you understand why — near San José and other major cities, the road is paved and has excellent signage; outside of the major cities, however, the road is gravel in places with fairly tight turns and substantial changes in elevation. You will see more large truck traffic on this road than in any part of Costa Rica. There are many speed traps along this major artery, as well as some random police checks for seat belts and, especially near the borders, for valid travel documents. The highway speed is 80 km/h, but since the Interamericana passes through innumerable small towns, the speed frequently drops to 50 or even 30 km/h as you suddenly find yourself in a school zone. Most of the highway is not divided. A common indicator that a police checkpoint is ahead is that oncoming cars flick their lights at you. There are tickets that exceed US$400 for attempting to bribe an officer, and other big-ticket tickets for drunken driving, speeding, and other illegal actions including talking on a cell phone and not using seat belts. Be nice to the police if you are pulled over because they can "throw the book" at you, although they generally do not. This could mean citing you for minor offenses such as the requirement that every car carry an emergency kit. There is a 3-year prison sentence for driving with a 0.08 blood alcohol level and a US$480 fine. Driving over 20 km/h over the speed limit is a US$310 and losing 20 points. Police tend to target tourists because they think that Costa Ricans don't have the money to pay the big tickets, and they're right. The police themselves earn about US$500 per month, which is the average monthly wage in Costa Rica. Ruta 27 stretches from the Pacific Port at Caldera all the way into San José. This highway is smooth as U.S. or European highways. There are tolls along this highway but if you travel the entire stretch it will still only cost a few dollars in total. Many Costa Rican roads are in terrible shape, and short distances can take a very long time. Even the only road in and out of popular tourist destinations are riddled with major potholes. To avoid potholes, drivers will often snake through the left and right lanes, usually returning to the right when oncoming traffic approaches. While this may seem erratic, you can become quickly accustomed to it. If you see a tree branch or pole poking out of the middle of a road, that is a "sign" that there is a deep sinkhole, pothole or manhole without a cover. Stay away from it. Driving at night is a bad idea because of the unpredictability of road conditions and lack of safety features such as guard rails on the many hairpin turns in the hills. Costa Rica's per capita traffic death rate is comparable to that of the United States, but there are undeniably many hazards, and they are likely to be unfamiliar ones. Many roads are unpaved, and even the paved roads have lots of unpaved sections and washed out or unfinished bridges. Bridges are often only wide enough for one vehicle; one direction usually has priority. Do not expect to get anywhere quickly; supposed three-hour journeys can easily turn into five or more hours: there are always slow cars/buses/trucks on the road. This causes a lot of crazy driving, which you begin to emulate if you are in-country for more than a day. The government does not seem to be fixing the infrastructure well (or at all); 50 km/h is good over unpaved roads. Some hotels in the mountains require a four-wheel-drive vehicle to reach the destination. Call ahead. This is more for the ground clearance than the quality of the road. Four-wheel-drive vehicles are widely available at the car rentals near the airport, but call ahead. Navigation can be difficult. Road signs are relatively few, and those that do exist can be inaccurate. It is recommended that you have a good road map with the small towns listed, since road signs will often only indicate the next town, not the direction of the next major city. Towns generally do not have town-limit signs; it is best to look at the names on the roadside food stores and restaurants to determine the place you are passing. Stop and ask, practice your Spanish. The center of town is usually a public park with a Catholic church across from it. There are no formal street addresses in Costa Rica, but two informal systems exist. The first (often used in tourist information) indicates the road on which the establishment is located (e.g., "6th Avenue"), together with the crossroad interval (e.g., "between 21st and 23rd Streets"). In practice, street signs are virtually non-existent, and locals do not even know the name of the street they are on. The second system, which is much more reliable and understood by locals, is known as the "Tico address", usually involving an oriented distance (e.g., "100 m south, 50 m east") from a landmark (e.g., "the cathedral"). In the road naming system of San José, avenues run east-west and streets run north-south. The numbering is less straighforward. Starting at Central Avenue going south are 2nd, 4th, 6th Avenue, etc. while going north are 1st, 3rd, 5th, etc. Streets use even numbers going west, and odd numbers going east. This means that if you are at 7th Avenue and 4th Street, and looking for 6th Avenue and 5th Street, you are on the wrong side of town. Gas stations are full-service and staff usually accept U.S. dollars, and colones, of course. Costa Rica is small so you do not use much gas getting places, even though it can take longer than planned. Costa Rica also has roundabouts, so people from Europe should have no problem, but North Americans should make sure they know how they work. The gas stations really are full-service, and you can have your oil checked, water filled, and tire pressure topped off. The state owns a gasoline company and the private companies raise their prices to the level of the state-set price. It is recommended to always use super gas and not regular; the regular gas is soiled. If you use the "regular" gas, you will have to change the gas filter and clean the injectors after 8000 km (5000 miles). There are bus services from the neighboring countries of Panamá, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Mexico and Guatemala. There is an extensive network of bus routes within the country with reasonable fares. Departures are very punctual, though routes often take longer than expected. Stop by the Tourist Office in downtown San José (underneath the Gold Museum in the Plaza—ask anyone and they'll be able to help you out). The bus system is a safe and even fun way to see a lot of the country cheaply and not have to worry about car rentals. Getting around without Spanish is no problem. San José has a remarkably large number of bus stations for a town of its size; bus departure points occasionally change. Make sure to double check the location of the terminal for the bus you want to take. The boat that used to run between Los Chiles (Costa Rica) and San Carlos (Nicaragua) hasn't been running since a new bridge across the Rio San Juan opened. Small ship cruises carrying fewer than 100 passengers begin in Panama and end in Costa Rica or reverse. These cruises visit popular national parks such as Manuel Antonio but also visit remote beaches and coastline not accessible by road. Prices range from US$2000–6000 per person for 7- to 10-day tours. Larger cruise ships occasionally dock or anchor at Puerto Caldera and Puntarenas for a day or so, usually to begin, end or continue cruises with itineraries through the Panama Canal to or from Caribbean or U.S. ports. Although Costa Rica has established official street names in most cities for governmental purposes, most of the population is unaware of these names and if they are known, most streets will lack proper signs stating said names. Asking for directions from a local could result in a tedious and difficult conversation as said directions are given out based on a common or well known building, store, office or other landmark in order to find what you are looking for. As such, you would need to know important landmarks and their locations well enough to be able to get around more easily. Cien metros or 100 meters, is commonly used to refer to a city "block," which are usually 100 m, but in some cases could be more or less. However, despite what the exact distance is, many locals tend to use 100 m or a city block when giving out directions. For reliable (offline) maps and navigation, consult OpenStreetMap-based apps, such as OsmAnd (advanced with many add-ons) and MAPS.ME (lightweight but limited). OpenStreetMap contributors also produce Garmin compatible maps that are open source and constantly updated. If possible, contribute back the tracks of your trip to the project. Free GPS maps from the Cenrut project. The Cenrut maps can be loaded on Garmin devices, iPhones and Android phones. Waze, the smartphone application is a favorite among Costa Ricans as a GPS with real time updates on traffic. Google Maps on a cell phone or tablet can be a useful tool to locate Points of Interest (POIs) or devise a route to a destination, it offers turn-by-turn routable directions, but is not very used by locals, so fixes and routing might be more accurate in Waze. For the most part, Costa Rica's roads are paved but have minimal upkeep. Also, there are many narrow bridges scattered around the country. Exercise caution when traveling during the rainy season as some roads can be washed out or flooded in low-lying areas. If you plan on traveling into the mountainous regions like Monteverde, four-wheel drive or all-wheel drive vehicles are strongly recommended. These roads are not paved and can be slick due to the consistent rainfall. Rockfalls and landslides are common and guardrails are sparse. Also, visibility can be low around the cloud forest areas, so use caution. Centrocoasting is a free and invaluable resource for navigating the country (and rest of Central America) by bus, and offers bus schedules and prices for most of the major routes in the region. Most major tourist destinations in Costa Rica are served by at least two daily buses from and to San José. Public transportation in Costa Rica is cheap (tickets rarely cost over US$7 each) and most towns are well served with buses. San José serves as a national hub, and there are smaller regional hubs in the terminal de autobuses of larger cities in each province. The buses are usually not booked with an early reservation system so you may not get a seat on popular routes, however there is usually standing room. Many intercity buses have assigned seats. Depending on the company and stop, you will either buy a ticket at the bus terminal or pay the driver directly. Buses are cheap but of variable comfort and cleanliness, with no toilets, and no air conditioning so windows are usually open unless it rains. They are however better than the buses in Nicaragua. For example, decades-old school buses from the USA are rare in Costa Rica. In San José there is no central bus station, but several different ones, each of which roughly serves a different area of the country, with some exceptions. For example, most of the service to the Caribbean side of the country leaves from the Terminal Gran Caribe. Direct service to the far south Caribbean coast is provided from the Puntarenas bus station, which mostly serves the west side of the country. Still, you can still get to the Caribe side by taking a bus (on the Autotransportes Caribeños line) from the Terminal Gran Caribe to Limón, and then transferring there to another bus south (the Mepe line). In short, do some research beforehand so you don't get lost looking for your bus. Often you can just call or e-mail your final destination (e.g. your hotel) and they will tell you what bus to take, where to catch it and how often it runs. Buses can be infrequent and unreliable. Instead of waiting for hours for the bus at the highway, you may be better off trying to hitch-hike. Travellers report great success getting picked up in Costa Rica, particularly by truck drivers, but this is only recommended if travelling in a group. Bus drivers sometimes try short-changing tourists. Always ensure you have received the correct change. Prices between the most important places are always displayed above the driver for your reference. Rounded ticket prices like ₡1,000 or ₡2,000 should raise your suspicions. Do not let them fool you, that just worsens the situation for locals. One advantage of renting a car is that you can visit many of the secluded beaches and mountain areas. For US$350-700 a week you can rent an econocar/mid size four-wheel drive. Mandatory insurance is the majority of this cost. Four-wheel-drives are good for extensive traveling outside the Central Valley, especially in the wet season. In the dry season going from La Fortuna to Monteverde via a direct route was over a boulder-strewn 25-50 km/h (15-30 mph) road. Four-wheel-drive was also useful on the Nicoya coast. (Above based on 2001 roads.) It's often possible to rent a car with a local driver from the various tour companies, if driving yourself seems a bit daunting. Due to the condition of most roads outside San José, car insurance, even with a zero-deductible option, generally does not cover tires and rims. Car rental companies require a guaranty deposit from US$750 during the rental period and a credit card is necessary for this process. Using an insurance program provided by some types of gold or platinum credit cards is a good advantage, since these credit cards would cover small scratches, small dents as well as the entire rented vehicle in case of collision or theft. You have to exercise caution when renting a car in Costa Rica; where it is not uncommon for rental companies to claim "damage" they insist you inflicted on the vehicle. It is by far the best policy to rent a car through a Costa Rican travel agent. If you are traveling on a package, your agent will sort this out. Otherwise, go into an ICT-accredited travel agent in San José and ask them to arrange rental for you. This should be no more expensive than renting on your own and will help guard against false claims of damage and other accusations; rental companies will be less willing to make trouble with an agent who regularly sends them clients than with individual customers who they may not see again. Make sure to check the car carefully before you sign off on the damage sheet. Check the oil, brake fluid, fuel gauge (to make sure it's full) and that there is a spare tire with a good air pressure and a jack. Look up the Spanish word for "scratches" (rayas) and other relevant terminology first, so you can at least scrutinize the rental company's assessment. Ask them to write down all the minor damages, not just check on the drawing, and keep a copy of this document with you. Take the maximum insurance (around US$15–20 per day); because of the country's high accident rate, you need to be covered for damage to the vehicle, yourself, any third party and public property. For about US$420 a week, depending on the bike and the season, you can rent a dual sport bike or a chopper. A motorcycle rental company requires a guaranty deposit from US$600 during the rental period. Another easy way to get around Costa Rica is to use the services of mini-vans. At most of the hotels, the receptionist is able to assist travelers who want to travel across the country by arranging for the services of a driver. Rates are reasonable (US$29 per person, for example, to get from San José to Tamarindo in 2007) The drivers know the roads well; the vans are clean and comfortable; and they take you from door to door. Taxis are available in most large cities. They are usually inexpensive, charging only a few dollars to get most anywhere within the city. The meter is called "la maria"; ask the driver to turn it on immediately upon getting in the car, or he may leave it off and make up his own, more expensive, price when you get to your destination. Also try checking it wasn't running before you got in, the initial fare shouldn't be higher than ₡600. Most drivers know familiar routes such as San José to Santa Ana and you can find the rate by asking "Cuanto para ir a _____" and he will tell you the flat rate. This can keep you from paying too much because the driver will not make unnecessary detours. Official taxis are red with a yellow triangle on the side. They also have yellow triangles on the side of the car which will have a number in it. If the number matches the number listed on the license plate, it is an official taxi. Do not get in if the numbers do not match. "Pirate Taxis", though sometimes cheaper, are not safe. Do not risk it, especially if you're alone. Females should ride in the back, as riding in the front seat can be seen as suggestive. Hitch-hiking is far more common in rural areas than in urban areas. In general, it is very easy for tourists, contrary to local people. If you choose to hitch-hike, Costa Ricans are generally very friendly and helpful, particularly in more rural areas where traffic on the dirt roads can be light. It's customary to offer to pay for the ride, but most Ticos will decline but appreciate the kindness in offering. Don't worry if they accept, the ride shouldn't cost more than the bus. There are three main internal airlines that connect the major tourist towns: Aerobell Airlines, Sansa and Skyway Airlines. None of them will carry a longboard and they limit the number of short surfboards they will carry. Be sure to check with airline for current limits on length of boards allowed. While the train service was closed in 1995, the Incofer (Costa Rican Railway Institute) remained operational and is putting the abandoned rails to use again in the San José metropolitan area. Train service still suffers from decades of neglect and only rarely is a train faster or cheaper than a bus, but new lines and improvements to existing lines (mostly for commuters in and around San José) are planned for the near future. Schedules still mostly show a commuter layout with trains being plentiful in the morning and evening and scant or missing in the middle of the day or at night. Tickets cost around ₡500 one way with discounts for the elderly Alajuela - Heredia - San José Service Belén - Pavas - San José - Curridabat Service Cartago (Costa Rica) - San José service Costa Rica is world famous for having an incredibly high level of biodiversity throughout its tropical forests (this covers what you may hear referred to as rain forests, cloud forests, and dry forests). There are tropical mammals such as monkeys, sloths, tapirs, and wild cats as well as an amazing assortment of insects and other animals. There are many many birds (both migratory and resident) - more on that below. With 25% of the country being national parks and protected areas, there are still many places you can go to see the abundant wildlife and lush vegetation of the country. Just like anywhere, the farther you get off the beaten path, the more likely you are to see a wide variety of flora and fauna. There is such biodiversity in Costa Rica not only because it's a land bridge between North and South America, but also because the terrain is so varied and there are weather patterns moving in from both the Pacific and Atlantic/Caribbean. There are impressive volcanoes, mountain areas, rivers, lakes, and beaches all throughout the country. There are many beautiful beaches - most of the popular ones are on the Pacific side but the Caribbean has many excellent beaches as well. One of the most wonderful activities for people who love nature is bird-watching. You can enjoy bird-watching in many areas of Costa Rica. Due to the great diversity of climates, temperatures and forest types in Costa Rica, there is a wonderful variety of birds, with over 800 species. Some helpful books available on bird-watching are Birds of Costa Rica by F. Gary Stiles and Alexander Skutch (Cornell University Press) or An Illustrated Field Guide to Birds of Costa Rica, illustrated by Victor Esquivel Soto. These books can be found at certain bookstores in San José or before coming to Costa Rica. They are both heavy books; many people tear out the plates of the Stiles & Skutch book to carry into the field and leave the rest of the book in their car or room. Plastic cards with the most common birds are available for many areas and are sold at gift shops. 16 species of parrots including the fabulous scarlet macaw. 50 species of hummingbirds. 10 species of trogons with the resplendent quetzal as the jewel. 6 species of toucans, including the keel-billed and chestnut-mandibled. Half the bird species in Costa Rica are passerines including warblers, sparrows and finches. 16 species of ducks, including the fulvous whistling, white-faced ruddy and American wigeon. 13 species of falcons, including the peregrine falcon, merlin and American kestrel. 36 species of prey, including the gray hawk, swallow-tailed kite, solitary eagle and northern harrier. 6 species of cracidae which look like turkeys. 8 species of new world quails. 15 species of rallideas including the rufous-necked wood-rail, American coot and ruddy crake. 19 species of owls including the black-and-white, Costa Rican pygmy, Central American pygmy and striped. 3 species of potoos including the great, northern and common. 16 species of woodpeckers, including cinnamon, chestnut-colored and pale-billed. 19 species of herons & wading birds such as the great blue heron, great egret, boat-billed heron, reddish egret and yellow-crowned night-heron. 2 species of recurvirostraide which are waders and include the black-necked stilt and American avocet. 2 species of jacans including the northern and wattled. 34 species of scolopacidae including the short-billed dowitcher, spotted sandpiper, wandering tattler, surfbird, and red phalarope. 9 species of gulls including the gray, Heermann's and ring-billed. 14 species of sternidae (terns) including the gull-billed tern, Forster's tern, least tern and white tern. 4 species of vultures including the king vulture. 24 species of doves and pigeons. 11 species of swifts including the black, spot-fronted and Costa Rican. 6 species of kingfishers including the green, Amazon and American pygmy. 5 species of threskiornithidaes including the roseate spoonbill and white-faced ibis. 2 species of ciconiidae including the wood stork and jabiru. Ballena Marine National Park has frigate birds, boobies, ibises and pelicans Cahuita National Park has toucans, parrots, rufous kingfishers; the park is on the beach. Carara National Park has 400 species of birds. Corcovado National Park has 400 species of birds and 1,200 scarlet macaws. Heliconia Island has 228 species of birds. Térraba-Sierpe National Wetland has a myriad of birds along the coast and swamps. La Amistad International Park has 500 species of birds including resplendent quetzals. La Selva Biological Station in the northern lowlands has 420 species of birds. Los Quetzales National Park has around 200 species of birds, and particularly the eponymous resplendent Quetzal. Manuel Antonio National Park has 350 species of birds and three lovely beaches. Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve has more than 400 species of birds, including resplendent quetzals. Palo Verde National Park attracts many migratory birds. Santa Rosa National Park has more than 250 species of birds. Tárcoles River basin has 400 species of birds and great river tours highlighting crocodiles. Tortuguero National Park has 300 species of birds. Most hotels and tourist information centers will provide bird-watching guides, maps and other essentials for bird watching. Unless you are an experienced neotropical birder, it can be a lot more productive to go out with an experienced birding guide. Do not forget to bring a hat, rain gear, boots, binoculars and camera. In hot areas, an umbrella can be more useful than a poncho or jacket. Southern Costa Rica is generally considered the better option for bird-watching. Costa Rica is a geologically active nation. The most notable volcanoes are: Arenal, (Spanish: Volcán Arenal): an active stratovolcano with lava domes, near La Fortuna. It was Costa Rica's most active volcano until 2010, with daily eruptions, but has since become dormant. Irazú, (Spanish: Volcán Irazú): an active complex stratovolcano situated in the Cordillera Central close to the city of Cartago. The last eruption was in 1994. Poás, (Spanish: Volcán Poás): an active stratovolcano in Poás Volcano National Park in central Costa Rica, 40 km from Alajuela. It has erupted 40 times since 1828. The last eruption was in 2019. Football (soccer) is Costa Rica's national sport, and local passion for the game is very high. The Costa Rican national team has emerged as a powerhouse in North America since the turn of the millennium, and is increasingly posing a challenge to traditional rivals the United States and Mexico for North American supremacy. Domestically, the top division in the Costa Rican league system is the Liga FPD, for which there is no shortage of enthusiasm from local fans. The "big three" teams in Costa Rican football are San José-based Deportivo Saprissa, Alajuela-based Alajuense and Heredia-based Herediano. The Pacific coast's main beaches are located in the Central Pacific region, the Nicoya Peninsula, and in Guanacaste. Less-visited but no less beautiful beaches are located in the tropical rainforest of the southern Pacific coast near Corcovado National Park, or on the exotic eco-tourism paradise of the Caribbean side in Limón Province. In an overview, the Caribbean region of Costa Rica stands out for its variety of aquatic ecosystems and its beautiful white and black sand beaches, providing an ideal setting for activities such as sport fishing, snorkeling, and sun bathing. The Pacific coast concentrates big tourist centers and its beaches are very popular for surfing; for example Esterillos, Jaco, Hermosa, Boca Barranca. In the Golfito region, surfers can find the famous "long lefthander wave" of Pavones. Here is a quick list of the country's biggest and most popular beach destinations, ask
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For words with a * contestants must also know definitions. 196. caballero A horseman, particularly in the Latin American context 197. cachexia* A systemic wasting of muscle tissue, with or without loss of fat mass, that accompanies a chronic disease 198. cacoëthes compulsion, mania 199. cadastre, cadaster a public survey of land for the purpose of taxation 200. cadaverous* Corpselike; hinting of death; imitating a cadaver [cadaver - dead body (cadō (“I fall”) as a metaphor for "I die", also source (through comb. form -cida) of the -cide in suicide, homicide etc.))] 201. cahoots* collusion or collaboration to nefarious ends. 202. Cahuilla tribe of Native Americans 203. calamari squid as food, especially cooked in the form of calamari rings 204. calculator A mechanical or electronic device that performs mathematical calculations 205. calliope (instrument) A musical organ, consisting of steam whistles played with a keyboard. Often used with merry-go-rounds 206. callosity A callous demeanour; insensitivity or hardheartedness 207. callowness he condition of being callow; immaturity. 208. calorimeter An apparatus for measuring the heat generated or absorbed by either a chemical reaction, change of phase or some other physical change 209. camera-ready Art or "hard copy" (a document or graphic art) that requires no additional work to be done to it before copies of it can be reproduced. It is commonly used in situations where separate documents will be compiled into a single compilation, such as compiling technical publications into a conference handout. 210. Camorra, camorra The Neapolitan equivalent of the Mafia 211. campestral Relating to open fields or uncultivated land. 212. camphor* (organic chemistry) A white transparent waxy crystalline isoprenoid ketone, with a strong pungent odour, used in pharmacy 213. candor* the state of being sincere and open in speech; honesty in expression [from Latin for "brightness"/"brilliance") 214. canoeing A water sport involving racing in canoes or kayaks. 215. canorous melodious, resonant 216. cantankerous stubborn, cranky, surly 217. caponata a Sicilian dish of baked aubergines with capers, olives, pine nuts etc, normally served cold 218. capstone Any of the stones making up the top layer of a wall 2. A crowning achievement 219. carabiniere member of the Italian Carabinieri 220. caracal A type of mountain cat, of genus Caracal, native to Southern Africa, Turkestan and India 221. Caracas* capital of Venezuela 222. carbohydrate A sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a food source of energy for an animal or plant; a saccharide. 223. Carboniferous, carboniferous Containing or producing carbon 224. carcinomatosis (medicine) The widespread presence of carcinomas that have metastasized throughout the body 225. cardiothoracic Of or pertaining to both the heart and the chest 226. careen* To lurch or sway violently from side to side. 227. caret A mark [^] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something is to be inserted in the place marked by the caret. 228. carping Pertaining to excessive complaining. 229. carpophagous 230: Cartesian Pertaining to Descartes or his mathematical methods 231. caryatidean* in likeness of a caryatid (a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or pillar) 232. cassation The abrogation of a law by a higher authority; annulment. 233. casus belli* an act seen as justifying or causing a war 234. catachresis 235. catacomb 236. catatonia 237. catch phrase 238. catharsis 239. cavalcade 240. cavernicolous* 241. cecropia moth* 242. celerity 243. celestial, Celestial 244. cenotaph 245. Cerberus 246. cerebrovascular 247. chacma 248. chador* 249. chalcid* 250. chamfer 251. chancel 252. chandelier 253. charcuterie 254. chargeable 255. chary* 256. cheekiness 257. chenille* 258. chenopod 259. Chickamauga 260. Chinook, chinook 261. chirography 262. cholera 263. chop suey* 264. chorea 265. churlish 266. ciborium 267. cinephile 268. circularity 269. circumfluent 270. cirriped 271. citrine* 272. claque 273. clarification 274. class-conscious 275. clemency* 276. clerihew 277. cloister 278. clubbable, clubable 279. coadjutor 280. coalescent 281. coaxial 282. coccygeal 283. cognomen 284. coiffeuse* 285. coleoptile 286. collaborationist* 287. collage 288. colloquy 289. Colombia 290. colonelcy 291. commemorate* 292. commissariat 293. commodore 294. compatible 295. complicity* 296. complimentary 297. compote 298. compurgation* 299. conchiferous 300. conchoidal* 301. concoct* 302. concordance* 303. concretize* 304. concussive 305. condemnatory 306. confederacy, Confederacy 307. congelation 308. congregant 309. conjugate 310. conjuration 311. consort* 312. consternation 313. constitutionality 314. constraint 315. contemporaneous 316. contextual 317. contraption* 318. contravene 319. contumacy 320. convenable 321. convergent 322. convulsion 323. coolant 324. coquille 325. cordiform* 326. coriander 327. cornice 328. coronagraph, coronograph 329. corporal* 330. corroboree* 331. coruscation 332. corvine 333. Cossack 334. cosset 335. costumier 336. counterclaim 337. counterterroism 338. coup d' état 339. covenantor 340. covertness* 341. cozenage 342. craniosacral 343. crape myrtle, crepe myrtle 344. crêpe de Chine 345. cribbage* 346. criosphinx 347. critique 348. crop-dusting 349. croustade 350. cryonics* 351. cryptogenic 352. ctenoid 353. cuadrilla* 354. cultrate 355. culturati 356. cupidity* 357. cupriferous 358. cuspidor 359. cyclamate 360. cynicism, Cynicism 361. cystic fibrosis 362. cytotoxin*
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This article is about acquiring (usually somewhat worn out) ships at a very cheap manner, fixing them up and equipping them with ecological propulsion systems, with the intent of cruising and (possibly) living in. In the developing world (e.g. Angola, Mauritania, Somalia, Aral Sea, ...) hundreds of stranded ships lay at beaches/coasts ready to be used for a variety of purposes and environmental projects. These uses/solutions can be : breaking apart the vessel and salvaging materials (this is again commercially profitable due to the increased market prices of raw materials such as iron) detoxifying and sinking the vessel for the construction of artificial reefs fixing up the ship and making it again seaworthy to use it again (e.g. as fishing vessel, transport ship, ...). A second way on how we might acquire cheap ships is through taking over confiscated ships (e.g. from illegal fishers, pirates still highly active in Somalia, SE Asia, ...). Having heard that today's modern pirates are now using very large ships (motherships) and that some of these have been captured and confiscated by navies (e.g. US Navy, ...), I believe at least the first projects may be set-up by asking these navies to give (or at least acquire at low price) some of these ships for our environmental projects. At present the US Army, Navy, ... is heavily involved in projects to decrease their military vehicles' emissions, ... (again this will seem odd but its true) and would at least be interested in making some financial exceptions for our project. Despite this, some additional funding will still be required, but I believe given the economic background (money can be made afterwards trough reintegration into commercial circuit), your organisation will have no trouble finding organisations which may provide the (now very limited) primary sum of the money required. A ship can also be simply bought. However, ships are often very expensive, only leaving the option of an end-of-life ship (EOL). The benefit of this option (despite is greater cost) is that very large vessels can be purchased in relative condition (major repairs still required dough). An article describing the costs of an EOL ship is available at Comparison of ecologic seagoing boats. In order to fix up the ship and making it again seaworthy, alternative, zero-emission propulsion technologies may be used. The use of these technologies would not only allow the vessel to operate environmentally but would also promote the technologies themselves and would finally also be very economically attractive for people wishing to buy a boat (as the vessel itself is bought at low-cost and as the zero-emission propulsion technology is cheaper in the long run as well). Examples of boats using zero-emission technology are the E/S Orcelle, Uni-Kat Flensburg and the E-ship. Fixing up the stranded ships is finally well-doable practically as most of them are sturdy and build from iron. The environmental propulsion technologies that may be used in the latter case (which is the only one actually of interest for our purpose) include: Alternative sails as kites en royals; the company SkySails has build an automated system for them to be used commercially in ships rotorsails, turbosails and wingsails Alternative energy storage: compressed air tanks and compressed air engines (an energy storage system is being build by Moteur Developpement International) I would like to refer to the documentary 'Unknown Africa' (Angola-episode) and dozens of pictures of the Aral Sea to let you verify that indeed so much sturdy iron ships lay stranded at shores in the developing world. We may : map out the stranded ships slowly decaying at coasts in Africa and other parts of the world and report this to shipbreaking companies, organisations/people in the market for buying boats and organisations occupied with creating artificial reefs (trough the sinking of vessels) To cut the costs of mapping out the stranded ships, I believe there is an approach which would allow the map-out to be done much more economically. This approach would be the use of satellite imagery from Google Earth/Google Maps (which is easily and freely available online) to allow volunteers at home to spot the ships themselves and report/mark them (marking too may be done with Google Earth). When the images are not clear enough to definitely say whether or not certain items on the map are indeed stranded ships, they may pass along the information to people on the ground (government-sponsored organisations, ...) to go check out the spot/GPS-location in question. As is well known, a ship operating in international waters does not need to restrict itself to much laws or etiquette. This can provide potential in making a large, unrestricted, open community at sea. At present, certain companies as Freedom Ship inc are already preparing on doing this. How the community can congregate/communicate amongst each other can also be easily dealt with due to the arrival of Wireless internet access systems. How this can be further refined may be found at an instructables-article I made (at http://www.instructables.com/id/9-simple-measures-to-become-green-healthy-and-soc/) . Where the members of our -still to be formed community- may be obtained can also be found at the Wikipedia; please refer to the intentional and new age communities articles (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_communities). PS: Please note my "Cheap IRLP Amateur Radio"-proposal will not work here, as this projects only advantage is the sharing of information in a circle of a certain amount of kilometers from a certain point by means of regular communication by radiowaves (which is cheap but does not have much range). As such, its use in open sea (which deals with great distances) is quite useless. Unknown Africa documentary http://www.douglas-hamilton.com/Site/Films.html Creation of artificial reefs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef#Protection_and_restoration http://practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/coral_reefs.pdf Kites and royals http://www.skysails.info/index.php?L=1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_(sail) Rotor sails and turbosails http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flettner_ship http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbosail Energy storage systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_engine List of ships making use of zero-emission propusion technologies http://www.walleniusmarine.com/qse.jsp?art_id=120 (E/S Orcelle) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni-Kat_Flensburg (Uni-Kat Flensburg) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Ship (E-ship) Boat propulsion systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Boat_Developments UN Habitat (interested in providing people a shelter; which thus also may be houseboats) http://www.unhabitat.org/ Similar map-out project conducted with the search to Steve Fosset's plane http://www.wired.com/software/webservices/news/2007/09/distributed_search Confiscated pirate ships + overview pirates/Somalia http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ar120/somalia.html BBC Modern pirates documentary (especially part 1 + 2 is to be heard). Documentary provides info on pirates operation, some info on ships confiscated and size of ships/workings of the pirates (they have mostly small but also some large-very large ships) http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2008/03/080303_pirates_prog2.shtml The Belgica Genootschap-a organisation which may help in the fixing/repair of the stranded ships in practice if interest is raised enough. They have intent to salvage a (historical yet sunk) ship from the bottom of the ocean in Norway. To my view, they should be interested in my proposal which would allow the money to be spend much better (recovering more damaged ships and gaining economical profits afterwards as well, if they are fixed up and put again in the commercial shipping; e.g. for transport or living boats, ...). http://www.belgica-genootschap.be/index.php Other useful wikipedia-articles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_building Illegal fishing vessels being confiscated heavily at Argentina
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Friday, October 12, 2012 China Related articles 23 October 2021: Evergrande real estate firm makes missed September bond payment, avoids default 30 July 2021: Weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz wins the Philippines' first-ever Olympic gold medal 26 July 2021: China resumes deportation of refugees back to North Korea 26 July 2021: Floods in central China kill 25 7 March 2021: Chinese NPC to take control of Hong Kong electoral system Location of China Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article This Wednesday, the United States Department of Commerce issued a ruling to set tariffs on Chinese-made solar panels ranging from 18% to 250% for different solar panels manufacturers. China protested against the new tariffs on Thursday claiming that they make export of solar panels to the USA unprofitable. A US-German company SolarWorld and a group of other companies complained and initiated the tariffs change. Some manufacturers claimed China's subsidies are an unfair advantage for the Chinese solar panel manufacturers, and challenged whether China's economy is a free market. Wang Shuai, a spokesman for the Yingli solar energy company, commented that 30% tariffs are unprofitable. He claimed that in the solar industry, gross profit margins are about 10 percent. "A tax rate of 30 percent is the same as 200 percent. Both of them mean the door is closed for exporting to the United States. No one does business to lose money." The tariffs would not go into effect until the International Trade Commission confirms the Chinese pricing hurts the U.S. solar industry. The tariffs occur as the Chinese solar panel manufacturers have reported losses this year of hundreds of millions of dollars, according to AP. Wendy Koch. "U.S. seeks stiff tariffs on Chinese solar panels" — USA Today, October 11, 2012 Joe Mcdonald (AP). "China rejects US solar tariffs as protectionism" — PhysOrg, October 11, 2012
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The Indus Valley Civilisation (abbreviated IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation which flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Over a thousand archeological sites have been identified as belonging to this civilisation, predominantly in central and eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. At its height, the Indus Valley Civilisation spanned almost all of what is now Pakistan and parts of what are now northern India, eastern Afghanistan and southeastern Iran. It had outposts further afield, including one far to the north in Bactria. Trading links extended at least to Central Asia, Persia and the great Mesopotamian civilisations of the period in what are now Iraq and Syria. Other civilisations were at a similar level of development in about the same time period, though none had as much territory as the IVC. Bronze Age cities contemporary with the major IVC cities included Thebes in Ancient Egypt, Nineveh and Ur in Mesopotamia and Knossos in Minoan Crete. China also had well-developed cities at around that time, but the Liangzhu Culture and Longshan Culture were still Neolithic (late Stone Age). Like its contemporary civilisations, the IVC was primarily based on agriculture; irrigation and flood control were important areas of engineering. The cities handled grain storage, trade, crafts, government and education, and acted as the main religious centres. The IVC was quite technologically advanced for the time with expertise in arts and crafts and great skills in metallurgy and hydraulic engineering. While Ancient Egypt was better at constructing monuments and other civilisations also had their strong points, the IVC cities had the best urban infrastructure of the era; for example, they had the world's first municipal sewage systems. The major IVC city of Mohenjo-daro was abandoned around 1900 BCE and the whole IVC declined from about then until there was nothing left by about 1300 BCE. The reasons are not fully understood. One theory is that it was caused by climate change, in particular floods of the Indus and droughts due to monsoon hiatus; another attributes it to overly intensive farming destroying the land's fertility. Aryan invaders arrived in about that time period, but it is not clear to what extent they conquered and to what extent they were assimilated by the more advanced Indus Valley culture. The Aryans spoke Sanskrit, the language of the oldest Hindu sacred texts, the Vedas, and the ancestor of all the main modern languages of Northern India and Pakistan. Sanskrit is a member of the Indo-European language family, as are almost all the languages of Europe, Persian (the modern name for Persia, "Iran", is from the same root as Aryan), the main languages of Afghanistan, Kurdish, Armenian, and some now-extinct languages spoken in Anatolia (now Asiatic Turkey) such as Hittite. All those areas were invaded by Indo-European speakers sometime in the second millennium BCE; the invaders had iron and chariots, and bronze-age civilisations everywhere from the IVC to Minoan Greece fell before them. It is thought that the Indus Valley people spoke a language of the non-Indo-European Dravidian group, related to the modern languages of South India and Sri Lanka. However, this is somewhat uncertain since the Indus Valley script has not been deciphered. The extent and nature of the IVC's influence on the modern Indian subcontinent is unclear and somewhat controversial. Some archaeologists see parallels between various IVC artifacts and members of the Hindu pantheon while others see more relation to religions further west, in particular the "Mother Goddess" religions of Mesopotamia and Crete. Some of the "Hindutva" nationalists call the IVC the "Saraswati Culture" and believe the influence was fundamental to later Indian culture. Some links to modern culture are considered likely, though none are certain. The earliest cities along the Ganges — including Varanasi, "the spiritual capital of India" — appeared about 1,200 BCE; it is thought the founders may have been migrants from the IVC, moving east as that culture fell. The Great Bath and the many household baths at Mohenjo-daro may have been used for purification rites similar to those in modern Hinduism. Cremation of the dead became common in late Harappan culture and is now the usual custom for Hindus. A treasure of pottery, seals and other artifacts discovered from the excavated ruins points to craft technology, and some items like the pottery and ox carts were well enough developed in this ancient civilisation to resemble items still made and used today. Since there are over 1000 IVC sites there are a lot of artifacts; nearly any museum in the region has some and others have been exported to museums all over the world. However the best collections are in the museums at the sites listed below or in the national museums of countries that had a hand in the excavations, Pakistan's National Museum in Karachi, India's National Museum in Delhi and the British Museum in London. 27.329268.13891 Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, Pakistan. One of the main IVC cities. (updated Nov 2021) 30.62888972.8638892 Harappa, Punjab, Pakistan (24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal). (updated Nov 2021) 23.8870.213 Dholavira, Gujarat, India. (updated Nov 2021) 22.52138972.2494444 Lothal, Gujarat, India. In its time, this was an important port. (updated Nov 2021) 29.29305676.1141675 Rakhigarhi, Haryana, India. This was the site of a village as early as 6500 BCE and later an IVC town. Some experts consider it the largest and oldest IVC site. The state government is building an IVC museum, but there have been delays and political complications; as of late 2021 it is expected to open in 2022. (updated Nov 2021) 28.59888971.156 Ganeriwala, Punjab, Pakistan. (updated Nov 2021) 30.9676.537 Rupnagar, Punjab, India. (updated Nov 2021) 27.3568.7166678 Kot Diji, Sindh, Pakistan (45 km (28 mi) south of Khairpur). Considered to be a pre-Indus or early formative Indus site covering 2.6 hectares, Kot Diji is comprised of an inner citadel area on higher ground and an outer area on lower ground. Houses were made from unbaked mud bricks. (updated Nov 2021) 37.32569.5259 Shortugai, Bactria. A trading colony near the lapis lazuli mines of what is now northern Afghanistan. (updated Nov 2021) South Asian history
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Whiptail is a program that allows shell scripts to display dialog boxes to the user for informational purposes, or to get input from the user in a friendly way. Whiptail is included by default on Debian. From the Linux Dictionary: whiptail is a "dialog" replacement using newt instead of ncurses. From its README: whiptail is designed to be drop-in compatible with dialog(1), but has fewer features: some dialog boxes are not implemented, such as tailbox, timebox, calendarbox, etc. Try using dialog to replace whiptail if you don't have whiptail: alias whiptail='dialog' Note that there are also other dialog-compatible programs like xdialog (Displays X11 Windows) and zenity (aka gdialog, displays Gtk Windows). Reading dialog's manual page should be helpful. Always read the man pages or --help so you know in which way they're different from dialog. A simple type of dialog box in Whiptail is the info box. This shows a dialog box containing text to the user. whiptail --title "Example Dialog" --infobox "This is an example of an info box." 8 78 In the example above, the value of --title is displayed at the top of the dialog box. The first argument to --infobox is the dialog box text which is shown beneath the title. The next two arguments specify the height and width of the dialog box. The width is set to 78 as most terminals will be at least 80 columns or more. There is a bug that makes the Info Box not display on some shells. If this is the case you can set the terminal emulation to something different and it will work. TERM=ansi whiptail --title "Example Dialog" --infobox "This is an example of an info box" 8 78 A message box is very similar to an info box, except that it waits for the user to hit the OK button. Usage is similar to the info box: whiptail --title "Example Dialog" --msgbox "This is an example of a message box. You must hit OK to continue." 8 78 The simplest way to get input from the user is via a Yes/no box. This displays a dialog with two buttons labelled Yes and No. # If you cannot understand this, read Bash_Shell_Scripting#if_statements again. if (whiptail --title "Example Dialog" --yesno "This is an example of a yes/no box." 8 78); then echo "User selected Yes, exit status was $?." else echo "User selected No, exit status was $?." fi A way to get free-form input from the user is via an input box. This displays a dialog with two buttons labelled Ok and Cancel. COLOR=$(whiptail --inputbox "What is your favorite Color?" 8 39 Blue --title "Example Dialog" 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3) # A trick to swap stdout and stderr. # Again, you can pack this inside if, but it seems really long for some 80-col terminal users. exitstatus=$? if [ $exitstatus = 0 ]; then echo "User selected Ok and entered " $COLOR else echo "User selected Cancel." fi echo "(Exit status was $exitstatus)" A text box with contents of the given file inside. Add --scrolltext if the file is longer than the window. echo "Welcome to Bash $BASH_VERSION" > test_textbox # filename height width whiptail --textbox test_textbox 12 80 A way to get a hidden password from the user is via a password box. This displays a dialog with two buttons labelled Ok and Cancel. PASSWORD=$(whiptail --passwordbox "please enter your secret password" 8 78 --title "password dialog" 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3) # A trick to swap stdout and stderr. # Again, you can pack this inside if, but it seems really long for some 80-col terminal users. exitstatus=$? if [ $exitstatus == 0 ]; then echo "User selected Ok and entered " $PASSWORD else echo "User selected Cancel." fi echo "(Exit status was $exitstatus)" Whenever you want to present a list of options to the user, whiptail has several dialog types to choose from. A menu should be used when you want the user to select one option from a list, such as for navigating a program. whiptail --title "Menu example" --menu "Choose an option" 25 78 16 \ "<-- Back" "Return to the main menu." \ "Add User" "Add a user to the system." \ "Modify User" "Modify an existing user." \ "List Users" "List all users on the system." \ "Add Group" "Add a user group to the system." \ "Modify Group" "Modify a group and its list of members." \ "List Groups" "List all groups on the system." The values given to --menu are: The text describing the menu ("Choose an option") The height of the dialog (25) The width of the dialog (78) The height of the menu list (16) The rest of the values are a list of menu options in the format tag item, where tag is the name of the option which is printed to stderr when selected, and item is the description of the menu option. If you are presenting a very long menu and want to make best use of the available screen, you can calculate the best box size by. eval `resize` whiptail ... $LINES $COLUMNS $(( $LINES - 8 )) ... At some point, you will want to present options to the user which would not be appropriate to place in a menu. A check list allows a user to select one or more options from a list. whiptail --title "Check list example" --checklist \ "Choose user's permissions" 20 78 4 \ "NET_OUTBOUND" "Allow connections to other hosts" ON \ "NET_INBOUND" "Allow connections from other hosts" OFF \ "LOCAL_MOUNT" "Allow mounting of local devices" OFF \ "REMOTE_MOUNT" "Allow mounting of remote devices" OFF When the user confirms their selections, a list of the choices is printed to stderr. A radio list is a dialog where the user can select one option from a list. The difference between a radio list and a menu is that the user selects an option (using the space bar in whiptail) and then confirms that choice by hitting OK. whiptail --title "Radio list example" --radiolist \ "Choose user's permissions" 20 78 4 \ "NET_OUTBOUND" "Allow connections to other hosts" ON \ "NET_INBOUND" "Allow connections from other hosts" OFF \ "LOCAL_MOUNT" "Allow mounting of local devices" OFF \ "REMOTE_MOUNT" "Allow mounting of remote devices" OFF Syntax: whiptail --gauge [] Also reads percent from stdin: #!/bin/bash { for ((i = 0 ; i <= 100 ; i+=5)); do sleep 0.1 echo $i done } | whiptail --gauge "Please wait while we are sleeping..." 6 50 0
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) represent a worldwide public health problem. The spread of most sexually transmitted diseases is currently out of control. The World Health Organization estimates that 300 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases occur annually, with the predominant number of infections in 15 to 30-year old individuals, In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases remain a major public health challenge. The 2004 STD Surveillance Report published by the CDC indicated that while substantial progress has been made in preventing, diagnosing, and treating certain STDs, 19 million new infections occur each year, nearly half of them among people aged 15 to 24. Sexually transmitted diseases also exact a tremendous economic toll with direct medical costs estimated at $13 billion annually in the United States alone. Many cases of STDs go undiagnosed; others, like human papillomavirus and genital herpes, are not reported at all. Some STDs can also lead to infertility or cancer. Prescott,Harley, and Klein’s Microbiology Naming: STDs were formerly called venereal diseases (from Venus, the Roman goddess of love), and may sometimes be referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
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Poliomyelitis, commonly known as polio, is a childhood disease caused by a highly infectious virus that attacks the nervous system. Approximately 1% of infected persons will suffer paralysis and 10% of paralytic cases end with fatal paralysis of the respiratory muscles. In 1921, Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted the disease. He used his political influence to start and raise money for the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. This organization would go on to fund research by Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin . Dr. Salk and Dr. Sabin developed polio vaccines in 1952 and 1957, respectively. These vaccines, coupled with public health policies, were able to eradicate the disease from the United States by 1979 . Polio is one of few diseases that can be eradicated because infection or the vaccine confers lifelong immunity and there is no environmental or animal host for the virus. Once everyone has the vaccine, the disease cannot exist. The Western development of a vaccine and the eradication of Polio from the United States prompted the World Health Assembly to pursue a global eradication. In the 41st assembly in 1988, members of the World Health Organization (WHO) voted to pass the Global Eradication Initiative. It stated, “Recognizing that the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000... represents both a fitting challenge to be undertaken... and an appropriate gift... from the twentieth to the twenty-first century.” The WHO treated this act as both a “challenge” and as a “gift.” . This decision was made and funded largely by the Western world. The United States contributed over $1 billion. The United Kingdom donated over $500 million. Japan, Canada, Germany all gave over $250 million. Other top donors were Norway, Denmark, France, Russia, Italy, Sweden, Australia, Spain, and Ireland. With millions in funding, oral polio vaccines were distributed throughout the world. By 1991 polio was eradicated from the Americas . In 1996 the number of polio-free countries totaled 150. Also in 1996, Rotary International worked with Nelson Mandela to start the Kick Polio Out of Africa campaign . The Western Pacific was declared polio-free in 1997 and a year later Europe followed suit. By 2003 only six countries were polio-endemic: Egypt, Afghanistan, India, Niger, Pakistan, and Nigeria. In 1988 when the first polio eradication initiative was started by the World Health Assembly, there were 350,000 cases worldwide. In 2003 the number of cases had dropped to 700. Enormous strides were made to eradicate the disease and 2003 represented the closest we had come to total polio eradication. However, at the end of 2003 a polio boycott erupted across Nigeria; they had the highest number of cases anywhere in the world . Many factors led to this backlash including past injuries brought on by the Western world , religious infighting within Nigeria, and sects vying for political power. In Nigeria, there are many deep seeded roots for the reasons for the Polio Boycott. In the 1980's, President Babangida adopted a population policy which limited the maximum of four children for each woman. Many people connected this population control campaign with immunization. They believed that the vaccination was one way the government was reducing the population or at least checking the number of children a woman can bear. Also, there was a general distrust of aggressive, mass immunization programs especially in a country where access to basic health care is not easily available. John Murphy of the Baltimore Sun wrote “The aggressive door-to-door mass immunizations that have slashed polio infections around the world also raise suspicions. From a Nigerian's perspective, to be offered free medicine is about as unusual as a stranger's going door to door in America and handing over $100 bills. It does not make any sense in a country where people struggle to obtain the most basic medicines and treatment at local clinics." One experience in particular left northern Nigerians suspicious and mistrustful of western healthcare and “free medicine”. During the summer of 1996 in Kano, Nigeria, there was a devastating meningococcal meningitis epidemic. The American drug giant Pfizer Inc. had just developed a new antibiotic, trovafloxacin (Trovan), they hoped could treat bacterial meningitis. Animal studies with Trovan were promising so Pfizer wanted to move forward with human trials. Pfizer saw the meningitis outbreak in Kano as a perfect opportunity to test the efficacy of Trovan in humans. At the height of the outbreak, Pfizer conducted an open label drug trial of Trovan against the “gold standard” meningitis medicine ceftriaxone. Two hundred children were enrolled in the trial; half were given Trovan and the other half given ceftriaxone. Out of the two hundred, five children died given Trovan and six died given ceftriaxone. In total, 15,000 Nigerians lost their lives during the meningitis outbreak. On the surface the Trovan trial seemed like a success, Trovan was just as effective as the gold standard ceftriaxone. Controversial ethics on the part of Pfizer, however, drastically tainted the results and caused a severe anti-Western sentiment to spread throughout the region. According to the British Medical Journal, “at least one child was not taken off the experimental drug [Trovan] and given the standard drug [ceftriaxone] when it was clear that her condition was not improving.” This raises obvious ethical concerns as it is viewed as putting the results of a drug trial ahead of the health and well-being of a human child. The child should have immediately been given ceftriaxone as her condition deteriorated to try and prevent further damage. Secondly, Pfizer never warned the Nigerians about the health risks associated with Trovan. Previous animal trials had shown that drugs like Trovan were linked to joint and cartilage damage. By not providing the parents with all the facts, Pfizer could not legally receive proper consent from the Nigerians. In subsequent Trovan trials in the United States, patients were properly informed of Trovan’s risks. So it begs to question why the information was withheld from the Nigerians? Lastly, according to reports, Pfizer never had the correct ethical approval from the Nigerian government to even run the drug trial in Kano. Pfizer is accused of falsifying and backdating the letter of ethical approval from the Nigerian government to fit the correct timeline of the trial. The doctor who oversaw the trial has said it was possible that the letter could have been drafted up to a year after the trial was conducted. These ethical concerns outraged the northern Nigerian population. A member of the press wrote, “The government has the duty to tell us whether out children were used as guinea pigs and, if so, who committed such criminality” Such obvious feelings of betrayal and indignation resonated throughout the Kano community. So when the polio vaccine began to be circulated in Nigeria in 2003, people remembered the Trovan trial and were hesitant to again trust a foreign medicine. In Nigeria, the states have administrative control over health affairs at the primary level. The Kano state government was able to issue a directive to halt the immunization exercise planned by the federal government. In northern Nigeria in 2003, the political and religious leaders of Kano, Zamfara, and Kaduna states brought the immunization campaign to a halt by calling on parents not to allow their children to be immunized. These leaders argued that the vaccine could be contaminated with anti-fertility agents (estradiol hormone), HIV, and cancerous agents. Also, there has been tension between the northern-led military regime and the southern led democracy. The north was colonized by the Islamic Jihadists and the south was colonized by the British. Since the beginning of the new democratic system of government in 1999, power shifted to the south. These changes have resulted in political tensions between the south and north. These tensions might explain why the religious leaders in northern states who boycotted the polio immunization campaign believed that the southern-led federal government was acting in the interests of Western powers. The northern states have mistrust of the western world. Sule Ya'u Sule, speaking for the governor of Kano, says "Since September 11, the Muslim world is beginning to be suspicious of any move from the Western world...Our people have become really concerned about polio vaccine." Nigeria still had the highest number of polio cases, over 700, in 2008. However, increased communication and cooperation with both religious and political leaders in the region have led to increased confidence in the vaccines. Moreover, fewer rumors are being circulated and more vaccines are being administered. This certainly has been a driving factor in the decreased case counts. The number of cases dropped to 388 in 2009 and most recent CDC reports indicate only three cases in the first half of 2010. It is evident that the Western "challenge" and "gift" was improperly implemented in the beginning. Little communication with leaders and no public education tools doomed the project from the beginning. Initial success was apparent, however prior history with engaging outsiders left a wariness with the people of Nigeria. The Trovan trial, in addition to political leveraging, caused mistrust in the vaccines and Western gifts. This case exemplifies the importance of education and communication. It is considered unethical to force a solution on a group of people if they are unwilling to accept it; the best implementation therefore is to educate a group about the benefits of the solution before it is given to them. Technology and innovations are only as useful as their application in the society they are used. CDC 2007 WHO 2010 FDR 2000 Okonek Infections World Health Assembly 1988 World Health Assembly 1991 Rotary WHO 2004 "Population Policy". http://paa2011.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=112469. Jegede, Ayodele (March 2007). "What Led to the Nigerian Boycott of the Polio Vaccination Campaign". Plos Medicine 4 (3): 417–22. "Polio Inoculation Gaps in Nigeria". http://www.tuftscopejournal.org/issues/S10/articles/show/polio_in_nigeria. Wise, Jacqui (27 January 2001). "Pfizer Accused of Testing New Drug Without Approval". British Medical Journal 22: 194. "Nigeria". http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htm. "Religion and politics threaten polio campaign". http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/religion-and-politics-threaten-polio-campaign-1.205831?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot. CDC MMWR
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This window contains a series of tick boxes relating to the appearance of the question on the screen, most of which are self-explanatory. The question number can be displayed at the top of each question page using this option This randomizes the order in which answer options are displayed in Multiple Choice, Multiple Response and Partial Credit question types. In Sequencing and Matching question types, options are always randomized. The number of points awarded for each questions is shown to bottom right hand side of the question if this option is selected. This option displays the title of the quiz at the top of each question page. When an image or piece of Flash is displayed with a question, it can optionally be shown in the top left hand corner and zoomed to full size when the mouse moves over it. If this option is not selected, the image appears at its default size at the top of the question. This determines whether the scoring for Fill In The Blank style questions is case sensitive. If the required answer was 'Blue' but the user entered 'blue' - they would not score any points if this option is selected. Go To Question Scoring, Text Settings, Theme Images, Number of Pre-Randomized Quizzes, Report Options, Report Export Options
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Spoon, a term for an eating utensil that is considered an inherently funny word, has been featured in many quotations. Alphabetized by author or specified source Ugh, he spooned me Random guard, after being hit in the stomach with a ladle in Aladdin High diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jump'd over the Moon, The little dog laugh'd to see such Craft, And the Dish ran away with the Spoon. Anonymous nursery rhyme, "Hi Diddle Diddle" in Mother Goose's Melody (c. 1765) Variant: Hey diddle diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon, The little dog laughed to see such sport, And the fork ran away with the Spoon The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (1951) edited by Opie and P. Opie Better take her to the White Queen, she'll be safe there. Spoon. The March Hare, in Alice in Wonderland She came in through the bathroom window, protected by a silver spoon. The Beatles Do you know that's the third spoon I've heard drop this month? Algy Longworth, in Bulldog Drummond And the cat's in the cradle with the silver spoon, Little Boy Blue, and the Man in the Moon When you coming home Dad? I don't know when — we'll get together then, Son, You know we'll have a good time then. Harry Chapin, in "Cats in the Cradle" Check it out, Guys. I got a Springfield spoon for my spoon collection... if it weren't for my spoons, I'd probably go insane. Adam Clayton of U2 in an episode of The Simpsons You there! Father Jack, in Father Ted You spoony bard! Tellah, in Final Fantasy IV A man that's fond precociously of stirring, Must be a spoon. Thomas Hood, Morning Meditations (1839), St. 10 Bless me, Father, for I have sinned. I did an original sin. I poked a badger with a spoon. Eddie Izzard They dined on mince, and slices of quince, Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the moon. Edward Lear, in The Owl and the Pussycat (1871) The Dolomphious Duck, who caught Spotted Frogs for her dinner with a Runcible Spoon Edward Lear, in Twenty-Six Nonsense Rhymes and Pictures We found this spoon sir. Sergeant, in Life of Brian Mike Wazowski: I think I have a plan here: using mainly spoons, we dig a tunnel under the city and release it into the wild. James P. Sullivan: ... Spoons. Dialogue from Monsters Inc. A sweet lounge lizard, with a silver spoon, Motorhead, in Stone Dead Forever Sheriff of Nottingham: Locksley! I'm gonna cut your heart out with a spoon. Guy of Gisbourne: Why a spoon cousin? Why not an axe? Sheriff of Nottingham: Because it's dull, you twit! It'll hurt more. Dialogue in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Just when I thought things couldn't get any better... he spooned me. Carrie, Sex and the City Marry, he must have a long spoon that must eat with the devil. William Shakespeare in The Comedy of Errors; original orthography: Marrie he must haue a long spoone that must eate with the diuell That tall drink of water with the silver spoon up his ass. Red, in The Shawshank Redemption Australian: "You call that a knife? This is a knife!" Bart Simpson: "That's not a knife; that's a spoon." Australian: Alright, alright, you win. I see you've played knifey-spoony before. The Simpsons This should have an episode citation added. Spoon!!! Battle cry of The Tick I was born with a plastic spoon in my mouth Substitute, The Who There is no spoon. "Spoon Boy" in, The Matrix by the Wachowski brothers, indicating that all perceptions of external objects as entirely separate entities are constructs of the mind; this was also quoted in response to the rather grisly death of Private Witherspoon in the horror film Dog Soldiers (2002). They'll eat their words with a fork and spoon, and watch 'em! They'll hit the road and all be surfin' soon. Brian Wilson and Mike Love, in "Catch a Wave" for The Beach Boys The spoon came alive with spoon-ness and the ball with ball-ness and the block with block-ness, and the girl laughed. Roger Zelazny in Lord of Light Wikipedia has an article about: Spoon Look up spoon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Dana Timothy Milbank (born April 27, 1968) is a columnist for The Washington Post. Trump owes less to Willkie’s tradition than to Benito Mussolini’s, and not only because of the superficial: Trump’s chin-out toughness, sweeping right-hand gestures and talk of his “huge” successes and his “stupid” opponents all evoke the Italian dictator’s style. Monday’s breathtaking announcement that he would block all Muslims from entering the United States has many pointing out the obvious fascist overtones... Trump uses many of the fascist’s tools: a contempt for facts, spreading a pervasive sense of fear and overwhelming crisis, portraying his backers as victims, assigning blame to foreign or alien actors and suggesting only his powerful personality can transcend the crisis. He endorsed the violence done to a dissenter at one of his rallies, and he now floats the idea of making entry to the United States contingent on religion. Donald Trump, America’s modern Mussolini, The Washington Post. (8 December 2015) It would seem the incoming Trump administration plans to handle its affairs — domestic and foreign — in a manner that meets the dictionary definition of a “rogue state” as one “that conducts its policy in a dangerously unpredictable way.” Trump’s one consistent policy: Chaos, The Washington Post (December 6, 2016) For all the promises Trump is breaking, there is one he has kept without wavering: his vow to be unpredictable. ... Some suggest that there is a method to Trump’s madness, that he is trying to make would-be adversaries think he is irrational and capricious, thereby making foes and rivals wary of pushing him too far. ... But in Trump’s application of the Madman Theory there seems to be less theory than madman. There may be advantages to keeping foes and opponents off guard, but Trump is baffling friends and allies, too. In foreign affairs, unpredictability spooks allies and spreads instability. And unpredictable policy at home has long been seen as toxic for business. ... The widespread chaos suggests Trump isn’t signaling new policies as much as he’s winging it. His unpredictability is not a theory. It’s the absence of one. Trump’s one consistent policy: Chaos, The Washington Post (December 6, 2016) Wikipedia has an article about: Dana Milbank Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dana Milbank Dana Milbank's website Dana Milbank discusses his new book - January 2008
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Jared Scott Fogle (born 23 August 1977), nicknamed "Jared the Subway Guy," is a former spokesman used by Subway restaurants in its television advertising campaigns from 2000 to 2015. In 2015, he pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography and paying minors for sex. If people didn't give a damn, I wouldn't be in the position I'm in. I try not to lose sight of that. As quoted in "Subway pitchman Jared lost pounds, then anonymity" by Mitch Stacy in Associated Press report (16 November 2003) I had no intention of anyone ever finding out what I had done. On the success of his Subway diet, as quoted in "Subway pitchman Jared lost pounds, then anonymity" by Mitch Stacy in Associated Press report (16 November 2003) I want to redeem my life. I want to become a good, decent person. I want to rebuild my life. On pleading guilty to having sex with minors and possession of child pornography, as quoted in "Jared Fogle, ex-Subway spokesman, sentenced to 15 years in prison" by Rick Callahan in CBC News report. (19 November 2015) *I think when he talks to people they can see he's not a slick, polished spokesperson... He's smart and well-spoken, but I think people can see he's just a regular guy. Kevin Kane, as quoted in "Subway pitchman Jared lost pounds, then anonymity" by Mitch Stacy in Associated Press report (16 November 2003) The level of perversion and lawlessness demonstrated by Mr. Fogle is extreme. Tanya Walton Pratt, as in quoted in "Jared Fogle, ex-Subway spokesman, sentenced to 15 years in prison" by Rick Callahan in CBC News report. (19 November 2015) Wikipedia has an article about: Jared Fogle CNN.com: Jared the Subway Guy, superstar Q&A hosted by Bob Levey of the Washington Post Daily Pennsylvanian: Frenzied fans mob Subway spokesman
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If you know the amount of charge contained within a Gaussian surface, then the total flux of the Electric Field generated by the enclosed charge is calculated from Gauss' Law. As a demonstration, imagine a pair of cats that have charges placed on them by their loyal masters. Although the contours of the cats' elegant frames represent a complicated geometry, calculating the flux is a simple task if the charge on the cats is known. The flux through the Gaussian surface in Figure 1 is given by Gauss' law Φ = q 1 + q 2 ε 0 {\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {q_{1}+q_{2}}{\epsilon _{0}}}} \vspace{10 pt} \includegraphics[scale=.6]{Cats.eps} {\mathbf Figure 1:} Gaussian Surface Encompassing Two Cats Note that we add the charges in equation (1) because it is the net enclosed charge. For example if the charge on cat 1 is 10.5 [ μ C ] {\displaystyle 10.5\,\,[\mu C]} and the charge on the cat 2 is 12.2 [ μ C ] {\displaystyle 12.2[\mu C]} , then the total flux through G {\displaystyle G} is Φ = 10.5 × 10 − 8 [ C ] + 12.2 × 10 − 8 [ C ] 8.85 × 10 − 12 [ C 2 / N m 2 ] {\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {10.5\times 10^{-8}\,[C]+12.2\times 10^{-8}\,[C]}{8.85\times 10^{-12}\,[C^{2}/Nm^{2}]}}} Φ = 3073.4 [ N m 2 / C ] {\displaystyle \Phi =3073.4\,\,[Nm^{2}/C]} The reverse of this problem is another important result. If we measure the flux through a given Gaussian surface, then we can calculate the amount of enclosed charge. Figure 1, The Cat Clip art is public domain and was downloaded from [ http://www.wpclipart.com/ WP Clipart]
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In the past thirty years, scientists were able to use technological discoveries to redefine the classifications of life on earth. In 1977, American microbiologist, Carl Woese altered the previous two-domain system of Eukaryota (Eukarya) and Prokaryota. The Prokaryota domain was split into the two separate domains of Bacteria and Archaea. Woese was able to look at the similarities and differences of living organisms at the genetic sequencing level. More specifically, Woese analyzed how closely organisms were related based on the 16S ribosomal RNA or rRNA present in all organisms. With the new knowledge from the study of organisms' biochemical differences, scientists were able to classify life on earth into three distinctive groups, or domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. Archaea is more closely related to Eukaryotes than Eubacteria Most living plants and animals are composed of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells receive their name from the Greek eu meaning true and karyon suggesting that they have a true nucleus which contains their DNA. The determining factor for this domain is the presence of a distinct membrane-bound nucleus in each cell. The nucleus in eukaryotes consist of nuclear material enclosed with a double membrane, the nuclear envelope. Another distinctive feature of Eukarya is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in many of the cells. This type of cell can divide in two processes mitosis and meiosis. It keeps its DNA in chromosomes. This domain includes all multicellular organisms: plants, animals, fungi and protists. Interestingly, human beings and yeast are both classified under this same domain. Ciliates, fungi, flagellates, and microsporidia also belong in this domain. Eukaryotic cells can be categorized in to two types of cells, animal and plant cells. Genes from natural communities continually reveal new species of microbial eukaryotes in previously unknown divisions. The genetic analysis shows that similar miniaturized eukaryotes branch from all the groups in the phylogenetic tree. Microbes include members of the three domains of life. The three domains of life are bacteria, archaea and eukarya. Out of the two prokaryotic cells are considerably simpler than eukaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are considered prokaryotes. Prokaryotic comes from the Greek prefix pro which means before and the Greek root karyon which means kernel. They tend to be smaller in size and are not as complex as eukaryotic cells. As their names suggests, prokaryotic cells lack any organelles enclosed with a membrane. Their DNA is in an area called the nucleoid which also is not enclosed by a membrane. The nucleoid is not separated from the cytoplasm. Generally speaking, their chromosomes and plasmids are circular and naked, they have no nuclear envelope. In addition, prokaryotic cells control genes via operons. But, like eukaryotic cells, they have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall. However, their cell wall contains petidoglycans which can't be found in Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have been split in to two distinct groups, bacteria and archaea. This domain was considered prokaryote. It consists of all the unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that do not have a cell nucleus or contain any organelles in their cells. Bacteria can be spherical, rod-like, or spiral in shape. Although bacteria contain ribosomes also found in Eukaryotes and Archaebacteria, bacterial ribosomes are much different in structure. Bacteria are characterized as having a cell wall (except for mycoplasma). Their cell walls are called peptidoglycans, which is composed of peptides and sugars. The cell wall gives the cell structure and shape. It also gives rigidity to prevent water from flowing into the cell membrane of the bacteria and causing the cell to burst. The cell wall usually lies exterior to the cell membrane as in Gram Positive cells. But in the case of Gram Negative bacterial cells, there is a second cell membrane that is exterior to the cell wall. This gives these types of bacteria unique properties to help it survive. Bacteria has straight chain fatty acids ester linked to glycerol. The membrane of bacteria is bilayer. The wall of bacteria has peptidoglycan or none. An example of bacteria can be mycoplasma. Mycoplasma has no wall. Bacteria also have flagella that help with their motility. The bacteria rotate their flagella in a counterclockwise manner and swim towards an attractant. To move away from a repellent, the flagella rotates clockwise and tumbles to change directions. Bacteria also have pili, which are used mainly for attachment and exchange of genetic information. The gram stain differentiates bacteria into two fundamental varieties of cells based on staining properties of the cell wall. The two common types are: 1) Bacteria that retain the initial CV stain (purple) = gram +. 2) Those that are decolorized and stain pink with safranin = gram -. Gram positive has thick walls that resists de-colorization and is composed of PG and teichoic acids. Teichoic acids anchor layers of peptidoglycan together. Lipoteichoic acid connects peptidoglycan to the membrane. Some species have capsules: Sugar (polysaccharides)coating. They can protect against phagocytosis. The capsule is slippery, so when a phagocyte tries to eat the bacteria, it can slip away. It may also contribute to virulence and help cells stick to surfaces. Some species have S-layers. S-layers consist of protein or glycoprotein. Its function is not totally clear, but its tough proteins may deter predators. It may contribute to cell shape and aid in protection against osmotic stress. Gram negative has thin peptidoglycan layer outside the inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane). It has lipoprotein (murein lipoprotein). Lipoprotein binds peptidoglycan to the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. The outer membrane has lipid-protein bilayer, which can be disrupted by de-colorization. The outer membrane has phospholipids, porins and LPS. The outer membrane's function is to protect permeability barrier (impermeable to large molecules and hydrophobic compounds from the environment). The porins of gram negative are channels that allow for transport of molecules across the membrane (sugars, amino acids, vitamins, etc, some antibiotic get through them as well. Porins provide permeability for entering and exiting compounds. The LPS of gram negative coats the surface of the cell. It increases the negative charge of the cell membrane-excludes large hydrophobic compounds such as bile salts and antibiotics (permeable only to low molecular weight, hydrophilic molecules). LPS may play a role as an adhesin used in colonization of the host. It helps protect cell against phagocytosis. The LPS of gram negative has three parts. The three parts are lipid A, core oligosaccharide and O polysaccharide. 1) Lipid A is important pathogenic factor (endotoxin- when released into a host's blood stream or GI tract causes toxicity of gram - infection. 2)The core oligosaccharide component that attaches directly to lipid A. One of the glucosamines of lipid A is linked to the core polysaccharide, extending out from the cell. The core oligosaccharide consists of 5 sugars. 3)O polysaccharide is the outermost domain of the LPS molecule. It is a repetitive glycan polymer attached to the core oligosaccharide. The composition of the O chain varies from strain to strain. Greater 160 different O antigen structures produced by different E. coli strains. These chains form a layer that helps bacteria resist phagocytosis by white blood cells. O-polysaccharides serves as an antigen or cell surface marker. It is exposed on the very outer surface of the bacterial cell, and, as a consequence, is a target for recognition by host antibodies. Variations in LPS structure provide for the existence of different antigenic strains of a pathogen that may be able to bypass a previous immunological response to a related strain . Some bacteria have walls of intermediate structure and they stain in a variable manner. Mycobacteria have a cell envelope which is not typical of Gram positives or Gram negatives. The mycobacterial cell envelope does not consists of the outer membrane characteristic of Gram negative bacteria, but has a significant peptidoglycan-arabinogalactan-mycolic acid wall structure which provides an external permeability barrier. Moreover, mycobacteria contain waxy mycolic acids. They have thickest cell walls known. They are highly resistant to antimicrobials due to thick waxy envelope. The envelope also makes it hard to take up nutrients: slow growers. Mycobacteria have no dyes permeate thus neither gram positive nor gram negative . Mycoplasma is considered to be bacteria. The lack of a cell wall makes these species resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. There are no cell walls to protect from osmotic pressure, so they use sterols to strengthen membrane or they live inside other cells. Bacteria inhibit soils, surface waters, tissues of other living or decaying organisms. Thermotoga, flavobacteria, cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and green nonsulfur bacteria belong in this domain. Archaea is considered to be prokaryote. Archaea is referred to as "archaebacteria." They have the appearance of bacteria with their unicellular rod and spiral-like structures. They are prokaryotes and lack a cell nucleus and other organelles. Archaea have the most extreme variations in phospholipid side-chain structures. Archaea have a branched hydrocarbon and ether linked to glycerol. Ether links between glycerol and fatty acids. Hydrocarbon chains are branched terpenoids (polymeric structures derived from isporene-every 4th carbon extends a methyl branch). The branches strengthen the membrane by limiting movement of the hydrocarbon chains. The membrane of archaea is bilayer or monolayer. In the wall of archaea, there are peptidoglycan and S-layer. Unlike bacteria, Archaea possess genes and pathways that evolutionarily link them closer to eukaryotes than to bacteria. Archaea contain the enzymes used for transcription and translation which reflects their closer similarity to eukaryotic organisms rather than bacteria. However, they are unlike eukaryotes in that they use a larger range of sources in order to gain energy. As a result of their differences from bacteria and eukaryotes, Archaea was placed into its own category. Archaea can live in extreme and harsh conditions not suited for other living organisms. For example, thermophiles occupy hot springs or volcanoes, while halophiles inhabit salty bodies of water such as the Dead Sea. Archaea were later discovered in a broader range of habitats. The extreme environments that many archaea live in are at high pressures, salt concentrations or temperatures. Archaea are the best extremophiles. Archaea have such variability of wall structure that the Gram stain is not a useful differentiating tool. There are other several traits of Archaea. Archaea has membrane lipids (diethers or isoprenoid L-glycerol ethers; the membrane lipid chains stiffen by covalent cross-links or by forming pentacyclic rings. Also, Archaea has Pseudomurein sacculus that contains talosaminuronic acid whereas the peptide bridges has only the L-amino acids. In the Archaea gene regulation, the genomes of Archaea is similar to Bacteria in size and gene density, and genes of related function are often arranged in operons. Some tRNA gene sequences are interrupted by nontranslated sequences. These nontranslational sequeneces are called introns. So, the transcription factors is similar to eukaryotes. Archaea includes two phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. In the phylum Crenarchaeota, it has a substantial proportion of soil, marine, and benthic microbial communities. The metabolic crenarchaeotes metabolize sulfur, and it is either by aerobic oxidation or anaerobic reduction (which means no oxygen is required). However, in the phylum Euryarchaeota, it has members in soil and water. They have more metabolism than that in Crenarchaeota. Methanogens are the divergent group of Euryarchaeota. Thermoplasma can be considered as archaea. Thermoplasma are thermoAcidophiles that thrive at pH<2. They are tetraether lipid monolayer membrane. Extreme halophiles, methanogens, and extreme thermophiles belong in this domain. Biology. 7th ed. Microbiology Microbiology Slonczewski, Joan L. Microbiology. 2nd ed. New York, 2009.
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This lesson introduces content accessibility and Universal Design for Learning concepts. Objectives and skills for this lesson include: Understand content accessibility Describe Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Apply accessibility to open content Revise content based on accessibility and UDL best practices Wikipedia: Web accessibility Wikipedia: Universal Design for Learning BC Open Textbooks: Accessibility Toolkit Universal Design in Higher Education: Promising Practices YouTube: Accessibility 1 YouTube: Keeping Web Accessibility in Mind YouTube: Inclusive Design with Jess Mitchell YouTube: What is Universal Design for Learning (UDL)? OCALI: Rubrics in UDL to Support Learners YouTube: Web Accessibility W3C: Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools List WebAIM: WAVE Microsoft: Use the Microsoft Office Accessibility Checker to find accessibility issues Adobe: Create and verify PDF accessibility (Acrobat Pro) Google Docs: Making your document or presentation more accessible There are nine guidelines to aid in UDL. Guidelines 1-3 provide means of representation. Guidelines 4-6 provide means of Action & Expression. Guidelines 7-9 provide means of Engagement. Their use can aid educators in creating rubrics and assessment criteria in a learning environment. Perception Language & Symbols Comprehension Physical Action Expression & Communication Executive Functions Recruiting Interest Sustaining Effort & Persistence Self Regulation Revise content based on accessibility and UDL best practices. Access the Piazza web service at Piazza: Open Educational Practices to join the course discussion forums and review existing posts. Review content created in a previous lesson from an accessibility and UDL perspective using various tools and rubrics. Make appropriate revisions to the content. Work in teams to prepare a summary of suggestions others should follow in developing accessible and approachable content. Publish the summary on the course wiki. Seek feedback on open content. Access the Piazza web service to join the course discussion forums. Share your summary with the designated audience and seek feedback on your efforts. This may be within your own institution or with others in your discipline discussion group. Create a new post or respond to existing posts to address one or more of the following questions: What did your team recognize regarding accessibility and UDL that may have been overlooked in initial content development? What best practices do you recommend following to develop accessible and approachable content in the future? How did team members communicate with each other during the effort? What roles did each person adopt? What concerns do you have in creating assignments that will be accessible and approachable for your students? How might these concerns be addressed? Edit this page. Review Wikiversity:Be bold. Wikis only work if people are bold. Review your notes of new concepts or key terms from this lesson and compare them to the Lesson Summary and Key Terms listed below. Be bold by improving this course wiki page using the Edit tab. For the Lesson Summary and Key Terms, include references for any content you add. If the Lesson Summary and Key Terms sections seem complete to you, review the Readings and Multimedia links for opportunities for improvement. But note, improving a wiki does not always mean adding to the wiki. Consider how much content you, yourself, are willing to view. Add, edit, update, delete, replace with links to better resources, etc. Your guide should always be to leave the wiki better than you found it. Reflect on open educational practices. Reflect on what you learned in this introduction to accessibility and UDL. What have you learned so far that you can apply to your own learning environment(s)? Post your reflection in the Piazza discussion forum, sharing it with either the entire class or one or more of the available discussion groups. Review other reflection posts and respond to at least two that interest you. Post any questions you have that you would like others to address. Additional items will be contributed by course participants Web accessibility is the inclusive practice of ensuring there are no barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, websites on the World Wide Web by people with disabilities. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, generally all users have equal access to information and functionality. One approach to making web content more accessible is to cite existing civil rights legislation to protect web accessibility for those with disabilities. Universal Design for Learning is an educational framework that guides the development of flexible learning environments that can accommodate individual learning differences through multiple means of representation, expression, and engagement. Engagement > The WHY of Learning > Provide multiple and flexible means of engagement to tap into diverse learners’ interests, challenge them appropriately, and motivate them to learn: Choice, tiered assignments. Expression > The HOW of Learning > Provide multiple and flexible means of expression to provide diverse students with alternatives for demonstrating what they have learned: Multimedia projects, group presentations, journal entries, PBL. Representation > The WHAT of Learning > Provide multiple and flexible methods of presentation to give students with diverse learning styles various ways of acquiring information and knowledge: Video, audio, memes, graphic organizers. Universal Design for Learning is intended to increase access to learning by reducing physical, cognitive, intellectual, and organizational barriers to learning, as well as other obstacles. UDL principles also lend themselves to implementing inclusionary practices in the classroom. UDL takes into account how the brain functions. It suggests different approaches for teaching information (what), for teaching skills and strategies (how),and for teaching students to love learning (why). Additional items will be contributed by course participants ADA The Americans with Disabilities Act (the ADA) is a civil rights law that was passed by the United States Congress in 1990. It is designed to disallow discrimination on the basis of a disability and requires that employers/public entities provide accessibility accommodations. alt attribute alt attribute is used by "screen reader" software so that a person who is listening to the content of a webpage can interact with this element. W3C W3C or World Wide Web Consortium: engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web. WCAG WCAG or Web Content Accessibility Guidelines developed by the W3C in December of 2008 include 61 recommendations which are referred to as guidelines. W3C: HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility W3C: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 Guidelines Humboldt University: Use of Assistive Technology in the Inclusive Education Ryerson: Professional Web Accessibility Auditing Made Easy - 10 Key Guidelines UDL: UDL Guidelines Representation "UDL: The UDL Guidelines". udlguidelines.cast.org. Retrieved 2019-07-09. Wikipedia: Web accessibility "Web accessibility". Wikipedia. 2019-07-08. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&oldid=905266408. Wikipedia: Universal Design for Learning Wikipedia: Universal Design for Learning http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/101042/chapters/Using-UDL-to-Support-Every-Student's-Learning.aspx Wikipedia: Americans with Disabilities Wikipedia: alt attribute Wikipedia: World Wide Web Consortium ← Multimedia Open Educational Practices Instructional Design →
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John Godolphin Bennett (June 8, 1897 – December 13, 1974) was a British mathematician, scientist, technologist, industrial research director and author. The impulse to understand, and not merely to know and to act, is an impulse characteristic of man and apparently not shared by other animals. I am not concerned here with the origin and nature of this impulse, but with its implications that there is something to be understood and that understanding is not reducible to knowledge and action. J.G. Bennett (1963) "General Systematics" in: Systematics] (1963) Vol 1., no 1. p. 5; cited on The Primer Project on isss.org, 2007.07.03 The systematic principle is based upon the hypothesis that there is a structure in the real world that transcends the distinctions of subjective and objective experience. J.G. Bennett (1963) "Geo-physics and Human History: New Light on Plato's Atlantis and the Exodus." Systematics vol 1, no 2 (1963): p. 127–156. True sensitivity is the beginning of what Gurdjieff calls Objective Reason and which he says, cannot be in this body and can only belong to the Second, or Kesdjanian Body, and when it is formed it can begin to acquire this direct perception of how things are, combined with experience that gives this vision a practical and realistic application. Out of this comes what he calls Objective Reason J.G. Bennett (1973) "REACTIONS", Second Basic Course at Sherborne House, March 5th, 1973; cited on jgbennett.net, 2009 G. I. Gurdjieff's sexual life was strange in its unpredictability. At certain times he led a strict, almost ascetic life, having no relation with women at all. At other times, his sex life seemed to go wild and it must be said that his unbridled periods were more frequent than the ascetic. At times, he had sexual relationships not only with almost any woman who happened to come within the sphere of his influence, but also with his own pupils. Quite a number of his women pupils bore him children and some of them remained closely connected with him all their lives. Others were just as close to him, as far as one could tell, without a sexual relationship. John G. Bennett Gurdjieff: Making a New World (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 231-232: Cited in "Sexual Beliefs and Practices " on gurdjiefffourthway.org, accessed 2013-04-21 I must warn you that Gurdjieff is far more of an enigma than you can imagine. I am certain that he is deeply good, and that he is working for the good of mankind. But his methods are often incomprehensible. For example, he uses disgusting language, especially to ladies who are likely to be squeamish about such things. He has the reputation of behaving shamelessly over money matters, and with women also. At his table we have to drink spirits, often to the point of drunkenness. People have said that he is a magician, and that he uses his powers for his own ends... I do not believe that the scandalous tales told of Gurdjieff are true: but you must take into account that they may be true and act accordingly. John G. Bennett (1974) Witness: The Autobiography of John G. Bennett. Tucson: Omen Press, p. 244. Cited in: "Controversial reputation" on gurdjiefffourthway.org, accessed 2013-04-21 Since we tend to see ourselves primarily in the light of our intentions, which are invisible to others, while we see others mainly in the light of their actions, which are visible to us, we have a situation in which misunderstanding and injustice are the order of the day John G. Bennett The Crisis in Human Affairs J.G. Bennett (1950) "Gurdjieff’s All and Everything: A Study by J. G. Bennett". September 1950; Republished in Gurdjieff International Review at gurdjieff.org Ouspensky records a conversation in St. Petersburg during the summer of 1916 in which Gurdjieff discussed the problem of communication, and the impossibility of conveying in our ordinary language ideas which are intelligible and obvious only for a higher state of consciousness. Speaking of the unity between man, the Universe, and God, he said that the objective knowledge by which alone this unity is to be understood can never be expressed in words or logical forms. At this point, Gurdjieff made a statement which is a key to the understanding of his own subsequent writings. He said: Realising the imperfection and weakness of ordinary language, the people who have possessed objective knowledge have tried to express the idea of unity in ‘myths,’ in ‘symbols,’ and in particular ‘verbal formulas,’ which, having been transmitted without alteration, have carried on the idea from one school to another, often from one epoch to another. In All and Everything Gurdjieff makes extensive use of these three forms, that is, symbol, myth, and verbal formula.... There is no need in these mathematical days to defend the use of symbolism. It is regarded by many schools of modern thought as the only safe form of language. Wittgenstein treats symbols as something more than conventional signs, and regards them as corresponding in some way to the reality to which they refer. He would probably accept Gurdjieff’s dictum that: Symbols not only transmit knowledge but show the way to it. Even though other thinkers deny any objective reference to symbols, no one questions that symbolism has a power beyond that of ordinary language. It is different with the language of myth. This is despised by superficial thinkers, but the greatest philosophers have known its value. John G. Bennett (1962) Witness: the Story of a Search. London: Hodder & Stoughton Gurdjieff said, “Change depends on you, and it will not come about through study. You can know everything and yet remain where you are. It is like a man who knows all about money and the laws of banking, but has no money of his own in the bank. What does all his knowledge do for him?” Here Gurdjieff suddenly changed his manner of speaking, and looking at me very directly he said: “You have the possibility of changing, but I must warn you that it will not be easy. You are still full of the idea that you can do what you like. In spite of all your study of free will and determinism, you have not yet understood that so long as you remain in this place, you can do nothing at all. Within this sphere there is no freedom. Neither your knowledge nor all your activity will give you freedom. This is because you have no ...” Gurdjieff found it difficult to express what he wanted in Turkish. He used the word varlik, which means roughly the quality of being present. I thought he was referring to the experience of being separated from one’s body. Neither I nor the Prince [Sabaheddin] could understand what Gurdjieff wished to convey. I felt sad, because his manner of speaking left me in no doubt that he was telling me something of great importance. I answered, rather lamely, that I knew that knowledge was not enough, but what else was there to do but study?... p. 46–48 cited in: "Gurdjieff’s Temple Dances by John G. Bennett", Gurdjieff International Review, on gurdjieff.org; About Constantinople 1920 Every evening after dinner, a new life began. There was no hurry. Some walked in the garden. Others smoked. About nine o’clock we made our way alone or in twos and threes to the Study House. Outdoor shoes came off and soft shoes or moccasins were put on. We sat quietly, each on his or her own cushion, round the floor in the centre. Men sat on the right, women on the left; never together. Some went straight on to the stage and began to practice the rhythmic exercises. On our first arrival, each of us had the right to choose his own teacher for the movements. I had chosen Vasili Ferapontoff, a young Russian, tall, with a sad studious face. He wore pince-nez, and looked the picture of the perpetual student, Trofimov, in The Cherry Orchard. He was a conscientious instructor, though not a brilliant performer. I came to value his friendship, which continued until his premature death ten years later. He told me in one of our first conversations that he expected to die young. The exercises were much the same as those I had seen in Constantinople three years before. The new pupils, such as myself, began with the series called Six Obligatory Exercises. I found them immensely exciting, and worked hard to master them quickly so that I could join in the work of the general class. p. 90–91 cited in: "Gurdjieff’s Temple Dances by John G. Bennett", Gurdjieff International Review, on gurdjieff.org; About Fontainebleau 1923 John Godolphin Bennett (1966) The Dramatic Universe: Man and his nature. Vol 3. Hodder & Stoughton We do not know structures, but we know because of structures. p. 7 Facts, that are no more than facts, are atomic and unrelated except by general laws. That is how the world was studied until the middle of the present century. p. 7 Structure is a primary element of experience and not something that is added by the mind. In this respect, it can be said that the techniques of understanding call for a drastic revision of the usual modes of thought that treat being and understanding as independent or at least as separable from one another. p. 9 John Godolphin Bennett was a skilled player of the game, one who kept his mind open and was always ready to experiment. He had charisma. He had personal power. He had a way with people, especially young people. I had debated at length with myself and others whether his influence on his students had been beneficial or disastrous. No answer came. It was perhaps too early to tell. In any case, he was dead. One more link in the old chain was destroyed. Soon that particular chain would vanish entirely. Robert S. De Ropp (1979) Warrior's way: the challenging life games. p. 336 John G. Bennett was a distinguished scientist, mathematician and linguist. In the course of his researches and travels all over the world, Bennett made contact with many remarkable men. He devoted his life to the study, practice and teaching of the theory and techniques for the development of the latent powers of man: the widening of the intellect, the discipline of the body, and the steadying of the emotions. Saul Kuchinsky, John Godolphin Bennett (1985) Systematics: Search for Miraculous Management John G. Bennett was a research scientist who discovered more efficient methods for burning coal, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing pollution. He also was an intellectual who in the four-volume The Dramatic Universe formulated a "cosmic context" for integrating the discussion of environmental ethics. Bron Raymond Taylor (2005) The encyclopedia of religion and nature. Vol. 2 Lemma "Bennett, John G. (1897-1974)". p. 162 Wikipedia has an article about: John G. Bennett Listing of articles by John G. Bennett and others.
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Related news Apple Inc. on Wikinews Apple, Inc. confirms acquisition of Shazam ARM to be bought by SoftBank Hawaiian Airlines announces iPad mini in-flight service Wikinews Shorts: March 21, 2012 Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs dies aged 56 Collaborate! Newsroom Style Guide – how to write Content Guide – what to write Saturday, October 23, 2010 In a Wednesday media event, Apple Inc. released a new lineup of MacBook Air laptops and the 2011 version of the company's iLife software suite. The "Back to the Mac" event also included a preview of Apple's forthcoming Mac OS X Lion operating system, to be released in mid-2011. Apple CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the new products at the Cupertino, California event, saying the company has "been inspired by the work [it has] done on the iPad, and [it wants] to bring it back to the Mac." Apple has plans to import more features of its iOS mobile operating system to the Mac OS X operating system. Jobs announced today that the "Lion" release to OS X, which is scheduled for release next summer, will include more support for multitouch and a desktop version of the company's App Store. He said that the App Store will be available for Apple's current OS "Snow Leopard" within 90 days, and that applications can be submitted starting next month. Jobs also announced that a beta version of FaceTime, Apple's IOS video calling application, would be available for OS X users immediately. Several new applications will be added in OS X Lion, dubbed "Mission Control" and "Launchpad." In his keynote address Wednesday, Jobs announced the release of Apple's iLife '11 software suite, which includes the iPhoto, iMovie, and GarageBand programs. iPhoto has new slide show templates, while iMovie has added audio editing capabilities. GarageBand now includes several new piano- and guitar-playing lessons. iLife '11 was released on Wednesday as a US$49 upgrade, and is also available free with new Mac purchases. In another move to bring iOS functionality to Macintosh computers, Jobs announced an updated MacBook Air series of laptops, on sale now. The new MacBook Air uses flash memory rather than a traditional hard drive, and has no CD/DVD drive, an approach seen on the iPad tablet computer. In addition, the laptop's battery life has been extended, even though it is only 0.68 in (1.73 cm) thick and weighs less than 3 lbs (1.36 kg). "We think it’s the future of notebooks," said Jobs. There are now two models of the MacBook Air: an 11.6-inch (29.46-cm) version and a 13.3-inch (33.78-cm) model. Analyst Shawn Wu says the company "priced it really aggressively," referring to the computer's base price of US$999. Jobs said that his company sold 13.7 million Macs last year, totaling US$22 billion. In the last financial quarter, Mac sales increased 22 percent, comprising 24 percent of total revenue for Apple. However, the original MacBook Air did not fare so well. Sales and hype over the first Air decreased soon after its introduction, and the line was overshadowed by the release of Apple's 13-inch (33.02-cm) MacBook Pro. The MacBook Air had not been significantly updated since 2008. Jefferson Graham. "New Apple MacBook Air costs less, plus App Store is coming" — USA Today, October 20, 2010 Adam Satariano and Peter Burrows. "Apple Unveils New MacBook Air, Lion Operating System" — Bloomberg, October 20, 2010 Ina Fried. "Apple unveils new MacBook Airs, previews Lion" — CNET News, October 20, 2010 Antone Gonsalves. "Apple's 'Back To The Mac' Announcement Speculation Rife" — InformationWeek, October 13, 2010
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Friday, February 11, 2005 NEPAL — Nepalese opposition groups have taken to the streets of capital Kathmandu to protest against King Gyanendra's takeover of the government. The first major protests started Thursday on the streets of Kathmandu, where protesters unfurled banners and shouted slogans. They were quickly arrested by police, who had caught wind of the plans and mobilized their forces on the streets. At least ten arrests took place, sources say. These protests were organized by the Human Rights and Peace Society (HURPES) and were announced earlier this week. The protesters are angry over King Gyanendra's decision to take over the government, censor the media, cut communications, ban dissent, arrest opposition leaders and place military on the streets. Earlier in the week, Krishna Pahadi, the founder of HURPES, called for the protests. "We would like to fill the jails of Nepal for the sake of democracy, human rights and the peace," he said. "Arrests in anti-monarchy rally" — News.com.au / Agence France-Presse, February 10, 2005 Patricia Nunan. "Nepalese Police Arrest Anti-Government Demonstrators" — Voice of America, February 10, 2005 Patricia Nunan. "Nepalese Groups Plan First Takeover Protest" — Voice of America, February 7, 2005
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Every year, a group of instructors gathers to incorporate errata, changes, and revisions to each and every Flight Training Instruction (FTI). This process typically involves many hours of painful meetings where every change—from major procedural modification to typographical correction—undergoes intense scrutiny. Without fail, as soon as the updated version arrives from the printer, people begin to notice mistakes. Why does this occur? Despite the best intentions and vast collective experience of those charged with revising the FTI, they are but a small subset of its users, and can't possibly keep track of and correct every error to everyone's satisfaction. Even if every instructor or student who thought of a correction or suggestion while reading the FTI sent that input in to the committee, there would still be items overlooked or, at the very best, phrased ineffectually. By locating this document in a venue where anyone has the power to edit, revise, clarify, and make corrections to it, we hope to capitalize on the collective knowledge and intelligence not only of every instructor involved in the program, but also that of the students, as well as military aviators serving in other training and operational commands, and even civilians who may bring fresh insight to what has been, until now, a largely closed instructional guide. First and foremost, it should be emphasized that this version of the Flight Planning FTI is not the official source for anything! Since it may be modified, in any way, by any person, and at any time, it should always be regarded as gouge. It is, of course, the goal of this project to facilitate a continuously evolving improvement to every printed version, and in that sense, it should usually be a better reference. However, in any conflict between this Wikibook and the printed verson, the published FTI and its official errata shall be considered authoritative. In addition, it's important for those not directly associated with this training curriculum to remember that this document is not necessarily, nor is it intended to be, applicable to flight operations in general. In particular, although military aviation is subject to many of the same regulations as civil aviation, there are also many instances where service or local directives take precedence and may diverge from FAR Part 91. Similarly, while we also train U.S. Air Force Student Navigators, as well as officers from several allied nations, all of the flight operations conducted in this program fall under U.S. Navy flight regulations. 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The difference is, you don't have to sit through hours of painful meetings or have a grand plan for overhauling the course. That's the advantage of the Wiki philosophy. It doesn't matter if you're a student in the Flight Planning class right now—you can still provide valuable input. We're eager to have your assistance, but before you get started, please browse through the help pages to get a feel for what a Wikibook is all about and how to contribute. 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Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Wednesday, November 15, 2017 A train derailed on Sunday and fell into a ravine where it caught fire, according to Radio Okapi, in Buyofwe, Lualaba Province, southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. By varying reports 33 or more people were killed. The train, with cargo including tanks of flammable fuel, was traveling from the country's second-largest city of Lubumbashi to the town of Luena. After the thirteen-carriage train derailed and fell into the ravine, Associated Press reported, eleven carriages caught fire. Early on, the Minister of Mines, Jean-Marie Tshizainga, confirmed eight deaths in the crash, according to Radio Okapi. By one report, the dead and injured, who suffered severe burns, were stowaways. The chief medical officer of Lubudi Territory told Radio Okapi about 30 injured people had been taken to hospital, while others were waiting to be transported. The provincial governor, Richard Muyej Mangez, said the number of dead likely would rise. Ismail Akwei. "At least 33 killed in the Democratic Republic of Congo freight train crash" — Africanews, November 13, 2017 AP. "Train crash in Democratic Republic of Congo kills at least 34" — Irish Independent, November 12, 2017 "Train crash 'kills 33' in Democratic Republic of Congo" — BBC News online, November 12, 2017
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Gambling, the risking of something of financial value on uncertain outcomes, is a common activity in most cultures, and widely accepted in one form or another by these cultures. Gambling has recently been recognised as having the potential to lead to significant personal and societal harm. There are a range of behaviours associated with gambling however, and not all of these are harmful. The motivation to gamble is not so easily identified. There are both intrinsically driven gamblers who cite a desire to have fun, be sociable or to exercise some sense of control and extrinsically motivated gamblers whose prime motivation is based on the act of gambling itself and the potential rewards. These externally motivated gamblers suffer from the traps of gambling, the intermittent positive reinforcement which creates a false motivation. This chapter will identify a different type of gambling motivation, emotional motivators. It has been well documented that emotions can act as a motivator, however the desire to suppress negative emotion is common in gamblers. A series of focus questions will guide specific literature reviews to address key concerns such as which factors motivate people to gamble, whether intrinsic or extrinsic motivators are more important as motivators and what the role of reinforcement is in motivating people to gamble. Additional information relevant to electronic gambling and Australian gambling reform is also provided. Gambling involves behaviours which wager something of value on the outcomes of events (Reber & Reber, 2001; Lam, 2007). This definition has traditionally taken into account daily decisions which can influence human outcomes and in this sense is considered an almost essential or unavoidable human behaviour. For example, gambling according to this broad definition could include any daily decision which could result in a reward or a loss, not necessarily financial. Such a definition is largely philosophical and is too broad to be used in a psychological sense. This chapter will focus on gambling behaviour as wagering of something of monetary value on the outcome of an event in an organised setting (e.g. Casino, Club, Pub, TAB). This chapter will focus on gambling behaviour in an Australian setting where there are a wide variety of gambling services, legal frameworks are relatively relaxed, gambling is a socially acceptable activity, and the range of opportunities to gamble is large. Motivation is a combination of internal and external factors which initiate, direct and give strength to behaviour (Clarke, 2004). Intrinsic (internal) motivation is based on needs, cognitions and emotions (Reeve, 2009; Chantral, Vallerand and Vallieres, 1995); whereas extrinsic (external) motivation generally stems from the environment, and social and cultural factors (Reeve, 2009 p. 10). The impact of motivation on behaviour highlights the importance of understanding several factors including what motivates certain behaviours, from where the motivations come, and how they can be manipulated. Motivators are factors which influence us to gamble, distinguish which types of gambling individuals choose to engage in and determine the amount they will play and bet. Defining emotion is quite a difficult task. There are a large number of deviations, imaginings and framings of this limited area and the result is a difficulty in finding an overarching statement (Kleinginna & Kleinginna, 1981). The review by Kleinginna and Kleinginna involved an attempt to come to a consensus. The authors reviewed 101 statements which could be understood as definitions of emotion. One of the major problems the article identifies is the inability of psychologists to agree on what constitutes emotional phenomena. The review resulted in 11 categories of motivational definition, one of which interestingly, highlights the importance of emotions as motivators. Of these definitions, 38 out of the 101 focused on, or mentioned, the motivational properties of emotions. The research culminates in a working definition of emotion as a complex series of interrelationships among subjective and objective factors, which can (1) result in affective experiences such as arousal, pleasure and displeasure; (2) lead to cognitive processes such as perception, appraisal and labelling of emotional events, (3) result in physiological reactions to the arousing conditions and (4) create behavioural reactions that can be expressive, goal directed and adaptive (Kleinginna and Kleinginna, 1981). This definition is valuable because of the holistic nature of its development and because it is representative of a large collection of research. It has some interesting implications for studies linking motivation and emotion, or claiming that emotions can be motivators, as this chapter does. The fourth section of the definition, relating to behavioural reactions is reflective of an understanding that emotional change can be the desired outcome of behaviour. Gambling can lead to positive emotion or can reduce negative emotions. This section overviews and discusses intrinsic and extrinsic motivations which influence gamblers. Intrinsic factors are not conventionally thought of as motivators for risk taking or gambling behaviours, however on a list of the most important motivators to gamble, participants identified several intrinsic factors includomg sensation seeking, social recognition, personal accomplishment and learning something new (Clarke, Tse, Abbot, Townsend, Kingi & Manaia, 2007). These motivators identify Self Determination Theory as useful in explaining how gambling is intrinsically motivated (Chantral et al., 1995) . Self determination theory states that individuals need to be self motivated when interacting with the environment. This theoretical approach to gambling is expressed in a three way model of intrinsic motivation. The first factor represents those who are motivated by experience. These gamblers play for fun and excitement. The second factor, motivation to know, is exemplified by gamblers who desire to learn, explore and understand new things. Finally, the third factor involves the motivation to accomplish. Gambling to surpass previous best results illustrates this type of motivation. Other intrinsic motivators include a distorted sense of control over the outcomes of uncertain events (Goodie, 2005; Lam, 2007). Based on cognitive theory and research, a study by Goodie (2005) used the South Oaks Gambling Screen and targeted tasks to assess frequent gamblers' sense of control and confidence. The results indicated that problem gamblers exhibit significantly greater confidence and a greater sense of control over the outcomes of gambling activities. This leads to a reduced perception of risk and a distorted perception of the likelihood of winning (Goodie, 2005; Joukhader, Blaszczynski & Maccallum, 2004; May, Whelan, Meyers & Steenbergh, 2005). Cognitive research studies appear to back up this link between gambling behaviour and sense of control and overconfidence (Lam, 2007). Lam reports that gamblers display a faulty sense of control over the outcomes of their gambling investments and feel as though the likelihood of winning is significantly greater than the reality of the situation. Several other reports indicate that escape is a factor which motivates some people to gamble (Lee, Lee, Bernhard, & Yoon, 2006; Parke, Griffiths & Irwing, 2004; Wood & Griffiths, 2007). A study by Lee et al. (2006) found four factors in Korean gamblers, one of which was escape. The desire to escape from daily life, routines and life in general, suggests emotional dissatisfaction or need for emotional release. If an individual has gambled before and experienced the emotional escape they desire, they will learn a response based on negative reinforcement and this will lead to further motivation to gamble. Rockloff, Greer, Fay and Evans (2010) support this correlation in a study involving electronic gambling. They found that negative self reflection prompted increased gambling behaviour because of the increased desire for escape. It seems that some people use gambling as a means to escape negative emotion from work, interpersonal relationships, and emotion associated with drug abuse and mental illness (Rockloff et al.). Extrinsic motivators are more traditionally associated with gambling because of the possibility for financial reward, and winning is still nominated as the primary motivation for people to gamble (Clarke, Tse, Abbot, Townsend, Kingi & Manaia, 2007). The irony of this desire for financial success is that gambling is a poor financial move and few gamblers are financially successful (Chantral et al., 1995). Lam (2007) summarises the monetary motivation to gamble, stating that it reflects the desire to ‘get rich quick’ and ‘get something for nothing’. The potential for monetary rewards appears to be the most highly reported motivation to gamble (Lam, 2007). A five factor model (socialisation, amusement, excitement, avoidance and financial motives) for gambling motivation offers a holistic understanding of what motivates pathological gamblers (Lee, Chae, Lee & Kim, 2007). These motives were all identified by other studies. The model combines intrinsic and extrinsic factors and serves as a summary of the major factors which motivate individuals to gamble. Research suggests a mixing of both intrinsic and extrinsic forces combine to create the motivation to gamble (Clark et al., 2007; Thomas, Allen & Phillips, 2009). Extrinsic motivators are reported to be more important to problem gamblers, that is, winning money (Thomas, Allen & Philips, 2009). Whereas the intrinsic motivators, socialising and having fun, are theorised to be the major motivators for non-problem gamblers (Thomas et al.). A review of literature reveals many more intrinsic motivators than extrinsic, including social interaction, fun and excitement and a desire for personal accomplishment and achievement of a new skill (Clarke et al., 2007). Despite these research reports finding more intrinsic motivators, they do not indicate a greater influence for these factors. Despite the assertion by many research participants that intrinsic factors are important motivators for them to gamble, early research into these areas challenges this. Deci (1972) suggests that once an individual is extrinsically motivated for something they find intrinsically motivating, the extrinsic motivator can become more important. Specifically, Deci states that money, which will be received at some stage during gambling, decreases intrinsic motivation. This claim could mean that despite being intrinsically driven to begin, extrinsic factors could be more important in motivating gambling behaviour. Emotion can be a strong motivator for behaviour (Hills et al., 2001). The desire to achieve a positive emotional state, or to escape from negative emotions are both documented motivators for gambling. Lazarus (1991) reinforces this idea, stating that without some form of motivational context, emotions make little sense. Emotions also act as the reward some people find in gambling. Hills et al. (2001) support the idea that emotions can motivate gambling. They propose depressive and excited emotional states as the reinforcers which maintain gambling behaviour. To explain further, some individuals gamble because they find positive emotional outcomes like happiness from gambling. Other individuals gamble because the dissociative state they experience offers an escape from negative emotions like sadness. Escape is the most common emotional motivator reported in research articles (Griffiths, 1995; Neighbours, Lostutter, Cronce & Larimer, 2002). Mood, a prevailing emotional state, is closely linked to gambling behaviour (Gee, Coventry & Birkenhead, 2005). Individuals with a depressive mood are more likely to pursue individual, escapist types of gambling like poker machines or online gambling. These cases of depressive individuals have raised questions about a possible link between depressive illnesses and increased gambling behaviour (Gee, Coventry & Birkenhead, 2005; Hills et al., 2001) and evidence suggests that a relationship does exist. Conversely, some research has argued that rather than depressed individuals engaging in gambling to reduce their negative emotions, the gambling itself is causing the negative emotions, an interesting point which warrants further study (Hills et al, 2001). Reinforcement appears to be the key to gambling behaviour. People are motivated to gamble for different reasons, such as a desire for excitement, socialisation, escape from negative emotion and for financial reasons (Clarke et al, 2007; Lee et al, 2006; Lam, 2007). Gambling, because of the range of possible situations and types of gambling, has the unique ability of being able to satisfy all of these desires and reinforcing all of these motivations. Reinforcement can solidify gambling motivations, especially in the form of financial reward. A study of gamblers in Thailand found that the near miss is a different type of failure, close to a significant win or loss but perceived differently because of very close proximity. It is noted that near wins motivate people to play for longer, but near losses motivate them to bet more on subsequent occasions (Ariyabuddhiphongs & Phengphol, 2008). This is a type of reinforcement common in many forms of gambling, particularly near wins, where nearly all the necessary symbols, numbers or cards will result, but no reward will occur. This persuades the gambler that they can still win, and is often followed by a feeling of ‘next time’ or ‘one more’, basically that the more times they lose the greater become the chances of winning (Ariyabuddhiphongs & Phengphol). Delfabbro and Winefield (1999), in a study on poker machine gambling, mention that reinforcement can become dependent on external influences. They claim that when this happens, gamblers may find it difficult to stop. This is indicative of the reinforcing power of gambling, and electronic forms of gambling in particular. Risk, specifically the desire to take risks or experience feelings of uncertainty, was identified as one of 16 categories which motivated American college students to gamble (Neighbors et al., 2002). This desire to take risks is indicative of an ingrained human tendency to seek excitement. Gambling involves constant risk (Peck, 1986). Financial risk is inherent in gambling because of the necessity to speculate money on unknown outcomes. Cotte (1997) contends that gambling is symbolic of risk taking behaviour, giving similar sensations to significant risk taking behaviours that individuals crave. As such, gambling is an outlet for a desire to take risk. The difference with gambling is the nature of the risk, there is no potential harm other than financial loss. Risk taking behaviours are commonly associated with young males. This association is warranted, as research does link young males with many risky behaviours (e.g. sexually risky behaviour, alcohol abuse; Martins et al., 2004). However, this same article did not find any conclusive evidence of a gender relationship to gambling behaviour. This result is not concurrent with many other studies. A meta analysis of 150 other studies found that there is a general tendency for males to take more risks and be involved in a broader range of risky behaviours (Byrnes, Miller & Schafer, 1999). There are several freely available Sensation Seeking/Risk Taking Scales available online. The following links represent two of the available tests - RTA Sensation Seeking Scale, BBC Sensation Seeking Scale. This section highlights specific motivational factors relating to electronic gambling. Electronic Gaming Machines (EGM’s) are commonly known as Poker Machines but also include other gambling machines such as "Rapid Roulette" (an electronic version of the table game), and online gambling, which commonly takes the form of card or table games in electronic form. Poker Machines in particular are very common in Australia, with the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics stating that there are close to 200,000 poker machines in use (ABS, 2005). As a consequence, accessibility to this form of gambling is high. Electronic Gambling Machines (EGMs) are known to be one of the riskiest types of gambling (Thomas et al., 2009). That is, electronic gambling is considered one of the most likely to cause gambling losses and gambling addiction, and associated personal and social problems (Trevorrow & Moore, 1998). A 2009 study by Thomas et al. (2009) used factor analysis to extract motivational factors from data collected from gamblers. They found three factors: escape, accessibility and social environment. These three factors highlight why gambling on these machines is so dangerous. They are used as an escape from negative states, and to interact socially, and are highly available. Thomas et al. (2009) make the point that different motivations can lead to different types of gambling. They cite other researchers to reinforce their claim that a gambling activity can offer cognitive distraction from negative emotional affect. Also, conversely they claim that poker machine environments can also be conducive to social interaction, another major motivator highlighted above. This study led to the development of a pool of motivators specific to electronic gaming on poker machines. The pool of items includes cognitive distraction from emotions and problems, an undisturbed retreat, adult company, constant activity, high accessibility and an attractive and welcoming environment. There is a suggestion within some research literature that EGM's are able to satisfy motivational needs and reinforce gambling behaviours through powerful intermittent reinforcement (Delfabbro & Winefield, 1999). The intermittent reinforcement indulges those individuals motivated by sensation seeking and monetary reward, and in particular, clouds the perception of those gamblers who have a distorted sense of control, creating significant repeat gambling behaviour from most of these individuals (Delfabbro & Winefield). Rockloff (2010) also claims that those interested in social interaction will suffer gambling increases, often as a consequence of the number of people present in the gambling venue and as a result of venue size. There are various support networks available for people suffering from gambling impulse control who wish to reduce the amount they gamble or who have a family member with a gambling related problem. The list below will present a few of the available support networks and helplines. Gamblers Anonymous - Well known support network for problem gamblers. (02) 9628 5065. Gamblers Anonymous provide a series of twenty questions to help gamblers distinguish whether or not they have a problem. Lifeline - 24/7 Phone Counsellors 13 11 14 Gambler's Help Line - 24/7 advice, information, referral and counselling. 1800 858 858 G-Line - 24/7 Telephone network. 1800 633 635 This chapter discussed the general motivators to gamble, with specific mention of emotional motivators and electronic gambling. General motivators were considered to be either intrinsic or extrinsic. The most commonly reported intrinsic motivators were sensation seeking, social interaction, and personal accomplishment. These intrinsic factors appear to be reported more by non-problem gamblers. Other interesting intrinsic motivators include an inflated sense of control over outcomes and a distorted perception of the likelihood of positive results. These secondary intrinsic factors are reported more frequently by frequent gamblers, and those with gambling disorders. Reported extrinsic factors mostly focused on monetary rewards from gambling. In studies which focused on a range of motivators, the possibility of winning money was reported most often. Reinforcement from external sources is shown to have the potential to also motivate gambling behaviour. Electronic Gaming Machine's (EGM's) are reported by many sources to directly impact motivation by offering intermittent positive reinforcement with small amounts of financial reward. Emotions can be a major factor in gambling motivation. Some gamblers pursue the positive emotional outcomes that come about as a result of winning or satisfying another motivation. A significant proportion of gamblers reported that one of their motivators was to escape negative emotions. This escape is provided by a dissociative state, often associated with some forms of electronic gaming. Gambling has the unique quality of being able to satisfy many individual desires and therefore reinforcement is key to the maintenance of gambling behaviour. In basic terms, gambling is able to give individuals what they want from it and gambling reinforces the behaviour intermittently. The type of reinforcement is dependent on the type of gambling (e.g. an individual wanting fun and excitement is likely to play a casino table game with lots of others, whereas someone craving escape is more likely to play a poker machine alone). Electronic Gambling offers small monetary rewards at consistent points, which constitutes intermittent reinforcement. This is one of the major reasons why poker machines are considered one of the most likely types of gambling to lead to addiction. This section will offer a series of questions to aid in learning the content and offer directions for future study and investigation. 1 What is more important in motivating gambling, intrinsic or extrinsic motivators? 2 Approximately how many Australian's have engaged in gambling behaviour? 3 Gambling is always positive 4 In what two ways can emotion motivate gambling behaviour? (2 Answers) 5 What is the model of gambling motivation specifically mentioned in the text above? 6 Which type of gambling is noted as being the most likely to cause addictive behaviour? These links redirect to sites within the Motivation and Emotion textbook or within Wikipedia which are relevant to the content on this page. Motivational toxicity (Textbook chapter) Risk-taking (Textbook chapter) Gambling (Wikipedia) Motivation (Wikipedia) Emotion (Wikipedia) Amies, M. (1999). Gambling: Is it a health hazard? Department of Health and Aged Care Occasional Papers: New Series No.2. Canberra, ACT: Department of Aged Care Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2005). Gambling Services: Australia. (Report No. 8684.0). Retrieved from abs.gov.au Byrnes, P., Miller, D., & Schafer, W. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. Chantral, Y., Vallerand, R., & Vallieres, E. (1995). Motivation and gambling involvement. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(6), 755-763. Clarke, D. (2004). Impulsiveness, locus of control, motivation and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(4), 319-345. Clarke, D., Tse, S., Abbott, M., Townsend, S., Kingi, P., & Manaia, W. (2007). Reasons for starting and continuing gambling in a mixed ethnic community sample of pathological and non problem-gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 7(3), 299-313. Cotte, J.(1997). Chances,trances and lots of slots: Gambling motives and consumption experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 380-406. Deci, E. (1972). Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement and inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22(1), 113-120. Delfabbro, P., & Winefield, A. (1999). Poker-machine gambling: An analysis of within session characteristics. British Journal of Psychology, 90, 42-439. Gee, P., Coventry, K., & Birkenhead, D. (2005). Mood state and gambling: Using mobile phones to track emotions. British Journal Of Psychology, 96, 53-66. Goodie, A. (2005). The role of perceived control and overconfidence in pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(4), 481-502. Griffiths, M. (1995). The role of subjective mood states in the maintenance of fruit machine gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 11(2), 123-135. Griffiths, M., & Delfabbro, P. (2002). The Biopsychosocial approach to gambling: Contextual factors in research and clinical interventions. The Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues, 5, feature. Retrieved from camh.net Hills, A., Hill, S., Mamone, N., & Dickerson, M. (2001). Induced mood and persistence at gaming. Addiction, 96, 1629-1638. Hing, N., & Haw, J. (2009). The development of a multi-dimensional gambling accessibility scale. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 569-581. Joukhader,J., Blaszczynski, A., & Maccallum, F. (2004). Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: Preliminary data. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(2), 171-180. Kelly, J. (2010, August). Pokies reform a big issue for key independent Andrew Wilkie. Retrieved from theaustralian.com.au Kleinginna, P., & Kleinginna, A.(1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion, 5(4), 345-379. Lam, D. (2007). An exploratory study of gambling motivations and their impact on the purchase frequencies of various gambling products. Psychology and Marketing, 24(9), 815-827. Lazarus, R. (1991).Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologisist, 46(4), 352-367. Lee, C., Lee, Y., Bernhard, B., & Yoon, Y. (2006). Segmenting casino gamblers by motivation: A cluster analysis of Korean Gamblers, 27,856-866. Lee, H., Chae, P., Lee, H., & Kim, Y. (2007). The five-factor gambling motviation model. Psychiatry Research, 150, 21-32. Martins, S., Tavares, H., da Silva Lobo, D., Galetti, A.,& Gentil, V. (2004). Pathological gambling, gender and risk-taking behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 29(6), 1231-1235. May, R., Whelan, J., Meyers, A., & Steenbergh, T. (2005). Gambling-related irrational beliefs in the maintenance and modification of gambling behaviour. International Gambling Studies, 5(2), 155-167. Neighbours, C., Lostutter, Y., Cronce, J., & Larimer, M.(2002). Exploring college student gambling motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 361-370. Parke, A., Griffiths, M., & Irwing, P. (2004). Personality traits in pathological gambling: Sensation seeking, deferment of gratification and competitiveness as risk factors. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(3), 201-212. Peck, C. (1986). A public mental health issue: Risk-taking behavior and compulsive gambling. American Psychologist, 41(4), 461-465. Reber, A., & Reber, E. (Eds.). (2001). The Penguin dictionary of psychology (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Group. Reeve, J. (2009). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Rockloff, M., Greer, N., Fay, C., & Evans, L.(2010). Gambling on electronic gaming machines is an escape from negative self reflection. Journal of Gambling Studies. DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9176-2. Retrieved from springerlink.com Rockloff, M. (2010). The impact of an audience and venue size on poker machine gambling. Melbourne, VIC: Office of Gaming and Racing, Victorian Government Department of Justice. Thomas, A., Allen, F., & Phillips, J. (2009). Electronic gaming machine gambling: Measuring Motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25, 343-355. Trevorrow, K., & Moore, S. (1998). The association between loneliness, social isolation and women's electronic gaming machine gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(3), 263-284. Wood, R., & Griffiths, M. (2007). A qualitative investigation of problem gambling as an escape-based coping strategy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80, 107-125. Shufflemaster.com Gansw.org.au
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The Witch is a 2015 film about a family in 1630s New England that is torn apart by the forces of witchcraft, black magic and possession. Directed and written by Robert Eggers. Evil takes many forms (taglines) We will conquer this wilderness. It will not consume us. [to Jonas and Mercy] Did ye make some unholy bond with that goat? [his last words] Corruption, thou art my father! Jonas, Mercy: [singing] Black Phillip, Black Phillip, a crown grows out his head. Black Phillip, Black Phillip, to nanny queen is wed. Jump to the fence post. Running in the stall. Black Phillip, Black Phillip, king of all. William: [before the court] What went we out into this wilderness to find? Leaving our country, kindred, our fathers' houses? We have travailed a vast ocean. For what? For what? Governor: We must ask thee to be silent! William: Was it not for the pure and faithful dispensation of the Gospels, and the Kingdom of God? Old Slater: No more! We are your judges, and not you ours! William: I cannot be judged by false Christians, for I have done nothing, save preach Christ's true Gospel. Governor: Must you continue to dishonor the laws of the commonwealth and the church with your prideful conceit? William: If my conscience sees it fit. Governor: Then shall you be banished out of this plantations liberties! William: I would be glad of it. Governor: Then take your leave, and trouble us no further. William: How sadly hath The Lord testified against you. [turning to leave] Katherine... [William's family follow him out, though Thomasin stays a moment] Caleb: Thomasin! Come. William: Art thou then born a sinner? Caleb: Aye. I was conceived in sin, and born in iniquity. William: And, what is thy birth sin? Caleb: Adam's sin imputed to me, and a corrupt nature dwelling within me. William: Well-remembered Caleb. Very well. And canst thou tell me what thy corrupt nature is? Caleb: My corrupt nature is empty of grace, bent unto sin, only unto sin, and that continually. Caleb: Was Samuel born a sinner? How might then... William: We pray he hath entered God's Kingdom. Caleb: What wickedness hath he done? William: Place faith in God, Caleb. We'll speak no more on thy brother. Caleb: Why? He hath disappeared not one week past, yet you and Mother utter not his name. William: He is gone, Caleb. Caleb: Tell me. William: Tell thee what? Caleb: Is he in hell? William: Caleb! Caleb: Mother will not stop her prayer...And if he died? If I died this day? William: What is this? Caleb: I hold evil in my heart. My sins are not pardoned. William: Thou art youngly yet. Caleb: An if God will not hear my prayers? William: Caleb... Caleb: Tell me! William: Look you, I love thee marvelous well, but 'tis God alone, not man, what knows who is a son of Abraham and who is not. Who is good and who is evil. Fain would I tell thee Sam sleeps in Jesus, that thou wilt, that I will, but I cannot tell thee that. None can. Thomasin: Why is it when thou dost a wrong, I be a-washing Fathers clothes like a slave, and thou art playing idle? Mercy: Because Mother hates you! Thomasin: Spoilt child. Mercy: I'll tell Mother you have left the farm alone. Black Phillip saith I can do what I like. Thomasin: Devil take your Black Phillip. Mercy: It's your fault I cannot leave the yard. I could go to the brook before you let The Witch take Sam. Thomasin: Quiet thee. Caleb: It was a wolf stole Sam. Mercy: A witch. I've seen her in her riding cloak about the Wood! caleb: Father showed me the tracks. Mercy: It was a witch! Thomasin: It was a witch, Mercy. You speak aright. Caleb: Thomasin! Thomasin: It was I! Mercy: Liar. Thomasin: [walking gradually toward her sister] Twas I what stole him. I be the Witch of the Wood. Mercy: Liar! Liar! Thomasin: I am. Caleb: List' not to her, Mercy. Thomasin: I am that very witch. When I sleep my spirit slips away from my body and dances naked with The Devil. That's how I signed his book. Mercy: No! Thomasin: He bade me bring him an unbaptized babe, so I stole Sam, and I gave him to my master. And I'll make any man or thing else vanish I like. Mercy: No. Thomasin: Aye. And Ill vanish thee too if thou displeaseth me. Mercy: Be quiet. Cableb: Mercy, she's but telling fantasies. Thomasin: Perchance I'll boil and bake thee since we are lack of food. Mercy: Stop! Caleb: Stop Thomasin. Mercy: Its not true! Thomasin: It is, thou thing! How I crave to sink my teeth into thy pink flesh. If ever thou tellst thy mother of this, I will witch thee and thy mother! Caleb: And Jonas too! Mercy: Caleb! Thomasin: Stop thy tears and swear thy silence. Mercy: I swear it. Thomasin: You will not tell Mother nor Father! Mercy: I swear! Caleb: Thomasin, let her alone! Mercy: [running away] Get away from her Caleb or she'll witch thee! Caleb: Why tell Mercy those horrible fancies? William: You must sleep tonight, Kate. Katherine: Thou dost remember I love thee? William: I do. List me Kate. I fear thou lookst too much upon this affliction. We must bend our thoughts towards God, not ourselves. He hath never taken a child from us. Never a one, Kate. Who might earn such grace? We have been ungrateful of God's love. Katherine: He hath cursed this family. William: No. He hath taken us into a very low condition to humble us and to show us more of his grace. Was not Christ was led into the wilderness to be ill met by the devil? Katherine: We should ne'er left the plantation. William: Kate... Katherine: We should never have left. William: That damned church! There is naught hither. William: I took thy fathers cup. I sold it. Forgive me Kate. Forgive me Thomasin. Katherine: What is this? William: Katherine, I must make a confession... I, yestermorn, took Caleb to the Wood. 'Twas for food, and the pelts for money. Good money. Katherine: I knew you were false! I knew it! William: I meant it as a surprise, 'twas why I kept secret. I will trap that wolf, Kate. Katherine: You stood by whilst our son lied to me! William: 'Twas for thy sake. I love thee Kate. Katherine: You took him to the Wood! William: I will find him. Katherine: You have broken God's covenant. You are a liar. And you have lost another child. William: I will go now! Katherine: You cannot escape the Wood! William: I will find him! Katherine: And kill thyself too? Will Jonas be the man of the house? Will you damn all your family to death? William: Katherine. Katherine: Let go of me. William: What dost thou want, Katherine? Tell me and I will give it thee! Katherine: I want to be home. William: Thou shall be home by candle-time tomorrow. Katherine: In England. Will... I also have a confession to make. I never meant to be a shrew to thee. I have become as Job's wife, I know it, but since Sam, since... My heart has turned to stone. I had dreamed once, 'twas when I was of Thomasin's years, that I was with Christ upon earth. I was so very near him, and in many tears for the assurance of the pardon of my sins, and I was so ravished with his love towards me, I thought it far exceeding the affection of the kindest husband. And since Samuel disappeared, I have such a sad weakness of faith, I cannot shake it. I cannot see Christ's help as near. I pray and I pray but I cannot. I fear I cannot ever feel that same measure of love again. William: Thou shalt have of it in heaven. I'll be in field. If you can spare a while, do. We'll leave at dawn. I promise thee that. Mercy: Don't let her near me! She'll place a curse on me! Thomasin: They conspire against me! Mercy: Thomasin is a witch! William: Nay. I'll not hear it. I'll have proof of it, or heaven help thee. On thy knees! Look me in the eye, daughter. Dost thou love the word of God? Thomasin: Yes. William: Love you The Bible? Love you Prayer? Thomasin: Yes! Yes! William: We are children of sin all, yet I tell thee, I have raised up no witch in this house. Let us pray, then we need fear nothing. We shall never lie open to the wicked one. Pray for thy brother. Mercy: You must believe us. Thomasin: Evil wretches! William: Thomasin! Thomasin! Pray! Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name... Jonas, pray! Jonas: I... I cannot remember my prayer. William: What? Mercy: Nor I. I cannot. William: What nonsense is this? Speak, children: Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name... Pray. Pray, you beasts. Katherine: Get on thy knees and pray! William: Damnation! Thomasin! Stop! I cannot hear this. This is not so! Caleb: [raving] A toad. A cat. A crow. A raven. A great black dog. A wolf. She desires of my blood. She desires of my blood. She sends 'em upon me. She desires of my blood. They feed upon her teats. She desires of my blood. She desires of my blood. Her nether parts! She sends 'em upon me. She desires of my blood. My Lord, My Jesus! Save me! She desires of my blood. Think on Christ! She sends her Devils...I am thine enemy. She desires of my blood, wallowing in the blood and filth of my sins...Cast the light of thy Countenance upon me. Spread over me the lap of thy love. Wash me in the ever-flowing fountains of thy blood. Wholly thine I am, my sweet Lord Jesus. My Lord, my love! Kiss me with the kisses of thy mouth. How lovely art thou! Thy embrace! My Lord! My Lord! My Love! My soul's salvation, take me to thy lap! [he dies] William: You must tell me, Thomasin. Tomorrow, I cannot keep secret of this. A council will be called and thy life is...Thy life... Thomasin: You will not believe me? William: I saw the Serpent in my son. You stopped their prayer... Thomasin: They lie. William: I saw it. Caleb disappeared with thee! Thomasin: I love Caleb! William: And who then found him, pale as death, naked as sin and witched? Thomasin, listen to me. The bargain thou hast made is of no effect. Thomasin: I made no bargain. William: Thy soul belongeth to Christ. Thomasin: I made no bargain. William: The Devil hath no interest in thee! Thomasin: I am no witch, father! William: What did I but see in my house? Thomasin: Will you not hear me? William: I prithee, confess...Why have you turned against me? Christ can unwitch us if you will but speak the truth to me. As I love thee, speak truth! Thomasin: You ask me to speak truth? William: I beg thee! Thomasin: You and Mother are planned to rid the farm of me. Aye. I heard you speak of it. Is that truth? You took of Mothers cup and let her rail at me. You confessed not till it was too late. Is that truth? William: Peace thee. Thomasin: I will not. William: I am thy father! Thomasin: You are a hypocrite! William: Hold thy tongue, daughter mine! Thomasin: You took Caleb to the Wood and let me take the blame of that too. Is that truth? You let Mother be as thy master! You cannot bring the crops to yield! You cannot hunt! Is that truth enough?! William: Enough! Thomasin: Thou canst do nothing save cut wood! William: Bitch! Thomasin: And you will not hear me! William: Must I hear the Devil wag his tongue in thy mouth?! Thomasin: Ask the twins then. Go and ask them. They spend all day long babbling to that horned beast. They know well his voice. Go to! The Adversary oft comes in the shape of a he-goat. And whispers. Aye, whispers. He is Lucifer, you know it. The twins know it. William: Slander thy brethren no more. Thomasin: It is they! William: From my sight. Thomasin: 'Twas they and that goat what bewitched this whole farm. William: Lies! Thomasin: Wast a wolf stole Sam? I never saw no wolf. Mercy told me herself by the stream I be the Witch of the Wood! Thomasin: Black Phillip, I conjure thee to speak to me. Speak as thou dost speak to Jonas and Mercy. Dost thou understand my English tongue? Answer me. [Beat. Thomasin turns to leave] Black Phillip: What... [Thomasin stops] dost thou want? Thomasin: What canst thou give? Black Phillip: Wouldst thou like the taste of butter? A pretty dress? Wouldst thou like to live deliciously? Thomasin: Yes. Black Phillip: Wouldst thou like to see the world? Thomasin: What will you from me? Black Phillip: Dost thou see a book before thee? [Thomasin looks at the book as Black Phillip circles her in human form] Remove thy shift. [Thomasin does so. Black Phillip places a hand on her shoulder] Thomasin: I cannot write my name. Black Phillip: I will guide thy hand. Evil takes many forms A New-England Folktale Building his film on the diabolical aftershocks of Puritan repression, Eggers raises The Witch far above the horror herd. He doesn't need cheap tricks. Eggers merely directs us to look inside. Peter Travers, Travers, Peter (February 18, 2016). 'The Witch' Movie Review. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on April 26, 2016.. Anya Taylor-Joy - Thomasin Ralph Ineson - William Kate Dickie - Katherine Harvey Scrimshaw - Caleb Ellie Grainger - Mercy Lucas Dawson - Jonas Julian Richings - The Governor Bathsheba Garnett - Witch Sarah Stephens - Young Witch Wahab Chaudhry - Black Phillip Axtun Henry Dube and Athan Conrad Dube - Samuel Wikipedia has an article about: The Witch (2015 film) The Witch quotes at the Internet Movie Database The Witch at Rotten Tomatoes The Witch at Metacritic Official website
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The game of football (also known as soccer in some parts of the world) was invented in the late 19th century in the United Kingdom. Ever since, it has spread around the world and is now officialy the most popular sport in the world, and has evolved into a major part of daily life. Football is a very simple sport. However, to become proficient at football, fitness and practice are necessary. Goalkeeper The goalkeeper stands in the goal, and is allowed to use his hands to catch the ball but only within the goalkeeper's box. The ball is shot at the goal by the other team's forward when they get the chance. If it goes past him and enters the goal, a goal is conceded. Goalkeepers can dive for the ball, grab it, or kick it. Defenders Defenders are often placed near the goal, as they are on the pitch, they can move around anyway, but should stop the other teams forwards from approaching the goal by tackling them. They can then run for the goal with the ball, or pass it with their foot to another player. Mid-fielders do not only stay midfield, but rather generally run 18yd box to 18yd box, for a mixture of attack and defense. They often shoot at the goal and score, but can defend and keep the ball in one teams hands. The Mid-fielder job consists of a lot of running. Forwards Designed to score, the forwards attempt to score into the other players net which the goalkeeper attempts to catch. If the opponent misses and the forward scores, they score a goal. Any player, though, even a goalkeeper, is allowed to score a goal. The game is played on a large field, which has two goals equally apart and positioned. On each half is a team. There is also the sidelines, which go around the perimeter pitch. If the ball goes out of the line on the sides of the pitch, the opposing team that did not knock it out gets a throw in. If it happens on the goal-lines (the line next to the goal), it changes. If the team that defends that side got it out, the opponents get a corner kick where the kick it from a corner. If the team that was attacking that side gets it out, the defenders get a goal kick, where they can kick from the goal. 1. Getting started To start playing soccer, you should train for a few weeks before playing. Start by getting a ball and start trying to run with it. This is called dribbling, you use your feet to move the ball as you move. To stop the ball, place your foot on the top. Use whatever foot you feel comfortable with to dribble it. A simple way to dribble it is tap it lightly and jog slowly keeping yourself aware. Keep doing this for a while to start learning, to properly kick a ball. 2. Passing Passing is the art of kicking a ball so you give it to another player on your team. You pass a ball by tapping it lightly with the inside of your foot and it should go in the aimed direction. Keep practicing in speed and accuracy for a while. Try doing this with a partner to make it more efficient. 3. Shooting To shoot a ball, you kick it full force. When you kick it full force, it should speed on the ground in one direction. Do this for a while. Then learn how to evaluate it with your foot. Elevate it by shoving your foot under it while you kick. To maintain a ball's height, when you elevate it, place your knee slightly downwards as you kick it, and its height will be stunted. 4. Heading a ball Football players can use their heads to play football. To either pass or shoot at the goal, if a ball comes at your face, you should tap it in the appropriate direction with your head, this is heading a ball. Use it only to shoot when right next to a goal. Use it to pass anywhere else on the field. 5. Tackling To get the ball off the opposing team you can intercept passes, but another and more difficult way, is tackling. You tackle a player when they are dribbling the ball, by kicking it out of their dribble. It is not that easy, as they can revert direction and keep the ball out of your way. Be careful when tackling as if you hit the player, it will be classed as a foul, which then may result in a yellow or red card. Yellow is a warning, red sends you off. If a foul is committed in the box around the goal of your team. It is classed as a penalty, where the other team get a free shot right up at the goal. You can slide tackle other players, by sliding onto the ground with your foot forwards to get the ball off them. More about tackling can be for the Defending position. 6. Assisting A lot of players in football don't score goals. But they, assist other players to score goals. By getting to the appropiate position, passing it, then they can shoot it in at a perfect point. This is often used when one player is obstructed by too many opposing defenders. 7. Dribbling Dribbling is the art in football of tapping the ball lightly while moving with the ball. This technique is usually done by forwards, who try to score the goal in. Players also do different, special tricks while dribbling, which are moves such as the Bicycle Kick, Nut meg, and different other special skills. There are also different tricks done while dribbling which can physically or mentally trick the player. Many great known players are really called for there dribbling, such as Leo Messi and Diego Maradona. [1][2] After spending a few weeks learning these basic skills, get into a game. Use a large area of land, set up some goal posts, and get 11 players on each team or 5. 11 is recommended. Use different colored strips for each team. Each team also needs one captain, which is normally the most experienced and skilled player, a player of any position can be the captain Each team has a formation, where they should be mostly positioned when playing - they are free to move around, though. When playing the 5-a-side version of the game, all players of one team except the goalkeeper should be in the other players half when a player of their team scores. The ref should kick off by a some kind of a draw, like a coin toss. He will then place the ball in the middle and let the team which has kick off get the first move. The game should go on for 90 minutes. When it gets to 45 minutes. It becomes half time, and the players can rest for 15 minutes which doesn't count onto the game time, for the second half of the game for another 45 minutes. At 90 minutes, which ever teams scored the most goals win. If it's the same number it goes into a draw. The Theory of Soccer Football (soccer)/Goalkeeping Football (soccer)/Defensive Skills Football (soccer)/Famous Soccer Players Football (soccer)/Skills
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Variables and Conditionals, lesson 1 In this lesson, you will expand your knowledge on the use of variables and conditional statements. In Introduction to Programming you learned that computer programs are sets of instructions that computers follow. In nearly every program written, the program must store information supplied after the program was created. Such information may include user input, custom settings, or calculated values. Because this information can vary the term variable is used to describe the element of a program which stores this information. For example, a name variable could contain "Jack" or "Jill" or any other value. Consider the following VBScript example: Dim name name = "James" MsgBox name If you are running windows, create a new text document called "variable_demo.vb" then copy-and-paste the above code into the file and save it. You can then double-click the file to execute the code (if you get a security warning, click Yes or OK as needed). Notice that the message that pops up says "James". Now modify the file to change the value of name to "Jimmy": Dim name name = "Jimmy" MsgBox name Execute the file again and notice that even though the MsgBox name line did not change, the message that pops up says "Jimmy". This is because the value stored in the name variable has changed. An extremely common example of a computer program is a calculator. The user can give the calculator program input such as numbers and mathematical operators, but how does the calculator program handle the information given to it? In this section, you will learn how and why programmers use variables. In the above examples, a user wishes to use a computer program to add two numbers together. For simplicity, let us assume that the computer program is designed explicitly to add any two numbers that the user enters at the command prompt. Enter the first number to be added : 4 Enter the last number to be added : 2 The total is 6. The pseudocode for this program would look something like this 1. Ask the user to "Enter the first number to be added" and remember it as $FIRST. 2. Ask the user to "Enter the last number to be added" and remember it as $LAST. 3. Remember the result of $FIRST + $LAST as $RESULT. 4. Tell the user that "The total is " $RESULT. More to come! Introduction to algorithms
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The ability to communicate with the rest of the world instantaneously has been the ultimate goal for the design of network communication system. For such a large coverage, it seems only realistic and achievable through wireless networks. This becomes the driving force of all the wireless network research done all over the world. After the huge success of Internet, IEEE came up with the protocols for Wireless Networks. In this chapter, we will study the IEEE 802.11 standards, and the different types of wireless networks. There are 2 different protocols that are prominent in the field of wireless internet: WiFi and WiMAX. A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a set of network components connected by electromagnetic (radio) waves instead of wires. WLANs are used in combination with or as a substitute to wired computer networks, adding flexibility and freedom of movement within the workplace. Wireless LAN clients enjoy great mobility and can access information on the company network or even the Internet from the store, boardroom or throughout the campus without relying on the availability of wired cables and connections. The proposed standard 802.11 works in two modes: 1. In the presence of base station. 2. In the absence of base station In first case all communication goes through the base station known as the access point in 802.11 terminologies. This is known as infrastructure mode. In latter case, the computers just communicate with each other directly this mode is called as ad hoc networking. IEEE 802.11 denotes set of wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by IEEE standards working committee (IEEE 802). Some of the many challenges that had to be met where :finding a suitable frequency band that was available, preferably worldwide; dealing with the fact that radio signals have a finite range; ensuring users privacy and security; worrying about human safety; and finally, building a system with enough bandwidth to be economically feasible. At the time of standardization process it was decided that 802.11 be made compatible with Ethernet above data link layer. But several inherent differences exist and had to be dealt with by the standard. First, a computer on Ethernet always listens to the ether before transmitting. In case of wireless LANs this is not possible. It may happen that the range of a station may not be able to detect the transmission taking place between other two stations resulting in collision. The second problem that had to be solved is that radio signals can be reflected off the solid objects, so it may be received multiple times. This interference results in Multipath fading. The third problem is that if a notebook computer is moved away from base station to another there must be some way of handing it off. After some work the committee came up with a standard that addressed these and other concerns. The most popular amendments are 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g to original standard. The security was also enhanced by amendment 802.11i.The other specifications from (c-f, h, j) are service enhancements and extensions The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for non-commercial use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes File:Final spectrum.png Figure 3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum As the figure shows the ISM band is shared by license free communication application such as wireless LANs and Bluetooth. IEEE 802.11 b/g wireless Ethernet operates on 2.4 GHz band. Although these devices share ISM band they are not part of ISM devices. Due to the ISM Band which includes Bluetooth, microwave oven and cordless telephones the 802.11b and 802.11g equipment have to sustain interference. This is not the case with 802.11a since it uses 5 GHz band Comparison between three unlicensed bands: File:Final comp.png Wifi simply stands for Wireless Fidelity. The services and protocols of 802.11 maps to lower two layers of OSI reference model. The protocols used by all 802 variants have a certain commonality of structure. The partial view of protocol stack is shown in figure 3.2. The data link layer is split into two sub layers. The MAC (Medium access control) sub layer is responsible for allocation of channels and also determines who transmits next. The function of Logic Link Layer is to hide the differences between different 802 variants. File:Protocol Stack.png Figure 3.2 Protocol Stack 802.11 The 802.11 standard initially specified three transmission techniques. The infrared method which uses the same technology as television remote controls do. The other two methods use short radio and are called as FHSS and DSSS. Both of these don't require licensing. In 1999 two new techniques were introduced to achieve higher bandwidth. These are called as OFDM and HR-DSSS. They operate at up to 54 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s respectively. Each of the five permitted transmission techniques makes it possible to send a MAC frame from one station to another. They differ in technology used and speed achievable. Let’s have a look at them one by one: Infrared option used diffused transmission at .85 or .95 microns. Two speeds are permitted: 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s. A technique called as Gray encoding is used for 1 Mbit/s. In this scheme a group of 4 bits is encoded as a 16 bit codeword containing 15 zeros and single 1. At 2 Mbit/s the encoding takes 2 bits and produces 4 bit codeword. Infrared cannot penetrate from walls hence two cells are well isolated from each other. Nevertheless due to low bandwidth this is not the popular option. FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) uses 79 channels each 1 MHz wide starting at the low end of 2.4-GHz ISM band. A pseudorandom number generator is used to produce sequence of frequencies hopped to. The only condition is the seed to random number must be known by both and synchronization must be maintained. The amount of time spend at each frequency is known as Dwell Time and must be less than 400 ms. The two main advantages of FHSS are Security offered due to hopping sequence and resistance to Multipath fading. The main disadvantage is low bandwidth. File:Final frequency.png Figure 3.3 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is also restricted to 2 Mbit/s. In this method a bit is transmitted as 11 chips using Barker sequence. It uses Phase shift Modulation at 1 Mbaud transmitting 1 bit per baud when transmitting at 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbaud when transmitting at 2 Mbit/s. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (ODFM), used by 802.11a, is the first of the sequence of high speed wireless LANs. It delivers the speed of up to 54 Mbit/s operating at 5 GHz ISM. As the term suggests different frequencies are used, in all 52, 48 for data and 4 for synchronization. Phase shift modulation is used for speed up to 18 Mbit/s and QAM is used after that. High Rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (HR-DSSS), 802.11b, is another spread spectrum technique, which used 11 million chips per second to achieve 11 Mbit/s in the 1.4 GHz Band. The data rates supported by 802.11 are 1, 2, 5.5, and 11 Mbit/s. The two slow rates run at 1 Mbaud, with 1 and 2 bits per Baud, respectively using Phase shift modulation. The two faster rates run at 1.375 Mbaud, with 4 and 8 bits per Baud respectively, using Walsh/Hadamard codes. In practice operating speed of 802.11b is nearly always 11 Mbit/s. Although 802.11b is slower than 802.11a the range is about 7 times that of 802.11a, which is considered more significant in many situations. An enhanced version of 802.11b, 802.11g, uses OFDM modulation method of 802.11a but operates in the narrow 2.4 GHz ISM band along with 802.11b. It operates up to speed of 54 Mbit/s. To conclude the 802.11 committee has produced three different high speed wireless LANs (802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g) and three low speed wireless LANs 802.11 Data Frame Structure The 802.11 standard define three different standards of frames on wire: data, control and management. Each of these has a header with variety of fields within MAC sub layer. The format of data frame is shown in figure. Following is the brief description of each: File:Frame structure.png Figure 3.4 802.11 Frame Structure First is the Control field which has 11 subfields. The first of these is protocol version, which allows two versions of protocols to operate at the same time. Then comes the type field, which can be data, control or management. The subtype contains RTS or CTS. The To DS and From DS fields indicate whether the frame is going to or coming from intercell distribution. MF indicates more fragments follow. Retry means retransmission of frame sent earlier. Power management bit is used by base station to save power by putting the receiver to sleep or taking out of sleep state. More bit indicate that sender has more frames for receiver. W bit specifies that the frame body has been encrypted using WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) algorithm O bit indicates the sequence of bits needs to be processes in strict order. The Duration field indicates how long the channel will be occupied by the frame. This field is also contained in control frames. The frame header contains four addresses all in standard IEEE 802 format. First two addresses are for the source and destination other two are for source and destination of base station File:Address Description.png Address 1: All stations filter on this address. Address 2: Transmitter Address (TA), Identifies transmitter to address the ACK frame to. Address 3: Dependent on To and From DS bits. Address4: Only needed to identify the original source of WDS (Wireless Distribution System) frames. Sequence field allows fragments to be numbered. 12 bits identify the frame and 4 identify the fragment. The Data field can contain payload of up to 2312 bytes, followed by Checksum. Management frames have a format similar to data frames. The only difference is they don't have the base station address, because management frames are restricted to single address. Control frames are shorter having at the most two addresses with no data or sequence field. The emergence of wireless networks as a communication channel allows seamless connectivity between different electronic devices. Based on the network structure, wireless networks can be divided into two classes: infrastructure-based and ad hoc. The infrastructure-based network is a pre-configured network that aims to provide wireless services to users in a fixed network area. On the other hand, the ad hoc network has no fixed infrastructure so that a network can be established anywhere to offer services to users. Infrastructure Mode The current existing wireless networks are mostly infrastructure-based, such as cellular networks and IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. In a cellular network, whole service areas are divided into several small regions called cells. There is at least one base station to provide services to devices (i.e. cellular phone) in each cell. Each device connects to the network by establishing a wireless connection to the base station in order to transmit and receive packets. The base stations are connected through high bandwidth wired connections to exchange packets, making it possible for senders and receivers within different service areas to communicate. Note that all network traffic is constrained to either uplink (device to base station) or downlink (base station to device). Emphasis in this research area focuses on providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees, such as soft handoff to ensure a low probability of dropped call or no significant packet delay due to mobility of user from one cell to a neighboring cell. The drawback of this kind of network is its requirement for a fixed infrastructure, which is infeasible in certain situations. The ad hoc network is proposed to address this problem to allow network with infrastructureless architecture. File:Book infra.png Figure 4.1 A Small-scaled Model of a Wireless Infrastructure Network Ad-Hoc Mode Unlike the conventional infrastructure-based wireless network, ad hoc network, as a distributed wireless network, is set of mobile wireless terminals communicating with each other without any pre-existing fixed infrastructure. The mobile ad hoc network has several unique features that challenge the network operation, such as the routing algorithm, Quality of Service (QoS), resource utilization, etc. The following figure depicts a small-scaled model of a wireless ad hoc network. All the terminals, also referred to as mobile nodes, exchange information among one another in a fully distributed manner through wireless connections within the ad hoc network. And due to the mobility of these nodes, the network topology is under constant changes without any centralized control in the system. These are several main concerns that needs to be considered when designing a specific application-layer protocol based on wireless ad hoc networks. File:Final adhoc.png Figure 4.2 A Small-scaled Model of a Wireless Ad Hoc Network What is 802.11a and history of 802.11a? It is a Wireless LAN standard from the IEEE(Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers). It was released on October 11 in 1999. Speed: It can achieve a maximum speed of 54Mbit/s. Although the typical data rate transfer is at 22Mbit/s. If there is a need the data rate will be reduced to 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9 then 6Mbit/s respectively. This usually occurs as the distance between the access point or the wireless router and the computer gets further and further away. Frequency: It operates under the 5GHz frequency band. The advantage of this is that it has lesser interference compared to the 802.11b and 802.11g standards, which operate at 2.4GHz. It means that quite a number of electronic equipment use this frequency band such as microwaves, cordless phones, bluetooth devices etc. Therefore, the more electronic equipment that use the same frequency band, the more interferences it will cause among the equipment that are using that frequency band. Interoperability: 802.11a will not operate readily with 802.11b or 802.11g due to the different frequency bands unless the equipment implements the both standards. E.g. Equipment that use both 802.11a and 802.11g standards. Number of Channels It has 12 non-overlapping channels. 8 are for indoor(within the area) and the other 4 are for point to point. What is 802.11b and its history It is also something like 802.11a. It is of course a wireless standard made by IEEE and guess what it was implemented on the same month and year as 802.11a which was in October 1999. Speed 802.11b has the lowest speed after 802.11 legacy. It can reach a maximum speed of only 11 Mbit/s. Frequency At the MAC sublayer, IEEE 802.11 uses the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access control (MAC) protocol, which works in the following way: • A wireless station with a frame to transmit first listens on the wireless channel to determine if another station is currently transmitting (carrier sense). If the medium is being used, the wireless station calculates a random backoff delay. Only after the random backoff delay can the wireless station again listen for a transmitting station. By instituting a random backoff delay, multiple stations that are waiting to transmit do not end up trying to transmit at the same time (collision avoidance). The CSMA/CA scheme does not ensure that a collision never takes place and it is difficult for a transmitting node to detect that a collision is occurring. Additionally, depending on the placement of the wireless access point (AP) and the wireless clients, a radio frequency (RF) barrier can prevent a wireless client from sensing that another wireless node is transmitting. This is known as the hidden station problem, as illustrated in Figure 5.1(a). File:My csma.png Figure 5.1 (a)Hidden Station Problem (b)Exposed Station Problem Hidden Station Problem: Wireless stations have transmission ranges and not all stations are within radio range of each other. Simple CSMA will not work! A transmits to B. If C “senses” the channel, it will not hear A’s transmission and falsely conclude that C can begin a transmission to B. Exposed Station Problem: This is the inverse problem. C wants to send to D and listens to the channel. When C hears B’s transmission to A, C falsely assumes that it cannot send to D. This reduces network efficiency. To provide better detection of collisions and a solution to the hidden station problem, IEEE 802.11 also defines the use of an acknowledgment (ACK) frame to indicate that a wireless frame was successfully received and the use of Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) messages. When a station wants to transmit a frame, it sends an RTS message indicating the amount of time it needs to send the frame. The wireless AP sends a CTS message to all stations, granting permission to the requesting station and informing all other stations that they are not allowed to transmit for the time reserved by the RTS message. The exchange of RTS and CTS messages eliminates collisions due to hidden stations. For example, the idea is to have a short frame transmitted from both sender and receiver before the actual transfer. As shown in Figure 5.2, A sending a short RTS (30 bytes) to B with length of L. B responding with a CTS to A. And whoever hears CTS shall remain silent for the duration of L. Then A can safely send data (length L) to B. File:Final maca.png Figure 5.2 An illustration of Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is the fundamental MAC technique of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. DCF employs a distributed CSMA/CA distributed algorithm and an optional virtual carrier sense using RTS and CTS control frames. DCF mandates a station wishing to transmit to listen for the channel status for a DIFS interval. If the channel is found busy during the DIFS interval, the station defers its transmission or proceeds otherwise. In a network that a number of stations contend for the multi-access channel, if multiple stations sense the channel busy and defer their access, they will also find that the channel is released virtually simultansously and then try to seize the channel. As a result, collisions may occur. In order to avoid such collisions, DCF also specifies random backoff, which is to force a station to defer its access to the channel for an extra period. The length of the backoff period is determined by the following equation: B a c k o f f T i m e = r a n d o m ( ) × a S l o t T i m e {\displaystyle BackoffTime=random()\times aSlotTime} DCF also has an optional virtual carrier sense mechanism that exchanges short Request-to-send (RTS) and Clear-to-send (CTS) frames between the source and destination stations between the data frame is transmitted. This is illustrated in Figure 5.3 below. C (in range of A) receives the RTS and based on information in RTS creates a virtual channel busy NAV(Network Allocation Vector). And D (in range of B) receives the CTS and creates a shorter NAV. File:Final dcf.png Figure 5.3 The use of virtual carrier sensing using CSMA/CA DCF also includes a positive acknowledge scheme, which means that if a frame is successfully received by the destination it is addressed to, the destination needs to send an ACK frame to notify the source of the successful reception. DCF is defined in subclause 9.2 of the IEEE 802.11 standard and is de facto default setting for WiFi hardware. Fragmentation is a technique to improve network throughput. Due to unreliable ISM band causing high wireless error rates, long packets have less probability of being successfully transmitted. So the solution is to implement MAC layer fragmentation with stop-and-wait protocol on the fragments, as shown in figure below. File:Fragmentation.png Figure 5.4 Fragmentation in 802.11 for better throughput IEEE 802.11 standard also has an optional access method using a Point Coordination Function (PCF). PCF allows the Access Point (PC) acting as the network coordinator to manage channel access. Point Coordination Function (PCF) is a Media Access Control (MAC) technique use in wireless networks which relies on a central station, often an Access Point (AP), to communicate with a node listening, to see if the airwaves are free (i.e., all other stations are not communicating). PCF simply uses the AP as a control system in wireless MAC. PCF seems to be implemented only in very few hardware devices as it is not part of the Wi-Fi Alliance's interoperability standard. Since most APs have logical bus topologies using shared circuits, only one message can be processed at one time because it is a contention based system. Therefore, a media access control technique is required. The problem with wireless is the hidden station problem, where some regular stations (which communicate only with the AP) cannot see other stations on the extreme edge of the geographical radius of the network (because the wireless signal attenuates before it can reach that far). Thus having an AP in the middle allows the distance to be halved, allowing all station to see the AP and consequentially have the maxiumum distance between two stations on the extreme edges of a circle-star topology (in a circled-star physical topology). Co-Existence between distributed DCF and centralized PCF is possible using InterFrame Spacing as illustrated in Figure 5.5 below. • SIFS (Short IFS) :: is the time waited between packets in an ongoing dialog (RTS,CTS,data, ACK, next frame) • PIFS (PCF IFS) :: when no SIFS response, base station can issue beacon or poll. • DIFS (DCF IFS) :: when no PIFS, any station can attempt to acquire the channel. • EIFS (Extended IFS) :: lowest priority interval used to report bad or unknown frame. File:Pcf.png Figure 5.5 Interframe Spacing in 802.11 The 802.11 AP service include two types of services: 1. Distribution services: The distribution services include many functionalities such as association - which is related to a particular station that reports identity, data rate,and power; disassociation, reassociation which is like a handover of controls, distribution using the routing protocols, and integration. 2. Intracell services: The intracell services include different functions such as authentication, deauthentication, privacy, and data deliver. Authentication is a process to authenticate the user once the association takes place. It is always conducted after association with an AP. The privacy is a wired equivalent privacy. More information on wireless security will be discussed later. Lets take a look in detail how each of this process works. Association Process: The association with an AP takes place in the following way - When a Client comes on line, it will broadcast a Probe Request. An AP that hears this will respond with details. The client makes a decision who to associate with based on the information returned from the AP. Next the Client will send an authentication request to the desired AP. The AP authenticates the client, and sends an acknowledge back. Next the client sends up an association request to that AP. The AP then puts the client into the table, and sends back an association response. From that point forward, the network acts like the client is located at the AP. The AP acts like an Ethernet hub. File:StepsAssociation.JPG Re-association Process: When the client wants to associate back with the AP which was involved in the prior communication, re-association takes place. The process takes place in the following way - As the client is moving out of range of his associated AP, the signal strength will start to drop off. At the same time, the strength of anther AP will begin to increase. At some point in time, BEFORE communication is lost, the client will notify AP A that he is going to move to AP B. B and A will also communicate to assure any information buffered in A get to B over the backbone. This eliminates retransmitting packets over the air, and over the backbone. The same handoff can occur if the load on A become large, and the client can communicate with someone other than A. File:Stepsreassociation.JPG File:Reassociation.JPG Cellular and 802.11b There are quite a few differentiating functionalites in both of these services. Lets see how these two communication protocols differ. File:Cellular.JPG Bluetooth Bluetooth is a radio standard; a technology by which phones, computers, and personal digital assistants(PDAs), can be easily interconnected using a short-range wireless connection. Following are some of the features of Bluetooth technology: File:Bluetooth.JPG This is a new section that is introduced in this chapter. The contents are based on my understanding and prior work experience in embedded wireless technology field. Wireless Security After the emergence of 802.11 it was certain that the internet technology was no longer going to be the same. Many new protocols and communication devices were introduced. To communicate using these devices, and to be secure over the internet, it was going to be a new challenge. The wireless security was developed in such a way that both the tasks were accomplished - hence no interference and secured wireless connection. There are different types of wireless security involved which will be discussed in brief. Let us see the different wireless security features available currently. 1. WPA and WPA2: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) is a class of systems to secure wireless Wifi, computer networks. It was created in response to several serious weaknesses researchers had found in the previous system, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WPA2 implements the full standard, but will not work with some older network cards. Both provide good security, with two significant issues: • either WPA or WPA2 must be enabled and chosen in preference to WEP. WEP is usually presented as the first security choice in most installation instructions. • in the "Personal" mode, the most likely choice for homes and small offices, a passphrase is required, for full security, it must be longer than the typical 6 to 8 character passwords users are taught to employ. 2. WEP: Wired-Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol. A security protocol, specified in the IEEE 802.11 standard, that attempts to provide a wireless LAN (WLAN) with a minimal level of security and privacy comparable to a typical wired LAN. WEP encrypts data transmitted over the WLAN to protect the vulnerable wireless connection between users (clients) and access points (APs). WEP is weak and fundamentally flawed. EAP in Wireless Technology In addition to these standards, wireless security also involves additional authentication protocol known as Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). Extensible Authentication Protocol, or EAP, is a universal authentication framework frequently used in wireless networks and Point-to-Point connections. It is defined by RFC 3748. Although the EAP protocol is not limited to wireless LAN networks and can be used for wired LAN authentication, it is most often used in wireless LAN networks. Commonly used modern methods capable of operating in wireless networks include EAP-TLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, PEAP, LEAP and EAP-TTLS. With the continuous move to the digital, it becomes not only possible to compress signals but to take full advantage of a channel's capability. Tests of the IEEE 802.22 as a solution to make use of spare radio spectrum that become available with the move to Digital Terrestrial TV (DTV), including the so called White Space that exists between each DTV data channel, that is left free due to the possibility of interference have been going on for some time in the EU the move to digital TV is expected to be concluded by 2012. The possibility to utilize this unused spectrum would permit to deploy Internet coverage in even remote locations at very attractive prices. 802.11 dominates the field of Wireless LANs. The IEEE 802.11 committee came up with various standards which use different technology and achieve variable speeds. Its physical layer allows five different transmission modes which include infrared, spread spectrum and multi channel FDM system. Wireless LANs have their own problem and solution. The biggest one is caused by hidden stations. To deal with this problem 802.11 supports two model of operation, the first one is called as DSF (Distributed Coordination Function) and the other PCF (Point Coordination Function). When DSF is employed 802.11 uses CSMA/CA. Distributed DCF and centralized PCF can also co–exist using InterFrame Spacing. The 802.11 AP service include two types of services distribution services which include association, disassociation and reassociation and Intracell services which include different functions such as authentication, deauthentication, privacy, and data deliver. Wireless Security plays an important role in current wireless technology. One should not overlook the features involved in wireless networks. The standards such as WPA, WEP, EAP, TKIP are the fundamentals of wireless security now. Q: What are IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g? A: IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g are industry standard specifications issued by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). These specifications define the proper operation of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). 802.11a—an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbit/s in the 5 GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS. 802.11b—an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbit/s transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbit/s) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet. 802.11g—applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. Q: When do we need an Access Point? A: Access points are required for operating in infrastructure mode, but not for ad-hoc connections. A wireless network only requires an access point when connecting notebook or desktop computers to a wired network. If you are not connecting to a wired network, there are still some important advantages to using an access point to connect wireless clients. First, a single access point can nearly double the range of your wireless LAN compared to a simple ad hoc network. Second, the wireless access point acts as a traffic controller, directing all data on the network, allowing wireless clients to run at maximum speed. Q: How many simultaneous users can a single access point support? A: There are two limiting factors to how many simultaneous users a single access point can support. First, some access point manufacturers place a limit on the number of users that can simultaneously connect to their products. Second, the amount of data traffic encountered (heavy downloads and uploads vs. light) can be a practical limit on how many simultaneous users can successfully utilize a single access point. Installing multiple access points can overcome both of these limitations. Q: Why do 802.11a WLANS operate in the 5 GHz frequency range? A: This frequency is called the UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) band. Like the 2.4 GHz ISM band used by 802.11b and 802.11g products, this range has been set aside by regulatory agencies for unlicensed use by a variety of products. A major difference between the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands is that fewer consumer products operate in the 5 GHz band. This reduces the chances of problems due to RF interference.
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To make the task timing with RTAI you have two possibilities periodic timer mode oneshot timer mode You can read about this in An overview of RTAI schedulers. To show the differences: periodic mode The 8254 chip is used. It runs with a fixed frequency of 1193180 Hz. If you want to make a cyclic event for 1 kHz, it can set the timer period to 100 μs. In the cyclic task always call an rt_sleep_until() with the next time. The result is 1 kHz task with jitter of 100 μs. oneshot mode The internal clock goes with the cpu clock. For each timer event, RTAI has to reprogram the timer for the next event. This is an overhead, but has the advantage of highest time resolution. To make a cyclic task with LXRT, first create a new thread as usual. threadHandle = rt_thread_create( &threadFunc ) then implement the thread like this void threadFunc() { RT_TASK *handler; handler = rt_task_init( 0, 0, 0, 0); if (handler==null){ // error handling } rt_allow_nonroot_hrt(); mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE); //rt_set_periodic_mode(); rt_set_oneshot_mode(); RTIME period = nano2count( 1_000_000_000l ); start_rt_timer(period); rt_make_hard_real_time(); RTIME currentTime = rt_get_time_ns(); while( stopCondition ) { currentTime += period; rt_sleep_until( currentTime ); // the work to do ... } stop_rt_timer(); rt_make_soft_real_time(); rt_task_delete(handler); } With such setup, you can achieve jitter lessen than 10 μs.
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes A kilo of zucchini or firm, larger squashes (cucurbits). Meat Filling 500g minced lean pork 2 rashers rind-less smoked back bacon, finely chopped 2 heaped tbsp. grated salt cured cheese (sheep or goat's milk, or Parmigiano-Reggiano) a slice of day old bread soaked in milk and wrung out half a small onion finely chopped and sweated until soft in a mixture of oil and butter 1 tbsp. chopped flat leaf parsley leaves 2 beaten eggs salt and pepper dry breadcrumbs or medium coarse semolina mixed with grated cheese for topping Ricotta Filling 450 g well drained fresh sheep's milk ricotta 100 g grated Pecorino cheese (Romano type or with peppercorns) 2 tbsp. chopped flat leaf parsley or fresh marjoram leaves 2 beaten eggs salt and pepper dry breadcrumbs or medium coarse semolina for topping 1 cup fresh tomato sauce for serving Meat and Rice Filling 2 cloves garlic 1 cup uncooked round or long grain rice 1 cup Bolognese type meat sauce diluted with half a cup of water 1/2 tsp mixed spice 1 large beaten egg salt and pepper extra grated cheese for topping Depending on the size of the cucurbits/squash, either cut off a lid and use whole or else cut in half. Carefully scoop out flesh leaving enough a 1 cm thick shell or boat to fill. The removed flesh can be diced and added to the filling ingredients Mix together all the filling ingredients and fill the scooped out squashes with the mixture, remembering not to fill to the top as the eggs (and rice if using) will expand Dip the top of each filled squash in the topping ingredients (or sprinkle evenly on top) to help seal the filling in. Baking You can bake in a greased baking dish alone or on a bed of medium thick sliced potatoes and onions seasoned with salt, pepper and optional caraway seed, moistened with stock or water. Temperature 180 ° C; Time about 35/ 40 minutes. Cook covered with foil for 30 minutes then uncover so the top crisp up. Suitable for all 3 fillings. Pot Roasting You can place them closely packed into a pot that you fill with water to just over half way up the squash. If you like you may set on a bed of chopped onion and some of the pulp drizzled with a 1 tbsp. of olive oil and optional tomato paste. Cook on medium heat and covered with a lid till the squashes are tender and the rice or meat filling cooked through, about 35 minutes. Cooking in Broth Place well filled and carefully sealed squash in a simmering meat broth (made with root vegetables and meat bones)and simmer on low heat for about 40 minutes. You can serve the strained broth as a first course and the vegetables and stuffed squash as a second course. Note Not suitable for the ricotta filling
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The genocide of indigenous peoples is the mass destruction of entire communities of indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples are understood to be people whose historical and current territory has become occupied by colonial expansion, or the formation of a state by a dominant group such as a colonial power. Some scholars, have argued that cultural genocide, sometimes called ethnocide, should also be recognized. A people may continue to exist, but if they are prevented from perpetuating their group identity by prohibitions against cultural and religious practices that are the basis of that identity, this may also be considered a form of genocide. Examples include the treatment of Tibetans by the Government of China and Native Americans by the Federal government of the United States. It is called a genocide. That's what it was... No other way to describe it and that's the way it needs to be described in the history books. And so I'm here to say the following: I'm sorry on behalf of the state of California... It's humbling for me, having believed I was educated, to have been so ignorant of our past, to have been so unaware of how ashamed I should be, as a Californian, 5th generation... I'm sorry that we've had generations of your kids and grandkids, your ancestors, that have had to suffer through indignities, lack of capacity, empathy and understanding... California Gov. Gavin Newsom quoted in 'Genocide': California governor apologizes to Native Americans for past violence, USA Today, Rebecca Morin, (19 June 2019) Crimes against humanity Genocide Manifest Destiny Rule of law Wikipedia has an article about: Genocide of indigenous peoples Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Genocide
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Friday, September 16, 2005 In a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez called for the UN headquarters to be moved out of the United States. Chávez cited the Iraq War and the US' alleged disregard for the will of the United Nations as his reasoning for proposing the pullout. He then went on to criticize the proposed UN reforms, saying they were "illegal" as they did not take into account anti-poverty goals set out in a 2000 summit. Proposing sweeping reforms, including the elimination of Security Council members' veto powers, Chávez described the UN as unfit for the 21st century. File:HugoChavez1824.jpeg In a comment more related to the frosty relationship between the US and Venezuela, Chávez expressed regret that Pat Robertson remained at liberty. Chávez has branded Robertson a terrorist for implying that the US would do well to assassinate the Venezuelan President. The current summit marks the sixtieth anniversary of the formation of the United Nations, and many world leaders have gathered to work out reforms to the organization to make it more relevant in today's world. "Religious broadcaster Pat Robertson calls for assassination of Venezuela's president" — Wikinews, August 23, 2005 "Chavez wants UN to move out of US" — Aljazeera, September 16, 2005 "Chavez slams US, suggests moving UN to J'lem" — Jerusalem Post, September 16, 2005 Irwin Arieff. "Venezuela's Chavez wants UN out of United States" — Reuters, September 16, 2005 UN Video of Chávez's speech UN reforms page Public domain Public domain false false
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Kathleen Hanna (born November 12, 1969) is a musician, feminist, activist, and punk zine writer. In the early- to mid-1990s she was the lead singer and songwriter of Bikini Kill, before fronting Le Tigre in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In 1998, Hanna released a solo album under the name Julie Ruin and is currently heading a project called The Julie Ruin. While sexism hurts women most intimately, it also damages men severely. As quoted in Fierce, Funny Feminists, The Feminist eZine. My mom was a housewife, and wasn't somebody that people would think of as a feminist, and when Ms. magazine came out we were incredibly inspired by it. I used to cut pictures out of it and make posters that said "Girls can do anything", and stuff like that, and my mom was inspired to work at a basement of a church doing anti-domestic violence work. Then she took me to the Solidarity Day thing, and it was the first time I had ever been in a big crowd of women yelling, and it really made me want to do it forever. BUST (2000). I realized that was a pretty radical thing to do, because if you're present, you're going to be different every time. You're not going to give everybody what they want, which is the cardboard character. But you will give those five people there who get it what they want, because they'll be like, "I could totally do that." Whatever crazy shit they have in their heads. Maybe they'll realize, if she's getting away with it, maybe I can totally get away with this thing that I think is better. Interview Index (2000). You don't necessarily have to have talent, you can just get up and do something and see where it takes you. I always tell girls who say they want to start a band but don't have any talent, well, neither do I. I mean, I can carry a tune, but anyone who picks up a bass can figure it out. You don't have to have magic unicorn powers. The original riot grrrl on Katy Perry, '90s revival, CNN (2011). So many women have experienced horrific forms of male violence throughout their lives, and why isn't there a song about how you get depressed because of it? And you don't know what to do, and you don't know how to talk to your friends and how weird it is to be a feminist in that situation, where there's sort of the expectation that you're super-strong superwoman but you're just, like, eating pizza in your house avoiding talking about it. The original riot grrrl on Katy Perry, '90s revival, CNN (2011). People have always had these weird things about how you have to be really good looking to be a singer. I mean, it's not like Stevie Nicks or Linda Ronstadt were dogs. It's not like this is some new thing. But there was at one point a larger variety, but now the catchphrase is "the whole package," the "American Idol" reality that you're a model first and a singer second. The original riot grrrl on Katy Perry, '90s revival, CNN (2011). We wanted to start a magazine, and Allison Wolfe and Molly Neuman from the band Bratmobile had started a little fanzine called Riot Grrrl and we were writing little things for it. I'd always wanted to start a big magazine with really cool, smart writing in it, and I wanted to see if the other punk girls in D.C. that I was meeting were interested in that. So I called a meeting and found a space for it, and it just turned into this sort of consciousness-raising thing. I realized really quickly that a magazine wasn't the way to go. People wanted to be having shows, and teaching each other how to play music, and writing fanzines, so that started happening. It got some press attention, and girls in other places would be like "I wanna do that. I wanna start one of those." Index Magazine (2000). Because we don't wanna assimilate to someone else's (boy) standards of what is or isn't. As quoted in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music, Paul Du Noyer, ed. (2003). Wikipedia has an article about: Kathleen Hanna
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Atomic spectroscopy Atomic emission spectrum Atomic spectral line Balmer series Broad Iron K line Emission spectrum Equivalent width Fraunhofer lines Isotopic shift Isomeric shift Gaussian broadening Hydrogen line Hydrogen spectral series Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Lyc photon Lyman series Microturbulence Rydberg constant Rydberg–Ritz combination principle Spectral line 4Pi Microscope Advanced Microscopy Group Anisotropy Chemical imaging DiI EDANS Excitation wavelength FLEX mission Fluorescence Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy Fluorescence loss in photobleaching Fluorescence microscope Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching Fluorogenic Förster resonance energy transfer Förster resonance energy transfer Kautsky effect Molecular beacon Optode Photobleaching Quenching (fluorescence) Resonance fluorescence Simulated fluorescence process algorithm Stokes shift Supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy Vertico SMI Fluorescence spectroscopy Gamma spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy Global warming potential Infrared spectroscopy correlation table Thermal infrared spectroscopy Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy Vibrational circular dichroism Near-infrared spectroscopy Eckart conditions FG method Fermi resonance Lennard-Jones potential Transition dipole moment Raman spectroscopy Resonance Raman spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Aromatic ring current Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Bloch equations Carbohydrate NMR Carbon-13 NMR Carbon-13 NMR satellite Chemical shift CIDNP Collaborative Computing Project for NMR Correlation spectroscopy Deuterium NMR Earth's field NMR Electric field NMR Ernst angle Exclusive correlation spectroscopy Fluorine-19 NMR Free induction decay Gradient enhanced NMR spectroscopy Heteronuclear single quantum coherence HNCA experiment HNCOCA experiment In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy Insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer J-coupling Jesús Jiménez Barbero Karplus equation Kurt Wüthrich Low field NMR Magic angle Magic angle spinning Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction Magnetic resonance force microscopy Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetometer Motional narrowing NMR database method NMR spectra database NMR spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy of stereoisomers Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling Nuclear magnetic resonance in porous media Nuclear orientation Nuclear Overhauser effect Nuclear quadrupole resonance Pake doublet Phosphorus-31 NMR Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Proton Enhanced Nuclear Induction Spectroscopy Proton NMR Pulse sequence Pulsed field gradient Relaxation (NMR) Relaxometry Residual chemical shift anisotropy Residual dipolar coupling Robinson oscillator Sequential walking Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance Spin chemistry Spin echo Topicity Transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy Zero field NMR Nuclear quadrupole resonance Deuterated acetone Deuterated benzene Deuterated chloroform Deuterated DMSO Deuterated DMF Deuterated ethanol Deuterated methanol Deuterated THF Deuterated dichloromethane Trimethylsilyl propionate Electron paramagnetic resonance or Electron spin resonance Ferromagnetic resonance Spin labels Site-directed spin labeling Spin trapping Rotational spectroscopy Vibrational spectroscopy Electromagnetic radiation Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy Beer–Lambert law Blue shift Redshift Mössbauer spectroscopy Isomeric shift X-ray X-ray crystallography X-ray nanoprobe X-ray Raman scattering X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray filter X-ray fluorescence X-ray image intensifier X-ray microscope X-ray reflectivity X-ray scattering techniques X-ray spectroscopy X-ray standing waves X-ray spectroscopy X-ray magnetic circular dichroism X-ray absorption spectroscopy Accelerator mass spectrometry Adiabatic ionization Alpha cleavage Ambient ionization American Society for Mass Spectrometry Anode ray Appearance energy Aspirating IMS Berkeley Geochronology Center Binding energy Bottom-up proteomics Bradbury-Nielsen shutter Calutron Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry Charge remote fragmentation Chemical ionization Collision reaction cell Collisional excitation Consolidated Engineering Corporation Daly detector Delayed extraction Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization Desorption electrospray ionization Direct-EI LC-MS interface Distonic ion Einzel lens Electrical mobility Electron ionization Electron multiplier Faraday cup Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Gas phase ion chemistry Helium mass spectrometer High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry History of mass spectrometry Hybrid mass spectrometer Hydrogen-deuterium exchange ISOLTRAP iTRAQ In-gel digestion Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry International Mass Spectrometry Foundation Ion optics Ion attachment mass spectrometry Ion mobility spectrometry Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry Ionization Isotope ratio mass spectrometry Isotopic labeling Kendrick mass Kratos MS 50 Label-free quantification Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry List of mass spectrometry acronyms MALDI imaging Mass (mass spectrometry) Mass spectrometry Mass chromatogram Mass spectrometry imaging Mass spectrum Mass spectrum analysis Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry Mass-to-charge ratio MassWiz McLafferty rearrangement Membrane introduction mass spectrometry Microchannel plate detector Monoisotopic mass Nitrogen rule Nominal mass On-Line Isotope Mass Separator OpenMS The OpenMS Proteomics Pipeline Penning trap Peptide mass fingerprinting Peptide sequence tag Plasma desorption mass spectrometry Probe electrospray ionization Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer Protein mass spectrometry Protomap (proteomics) Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry Quantitative proteomics RFQ Beam Coolers Radical ion Reflectron Resolution (mass spectrometry) SILAC SIRCAMS Sample preparation (mass spectrometry) Secondary ion mass spectrometry Sector instrument Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe Shotgun proteomics Space charge Spectral Database for Organic Compounds Static secondary ion mass spectrometry Tandem mass spectrometry Tandem mass tags Taylor cone Thomson (unit) Time-of-flight Top-down proteomics Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer Unimolecular ion decomposition Velocity selector W Whole number rule Wien filter Photothermal spectroscopy Photothermal microspectroscopy Photoelectric effect Jacobi coordinates Molecular vibration Rovibronic coupling Triatomic molecule Vibrational transition Vibronic coupling Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization Terahertz spectroscopy Doppler spectroscopy
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This is a lesson part of the module ERP Presales and Business Analysis out of the Open Source ERP/Executive Diploma course conducted by a private university. A frightening number of IT projects "failed" - failed to meet budget, failed to meet deadlines and failed to meet user requirements. How many percent of IT projects fail and how many percent of ERP projects fail? Why the difference? Why is it important for enterprise systems (and thus, the professionals who implement them for enterprises) to meet user requirements? What is the difference between the "Client" and the "User"? In what ways can Open Source ERP professionals mitigate the risk of not meeting client/user requirements? http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/project/story/0,10801,84266,00.html http://projectmanagement.ittoolbox.com/documents/popular-q-and-a/why-erp-implementations-fail-1013 http://www.canias.com/erp/erp_fail.html http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=111623 (Provided by Students - subject to edit ranking by tutor) (Provided by Students - subject to edit ranking by tutor) (Done in wikiversity as course material by the students under the guidance of the tutor)
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Stanisław Jerzy Lec (6 March 1909 – 7 May 1966) was a Polish poet and aphorist. He who had dug his own grave looks attentively at the gravedigger's work, but not pedantically: for this one digs a grave not for himself. "He who had dug his own grave", from To Abel and Cain, commemorating his escape from the Nazis by his 1943 killing of an SS guard who had been assigned to watch as he dug his own grave, as quoted in "10 Amazing Ways People Survived The Holocaust" by Alan Boyle at Listverse (9 November 2014) Do not expect too much of the end of the world. As quoted in Foucault's Pendulum (1989) by Umberto Eco, Ch. 7, p. 49; cited to a 1977 Polish edition of Unkempt Thoughts. Those who are ahead of their time often have to wait for it in uncomfortable quarters. As quoted in Power for the World (2010) by Wolfgang Palz, Foreword, p. xxi Myśli nieuczesane (1957) as translated by Jacek Galazka (1962) Wszystko jest w rękach człowieka. Dlatego należy je często myć. All is in the hands of Man. Therefore you should wash them often. Nawet w jego milczeniu były błędy językowe. There were grammatical errors even in his silence. Variant translation: Even in his silence were grammatical errors. Pogrożę mu tylko palcem – rzekł, kładąc go na cynglu. "I will just wag my finger at him", he said, putting it on the trigger. Czy jeżeli ludożerca je widelcem i nożem to postęp? Is it progress if a cannibal uses knife and fork? This inspired the title for Cannibals with Forks : The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business (1998) by John Elkington W walce idei giną ludzie. [1] In a war of ideas it is people who get killed. [2] You will always find some Eskimos ready to instruct the Congolese on how to cope with heat waves. Hay smells different to lovers and horses. Do not ask God the way to heaven; he will show you the hardest one. The window to the world can be covered by a newspaper. Tłum krzyczy jednymi wielkimi ustami, ale je tysiącem małych. The mob shouts with one big mouth and eats with a thousand little ones. Politics: a Trojan horse race. Thoughts, like fleas, jump from man to man, but they don't bite everybody. Satirists, be careful. In the 1931 film by René Clair Vive la Liberte a song says, "Work is freedom." In 1940 the sign on the gates to Auschwitz said: "Arbeit macht frei." Burząc pomniki, oszczędzajcie cokoły. Zawsze mogą się przydać. When smashing monuments, save the pedestals. They always come in handy. Optimists and pessimists differ only on the date of the end of the world. All of our separate fictions add up to joint reality. The moment of recognizing your own lack of talent is a flash of genius. Morality is either a social contract or you have to pay cash. Gdy z radości podskoczysz do góry, uważaj, by ci ktoś ziemi spod nóg nie usunął. [3] When you jump for joy, beware that no one moves the ground from beneath your feet. [4] When everything has to be right, something isn't. Open Sesame — I want to get out. Myśli nieuczesane nowe (1964) as translated by Jacek Galazka (1969) The Order of the Garter usually goes to people who already have full wardrobes. It is the high priests that make demands — not the gods they serve. Żaden płatek śniegu nie czuje się odpowiedzialny za lawinę. No snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible. Do not trust people. They are capable of greatness. Every great writer has one single obsession, and Lec tells us: "I wanted to tell the world just one word. Unable to do it I became a writer." And in another aphorism one is reminded of Picasso as he characteristically moves towards his creation through a continual grappling with and destruction of chaotic forms: "What is chaos? It is the Order destroyed during Creation." It was also Picasso who memorably called art "a lie which tells the truth", and Lec comes pretty close to the maestro with this one: "A beautiful lie? Listen! That's creativity." Lec sums up the predicament of the one gifted with creative powers, the well-known neurotic, pathological condition of the artist, in such words: "The richer your imagination, the poorer you feel." But then Lec also assures him: "Every bush can burn if you fire it with your imagination." Yet all that anguish and loneliness may be worth it for: "To suffer heartaches and not be a poet? Whatever for?" Azizul Hakeem, in Minor Prejudices : Essays on the Arts & Literature, Cultural Perspectives, and Personal Reflections (2008), p. 81 Wikipedia has an article about: Stanisław Jerzy Lec Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stanisław Jerzy Lec
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Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite ʕAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer," from ʕAmmu, "paternal kinsman," and Rāpi, "healer"; c. 1810 BC – 1750 BC) was the sixth king of Babylon and the first king of the Babylonian Empire, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land. Preface to the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910). If any one owe a debt for a loan, and a storm prostrates the grain, or the harvest fail, or the grain does not grow for lack of water; in that year he need not give his creditor any grain, he washes his debt-tablet in water and pays no rent for this year. Section 48 of the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910). Alternately translated as: If a man owe a debt and Adad inundate his field and carry away the produce, or, though lack of water, grain have not grown in the field, in that year he shall not make any return of grain to the creditor, he shall alter his contract-tablet and he shall not pay the interest for that year. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. Section 196 of the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910). Alternately translated as: If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established. Epilogue to the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910). Hammurabi's Code cannot by any means be regarded as a faltering attempt to frame laws among a young and inexperienced people. Such a masterpiece of legislation could befit only a thriving and well-organized nation, given to agriculture and commerce, long since grown familiar with the security afforded by written deeds drawn up with all the niceties and solemnities which clever jurists could devise, and accustomed to transact no business otherwise. It is inspired throughout by an appreciation of the right and humane sentiments that make it surpass by far the stern old Roman law. Charles L. Souvay, The Catholic Encyclopedia (1910), Volume VII. Wikipedia has an article about: Hammurabi Look up Hammurabi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikisource has original text related to: Codex Hammurabi Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hammurabi At Wikiversity, you can learn about: Hammurabi's Code Jaynes, Julian (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Houghton Mifflin Company Publishing. ISBN 0395207290.
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Gene Youngblood (May 30, 1942 – April 6, 2021) was an American theorist of media arts and politics, and a respected scholar in the history and theory of alternative cinemas. His best known book, Expanded Cinema, was the first to consider video as an art form and has been credited with helping to legitimate the fields of computer art and media arts. When we say expanded cinema we actually mean expanded consciousness. Expanded cinema does not mean computer films, video phosphors, atomic light, or spherical projections. Expanded cinema isn't a movie at all: like life it's a process of becoming, man's ongoing historical drive to manifest his consciousness outside of his mind, in front of his eyes. One no longer can specialize in a single discipline and hope truthfully to express a clear picture of its relationships in the environment. This is especially true in the case of the intermedia network of cinema and television, which now functions as nothing less than the nervous system of mankind. Preface We live in and age of hyper-awareness, our senses extend around the globe, but it's the case of aesthetic overload: our technical zeal has outstripped our psychic capacity to cope with the influx of information. p. 58 The intermedia network has made all of us artists by proxy. A decade of television-watching is equal to a comprehensive course in dramatic acting, writing, and filming... the mystique is gone - we could almost do it ourselves. Unfortunately too many of us do just that: hence the glut of sub-mediocre talent in the entertainment industry. p. 58 As a design-scientist the artist discovers and perfects language that corresponds more directly to experience; he develops hardware that embodies its own software as a conceptual tool for coping with reality. p. 72 Freud spoke of oceanic consciousness as that in which we feel our individual existence lost in mystic union with the universe. Nothing could be more appropriate to contemporary experience, when for the first time man has left the boundaries of this globe. The oceanic effect of synaesthetic cinema is similar to the mystical allure of the natural elements: we stare in mindless wonder at the ocean or a lake or river. We are drawn almost hypnotically to fire, gazing as though spellbound. We see cathedrals in clouds, not thinking anything in particular but feeling somehow secure and content. It is similar to the concept of no-mindedness in Zen, which also is the state of mantra and mandala consciousness, the widest range of consciousness. p. 92, as cited in: "Expanded Cinema, Gene Youngblood, Studio Vista, 1970" at hohlwelt.com, January 21, 2012 For some years now the activity of the artist in our society has been trending more toward the function of the ecologist: one who deals with environmental relationships. Ecology is defined as the totality or pattern of relations between organisms and their environment. Thus the act of creation for the new artist is not so much the invention of new objects as the revelation of previously unrecognized relation- ships between existing phenomena, both physical and metaphysical. So we find that ecology is art in the most fundamental and pragmatic sense, expanding our apprehension of reality. p. 346; The Artist as Ecologist; Partly cited in: Derek Owens. Composition and Sustainability: Teaching for a Threatened Generation. National Council of Teachers of English, 1 jan. 2001 For some time now it has been clear that intermedia art is trending toward that point at which all the phenomena of life on earth will constitute the artist’s palette. It is the purpose of this chapter to illuminate the direction of that trend and to cite a few pertinent examples. As with all other Paleocybernetic phenomena, the direction is simultaneously toward inner and outer space, the microcosm and the macrocosm. On the one hand, intermedia environments turn the participant inward upon himself, providing a matrix for psychic exploration, perceptual, censorial, and intellectual awareness; on the other hand technology has advanced to the point at which the whole earth itself becomes the “content” of aesthetic activity. The term “light show” must now be expanded virtually to include the aurora borealis, since hemispherical lumia displays are possible in the creation of artificial plasma clouds in space (see color plates), the launching of rockets to generate atmospherical events, or urban environmental generators such as Nicholas Schoffer’s monumental Cybernetic Light Tower, which transforms the skies of Paris into panoramic fantasias of color. p. 348; The Artist as Ecologist Anyone who looks at the historical record of the juncture of art and technology finds you nearly unaccompanied when it comes to documenting this historical record between the years of the late-1960's up to the early 1990s. Basically there is you, Jack Burnham's book Beyond Modern Sculpture (1968), and Gene Youngblood's reference work Expanded Cinema (1970). Specifically, your (Frank Popper's) books Origins and Development of Kinetic Art (1968), Art, Action and Participation (1975) and Art of the Electronic Age (1993) are indispensable research tools in helping us figure out how art got to where it is today - in your terms virtualized. Joseph Nechvatal. in: "Origins of Virtualism: An Interview with Frank Popper," in: Media Art History, 2004. Wikipedia has an article about: Gene Youngblood
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Friis Transmission Formula can be used to study RF communication links. The formula can be used in situations where the distance between two antennas are known and a suitable antenna needs to be found. Using Friis transmission equation, one can solve for the antenna gains needed at either the transmitter or receiver in order to meet certain design specifications. P r e c e i v e r P t r a n s m i t t e r = G t G r ( λ 4 π R ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {P_{receiver}}{P_{transmitter}}}=G_{t}G_{r}\left({\frac {\lambda }{4\pi \mathbb {R} }}\right)^{2}} Where Preceiver is the recieved power in Watts (W), Ptransmitter is the transmitted power, Gt is the transmitting antenna's gain, Gr is the receiving antenna's gain, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the wavelength of the transmitted and received signal in meters, and R is the distance between the antennas in meters. The gain of the antennas is not in decibels. To convert to the gain back to a power ratio use: G = 10 G d B 10 {\displaystyle G=10^{\frac {G_{dB}}{10}}} . An engineer is designing a communications link at 3 GHz where the receiver sensitivity is such that 1 μ W {\displaystyle 1\mu W} of power is needed to overcome receiver noise. The receiving antenna gain is 8dB, the transmitter antenna gain is 10dB, the transmitting power level is 25 Watts, and the distance between the two antennas is 1km. Will the communications link work? Solution The problem is solved by first converting the frequency of 3 GHz to a wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , and converting the antenna gains from decibels to a power ratio. λ = c f {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{f}}} where c is the speed of light in meters per second, and f is the frequency in Hz. We will use a c of 300 million m/s. This means that lambda is 0.1 meters. Using the conversion formula given above, the transmitter antenna gain Gt is 10, and the receiver antenna gain is 6.3. Using Friis Equation we have the following relation P r e c e i v e r = P t r a n s m i t t e r G t G r ( λ 4 π R ) 2 {\displaystyle P_{receiver}=P_{transmitter}G_{t}G_{r}\left({\frac {\lambda }{4\pi R}}\right)^{2}} where the transmitted power is 25 Watts, and the distance R is 1000 meters. Using the given values Preceiver is 99.88 ⋅ 10 − 9 {\displaystyle 99.88\cdot 10^{-9}} or 99.88 nanowatts (nW) which is much less than the needed 1 microwatts needed to overcome receiver noise. Answer The communication link will not work unless the antenna gains or the transmitter power levels are dramatically increased. If an engineer is designing a communications link with a receiver antenna gain of 10dB and transmitter antenna gain of 12dB at a frequency of 10GHz, how much power will be received at the receiver if the transmitter is transmitting with a power of 25 watts across a distance of 1 kilometer. ans: -46.4623721 dBm w: Friis Transmission Equation
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Covetousness is an inordinate desire to possess money and property. It is possible that those who are in no way pressed down with the weight of money may be condemned with the covetous in disposition and intent. For it was the opportunity of possessing which was wanting in their case, and not the will for it. John Cassian, Institutes of the Coenobia (c. 420 AD) Book VII Chapter XXII Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 144. Excess of wealth is cause of covetousness. Christopher Marlowe, The Jew of Malta (c. 1592), Act I, scene 2. Quicquid servatur, cupimus magis: ipsaque furem Cura vocat. Pauci, quod sinit alter, amant. We covet what is guarded; the very care invokes the thief. Few love what they may have. Ovid, Amorum (16 BC), III. 4. 25. Verum est aviditas dives, et pauper pudor. True it is that covetousness is rich, modesty starves. Phaedrus, Fables, II. 1. 12. Alieni appetens sui profusus. Covetous of the property of others and prodigal of his own. Sallust, Catilina, V. I am not covetous for gold, Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost; It yearns me not if men my garments wear; Such outward things dwell not in my desires: But if it be a sin to covet honor I am the most offending soul alive. William Shakespeare, Henry V (c. 1599), Act IV, scene 3, line 24. When workmen strive to do better than well, They do confound their skill in covetousness. William Shakespeare, King John (1598), Act IV, scene 2, line 28. Envy Greed Look up Covetousness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Main Parks and Recreation (2009-2015) was an American political comedy television sitcom, airing on NBC, starring Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, a perky, mid-level bureaucrat in the Parks Department of Pawnee, a fictional town in Indiana. Andy: Look, Hogwarts. Ben: No, that's Buckingham Palace. Hogwarts is fictional. You do know that, don't you? It's important to me that you know that. Ron: History began on July 4, 1776. Everything that happened before that was a mistake. Ron: I'd invite you for a drink, but where would we find one here? Leslie: Are you kidding? This is London. There's a pub over there, there's a pub over there, and there's a pub between those two butcher shops. Ron: Let's go to that one, but we'll be stopping by those two butcher shops first. Ron: I thought you needed some air, even if that air is fouled by the stench of European socialism. Tom: Your son, he's my best friend, he's like a brother to me, but he's a disaster. And your daughter, she needs to be put in a mental institution. On an island. In space. Ben: Hey, you wanted to see me? Chris: I did. [tosses something towards him] Think fast! Ben: Oh my god! [catches it] Hey, Dr. Buttons!...I mean, my old calculator. It doesn't have a name. Leslie: Things are exactly the way they were back in 1817! Except, you know, women and minorities can vote, we have indoor toilets and we no longer burn widows for learning arithmetic. Leslie: There are two Eagleton departments Pawnee does not have: The Department of Infinity Pool Design and the Department of Dressage, which I'm told is a fancy horse riding thing. Alonso: It is horse dancing madam! Leslie: Okay take it easy Alonso. All you horse dancing people sit in your saddles if you will. The rest of you welcome to your new departments! April: Attention! Eagleton is now under martial law! Leslie: No! Leslie: I also have a little surprise. I'd like to introduce our new filing temp... Jerry: [walking in] Hey everybody! April: NOOOOO! Tom: Noooo! Why!? Ron: Why Leslie!? Chris: When we were state auditors we had an amazing system. Ben: Chris would pump everyone up and made them feel positive and happy and I swooped in and slashed their budgets to ribbons! Chris: Like a majestic alley-oop. You're all amazing! Ben: You're all fired! Chris: Teamwork! Jerry: When Leslie called to see if I could help, Gayle and I were getting on a cruise ship to the Bahamas. I said Gayle, put that Bikini away. Because Pawnee needs me. April: I'm sorry was your name Jennifer? Tynnyfer: No it's Tynnyfer. With two "Y's." I used to be Jennifer but then I decided to re-brand myself. Oh wait hang on, it's Xanax O'clock. [pops some pills] April: ...[talking like Tynnyfer] Um well nice to meet you. My name's April and I just wanted to say that your dress is so cute it's bonks. Tynnyfer: I saw my spinning instructor wearing it and I was like, shut up where do I get that? April: Oh my God who's your spinning instructor, Gregory or Winona? Tynnyfer: I go to Yanis. Who are Gregory and Winona? I've never heard of them before. Are they better!? April: Winona rocks my world. Tynnyfer: Seriously, you need to get me in there like that's a Must. Must. Must. [cut to April being interviewed] April: She's the worst person I've ever met. I want to travel the world with her. Leslie: Hey this is a surprise! Ann: Yeah I just wanted to chat for a sec, you know just so you could hear some things from me. Verbal things from my mouth. Did that sound weird? Leslie: Is everything okay? Ann: Yeah everything's fine! First of all, this is Evelyn. Leslie: Oh hello! Ann: She is my Health Department counterpart from Eagleton. Evelyn: There really wasn't a ton of work for me there. Eagletonians are very healthy. Leslie: Oh well this might be a very interesting challenge for you because Pawnee has the very first documented case of Mega Diabetes. And the only known occurrence of Lou Gehrig's other disease. We've been written about in textbooks. Ann: Thanks Evelyn I'll see you back in my office. I just need to talk some more words into Leslie's face. Leslie: Wow I feel sorry for her. I mean nobody can fill your shoes Ann, with your tiny little doll feet. Ann: Yeah actually that's what I wanted to talk to you about. I uh...I'm gonna step down and I'm gonna turn my job over to Evelyn. Leslie: What!? No! Did somebody put you up to this? Was it Evelyn? I knew she was a monster! Leslie: Sorry for the delay ladies, I was busy being ambushed by treachery. So did you get a chance to compare notes on your respective duties? April: [still talking like Tynnyfer] Totally! Tynny and I have been like totally bonding. We've just been like blah blah blah blah blah like talking like so much forever! Tynnyfer: It's all so delicious! April: I know right!? Tynnyfer: This is like the best day ever! April: I know I'm eating it all up! Leslie: Wow. It's nice to see a friendship blossoming instead of...wilting away like a...dying turd flower... April: Totes! We also came up with these nicknames for each other. Slut! Tynnyfer: And Skank! April: How crazmazing is that Les!? Leslie: Look if Ann wants to leave Pawnee I get it. I mean who wants to stay in the greatest town in the world with her best friend and be happy forever when she can abandon her soul sister like an old shoe, and move to a garbage city full of jerks! I get it! No hard feelings! Donna: Yeah hi, is there, and I'm just guessing here, some kind of medication that you maybe need a lot of and have taken none of or maybe too much of today? Craig: Oh I have a medical condition alright, it's called caring too much! AND IT'S INCURABLE! ...Also, I have eczema. Leslie: Alright Donna there's gonna have to be some cut-backs. I mean your job is secure of course. You're basically the glue of this department. But I think Craig's gonna have to go. Donna: No you should keep him. He's crazy intense but I've never met anyone who cares more about this job. Leslie: Huh Donna. Donna: No joke. He might care more than you. Honestly if I had to choose between him and me, I'd choose him. Leslie: What are you saying, are you thinking about leaving!? Donna: I wasn't planning on it but I could. You know I got the condo in Seattle, the fiance in Denver... Leslie: Huh!? Donna: It won't last. Ann: Okay we need to talk! Leslie: I'm sorry Ann I can't understand you. You've developed some accent from that new town you might move to! [Everyone is reacting angrily to Leslie's contracts] Ron: Why are you doing this? Leslie: What's the big deal? I'm just trying to stop time with legally binding friendship contracts! What part of that do you not understand!? Ron: You have lost your mind. April: [still talking like Tynnyfer] I think you need a spa day Les. [Everyone storms out] Leslie: Fine! You only have to work here until I'm dead! Is that better!? Ron: What in the name of all that is holy is that smell? Eagleton Ron: Yerba Mate tea. Sweetened with stevia. It's an all-natural plant extract. Ron: Shut your damn mouth. Eagleton Ron: No need to curse. Ron: There most certainly is! Leslie: Okay all Eagleton people meet me in the conference room. All Pawnee people...sit at your desks and take it personally. Leslie: So what's your story new Ann? You're kinda pretty. I mean you're not "Ann pretty" but you have potential. Evelyn: ...Thank you but I don't work in this department- Leslie: Shut your kinda pretty mouth and eat a mustard cookie. [Leslie is trying to become best friends with the Eagleton doppelgangers] Leslie: Okay so let's chit chat huh? Let's get to know each other and then become familiar best friends. Craig: I don't have time for this. I'm halfway through designing a bamboo gazebo as a tribute to the founders of Motown! Leslie: Haha! That's so Craig! Oh Craig we have fun don't we? Do you guys remember when this all started? I came here with the cookies and then Craig said something so Craig and we all laughed and we were like "Craig!" ...Do you...do you think it would be weird if we held hands? Probably. [Ron walks in and grabs Leslie] Ron: This way please. Leslie: Excuse me Ron, I am talking to my best friends! Let me go! Best friends attack Ron! [Everyone looks very confused] Ron: Okay. What is wrong with you woman!? Leslie: I don't have to explain myself to you! I am the Czar! I can do as I please. Those who cross the Czar, feel the wrath of the Czar! Ron: ... Leslie: Ann is thinking about leaving Pawnee. Moving. With Chris. Ron: Well that's nice. Leslie: Nice, Ron!? Edible arrangements are nice. This is volcanically hot betrayal! Leslie: We all know that I can not spend as much money on ads as my opponent but, I printed out 10,000 "Don't" stickers and 10,000 question mark stickers. That way, if you see a sign that says "Recall Knope," all you need to do is add the question mark and the "Don't" and suddenly it reads "Recall Knope? Don't." Donna: Why don't you just put the "Don't" in front of "Recall Knope?" Leslie: ...Yeah that's a much better idea. April: Can I have these question mark stickers? Leslie: Why? April: I wanna put them on stop signs! [runs out] Leslie: April no! Ron: That's your will? You need that many pages to say "Give my stuff to my wife"? Ben: It's a complicated legal document. Ron: It doesn't have to be. [pulls a piece of paper from wallet] I've had the same will since I was eight years old. Ben: [reading it] "Upon my death, all my belongings shall transfer to the man or animal who has killed me." What are these weird symbols? Ron: The man who kills me will know. Ben: Ok, you should really have a will that's more than one sentence long. You have a wife and kids now. I could introduce you to our lawyer. Ron: The three most useless jobs in the world are, in order, lawyer, congressman and doctor. Pass. Ben: Ron, that document is nothing, it's not even notarized. You know, if you die and you don't have a real will, most of what you own will go to the government. Ron: [pause] Where is this lawyer you speak of? Leslie: That's what you really think of me? You think I'm annoying? Donna: Leslie, sometimes you're kind of annoying. I mean I thought that was your thing. Leslie: My thing?! My thing is not being annoying! My things are making friendship bracelets and dancing like nobody's watching and thinking up really cool nicknames for my friends. You of all people should know that El Diablo! Donna: Look the only reason I'm even on twitter is to blow off steam about work and tweet nasty stuff to dudes with washboard abs. Leslie: I have a question for you. Do you think I'm annoying? Chris: No. Leslie: Are you lying? Chris: No. Leslie: Are you trying to protect my feelings? Chris: No. Leslie: Do you think I'm being annoying right now? Chris: Yes. Leslie: So you do think I'm annoying! Chris: I think you ask a lot of the people that you work with. And I think that people do what you ask because they love you. But, I also think that driving people as hard as you do can ruffle some feathers. I think a lot of things. I like cooking. And racquetball! Leslie: Now who's annoying? Chris: I spent the last hour reading some of Donna's old tweets. And turns out there's some more things that she said about you: "Message to the recall haters-You can't keep Leslie Knope down. She's too real for this ish. #BossBitch." Leslie: "Leslie Knope is stepping up at these hearings and taking a bullet for me. #SisterFromAnotherMister #BossBitch." Chris: It appears whereas "BitchBoss" is clearly an indication of her frustration, "BossBitch" is a term of endearment! Isn't language fun? It's like racquetball, for your mouth. Leslie: I'm sorry if I can be a little annoying at times. But one person's annoying is another person's inspiring and heroic. So you know who are we to judge? Donna: And I'm sorry for writing those things. Some of those things. Leslie: I can't promise that I won't be...inspiring and heroic in the future. Donna: And I can't promise that I won't complain about it. Leslie: Deal. [They shake hands] Leslie: I got you an apology present. Donna: Oh? Leslie: It's all of your favorite lipsticks and nail polishes and I got the same ones too. I printed out a schedule so we can wear them at the same time. Now I would like you to open each one in front of me and tell me how you feel about them individually. Donna: Let me take a picture. Leslie: Are you tweeting this? Donna: Mmmhmm. Leslie: What's the hashtag gonna be? "BossBitch" or "BitchBoss?" Donna: Yeah it's "PsychoBoss." Leslie: Well, I don't hate that. Leslie: I cannot wait to hear your Travolta. Jamm: Uh no no no, I'm Sandra Dee. That's more in my register. You're Zuko. [Cut to karaoke bar where Jamm and Leslie are singing Summer Nights from Grease] Chris: [To karaoke bar worker] I would like to buy five DVDs of this! No twenty! No Sixty! No that's insane. Twenty! Tom: Good news. We have multiple bidders. That guy's getting his financials together. Plans on tearing the whole place down, just wants it for the land. Ron: Why would he tear down a perfectly good cabin? Donna: I think he's a developer who wants to put in a luxury glamp ground. Glamping is Glamour Camping. Heated tents, catered meals, Wi-Fi... Ron: You're describing a hotel. Jamm: You know in some weird, perverted, sexual way I'm gonna miss you when you're gone. Leslie: Oh... Jamm: You are my nemesis. You're the Superman to my Lex Luthor. Leslie: You want to be Lex Luthor? Jamm: Uhh yeah! Lex Luthor is rich. Leslie: Well okay. I can't argue with that. Leslie: Ann Arbor!? Sounds disgusting! Chris: She already has family there and I have a new job lined up at the University of Michigan. Go Blue! Leslie: ... Chris: It's a good town and it's a great place to raise a family. Leslie: What is great about it!? There's no JJ's Diner there! There's no "Welcome to Pawnee" sign! I mean the stupid state is split up into two pieces! Jamm: Unexpected play here Superman. Not entirely sure what you're going for but I dig your gambit. Leslie: There is no gambit here Jamm. And who sides with Lex Luthor by the way!? You probably watch Million Dollar Baby and root for the stool. Jamm: I haven't seen it. Not a big Morgan Freeman guy. I find his voice very grating. Leslie: I am leaving now. I'm not moving I'm just going home. [After making a deal with Jamm] Jamm: Deal guys. You must really want that park. Leslie: I do yes. And to tell you the truth, I'd doing it all for my best friend. [talking about Ann] Jamm: That's all I wanted to hear. Leslie, you're my best friend too. Leslie: ... Leslie: Are you sure you're okay with what you did? Chris: Well it's not the most ethical thing that I've ever done...but on the flip-side, Jamm is a big, mean dope. Leslie: Mmmhmmm Chris: And I hope that this eases some of the pain of us moving away. Leslie: Oh I am currently in deep denial that that's happening. Ben: Okay just a reminder guys, today is Leslie's last day as a city counselor so everyone be extra supportive. Ron: Already done. When she walked past me this morning I gave her a kind nod. Ben: ...Heartwarming! Also, I wanna get her a present to cheer her up on her last day. Any ideas? Donna: A "sorry you lost your dream job" gift? That's a tough one. Stay away from wine! Wine is crying juice. Larry: Well I mean you know her better than anybody. What does she really want more than anything in the world? Ben: ...A nice candle! I'm screwed. Leslie: Lucky for me, I've processed all my feelings. And I've gone through the five stages of grief: Denial, anger, internet commenting, cat adoption, African dance, cat returning to the adoption place, watching all the episodes of Murphy Brown, and not giving a flying fart...How many stages it that? I don't know, the point is I'm fine now. [Ann and Chris are having their ultrasound with Dr. Saperstein] Dr. Saperstein: So look at this baby! That is the most symmetrical fetus I've ever seen. This could be a superhero! Chris: Dr. Saperstein. I know that we should hate you because you destroyed our friend's business but we love you so much! Ann: We love you! Dr. Saperstein: I'm lovable! So, do you wanna know the sex? Chris: Oh my God! Should we? Ann: No, right? Or maybe yes? Chris: Is there an option other than yes or no? Dr. Saperstein: I'll tell you what I'm gonna do. I'm gonna write it down. Then I'm gonna put it in an envelope, seal it and then when you're ready, Voila! Ann: That'll be fun! Chris: It's like the Oscars! Ann: Hey let's get some food I'm starving! Wait no, I have to pee. Wait no, I have to barf. Actually all three. Being pregnant is great! Chris: ... [Ann and Chris are having lunch] Chris: I would be thrilled if we have a girl! Ann: Aww tiny dresses! Braids! Glitter on everything! Forget it! Chris: And also girls' names are so cute! Daisy, Annabelle, Lily... Ann: Olive, Rosemary...Chicken...Fifty burritos...Oh my God I'm starving! [To the waitress] Miss! Hi! I'm pregnant and I'm a little bit crazy so if you don't bring our appetizers out in the next 30 seconds I'm gonna plunge your face into the deep fryer! [The waitress starts nervously walking away] Chris: And also two waters please but no hurry. Ann: Thank you! [reading Dr. Saperstein's note] Chris: We are having a...distributions. Ann: ... Chris: That's what it looks like. "Distributions." Ann: Let me see that. It says "Congratulations"...I think. Then it says "I Leg Smurf," are we having a smurf? Chris: We are having a "Eleven..Jewel...Toilet." Ann: I can't tell what's words and what's punctuation! The suspense is killing me! Chris: I'm calling Dr. Saperstein. Ann: I'm calling Domino's. Think Domino's delivers to this restaurant? I hope so. Leslie: Oh good you guys are here! Okay, everybody gather around, I have a big announcement. I'm officially seeking re-election to the Pawnee City Council. I am gonna be running for Dexhart's seat and the campaign starts now. Everyone: ... Leslie: Oh, I love the sound of silence before a big cheer. That's what's happening? Right? Tom: Leslie, no offense, I've heard a lot of bad ideas today. This is the worst. Leslie: April? April: I would love it if you ran an insane campaign and basically turned into the Joker...but that means you probably shouldn't do it. Leslie: Andy? Andy: I don't know Leslie, it seems risky. And I'd hate to see you go through another tough fight. But I could be wrong, I haven't pooped in three days. Leslie: Okay Ron, you have always given me sage counsel, and your words carry great influence so what do you think I should do? Ron: I do not think that you should run again. Leslie: What the Hell do you know dum-dum!? Jennifer: Ben bought one hour of my time. I heard you need some consulting? Leslie: Well uh...I guess. I mean how are you? How's your family? Jennifer: Okay I get paid $1200 an hour. Do you really wanna spend any of that time talking about my mother and her 19-year-old Korean husband? Leslie: ...That does sound fascinating but you're right, let's talk. Jennifer: Now you might win. You're smart, Ben is smart, you might win. But why would you want to? Leslie: Because it's my dream job. Jennifer: Then dream bigger. Look, you love this town. It’s being run by monsters and morons? Get a better job! Rise above their heads! Effect change at a higher level! Don't be the kid that graduates high school, then hangs out in the school parking lot. Be the woman who moves away, climbs the ladder, and confidently comes back and has sex with her hot old English teacher just for kicks. Leslie: Is that what you did? Jennifer: Yeah, Mr. Baker. Sex was pretty good, thanks to me. Look, Pawnee has done you a favor. You’ve outgrown them. You’ve got talent, you’ve got name recognition, which means that you have a bright, wide open future with a thousand options. State Senate. Federal jobs. Even Congress. All of these are doable for you. And you can trust me...because I don’t care enough about you to lie. Jennifer: Uh oh. Oh time's up. Okay if you want to keep talking you're gonna have to pay me 1200 more dollars. Leslie: Uh...I just need to... Jennifer: I swear to God if you say one more word, you will legally owe me $1200 and I will sue you! Let's not end it like that! Okay. Great to see you Leslie. Those five words are on me. [Starts to move chair back] Should I move this back? Don't answer it! Leslie: Okay Ron, enough's enough let's talk plans for Diane's baby shower. Ron: Dear God woman! Leslie: Three main activities: baby bingo, baby food tasting and my personal favorite, baby onesie decorating station. I wanna make mine look like an astronaut. What are you doin up there in space baby!? Ugh! So cute! Okay, I have some gift ideas. I was looking at a very adorable stroller. Ron: We already have a stroller. [motions to the corner] Leslie: Oh shoot really? I have to think of something else. [Leslie spots baby John in the corner] Leslie: [Gasps] Oh my God whose baby is that!? Ron: That would be mine. Leslie: Guys get in here! Ron has a baby! Andy: Oh Ron. Cool baby. Ron: Thank you Andrew. Everyone, I'd like to introduce you to my son, John, middle name redacted, Swanson. John was born some time ago weighing multiple pounds and several ounces. Much like his father he is a fan of silence. Please keep your voices down. Leslie: How am I supposed to keep my voice down when you had your baby, and you didn't tell me that you had your baby! Ron: Why would you need to know something like that? Leslie: [pacing frantically] Why would I!? Oh my God! I have not even sent Diane a gift! She's just walking around wondering why I haven't sent her a gift yet! April: Should we do something? Ron: Just let her tire herself out. Larry: If you need anything from us Ron please just let us know. Ron: Actually there is something. Could one of you please stop at the pet store and pick up some fish food for me? Leslie: WHEN DID YOU GET A FISH!? April: Hey one question: where are you gonna stand? In front of the graffiti that says "Pawnee You Suck" or "Go Home Eagleton Snobs" Leslie: I painted over that graffiti a week ago! These people are the worst! I cannot announce a unity concert in front of a picture of a bald eagle giving the middle finger. Andy:Yeah you probably want to stand to the side so people could see it. Leslie: A few years ago Eagleton put up this wall along the border, now it is time to tear down this wall! [Applause from crowd] Leslie: In the name of unity I have given some former Eagletonians the first strike. Take it away guys! [Two Eagletonians smash a hole in the wall] Leslie: It's such a great day for... [A swarm of bees erupts from the hole] BEES! BEES! NOBODY PANIC! [Everyone immediately starts panicking, screaming and running around as the bees attack] Craig: [running away] OHHH NOOO! Random Citizen: AHHHH IT STUNG ME IN THE EYEBALL! Jamm: [filming the disaster] Haha oh man this is amazing man! The stupid Eagletonians are totally getting PWNED by these bees! Gonna send this straight to Tosh! [Gets stung] OW FUCK! FUCK! Andy: [shielding April] Don't worry babe I'll protect you! I got stung once, I'm immune. Go ahead and sting me bees! It does nothing! Reporter: Leslie, it appears that most of the people who were stung were from Eagleton. How did you pull that off? Leslie: I didn't pull anything off. The Eagletonians were simply closest to the wall. Plus one Pawneean was stung...in his mouth because he was laughing at the Eagletonians. Reporter: How did you get your bees into the wall and how long did it take to plan this hilarious bee prank on Eagleton? Leslie: They were not my bees Todd and for the last time, this was not a prank! I did not know that bees were in that wall! I mean in fact you should treat this like a public service announcement. Everybody...should check their walls for bees! Reporter: Nice try prank queen, probably bees in there! Leslie: Okay that's all the time I have. [Starts walking out] Reporter: What else can you do with your bees!? Reporter: Leslie what's your next prank!? Larry: Leslie, Grant Larson is on the phone from the National Parks Service. Leslie: I can't meet with him right now. We are in crisis mode okay! Larry, just tell him I need to reschedule because I am trying to fix my bee hole disaster! Larry: Okey dokey. Leslie: Wait no! Wait no Larry! Don't tell him that! ...Don't mention my bee hole. Leslie: I am so incredibly sorry. Eagletonian: That's very kind of you Miss Knope. Leslie: I hope you look a lot less gross very soon. Jamm: Hey thanks for coming Knope! I knew we were besties. What do you go there for me? Some dirty mags? Leslie: No! These gift baskets are for innocent victims. Not for jerks who got stung because they were laughing at other people's pain! Jamm: Whatever. I got a lot of filth on my kindle anyway. We can just hang. Mike Patterson: Welcome to Eagleton Now with Mike Patterson. We're live ambushing Leslie Knope who's in the middle of a crass publicity stunt shoving cameras into the faces of these poor, injured victims. Leslie: These are your cameras. This is not a publicity stunt. I just came here by myself to apologize to all the Eagletonians who got stung. Mike Patterson: Really!? Because all we see is you talking to your friend, known Eagleton hater, Jeremy Jamm. Jamm: Excuse me Mike, that's best friend. Leslie: Pawneeans and Eagletonians need to find a way to come together and bury the hatchet. It doesn't matter who bailed out who or who seceded from who! Jamm: Awesome idea Leslie. Matter of fact, I say we should succeed from Eagleton! Whose dumb-ass idea was it for them to merge anyway!? Leslie: Mine! It was my idea! Mike Patterson: You heard it here first, self proclaimed dumb-ass Leslie Knope and Councilman Jeremy Jamm are spearheading a Pawnee secession movement. And I for one am sick of it. Leslie: The point is, will you go to Prom with me? Ben: Well I thought you'd never ask...because we're nearing forty. Of course I will. Leslie: Yay! Prom! Leslie: Tom, you're in charge of music. Ben: Aww man. Well alright. Leslie: Aww did you wanna DJ little puppy? I didn't know that little puppies could operate an ipod with their little puppy paws. Donna: Ewww. And Booo. This kind of thing is getting out of hand with you two. Ya'll are an official warning. Leslie: Wow! Are those Jens Trauder Colored Tabs!? I thought those were discontinued. Allison: They were. I had to order them through some Mexican back channels. Leslie: Juan Julio Officina Supplies!? I thought they went out of business! Allison: They did but they opened up a new one in Oxaca. Ben: ...What is happening right now? April: Fine. I'll go with you because Leslie's making us and we live together and we only have one car right now because you laked mine. Larry: What does laked mean? Andy: I tried to jump it over a lake! Why don't you stay out of our conversations Larry! Larry: Will do! [chuckles and walks off] Leslie: We here at the Parks Department have something called the "April Ludgate Summer Solstice Druid Festival and Buffalo Wings Eating Contest" ...I don't know why I let her name it. It's basically a summer internship program. Ron: What brings you to the festering putrid stink hole on the armpit of freedom? Allison: ... Leslie: That's what he calls City Hall. Allison: Leslie was just telling me about your summer internship and I was thinking about taking it. Ron: [laughing] Oh no no no no! No! I respect your father too much to let his daughter work for free for the government. Why don't you get a paying job for the summer? Leslie: Why don't you shut your mustache!? Allison & Ron: ... Leslie: Sorry. Ben: My Prom was right after I got impeached so I couldn't leave the house without being egged. But my parents threw me a Prom in our living room...I think I'm still messed up from it. Leslie: [in a squeaky helium voice] I know what you're doing Ron and I will defeat you! Mark my words! Ron: Stop wasting helium. It is intended for welding and filling airships. Ron: I attended Prom with Susan Hoffler. I picked her up in my truck, we slow danced to a Merle Haggard song, and then I left early to go to my shift at the quarry. I was twelve years old. Never went again. Felt like I had outgrown it. Andy: Look around. The bloom of youth. Like flowers on the sunset of an eagle's poetry. April: Andy. I hate teenagers! Andy: If you give this a chance, you're gonna love it. I promise. It's like the movie Expendables 2. First time, hated it. Second time, hated it. Third time, it was okay. Then the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth time I watched it, I realized something. It's just it's not good. It's not a good movie. Now that I've convinced you, why don't we go dance? Leslie: So have you ever pulled a ceremonial chord before? There's a little trick to it. You wanna hold it not too tight, sort of like a firm handshake, and then move towards the ground in a rope-pulling motion. Allison: So just...pull the rope. Leslie: That's right! Donna: I didn't go to my Prom. I was dating an older man at the time. Like I'm gonna dance with a bunch of kids while he's coaching Duke to the final four. April: I just wanna go home but I feel bad because Andy's having such a good time. [view of Andy having a dance off and having a great time] April: How can I love someone when I hate everything he loves? Donna: That's not true. He loves a lot of dumb stuff but he loves you the most. If something's bothering you, just tell him. It's always better to be direct. [guy walks up to Donna] Guy: Hey girl. Are you ready to go? Donna: I feel like I told you to wait in the car. Guy: ...Yeah. [walks off] Donna: See? Be direct. Ron: Sorry children. Forget that this happened. Continue with your awkward, close quarters gyrating. [Ron starts rushing Leslie off the stage] Leslie: And if this is the evening you decide to have sex use protection please! Girl: Where'd you get that dress? April: I was buried in it. Girl: ... [awkwardly walks away] Ben: You may be old, but you'll never be as old as me. Tom: Yeah. You're old as shit! Thanks Ben. Ben: Glad I could help. Allison: Oh, let me introduce you to my boyfriend. [Greg Pikitis walks up and puts his arm around Allison] Leslie: [shocked] ...Greg Pikitis? Greg: What up Knope!? Leslie: Hello Gregory. Allison: You guys know each other? Leslie: You might say that. Greg: Come on baby, let's get out of here. [Greg and Allison walk away] Ron: It's that horrible kid who used to prank us all the time right? Leslie: Offer's off the table. She's a terrible person with terrible judgement. [Leslie tries to walk away and causes a huge mess due to Greg secretly stapling her dress to a tablecloth] Leslie: PIKITIS! Leslie: It's flu season again and I cannot get sick! I have too much work to do. Unfortunately Pawnee is like a breeding ground for disease...due to our poor hygiene habits and raccoon density. It's deeply ingrained in our town's history. We used to crown Miss Influenza every year. The CDC called the pageant "ethically reprehensible." Leslie: Stock up on Kleenex! Don't touch your face! Don't touch anything! People are dropping like flies! We already had to quarantine Larry. [Larry emerges from a tent around his desk] Larry: Leslie, I don't feel good. Can I just work from home? Leslie: The tent is your home now Larry. We already forwarded your mail. April: April Ludgate, professional drinker. Woman: Uhh where did you study Ms. Ludgate? April: The Wine...Academy. Woman: The Wine Academy!? In Bordeaux!? April: Yes! Woman: Carol. Make sure she's in Group A. Craig: Excuse me I want in too. I know I don't look the part but I know everything about wine and I will prove it! My name is Craig Middlebrooks and this is my debit rewards card! Andy: I guess while you get your medicine I'll just stroll through the candy isles but won't get any. Leslie: You can buy two candies. Andy: TWO!? [runs off] Pharmacist: Can I help you? Leslie: I have the flu. Super nauseated for a few days, lot of barfing, it's a total disaster. Plus I have a ton of work to do so I need the good stuff. The Mariah needs to sing tonight stuff. [Craig and April are describing wines for a panel] Craig: Pumpkin. Undertones of lavender. Medium plus body. It's mostly pumpkin. There's so much pumpkin it's like a Charlie Brown Halloween special! April: I'm getting notes of dried robin's blood, old dirty cashews and just a hint of a robot's bathwater. Craig: It's new world. Northern California. Nappa Valley. Someplace beautiful and warm and amazing where everyone is in great shape and the night sky is full of stars! April: This comes from...your mother's butt. Chip McCapp: Can someone get me one of those lunch stacks!? And stack em for me this time! Cheese on top or no one gets paid! Chip's Dad/Manager: You got it Chip! Chip McCapp: Ugh my dad is such an idiot. Andy & Leslie: ... Chip's Dad/Manager: Here you go Chip. Chip McCapp: Oh look at that, the cheese is on top...of turkey! You dick! I want ham! Chip's Dad/Manager: Sorry son they were out of ham. Chip McCapp: Alright well maybe I should just let mom be manager then? [throws plate at his Dad] Chip McCapp: Pick em up skip. Andy: [whispering to Leslie] Ewwww! This guy's the worst! I mean it sucks that they didn't have ham but you can't treat your dad like that! Leslie: [whispering to Andy] I know, he's a monster! But we need him. Chip McCapp: Your job's not that hard okay just anticipate my needs! Chip's Dad/Manager: Anticipating Chip! Official: Of the 25 entrants today, only one has deemed himself worthy of a Sommelier Certificate. April: Oh my God are you sure!? No way! Oh my God thank you! Thank you so much everyone! I think we can agree that all wine tastes the same and if you spend more than five dollars on wine you are very stupid. Official: Security! [security begins to escort April out] April: I just wanna thank all the people that got me here. Norbit. Uhh Pluto Nash. All the Klumps... Eagleton Ron: Well hello gentlemen! What brings you out on this fine evening? Ron: Motherfucker! Ben: Whoa where'd you come from? Eagleton Ron: Well that's a complicated question. All depends on whether your conception of time is linear or circular. Ben: ...What? Eagleton Ron: Hello Ron. Ben: Ron, you know this hobo? Eagleton Ron: He was my counterpart from the Eagleton Parks Department. Ben: Dude, are you a ghost? Eagleton Ron: Am I? Ben: ...What is happening right now!?! Leslie: You're crazy! This is over! Okay!? Pawnee does not need you and you should know that when you shook my hand earlier there was pee on my palms! ...That makes us sound like hicks. We're not. Shut Up! Stupid! Okay! Let's go Andy! Tom: Look man, you know your stuff but you're like a crazy volcano. You'd have to show me you can bring it down a notch. Craig: I'll bring it down a THOUSAND NOTCHES IF I HAVE TO! Leslie: How are we gonna convince this guy to reunite Land Ho? Andy: Same way I got a perfect score on the SATs. Broken scantron machine. [April, Tom and Donna are testing Craig] Craig: Good evening. May I assist you with a wine tonight? Tom: Yeah I'm having fish so maybe a full-bodied red. Craig: You know sir you might want to consider something white to go with your fish. Donna: No, red! And bring some ice cubes. I like ice cubes in my red wine. April: I'll have a glass of your most expensive red wine mixed with a glass of your cheapest white wine served in a dog bowl. Silly straws all around please. Craig: ...I'll be right back with my recommendations. [walks out] Tom: Seems to be keeping it together Craig: [from the other room] WHAT KIND OF MONSTER ORDERS RED WITH FISH!? I KNOW THEY'RE MESSING WITH ME AND IT'S JUST A TEST BUT HAVE SOME DECENCY! [Craig comes back with the wine] Craig: For you sir, a light crisp Pinot with just a hint of lemon to bring out the flavors of your fish. [to Donna] I brought you a bold Cabernet which should still taste okay when watered down. [to April] And for you madam would you consider this Rose, it's halfway between red and white. Tom: Thanks very much! Craig: Enjoy. [walks out] Tom: I think I might have found my new sommelier. Craig: [from the other room] THAT WAS SO EMBARRASSING! Tom: I'll have to make sure the wine cellar at Tom's bistro is sound proof. Ben: So, what do we got so far? We need big ticket items. April: I got the Red Hot Chili Peppers to send us a signed guitar. Leslie: That's great April! How'd you do that!? April: It's a long story but the short version is I'm currently catfishing Anthony Kiedis. Leslie: We are throwing a charity auction to raise money for the unity concert. And we're gonna need it too...if I'm gonna perform Islands In The Stream with a Sacagawea hologram...Plus, we need lights, generators, microphones, water, that boring stuff too. Andy: I am not good at keeping secrets! That's exactly what I told Kyle when he told me his wife was cheating on him. Kyle: ANDY! COME ON! Andy: Ah! See! Kyle: Not cool man! Andy: Not him! Not that Kyle! Donna: You wanted to see me? Ron: Yes. I need to ask you for a...favor. Donna: WHAT!? Ron Swanson asking for help!? Ron: KEEP YOUR VOICE DOWN WOMAN! [Leslie is getting an ultrasound] Dr. Saperstein: Alright let's see what's going down in baby town! There's your healthy baby! Leslie: Oh wow. Dr. Saperstein: Oh! And there's another one! Ben: The baby has two bodies? Leslie: Twins! Ben we're having twins! Dr. Saperstein : No you're not. Cause look who's hiding over here. Leslie: ...Triplets!? Triplets!? Dr. Saperstein: And here's a fourth! I'm so sorry it's a little fleck of cream cheese on the screen. Just triplets! Wow. You guys really dodged a bullet. Can you imagine raising four children at the same time? A nightmare! Ben: Triplets... Leslie: Triplets... Leslie: I can't believe it! We knocked it out of the park on the first try! If we play this right, we can be parents to one-third of the Supreme Court! Ben: This is insane. Leslie: This is amazing! I always knew we were one in a million and now we got the proof! Dr. Saperstein: Well actually one in 8,000. Triplets occur a lot more frequently then you imagine, especially at your age. Your body is prone to releasing multiple eggs. It's what we doctors like to call - and I don't mean to be insensitive - a "Going Out of Business Sale." Ben: [to the camera] This is insane. Three kids?! I just multiplied all our future expenses by three, and you know what happened? The numbers got a lot higher. I think I heard the computer laugh at me. And Saperstein wants us to RELAX?! [Leslie enters] Leslie: Are you ready to go, my gentle dove? Ben: Oh, I will be there in two flaps of a butterfly's wing. [Leslie exits] Ben: [to the camera] We are so fucking screwed. Andy: Fine! I will tell you the secret. Ben's dog is dying. April: Lie. Andy: Ben is dying. He has the same disease Larry has. April: ... Andy: Leslie is dying- April: No. Andy: They're both dying. April: No! Andy: I'm dying. April: ... Andy: Chris and Ann are moving. April: They already moved. Andy: They are moving again to China...town in France. April: No! Andy: Okay! Fine do you really wanna know? April: Yes! Andy: Leslie. Is. A spy. April: No. Andy: Tom has something wrong with his butt. April: Oh my God. Leslie: Okay there's still plenty of ways to raise money for the concert right? Maybe we'll win the lottery. I mean hey you're looking at a woman who just hit triple cherries in her uterus. Ben: We're screwed. Ben: Raising three kids is going to cost three million dollars! Leslie: Babe our kids will be geniuses, they'll get scholarships. Half of my tuition was paid for by the Indiana Scholarship for Pretty Blondes Who Like To Read...It's now called the Virginia Wolfe Prize. Different time. April: Babe you don't have to hide from me. I don't care about the secret anymore okay? I just thought when we got married we would share everything but if you really can't tell me or whatever it's fine. I trust you. Andy: It's just that it's a really big secret. And for once I wanted to keep my word. [April shrugs] Andy: But screw it. You're more important than anything. I'm gonna tell you. Cause it's super juicy! You ready? April: Okay! [Leslie & Ben walk in] Leslie: Everybody if you could gather around! Andy: [pushing April away] They're here! Don't try to get it out of me! Ben: You're ready? Leslie: Not at all. But that's never stopped us before.
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National Index: 247 Johto Index: 245 Hoenn Index: 382 Stage: Stage 1 Height: 1.2m/3'11" Weight: 152kg/335.0lb Gender Distribution: 50% Male Ability: Shed Skin Type: Rock/Ground Species: Hard Shell Egg Group: Monster Hatch Steps: 10240 Catch Rate: 45 Base Experience: 144 Max Experience: 1250000 Move types which are very good on Pupitar: Water, Grass Move types which are good on Pupitar: Fighting, Ground, Ice, Steel Move types which are bad on Pupitar: Fire, Flying, Normal, Rock Move types which are very bad on Pupitar: Poison Move types which don't effect Pupitar: Electric All other move types are normal effectiveness on Pupitar. Pupitar evolves at level 55. GS/C/RS/FL: Attract, Dig, Double Team, Earthquake, Frustration, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Protect, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Sandstorm, Sunny Day, Toxic GS/C: Curse, Detect, Endure, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger RS/FL: Brick Break, Facade, Rock Smash, Secret Power, Taunt, Torment GS/C/RS/FL: Ancientpower, Focus Energy, Outrage, Pursuit, Stomp RS/FL: Curse, Dragon Dance Neo Discovery #45 - Pupitar Neo Destiny #39 - Dark Pupitar Expedition #90 - Pupitar Aquapolis #56 - Pupitar EX Team Rocket Returns #40 - Dark Pupitar EX Team Rocket Returns #41 - Dark Pupitar
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Setting up proper and certifiable organic production is one thing, it is another however to ensure that you get good quality raw material from the farmers, and to maintain or even increase the quality of the product on its way to the market. This chapter explains how you can achieve this during procuring, transport, storage, processing and export. It provides you with practical examples and recommendations. There is no market for low quality organic products. As buyers and consumers are paying more for the product they do not expect it only to be certified organic, but also to be of good quality. On the export market, quality is often a main concern of the buyers. Clients simply want to receive what they have ordered, and what they are paying for. Understanding what quality means, having a system in place to manage quality, and continuously trying to improve on quality all result in a better market position. Producers and clients do not always have the same understanding of quality (see box). It is therefore advisable to check with your clients what exactly they require in terms of product quality. Talking about quality Buyers always emphasize the importance of product quality, and suppliers always claim that their product is of good quality. Are they really talking about the same thing? Does good quality mean grade A, low acidity, high purity, or absence of microorganisms? Perhaps the quality of the product is better than what is usually available in the country of origin, but still inferior to what is available in the international market? It certainly helps if suppliers can provide reliable and measurable quality parameters, and can say precisely what minimum quality specifications they require. Not only quality per se is of importance for clients, but also consistency of quality. You should be able to notice any differences in your product over the years. Consistency does not depend only on you but on many factors. You should nevertheless work on achieving consistency and be able to explain what you do and what effects it has on the end product. Be aware that quality standards may change drastically with technologies evolving (e.g. trash rate reduction due to optical detection of impurities). Quality pays! As quality can often be improved with some simple measures (see chapter "Getting quality produce from farmers"), this can be an immediate reward at the very start of the organic conversion. You may not yet be getting an organic premium, but you may already get a better price because of better quality. In Uganda, a trader who used to buy wet and unfermented cocoa was surprised that he could get almost 30% more for properly fermented and dried cocoa. Once the product is certified, the premium paid to the farmers covers both the fact that it is organic and that it is of good quality. As a principle, many organic traders buy first quality product from the farmers only. Second grade produce has then to be sold in conventional markets. Supplying good quality is not difficult, and it is a necessity. At the same time it is an opportunity - quality pays! Therefore, take it seriously, and don't disappoint your buyers on product quality. The ‘invisibles’ Even if your product looks and tastes good, it may be rejected because it is contaminated with microorganisms or toxins. Salmonella and E. coli are microorganisms that are usually linked to unhygienic conditions in post-harvest handling. Tiny moulds that grow in humid conditions on various products can produce aflatoxin and ochratoxin. The cadmium content in cocoa grown on certain volcanic soils can be so high that the beans need to be blended with beans from other origins to make sure that the cadmium content is not above a daily permissible intake level. These problems with contaminations are not specific to organic production. Quality management is an issue during all stages of production. If contamination is detected, your clients may reject entire containers due to the strict regulations of the importing country. In the case of aflatoxin contamination in sesame or peanuts, the batch of rejected produce may still be used for oil extraction, but the cake not for animal consumption. It always is a shock to the exporter when shipments are rejected, and it leads to an important loss of income. Proper quality management in farming, post-harvest handling and storage avoids most problems of contamination. However, more and more analyses are being done, and more and more problems coming up that catch the producers unaware. Quality management systems The Internal Control System (see chapter "Developing an internal control system") is a good platform through which to address quality aspects. Whether you need a formal Quality Management System is another question. It depends on how often the product category you are dealing with is confronted with quality problems. This appears to be an increasingly common issue. Turkish farmers had a problem believing that there could be aflatoxin in their figs; African traders thought the buyers just wanted to reduce prices when they were complaining about salmonella in sesame; nobody cared about food safety in coffee (it is roasted anyway) until ochratoxin was found. In most developing countries there is little formal training on quality management systems in agriculture. However, they are increasingly common in the field of food processing. When you are processing organic food products, your buyers may ask whether you have a HACCP system in place (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point). Based on an analysis of food safety hazards in your operation, you need to define a monitoring system and corrective measures for your critical control points. You may think that high quality produce can only come from commercial farms. However, experience shows that smallholder farmers in developing countries can produce large quantities of good quality raw materials for competitive prices, meeting various certification and quality requirements. Quite a number of companies even prefer smallholder production over industrial farming because of the better quality. Pre-conditions for quality production by smallholders include: Some initial external assistance in the field of quality management; Training of the field officers who in their turn work with the farmers to translate market requirements into practice; Training and instruction of all other persons in the chain on how to handle the product; A price incentive to reward good quality (quality based pricing). The farming side In many cases it is actually fairly easy for field officers to work with farmers on improving product quality. It is mainly an issue of care and extra effort. Weather conditions are probably the most important disturbing factor - and people cutting corners in quality management! The characteristics of proper organic farming are already dealt with in chapter "Designing the organic production system". Good organic farming practices like selecting suitable varieties, adequate fertilisation and irrigation, appropriate crop rotation and weed management etc. not only determine productivity, but also size, flavour and shelf life of the product. Excessive nitrogen fertilisation, for example, may result in low product quality. On the other hand, there are only very few crops that do well without any fertilisation (e.g. the cactus fruit). In organic farming it is more difficult to control the damage that pests and diseases can do to the product. For fruits especially there is a low tolerance level in the market for insect damage and (hidden) diseases. An example is the mango fruit that should be free from fruit fly and anthracnose (a fungal disease). Fruits that do not fulfil the quality requirements for fresh export may still find a market in pulping, juicing or drying, but at a lower price. Preventive measures like pruning of the tree to allow aeration and removal of fallen fruit may therefore be worth the effort as they result in more mangos of export quality. Quality aspects in harvesting A bigger and more immediate improvement of quality can be achieved through proper harvesting. Harvesting when the product is ripe is an obvious necessity. A typical example is that coffee berries should be picked when they are red. A lack of timely and regular picking costs dearly in terms of quality and price. Once the coffee cherries are pulped you cannot see what the taste will be - you can only taste it. With other products, like pineapples, the ripeness can be easily seen through the change of the colour, or the sweetness can be measured with a brix refractometer. The Northern markets only take certain (middle) sizes of fruit. When going for sea freight these are often harvested a bit earlier as they continue to ripen until they have cooled down. The smaller and larger sizes should be left for a few more days to reach maturity, and should only then be picked for the local fresh market, for juicing or for drying. Separating different qualities An important quality management measure is to sort out produce of lower quality. In cotton, for example, farmers should keep infested and immature bolls in a separate bag while picking. Once the different qualities get mixed, it is a big job to get the inferior quality out of the batch. Mixing good with inferior quality never pays off! Care also needs to be taken not to contaminate the product by using unclean containers or bags for harvesting. In the case of fresh fruits and vegetables especially, (organic or not organic) there can be problems with basic hygiene during harvesting and product handling. Do the harvesters and packers wash their hands before they start their shift? Where do they relieve themselves? Do they stay away from work when they have stomach problems? Markets increasingly demand the nearby presence of toilets, running water, soap and clean towels to provide for some minimum hygiene. The presence of these facilities is of direct interest, and is the responsibility of the buyer. This can easily merge with community development programmes. The community will benefit from the presence of a new borehole for drinking and washing while the buyer benefits in terms of better hygiene and safer product. It therefore is in the interest of the buyer to make potable water available. Post-harvest handling on farms For some products after harvest operations like drying, sorting and fermentation are done on farm, before the product is collected or brought to a store house. Not all farmers will have the skills, patience, or labour available, to handle these processes with the necessary care to get a top quality product. In the case of cocoa fermentation and drying in Uganda, for example, there are few farmers who manage to process all their cocoa to the top grade. Lack of hygiene and particularly the presence of free roaming chickens and goats can severely affect product quality. It is already a great improvement to dry the coffee, cocoa or sesame on tarpaulins instead of on the soil. As long as the tarpaulins are not used for other purposes it keeps the product clean and free from bad smells. It also helps to collect the product quickly when the rain comes. The whole effort though is useless if chickens or goats enter the scene. But there are also other factors that can affect product quality during on-farm handling. Farmers in parts of Cameroon that are known for their extremely high rainfall, for example, dry their cocoa on thatched drying platforms that are heated by burning wood under them. Subsequently, Cameroon cocoa is infamous for its smoky odour, and taste. These examples illustrate that post-harvest handling on farms can strongly affect product quality and thus the price that you get in the market. Problems with quality are sometimes the motivation to take on-farm post harvest processes away from the farmers. Examples are central coffee pulperies, cocoa fermentation units or shea butter processing units, which allow control of quality throughout the process. In that case the farmer delivers raw materials only, has less work in processing (and so also his wife), and usually earns a better income due to the improved quality. However, it means that value addition is taken away from the farm to people who need to be paid salaries, to factories that need a sizeable investment, and if the management is not good, it may actually mean a loss of income for the farmer. On-farm storage? Most smallholder farmers do not have much storage space, and usually no proper facilities. There are numerous factors that can affect product quality during on-farm storage: Are clean bags or baskets used for storage? Are the storage facilities clean, and free of bad odours and smoke? Are chemicals used indoors to control insects? (DDT is especially a problem) Are the products kept sufficiently dry, and off the ground? Can insects, farm animals or children enter the storage? In short, if you want to be sure of a quality product, there is a lot of awareness to be raised, a lot to clean up, and a lot to be inspected by the field officers. Storage at farm level should therefore be avoided as far as possible. Ideally, the produce should be transferred from field to a well-managed central storage facility. Quality has its price! When farmers and middlemen are not being rewarded for better quality, the quality of the product tends to be low, and degenerates over time. This is almost always the case in situations where farmers get paid one price, regardless of humidity, impurities, or size. That means that often substantial improvements can be made, and must be made when developing the organic business; but it only comes with a better price for better quality. Better quality, and price, is usually achieved through extra care and an extra effort. Many farmers, however, do not care too much about the quality of their product, as it is going to be mixed with that of colleagues during collection. You can change this by conducting a quality check at the moment when each individual farmer delivers the produce. Produce that does not fulfil the requirements has to be refused, even when it comes from the village chief, or a farmer to whom money was loaned. You can imagine the scene when refusing the product at intake, but it is a worthwhile process to go through, as quality pays. Once the price goes a bit higher, then more can be demanded from the farmer. Some buyers or collection stores manage a parallel system. They buy the best quality organic product for a better price. Produce of inferior quality is bought as conventional and henceforth kept separately. Soon after harvest, farmers usually deliver their produce to a collection store. This can be their own primary society store at village level, the central store of their cooperative, or the store of the buyer. Whatever the arrangement, this is a critical point in the effort to secure quality and to do transparent business. What can go wrong during transport between the farm and the collection store and during storage is often ignored. Quality management in transport It may be difficult for the farmer to bring their produce to the collection store. If organic collection stores are not widespread and not always open, it might keep farmers from going the extra mile, and they sell the product around the corner for a lower price. When they make the journey, bags may break, or it may rain. They may collectively hire a pickup with other farmers and various things can happen that may compromise the quality and integrity of the product. Making delivery easy is often a critical factor in getting the organic product, and getting it in good condition. The arrangement of proper storage facilities at village level and a pick up that goes around to collect the product from there may cost something, but is usually worth the effort. In some cases, intermediary traders are used to collect the produce from the farmers. However, not all of them are willing to comply with the traceability and quality requirements of an organic business. They are often used to a less documented and more flexible system. They may not want to keep such a detailed administration, and they may not want their books to be scrutinised by organic inspectors. Lack of traceability and quality management in the buying system obviously can have far reaching effects on the business. It is therefore important for the organic enterprise to keep this process in its own hands. Proper storage management Once the product is brought to the collection store, the storage conditions are much more controllable. Although some products may have specific requirements, the following aspects need to be in place in order to maintain traceability and quality during storage of organic products: maintain clean and dry storage facilities keep windows meshed to prevent pests from entering check quality before taking the product into the store proper documentation of incoming and outgoing lots proper packaging of the goods into clean bags, bins or containers sufficient labelling of each bag or container in local language and English, indicating status (organic, in-conversion) and origin (farmer or farmer group) keep bags off the ground and away from walls to avoid formation of moulds regular monitoring for storage pests (insects, mice); use of traps if needed regular sampling and testing of the produce Make sure that all staff working in the storage have received sufficient training and clear instructions. It is a good idea to describe the processes in a simple manual which serves as a reference document for the storage manager. Value addition does not necessarily mean investment in processing facilities. As explained in the previous chapters, improving quality is an effective and relatively cheap way of creating higher value. Adding certification is another way of adding value (see chapter "Different sorts of standards and certification"). Still, through simple processes like cleaning, grading, fermentation and drying, or more complex processes like extraction, ginning, pulping or canning, you can add considerable value to your product, and thus get a higher price. Preparing a product before selling Farmers deliver a so-called farmer clean product. In most cases the product still needs to be cleaned, graded, and sometimes blended. Providing a cleaner product, (for example sesame with 99.9% purity instead of 99.5%), or grading to the wishes of the clients, are other ways of value addition. For dry products like cereals and pulses, this can be done with simple equipment like sieving and winnowing machines. Other products may require de-husking (e.g. sunflower seeds), de-hulling (e.g. coffee parchment) or milling (e.g. rice) before the product can be sold. The pulping of coffee, the fermentation of cocoa beans or the curing of vanilla beans are quite a different type of processing. There are numerous factors in these processes that determine the quality of the product, and it requires quite a lot of skill and experience to master them. Curing vanilla beans takes at least 7 weeks during which the beans - quite a lot of capital! - need to be guarded closely in a dedicated store. More sophisticated equipment is needed when for example oilseeds, cereals, pulses or nuts require CO2 fumigation to guarantee a storage life of six months without insect infestation. It becomes even more complicated when the buyer wants the product to be aflatoxin screened (using UV light), or when it has to be run through a Sortex (optical detection of impurities or inferior product). Whereas there are fairly cheap solutions for starters, professional equipment quickly becomes sizeable investments, which need large volumes to become profitable. It is not usually necessary to own such facilities. Some of this equipment is available for rent for the weeks that you need them, or you can mandate a sub-contractor who runs them on a commercial base. If facilities are used that normally process conventional products, you need to make sure that they are cleaned beforehand in order to avoid contamination of your organic product. Further processing It is true that by processing agricultural raw material, more value addition and employment is generated in the country. That fact that labour costs are low, however, is not a guarantee that the product is competitive. Local conventional industries are often not better and cheaper than in the rest of the world. When not competitive in the conventional sector, why would you be successful in the organic sector? In addition, with increasing globalisation the demands of the market seem to change faster than ever before. Product composition or at least packaging requirements and labels seem to change every year. The market wants the pineapple chunks in their own juice in ring pull cans one year and the next in glass jars. Don’t be surprised if your buyer wants a more yellow pineapple, or the pineapple in passion fruit juice. It is often underestimated how complicated it is to start a processing operation by farmer organisations and entrepreneurs alike. Processing is a business that is quite different from primary production or exporting raw materials. Organising farmers for organic production, improving quality, achieving and maintaining certification, developing markets for raw materials are already considerable challenges. Only when these aspects are mastered and running well, should one consider investing further into processing. When processing requires other ingredients (certified organic inputs like sugar), or if the buyer wants you to use their packaging and you have to import it, it becomes obvious that processing is not too easy. Despite these cautionary remarks, processing (part of) the raw material one or two steps further can still be a worthwhile investment for your business. Besides adding value to your product, it also allows you to diversify your market, and to cater to local and regional markets as well. Extracting oil from sesame or sunflower, or butter from cocoa beans or shea nuts, is comparatively easy and does not require huge investment. Another obvious choice for local processing is fruit drying, for which there are some very successful organic examples. However, even with computerised hybrid solar driers for this, it is quite a challenge to obtain a high quality product throughout the year. Although each type of processing has its own particularities, there are some principles to be considered that are valid for all of them: Make a feasibility study before you decide to invest Check with clients and experts in order to identify the right equipment Chose a location which has the necessary infrastructure (roads, electricity, water etc.) and which is located reasonably close to the producers Design the facilities in a way that work flows can be optimised and expansion is possible Make sure that the people who are in charge of managing the operation have the necessary technical know-how Ensure that proper hygiene is maintained (training of staff!) and that appropriate facilities are in place (toilets, fly screens etc.) What seems to improve the chances of success is a close cooperation between local cooperatives or companies and buyers in the North. This helps in getting financing, in developing the right equipment and product, and in securing at least one market. Some very good examples exist of such cooperation that has even led on to new, innovative products. Exporting agricultural products is a risky business that requires experience and good management. It ranges from preparation for shipment of the goods to handling of payments. There is plenty of general information available on how to organize exports. In this chapter, you will find some additional guidance specifically for exporting organic products. Preparation for shipment There are many examples where the organic quality is jeopardised because of storage and transport conditions during shipment, even when the product is in export packaging. One source of risk is the packaging material. Export bags need to be made of suitable material that does not contaminate the produce. There have been problems because jute bags from Bangladesh were laced with pesticides, to keep the bags themselves in good condition. Wooden pallets on which the bags are loaded may have been treated too. In many ports, the prevailing rules demand that agricultural produce is routinely fumigated whether it is necessary or not. This obviously cannot be done for organic products, so that you need to get an exception to the rule. Make sure that the containers used for shipment are clean and suitable for your type of product. Goods like coffee and cocoa are transported in ventilated containers. When the adjacent containers are fumigated some of it may still enter the organic container. Some of these problems can be avoided if you work with the better and more expensive container lines and discuss this before the exports take place. If you opt for the cheaper ones, it may be more difficult to predict what arrives on the other side. As mentioned before, the overseas customer values the quality and reliability of the product more than that it is a cheap price. Packaging requirements Any order should come with a packaging requirement or specification. Considering that the packaging may affect product quality and also can be an important cost factor it is important to be aware of these requirements. The dimensions, material and construction of the container need to be described clearly. Not following these specifications may lead to costly claims when cartons arrive crushed and product damaged. In the case of bulk packaging, the ease of handling at the receiving end but also the cost for used package waste disposal are important factors for the buyer. One should not only take into consideration the requirements of the client but also the specific conditions of the packaging method and transport itself. Packaging fruits on farm, wet from washing, transport over a 30 km potholed road, palletizing and containerising in the open air (rain) is different from bringing the fruits in harvest crates to a pack house which is in the port area. Prices of packaging materials vary enormously with the number you order and getting some harmony in packaging requirements can save you a lot of money. That is a good reason why entrepreneurs in the same category of product should cooperate, and bulk their orders from the package manufacturer. Ideally you can get price quotations from different locally or regionally based packaging manufacturers. When you tell them what the product is and the market, they can advise you on the options. For retail packed products it is not unusual to import or receive the packaging materials and labels from the country or company you are selling to. The cartons in which the empty glass jars arrive might be re-used for exporting the end product, when you think of it. Packaging a retail product is more prone to changes in buyer preferences than packaging bulk. You would not be the first entrepreneur who orders a container of a certain type of packaging to realise half a year later that demands shift and you are stuck with it. A change in packaging often comes with a change in packaging equipment. Switching from glass jars to ring pull cans is quite an investment. Changing from stapled, paper lined 12.5 kg corrugated cartons to 10 kg glued, polyethylene bag lined cartons might be less of a problem. The International Trade Centre has various on-line publications on the topic, even a special email address for enquiries. The beetle in the bottle A European importer of organic essential oils started sourcing organic peppermint oil from a new supplier. The oil which he received was of excellent quality, but to his horror he discovered a dead beetle in one of the aluminium containers. Unthinkable! What would have happened if his customer had received this container with the beetle! The supplier could not explain the presence of the beetle, and thought the importer was making up the story in order to reduce the price. During the next visit of the importer at his supplier, they had a look at the place where the empty containers were stored. The storage place was kept clean, but the containers were stored without their lids - an ideal place for insects to hide! The supplier reacted promptly and cleaned and closed all empty containers. Labelling requirements The way a retail-packed product is labelled is subject to specific regulations, in your country but above all in the countries where the product is marketed. The European Union has specific food labelling regulations. You need to confirm the labelling requirements with your buyer. It will include, at mimimum: The name of the product The list of ingredients, starting with the biggest, ending with the smallest volume Net quantity Date of minimum durability, or ‘use by’ date Storage conditions like ‘keep dry’, or ‘keep refrigerated’ The name and address of the manufacturer, or packager Particulars of the place of origin, e.g. ‘Product of Vietnam’ It is prohibited to try to mislead the consumer. No qualities should be suggested of the product that are not true or not unique to your product. For your own purposes, and often demanded by the certifier, you will have to indicate a batch number, or date of packaging, to allow for traceability. As product handling is more and more automated during further handling, most buyers will ask you, or provide you with bar codes. Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements Food safety scares have led to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) requirements. The EU market appears to be more open than the US market when it comes to allowing imports from developing countries, especially fresh produce. The US are particularly famous for their phytosanitary requirements. You should consult relevant websites and are advised to get specialised help when you want to enter the North-American market. The various requirements are often seen as barriers to trade. This has led the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to develop an SPS agreement. Consult the SPS Information Management System website for more information. Payment terms Payments from clients to suppliers, that is from importers to exporters, can be a tricky issue. When selling goods in the international markets, there are various risks for both the exporter (the seller) and the importer (the buyer). You want to be sure that you get the payment for the shipped goods, and your client wants to be sure to get the product quality he has ordered. Payment terms and conditions therefore need to be negotiated carefully, and fixed in the sales contracts. Payment procedures in international trade are in most cases related to Incoterms. Incoterms are delivery terms such as FCA (Free Carrier), FOB (Free on Board), CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) and CFR (Cost and Freight). Each Incoterm has its own risks and responsibilities. If payment terms are related to Incoterms, payment is triggered at the moment the goods have been delivered as specified in the sales contract. If you are not sure that a client will pay, you can demand a bill of exchange or a letter of credit before shipping the goods. A letter of credit is a guarantee from the bank of the buyer which states that it will pay if all conditions in the related sales contract have been met. You still run the risk that your client may claim that the quality is not up to the agreed specifications. You may therefore prefer to agree on a "cash against document" (CAD) arrangement, meaning that once the container is delivered into the harbour, the buyer has to pay cash in exchange for the shipping documents, before receiving the goods. If the buyer does not pay, you can sell the goods to somebody else. On the other hand it is obvious that the buyer wants to have some sort of security to receive the real product s/he has paid for, and not to end up with a container of material s/he can not use or sell. A reasonable way to do justice to both sides is for example to agree with your buyer that 80% of the product is paid "cash against documents", and the remaining 20% within 30 days of delivery, after analysis of the goods. It is quite usual for the buyer to have made his decision based on a sample of the product that you provided. Very often, a non-representative sample is sent which means that the buyer expects something better than s/he actually receives. This can lead to discounting or even refusal of the shipment. You must send a representative sample and keep part of that sample for yourself. If there is little mutual trust, you or the buyer can demand that the port agency or a surveyor such as SGS or Control Union takes the sample, and even supervises the loading and unloading of the container, to avoid endless discussions about discounts later on. This is particularly relevant if you cover the costs of shipment and insurance (CIF). Summary of recommendations Make use of the ICS to ensure that the produce is of high and consistent quality. Ensure good quality management during harvesting and post-harvest handling. Conduct quality checks when farmers deliver their produce. Pay a higher price for produce of high quality. Arrange for proper storage facilities and for suitable collection of the produce at village level. Ensure that traceability is guaranteed during buying, transport and storing. Engage in processing only to a degree that you are able to handle. Simple processes like cleaning, grading and fermenting can immediately add considerable value to a product, without involving large investments and risks. Before setting up a processing unit, check whether it makes a viable business case and whether the output can meet the requirements of the market. Make sure that the packaging material and containers used for shipment are clean and suitable for your type of product. In order to ensure that you receive your payment for shipped goods, make certain that reasonable payment terms are defined in the sales contracts. Send representative samples to your clients before shipment. See http://www.haccpalliance.org E.g. Burkinature in Burkina Faso, http://burkinature.ifrance.com and BioFresh in Uganda, www.biofreshltd.com See for example the CBI Export Planner, A comprehensive guide for prospective exporters in developing countries, http://cbi.nl/marketinfo/cbi/?action=showDetails&id=55&via=pub, the Organic Exchange Export Logistics Guide, www.organicexchange.org/Documents/farmer_expo2.pdf, and specific information on exporting to the EU, http://export-help.cec.eu.int, and to the US, www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/preclearance www.intracen.org [email protected] http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/labellingnutrition/foodlabelling/comm_legisl_en.htm www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/preclearance http://spsims.wto.org See www.iccwbo.org/incoterms
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Lions for Lambs is a 2007 film that offers a critical view of the U.S. government's prosecution of the wars in the Middle East. Directed by Robert Redford. Written by Matthew Michael Carnahan. What do you stand for? What do you fight for? What do you live for? (taglines) Rome is burning, son. And the problem is not with the people that started this; they're past irredeemable. The problem is with us, all of us, who do nothing. Who just fiddle. Who try to maneuver around the edges of the flame. And I'll tell you something - there are people out there, day to day, who are fighting to make things better. The decisions you make now, bud, can't be changed but with years and years of hard work to redo it... And in those years you become something different. Everybody does as the time passes. You get married, you get into debt... But you're never gonna be the same person you are right now. And promise and potential... It's very fickle, and it just might not be there anymore. I'm still here, Todd, because I'm a selfish man. I'm selfish for the rare times when you know you have someone in your class that has rare gifts to go on and do big things on a big scale. I realized my gifts aren't my theories but my ability to recognize great potential in others and maybe give them a little shove when they need it. You're good with words, Todd. But you know what would make them even better? If they had a heartbeat. We walk, and Afghanistan reverts back to the Taliban. Only now the Taliban has metastasized into something infinitely more vicious and potent because they're now 2-0 versus superpowers. They butcher the people who helped us, who voted and were stupid enough to put their faith in our word. So call it not only the end of hope for 10s of millions of Afghans, but the end of American credibility, the end of America as a force for righteousness in the world. And when we're forced to go back in a couple years, and please quote me on this, we'll be squared off against a shattered Iraq, a hopeless Afghanistan, and a nuclear Iran. How many troops are we going to need then? I guarantee you'll be adding some zeros. In a sense we're both on the same team. We're teammates. We're both have a responsibility. You've already sold the war. Now I'm asking you to help me sell the solution. We're fighting a brand of evil that thinks the last 1,300 years of human progress is heresy punishable by violent death. Professor Stephen Malley: Have you ever been to Greece? Todd Hayes: Greece? No. Professor Stephen Malley: No, because their government makes ours look like a streamlined version of the future. Professor Stephen Malley: You know, professors aren't teachers, they're salesman. Todd Hayes: Okay, so what do you sell? Professor Stephen Malley: You, to you. Janine Roth: Why did we send 150,000 troops to a country that did not attack us, and one-tenth that number to the one that did? Senator Jasper Irving: How many times are you people going to ask the same question? Janine Roth: Till we get the answer. Professor Stephen Malley: The decisions you make now, bud, can't be changed but with years and years of hard work to redo it. And in those years you become something different. Everybody does as the time passes. You get married, you get into debt. But you're never gonna be the same person you are right now. And promise and potential? It's very fickle, and it just might not be there anymore. Todd Hayes: Are you assuming I already made a decision? And also that I'll live to regret it? Professor Stephen Malley: All I'm saying is that you're an adult now. And the tough thing about adulthood is that it starts before you even know it starts, when you're already a dozen decisions into it. But what you need to know, Todd, no lifeguard is watching anymore. You're your own man, and the decisions you make now are yours and yours alone from here until the end. Todd Hayes: This is unethical, making me bring you coffee. Professor Stephen Malley: No more than makin' me look at that shirt. Senator Jasper Irving: You first called me the future of my party. I'm returning the favour. Janine Roth: It was just how I saw it eight years ago. Senator Jasper Irving: Well, nonetheless, grateful. Janine Roth: Considering the state of your party, how do you know the tag isn't pejorative? Senator Jasper Irving: What I can say is that this strategy has patience and determination at its core. It ensures that it puts our fighting men in spots where they can face, and fight, and kill the enemy, so that we can then go on about rebuilding that country. And if it takes ten years, that's how long we stay, we do whatever it takes. Janine Roth: Whatever it takes. Senator Jasper Irving: Whatever it takes. Senator Jasper Irving: Through precise military action, we will take the essential first step. Janine Roth: First step? But what have we been doing for the past six years, Senator? World War II took less than five. If you don't STAND for something, you might FALL for anything What do you stand for? What do you fight for? What do you live for? Robert Redford - Professor Stephen Malley Meryl Streep - Janine Roth Tom Cruise - Senator Jasper Irving (R-IL) Michael Peña - Ernest Rodriguez Andrew Garfield - Todd Hayes Derek Luke - Arian Finch Peter Berg - Lt. Col. Falco Kevin Dunn - ANX Editor Wikipedia has an article about: Lions for Lambs Lions for Lambs quotes at the Internet Movie Database Lions for Lambs at Rotten Tomatoes The official Lions for Lambs site
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The Golden Triangle (สามเหลี่ยมทองคํา Saam Liam Thong Kham) is in Chiang Rai Province, in the far north of Thailand. The English name comes from the meeting of Laos, Myanmar and Thailand here, but to the locals it's Sop Ruak, since this is where the Mekong meets the Ruak River. Historically the Golden Triangle has been an area well-known for the growing of opium, and the name comes from a US State Department memo on the practice. These days, though, the place lives on the cultivation of tourists, and this is undoubtedly the largest tourist trap in northern Thailand. The landscape is hilly, divided by the Ruak River that flows into the Mekong (Mae Khong) River. These rivers form a natural boundary between the three countries Laos (to the east of the Mekong), Myanmar (to the north of the Ruak), and Thailand (to the west of the Mae Khong). Most people seem to come here on guided bus tours. For independent travellers, blue songthaews run through the Golden Triangle from Mae Sai (45 min, 40 baht) to Chiang Saen (15 min, 20 baht) and back again every 20 minutes or so until around 15:00. If you miss the last songthaew, you will be at the mercy of the tuk-tuk and motorcycle taxi drivers who will charge around 70 baht for the 10 km trip from the Golden Triangle to Chiang Saen. Boats can be hired to view scenery around the golden triangle from Sop Ruak along the Mekong River to Chiang Saen and Chiang Khong which takes around 40 minutes and one and a half hours respectively. The main area is the Thai riverside near the point where the rivers meet, which, in the dry season, when the Mekong runs low, is even marked by a handy sandbar. This in itself is pretty anticlimactic, so a series of increasingly bizarre attractions have been erected by the riverside to make up for it: there's a giant golden Buddha on a ship, elephant statues where you can clamber to pose atop a palanquin (in exchange for a donation, of course), elaborate shrines to the royal family, half a dozen signs stating that yes, this really is the Golden Triangle and, inevitably, river cruise touts, souvenir shops and Western-style cafes. 20.3636771100.07368751 Hall of Opium, Golden Triangle Park (หอฝิ่นอุทยานสามเหลี่ยมทองคํา), Moo 1, Ban Sop Ruak, Wiang (around 2 km north of center, on the way to Mae Sai), ☏ +66 53 784444-6. Tu-Su, 08:30-16:30. One of the best museums in all Thailand and almost certainly the most interesting place to visit in the Golden Triangle, the Hall of Opium exhibits the history of opium around the world and in the area, the process of production, the effects of opium smoking and campaigns to eradicate and substitute the crop. There's even a tiny opium plantation inside! The hall describes itself as "edutainment", and indeed this is something of an opium theme park, with the latest in snazzy multimedia exhibits and lots of subtle hectoring about the evils of addiction. To their credit they don't whitewash Thailand's own history at all and even the CIA's exploits are covered in detail. Popular with tour groups and school children. Run by the royal Doi Tung Foundation, with profits going to charity. 200/150 baht foreigners/Thai. [formerly dead link] House of Opium, 212 Moo 1, Ban Sop Ruak, Wiang. 07:00-19:00. A privately-run museum, associated with a souvenir shop, it is unrelated to and much smaller than the hall and lacks their sophisticated presentation. Lots of opium paraphernalia and information on the production process from beginning to end. 50 baht. Phra That Doi Pu Khao (พระธาตุดอยปูเข้า) (On the hill just before the Golden Triangle). Believed to have been built by a king of Wiang Hirannakhon Ngoen Yang in mid-8th century. Remains of antiquities are in the Viharn with crumbled chedis. Take a photo at the gate marking the Golden Triangle. Go on a boat ride across to a small island named Don Sao, belonging to Laos. No visa for Laos is required to make this trip. This is popular among tourists, and many small boats offer this service. The island is in Laos, and should you be so inclined you could claim to have visited the country, although you are not allowed to enter into the rest of Laos from there without a visa. There are a number of scruffy bamboo-built cafes as you come in from the north, and then a chain of largely identical-looking cafes and restaurants along the riverside promenade. Sriwan (Opposite Imperial Hotel). Clean, friendly and tasty restaurant on the riverbank, offering a wide menu of all the usual Thai and Western dishes. Noodle and rice dishes start from 40 baht. 100 baht. A sprawl of guesthouses and hotels has popped up on the Thai side of the river. However, better accommodations can be found in Chiang Saen, Chiang Khong and Chiang Rai, and most visitors choose to visit as a day-trip. Anantara Golden Triangle Resort & Spa (อนันตรา รีสอร์ท แอนด์ สปา), 229 Moo 1 (1 km past the Golden Triangle, opposite the Hall of Opium), ☏ +66 53 784084. Resort and spa with its own elephant camp and rescue charity working to bring elephants from the streets of Bangkok in a safe and sustainable manner. 35,000+ baht (low season). Four Seasons Tented Camp Golden Triangle (Location is a secret. You need to make a booking to be bought in. ), ☏ +66 53 910200. An all inclusive experience with elephant activities and guided tours. 50,000+ baht. Exit through the Thai-Myanmar border in Mae Sai South to the historical city of Chiang Saen. Southeast to Laos via Chiang Khong. By bus, rental car or taxi to Chiang Rai.
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A peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway is a pathway involved in the production of the peptidoglycan layer, which makes up the cell wall in bacterial cells. The peptidoglycan layer is made up of glycan chains, which are cross-linked peptide substituents. As a main pathway for the production of this layer, the disruption in this pathway causes a weakened cell wall, or may even lead to bacterial lysis. Recent research has improved our understanding of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which may potentially lead to the development of peptidoglycan-based therapeutics. The first step in peptidoglycan synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm with the murA-catalyzed transfer of enolpyruvyl moeitry from phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) to uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine(UDP-GlcNAc). This transfer process is catalyzed by murA, and gram-negative bacteria only have one copy of this gene; therefore, its deletion is often lethal. Gram-positive bacteria, on the other hand, have two murA genes. The crystal structure of murA, in aoenzyme form and in complex with ligands, has been determined from several species of bacteria including E.coli. The structures contain two globular domains made up of four beta sheets and two parallel helices, and between these two domains is an active site, which is rearranged and brought closer together when substrates are attached. Fosfomycin, a naturally occurring antibiotic, inactivates murA by mimicking PEP and modifying the active site. The next step involves MurB catalyzing the NADPH-dependent conversion of enolpyruvyl UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-MurNAc in the cytoplasm. Following this production, a series of ATP-dependent amino acid ligases catalyze the addition of penetapeptide side chain onto this UDP-MurNAc complex. There are four additional Mur Ligases (Mur C, D, E, and F), and the structures of these enzymes have been determined. They all contain three structural domains that are involved in the peptide bond formation dependent on ATP hydrolysis. These domains include an N-terminal domain for binding the substrate, a centra ATPase domain, and a C-terminal domain to bind the amino acid. MurC catalyzes the first addition of L-Alanine onto UDP-MurNAc, to which MurD adds the D-Glutamine. In the addition of L-Alanine, the C-terminal of the UDP-MurNAc substrate is activated by phosphorylation that requires ATP, and the intermediate that results from this is attacked by the animo group of the incoming L-Alanine. The intermediate is an acyl phosphate, and this acyl phosphate mechanism is also used by MurE in the addition of mesodiaminopimelic acid. MurF then adds D-Ala-D-Ala to the UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-mesoA2pm, which is the product of MurE. In the first membrane-associated step, an integral membrane protein named MraY transfers the MurNAc pentapeptide from the cytoplasm to a phosphate carrier. This results in a product known as lipid I. MraY is a type of a prenyl sugar transferase. Through the use of a thin-layer chromatography, the production of the lipid I product was able to be analyzed. It has been found that MurG, the final cytoplasmic component of the pathway, interacts with MraY to convert lipid I to lipid II via glycosyl transfer. High-resolution X-ray was used to show the structure of MurG and its domains. Lovering, Andrew L., Susan S. Safadi, and Natalie CJ Strynadka. "Structural perspective of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and assembly." Annual Review of Biochemistry 81 (2012): 451-478.
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Inequality of bargaining power is a market impairment that arises when one party to a negotiation has better alternatives, making it more likely that this party will gain more favorable terms. There must always be an inequality of bargaining power between masters and men in every contract, until that day shall arrive when the sacrifices of each master in a strike or lock out will affect his present comfort and future destiny as seriously, in its way, as it does that of each of his workmen. John Beattie Crozier, The Wheel of Wealth (1906) Part III, ch 2, ‘On the tendency to inequality’, p. 377 For [Adam] Smith, who wrote before the time of mass advertising and professional PR departments, the strategic creation of shared sentiments does not seem to be a major issue. Today, however, it seems that there is a growing imbalance between individuals and organizations that are extremely good at attracting sympathy and attention from others, with the help of high-quality training and professional advisors, and others who are unable to articulate their sentiments in a way that elicits sympathy from others. But the genuineness of sympathy of organizations and individuals that manufacture it can be doubted: their aim might be to initiate economic exchanges that the other party maybe would not agree to if it was not for the manufactured sentiments of those who offer these goods or services. The unequal ability to attract sympathy constitutes an imbalance of power in commercial societies that often aggravates the situation of those already disadvantaged in terms of human capital and material resources. Lisa Herzog, "The Community of Commerce," Philosophy and Rhetoric, vol. 46, no. 1 (2013), p. 82 It is not, however, difficult to foresee which of the two parties must, upon all ordinary occasions, have the advantage in the dispute, and force the other into a compliance with their terms. The masters, being fewer in number, can combine much more easily; and the law, besides, authorizes, or at least does not prohibit their combinations, while it prohibits those of the workmen. We have no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work; but many against combining to raise it. In all such disputes the masters can hold out much longer. A landlord, a farmer, a master manufacturer, a merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could generally live a year or two upon the stocks which they have already acquired. Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce any a year without employment. In the long run the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the necessity is not so immediate. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776) Book I, ch 8 Wikipedia has an article about: Inequality of bargaining power
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COVID-19 impacts on motivation and emotion: How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted human motivation and emotion? COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a new strain of the coronavirus, similar to that of the SARS virus . The world wide Pandemic affected the world for the most of 2020 year . During this time parts of the world went into enforced lockdown. Some outcomes of the pandemic were; Travel bans - World Wide travel bans were put in place, International travel stopped, and domestic travel was limited (in Australia, the boarders were close, so people were not able to travel from state to state without a permit . This is in comparison to the United States of America, where each state and county was under the control of their local leaders . Work from Home arrangements were put in place by Companies with the ability to do so, this was a good way to keep people in work while shut downs happened. Increased Unemployment rate (5.3% - 2019: 7.4% - June 2020) this was a result of the complete closure of bars, pubs, gyms and community centres, with many businesses not recovering from this shut down and ended up closing for good. A United States Of(grammar) America New Paper "Access", reported that 40% of businesses will struggle to reopen after a disaster . Curfews were put in place around the world an example was the Victoria Australia curfew, in August 2020 - where people had to be at home by 8pm and we're not able to go out until 5am, this tactic for managing COVID-19 was also seen in Italy and New Zealand, both who imposed strict curfew and lock down scenarios. The Italian Government imposed a national quarantine on the 9th of March 2020, restricting the movement of the population except for necessity, work, and health circumstances, in response to the pandemic in the country. Additional lockdown restrictions mandated the temporary closure of non-essential shops and businesses. In New Zealand A four-level alert system was introduced on the 21st of March to manage the outbreak within New Zealand. The Alert Level was initially set at Level 2, but was subsequently raised to Level 3 on the afternoon of 23 March. Beginning on 25 March, the Alert Level was moved to Level 4, putting the country into a national lockdown for 4 weeks . Social Distancing was arguably the most common, world wide, protocol that was put in place to protect against cover-19 - this describes the act of keeping 1.5 meters between each human (no hugging, hand shaking etc) These outcomes, have had an effect on individuals ideologies of "connectedness" and "togetherness", businesses questioned the productivity of work from home arrangements, and the Government showed a genuine concern for the mental health of those in minority groups, that would be feeling isolated during this time. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Therefore, monitoring and oversight of the population mental health during crises such as a pandemic is an immediate priority. This study was used to analyse the existing research, works and findings in relation to the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to perform a meta-analysis of the collected studies, the random effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of studies was investigated, data analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. The prevalence of stress in 5 studies with a total sample size of 9074 is obtained as 29.6%, the prevalence of anxiety in 17 studies with a sample size of 63,439 as 31.9% and the prevalence of depression in 14 studies with a sample size of 44,531 people as 33.7%. COVID-19 not only causes physical health concerns but also results in a number of psychological disorders. The spread of the new coronavirus can impact the mental health of people in different communitie, Because of this it is essential to preserve the mental health of individuals and to develop psychological interventions that can improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unless a vaccine is developed, or a medicine is discovered to treat the virus, our means of controlling the spread of infection depend on behavioural changes and upon human psychology. Anxiety and feelings of uncertainty during such unprecedented events, such as a world wide health pandemic is to be expected. And as such governments all over the world braced for the effects that world wide isolation would have on mental health. It is not enough to understand that we need psychology as a core part of efforts against COVID-19. It is also important to understand what sort of psychology helps or hinders in those efforts.” In Australia - In March, only 3 months into the COVID-19 out break in Australia, Lifeline, one of australia's suicide prevention hotlines, answered 90,000 calls for help, they reported an increase of 25% when compared with march 2019. Receiving a call every 30 seconds is what sparked the need for the Life Line emergency appeal "you have 30 seconds to have a life".[1]. A study published in Translational Psychiatry investigated the effect of COVID-19 on mental states. The study developed a brief resilience survey probing self-reliance, emotion-regulation, interpersonal-relationship patterns and neighborhood(spelling)-environment, and applied it online during an acute COVID-19 outbreak. The study captured a unique snapshot for over 3,000 people who were in stressful conditions during the acute pandemic outbreak (>92% of the sample were from the US or Israel that were in lockdown). Participants reported significantly more subjective worries (stress). This pattern was consistent across genders, throughout the lifespan and was overall similar in healthcare providers compared to non-healthcare providers. A different study's results suggested that the rates of reportable depression symptoms were three times higher during the pandemic compared to before the pandemic . "Undoubtedly, there are many factors contributing to this increase in mood symptoms, including increased social isolation, economic hardships, and exposure to other stressors" - this same study found among participants there were fewer people with no symptoms of depression and more people with more symptoms during COVID-19 than before COVID-19. It also found that certain groups were at greater risk of depression symptoms, such as lower income groups and those that have less than $5,000 in household savings. They had a 50 percent greater risk of depression symptoms than those of higher income. The United Nations called for urgent action to combat the worldwide surge in domestic violence, that resulted from COVID-19. “I urge all governments to put women’s safety first as they respond to the pandemic,” Secretary General António Guterres wrote on Twitter . Research has found that there is often a spike in violence against women during major crises and disasters – which have many similar features to the current situation with the devastating spread of COVID-19. Situations of heightened stress and panic, potential family disruption, social isolation, increased financial pressures, and disruption to people’s usual roles can all compound or exacerbate the underlying conditions that lead to violence. This is often reflected in the increased demand for domestic violence crisis services at such times. Australia has been no different throughout the pandemic, with reports of increased calls to domestic violence helplines including an 11% increase in calls to 1800RESPECT and a 26% increase in calls to Mensline. In addition, Google reported a 75% increase in internet searches relating to support for domestic violence. The NewYork Times reported that these numbers are because of people socially isolating at home with their abusers are often unable to seek help. Globally, in New Zealand, family violence (including child abuse and elder abuse) and sexual violence has been shown to escalate during and after large-scale disasters or crises (NZFVC, 2020). As communities have gone into lockdown to stop the spread of coronavirus, the mass efforts to save lives have put both women and men in abusive relationships at a higher risk of "exposure". A recent article published in The Guardian (2020) reported on how the surge of domestic violence cases is a pattern being repeated globally. Reporting from several different countries, the article high-lighted alarming figures, a rise of 40% or 50% in Brazil. In one region of Spain, the government claimed that calls to its helpline had risen by 20% in the first few days of the confinement period and in Cyprus, calls to a similar hotline went up 30% in the week after the country confirmed its first case of coronavirus. In the UK, Refuge, one of the leading domestic abuse organisations reported that calls to the UK Domestic Violence Helpline increased by 25% in the seven days following the announcement of tighter social distancing and lockdown measures by the government. In Spain, the emergency number for domestic violence received 18 percent more calls in the first two weeks of lockdown than in the same period a month earlier. In Europe, one country after another seems to have followed the same grim path: First, governments impose lockdowns without making sufficient provisions for domestic abuse victims. About 10 days later, distress calls spike, setting off a public outcry Facts Life line calls up 25% Google Searches related to domestic Violence 75% 11% increase to 1800 Respect Some governments were making wearing masks compulsory, this, along with isolation from lock downs, led to identity Crisis's. An article posted by SocialScienceSpace has suggested that masks started an identity crisis, a sign of concern (a ‘we’ thing) for some and to others they are becoming a symbol of mutual care and brings people together. However, making it about individual beliefs and preferences (an ‘I’ thing), the mask becomes a symbol of division and a site of conflict. That has been happening across the U.S., as those who insist on their right to wear masks clash with those who insist on their right not to wear masks. Wearing Masks removes the ability for people to read facial cues and body langue - this can be problematic as described by the facial-feedback theory of emotions which suggests that facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions. Charles Darwin and William James both noted early on that sometimes physiological responses often had a direct impact on emotion, rather than simply being a consequence of the emotion A book written during the pandemic, 'Together Apart' written by three psychologists John Dovidio, Elif Ikizer, Jonas Kunst, And Aharon Levy, pin pointed three lessons, in relation to humanity and identity, as a result of cover-19 . Lesson 1: Threat makes social identity salient and so increases solidarity, cooperation and norm compliance within the group. this can be seen in the world wide compliance of mask wearing, social distancing, and adhering to travel restrictions . Lesson 2: Threat consolidates group boundaries and so increases exclusion between groups Lesson 3: Whether we see the best of the worst of group psychology depends upon how inclusively or exclusively we define our ingroups and out groups If group threat leads both to solidarity within the group and to exclusion — or even conflict — between groups, then whether we see the best or the worst of group psychology turns on the question of how broadly or narrowly the ingroup is defined. That, in turn, is dependent on how the threat is defined. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": How many calls did LIFELINE receive during March 2020? During the COVID-19 pandemic, keeping students motivated as classes move online has been crucial. The role of student motivation in the process of learning is well known and is supported by research. With both schooling and work happening from, the job of schools and employers to keep their staff motivated was elevated . COVID-19 may have accentuated well-known demotivates, such as the lack of support teachers receive from administration and the work overload they can face, which may have a negative impact on their work-life balance and their wellbeing. Many teachers struggled from a reduction in high-quality interaction with students, to a lack of support and challenges with technology. In one study, posted by 'the conversation' found that the teachers were motivated by intrinsic factors – a sense of reward which came from themselves, such as their enjoyment or satisfaction when teaching because they can help and educate learners and shape the future of our society. During the pandemic, teachers have had to figure out how to teach online and many have engaged in training to improve their performance and make sure they are ready for the challenges of online teaching. Another study posted in Relocate Magazine, looked into Motivation due to lack of work and particularly the effects has on younger people. The study of over 1000 GB employees was carried out and reveals that the performance of younger workers (under 35 years old) is twice as likely to be impacted by a lack of motivation than that of 45-54-year olds (22%), and significantly more likely to be impacted by a lack of motivation than the average for all age groups (28%). The pandemic has impacted individuals world wide, but an increasing number of studies show that younger workers have been some of the hardest hit when it comes to furlough and lockdown loneliness, both of which affect motivation Some of the other factors impacting the performance of all workers in the current climate, include distractions from working at home (21%) and a lack of connection or communication to colleagues within (19%) and outside (14%) of people’s team. Distractions from working at home were most likely to impact those between the ages of 35 and 44 (30%). Whereas a lack of connection to colleagues within their team is most likely to impact the performance of people under 35 (26%) Through the Pandemic of COVID-19 there were many negative influences on mental health. There was an increase in unemployment, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, calls to help lines specifically Domestic violence. Most researchers put these increases down to the restrictions of social distancing. While it is easy to focus on the negatives, during a world wide disaster, there have been some positives that have come from the COVID-19 Pandemic; The Environment - Carbon emissions are down globally and with manufacturing and air travel grinding to a halt, the planet has had a chance to rejuvenate Connectedness - sense of community and social cohesion. Self-isolation challenges us as social animals who desire relationships, contact and interaction with other humans Reimagined schooling/work - changing education at all levels. Home-schooling is becoming the new way of learning, exposing many parents to what their children know and do In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the populations mental health, as this time is straining for all individuals the government immediately made the mental health of the population a priority. During this period of time the hotlines for domestic violence and mental health has risen, showing that COVID-19 has placed a great amount of emotional stress on all individuals. There has also been a discussion of identity crisis due to the WE/ME argument that developed due to the growing need of masks. Motivation was impacted due to an increased unemployment rate, and change in work conditions, such as, work from home arrangements. While there was a number of negative effects, there were also some very positive effects of COVID-19, such as the Environment and the reimagined options for work and study. Covid-19 (Wikipedia) Emotion (Wikiversity) motivation (Wikiversity) Workplace mental health (Book chapter, 2020) Psychological resilience during COVID-19 pandemic isolation (Book chapter, 2020) Domestic violence motivation (Book chapter, 2020) Psychological resilience during COVID-19 pandemic isolation (Book Chapter, 2020) Barzilay, R., Moore, T.M., Greenberg, D.M. et al. Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Transl Psychiatry 10, 291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00982- Neil, J.Domestic violence and COVID 19, Australian Journal for General Practitioners, The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACG) https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/coronavirus/domestic-violence-and-covid-19 doi: 10.31128/AJGP-COVID-25 Shine, R. (2020, June 24). 'Confused, upset, crying': Grieving families face red tape securing travel ban exemption. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-25/coronavirus-travel-ban-exemption-red-tape-criticised/12388946 Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470–3. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. MedRxiv. 2020;288:112954. Wang Y, Xu B, Zhao G, Cao R, He X, Fu S. Is quarantine related to immediate negative psychological consequences during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic? Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33(1):75–7. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ. 2020;368:m313. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. 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Ozark is a city of 3,700 people (2019) in the River Valley region of Arkansas. Ozark is adjacent to much of Arkansas wine country, and has a bridge to cross the Arkansas River for travelers heading to points south. The city is on Arkansas Highway 23, nicknamed the Pig Trail Scenic Byway, known for its steep drops, sharp curves and scenic mountain views. The community sits along the Arkansas River in the Arkansas River Valley on the southern edge of the Ozark Mountains. Interstate 40 and US 64 East-West. The old Missouri Pacific Depot now serves as a museum and houses many artifacts related to the city's history. Murals can be found throughout the city. The quintessential town square is filled with window store fronts full of antique and gift shops, crape myrtle shrubs in bloom summer through fall, and a park across from the courthouse. The old Franklin County Jail features a distinctive stone facade, resembling a medieval castle. The city serves as the southern access point for the Pig Trail Scenic Byway. This 19-mile (31 km) scenic drive begins 11 miles (18 km) north of Ozark where Highway 23 enters the Ozark National Forest. The Pig Trail leads drivers through rolling mountain country and past waterfalls, rock formations and the Mulberry River, popular for kayaking and canoeing. Ozark is a popular place for food and rest while exploring the Pig Trail Scenic Byway. Ozark is in the heart of Arkansas Wine Country along with the cities of Altus, Wiederkehr Village, and Paris. Ozark Lake on the Arkansas River provides plenty of fishing opportunities. Tree-shaded Aux Arc Park stretches along the river from the Ozark Lock and Dam and has a playground, campsites, boat launching ramps and other facilities. Within miles of Ozark are the Mulberry River and White Rock Mountain Recreation Area in the Ozark National Forest.
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Sir Ian Wilmut (born 7 July 1944) is an English embryologist best known as the leader of the group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a sheep named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. It is quite likely that it is possible, yes. But what we've said all along -- speaking for both the (Roslin) Institute and the PPL staff - is that we would find it ethically unacceptable to think of doing that. We can't think of a reason to do it. If there was a reason to copy a human being, we would do it, but there isn't. On human cloning, in "Dr. Frankenstein, I Presume?" by Andrew Ross in Salon February 1997). Any kind of manipulation with human embryos should be prohibited. As quoted in "Dr. Frankenstein, I Presume?" by Andrew Ross in Salon (February 1997). I'd remind you that in these experiments so far, about one quarter of the lambs that were born alive died within a few days because they hadn't completed normal development. Now, what may be being suggested here is that copies of children would be being produced, and some of those would die soon after birth. So I think that for a clinician to be suggesting doing that is a quite appalling and sad thing for him to be suggesting. On proposals for human cloning in an Interview on The NewsHour, PBS (8 January 1998). I think the initial reason why I became interested in farming is that I wanted to be outdoors. I've always enjoyed being outdoors. And so, I looked around and when I was at high school, probably 14 or so, my parents through friends arranged for me to be able to go work on farms on the weekend. Interview at the Academy of Acheivement (23 May 1998). Is this sort of thing which has been thought about beneficial? So that if you're asking the question, for example, "Is it appropriate to think of making a copy of a person?" You have to ask not only, "What is the benefit to the people who are asking for this to be done?" But also, "What's the impact on the child that's going to be produced?" And that last bit I think often gets missed out. Interview at the Academy of Achievement (23 May 1998). Wikipedia has an article about: Ian Wilmut Dolly Scientist Joins The University of Edinburgh "I didn't clone Dolly the sheep, says prof" The Daily Telegraph (8 March 2006) "Who really made Dolly? Tale of British triumph descends into scientists' squabble" in The Guardian (11 March 2006) "The right to the creation of clone Dolly" in The People's Daily (13 March 2006) "Cloning Scientist No Longer Supreme" in Genetic Crossroads (29 March 2006) "Call to strip Wilmut of knighthood" in The Scotsman (1 February 2008)
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Cluj County is in Transylvania, Romania. 46.7823.5594441 Cluj-Napoca — fine dining, excellent cultural activities, a wonderful historical legacy and a great atmosphere 46.54444423.8791672 Campia Turzii — a city that dates backs to the 13th-century, and that has many historical buildings 47.08722223.8052783 Dej — a city at the confluence of the rivers Someșul Mare and Someșul Mic 47.0223.94 Gherla — a city was built in the early 18th century by Armenians, who have since left the area 46.87375823.0041215 Huedin — gateway to the Apuseni Mountains 46.56666723.7833336 Turda — Turda Salt Mine and nearby Turda Gorge are must see The county is one of plateau and mountain. About a quarter (24%) of the county's surface is mountainous, occupied by the Apuseni Mountains, with heights of up to 1,800 meters, located in the southwestern part of the county. The rest of the surface is formed in proportion of 76% of the hills and valleys of the Someșan Plateau and the Transylvanian Plain. The terraces and meadows in the lower sectors of Someș Mic and Arieș make up for the lack of plains. 46.86844123.144611 Varjúvár (near Stana train station, a few kilometers out of Stana village). House of the famous architect Kós Károly 46.71090222.829462 Răchițele Waterfall (Cascada Răchițele). 46.6084423.4267313 Liteni Fortress (Cetatea Liteni). 46.701523.44074 Arkhai Sculpture Park, Vlaha, ☏ +40751016692. The Apuseni Mountains, with sights such as the Great Cave from the Fire Valley, the Cave from Piatra Ponorului, and the Vârfurașu Cave. Bologa Fortress, Dăbâca Fortress, Bánffy Castle from Bonțida The Reformed Church of Sic Nicula Monastery Turda Salt Mine
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Flare stars is a lecture about an entity, source, and/or object observed on or near the surface of a star with radiation astronomy. It may become part of the course on the principles of radiation astronomy and is already part of the star courses. You are free to take this quiz is based on the lecture flare stars at any time. Once you've read and studied it, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{stars resources}} and {{radiation astronomy resources}} templates, you should have adequate background to score 100 %. 1 Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? 2 Which of the following is not a characteristic of solar active regions? 3 During the late 1600s the sunspot cycle lost its usual intensity and became what? 4 True or False, Naked sunspots seen in Hα which are devoid of plage are never associated with coronal holes. 5 Complete the text: 6 True or False, A spicule is a dynamic jet of about 500 km diameter in the chromosphere of a star. 7 When faculae are present, what characteristics are readily observed? 8 The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the? 9 True or False, Coronal loops project into the coronal cloud, through the transition region and the chromosphere. 10 Which of the following is not a prominent contributor associated with a variable star? 11 In general there is no proper motion at all in the plage or the surrounding? 12 True or False, Some prominences break apart and give rise to coronal mass ejections. 13 Complete the text: 14 Which of the following active region phenomena have been observed on Proxima Centauri? 15 Active regions are the result of enhanced what? 16 True or False, Most stellar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically inactive regions around visible sunspot groupings. 17 Which of the following are associated with the stellar active region control group? 18 A super flare on the evening of August 28, 1859, was recorded by 19 Which of the following are characteristic of the first true astrophysical gamma-ray source? 20 True or False, "75% of the naked sunspots represented the return of large dominant f spots which had been part of large active regions during previous rotations." 21 Which geographical phenomena are associated with stellar active regions? 22 Coronal loops extend high into the corona, project through the chromosphere, and project through what above the photosphere? 23 True or False, Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. 24 Phenomena associated with nanoflares? 25 Main sequence variable stars of late spectral types, usually K or M, exhibiting variations in luminosity due to rotation, starspots and other chromospheric activity are called? 26 The type star that goes through fairly extreme changes of brightness: for instance, in 1952, its brightness increased by 75 times in only 20 seconds, is what star? 27 About one third of solar ejecta observed by satellites at Earth is composed of what? 28 True or False, A spotless flare may occur in a plage region during its first rotation. 29 Which stars of the alpha Centauri system are known to have flares? Apparently the active region cycle for the Sun corresponds to the repeated conjunction of Venus and Jupiter. Astronomy/Quiz First astronomical X-ray source/Quiz Planetary science/Quiz Radiation astronomy/Quiz Radiation chemistry/Quiz Radiation geography/Quiz Stars/Quiz NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System SIMBAD Astronomical Database {{Radiation astronomy resources}}
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FOSS Open Content Preface — List of Acronyms — Introduction — Contextualizing Open Content — Emergence of the Open Content Paradigm — Open Content and the New Knowledge Paradigm — Characteristics of Open Content Licenses — Survey of Open Content Projects — Policy Implications — Limitations of Open Content — References — Resources — Bibliography — Glossary — About the Author — Acknowledgements — Discuss While the question of who has control and who has access to knowledge and culture is an age-old one, it seems to have gained urgency in the context of the ‘information revolution’ of the past few years.As with all revolutionary moments, older structures of power are challenged and potentially overturned. In our current era, the information revolution promises a radical shift in the paradigm of how information, knowledge and culture are produced, disseminated and accessed. [ 1 ] However, this promise must overcome the challenges of severe restrictions that run the risk of making access to knowledge and culture more difficult for people. This e-Primer will explore the twin metaphors of perils and promises that society must confront in the future of the ‘information age’. In particular, we will be examining one aspect of this crucial debate, namely the debate between copyright and Open Content. The argument of this e-Primer will be that policy makers across the world, and particularly in developing countries, should take note of the advantages of the Open Content paradigm as a way of overcoming barriers which restrict access to information, knowledge and culture. There are also significant economic advantages for developing countries which shall be detailed, for instance in relation to the cost of learning materials. The Emergence of Copyright The transformation of copyright, from an esoteric legal subject to a topic of daily conversation and debate, has occurred in a relatively short span of time. No account of this contemporary moment would be complete without an examination of the dominance of the small copyright sign on our lives. In recent times, the aggressive expansion of property claims into every domain of knowledge and cultural practice has brought everyone from the academic to the musician into the debate. In many ways, the mere act of looking at, reading, listening to, creating, understanding, or communicating any objects that embody thought, knowledge or feeling is as fraught with anxiety today as the trespassing of private property has been throughout much of human history. [ 2 ] (Source: http://www.popealien.com) This anxiety and conflict is not restricted to a set of geographical locations; however, the nature of the conflict changes as we move from the United States and Europe to parts of Asia, Latin America and Africa. In the US, the crisis is represented as a crisis of creativity; the dominant fear is that of the shrinking of the public domain and the commons[ 3 ]by the extension of copyright, the challenges brought about by new technologies of production and dissemination, such as the Internet, and the criminalization of peer-to-peer (P2P) activities of young people. In Africa, the price of learning materials imposes a heavy cost to governments already plagued by other pressing developmental needs.Meanwhile, in many parts of Asia, the proliferation of cheap media reproduction technologies creates a parallel economy that threatens the monopoly once held by dominant media industry players and places these countries at risk of facing sanctions from the US for violating copyrights. [ 4 ] Lest we imagine that this is a completely new situation, let us revisit a moment in history which was rather similar. The 18th Century saw a transition from a largely agrarian to an industrial economy. This change was accompanied by massive transformations in the realm of property law, marked by sharp social conflict and the emergence of all kinds of laws to protect property and regulate everyday life. A new language of criminality emerged alongside new forms of property protection and a sharp increase in the use of force against offenders (ranging from people who ‘stole fruits from trees’ to people who illegally occupied land). [ 5 ] We are constantly reminded that we are in an era of transition, and it is clear through current discourse that we are now living in an information era. [ 6 ] This transition has been marked by the attempts to define new regimes of property, giving rise to sharp social conflicts over the definitions and extent of such property. In the midst of the aggressive expansion of ‘intellectual property’,[ 7 ] there has also been a parallel movement arguing for a re-articulation of the importance of the commons of knowledge and cultural production. Thus, even as systems of copyright, patent and trademark attempt to entrench themselves alongside the older structures of capitalism by creating a new language of criminality,[ 8 ] there is another language that has been emerging – the language of ‘openness’, ‘collaborative production’ and ‘freedom’ with respect to information goods, cultural production and participation in the information economy.This new language has been enabled by the success of the Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) movement, with its most-identified product, the GNU/Linux operating system, being evoked as a viable alternative to the world of classical copyright and proprietary knowledge. [ 9 ] In this e-Primer,we shall be looking specifically at the world of Open Content,by which we mean all material (text, sound, images) that the general public can freely use, distribute and modify without the traditional restrictions imposed by copyright. These actions can be sanctioned either by an Open Content license or by commonly accepted practice. [ 10 ] Open Content derives philosophically from the Free Software movement and attempts to achieve for the world of general content what FOSS did for software. [ 11 ] The word ‘content’ itself may sometimes be misleading as it refers to a whole range of subject matter, from music to movies and literature to learning materials. We therefore use the phrase ‘Open Content’ to primarily refer to content that provides the greatest freedom (the right to modify), since other kinds of content which do not provide the right to modify may actually be covered by the Open Access movement. Finally, for the purposes of this e-Primer, we shall use the word ‘content’ to include the range of materials covered by copyright law, excluding software. In this e-Primer,we begin by examining the context in which the Open Content movement has emerged; namely, the politics of copyright and the ways in which it impedes creativity and the sharing of knowledge.We also examine some of the founding myths that inform copyright law. We then move on to an analysis of how copyright has developed over the past decades and what that means for questions of access to knowledge and culture. The next section then examines alternatives to copyright that have emerged in the context of software and their application to the domain of knowledge creation.This leads us to a detailed examination of the ways in which the Open Content paradigm is reshaping our ideas of creativity and knowledge creation using various case studies. This is followed by a study of the ways in which Open Content licenses work. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the potential policy implications and possible limitations of Open Content.
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When looking at public opinion and polls, it is not easy to find out what the public thinks. The more people are active in and knowledgeable about politics, the more weight their opinions carry in governmental circles. Many polls ask voters the benefits of something, not the cost. In any poll, opinions on public issues may not be stable; they may change at any time. Party identification is well known; children follow their parents' party. They become more independent as they get older. Party identification has declined within past years. Catholics are mostly Democrats, Protestants are mostly Republican due to social status and religious tradition. Religion makes for many political differences. Women are leaning towards being democrats, men are becoming republicans. Social issues differ greatly; women support them more than men. Colleges have a more liberal outlook, and the most prestigious colleges are most liberal. Intellectuals require freedom to explore new ideas, which provides a possible theory as to why professors are liberal. Even if there was one group (such as white Protestants), many political conflicts would still occur. Three "cleavages" include: Blue collar and management people vote similarly because definitions overlap greatly. Higher-educated people, management, vote liberal because of their college experiences. Blue collar vote the same way even though they don’t have the education, but still they support the social issues. There are some differences between black and white voters, such as the views about affirmative action and criminal justice system. There are some similarities (racial quotas, toughness of courts on criminals, abortion). The Latino population is mixed on political standings (Gray Davis in CA, democrat and George Bush, TX, republican). In general, the Asian population votes Republican. Geography affects the political attitudes; Northerners vote differently than southerners. Liberal and conservative overlap greatly in definitions. We think that each group has a patterned set of beliefs (political ideology). Except in polls, people do not call themselves liberal or conservative very often. People can have nonideological ideas even though they do not use the terms liberal or conservative correctly. Many people make decisions without using the political ideology rule of thumb. Definitions have changed since their inception. After the New Deal, definitions began to change. Words still used as generalizations, not issue-by-issue definitions. There are three basic issues that can create "cleavages" in the liberal/conservative thought: economy, civil rights, and conduct. Pure liberals: liberal on economic policy and personal conduct; want the government to reduce economic inequality; regulate business; allow abortions; protect freedoms of speech (17%) Pure conservatives: conservative on both economics and personal conduct; want government to cut back on welfare spending; allow the market to allocate goods and services; keep taxes low; lock up criminals (28%) Libertarians: conservative on economic matters; liberal on social ones; want minimal government (21%) Populists: liberal on economic matters; conservative on social issues; want reduction in economic inequalities (24%) People who are pure liberals or conservatives make up the political elite. They are elite in the sense of the fact that the person has a disproportionate amount of a resource (money, political power). They are also referred to as “activists”. The “new class” of political elites represent the power, resources, and growth of government, not business. Many have liberal (progovernment) views. Elites influence public opinion in two ways: those who have access to the media raise political issues; elites state the norms by which issues should be settled (AIDS and homosexuality). Elites do not define economics problems, but they may define the problem as well as the policy options with respect to foreign affairs (Iraq, Panama); the public cannot adequately judge issues.
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This is an analysis of the Journal article 'the Effectiveness of a Pram-walking Exercise Programme in Reducing Depressive Symptomatology for Postnatal Women'. It was a study conducted by K. Armstrong et al. in 2004 and found in the International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10; 177-194. It is well known that exercise can relieve stress and increase people’s overall health and well-being and mental heath is no exception. There are countless studies that support the theory that physical activity plays a major role in the reduction of depression-related symptoms. Some of the ways that exercise is thought to improve psychological well-being include biological mechanisms such as endorphin release, decreased amount of cortisol released in response to stress and an overall increase in fitness. There are also behavioural and personal factors believed to be associated with improved mental health such as an increased sense of self-worth and a better level of social support . Post-natal depression (PND) is no different when it comes to using physical activity as a form of treatment due to these benefits. PND is a form of depression affecting 12-15% of women shortly after giving birth. It is common to experience conditions such as extreme tiredness, irritability and mood swings after giving birth. However, women diagnosed with PND experience these symptoms for an abnormal duration or some of a higher severity such as difficulty breastfeeding, or fear of not caring for the baby, resulting in a depressive state specific to PND. The following study, conducted by K. Armstrong and H. Edwards in 2004, examines women with PND and how a pram-walking exercise program could potentially relieve the symptomatology associated with the disease. This study was a randomised, controlled study lead by two PhD students at the Queensland University of Technology in 2004 . It was conducted over a 12 week period and compared two groups of women with PND and investigates how their depressive symptoms changed in relation to what activity they were subject to. The 24 participants, who all had at least one child between 6 weeks and 18 months of age and have an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score of 12 or above were recruited from around the Gold Coast, Australia. They were then split into a pram-walking group or a social support group. Prior to the two groups beginning their programs, their fitness was tested using the Cornish Walking Wheel to determine their Vo2 max, their levels of depression was assessed using the EPDS and other measures such as age, height, weight, marital status, income and number of children were also recorded. The pram walking group were invited to attend two 40 minute session a week, performed at a moderate intensity, maintaining heart rate levels at 60-75% of their age predicted max heart rate. The pram-walking programme was exclusive to the women in the pram-walking group whereas both groups of women were invited to attend the social support sessions. The social support sessions were held once a week at a community centre that provided an environment much similar to a daycare where both mothers and children could attend Although these sessions were not structured, mothers were encouraged to talk to and seek support from the other mothers in the group. Both of these programs proceeded for 12 weeks. Due to five women pulling out of the study, data was collected for 19 participants; nine pram walkers and 10 in the social group. All demographic results were similar at the combined attendance rate from both groups was 74%, with the main reason women did not attend sessions being child-related. The basic results from the study support the statement that frequent physical activity can be implemented to reduce symptoms of post-natal depression, and the pram-walking group increased their Vo2 max, whereas the average Vo2 max from the social support group decreased. After analyzing the data, the researchers interpreted that a positive correlation between exercise and depression exists and more specifically, a positive correlation between a pram-walking program and PND. This research suggests that physical activity, especially pram-walking, could be a suitable method to aid in the treatment of PND. Therefore, more exercise intervention programs should be designed and implemented to aid the reduction of PND symptoms. Such programs should be promoted at hospitals, obstetrician's clinics and infant health centres. This study could also be used to further assess the influence of physical activity on other types of depression. However, due to the small sample of the study and the limited number of similar studies, it should be understood that exercise interventions should currently only be used in conjunction with other treatments such as medication and therapy under specialists' supervision. With further research on this topic, using physical activity as a form of treatment has major potential to relieve PND patients of their symptoms. Nevertheless, there are a few limitations to this kind of research. It may be difficult for women to attend the sessions due to the new demands of having a young infant to care for. That said, it is challenging to recruit an adequate amount of postnatal women to collect larger data sets, which would result in more reliable studies. Also, due to smaller sample sizes, it becomes harder to generalise for all postnatal women, therefore less accurate to suggest that physical activity could be used to treat the whole of the targeted population. There is still a lot of research to be done on physical activity’s affect on PND, so it should not be used as the primary, or only, form of treatment at present. As the research suggests, it is able to be conjunction with medication and/or therapy, until the outcomes of this research topic becomes reliable N. Singh. et al. (2000), Exercise and Depression in the Older Adult, Nutrition and Clinical Care, 3; 197-208 Armstrong. K. et al. (2004), the Effectiveness of a pram-walking exercise programme in reducing depressive symptomatology for postnatal women, International Journal of Nursing. 10: 177-194) G. Mead. et al. 2009, Exercise for Depression, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3 . Daley. et al. (2007),The Role of Exercise in Treating Postpartum Depression: A Review of the Literature, Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health: 52; 56-62 Beyond Blue Support Service Ltd, 2015, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Beyond Blue https://www.beyondblue.org.au/resources/for-me/pregnancy-and-early-parenthood/edinburgh-postnatal-depression-scale> viewed 22/09/15
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We'll use the internal server to make sure we can use the oscilloscope etc. : Server.default = s = Server.internal; s.boot; In SuperCollider we can provide an almost-direct physical model: the LFPulse represents a "raw" on/off signal before smoothing by capacitors, and the "lagud" provides exponential smoothing, with the handy feature of allowing different time-periods for the "on" and "off" convergence. This one-line example will plot the curve for you: {LFPulse.ar(1, 0.99, 0.4).lagud(0.3, 0.7)}.plot(2) Now let's use this technique both for the pitch curve, and for waveform synthesis. ( SynthDef(\dsaf_horn1, { |rate=0.1| var freq = LFPulse.kr(rate, 0.99, 0.4).lagud(0.4 / rate, 0.6 / rate) * 800 + 300; var son = LFPulse.ar(freq, 0.99, 0.2).lagud(0.4 / freq, 0.6 / freq) * 2 - 1; // This filtering is a simple approximation of the plastic horn acoustics: son = BPF.ar(son.clip2(0.2), 1500, 1/4) * 4; // delay and reverb, to simulate the environment in which we hear the siren son = son + DelayC.ar(son, 0.1, 0.1, 0.3); son = son + FreeVerb.ar(son); Out.ar(0, Pan2.ar(son * 0.4)); }).add; ) x = Synth(\dsaf_horn1); s.scope // Choose a rate x.set(\rate, 3); x.set(\rate, 0.1); Exercise: instead of using the lagged-pulse implementation of the waveform, do as the book says and try using a simple triangle oscillator (LFTri) - this loses the physical-modelling "realism" of the authentic circuit but will be more efficient, and reasonably similar. How much of an effect on the tone quality do you get?
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Article 36 The National Immigration Agency shall forcibly deport an alien if he/she commits any of the following offenses: 1. Violation of the provisions stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 4 by entering the State without inspection 2. Violation of the provisions stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 19 by temporarily entering the State without permission The National Immigration Agency may deport or order an alien to exit the State within ten (10) days after receiving the deportation order, based on any of the following circumstances; The National Immigration Agency may deport an alien who has failed to exit the State within a given period of time after the first warning. 1. Having entered the State and been found in violation of any of the provisions indicated in Paragraphs 1, 2 of Article 18 which bans entry into the State 2. Having failed to comply with requirements such as documents, certificates, and periods/place of visits, stipulated under Paragraph 2 of Article 19 3. Having violated the provisions stated in Paragraph 2 of Article 20 by leaving the designated overnight lodging facility without permission 4. Having violated the provisions stated in Article 29 by engaging in employment or activities that are inconsistent with the purpose of visit or residence indicated in the application 5. Having failed to comply with regulations concerning restrictions on his/her residence and activities as set by the National Immigration Agency in accordance with Article 30 6. Having violated the provisions stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 31 by failing to apply for extension of stay or residence prior to the expiration date of the visitor or residence permit; however, exceptions can be made depending on the condition stated in Paragraph 3 of Article 31 7. Previously covered under the provision indicated in Paragraph 4 of Article 31; however, the reason for residence is no longer valid, resulting in the cancellation of the alien’s residence permit and revocation of the Alien Resident Certificate (ARC) 8. Having violated the provisions stated in Paragraphs 1 to 3 of Article 32, resulting in the cancellation of the alien’s residence permit and revocation of the Alien Resident Certificate (ARC) 9. Having violated the provisions stated in Subparagraphs 1 to 3 of Article 33, resulting in the cancellation of the alien’s permanent residence permit and revocation of the Alien Permanent Resident Certificate (APRC) Upon learning that a criminal act has been committed by an alien (based on the two preceding paragraphs subject to judicial process), the National Immigration Agency shall notify the relevant authorities ten (10) days prior to the execution of forcible deportation. Unless the alien is detained, arrested, taken into custody or banned from exiting the State under the law, the National Immigration Agency may deport or order an alien to exit the State. The National Immigration Agency shall provide the alien an opportunity to submit claims before deportation is enforced in accordance with the provisions; and shall convene a review committee meeting before deporting the alien, who has already acquired a residence permit or permanent residence permit. However, the alien shall be deported without undergoing a review process if he/she falls under any of the following circumstances: 1. Having presented a written statement waiving his/her rights to file a claim or having chosen to exit the State voluntarily 2. Having been sentenced to deportation as a result of a final court decision 3. Having been ordered to exit the State pursuant to other laws and enactments 4. Having been found guilty of endangering national interest, public safety, and public order or engaging in terrorist activities, an enforcement action shall be immediately undertaken given the urgent and sensitive nature of the matter Relevant authorities shall enact regulations on the deportation enforcement process mentioned in Paragraphs 1 and 2 along with the respective deportation methods, procedures, and management, as well as other guidelines. The review committee meeting referred in Paragraph 4 shall be selected and appointed by competent authorities from representatives of relevant agencies, public figures for social justice, scholars and experts. The number of single gender committee members should be no less than one third or more, while scholars and experts should make up one half or more of the total number of committee members.
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Bismillah Khan (Urdu: استاد بسم اللہ خان صاحب; March 21, 1916 – August 21, 2006) was a legendary Indian musician of the wind instrument the Shehnai which he popularized and brought it to a pinnacle of glory and for which he got the honorific Ustad prefixed to his name. The Shehnai, which was a folk instrument played primarily during traditional ceremonies was elevated to the status of playing solo on the concert stage. During his life time he was one of the few artists who received all the four Padma awards, and topped with the India’s highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 2001. He was a pious Shi'ite Muslim, but an Indian devotee of Saraswati, the Hindu Goddess of wisdom and arts. He often played at Hindu temples, including the famous Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi on the banks of the river Ganga. Even if the world ends, the Music will still survive....Music has no caste. Quoted in Ekbal, Nikhat (2009). Great Muslims of undivided India. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-81-7835-756-0. Music lets me forget bad experiences. You cannot keep ragas and regrets in your mind together. Harihar Swarup (1 January 2010). Power Profiles. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-81-241-1525-1. After a year and half Mamu told me if you see anything don’t talk about it. One night I was playing deep in meditation. I smelled something. It was an indescribable scent, something like sandalwood and jasmine. I thought it was the aroma of Ganges but the scent got more powerful. When I opened my eyes , there was Balaji standing right next to me, exactly as he is pictured. My door was locked from inside; nobody was allowed to enter when I did riyaz. He said ‘play my son’ but I was sweating. I stopped playing. Khan used to do riyaz (practice) before the temple of Balaji as advised by his mamu (maternal uncle) who had also told him not talk to any body about anything that might happen. But when he told his mamu about his seeing Balaji, mamu was annoyed and slapped him. If music is haraam then why has it reached such heights? Why does music make me to soar towards heaven? The religion of music is one; all other are different. I tell the Mullas that this is the only haqeeqat (reality). This is my world. My Namaaz is the seven ‘sudh’ [pure] and five ‘komal’ [soft] surs His reply to the hardliner Shia mullas who wanted to ban music. Allahee...Allah-hee... Allah-hee....I continued to raise the pitch. When I opened my eyes I asked them: Is this chutiyap? I am calling the God. I am thinking of him. I am searching for Him. Why do you call my search chutiya? In reply to the Shia Maulvis in Iran who were arguing with him that Music should be banned, he sang the song in Raag Bhairavi and posed a question to them to which they had no answer. Murthi, R.K.. Encyclopedia of Bharat Ratnas. Pitambar Publishing. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-81-209-1307-3. God knows no religion. God belongs to mankind. I realized this while playing at the Balaji temple. I wish I could hold a concert....It is unfair that the Shehnai is not played at concerts. Why should not the Shehnai be played at the concerts?... Then let me do it now. Let me break tradition....May Lord Balaji help me. When he was perturbed at not being invited to play in concerts when other instrumentalists held solo performances, and it is when Lord Balaji whispered in his ears “All good things begin with Shehnai”. Tradition takes time to change. But it changes, all right. All that I have to do is to keep trying. After this he was invited to play the Shehnai solo on the All India Radio Sukriya. An image can never be the real thing. Varanasi is where the Ganga flows, where I can play the Shehnai for Lord Balaji. I shall be at home, nowhere else but in India. When he was asked to stay back in America following his concerts there, even with a promise that a Varanasi would be replicated for him there. Khan saheb’s music has found its way, penetrating barriers of religion, caste and class, to the hearts of millions of our people, uniting them in a shared ecstasy....He has never accepted that there is any contradiction between music and his religious faith, rather he sees perfect unity , a connection between the two.... K.R .Narayan, former President of India quoted in Ahuja, M. L. (2006). Eminent Indians : Musicians. Rupa & Company. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-81-291-1015-2. Along with the steady diet sitar, sarod, and tabla, several new instruments and players came to my attention. The first of these was Ustad Bismillah Khan, master of the sonorous double-reed instrument known as shehnai. This beautiful wind instrument, with finger holes and a bell-shaped opening at the bottom, sounded to me like a hybrid of soprano saxophone and oboe, and Bismillah Khan’s tone very much influenced what Coltrane and Terry Riley would do with the soprano sax. Primarily used at weddings, the shehnai had been rejected as a classical instrument until Bismillah Khan elevated it to a higher status among listeners. His unique fingertips and sublime breath control produced the necessary range of sounds for raga making shehnai one of the more popular instruments in North India. Peter Lavezzoli in his bo Lavezzoli, Peter (24 April 2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Continuum. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8264-1815-9. These are the people who made the instrument become identified with them. If you said shehnai, you said Bismillah Khan. You did not say anybody else, it became synonymous. Zakir Hussain, the famous tabla player quoted in "The Dawn of Indian Music in the West" page=121 Ustad Bismillah Khan’s specialization lies in his ability to produce intricate sound patterns on the Shehnai, which was hitherto, considered impossible on this instrument. Raj Kumar in Kumar, Raj (1 January 2003). Essays on Indian Music. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-81-7141-719-3. I just acted in the role but Ustad Bismillah Khan is the real soul of the film. He gave life to the character I played in the film. Raj Kumar in whose film Sanadi Appanna Khan had given the background music in Shehnai. He was the undisputed jewel in the crown of Indian music; one who will not be born in the next few centuries. He gave a new meaning to shehnai. He did not even leave his favourite Banaras where the notes of his shehnai wafted across the Kashi Vishwanath and Sankat Mochan temples and intermingled with the placid waters of the Ganga," Above two quotes by Ranjana Srivastava, Dean, Faculty of Performing Arts, Banaras Hindu University cited in "Ustad Bismillah Khan dies, aged 90". The Hindu. 22 August 2006. Retrieved on 10 December 2013. Wikipedia has an article about: Bismillah Khan
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For other places with the same name, see Pittsburgh (disambiguation). Pittsburgh is a huge city with several district articles that contain information about specific sights, restaurants, and accommodation. The pleasure of Pittsburgh remains a well-kept secret. Though not built up by reputation, the city's unique combination of bridges, steep hills, and broad rivers make it one of the most naturally scenic cities in the country. Cheap food and beer abound in this true sports town and the locals are amazingly friendly. A city of about 307,000 in Allegheny County, at the center of a metro area of about 2.4 million in southwestern Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh is situated at the confluence of three rivers: the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, which meet to form the Ohio River. The city's unique terrain has resulted in an unusual city design and a hodge-podge of unique neighborhood "pockets" with diverse ethnic and architectural heritage. Pittsburgh has a rich history and, for its size, an unusual array of cultural treasures, largely thanks to the wealth that was generated when Pittsburgh was a hub of industry. This system of districts is based upon the Pittsburgh Wayfinder System, a series of 5-colored maps of the city you will see on directional signs throughout the city. Each color indicates a different region, while the blue lines represent the three rivers. The first European to "discover" the site of Pittsburgh was French discoverer/trader Sieur de La Salle in his 1669 expedition. The settlement of Pittsburgh began as a strategic point at the confluence of three rivers, with Britain, France, and the local Native American tribes all vying for control over this spot and thus, the region. On what is now referred to as The Point, where the rivers meet, several forts were constructed by competing French and British forces during the French and Indian War. In 1758, British general John Forbes ordered the construction of Fort Pitt, named after British Secretary of State William Pitt the Elder. He also named the settlement between the rivers "Pittsborough". Manufacturing in Pittsburgh began in earnest in the early 19th century, and by the US Civil War the city was known as "the armory of the Union." This began a sharp escalation of industry, particularly steel and glass. By the late 19th century, Pittsburgh was known as the Steel City. Andrew Carnegie began the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892, which became United States Steel (USS) a decade later and grew to be the largest corporation of any kind in the world. Carnegie became the richest man on Earth and, along with other local magnates of industry, gave Pittsburgh cultural institutions such as the Carnegie Museums, Carnegie Library, and Carnegie-Mellon University. A number of other Fortune 100 companies have called Pittsburgh their headquarters, helping fund world-class museums, theaters, universities, and other attractions. At the height of this industrialization Pittsburgh was notorious for its severe air pollution. One journalist, James Parton, descriptively dubbed it "hell with the lid off". White-collar workers came home in the evening as "brown-collar" workers. When asked what to do to fix Pittsburgh, the noted architect Frank Lloyd Wright famously replied with his characteristic frankness, "Raze it." Following World War II, the city launched a clean air and civic revitalization project known as the "Renaissance." This much-acclaimed effort was followed by the "Renaissance II" project, begun in 1977 and focusing more on cultural and neighborhood development than its predecessor. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1960s, but beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, the steel industry in the region imploded, with massive layoffs and mill closures. Today Pittsburgh is a model of cleanliness due to the remediation of the polluting industrial plants in the late 1950s, as well as the gradual migration of the mills to other cities and countries. There is now only one operating steel mill in the region, Carnegie Steel's venerable Edgar Thompson Works, now a USS state-of-the-art integrated steel mill. With the implosion of the steel industry in the region, the city's population shrank dramatically, from 600,000 in 1950 to 330,000 in 2000. Remnants of the city's more prosperous past can be seen throughout the area. But while the region is still reeling from the economic collapse, Pittsburgh is now (for the most part) economically stable, as the city has shifted the economic base to services such as education, medicine, technology, and finance. The people of Pittsburgh are indeed what make it such a unique place. The city has been shaped by its immigrants, whose specific traditions have left a lasting mark. Pittsburghers are generally welcoming, down-to-earth, and unpretentious. Pittsburgh has also gained attention as a burgeoning center for counter-culture, which in turn led to the emergence of a surprising hub for (democratic) socialist politicians and activists. The British were the first to permanently settle Pittsburgh, and early settlers included the English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish, as well as German, drawn by mining, shipping, and manufacturing. These people formed the foundation of Pittsburgh, still physically visible in the oldest parts of the city. By the late 1800s, the demand for labor was so strong the new immigrants - the so-called "millhunks" - began flocking to Pittsburgh, chiefly from Central and Eastern Europe. They not only provided labor, but brought their families, their languages, their churches, and other traditions. Today Pittsburgh's identity has been strongly molded by the ethnic traditions of these immigrants from countries like Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Italy, Lithuania, Serbia, and Croatia. Steeples and the bright copper onion-dome churches of the Eastern Orthodox tradition dot the old parts of town, and grandmas wearing babushkas are a common sight. Pittsburgh is also home to a large Jewish community, centered in Squirrel Hill. Pittsburgh's modern economy has brought new immigrants from places such as India and China, along with their traditions; the Pittsburgh region today is home to a number of Hindu temples, for example. Pittsburgh has truly been a great melting pot, and continues to be as a home to thousands of students from around the world that attend the many universities in the city, especially Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh. In addition, Pittsburgh has an organized LGBT community and anti-discrimination laws inclusive of LGBT people have been enacted at both the city and county levels. The surrounding landscape has had a huge impact on Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh's characteristic rivers and hills have shaped the city physically, economically, and socially. Like most older cities, it was the rivers that made the city. The rivers allowed for the transport of raw materials and provided water used for making steel, and allowed for easy shipping of finished products. Today, the rivers attract mostly recreational boaters, but still support extensive barge traffic. Pittsburgh claims to have more bridges than any city in the world (only counting bridges over 20 feet, 440 or so within Pittsburgh, and over 1700 in the county). The hilly landscape—arguably the most rugged of any city east of the Rockies—has created unique neighborhoods; flat lands near the rivers were used for mills, while workers' houses cling precariously to the hillsides above. In many places "pockets" of neighborhoods, divided by rivers and valleys, have developed distinctly different characteristics from each other, despite being very close together. Much of the landscape, with its many unbuildable slopes, remains lush and green, and provides for amazing views. Pittsburgh's visitor information centers offer maps, brochures and other information for tourists. The VisitPittsburgh website offers more guides and lists of things to do. 40.44212-80.003221 Downtown Pittsburgh Info Center (On Liberty Avenue adjacent to Gateway Center, near Point State Park Downtown). M-F 9AM-5PM (Apr-Oct), 9AM-4PM (Nov-Mar); Sa 9AM-5PM; Su 10AM-3PM. (updated May 2021) Pittsburgh International Airport Info Center. M 9AM-4PM; Tu-F 10AM-5PM; Sa 10AM-6PM; Su 2PM-6PM. (updated May 2021) 40.44684-79.992062 Senator John Heinz History Center, 1212 Smallman Street (Strip District). 10AM-5PM. (updated May 2021) Pittsburgh International Airport is the normal way in, although the area is also served by the smaller Allegheny County Airport in West Mifflin, primarily used by private and corporate airplanes. The airport is near Robinson Township in Findlay, about 20 miles west of downtown, translating to about a $35 cab ride ($50 in rush hour traffic). Hotel shuttles and buses are available, and can be cheaper. A city bus, route 28X, connects the airport to Downtown and Oakland, taking a reasonably fast route mostly along freeways and dedicated busways, and costing much less than a taxi. 40.495997-80.2566931 Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT IATA). The airport terminal has relatively little passenger traffic, even after having closed one of the main concourses. This is mainly due to the relocation of many flights to and from Pittsburgh. When it was built it was the first "airport mall" in the country, with many shops and restaurants, a model which has been much copied since it was completed. The airport is served by Air Canada, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, British Airways, Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, Spirit, and United. There are non-stop flights from most of the major airports around the country, as well as some service to Canada, the Caribbean, and transatlantic service to London and (seasonally) Frankfurt. From your plane, you will arrive in the Airside Terminal. If you are transiting to another destination you don't have to leave this building, and this is where most of the Airmall shops are which makes window shopping a pleasant way of passing the time. Free Wi-Fi is available. If you are coming to the Pittsburgh area though, you will take a rail shuttle a short distance underground to the Landside Terminal where you will find the baggage claim and the various transportation modes to the city and other regional locations. A Hyatt Hotel is connected to the landside terminal complex and there are several hotels (Embassy Suites and Sheraton among them) within 5 miles of the airport. Another distant but viable airport serves the Pittsburgh Area. Arnold Palmer Regional Airport (LBE IATA) is a public airport in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, two miles southwest of Latrobe and about 33 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. This smaller airport has free parking but is not easily accessible using public transportation. Destinations include various cities in Florida as well as Myrtle Beach provided by the low-cost carrier Spirit Airlines. Greyhound, ☏ +1 412 392-6513, toll-free: +1-800-231-2222. Serves Pittsburgh from a station in the transportation center at 11th and Liberty in Downtown. Fullington Trailways, ☏ +1 814 765-7871, toll-free: +1-800-252-3893. Serves Pittsburgh from the Greyhound station. Twice daily direct service to DuBois, Pennsylvania, along with one daily (5AM departure) connecting service to Buffalo, Wilkes-Barre, and Harrisburg. As a Greyhound alternative, you can travel to New York City by taking the 5AM Fullington departure and connecting in Wilkes-Barre with the Martz Trailways bus to New York City, for a less-crowded bus (but longer trip). Megabus, toll-free: +1-877-462-6342. Serves Pittsburgh from various cities in the Northeast. The bus stop is under the David L. Lawrence Convention Center just north of the intersection of 10th Street and Penn Avenue. Fares from $1 and up. The city proper is served by three interstate routes that spur from the triangular-shaped beltway formed by I-76 (PA Turnpike) to the north and east, I-79 to the west and I-70 to the far south. These three spurs form what locals often refer to as "parkways". The Parkways West and East are signed as I-376, and the Parkway North is signed as I-279. The interstate system links Pittsburgh with many cities. If coming from the east or west, your best bet into the city is I-76, the Pennsylvania Turnpike. From the west, take exit 10 (New Castle) and follow I-376 east to downtown. If coming from the east, take exit 57 (Pittsburgh) and follow I-376 west to downtown. From the north, use I-79 and take the exit to I-279 south. From the south, use I-79 and take the exit to I-376 east. Within the metro area several limited-access turnpike spur routes have been partially or fully completed including the Mon-Fayette Expressway linking the historic "Steel Valley" area to State Route 51 in Jefferson Hills (and eventually to Monroeville). PA Route 66 in nearby Greensburg offers a quick jump on the eastern side of the metro from I-70/I-76 (Turnpike mainline) junction area to the Kiski Valley in the northeast, and the newly completed Findlay connector offers quick access from the airport terminal to points west and south of the airport such as Steubenville, Ohio, and Weirton and Wheeling, West Virginia. PA 65 along the northern section of the city of Pittsburgh, PA 28 along the Allegheny Valley from downtown through the Oakmont and 76/Turnpike area to beyond Kittaning in Armstrong County and PA 60 from the I-279/79 junction through the airport area and up through Beaver to New Castle and I-80 are all toll-free state limited access highways in the region. US 22 from Robinson through to the Findlay airport connector and on to the West Virigina panhandle and east-central Ohio offers toll free interstate like travel as well. Amtrak, +1-800-872-7245, services Pittsburgh with a station Downtown at Grant and Liberty, just across the street from the Greyhound depot. Two Amtrak routes serve Pittsburgh: the Capitol Limited, which runs daily between Chicago and Washington, DC, and the Pennsylvanian, which runs daily between Pittsburgh and New York City through Philadelphia. Pittsburgh is difficult for strangers to get around in because the roads go every which way, constrained by the rivers and hills. Many are one-way and nearly all are narrow, as they were laid out in the days of horse-and-buggy transportation. Those with a GPS navigation device should get around all right. For those without, a taxi is an option until you get used to the roads, but the public transit, operated by the Port Authority (see below), works quite well for travel within the city. If you do find yourself lost or unsure, however, do not be afraid to ask for help. Many locals are so friendly - and giving directions can be so confusing - that they might just show you to your destination themselves. The Port Authority, ☏ +1 412 442-2000 (or PAT as some residents refer to it), operates bus, light rail and incline service in Pittsburgh. Bus service covers much of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County and, for the most part, is reliable and clean. Light rail (commonly referred to as "The T") connects the south side of the city to downtown and the stadiums, but doesn't connect to many other points of interest. Routes can be confusing, but both the Port Authority's website and Google Maps (which is perhaps better) offer trip planners. Google Maps also shows bus and trolley stops. Bus stops are typically marked with a simple blue sign reading "Bus Stop" and listing route numbers and names. Before boarding a bus or trolley, check Port Authority's schedules (all of which are available on their website) and confirm its destination with the driver. Evening and Sunday service can be challenging outside of the Light Rail, busway, and Downtown-Oakland-Squirrel Hill-Waterfront service, with less frequent service at hard-to-memorize intervals and earlier-on-Sunday ending times. The Port Authority's fare system has been simplified and is much easier for visitors to understand. The fare is now paid as one boards the bus, regardless of destination, and passengers always exit via the rear door, the same as most other American transit agencies. The fare is now a flat $2.50 throughout the entire system, with $1 transfers available if you're paying with a ConnectCard. If paying with cash, there is a 25-cent surcharge on all fares and transfers are not available. If you are in town for more than a couple of days, or you plan a trip involving multiple buses, it is worth it to get a ConnectCard, available for a nominal $1 fee at various locations detailed on Port Authority's website. Taxis are a good (if expensive) way of dealing with Pittsburgh's spaghetti roads until you get used to them, at least within downtown and the inner areas of the city itself. However they can be nearly impossible to hail on the street, and plan to wait a while if you call one on a night or weekend. If you are downtown, the best bet is to head for the nearest hotel taxi stand. Yellow Cab, ☏ +1 412 321-8100. Uber and Lyft have a significant presence in Pittsburgh and in some cases may be cheaper than a taxi. With a multitude of hills and valleys, Pittsburgh is an eclectic town to travel by car for even the natives. Very little is straightforward about Pittsburgh travel via car, but some constants help road warriors get by. Major highways include the Parkways East, West (both Interstate 376), and North (Interstate 279). The PA Turnpike (Interstate 76) connects Pittsburgh to Harrisburg and Philadelphia while Interstate 79 provides connections to Erie in the north and Morgantown, West Virginia in the south. Other major routes include Interstate 579 (Crosstown Blvd), PA 51, PA 28, PA 837, PA 885, PA Turnpike 43 (Mon-Fayette Expressway (partially completed)), US 19, US 22, and US 30. A trick to not getting lost in Pittsburgh is the well-kept secret of the Belt System. The Belt System consists of 5 color-coded routes along main roads, forming a unique system of ring routes around the City and county. It provides a navigational aid for motorists in unfamiliar portions of the county. These belts are long, winding circular paths which allow travelers to freely explore the city with little fear of getting truly lost. If you are hopelessly lost and encounter a Belt sign (blue, red, yellow...), following these signs is a good way to locate a main travel artery and get back on track, as they cross most major highways. If nothing else, the belts tend to eventually circle back on themselves and, at the very least, you will get back to where you started if you keep following them. Routes are marked with signs showing a colored circle. Visitors may want to be careful of the Pittsburgh left. At traffic lights, a driver wishing to turn left will do so as soon as the light turns green, regardless of whether another vehicle has the right-of-way. This may sound strange and even dangerous, but it actually has a useful purpose; at many intersections, there is only one lane of travel in each direction, so someone waiting to make a left turn will block the traffic behind them if they cannot make the turn. While waiting to make a left turn at an intersection, you may find cars traveling the other direction will wait in order for you to make the left turn and keep the traffic behind you moving. While not done as much by the younger generation, the Pittsburgh Left still has its adherents. Lane irregularities Beware the "left only" lane: you can be driving straight down the road and suddenly the lane you are in becomes a "Left Turn Only" lane, although you did not change lanes. This is common in other cities in the right lane but not the left. However, there is no rule for when this will happen in Pittsburgh, and it can happen in right lanes as well, so drivers tend to drift back and forth from left lane to right without signaling. If you are new to the city keep an eye on the signs leading up to each intersection. As in Baltimore, many times there is no separate lane for parking, so driving in the right lane can mean you suddenly become stuck behind a parked car. Gateway Clipper and Pittsburgh Water Limo offer shuttle services to sports events at Heinz Field and PNC Park. Gateway Clipper operates all cruises from Station Square in the South Side. Pittsburgh Water Limo operates all shuttles from 23rd Street in the Strip District. Pittsburgh has a beautiful biking trail surrounding the city, the Three Rivers Heritage Trail. You can enjoy most of the trail riding along the three rivers. Bicyclists are easily connected to some of the main attractions in Pittsburgh. The Three Rivers Heritage Trail connects to The Great Allegheny Passage and C&O Canal from Pittsburgh to Washington, D.C., together they provide some of the most scenic and diverse trails in the country. Bike rentals are available throughout the city through Pittsburgh Bike Share. However, historically, the inner city of Pittsburgh has not been friendly to street cycling. The streets are narrow, are often very rough, and beyond the city is very hilly. The city has been adding bike lanes to numerous streets for the past few years, so the situation has improved, although experience in urban cycling is still recommended. BikePGH offers information for bicyclists and hosts biking events. 40.43485-79.996851 Golden Triangle Bike Rental, 600 First Avenue (next to the First Ave. T Station, along the Eliza Furnace Trail), ☏ +1 412 600-0675. There are additional seasonal locations at the South Side Works mall and next to PNC Park on the North Shore. Pittsburgh is home to many wonderful museums, including some truly world-class institutions. The Carnegie Museums in Oakland are absolutely spectacular; enclosed in one massive building is the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, with extensive exhibits on paleontology, geology, and biology, and the Carnegie Museum of Art, with classical and contemporary works by many fine artists. Nearby is the Frick Art and Historical Center, which is the home of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick's mansion, now open for tours. In the Strip District is the Senator John Heinz History Center, an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution and the largest history museum in Pennsylvania, with six floors of permanent and changing exhibitions on the history Western Pennsylvania. North Side is home to quite a few museums. The Andy Warhol Museum is one of the most comprehensive single-artist museums in the world, with exhibits of the artist's life and work, recreations of portions of "The Factory", screening of films, and educational programs about the Pittsburgh-born artist as well as other contemporary and pop artists. The Carnegie Science Center, a major science museum which is another of the Carnegie Museums, and the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh are both very popular with kids. The Mattress Factory is contemporary art on the installation-scale, with several notable James Turrell works in their permanent collection. The National Aviary allows you to get up close with plenty of exotic birds. Pittsburgh has more than its fair share of incredible architecture in many different styles, largely thanks to the wealth of its earlier industrialists and diverse influences of its many immigrants. Following the decline of the steel industry, the city has prioritized historic preservation and sustainable building as the city modernizes. Architecture buffs will find something interesting in every corner of the city, but there are some highlights: Naturally, Downtown gets the lion's share of attention here. Walking some of the narrow downtown streets gives a very notable urban canyon effect, unusual for a midsized city. Pittsburgh has an impressive skyline for a city of its size, with the U.S. Steel Tower being the tallest building in the city. However, it's Phillip Johnson's shimmering PPG Place that captures much of the attention, with its glass pinnacles that make the building resemble a castle right out of a fairy tale. Beneath these towering structures are numerous historic buildings from the early 20th century, built by the biggest names in industry at the time. H.H. Richardson's Allegheny County Courthouse and Jail are gorgeous stone structures that still serves as a government building, while just across the street the Frick Building and the Union Trust Building are prime examples of commercial architecture from the time. The David L Lawrence Convention Center is an impressive modern structure along the Allegheny River. Heading east through Oakland, stately Victorians and large parks replace the bustle and height of downtown. This was, after all, where some of the wealthiest men of the early 20th century lived and played. Among them was Henry Clay Frick, whose house in Point Breeze is open for tours near the massive park that also bears his name. Within Oakland proper are the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, and both campuses contain even more stunning architecture. Dominating the Oakland landscape is the Cathedral of Learning, the 42-story centerpiece of the University of Pittsburgh campus and the second-tallest academic building in the world (the tallest is in Russia). The Cathedral is a magnificent example of Gothic Revival architecture, and is home to the Nationality Rooms, a series of rooms decorated in the themes of the various cultures that played a role in the city's development. Next door to the Cathedral is the much shorter (but still impressive) Heinz Chapel, which sports magnificent stained glass windows. If you want to get closer to the industrial past of the city, both South Side and the area around the Strip District are home to numerous industrial buildings and old warehouses, most of them now converted into lofts, shops, restaurants, and other uses. While many of Pittsburgh's neighborhoods may not have many stately and notable buildings (besides many churches), their urban design - how they were laid out and built, often with narrow, winding streets - can feel more like Europe than the US, and provide a great opportunity for exploring. It is sometimes easy to get lost, but with surprises around every corner, that can be half the fun. Most neighborhoods (especially those of greatest interest listed above) are very walkable and safe, and this activity is of course 100% free. Some of the most interesting neighborhoods for exploring are the South Side, Lawrenceville, Bloomfield, and the North Side. For a city previously defined by industry, Pittsburgh has an impressive quantity of good parks to enjoy. Pittsburgh's four large city parks are excellent places to bike, jog, walk, or play. The area surrounding Oakland has many of the city's finer park spaces. Next door to Oakland is Schenley Park, a 456-acre park which is a haven for exercisers, sunbathers, and anyone who appreciates beautiful green space. Schenley Plaza, next to the Cathedral of Learning and Carnegie Museums, features snack stands, a carousel, and sometimes festivals. Nearby is Phipps Conservatory, which boasts stunning indoor and outdoor gardens with beautiful floral displays. On the eastern limits of the city is Frick Park, the largest of Pittsburgh's parks and the perfect escape from the city, with its naturalistic setting and beautiful woodlands. Up past Lawrenceville is Highland Park, a large park with some beautiful gardens and a couple of lovely lakes situated among the hills of the area. Within Highland Park is the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium, a large zoo/aquarium complex with animals from all over the world. Point State Park in Downtown has a large fountain which marks the spot where the three rivers of Pittsburgh meet. In addition to being a favorite spot for office workers to take breaks, many festivals and special events are held in this park. Finally, the North Side is home to Riverview Park and the Allegheny Observatory. If you can only do one thing in Pittsburgh, take one of the incline railways to the top of Mount Washington near South Side to take in the view of the beautiful skyline. The Monongahela and Duquesne Inclines rise nearly 400 feet over the city from stations near Station Square. The views from Mount Washington are magnificent, but they are only the most popular - there are numerous other spots to take in views of the city, many that are more off the beaten path. Several different tour companies are based out of Station Square in South Side, and many of them give river tours - indeed, one of the best ways to see Pittsburgh is from the three rivers themselves, taking in views of the downtown skyline, the hillsides, the bridges, and the stadiums. With tons of die-hard fans, three major league sports teams, and a long history of sports dedication, Pittsburgh is truly a great sports town. Few things define Pittsburgh like the Pittsburgh Steelers NFL team, who go down in history as one of the greatest NFL franchises of all time and have one of the largest fan bases in all of American football. The Steelers play all their home games at Heinz Field in the North Side. Also in the North Side is PNC Park, home of the Pittsburgh Pirates MLB team. While the Pirates had a hard go of it for two decades, they've found new energy and manage to keep a loyal fan base, with a ballpark that is considered one of the most beautiful in the major leagues. Pittsburgh is home to the Pittsburgh Penguins NHL team, who play Downtown at the PPG Paints Arena. College sports are very big in Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh Panthers of the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) are very popular in the region, with teams in a variety of sports in the Atlantic Coast Conference, one of the so-called "Power Five conferences" of NCAA Division I. The men's and women's basketball teams have been very competitive lately, with the men's frequently ranking in the top 15 in the NCAA basketball playoffs. Both basketball teams play at the Petersen Events Center on the Pitt campus in Oakland. The Panthers football team is quite popular; they share Heinz Field with the Steelers. The city has a second NCAA Division I program in the Duquesne Dukes of Duquesne University near Downtown, whose basketball and football teams remain popular, though unlike the Panthers, the Dukes football team plays in the second-level Division I FCS. For a Division III school, the Carnegie Mellon Tartans of Carnegie Mellon University in Oakland enjoy a high level of popularity. The Robert Morris Colonials of Robert Morris University, also a Division I program (FCS for football), are in the northwest suburb of Moon Township. Pittsburgh is home to a minor league soccer team, Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC, who play on the South Side in the second-level USL Championship. They've expressed a desire to join Major League Soccer by 2023. Pittsburgh has a lively music scene, particularly indie, jazz, rap, punk rock and, more recently, heavy metal. Pick up a copy of the free Pittsburgh CityPaper for concert listings. The Cultural District in Downtown is home to several theaters and institutions like the Pittsburgh Ballet Theater, the Pittsburgh Opera, and the acclaimed Pittsburgh Symphony. However, Pittsburgh is also home to a number of smaller theaters and companies such as the Quantum Theater in East Liberty, the Attack Theater in the Strip District, and the Pittsburgh Playhouse and the University of Pittsburgh Repertory Theatre in Oakland. Pittsburgh has a lot of visual art to take in. In addition to the museums and art festivals, Downtown's Cultural District is home to a number of art galleries. East Liberty is home to the Pittsburgh Glass Center, a nonprofit glass studio and gallery that holds one of the top glass art facilities in the country. Pittsburgh holds a variety of popular arts and cultural festivals in the summertime. These range from huge, city-wide events to local neighborhood festivals, parades, studio tours, and food tastings. In addition, there are many ethnic festivals highlighting the local Greek, Italian, Irish, Scottish, German, Bulgarian and Russian communities. The events calendar of the free Pittsburgh City Paper is an excellent resource. The biggest events in Pittsburgh are the Three Rivers Arts Festival and the Three Rivers Regatta, both held in Downtown. The Arts Festival takes place in early June and offers a mix of art and music, with free outdoor concerts and a large artist market. The Regatta is held on Fourth of July weekend and is incredibly active, with food, concerts, stunt shows, and boat races, all culminating with a huge fireworks show. Other popular events include the Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix, held in July and including a vintage car show along Walnut Street in Shadyside and a race through Schenley Park, and Little Italy Days, held in September and a full-on celebration of Bloomfield's Italian heritage. The city and region offers some excellent recreational opportunities in its parks and rivers. Each of the city's four large parks - Frick, Schenley, Highland and Riverview - are excellent places to hike, jog or ride a bicycle. The city parks department operates several swimming pools (including the unusual, industrial-era Oliver Bath House on the South Side), an outdoor ice-skating rink in Schenley Park, tennis courts, bocce courts, miles of biking and hiking trails, and a public golf course. Additionally, Pittsburgh has an extensive trail system along the rivers. While portions of it are still in development, there are some long, uninterrupted stretches of trail excellent for hiking or biking, namely on the North Shore, the South Side and along the Allegheny River in Downtown. Boating is very popular along the river, and there are plenty of places to launch a motorboat or a canoe. For those who don't already have a boat, Kayak Pittsburgh on the North Shore next to PNC Park rents kayaks and offers lessons. The City of Pittsburgh is home to many colleges, universities and research facilities, the most well-known of which are Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Duquesne University, and the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt). Also in the city are Carlow University, Chatham University, Point Park University, The Art Institute of Pittsburgh, and a branch campus of the suburban Robert Morris University as well as the Community College of Allegheny County and the Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science. Oakland is the hub of college activity, home to CMU, Pitt, Carlow, and Chatham Universities. The greater Pittsburgh region boasts even more colleges and universities. The city has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh's University Library System, which rank 9th largest (public) and 18th largest (academic) in the nation, respectively. Pittsburgh's most popular shopping districts include: The South Side, which has many hip shops along a mile-long stretch of E Carson Street, along with two shopping centers - Station Square at Smithfield and Carson Streets and the South Side Works at the opposite end, at E Carson and 28th Streets. Shadyside, near Oakland, is concentrated along Walnut and Bellefonte Streets, and is one of the main upmarket sections of town. Squirrel Hill, also near Oakland, is concentrated along Murray and Forbes Avenues, and has tons of great little shops, notably some catering to the local Jewish community. The Squirrel Hill shops tend to fall under the 'specialty' store category. Downtown has shops of every description, but is best visited during standard business hours. The Strip District is home to many ethnic markets and street vendors, as well as the 16:62 Design Zone, which stretches between 16th and 62nd Streets from the Strip to Lawrenceville and offers a distinctive blend of neighborhood shops, artisan studios and unique showrooms, all focused on the arts and home decor. There are many outlet stores and suburban malls in the Pittsburgh region, but not within the city. For info on these, see the Allegheny County article. See the Districts articles for individual listings. The Pittsburgh restaurant scene is a little different than most cities. In many neighborhoods, they can be difficult to find and are often patronized mainly by locals. The hills and rivers make the roads tricky. So, if you're from out of town your best bet is to pick up a local copy of the Pittsburgh magazine and do a quick search of the "Best Restaurants" section. Each district has its unique restaurants, but the main districts for eating are the Strip District, South Side and, of course Downtown. Mt Washington, Lawrenceville, Shadyside, Oakland, Bloomfield, and Squirrel Hill also contain a wide variety of restaurants. If you're willing to go a little off the beaten path, you'll find gems tucked away just slightly further out which are still accessible by PAT bus. Primanti Bros.. As synonymous with Pittsburgh as the hot dog is to New York. The Primanti sandwich is served on a sheet of wax paper with two slices of Italian bread then it is piled high with coleslaw and french fries. The other ingredients after these depends on the sandwich you order. There are many locations in and around the Pittsburgh area (including at each of the three major league sports stadiums) but the original is in the Strip District. A stop should be made here to try some food that embodies Pittsburghers. The Strip District has tons of ethnic groceries, eateries, and vendors, with plenty of free samples. Squirrel Hill has a variety of more ethnic restaurants: Mediterranean, kosher, Italian, etc. Bloomfield, known as Pittsburgh's Little Italy, is home to many small Italian restaurants. Don't expect the Olive Garden! Typical Pittsburgh dishes to try include halushky, pierogies, kolbasi, stuffed cabbage, city chicken, and chipped ham. If you're in town for a wedding, then one distinctive regional tradition is offering hundreds, if not thousands, of homemade cookies for guests to eat at the reception. Pittsburgh is a city serious about its drinking. A popular anecdote tells of the priorities of earlier Pittsburghers: It's said that for every church, there's a bar across the street (and there are a lot of churches!). A Slavic drinking culture has made the city largely "a shot and a beer town." Even today, trendy and pretentious bars are scarcer than elsewhere, but almost any taste in bars and clubs can be found. The highlights are listed below, but almost every neighborhood has a fair concentration of bars. The South Side Flats neighborhood has the most popular and diverse bar scene, and is said to have more bars per block/capita than almost anywhere else in the U.S. Most bars are along a mile-long strip of E Carson St. between 7th and 29th Sts. The Strip District is home to some more posh nightclubs, and some other bars. This is also the center of Pittsburgh's gay culture, with several gay-owned businesses, bars, and clubs lining Liberty Avenue. A semi-fictionalized account of Liberty Avenue's gay culture is depicted in the television program Queer as Folk. Beer is very dear to Pittsburgh, highlighted by Penn Brewery, in the North Side, a popular German beer hall and restaurant in a beautiful historic old brewery building, which also hosts an annual Oktoberfest. The Hofbräuhaus Pittsburgh on the South Side is modeled after the legendary 400- year-old Hofbräuhaus in Munich. In addition, East End Brewing and the Church Brew Works are two local breweries whose beers can be found on tap all over the city. Coffee is just as important to many Pittsburghers as beer. Some of the best can be found at: Tazza D'Oro in Highland Park (said to be the best); Coffee Tree in Squirrel Hill and Shadyside; Nicholas Coffee Downtown; and Crazy Mocha, which has many locations around town. The Strip District has three roasters, notably La Prima Espresso. Downtown has the greatest concentration of hotels. It is sometimes possible to get a room at some of the top downtown hotels (the Marriott, the Hilton, and the William Penn, for example) at bargain basement prices ($45-70) from discount sites such as priceline and hotwire, so do a search before calling the hotel. For those visiting the universities or other attractions in the Oakland area, there are a number of convenient options. Airport accommodations, near the airport outside of Pittsburgh, are mostly in Robinson Township, about 12 miles west of Pittsburgh. Hotels close to the city are booked solidly in advance and/or inflated in price around the time of Steelers home games, so plan ahead. Pittsburgh is one of those cities where you must use an area code even when dialing locally. The city's main area code is 412, but the new 878 area code is also used. 724 is used in surrounding areas. Use of a "1" prefix when dialing these codes locally is optional. The city has set up a 311 hotline which allows you to receive information and access to City government services. Almost all of downtown and much of the surrounding areas have WiFi which can be accessed free for two hours daily. Other wifi hot spots include Walnut Street in Shadyside, Schenley Plaza in Oakland and any branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. As in most of the United States, the phone number to dial for emergencies is 911. Crime in Pittsburgh is generally comparable to other large cities in the US: while overall crime rates may look high on paper, the vast majority of violent crimes occur in run-down residential areas that are of little interest to most visitors. Common-sense rules (don't flash large amounts of money or jewelry, walk only along lighted streets at night, etc.) are enough to keep one safe in most cases. As a general rule, the following neighborhoods should be avoided (especially at night): Central: The Hill District, between Downtown & Oakland. East: Homewood-Brushton, Wilkinsburg, Lincoln-Larimar, Garfield. North: Central North Side. South: Mt. Oliver, Hazelwood, Beltzhoover, Arlington Heights, St. Clair Village, Upper Homestead. On Sundays in the fall and winter, some fans of the local football team (the Steelers) tend to be very rowdy. While the great majority won't bother you, it is suggested that out of town fans not wear the clothing of the team they are playing that day or that of their main rivals (the Baltimore Ravens and Cleveland Browns) at any time. The least you'll encounter is ridicule, and although assaults at sporting events are especially rare (Pittsburgh is largely a hospitable town), some incidents have occurred. It is also advisable to not wear any athletic apparel of the rival hockey team, the Philadelphia Flyers under any circumstance. Pittsburghers do take their sports loyalty to another level. Whether driving, bicycling, or walking, watch out for drivers making the "Pittsburgh Left" (see By Car, above). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Daily. The largest and oldest paper in the Pittsburgh region. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Daily. The other major daily paper in Pittsburgh. The Trib's editorial page is more conservative than the Post-Gazette's. Pittsburgh City Paper. Weekly; published every Wednesday. Pittsburgh's most popular free-weekly, focusing on art and entertainment, with some local news. The Pitt News. Monday-Friday during the school year, every Wednesday during the summer. Published by the students of the University of Pittsburgh. The Tartan. Free weekly paper published by Carnegie Mellon students. Belgium (Honorary), Carnegie Office Park, 800 N Bell Ave Ste 290, ☏ +1 412 279-2121, fax: +1 412 279-6426, [email protected]. Denmark (Honorary), 104 Shanor Heights, Butler, ☏ +1 724 283-2274, fax: +1 724 283-2274, [email protected]. Germany (Honorary), 210 Sixth Ave, ☏ +1 412 355-6472, fax: +1 412 355-6501, [email protected]. Italy (Honorary), Rockwell Hall, 600 Forbes Ave Ste 401, ☏ +1 412 765-0273, fax: +1 412 765-0582, [email protected]. Netherlands (Honorary), [email protected]. Kennywood Park in nearby West Mifflin is a compact but extremely popular amusement park just a few miles away, founded in 1898. It is home to several rollercoasters, including the Phantom's Revenge, the Racer, the Jack Rabbit, and the Thunderbolt, routinely named as one of the best wooden coasters in the country by enthusiasts. Sandcastle Waterpark in nearby West Homestead is a popular water park in the region, open during the summer months. It contains numerous water slides and several other water attractions, such as a "lazy river". Nearby is a large shopping complex known as "the Waterfront". The Pennsylvania Trolley Museum is about 45 minutes south of the city in the town of Washington. Great family location that includes a ride on a working trolley and the (alleged) title star of the film A Streetcar Named Desire. About 50 miles to the southeast of Pittsburgh are the Laurel Highlands, a hilly area with the highest elevations in Pennsylvania (with Mount Davis in Somerset County the highest point in the state at 3,213 feet (979 m)). The Laurel Highlands is a popular area for hiking, mountain biking, hunting, trout fishing, wildlife viewing, leaf peeping, and downhill skiing. The lovely town of Ohiopyle is 70 miles to the southeast. It is surrounded by the beautiful Ohiopyle State Park with acres of mountains and the Youghiogheny [yaw-ki-GAAY-nee] River. Whitewater rafting is popular here, and there are many opportunities for hiking, biking, fishing, horseback riding, cross-country skiing, and more. Frank Lloyd Wright's masterpieces, Fallingwater and Kentuck Knob, are a few miles from Ohiopyle. The Flight 93 Memorial, where the passengers & crew of Flight 93 gave their lives to thwart an attack on September 11, 2001, is about 50 miles to the east of the city, right off the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76/I-70) near Somerset. St. Vincent College, about 25 miles east in Latrobe, contains the summer camp of the Pittsburgh Steelers and the first Monastic brewery in the U.S. along with being one of the top catholic colleges in the area. The Mystic Rock golf course is home of the PGA 84 Classic and is rated among the top courses in the world. It is about 11⁄2 hr south of Pittsburgh in Farmington, near Uniontown. Caddy Shak Family Fun Park is about 50 miles south of Pittsburgh, near Donegal. There are many fun family activities, such as batting cages, go- carts, mini golf, driving ranges,and bumper boats with water cannons. This destination may be targeted for families with some younger children but it is easily enjoyable by all. Idlewild and Soak Zone is about 50 miles east of Pittsburgh, near historic Ligonier. Idlewild is one of the oldest amusement parks in the country, having been founded in 1878, and has won numerous awards including Amusement Today's "Best Children's Park in the World" in 2010. The park features many family-friendly rides and attractions, along with a sizable water park and large section dedicated to fairy tales coming to life, known as "Story Book Forest". Seven Springs, an award-winning ski resort/golf course, is about 40 miles east of Pittsburgh. Punxsutawney is home to Phil, the groundhog of Groundhog Day fame. About 60 miles northeast of Pittsburgh in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is in nearby Canton, Ohio about two hours west via the PA/Ohio Turnpike then south on I-77. Wheeling, West Virginia is just over an hour west of Pittsburgh on I-70. It's home to many attractions including beautiful Victorian architecture, Oglebay Resort, and Wheeling Island Racetrack and Casino. Franklin, together with Titusville and Oil City, is known as the Oil Region, where America's oil industry originated. Remnants of the former wealth of the region can be found in local architecture. Erie is a couple of hours north of Pittsburgh on I-79. Boating on Lake Erie, walking along the harbor, and exploring Presque Isle State Park are great ways to get away from all the hustle and bustle of the city and relax Cleveland, with the Rock'n'Roll Hall of Fame and other attractions, is a couple of hours to the northwest (though no Pittsburgher would ever advise you to visit willingly). Morgantown, with the University of West Virginia and their Mountaineer athletic teams as well as area's whitewater rafting and outdoor sport activities.
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# Demonstrates session and cookie processing. The username is stored # as a cookie and an internal userid is saved in a session variable. # Also demonstrates secure password authentication using bcrypt salt # and hash. # # References: # https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming # https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/quickstart/ # http://zetcode.com/python/bcrypt/ import os import flask import bcrypt app = flask.Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = os.urandom(32) # 256-bit key secures session variables FORM = """ Cookies and Sessions Cookie: {{cookie}}Session: {{session}} {{welcome}} Username: Password: """ users = [ # Password is the same as the username, just salted and hashed. # Don't do this in a production application! Use custom passwords. { "userid": 1, "username": "admin", "password": b'$2b$12$6xEcJ9bCRo3JgNWyn32fwuSoRh1pg8f81jjHpYq6NQ9Y8uDkhWOE6'}, { "userid": 2, "username": "test", "password": b'$2b$12$UZLEFMg9ez.n88Sjpb/ZN.VVlmyPPxHOeL/DE452Si4H3PSQSB0Pa'} ] @app.route("/", methods=["GET"]) def root_get(): username = flask.request.cookies.get("username") userid = flask.session.get("userid") return build_form(username, userid) @app.route("/", methods=["POST"]) def root_post(): if flask.request.form.get("reload", None): return flask.redirect("/", code=200) elif flask.request.form.get("log-out", None): flask.session.clear() username = flask.request.cookies.get("username") result = build_form(username, None) return result elif flask.request.form.get("forget-me", None): flask.session.clear() result = build_form(None, None) response = flask.make_response(result) response.set_cookie("username", "", max_age=0) return response else: username = flask.request.form["username"] password = flask.request.form["password"] userid = authenticate_user(username, password) if userid: flask.session["userid"] = userid result = build_form(username, userid) response = flask.make_response(result) response.set_cookie("username", username) return response else: return flask.redirect("/", code=303) def build_form(username, userid): cookie = str(bool(username)) session = str(bool(userid)) if username and userid: welcome = f"Welcome back {username}! You are logged in." elif username: welcome = f"Welcome back {username}! Please log in." else: welcome = "Welcome! Please log in." if not username: username = "" result = FORM result = result.replace("{{cookie}}", cookie) result = result.replace("{{session}}", session) result = result.replace("{{welcome}}", welcome) result = result.replace("{{username}}", username) return result def authenticate_user(username, password): for user in users: if user["username"] == username: result = bcrypt.checkpw(password.encode(), user["password"]) if result: # should track successful logins return user["userid"] else: # Should track failed attempts, lock account, etc. return None return None def generate_hashed_password(password): # Use this function to generate hashed passwords to save in # the users list or a database. salt = bcrypt.gensalt() hashed = bcrypt.hashpw(password, salt) return hashed if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=5000) Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Python (Flask) compiler / interpreter / IDE. Repl.it Flask
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A compilation of brief news reports for Sunday, January 10, 2010 . Outgoing Croatian president Stjepan Mesić pardoned 36-year-old Siniša Rimac, a convicted war criminal, jailed for eight years for participating in executions of Serb civilians back in 1991, when Croatia was at war with Serb forces. Among other crimes, he is guilty of killing a 12-year old girl. At that time he was part of a military unit led by Tomislav Merčep, who was never prosecuted. Rimac's jail term was shortened by one year, following president Mesić's decision. Serbian president Boris Tadić described the act as "anti-european" and "anti-civilisational" that cannot be justified. Sources "Mesic pardoned man convicted for murder of Serbian civilians" — Blic, January 8, 2010 "Tadić: Pomilovanje ratnog zločinca anticivilizacijski čin" — Jutarnji List, January 8, 2010 "Mesić pomilovao ubojicu Rimca iz Pakračke poljane" — Jutarnji List, January 6, 2010 Mohamed Kohail, a Canadian resident convicted after a deadly school fight in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia will not be executed as originally sentenced. The country's highest court, the Supreme Council, cancelled the death sentence but ordered that Kohail face retrial in the case. The Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade confirmed this development on Saturday. Kohail's younger brother Sultan is also charged in this case and could also be sentenced to death as his case was moved from the youth court to the adult system. Both brothers deny that they had caused the death of Munzer Haraki during the 2007 brawl. Wikipedia has more about this subject: Kohail brother murder case Sources "Saudi court revokes Montrealer's death sentence" — CBC News, January 9, 2010 Linda Nguyen. "Montreal man spared beheading for fatal school fight in Saudi Arabia" — Canwest News Service, January 9, 2010 Richard Deschamps. "Mohammed Kohail's death sentence revoked" — CJAD, January 9, 2010 More than 4,000 police officers attended the funeral of Constable Ireneusz "Eric" Czapnik in Ottawa, Ontario on Thursday. Czapnik was stabbed to death outside the Ottawa Hospital's Civic campus the previous Tuesday while completing paperwork at his vehicle. He was the first Ottawa police officer to be killed on duty since 1983. Kevin Gregson, a suspended RCMP officer, is charged in connection with Czapnik's murder. Sources "Slain officer honoured at massive funeral" — CBC News, January 7, 2010 "Thousands gather to honour slain Ottawa cop" — Ottawa Citizen, January 7, 2010 Joanna Smith. "Thousands gather to honour slain Ottawa constable" — Toronto Star, January 7, 2010 Wikipedia has more about this subject: 2010 ABB plant shootings At 6:30a.m. Friday local time (1230 UTC) a gunman entered an ABB factory in St. Louis, Missouri, and began shooting. At this time it appears that he had killed three and injured five others, then himself. St. Louis Police Chief Dan Isom says, ""We are very confident that this is the shooter." Reports say that there were two bodies found on the outside of the factory and two bodies, including that of the shooter, found on the interior. Sources "Gunman on rampage at Missouri factory" — BBC News Online, January 7, 2010 "ABB Has Received Reports Of A Shooting At Its St Louis Site" — Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2010 "8 people shot, 3 fatally, at St. Louis factory, police say" — CNN, January 7, 2010 Kim Bell. "Worker goes on rampage, shoots 8, kills 3 co-workers" — St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 7, 2010 A French court ruled in favor of French President Nicolas Sarkozy, in a fraud case where fraudsters stole money from his bank accounts. He was awarded one Euro (US$1.43, ₤0.89) in damages. Sources "Sarkozy awarded €1 in fraud case" — Independent.ie, January 9, 2010 "France's Sarkozy Awarded One Euro In Fraud Case" — New York Times, January 8, 2010 File:Gumby and Pokey - Bendable Figures.jpg Wikipedia has more about this subject: Art Clokey Art Clokey, a pioneer in the field of claymation, died Friday due to chronic disease. Clokey was well know for one of the characters he created, Gumby. Sources Jason Felch. "Art Clokey dies at 88; creator of Gumby" — Los Angeles Times, January 9, 2010 "Gumby creator pases away" — The Sydney Morning Herald, January 9, 2010
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Orăștie is a city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. The city is located in south western Transylvania, south of Mures river and west of the illustrious "Field of bread", at an average sea level distance of 220 m. Orăștie has a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of +9.8°C. January average -3°C and July +20°C. Traces of human activities can be found since Paleolithic, with intense progress in the Dacian-Roman age. Orăștie city was at one point a Dacian-Roman fortification, and during the time suffered several transformations in relation to the strategical position. Orăștie was destroyed and rebuilt several times during the centuries due to firm attitude of its cohabitants, the Getae (named by the Greeks) or Dacians (by Roman definition). The city's first documented Diploma of the city in 1224 was granted by the Hungarian King, Andrei II to renew the privileges to the German population brought here to populate the area and also to recognize the presence of native population. In 14th century the population of Orăștie counted around 1,300 souls and commerce with other Romanian counties, Poland and Dalmatia flourished. At the end of 15th century the territory was declared "civitas" a city with the right to be represented in the Diet. With the beginning of the 1853, the city was the Capital Region of the 10th administrative center of Transylvania, the Orăștie Region. Orăștie region was divided into 9 districts called "Plase". Those "Plase" where Deva, Halmagiu, Hateg, Baia de Cris, Ilia-Muresana, Soimus and Hunedoara. At the Great Union in Alba-Iulia on 1 December 1918, Orăștie city was represented by a delegation. In the year 1974 was the anniversary of 750 years from the first incorporation record. There are trains connecting Orăștie to Bucharest, Arad, Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Deva, etc. Check timetables here [dead link]. To drive to Orăștie from Bucharest you must take A 1(E81) to Pitesti, then take E 81(DN 7) to Sibiu.From Sibiu you must take E 68 to Sebes and Orăștie. To come to Orăștie from Arad you must take E 68(DN7) to Deva and Orăștie. From Cluj-Napoca you must take E 60 to Turda, then E81 to Alba Iulia and Sebes. From Sebes you must take E 68 to Orăștie. The city centre is relatively small with everything within walking distance. One can take also a taxi. 45.83764423.1926741 St. Archangels Michael and Gabriel Orthodox Church (Biserica Sf. Arhangheli Mihail și Gavriil). It is one of the most beautiful churches in the country, it represents a landmark attraction. Foundation stone was laid in 1936. The plan of the church was drafted by architect George Cristinel of Bucharest, and the painting was done by a famous painter of churches of the time, Dumitru Belisarie. Sanctification was made on September 2, 1945, in the presence Metropolitan IPS Nicolae Balan and head of government since then, Dr. Petru Groza. 45.83704523.1946332 Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art (Muzeul de Etnografie și Artă Populară), Aurel Vlaicu Square Nr.1. Positioned in the heart of the city, the museum was founded in 1952,it is the most important ethnographic collection of Hunedoara county. Reorganized in 1999, the museum exposes to the visitor, representative aspects of the Hunedoara universe and especially rural aspects from Orăştie area. The exhibition takes place in 6 rooms, arranged thematically, covering the main occupations (agriculture, grazing), secondary occupations(harvesting from the wild, hunting, fishing, pasturage, woodworking, weaving, leather processing), archaeological collections and numismatic, as well as issues relating to folk costumes, traditions and customs, religion and spiritual life. 45.83709823.1958233 Orăștie Fortress (Cetatea Orăștiei). In the center of the city are the ruins of the fortress, the defense wall was a specific medieval fortification system . The fortress is mentioned in documents since 1544 by Sebastian Munster, and in 1560 by Giovanandrea Gromo. In the late 19th century, we owe a description of the city to A. Amlacher. It notes that the fortification of Orăștie had suffered much during the Turkish invasion of 1438 and 1479 (when the fight took place in the Field of Bread), it was besieged in 1561 and renovated in 1631. 45.83182423.1637931 Arsenal Park. An outdoor theme park, reportedly Romania's largest exclusive retreat. It is the only military themed park in the country and one of the few in Europe. Casa Regia, Str. Codrului 1, ☏ +40 254 241048. Lots of sausage and ribs and such things. Pensiunea La Bariera, Str. Unirii 153, ☏ +40 254 240 849. daily 09:10-18:00. Featuring beans and cutlet and other items. Bar Scorillo, Srada Dacilor, Nr. 1, ☏ +40 722 678 562. Rio, Strada Decebal 1. To The King, Nr 1 Strada Armatei, ☏ +40 736 429 639. Dance and night club. Arsenal Park Transylvania, Str. Codrului nr. 25, ☏ +40 799 108 391. The Arsenal Park had created a new form of military life: the Holiday Soldier. The man-like spirit and the barrack atmosphere are preserved within the perimeter of the former munition factory in Orăștie. Instruction has been replaced by entertainment. No soldier on duty. No wakening with trumpeters. No crawling on one's elbows. Only free schedule. Napoleon Bonaparte used to say that "any soldier has the marshal's truncheon in his kitbag." Here, any guest is treated as a marshal. The Arsenal Park is a holiday park with 4 stars on the epaulettes. The most extended in Romania. And one of the few objectives focused on military topics in Europe. Pensiunea Sura, Str. Stadionului 1A, ☏ +40 745 702 386. A cozy inn tucked away on a side street. Pensiunea Driver, Strada Morii 19, ☏ +40 766 234 405. There is a ping pong table out on the patio if you get bored; otherwise, accommodations are pretty basic. 93 leu. (updated Mar 2021) Complex Daniel's, Strada Căstăului nr. 254 (about 3 km south of town off of DJ705A), ☏ +40 745 529 020. Has an outdoor pool from which you may gaze out upon Romanian farm fields and a banquet hall where you may get lucky enough to hear loud karaoke music blasting from a wedding reception. 170 leu. (updated Mar 2021) Orăștie area code is 254 or 354, for Romtelecom, respectively RDS. If you dial from Romania you must dial with 0254(0354) in front of the number. If you dial from abroad you must dial with +40254(+40354). Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains - The ruins of fortresses Costești-Cetățuie, Costești-Blidaru, Piatra Roșie (listed under Hunedoara County) are part of the complex of fortifications that were intended to defend the capital of Dacia. Real administrative and religious center of the Dacians was Sarmizegetusa Regia (about 40 km from Orăștie), located on the right bank of the Grădiștea River. The ruins here reveal the three parts of the center: the fortress itself, sanctuaries and civil settlements.
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SKILLS MEASURED Foundations skills are not product- or system-specific. They are a combination of minimal technical and non-technical skills and knowledge required for those interested in developing specific Internet skills as a designer, developer or administrator. The exam also requires a basic understanding of essential business practices that relate directly to Internet technologies. The 1D0-510 Domain 1.0 tests the following topics: Identify job roles in the Information Technology (IT) industry, including the responsibilities, tasks and skills they require. May include the following: Web Site Designer Web Architect Web Application Developer Web Site Analyst Web Site Manager Database Administrator Server Administrator Network Engineer Security Manager PC Technician Help Desk Technician Additional information may be found at: CompTIA Job Roles BrainBench Job Role Descriptions Identify the infrastructure required to access the Internet, including hardware and software components. Backbone - The primary Internet structure consisting of high-speed WAN connections, servers, and ISPs. Network Access Point (NAP) - These are service providers with major Internet connection points. Most NAPs are divisions of communication companies. Internet Service Provider (ISP) - High speed connection points that provide dial-up and leased-line access to the Internet. Define important Internet communications protocols and their roles in delivering basic Internet services. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to commands. Uses TCP Port: 80 HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer) - HTTPS is a Web protocol that encrypts and decrypts page requests and pages returned by the server. Uses TCP Port: 443 FTP - Control (File Transfer Protocol ) - FTP Control is used to open a connection to the FTP server. Uses TCP Port: 21 FTP - Data (File Transfer Protocol) - FTP Data is used to transfer data from a server or transfer data to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server). Uses TCP Port: 20 POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) - POP3 is a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Uses TCP Port: 110 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - SMTP is a protocol used for sending e-mail messages between servers. Uses Port: 25 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) - Used to post, distribute, and retrieve USENET messages. Uses TCP Port: 119 LPR (Line Printer Protocol) - Used primarily on Unix and Windows NT to send commands to network printers. LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - Used for requesting names, locations, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses from network directories. Telnet - A terminal emulation program to remotely control Web servers. Uses TCP Port: 23 Gopher - A system for organizing and displaying files on Internet servers. Uses TCP Port: 70 Identify the basic principles of the Domain Name System (DNS). Domain Name Services (DNS) is a network service that associates and translates an alphanumeric host name with the dotted decimal TCP/IP address of a particular Internet host. Identify the functions of Web browsers, and use them to access the World Wide Web and other computer resources. A Web browser, also called a Web client, is a software application used for submitting requests for internet content to a Web server. These requests are submitted using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). All HTML files can be opened with a Web browser. Appearances may vary depending on the preferences set by the user. Browsers are limited in the number of colors and graphic formats displayed accurately. Browsers will display two text styles consistently: plain text (courier) and the browser default, usually Times Roman, but any default font can be specified in the preferences. Fonts can be scaled in HTML, but users can also select the base size at which fonts are displayed. The most popular browsers currently in use include Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera. They're basically the same technology, and have the following similar features: A browser window is used to display the text and graphics of a Web page. An Address or Locator bar that displays the URL of the current Web page and allows users to request an URL. A menu bar and customizable toolbar at the top of the screen. Icons on the toolbar that permit the user to return to a pre-selected "Home" page, return to a recently viewed Web page, stop a page from loading, or open a search function. Arrow buttons for forward or backward movement through a series of Web pages. Scroll bars for moving the screen vertically and horizontally are located on the right side and bottom of the browser window. A status bar at the bottom of the screen provides information about the Web page that is loading. Web pages can be saved as Bookmarks or Favorites to be revisited later. Browser commands display information about the source of a Web page (raw HTML), URLs of the hyperlinks on a page, and the date of publication. File management and editing tools, such as printing, saving, and cut and paste are included in the browser toolbar. Email composition, transmission and management are supported. Use e-mail clients to send simple messages and files to other Internet users. Internet e-mail clients are software applications used to communicate with SMTP servers. E-mail clients send mail using the SMTP protocol and download e-mail using theTCP/IP protocols, POP3, POP4, or IMAP. Standard features of e-mail clients include the following: Inbox - Holds all incoming e-mail Outbox - Holds all e-mail waiting to be sent to the server Sent items - Holds duplicate copies of e-mail that has been sent Address book - A database of frequently used e-mail addresses Define and use additional networking and Internet services. E-mail Services - A system for storing and forwarding messages across electronic communication systems based upon SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Authentication Services - Used for privilege authorization, privacy, and non-repudiation. Users login to an authentication server and receive cryptographic tokens which are used to verify identity. Authentication services use Kerberos, passwords, and public key encryption as authentication algorithms. Directory Services (DS) - Software applications used to store and organize user and resource information of a network. User access is managed by an administrator. Domain Name System (DNS) - A system that associates and translates human-readable hostnames into IP addresses and stores lists of mail exchange servers for specific domains. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - A protocol used by communication devices to obtain a unique IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway from a DHCP server. Demonstrate ways to communicate effectively using Internet technology. Netiquette Guidelines - RFC 1855 Ethics and the Internet - RFC 1087 Avoiding Harassment Protection from Internet predators can be as easy as knowing how to spot and handle a situation with a potential predator. Helpful tips for using chat, email, and instant messaging are: Never give anyone your password. Use screen names that do not suggest gender or age. Block Instant Messenger users that are not in your contact list. Never give out information about name, age, or address. Identify and configure user customization features in Web browsers, including: preferences, caching, cookies. Identify security issues related to Internet clients (e.g., Web browsers, e-mail, instant messaging) in the workplace, including: certificates, malware, illicit servers, viruses. Use different types of Web search engines effectively. Identify and use principles of Personal Information Management (PIM), including: common applications. Efficiently transmit text and binary files using popular Internet services. Identify security-related ethical and legal issues faced by IT professionals. Relate project management concepts and terms to the IT profession. Recognize essential database concepts.
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The exact dates of the fall of Rome are heavily debated by historians. Many place it at about 476 A.D. The Empire of Rome had been invaded by many Germanic or northern cultures including, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Huns, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Franks. During these invasions many shipping and highway networks that had allowed for communication and trade between the eastern and western parts of the Empire where destroyed, dividing and segregating it. As a result of this division the artistic and cultural life of Rome was wiped out and replaced by the cultures of these waring tribes. The only unity between these provinces existed solely in the Christian church. This period is known as the Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Life in the Middle Ages, even for the nobles, was tough. Food was not good, disease spread, there were no efficient and clean ways of heating homes. Towards the beginning of the Middle Ages the feudal system was developed which was a hierarchy of classes that formed a social structure. In the 11th century a cultural revolution began as a result of the Carolingian Dynasty (771-987) beginning with Charlemagne. Communication avenues opened and became more efficient, an emphasis was again placed on art and culture, and national monarchies were forming in France, England, and Spain; a more modern Europe was developing. There was a general increase in prosperity during this time. However it was still not a great time - The black death reigned for two years in this period wiping out a third of the population in western Europe. Also the crusades were underway in this time period and as a result there was a lot of eastern influence that was brought back and integrated into western culture. The church and state were working together. The 13th century witnessed an emergence of a middle class - trades and guilds developed (like modern day unions in some ways). Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. towards the end of the Middle Ages western Europe began to develop their own style. one of the biggest developments of the time as a result of the crusades people began to use buttons to fasten clothing. Another addition to the clothing world that is credited to the Middle Ages is the development of the tailor. Clothing construction, which had previously been a woman's job was becoming more and more dominant by men. The Middle Ages also saw the birth of individual clothing style, the more wealthy began to wear clothing with individualized patterns and crests that represented their family. (WHY) Soldiers in battle would often have their family crest on their helmets or shields so they could be identified in battle ( possibly because the armor shielding them made them anonymous, they wanted their deeds and their bodies to be identifiable, this was also the time of knights who would want to gain respect from valiant battles.) Most people however, it seems did not wear elaborate costumes on a day to day basis. People wore cloths that were functional and protected them from the sometimes harsh climate. in fact, until the 14th century people of all classes tended to wear very similar clothing. Royalty or nobles would have ceremonial garb for special occasions but would not wear this day to day. both men and women of all classes wore pretty much the same thing in summer and in winter. They typically wore long flowing cloths. They were completely covered ( Christian influence no doubt). And as in Bysintine it was the choice of fabric used to make the cloths that distinguished social class. Both sexes wore a long cloak as an outer garment. Both sexes wore an under tunic and a short over tunic that was belted at the waist (believed to be the origin for the modern skirt or blouse)The rich wore cloaks lined with fur, silk, or gold cloth. Peasants and lower class often wore shorter garments or breeches to ease movement while they worked and people who belonged to guilds would sometimes wear garments or emblems that advertised their trade. Blaiud - long sleeve tunic - at the beginning went to the knees for men and feet for women. Slowly the Blaiud lengthened to the ankles for men and then shortened again by the end of the Middle Ages. Pallium - A cloak fastened at the front by a large broach(Frodo Baggins style!) Chainse - under tunic - made of wool, linen, hemp, or silk and fastened at the neck and wrists by buttons ( a result of the crusades) or tied with tassels. Later it became a piece of lingerie - was made sheer and decorated with lace on the colar and neck. Hot right? Ermine- Type of fur that lined garments. - made from a weasle- type creature. Miniver or Menu vair - another fur - gray and white - small skins made from a Russian or Siberian squirrel. Mantle- type of cape or cloak - loose - draped over the head 9 Madonna and child paintings). Chaperon- hood - always had a point. Liripipe - the point on the Chaperon. Varied in length. Men's cloths of the time were defined by class and trade. Typical pieces in the 13th and 14th centuries included a long sleeve tunic that hung to the knees, worn under a loose gown with wide sleeves that could be belted. they also wore over this and ankle length and sleeveless garment that hung loose around the body called a surcote. other garments included the ganache - loosely fitting with a slit in the sides from shoulder to hip. and the berigault which was a cloak-gown. Women began by wearing the same style clothing as the men gradually manipulating them to suit the female form. Wealthier women wore more elaborate clothing. dresses that were long and dragged on the ground. skirts drug on the floor and were made of heavy fabrics ( probably to show off their wealth like weight and skin color in other periods). Waits became higher and higher and settles right underneath the chest where there would be an elaborate belt that accentuated that area of the body. sleeves were either fitted or would be very large and some would reach all the way to the ground. In the years where the black death threatened western Europe clothing became more flamboyant. one source claims this to be a typical result when faced by a political or social disaster and compares it to the oil crisis and the immersion of disco in the 1970's. Hemlines rose, necklines dropped, and cloths became more fitted and elaborate and would have a jagged edge, a technique called slittering. By the end of the Middle Ages however, women's cloths returned to being more modest and became absolutely about function. Skirts no longer drug on the ground and sleeves only went to the elbow. Fabric:The most popular fabric for clothing at this time was wool. By the 15th century there were looms created for the sole purpose of weaving wool. Other fabrics that were used depending on class were linen, various types of fur, and sometimes silks. Fun fact: garments and various household items and tools were stored in oak chests - these were very functional and could double as luggage for wealthy people. Jewelry:My research on this subject was limited - one source devoted a paragraph to it that merely said it was made of gold and could not compare in the slightest to Byzantine jewelry and so was not really worth talking about. Footwear: The pointed toe was introduced in the medieval period. these shoes were called poulaine. The point of a show was originally seen as a status symbol - The points grew longer and longer until they reached about 18inch in length. Eventually, they assigned lengths based on classes - commoners with the shortest and so on. Using clothing to distinguish status in this way I think probably had a lot to so with how people of the time viewed the world - the feudal system is part of this. It is easier to label people in a category by looking at them and what they are wearing so having these indicators would help. I feel as though status had a more strict structure in this time and a set code of behavior so in order to achieve this more efficiently - displaying your status in your cloths would be a must (like getting pinned in the 50's) Head dresses: as the Middle Ages drug on head dresses became more popular and people began experimenting with the shapes and styles. many head dresses would be combined with a hood, veil, mantle or some other adornment that protected the head from the elements or draped in a way that framed the face. in the 13th century women began to wear crespine or hair nets. Shapes of women's hats of the time included heart-shaped, horn shaped, and conical head dressed. These con-like hats grew in length based on the status of the woman who wore it. One source claimed that there is evidence of it having reached four ft. in length. Good to know: France became the center of fashion in the middle of the Middle Ages - France has a more stable economy and monarchical system in place and were able to devote their time to fashion. As a result, French people of the time wore more elaborate costumes often lined and adorned with expensive furs, silks, and embroidery. Franks - 400-600 Franks - 700-800 Franks - 800 French - 900 French - 1100 French - 1100 French - 1200 French - 1300 French - 1300 French - 1400 French - 1400 Norman - 1000-1100 Artwork from Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, depicting wealthy people in May. Italian - 1200 Italian - 1300 Italian - 1300 Italian - 1400 Italian - 1400 Italian - 1500 German - 1000-1100 German - 1100 German - 1200 German - 1300-1350 German - 1350-1400 German - 1400-1450 German - 1450-1500 German - 1450-1500 German - 1450-1500 14th century Germanic student. Anglo-Saxons - 500-1000 English - 1200 English - 1300-1400 English - 1400-1450 English - 1450-1500 Spanish & Moorish - 1300 Spanish - 1400 Slavonic - 1400 King Lothar I of the Carolingian Empire. Miscellaneous items. Cosgrave, Bronwyn. The complete history of costume and fashion New York; Octopus publishing group, 2000.
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Essex County, Ontario is the southernmost region of Canada with one of the longest growing seasons in the nation, unique outdoor activities and fascinating historic sites. The Lake Erie shore and Pelee Island viticulture areas offer 12 wineries as of 2020. 42.083333-82.91 Essex — a good base for exploring Essex County's many wineries 42.1-83.08332 Amherstburg — an agricultural service town with several historical sites 42.066667-82.5833333 Leamington — the Tomato Capital of Canada, and jumping off point for Point Pelee National Park 42.1-82.71674 Kingsville — see the transportation museum and the tropical gardens 42.31729-83.035265 Windsor — the largest city in the region, with an ethnically diverse population 41.7667-82.64091 Pelee Island — the southernmost inhabited place in Canada is a place of peace and relaxation for its many visit, especially migrating birds and butterflies 41.9642-82.51782 Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point in mainland Canada, with accessible boardwalks through the marshlands tghat are important habitats for migrating birds Conservative Mennonites have resided in Essex County since 1786. They emigrated to Ontario (then known as Upper Canada) from the United States after the American Revolution in 1776. They came from Pennsylvania, home to Mennonite immigrants since 1683. Essex and much of Ontario's Niagara Peninsula served as a terminus for a vast Underground Railroad which led fugitive slaves north across abolitionist states to Canada. Ohio in particular bordered both slavery in Kentucky and freedom across Lake Erie, placing its routes among the shortest and most popular paths to freedom. Today, major industries range from agriculture (a former Heinz factory cans tomato juice in Leamington) to auto manufacturing (Chrysler operates both in Windsor and across the river in suburban Detroit). The region is one endpoint for the Windsor-Quebec corridor, one of the most populous regions in the nation. There is a small airport in Windsor (Ontario). The Pelee Islander, ☏ +1-800-661-2220. Daily trips to Sandusky and mainland Essex County. Service to Sandusky is limited to once daily during the summer months, and is further restricted during the spring and fall. Advance vehicle reservations. [dead link] The MV Jiimaan. The largest passenger ferry along the Lake Erie route to Pelee Island, to the foot of Jackson St., Sandusky, Ohio. From Leamington, Kingsville Govt. Dock, and Pelee Island. Marinas. There are inter-city and cross-border bus services to Windsor, but not to other centres in the region. From the United States: Windsor-Detroit Tunnel. Take the tunnel. Between Detroit and Windsor connecting the US Interstates I-95, I-96 and I-75 to Ontario's Highway 401, it is one of the fastest routes between Ontario and the United States. Ambassador Bridge. The world's longest international suspension bridge. From Canada: From the Toronto area, take Highway 401 westbound; all exits beyond Tilbury are in Essex County. It is possible to take a plane to Detroit from Toronto and drive from there. From Niagara and Buffalo, take the QEW up to Hamilton and merge onto Highway 403. It is advisable to use cars, when possible. Public transit in Essex is non-existent except for in Windsor and Tecumseh (both have their own bus systems). A total solar eclipse on Monday 8 April 2024 clips the south edge of the County at 3:13PM local time and lasts almost two minutes. It's visible from Kingsville, Pelee Point and Pelee Island, with the chances of a clear sky maybe 35%. The track of totality is northeast from Mexico and Texas to Ohio, straddling the Canada–New England border through Lakes Erie and Ontario. It misses the Canadian shore of Lake Erie until Hamilton and the Niagara Peninsula, then continues across Maine, New Brunswick and Newfoundland. As the largest city, Windsor is the focus of the region's cultural life, with an art gallery, a science museum, a Serbian Heritage Museum, and several historic districts. The Essex County Steam & Gas Engine Museum will appeal to those inte in old gas and steam-powered engines and antique tractors. Amherstburg has several historic sites, including a War of 1812 fort, a military museum, a museum about enslaved Americans who found freedom at the end of the Underground Railroad, and an old navy yard. Kingsville has a heritage village and transportation museum, and Colasanti's Tropical Gardens which exhibit tropical plants and animals. See also: Wine Regions of Ontario Point Pelee National Park is one of Canada's smallest national parks, attracts approximately 300,000 human visitors each year, and hundreds of thousands of migrating birds of hundreds of species. The Jack Miner Bird Sanctuary in Leamington is another good choice for birders. Because of the region's temperate climate, it is home to many wineries, many of which provide tours and tastings. See the listings in the Essex, Kingsville, and Amherstburg articles. Kingsville Folk Music Festival, in August, puts on world-class folk, acoustic and world music, with an emphasis on Canadian artists. [dead link] Capricorn Pottery, 559 County Rd. 20 West, Kingsville (2 minutes west of downtown Kingsville at County Rd. 20 west), ☏ +1 519-733-8991. Capricorn Pottery, established in 1977, showcases the handcrafted stoneware and RAKU pottery works of potter Gloria Gellner. Adult and Children's pottery classes available on site. Always call ahead for daily studio hours. Devonshire Mall. Windsor Crossings Outlet Mall. Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio by ferry. Detroit, Michigan.
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Thursday, June 5, 2014 Turkey Related articles 27 April 2021: US President Biden recognises Armenian killing as 'genocide' 7 November 2020: Turkish government stops search of survivors of Aegean Sea earthquake off Izmir 29 October 2020: On the campaign trail in the USA, September 2020 11 January 2020: Cairo summit denounces Turkish-Libyan maritime border agreement 10 January 2020: Greek prime minister reaffirms EastMed pipeline project is open for other countries to join Location of Turkey Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article The Turkish government removed its block of YouTube on Tuesday following a ruling by Turkey's Constitutional Court found the ban violated freedom of speech. The popular video sharing website was banned along with social media platform Twitter after leakage though the services in March of audio recordings of government meetings. The Turkish telecommunications regulator called it a "precautionary administrative measure". The recordings, whose release Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan called treasonous, presented military discussions of Turkish intervention in Syria. Other leaked recordings presented alleged corruption among close associates of Mr Erdogan. Twitter was unblocked in April but lower court rulings against the YouTube block were not acted on. Turkey had also blocked access to YouTube from 2007 to 2010. "YouTube access restored in Turkey" — BBC News Online, June 4, 2014 Orhan Coskun, Humeyra Pamuk (Reuters). "Turkey lifts block on access to YouTube: official" — Yahoo! News, June 4, 2014
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Simi, Jonathan! The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Simi,_Jonathan! Contents - Lâfadola 1 Lâa domîfado dosolfami solre sîdoredo. Domîfado lamire sîmilado. Domîfado domiremi sîdoredo. Faremi lâa domîfado dosolfami solre sîdoredo? Si, dofa dosolfami solre sîdoredo. Faremi lâa domîfado dosolfami solre... domîfado? Do, dofa do dosolfami solre domîfado. Dofa dosolfami solre sîdoredo. Faremi lâa domîfado dosolfami solre fâsisoldo? Do, dofa do dosolfami solre fâsisoldo. Dofa dosolfami solre sîdoredo. Domîfado dosolfami solre sîdoredo. Faremi lâa domîfado lamire sîmilado? Si, dofa lamire sîmilado. Faremi sîmilado laremi lâa domîfado? Do, sîmilado do lamire domîfado. Sîmilado do lamire. Domîfado lamire. Domîfado lamire sîmilado. Faremi sîdoredo domiremi lâa domîfado? Do, sîdoredo do domiremi domîfado. Sîdoredo do domiremi. Domîfado domiremi. Faremi domîfado domiremi sîdoredo? Si, domîfado domiremi sîdoredo. Mimisoldo dosolfami lâa domîfado? Dofa dosolfami solre sîdoredo. Fado domîfado lamire? Dofa lamire sîmilado. Fado domîfado domiremi? Dofa domiremi sîdoredo. Dofa dosolfami solre sîdoredo, re dofa lamire sîmilado, re dofa domiremi sîdoredo. Faremi lâa domîfado dosolfami solre sîmilado? Do, dofa lamire sîmilado. Faremi domîfado domiremi domîfado? Do, dofa do domiremi domîfado; dofa domiremi sîdoredo. Lâa domîfado domifâla. Domîfado fala, re domîfado domisôlfa. Dofa solsimisol. Dofa solsimisol lasi sîdoredo. Dofa solsimisol: "Fado faremi sîdoredo? Faremi sîdoredo fala? Faremi sîdoredo domifâla?" Faremi domîfado lamire sîdoredo? Do, dofa do lamire sîdoredo; sîdoredo domifâla. Dofa lamire sîmilado; sîmilado do domifâla. Faremi sîmilado solsimisol lasi lâa domîfado? Do, sîmilado do solsimisol. Domîfado solsimisol. Dofa solsimisol lasi sîmilado, re sîdoredo. Re dofa lamire solre sîmilado. Dofa lamire lasi sîdoredo. Dofa lamire: "Sîdoredo fala, re sîdoredo domifâla." Dofa solsimisol: "Sîdoredo fala"; dofa solsimisol mire sîdoredo fala. Dofa solsimisol: "Sîdoredo domifâla"; dofa solsimisol mire sîdoredo domifâla. Dofa solsimisol lasi sîdoredo, re sîmilado. Fado faremi sîmilado? Sîmilado faremi mimisoldo lâa domîfado lamire; dofa lamire solre sîmilado. Solre sîmilado, domîfado lamire lasi sîdoredo. Solre sîmilado, domîfado do lamire lasi fâsisoldo; domîfado dosolfami solre sîdoredo, do solre fâsisoldo. Dofa do solsimisol lasi fâsisoldo; dofa solsimisol lasi sîdoredo, la sîdoredo Soolsirêfâ (Munich). Fado faremi sîdoredo? Fami faremi Soolsirêfâ. Mimisoldo Soolsirêfâ? Fami faremi mimisoldo lâa domîfado dosolfami. Mimisoldo domîfado? Dofa solre Soolsirêfâ. Si, Soolsirêfâ sîdoredo domifâla, re sîdoredo fala. Lâa domîfado solsimisol mire Soolsirêfâ faremi sîdoredo fala, re dofa solsimisol mire fami faremi sîdoredo domifâla. Domîfado domisôlfa. Dofa domilado: "Simi, Soolsirêfâ!" Dofa faremi domîfado fala! Lâa domîfado dosolfami re solsimisol: "Mimisoldo fâsisoldo?" Dofa domiremi... dofa domiremi fâsisoldo! Dofa solsimisol: "La fâsisoldo!" Solmimǐ dofa do solsimisol lasi sîmilado re do solsimisol lasi sîdoredo; dofa solsimisol lasi fâsisoldo! faremi = ? Lâa domîfado dosolfami solre sîdoredo Faremi lâa domîfado dosolfami solre sîdoredo? redodo = 1 redôdo remimi = 2 remîmi refafa = 3 refâfa Dolala 2019 faremi 2019.05. Dolala redôdo faremi 2019.05.01. Dolala remîmi faremi 2019.05.02. Dolala refâfa faremi 2019.05.03. Lâa domîfado solsimisol lasi Soolsirêfâ. Lâa domîfado lamire lasi Soolsirêfâ. Lâa domîfado lamire: "Dore domiremi fâsisoldo!" Dofa lamire lasi fâsisoldo. fala: 👍 sîdoredo faremi faremi? domifâla solre fami domisôlfa sîmilado dofa (lâa) domîfado do ↔ si solsimisol: 💭 lasi mire fado simi lamire dosolfami fâsisoldo mimisoldo redodo = 1 domiremi si ↔ do Contents - Lâfadola 1 - Lâfadola 2 Nu li mann es in li tren. Il ne es in Munich; il es in un tren. Il viagea. Il pensa: "Nu yo viagea de Munich a Vienna. It es un bon viage. Yo ama viages." Il pensa pri Munich. Il pensa: “Nu yo es in li tren, ma yer yo esset in Munich. E nu yo scri un jurnale in li tren, ma yer yo scrit un jurnale in Munich. E nu yo pensa in li tren, ma yer yo pensat in Munich. Yer yo pensat pri Munich in Munich, e nu yo pensa pri Vienna in li tren. Nu yo es in li tren, ne in Vienna. Ma yo pensa e scri pri Vienna.” Esque li mann nu pensa in Munich? No, il nu ne pensa in Munich. Il pensa in li tren. Yer il pensat in Munich. Il di: “Salute, tren!” Li mann es in li tren, e il viagea a un cité. Li cité ne es Munich; Munich es li cité de yer. Li cité es Vienna; Vienna es li cité de hodíe. Li mann pensa pri Munich e Vienna. Il pensa: “Munich esset li cité de yer, e Munich esset bon. Nu it es hodíe, e yo es in un tren; li tren es bon. Esque Vienna va esser bon?” Li mann pensa pri Munich: Munich esset li cité de yer. Il pensa in li tren: il es in li tren hodíe. E il pensa pri Vienna: Vienna va esser li cité de deman. E il pensa: “Munich esset grand. Li tren es grand. Esque Vienna va esser grand?” E il pensa: “In Munich yo scrit in un jurnale. In li tren yo scri in un jurnale. Esque in Vienna yo va scrir in un jurnale? Yes, deman in Vienna yo va scrir in un jurnale. Yo ama jurnales.” Li mann pensa mult (il pensa mult = il pensa e pensa e pensa), e il scri mult. Yes, il es un inteligent mann. Inteligent mannes scri mult, e pensa mult. Il es Jonathan; Jonathan es un inteligent mann. Il scri: “Yo es Jonathan. Yo es in un tren. Yer yo stat in Munich; deman yo va star in Vienna.” Il pensa, e scri: “Li tren...it es bon, ma old. It ne es nov; it es old. Esque in Munich li trenes es old? Yes, li trenes de Munich es old. Ma li trenes de Munich es bon, e yo ama li trenes de Munich. Yer yo amat li tren in Munich, e hodíe yo ama li tren nu, e deman yo va amar li tren in Vienna. Yo ama trenes!” Jonathan scri: "Munich es un bon cité e un old cité, e Vienna es un bon cité e un old cité. Munich e Vienna ne es nov, ma es bon. Munich e Vienna es old, ma bon cités. Li cités ne es nov, ma bon. Yo ama cités!" Jonathan pensa, que li duesim die de viage es bon. Il di: “Hodíe esset un bon duesim die de viage. Yo ama viages!” yer = unesim may (05.01) hodíe = duesim may (05.02) deman = triesim may (05.03) scri: hodíe yo scri, yer yo scrit pensa: hodíe yo pensa, yer yo pensat vide: hodíe yo vide, yer yo videt scri: hodíe yo scri, deman yo va scrir pensa: hodíe yo pensa, deman yo va pensar vide: hodíe yo vide, deman yo va vider verbes in i: scri, scrit, va scrir verbes in e: vide, videt, va vider verbes in a: pensa, pensat, va pensar verbe esser: es, esset, va esser De Munich a Vienna: Munich → Vienna De Vienna a Munich: Munich ← Vienna ama deman (yer → hodíe → deman) hodíe (yer → hodíe → deman) mult nov nu old va viage viagea yer ↔ (yer → hodíe → deman) g = g grand: grand grammatica: grammatica gi, ge: ji, je viage: viaje inteligent: intelijent
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Bulworth was an American film released in 1998, which was written and directed by its star, Warren Beatty, and co-starred Halle Berry. Written and directed by Warren Beatty. Brace yourself. This politician is about to tell the truth! All we need is a voluntary, free-spirited, open-ended program of procreative racial deconstruction. Everybody just gotta keep fuckin' everybody 'til they're all the same color. Have a drink, Murphy. Live your life. "let me hear that dirty word Socialism." Bulworth: What is it exactly you're concerned about, Murphy? Dennis Murphy: I'm concerned that you stood up in front of three hundred people in a black church and told them that they were not a factor and never would be as long as we remain in the pocket of the insurance lobby! I'm concerned that you went to a fundraiser in Beverly Hills and told various leaders of the entertainment industry that they make a lousy product, and since many of them also happen to be Jewish, you decided the PRUDENT thing to do would be to MOCK their Jewish paranoia! I'm concerned that we are in an after-hours club in Compton on the eve of the most important event of the campaign swing, where God knows how much illegal activity is taking place and YOU are SMOKING MARIJUANA! Now, Senator - I work for you. You call the shots. But I will be able to do my job so much better if you will just simply tell me ... what is this new strategy? Just tell me a little bit! [Bulworth exhales smoke into Murphy's face] Angry black woman: Are you sayin' the Democratic Party don't care about the African-American community? Bulworth: Isn't that OBVIOUS? You got half your kids are out of work and the other half are in jail. Do you see ANY Democrat doing anything about it? Certainly not me! So what're you gonna do, vote Republican? Come on! Come on, you're not gonna vote Republican! Let's call a spade a spade! [Loud, angry booing] Bulworth: I mean - come on! You can have a Billion Man March! If you don't put down that malt liquor and chicken wings, and get behind someone other than a running back who stabs his wife, you're NEVER gonna get rid of somebody like me! Wikipedia has an article about: Bulworth Bulworth quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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Class of the Titans is a Canadian/American animated television series. Jay: It's over, Cronus! Herry: Let's rock, slimo! Jay: [about Hermes] Where did he go? Atlanta: I don't know. A toga party? Jay: What about our parents? My folks must be wondering where I am. Hera: Don't worry. It's all taken care of. [at Jay's house] Jay's mother: You mean Jay is a- Hermes: An astronaut! That's right, he's been specially selected for intense training, after few years he'll be off to a space station. Ah, you must be so proud. Atlanta: You're the goddess of war. I thought you were going to be mean, not make us breakfast. Athena: Are you kidding? I love to bake! [slams makhaira to cut toast in half] Jay: What is that? The Typhus? Hera: Ask Chiron. He is the master of all manour of beasts. Hermes: Takes one to know one. You know. Atlanta: Who was Jason, your ancestor? Jay: He was the leader of Argonauts. The team of heroes that sailed in the quest for the Golden Fleece. Atlanta: But he gave up, right? Jay: No. No, he didn't. Herry: Now that I know, that Cronus wants to destroy the world, I can't just walk away Jay: You're right. Herry: After you. Cronus: Where are the others? I thought there were supposed to be seven heroes. Herry: It's three against one. I think we're good. Atlanta: Yeah, I'm good with that. Cronus: Oh, I'm sure you're good [giants are surrounding Jay, Atlanta and Herry] But I'm better. Ares: I've seen better. Archie: No way! Who? Ares: Me! And Achilles, your ancestor. Archie: You know I don't buy that? Ares: You know, as a young man, Achilles often let himself to be ruled by as anger and distrust. He later regretted it. Don't make the same mistake, Archie. You win a prize. [gives him a Hephaestus whip] Archie: A dog leash? Atlanta: Did you have to take a test? Odie: Not really. I just had set up Hermes with some upgrades to his communication network. It was a piece of cake. [in Hermes' office] Computer: You've got e-mail. You've got e-mail. You've got e-mail. Hermes: All right, already! Okay! OKAY! [back in the room they are in] Hera: As a result Hermes will- Hermes: [flies into a room] You called Mistress Hera? Hera: Uh, no. Must you bust in every time I mention your name? Hermes: Sorry. When the queen of the Olympus says your name, what you're supposed to do? Jay: You can read minds? Theresa: Well, no. Not really. Hera: Maybe one day. Persephone will help Theresa expand her skills. Hermes: [to Persephone which comes into a room] Sorry, honey, false alarm. Theresa: Okay. So where are the cameras. This is gotta be a reality TV show. Atlanta: This is for real. Trust me, I've seen Cronus. You look into his eyes and there's nothing but evil there. Theresa: I can't wait to meet him... So, what the deal with Jay? You're going out with him? Atlanta: Huh? [they hear a noise in the garden] Theresa: There's some one there! Atlanta: We'll attack first, ask questions later. On three, okay? Theresa: You mean, when you say three, or right after you say two- Atlanta: I mean NOW! [after a short fight they realize they were fighting Archie] Atlanta: Archie?! Theresa: You know this guy?! Atlanta: He is supposed to be one of us. I thought you were leaving, why are you sneaking around? Archie: I was checking the parameter. Making sure it's safe. Theresa: [using nunchucks] These are cute. Atlanta: And deadly! Where did you learn to use those? Theresa: I was a black belt when I was twelve. While other rich girls were bored, I was restless. Atlanta: [tries to use bolas and accidentally breaks statue's nose away] Ha! Now we're talking! Can I have these? Ares: All the weapons here are at your disposal. But the statues are mine! Herry: So, how can we beat the Typhus? Ares: Beat it back with lightning bolds and drop him back to the Tartarus. Herry: Yeah, okay. Theresa: So, what's with the fancy footwear? Archie: I've got a wonky heel. Theresa: Sorry about what happened earlier. Archie: [smiles at her] No worries. Archie: Herry, Atlanta and you two, I get. But Odie? Jay: Ever heard of Odysseus? He was one of the greatest heroes. Archie: You mean he's a... Jay: A direct descendant. A real wolf in ship's clothing. Archie: You mean a wolf in nerd's clothing. Jay: Odysseus was a good friend of Achilles. Archie: I know. Theresa: How do you guys know all this stuff? You're not Greek, are you? Archie: No, but, ugh... I read a lot of classical poetry... Theresa: Oh, really? [Typhus appears in front of Archie] Archie: Okay, now I'm a believer! [in a truck, attacking by the Typhus, going straight on him] Archie: So, are you coming with me? Atlanta: What? Archie: We can't fight Cronus and that thing in the same time. We need to distract it. Atlanta: [unfastens seatbelt] Herry, stop the truck. Jay: Wait! Guys, I don't think that's such a good idea. Archie: I heard you are fast. Atlanta: Very. Atlanta: [about PMR] Wow! What else do these things do? Odie: What do you want to do. [Giant comes to Cronus, who doesn't look at him] Cronus: Finally. I've been waiting all night. [turns around and sees that Giant hasn't brought Neil] And it appears I'm still waiting! Herry: He's a model? Archie: Maybe he's a supermodel! Atlanta: Yeah, with powers like stunning looks and a killer smile! Odie: The three of us were just brain storming. Hermes: But we haven't even had a drizzle yet. Theresa: So we've pinned our hopes on a hero who's chief virtue was that he is in love with himself? Aphrodite: But who can blame him? I'd kill to have cheekbones as good looking as his! Oh, wait! I do! Jay: Herry, stop the truck. Herry: Are you nuts?! Jay: I just want some of us to jump out to keep Cronus busy. You take Odie to the relay. Everybody else – out! Including Neil. Archie: Neil?! What do you want Neil for? Neil: Yeah! What do you want Neil for? Jay: Because you're lucky! And right now we need all the luck we can get! Theresa: [plays lyre then ends with high electrical strum] Thank you New Olimpia! Apollo: That was beautiful! Until the end. I didn't know you could play the lyre, Theresa. Theresa: Um, yeah. Apollo: Not too many people can play to well. Wait until I tell the- Theresa: Oh, don't tell anyone, okay? Apollo: Why not? Theresa: Please, Apollo. The guys will never let me leave it down! I mean, c'mon! There is nothing more lame than playing a lyre! Apollo: I play the lyre! Theresa: Oh... Ugh... but you're... well... a god! How you guys play the lyre. Apollo: [points on a lyre Theresa is holding] In fact, that's my lyre! Theresa: Oh, sorry. [Atlanta comes into a room] Atlanta: Hey, I need a few things. You wanna go shopping? Theresa: Always. [smiles very nicely to Apollo and leave] Atlanta: [to Apollo] See you later! [notices what he is holding] A lyre? That's so lame, c'mon Apollo, get with the times! Apollo: What's wrong with the lyre. Archie: Hey guys! Odie: All set! Archie: All set for what? What's up? Jay: Come on, I'll tell you on the way. Archie: The way where? Jay: We'll meet you back in a dog pound, after we get the girls. Archie: We're taking girls to a dog pound? How romantic! Atlanta: [running away from Cerberus, and stops next to the fence with a sign on it “beware of dog”] It's just not funny! Chiron: Only cake and music can calm this beast. Atlanta: Cake? You're joking, right? Chiron: Yes! Cerberus can't resist cake. It's often use to destruct him. But most effective thing is music. The music of the lyre. Theresa: Really? Chiron: Yes! Orpheus, the great hero like yourselves could play a lyre so beautifully that no man or beast could resist it. He wants use it to calm Cerberus. Odie: But who plays a lyre this days? It's so lame! Theresa: I do... Everybody: Huh? Odie: Oh... well that's... good. Jay: No, that's great! Archie: The underworld? Jay: But how can we get there? Chiron: Simply. You must be a hero- Neil: Got that covered! Chiron: -and you must be dead. Neil: That sucks. Atlanta: Let's do things my way this time. Odie: Atlanta, did you know violence is the first result of a limited mind? Atlanta: No, I didn't know that. Herry: Me neither. Jay: [after Orpheus has mistaken Theresa with his wife and called her “beloved” ] What's with the “beloved” business? Theresa: You're not jealous, are you Jay? Atlanta: [about Odie] You didn't hit him with that, did you? Neil: No! Did you... um... want me to? Archie: [practices in front of the mirror] I know we're friends, but there's something I've been meaning to ask you. Would you like to go out sometime? Jay: [standing behind his back] It depends, where do you wanna go? [boys start laughing, Archie gets a little upset] Neil: So, tell us, who's the lucky girl? Archie: There is no lucky girl, okay? Herry: You mean, you've fallen in love with yourself? Odie: I thought that was something only Neil did. Neil: Very funny... Herry: Come on! You can tell us! What are friends for? Atlanta: Hey guys! [passes them by, and goes to her locker, Archie stares at her and smiles] Boys: ATLANTA?! Neil: Dude, you're making a big mistake! Archie: No, listen! I've been picking up signals! I think she likes me! Herry: She may like you, but she is totally unavailable. Jay: Arch, don't take it personally, but no guy has a chance with her! [Atlanta and Phil/Pan are eating lunch together] Neil: I was figured Atlanta will have higher standards! Archie: They're just sitting together, it doesn't mean they're dating! Theresa: Hey, we should be happy, that Atlanta has finally met someone! Archie: Uh... Jay: Atlanta, have you seen Theresa and Neil? I've been trying radio them, but no answer. Atlanta: Sorry, we've been kinda busy with other things. Phil/Pan: Yeah. Really busy. [kisses her] Come on. We've got a concert to set up. [they go away and Archie gets really angry] Jay: Arch! Take it easy! Archie: Oh, I say we put a stop to his show! Jay: The guy is raising a pile of money. If we do anything to sabotage that concert, we're the ones who're gonna look like fools. Jay: What do you got, Odie? Odie: Our first line of defense! Jay: An earplug? Odie: Jay! A little more credit, please! Herry: I think that's been invented already. Herry: That's Phil? Jay: That's Pan. This isn't right. He's not an evil god! Herry: Yeah. Right. Jay: No! He is supposed to be like a- a hippie! Archie: I don't like hippies! Atlanta: Where will you go? Pan: Don't worry. I have things to do. And places to go where Cronus can't find me. I want to say we won't meet again. I'm sure Hera would like to have a few words to me about this. Which is another good reason to get out of here. [Pan leaves] Archie: You know, all this talking about nature, got me thinking. Maybe I'll drop by one of those Green Alliance meetings. Atlanta: Really? I don't think they let dorks like you join. Jay: [to other boys] He doesn't have a chance. [after Odie has been seriously injured] Theresa: It's not your fault, Jay. Jay: Tell that to Odie. Herry: Hey, Odie! It's not Jay's fault. [everybody realizes that Odie has just came into a room] Neil: Maybe we ought to put it on a vote, you've got to admit, your track record of late, kinda stinks. Atlanta: Neil's got a point. Theresa: I beg your pardon? Atlanta: Not about Jay, about the vote, I say we go after the stuff! All in favor? [Herry puts his hand up] Archie: And I say we tell Mister Hermes. All in favor? [Herry puts his hand up again] Atlanta: Herry, you can't vote twice! Herry: Why not? This is the democracy. Hermes: A part of your strength comes from your fellowship. When you're not a team you're all in great danger. Jay: What are you talking about? Odie: He's trying to tell you, that I'm off the team. Jay: You can't kick Odie off the team! Hermes: I didn't kick him off! Odie: I quit. Jay: I know I can get Odie to change his mind! Hera: I forbid you to talk to Odie. He has made his choice. He must follow his own path. Just as you must follow yours. Jay: What?! I can't accept that! I won't! Hera: A good leader must also know when to retread. Jay: Then I guess I'm not a good leader. Hera: So be it. Neil, as of now conceder yourself a team leader. Neil: Come again? Archie: No way! Atlanta: You're gotta be kidding! Herry: Neil!? In charge!? In charge of what? [Theresa whispers something into his ear] That's totally unfair! Hera: Unfair or not, I have made my decision. Theresa: Jay, say something! Jay: [walks to Neil] Good luck. Neil: Yes I am! [Jay is leaving the room] Hera: That will be all. Stay close to school, or the dormitory. Everybody: [very unhappy and angry] Yes, ma'am. Archie: Neil?! I can't believe Hera put Neil in charge! I mean, even Herry would have been a better choice! Herry: Yeah! In charge of what? Archie: Never mind! Atlanta: What about me? Or Theresa? Archie: Phew... Atlanta: Either one of us is just as qualified as you are to lead this team! Archie: Like I'd ever take orders from you! Atlanta: What? You can't take orders from a girl? Archie: Actually, I won't take orders from a junior! Theresa: That's it! [leaves and slams the door] Atlanta: What makes you think, you'd be such a good leader? Archie: What? You wanna see my résumé? Cronus: What if, with the snap of a finger, I could give you, whatever you wanted? Odie: I ain't buying whatever you're selling! See ya! Cronus: [to one of the giants] Stop him! Use any force necessary. Odie: Whoa! Hold on! I'm a lover, not a- [giant attacks him and Odie throws him through the room] -fighter? Atlanta: I can so lead this team! Archie: You're not mature enough! [in submarine] Neil: Ping! Ping! Ping! Archie: You can stop any time now! Neil: Ping! Atlanta: Come on guys, time for a swim. [puts her arm around Archie] Let's turn that thing off! [Archie shakes his head and gets nervous] Oh, right! The world's only non-swimming hero! Come on Neil! Neil: Ping! Archie:Ugh! Athena: When I said that all witches like cake, I wasn't kidding. Old days, cake was offered to Hecate worth three roads meat to appease her. Archie: Cake?! You're joking! Come on, Jay! Tell me you're gonna put a killer surprise in there. Atlanta: I think our weapons will work on her! Neil: Yeah, well if I had a weapon! Theresa: Uh, it's impossible, I can't get free! Neil: Hey, let me try! Hocus pocus, bibbidi bobbidi boo! Atlanta: You brought a cake? [...] Atlanta: I hope there's a killer surprise in there! Jay: Yeah... Nope. Atlanta: [about Neil] I didn't think he can catch a cold on his own! Odie: [On PMR about Gorgons] Sorry, guys. They didn't trigger the heat sensors. Must be cold blooded. Theresa: [Sarcastically] Ya think? Herry: Get this! “Mystery Monster terrorizes tunnel tour” Atlanta: Oh yeah, right, and I was mailing my fairy stepmother. Odie: It's true! Two tours are missing this week. I read it on the Internet. Archie: And we all know that Internet roomers are way more reliable than a tabloid! Jay: That leaves you and Neil. Theresa: I guess one of us should go with Jay. In case this super-monster slams him. Neil? Neil: Flip coin for it. Theresa: Sure! Atlanta and Archie: Ugh.... Odie: [throws a coin up] Call it! Neil: Heads. Theresa: Tails. Odie: Heads it is! Theresa: Lucky guess... Archie: Neil never loses the coin flip toss. Atlanta: Never! Theresa: You're actually not going out there, are you? Jay: No, you are. Unless you wanna pull me up after I get the camera! Theresa: Well, when you put it that way... Atlanta: [interrupts Odie] How about telling us on the way, Odie? Let's go hunting! Odie: Um... I'm not going with you. Jay: Why not? Odie: I've got claustrophobia.... I can't handle close spaces. Archie: Well, get over it, Odie! We need you! Odie: I can't! I've tried visualizing myself in a happy place but it doesn't work! Jay: It's okay, Odie. I could make things from up top and keep tracking to our PMR signals. Odie: Thanks. Atlanta: Guys, look at this! The city finally got around and closing this place down! Archie: Like shouting the barn door after the horse got out! Herry: I got it [comes to the door and hangs to it to pull it out, but then Archie's whip destroys the padlock] Archie: No. I got it! [in tunnels] Archie: Jay, let me be the first to say it – this mission stinks! Atlanta: Oh, we'll have to back track! Neil: I told you we should take the turn back there but “no... let's not listen to Neil!” Atlanta: Yeah, let's not listen to Neil! Archie: Jay, we've got the good news and bad news. Jay: What's the good news? Archie: Atlanta's found a minotaur. Theresa: And the bad news? Archie: We've lost Atlanta. Archie: Over here! I got this! [tries to move very heavy rock] Herry: No. I got this! [moves the rock away] Archie: It sounds like... Morse code! Anyone here knows Morse code? Herry: Only one person I know! Odie! Archie: We can't just leave! Atlanta is still out there! Jay: Archie, we're out number. We have to regroup and come back with heavier equipment! Theresa: You know if anyone can take care of herself – it's Atlanta. [Odie is fainting and Atlanta caught him in last second] Atlanta: Gotcha! Odie: Thanks. Archie: Atlanta! You're alive! Atlanta: Archie, you weren't worried about me, were you? Archie: Who? Me? Nah. Atlanta: Good news guys! I've got the minotaur! Theresa: What? Just the one? Atlanta: Huh? I miss all the fun! [end of the episode] Archie: You were great. Medelia: I know. Archie: So, I was wondering, maybe we can get together later on, I could show you the signs. Herry: [pushes Archie] Sorry, take a number! Archie: Hey! Haven't you got some sweat socks to wash! Herry: Haven't you got something to do? Archie: I was talking to her first! Herry: Well I'm talking to her now! [boys are falling down, because they felt off the dragon] Atlanta: Guys! Where have you been!? Jay: [still falling] I'll tell you later! Jay: Try not to hit Herry! Herry: [held by Kampe] Yeah! Try not to hit Herry! Hera: I'd like you all to meet Kampe. The jailer of Tartarus. Herry: No wonder Cronus wanted escape so badly! Hermes: [attacked by Kampe] Not the face! It's all I've got! Herry: That's my granny down there! Kampe: Be quiet! Herry: Why should I listen to you? Cronus: Well, well, well... Kampe: To keep us from being capture Hermes: No! No, no, no. I can't tell you how they escaped. Hera would be furious. Jay: [very slowly] Okay, then, we'd better go. With your head injury you might accidentally tell us something, you shouldn't... Hermes: [also slowly] Oh, you're right, I'm so dizzy. It would be awful if I accidentally reveal that the back wall is a secret portal that can take you anywhere in the world... [portal opens] Jay: The temple of Prometheus. [they walk into the portal, then it's closing, Hermes stays alone in the room and he smiles when Hera walks into the room] Hera: Hermes, have you seen Jay and the others? [Archie and Atlanta clean weapons] Archie: This stuff is so... ancient. Can you believe people actually fought with this things? Wow! Atlanta: Looks like a spear... Archie: Not just any spear. It's the spear of Achilles! He used it in the Trojan War! How do I look? Atlanta: Like a goof? Come on Archie! Ares wants this place cleaned up! [Archie pretends that he is fighting, and falls on some weapons] Archie: Ups... Atlanta: Nice moves. Archie: [notices that in the corner there is a golden box] Hey, what's this? Atlanta: Come on, Archie! Leave that! Let's clean this mess up! Archie: Aren't you curious what's inside? [opens the box] Hope: Sir? Are you okay? Archie: An... Angel? Hera: Pandora was the first mortal woman. She was given the box as a gift from the gods, but was told never to open it. Neil: Now what is the point of that? You gods can be so twisted! “Here's a present, but don't open it!”, “Here's a apple but don't eat it!” Hera: Well, Pandora did open the box. Her curiosity got the better of her. Atlanta: [looks at Archie] Sound familiar? Dionysus: Every failure carries us a seed of success. Odie: I'll try to remember that the next time I crash and burn with the girl. Neil: Speaking of failure, Archie opened the Pandora's box. Dionysus: HE WHAT?! Odie: All we have to do is getting the sample of... that thing! Archie: How do we do that?! Atlanta: Very carefully. Chiron: Tell me. What has happened? [Atlanta is muttering something] Archie: Atlanta! Theresa: What's she saying? Atlanta: [singing] All around the cobblers bench the monkey chased the weasel. The monkey thought 'twas all in fun. Pop! Goes the weasel! Theresa: “Pop, Goes the weasel”? Atlanta: Hi everybody! Atlanta: What a pretty tail you have! Chiron: Please remain still, or your wound will not heal. Atlanta: Pretty tail! Archie: Enough with the tail, okay? Archie: Odie is hurt! He's infected! They can't stop the Seeper! Chiron: Oh dear! Archie: It's all my fault! I wish there was something I could do! Hope: There's always one think you can do, even in the darkest moment. Hope. Archie: Or fight! I'm sorry, Atlanta. This is my fault. [kisses her in her cheek] Dionysus and Chiron: No! Chiron: You could catch an infection! Archie: I didn't realize! Dionysus: A kiss! She is very contagious! Archie: I feel fine! Dionysus: Just as I feared! Oh dear, if I don't find a cure now... You feel.. fine? Archie: Yeah... Chiron: He's immune! Dionysus: Of course! Like the great Achilles! Archie is invincible. Archie: I've never been sick a day in my life. So if I'm immune... I can kill it! Hope: I know you can Mister Archie! Archie: Sorry... It's all my fault... First Atlanta, then Odie, now Herry... Hope: Mister Archie, you mustn't lose hope! Archie: I can't do it! Theresa: Nobody is big enough to take on that thing! Hope: You don't have to be big to be strong! [Hope changes into a light and comes into Archie] Neil: What is this? I thought she was gonna help and she just disappears! [Archie gets up and smiles] Theresa: Archie? Archie: [...] I've got a job to do. Theresa: Maybe it's a good thing you've opened that box. You've brought a little hope into the world. Atlanta: What's up, guys? Archie: Atlanta! You're cured! Atlanta: Cured? Jay: Dionysus! Theresa: Chiron! Neil: What happened? Dionysus: I've finally found a cure! Chiron: But not before Atlanta reached stage five. It was a doozy! Atlanta: All I remember is that Seeper thing. Then I woke up here. Archie: So you don't remember the dancing? Atlanta: Dancing...? [they look at Herry and Odie dancing together] Herry and Odie: All around the cobblers bench the monkey chased the weasel. The monkey thought- Theresa: Dionysus! Some of that cure! And fast! Herry and Odie: -'twas all in fun. Pop! Goes the weasel! Archie: And.. you don't remember the ki- ah... kind things I've said about you? Archie: Hi, Atlanta! What's up? Atlanta: Where are the Oracle Oaks located? Archie: Huh? What? Atlanta: Oracle Oaks! Trees that can presage the future! Haven't you study for the exams at all? [Archie shrugs, Atlanta is checking something in the book] Atlanta: Oh, Dodona! Of course! Dodona is the answer! Wait... What was the question? Archie: Atlanta! Relax! I don't thing there gonna be those kind of exams! Atlanta: It doesn't hurt to be prepared for any possibility, does it? Archie: So... I take you don't wanna come watch the movie. [Atlanta growls] I'll be going now... Theresa: Where is Atlanta? Archie: Studying. Jay: I don't think it's that kind of test. Archie: Try telling her that! She was freaking out because she didn't know where the Oracle Oaks were! Theresa: The... what? Archie: Trees that can tell the future. They were in Downow or something... Odie: [seems bored] You mean Dodona. Theresa: I think I'm gonna skip the movie and go skim over my notes [leaves] Archie: Good idea! [leaves] Jay: Wait for me! [leaves] Odie: [looks at Herry and Neil] Are you guys gonna study? Herry: Movie! Neil: Lucky! Hera: Excellent work! You've all passed. And extra points to Atlanta for such a creative solution. Atlanta: Oh right! Ares: You've never said they can use bait! Artemis: Ignore him! He's just jealous! Ares: Archie, would have use bait if he knew it was allowed! Archie: [embarrassed] Ares, come on, Atlanta won fair! Ares: Oh, she was lucky! [everybody stares at Ares] Hera: Class dismissed. Ares, I'd like to talk to you. Atlanta: Lucky?! I'm as good as anyone on this team! Neil: Don't let it get you [Atlanta almost hits him] Whoa! Robber: Give me your MP3 player! [Atlanta smiles and beats him] Atlanta: Get lost [walks away] Robber: Help! Help! Atlanta: You're gotta be kidding! [turns around and sees the Robber tied with a spiderweb] I guess you're not... Show yourself! Arachne: Don't be afraid. I mean you no harm. [Robber faints] Atlanta: He may be a robber but I can't let you eat him! Arachne: He was going to strike you! Atlanta: I can take care of myself. Arachne: Of course you can! You're obviously a very capable young girl. Atlanta: Yes, I am! And you are a very talkative spider! Arachne: I am Arachne! The silk weaver for the gods! And I was human once, like you. All I ever wanted to be was a weaver. I loved to make fabrics. The goddess Athena thought she was the better weaver and challenged me to a competition. [...] Atlanta: Athena did this to you? I can't believe that! Actually I can... Gods can be such jerks sometimes! Arachne: Yes, they can be. And that's why you'll help me with my revenge! [hypnotizes Atlanta] Theresa: Where's Atlanta? Jay: It's not like her. Archie, you know where she is? Archie: [talking very fast] Uh, how should I know? It is not like I keep traipse on her all the time! 'Cause that would be weird! Weird and obsessive... Odie: Yes! Herry: Odie, you missed the target... Odie: Yeah, but I got it across the room! [Odie and Herry are standing in front of Atlanta's room's door] Odie: Aren't we breaking any rules, or all of them, by doing this? Herry: Don't be ridiculous [tries to open the door and breaks the handle] Oh... Now we've broken something. [they come into the room and discovers that there are Hera, Athena and Artemis inside] Hera: What do you thing you're doing?! Odie: What do you thing you're doing... ma'am? Herry: We're worried about her too... Hera: Uh... Search the closet. Atlanta: What are you doing? Archie: Eeeh... Just... eh... going for a run! Atlanta: Dressed like that? Archie: Well, you know, when the mood hits, I'm a running fool! Atlanta: I'd agree with a part of this statement. Theresa: Atlanta, help us! Archie: I know your in there, Atlanta! Odie: You've got to fight it! Herry: Get us down from here! Neil: I'll give you my stereo! Jay: Mhmhmmh! Arachne's voice in Atlanta's head: They're not your friends! I'm your only friend. Atlanta: [shouting and fighting with the air] SHUT UP! You're not my friend! They are! Neil: Okay, this is getting creepy... Odie: Who is she talking to? Theresa: She's hypnotized, for sure! Archie: Atlanta. Atlanta! Atlanta, I know you can hear me! It's me! Archie! Your friend! Atlanta, listen to me! We're in danger! Your friends are in danger! Atlanta: Friends...? Archie: That's right, Atlanta! I'm your friend! I lo- uh... I really, really care about you! Atlanta: I let my anger caught my judgment and I'm sorry. Ares: Argh... Hera: Ares! Ares: [turns around to not look at Atlanta] Apology accepted. Atlanta: Huh? What's gonna happen to Arachne? Athena: Don't worry. She'll be punished. Atlanta: You can't! Your ancient punishment turned her to Cronus's side! How many others might try to revenge on you through us? Athena: But she made on my weaving! [gets angry look from Hera] Okay, very well... [turns Arachne into human] Arachne: [looks surprised at Atlanta] But... but why? Atlanta: [to Arachne, but looks at Archie] Because friends help each other. Neil: This is awesome! The ocean spray, the wind in my hair! Man, I must look good! [wind gets faster and the bout almost fall down, everybody gets wet] Okay, that's a little too much ocean spray! Odie: I don't even remember making it to the island. Just waking up and seeing Calypso. Jay: Um, Calypso? You mean the Calypso?! The nymph that Odysseus stayed with on his way back from Troy? Odie: Yup. And she's mentioned more than once how much I look like him. [Jay and Neil starts to laugh uncontrollably] Hey! I can be mistaken for a Greek hero! Neil: This poor girl must have island fever! Jay: [still laughing a little] You are a hero, Odie! So let's make it like heroes and get off of this island! Calypso: [pulling one Odie's arm, Jay is pulling other one] Odie, come swimming with me. Jay: He's busy! We have to try get off this island! Calypso: Odie likes here! Jay: Odie wants to go home! Odie: Odie is about to get ripped in half! Atlanta: You know, I'm so sick of these Bolas! Herry: Why? Atlanta: Every time I use them, a monster either brakes them or runs up with them! Herry: [to Archie] And what are you looking for? Water wings? Archie: Hey! Easy! Atlanta: Archie, I can't believe you're still afraid of water! We're protecting the world and two thirds of it is covered in water, you know? Atlanta: [wearing wrist laser crossbow] Oh here we go! Light weight, portable and deadly! [shots and destroys nose of the same statue, she damaged when she tried to use Bolas] Herry: Nice shot. Odie: Get in, Arch! Archie: No way! This is crazy! You can't fly a plane! Hephaestus: Oh, thing practically flies itself. Odie: Archie, do you wanna go on the water or over the water? Archie: Neither. Archie: Are you sure you can fly this thing? Odie: Hey, you heard Heph – it practically flies itself. Archie: No way! Odie is going for a run!? Odie: It can't hurt. Archie: Hah! Famous last words! Theresa: Well, I think it's great, Odie, good for you. [tousles his hair] Just... be careful out there. I sense... Archie: [mocking her] ... danger! I see a prophecy! With your name on it! Oh, I sense a sprain of mythical proportions! No, wait! It's just me being a drama queen. Never mind. [bows] Theresa: So, Archie, what's it like to be perfect? Archie: Well, it has it. Theresa: I was being sarcastic. Archie: Hey, um... I just wanted to say... Theresa: [pretending she's having a vision] Wait! I sense... an apology of mythical proportions! Archie: Very funny. I just wanted to say, you did a great job out there and... I'm sorry. Theresa: [laughs] That's it? That's all? Archie: And... thanks for saving my butt. Archie: Oh, I wanna get Atlanta something for Valentines Day tomorrow, but what? Jay: [reading a poster] “Send your sweetheart a love-balloon-gram” Only three bucks. Archie: [laughs sarcastically] I can't do that. Herry: Why? You need the three bucks? Archie: No! A love-balloon-gram is way too obvious! Jay: [sarcasticaly] Yeah! You wouldn't want Atlanta to know you like her! Better to keep her guessing! [Herry starts laughing] Archie: Fear of rejection is a serious thing! Millions suffer from it! And we don't appreciate your sarcasm! [Herry and Jay look at him very serious and then starts laughing] Theresa: Nothing says “I love you” like fifteen love-balloon-grams. Girl: Sorry, only five for student. Theresa: But that's not enough! Atlanta: Any more and Jay's gonna get scared. Theresa: [embarrassed] What makes you think they're for Jay? Atlanta: Love may be blind, Theresa, but I'm sure not. Theresa: [smiles and buys balloons] Well, bring on the love. Jay: Man, people were acting crazy today! I broke up three fights just on the way here. Atlanta: [on a skateboard] Look out! Jay: Whoa! Correction – people are still acting crazy! Archie: I'm outta here! [leaves] Jay: What?! [voices from the kitchen] Theresa: PIG! Herry: PRINCESS! Theresa: That has my name on it! Herry: [eating ice cream] Your name is “banana-nut”? Jay: [about Neil tied up to the chair] What the heck is going on?! Odie: Neil wouldn't shut up about his hair, so I shut him up and took the hair problem from him. Theresa: [drinks love poison] That's terrible! I thought love is supposed to be sweet! Herry: [also drinks it] Hey! I think it's working. [puts his arm around Theresa] Theresa: He's not gonna fall in love with me now, is he? Aphrodite: No, but would you like him to? I can arrange it! Herry and Theresa: NO! Atlanta: [fighting with Archie] Come on! Oink! Archie: You fight like a girl! Atlanta: You can't handle it, can you? [beats him] Now get lost! Archie: [about a Giant] He's yours. He won't stand a chance against you. Atlanta: I won't go as easy. Atlanta: [about Eros and Psyche kiss] Is that necessary? Neil: Get a room! Odie: Jeez! Theresa: Looks like Eros is back in business. Herry: So, like, maybe we can go for dinner? Theresa: [very mad] Are you hitting on me?! Herry: No way! I'm hungry. What's a matter with you? Atlanta: Hey! Wait a minute! We've all got a Valentine from a secret admirer! Okay! Own up! Who's sent them? Archie: Wasn't me... Jay: [smiles] Who knows, that could have been anyone. [Theresa gives Jay five balloons] Jay: [looks at the gift] These are from you? Theresa: No... they are... from all of us. To say thanks. [kisses him in a cheek] Hera: Jay, if can hear me you must hold on! Theresa and the others are getting the antidote. You won't go to hades! Chiron: [wants to put an obol in Jay's mouth] Save journey, my friend. [Hera takes it from him] Hera? He needs that to pay Charon. Hera: Not yet. Chiron: But he won't get into hades without it! Hera: [smiles] That's the point. Minos: You will pay for your impertinence! Herry: Yeah, yeah, tell that to the judge! Minos: I am the judge! Persephone: Hera, the ritual must be performed! Chiron: Do you want him to wander outside the gates of hades for eternity?! Hera: Not yet! Persephone: It may already be too late! [Hera sighs and puts an obol into Jay's mouth but he immediately spits it out] Chiron: Zeus's lightning! What's this?! Hera: That's my boy! Jay: We're... researchers! Bodyguard: I thought you all went home. Neil: No! Those were the day-researchers, you see, we are the night-researchers! We specialize in things that happen after dark like owls and comets! Archie: We are so busted... Bodyguard: Night researchers, huh? Well, hurry up. [...] We wouldn't want anyone just walk in your office, wouldn't we? Archie: No! We wouldn't. Jay: [to Neil] Owls and comets? Jay: Jason and his Argonauts destroyed Talos. They attacked his only weak spot. His ankle. Archie: I can relate to that! Hermes: Talos is alive! He's free! Hephaestus: Impossible! Hermes: Possible! Hephaestus: No! Hermes: [hysterically] YE-ES! Theresa: Jay! Jay: Good to see you. Theresa: Yeah, you too... Jay: Talos is coming! Come on, we don't have much time! [leaves] Theresa: [sarcastically] Oh, I'm good! Thanks for asking! Nice fly, saw my dad. He can't take his mind off his job... kind of like you! Ugh! Odie: I don't believe! Jay's on the dance floor! Herry: I guess he is capable to relaxing. For few second at least! Hercules: You're here to wrestle Harry and he doesn't know the meaning of “fear”! Neil: Herry doesn't know the meaning of most words. Jay: His truck is still outside and he left the door open. Neil: Herry's door's open and nobody's home? What's strange about that? Herry: You really do all this things? Hercules: The labours of Hercules? Of course! Why? Is someone telling you different, son? Herry: No, it's just... it's impressive that you've done all this things. You must be proud. Hercules: Yeah, well... Herry: I just came by to thank you for your advice yesterday. [puts a golden apple on the table] I'll see you later [leaves] Hercules: [takes an apple] Yes. I'm very proud. Ares: Today's lesson will be a team on team tactical exercise. Jay! Atlanta! You're the leaders! Chose your teams. You go first. Jay: I'll take Herry. Atlanta: Archie. Jay: Theresa. Atlanta: Well... hmmm... Herry: [about Neil and Odie] Take them both! Us three against you four. It even match! Atlanta: [angry] Fine! Odie: Hey! Atlanta: What? Neil: Well, not only that you picked us last, apparently the two of us are only worth one of you! Odie: Maybe will be our own team! Atlanta: Ares! Ares: Oh, for the love of Zeus! Leave us for less than a minute and there is already mutiny in the ranks! Uh, very well. Odie, Neil, you're a team. Zeus: I know exactly where everything is! More or less... Theresa: Just what kind of lesson is this? Garry: Lesson?! What do I look like? A guinea pig? Theresa: Maybe a boiled guinea pig. Garry: Whoa! Hey, how about giving her a lesson of respect! Persephone: Quiet, Garry! Theresa: Garry? Garry: Yeah, Garry! You've got a problem with that?! Let me guess! Bambi? Barbie? Candy? Garry: I'm sorry I called you stupid earlier! Calling you stupid is an insult to stupid people! Archie: Hey guys. Atlanta: Anyone wanna come to the circus with us? Herry: Circus? I'll go! Archie: It's the “Circus of the Impossible”! Neil: [laughs] Sounds like it's based on our lives! Atlanta: Jay? Jay: Nah, I'll hang back and wait for Theresa. Archie: Neil? Neil: [...] Beats sitting around. Oh, wait! We won't be, you know, getting in the way of your date, will we? [Archie and Atlanta seem to be a little embarrassed and start to explain themselves] Archie: Date?! Atlanta: It's not a date! Archie: We're not dating! No! Atlanta: The more the merrier. Come on! Let's go! [Leaves. Archie follows her. Herry and Neil laugh and also leave] Odie: Odie, you wanna go to the circus? Nah, but THANKS FOR ASKING! Melampus: My real name is Russell. I chose the stage name Melampus because... I don't know what you kids know about the Greek mythology? Archie: Uh... A little bit... Atlanta: Just what they teach us at school. Herry: Yeah, not much, really. Archie: You're not supposed to hold on to the rope so tight. Odie: When I've got that much nothing beneath me, I'm holding on to the rope! Jay: [after Theresa stopped Stymphalian Birds from attacking Odie and Neil] That was... surprising? Theresa: Yeah, well, I'm just full of surprises. Herry: So like now you can talk to animals? Theresa: Just dumb animals. Archie: Then you better watch yourself, Herry. German Man: What blind people! German Woman: Oh come on! I'm sure they'd find our history just as strange if they were visiting our country. German Man: What?! Our history is full of the glory and wars! Brave man fighting in brave battles! Not this nonsense. [points on Sybaris Fountain and the both leave] Cronus: Did you hear that, Sybaris? They want battles and war. Well, let not disappoint them. Talia: This can't be! Herry: What is it? Talia: In ancient times my village was harassed by a vampire Sybaris. She brings death. Herry: Everything will be just fine. Talia: [kisses Herry in his cheek] You're very brave. My name is Talia. Herry: Herry. Talia: Herry, would you like to join me for dinner this evening? Herry: [looks at his friends. Odie and Jay nod their heads and smile] Uh... Talia: Don't say “no”, please. It's my way of repay you for you kindness. Herry: [smiles and nods his head] Aha... Talia: Then it's a date. Meet me on the clearing of the park at eight o'clock. [goes away] Herry: I'll see you then [stares at some point in front of him and smiles. Jay comes to him] What did just happen? Jay: I think you impressed her. Herry: She asked me on tonight. Me! Archie: And? Herry: Well, if it's okay with you guys? Jay: Sure. The rest of us will visit this farmer's field tonight. Neil: Wait a sec! Herry is going out on a date?! Odie: Yeah. Our little Herry has grown up! Atlanta: Can someone explain to me why Herry gets to go on a date, when the rest of us sit on a field full of sheep manure, waiting for a vampire, distrait? I mean this totally blows the romantic image I had of Sea Mediterranean! Herry: [very weak, wakes up after Sybaris sucked his blood] Where's Talia? What have you done with her? Sybaris:' [laughs] She's doing just fine! Don't you worry! [...] Jay: [Jay comes to help Herry and tries to take him from the cemetery] We've gotta get you outta here! Herry: Not without Talia... We've gotta find her... Jay: Atlanta! Be ready to hit the ground running! [throws a sword to cut a rope that Atlanta is tied by, but he misses] Atlanta: Still waiting! [Odie stops training program, Atlanta releases herself on her own] Archie: We almost had ya. Atlanta: My hero! Neil: Um.. I've been thinking... Echo: Wait! First I have to tell you something! I can't see it working out between us. You're just too in love with yourself to be with me! Sorry, Neil. [waves goodbye and disappears] Neil: Did she just dump me? Jay: Yeah, looks like. Neil: How could she do that!? I mean, I was gonna dump her! But... but... but... but she dumped me?! What is that?! Neil: Then staying in school is my new years resolution! Jay: It will be one way trip. We don't all have to go. Theresa: Yes we do! [everybody nods their heads] Herry: Yeah! Atlanta: We're coming! Jay: [smiles] Then send us back to the ancient world. Hera: May the gods be with you. Archie: Look! It's Zeus! Jay: He looks like... Mister Suez?! Theresa: Our school janitor is Zeus?! He's way over profile! Jay: Wherever you go... Whenever you go, Cronus, I'll be there! Jay: Zeus, Cronus will try to escape from Tartarus in twenty-first century. Zeus: I will remember. His escape will be prevented. Odie: Oh no! Herry: What's wrong, Odie? Odie: If Cronus doesn't escape, there will be no reason for gods to bring us to Olympus High! Atlanta: You mean we'll never see each other again?! Archie: He means, we'll never meet in the first place. Theresa: So this is goodbye? Zeus: Prepare yourself! Everybody: No! Wait! Not yet! No! [Zeus sends them to their times and it makes him old and weak] Zeus: Uh. That took a lot from me. Now... what was I supposed to remember about Cronus? Cronus: Come out, come out, wherever you are! I've got all the time in the world. Neil: Jay..i dont have a weapon! Theresa: U have got luck,remember? Jay: neil's right..he needs a weapon..take my shield neil: [gets up]its tight.. [cronus hits neil with some power(fire) ] jay: press it neil: whoa! [hits cronus back] [cronus faints.everyone goes to look cronus] odie: good work neil! Neil: Enough with a doing good, time for me to get back to just looking good! Odie: Well, I guess our time inhere was never supposed to be permanent. Herry: That's right! We finally have time to... get back to... [loses energy] normal... stuff. Jay: So now we just all go home and forget this ever happened? Theresa: I hope not. I mean, I hope we don't forget each other [smiles at him] Jay: I didn't mean that on! Of course we'll... We'll always be friends. [also smiles] Theresa: I'd hate to think that Cronus was the only thing keeping us together. Archie: [comes to Atlanta's room] Hey. Atlanta: [packing her stuff] Hey. Archie: So... [smiles awkwardly] I'm gonna miss... this place. Atlanta: Not me. My old school has a great lacrosse team. Archie: How when you're back, they're gonna rock! Well.. See ya. [turns around] Hey, whatever happens, you know I've always got your back. [they both get really sad and Archie wants to leave] Atlanta: Archie... Archie: [stops and looks at her] Yeah? Atlanta: [smiles at him] I'm gonna miss you, too. [Archie blushes and leaves] Atlanta: Don't worry Archie. I've got your back. [puts on the Helmet of Darkness] I command you to obey me! [to Thanatos] It's Cronus you want! Atlanta: Archie! [hugs him. Suddenly they both realize what they are doing and they back off] Oh... hey... Glad you're okay. Archie: Yeah, thanks for... you know... watching my back. Atlanta: Any time. Atlanta: Amazing. A top guy like you scared of a little water. Archie: I am not afraid of water! It's the falling into it and drowning part I don't like. Cronus: [in Jay's fear] You can't save them, Jay. Just like you can never defeat me! Jay: No! It's not true! Cronus: [laughs] It's Cronus! [echo] Cronus! Cronus! Alarm: [staring at Jay] Maybe we should give them The Eye. War: What are you doing!? Alarm: Well, he's very handsome. War: You said the same thing about Perseus. And look where that brought us! Cronus: [kneels and grabs his hurt hand] How, in the world, do you keep fighting me?! Jay: I don't think you're at the position to asking the questions! Theresa: So... You're saying we can combine our powers? Jay: Exactly! With Atlanta's tracking skills and you intuition... Atlanta: Nobody will be able to hide from us! Archie: Wanna bet? Atlanta: You don't seriously think... Archie: Bring it on! [...] Atlanta: Looser buys the pizza! Archie: Two pizzas! Extra large! Atlanta: I'd like veggie pepperoni. Theresa: Hawaii. Extra pineapple. Archie: Dream on, girls! You're hunting for a dangerous game now! Archie: You're sure you wanna risk all that pizza? Atlanta: Make that extra veggie pepperoni! Archie: Game on! Theresa: Even I can track those prints. Atlanta: This is gonna be way too easy. Theresa: Let's give him another minute. Atlanta: Good call. Don't wanna hurt his feelings. Archie: They're never gonna find me up here unless... I keep talking to myself... Neil: Even as a baby it was obvious I was destined for stardom. Odie: Yup. Most kids' first word was “Mama”, Neil's first word was “Me! Me!”. Jay: Neil! Neil: I'm busy! Jay: Class project! Neil: Can't it wait? Herry: I could carry you there! Orion: You're very good. Atlanta: Yeah. I'm the best. Orion: I've heard that before. Jay: Let him go. Atlanta: But he's got Archie! Archie: I see you had to call in reinforcements. Atlanta: Archie! [hugs him] I thought we've lost you forever! Archie: Hey, even I don't hide that well! Jay: Okay. Our mystery guy is bad, but this video is worse! Archie: Mystery man? Neil: What's the bad with video? As long as Cassie's got my good side. Jay: If Cassie out any side this could be as dangerous as Cronus! You know what happens when the world finds out the Greek gods and monsters have come to live?! Odie: We're talking about total panic! Neil: Okay, so maybe there is a little down side... Jay: Atlanta, Theresa, it's time for you to team up on another tracking job. Atlanta: We'll get him. Jay: No. We'll find him. You'll get that tape. Theresa, when you catch her, you think you can use your powers to wipe out her memories? Theresa: I can try. [Girls leaves, Neil is following them] Jay: Where are you going? Neil: To help find Cassie! If you're gonna ruin the
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Students are the most important participants in ETD activities. They are the main target of the education effort. They are the ones who learn by doing, and so promote access to the ETDs they prepare to help communicate their research results. This section of the Guide highlights issues of interest to students who write or refer to ETDs. It provides guidance on how they can proceed in these activities, as well as assistance to help them in understanding the context in which these activities take place. A wide variety of technologies and approaches are discussed. These should be considered in light of local policies and practices. In some cases students will want a simpler effort. In others they may wish to engage in more elaborate preparation of an ETD than is locally common, in order to learn, and/or in order to be more expressive in their scholarly communication. It is hoped that the content in section 3, as well as the more detailed technical information in section 4, is helpful. Next Section: How to learn about ETDs? (workshops, online resources, helpers)
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If performance is a major concern, you should use a compiled language, such as C, or at least higher-performance interpreted language such as Python, rather than a shell script. Further, performance is generally dominated by the external commands that are called (and call overhead) and by the shell itself, rather than by a particular script or its logic. Thus the primary method of optimization is to call fewer or cheaper external commands, or to use a more optimized shell, typically a simpler one optimized for scripting, such as ash or dash, rather than a complex shell such as bash. However, some finer optimization is possible, and profiling can be used to identify bottlenecks caused by a separate command, rather than the script itself. Most simply, run the script in verbose mode (in bash, use the -x flag or set -x at the top of the script) and see where execution visibly hangs – this is a very quick way to identify bottlenecks. Next, use time to measure the time used by the script or any particular command. This may be a shell built-in, as in bash, but the (external) GNU time program provides more sophisticated analytics. You can call these as follows (last assumes a location for the time binary): time ./foo `which time` -v ./foo /usr/bin/time -v ./foo Particularly useful data are: Real/User/Sys time (wall clock, user space CPU time, OS CPU time) – bottom line Context switches – measures switching to an external program or kernel, and back Page faults This lets you quickly measure the effect of changes. Beware that this measurement is noisy – particularly if other tasks are running – and there is overhead from running a script and from the time command itself. Further, performance will generally be slower on first run, due to caches being cold. To handle the noise and cache, kill other tasks (or check that the system in not loaded, via top) and run the script a few times. To calibrate baseline overhead, time the true (external) command, true (built-in, if available), and an empty script, to see the overall process and script overhead. For longer-running scripts, on Linux you can see some information at /proc/$pid/status, which you can watch via watch /proc/$pid/status. Note that you can use grep to select only certain data, such as context switches (ctxt). For system calls, strace, particularly strace -c, breaks down the cost of system calls. More finally, you can time sections of a script by using date, and comparing successive timestamps. For example, using GNU date with nanosecond precision: date --rfc-3339=ns This may be sufficient to identify bottlenecks, though binary searching can be tedious. To profile an entire script, easiest is to turn on verbose mode (in bash) and pipe through date, which produces timestamps for each line; you can alternatively set PS4 in bash, either calling date each time (major overhead) or using a built-in date format specifier (in Bash 4.2 or later). Some simple manipulation (using tee and paste) can produce an annotated transcript with the time required for each line. See F. Hauri’s answer to How to profile a bash shell script? – note that (currently) line numbers are off by one (time is cost of previous line) – or use bashProfiler. This analysis is sufficient for scripts with simple flow – a list of commands – but does not detect hotspots from loops or recursion. More sophisticated profilers analogous to gperf are not available for shell scripts, but (assuming script lines are unique, which can be ensured by adding manual line numbers if necessary) simple processing of the timestamped logs can let you sum across lines and identify hotspots. A key technique for optimizing shell scripts is to replace calls to external commands with calls to built-ins. This eliminates the substantial process overhead, and associated context switches and page faults which are the main causes of slow performance. A good example is using string manipulation operations in bash, rather than making an external call to sed. A simple way to see the difference (in bash) is to profile calling the built-in true versus the external true program: #!/bin/bash for i in {1..1000} ; do true ; done #!/bin/bash for i in {1..1000} ; do /bin/true ; done Profile via: /usr/bin/time -v ./true-int-1000 /usr/bin/time -v ./true-ext-1000 The script that calls the external command will be much slower, which is caused primarily by having many more context switches (at least 2000 more, due to switch to true and then back); and page faults – the actual command does nothing (successfully).
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Wasilla is a city in Alaska. It is most famous as the home town of Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin, who served as mayor of the city for six years. Wasilla is the last city of significant size on the Parks Highway northward; therefore, it is a frequent stopping point if traveling by car to Denali National Park, Fairbanks or other points north. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC IATA) is about an hour away from Wasilla, in Anchorage. It has flights to and from the continental United States, Canada, various airports in Alaska, and seasonally to Frankfurt. Route 3, the Parks Highway, passes through the heart of the city and ends at the Glenn Highway east of it. You can take the Parks Highway south from Fairbanks, or the Glenn north from Anchorage or west from Canada. From Seattle, it's a 43-hour drive. From San Francisco, it's a 56-hour drive. From Anchorage, it's an hour's drive. Wasilla is connected to Anchorage by Valley Mover service, and the rest of the valley by Mat Su Transit. In general, you need a car to get around town. Popular sightseeing trips include the Knik Glacier, Matanuska Glacier, Pioneer Peak. In the summer there is mountain hiking in Hatcher Pass, at The Butte, Lazy Mountain, Crevasse Moraine and Matanuska Glacier. There are quite a few convenient whitewater streams in the area. For the canoeist there's the Wasilla Lakes canoe trail, Nancy Lakes canoe trail and Meadow Creek. In the winter there's Nordic skiing in Hatcher Pass, Moose Meadows and at Government Peak. Outdoor ice skating is available on an astonishing variety of lakes, rivers and marshes. Wasilla and Palmer are to ice skating what Yosemite is to rock climbing. Colony House Museum, 316 E Elmwood Ave, Palmer 99645, ☏ +1 907 745-1935. [dead link] Dorothy Page Museum, 323 N. Main St, ☏ +1 907 373-9071, fax: +1 907 373-9072. Tu-Fr 9AM-5PM. Cultural and historical heritage of Wasilla, Knik and Willow Creek. $3. [dead link] Knik Museum and Mushers' Hall of Fame, Mile 13.9 Knik-Goose Bay Rd (south of Wasilla), ☏ +1 907 376-7755. June-Aug 1-6PM Th-Sa, 1-5PM Sun. Historical museum in ghost town, picnic area. $5/pers. Museum of Alaska Transportation and Industry, 3800 W Museum Dr, ☏ +1 907 376-1211. 61.60972-149.263891 Finger Lake State Recreation Site, 7278 E Bogard Rd, ☏ +1 907 745-8950. (updated May 2018) Wasilla has several branches of chain stores for buying food, clothes and outdoor supplies, dominated by a huge Fred Meyer superstore. If you are going north and forgot to bring something important with you or buy it in Anchorage, you should be able to find it in Wasilla. 61.5775-149.4111 Fred Meyer, 1501 E Parks Hwy., ☏ +1 907 352-5000. Wasilla contains a collection of standard fast-food and quick-casual eating options. Evangelo's Restaurant, 2530 E Parks Hwy., ☏ +1 907 376-1212. Italian. Windbreak Café (The Trout House), 2201 E. Parks Highway, ☏ +1 907 376-4484. 6AM-11PM M-Sa, 7AM-11PM Sun. Diner-style food, local fishing furnishings. Trout's Place hotel and bar/lounge. 61.5841-149.44161 Donut King, 490 Main St, ☏ +1 907 376-8300. Gyros, doughnuts and coffee. Wi-fi. 61.5822-149.46142 Mekong Thai Restaurant, 473 W Parks Hwy, ☏ +1 907 373-7690. Authentic Thai food. Hula Hands, 244 South Sylvan Rd, ☏ +1 907 373-4852. A small Hawaiian-style chain based in Anchorage. 61.5826-149.43941 The Grape Tap, 322 N Boundary St, ☏ +1 907 376-8466. Tu-Th 5-9PM, Fr-Sa 5-10PM. Tapas restaurant and wine cellar with local, domestic and import beers in 1930s era pioneer home in downtown old Wasilla. Wasilla has a profusion of espresso stands that serve food as well. 61.5817-149.45722 [formerly dead link] Mocha Moose Coffee Company and Roastery, 340 North Lucille St, ☏ +1 907 357-2326. Open all night.. Grand View Inn and Suites, 2900 E Parks Hwy, ☏ +1 907 357-7666. Lake Lucille Inn (Best Western), 1300 Lake Lucille Dr, ☏ +1 907 373-1776. Alaska's Select Inn Motel, 3451 E Palmdale Dr, ☏ +1 907 357-4768. Lake Lucille Bed and Breakfast, 235 W Lake View Ave, ☏ +1 907 357-0352. 61.5791-149.33311 Snowed Inn B&B, 495 So Begich Dr, ☏ +1 907 376-4495, toll-free: +1-866-799-5169. Two large suites with private balconies Alaska Creekside Cabins, 3200 N Dolly Varden Dr, ☏ +1 907 746-7632. From Wasilla, it is about a 2-hour drive to Denali State Park or a 4-hour drive to Denali National Park. Fairbanks is about 7 hours north.
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This is meant to be a directory of assistants in France of all nationalities. It is divided by académie in alphabetical order, and then academic years. You can fill it in however you want, but the best way is to create a user page with your contact info and then link to it (see Toulouse 2003-2004 for some examples). Guide for English Language Assistants in France Assistants in France Forums Assistants in France Wiki Elísabet from Granada, Spain. I'll be in Arles - [email protected] Roxana from San Salvador, El Salvador. I'll be in Aix-en-Provence - [email protected] Heather from San Francisco, Caliornia. I'll be in Dinard (Brittany) - [email protected] Susie from Sheffield, England. I'll be in Auray in Brittany (next to Vannes) [email protected] Justin from Ottawa, Canada! WAY too excited... [email protected] Rosie from London, England - [email protected] Tanya from Chicago - [email protected] Emma-may from Durham, England: [email protected] Kirsti from Scotland, going to near Avignon! [email protected] Sophie from England, I'll be teaching at a lycée and a collège in Salon-de-Provence, near Aix :) Email: [email protected] Molly from Wisconsin - Lycée Maurice GENEVOIX in Marignane. Aaron From England --- Living in Rennes . [email protected] Jane from Brisbane, Australia: will be in Marseille (7eme) for seven months in primaire. Email [email protected] Would love to hear from anyone past/present/future! HI!! I am Archana from India going to Avignon under the academy of Aix-Marseille to teach ecole primaire(9 months). Anybody to Avignon? or anybody who can give me suggetions on the accomodation please do mail to [email protected] Robert from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. will be in Aix-en-Provence for seven months at the Lycée Vauvenargue. I'd love to hear from anyone around this area, esp. those interested in biking, traveling, etc. ([email protected]) Catharine from Philadelphia/Chicago. I'll be teaching in primaire for 9 months. Email - [email protected] wiProxy-Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 any info, and please email me if you know the vacation schedule! Nicole from Denver. I'll also be in primaire for 9 months. handynicole at gmail ... looking forward to sharing questions and new info. Anyone who has questions, check out assistantsinfrance.com and the facebook group for assistants. Ashley from Lexington, KY/Indianapolis. I too will be in primaire. [email protected] free to email me because I really want to be in contact with people! Susie Shackelford from Seattle. Email - [email protected] If anyone has any information or tips, I would be glad to hear from you! Alexandra Goroch from Salinas, CA. Email -- renouveler(at)msn.com. Tips are welcome here, too! Melanie Huston from Cleveland, OH...Email - [email protected] Amelia Burget from Pittsburgh, PA - [email protected] - any info or advice would be helpful!! Andrew Dubrov from Kansas City. e-mail: [email protected]. Info on how you found a place to live would be lovely. Amanda Gould Marseille: Amber Avello (Miami), at Lycee Montgrand Elizabeth from MN! email me at lizzie dot christian at gmail dot com. Meaghan from near St. Louis, MO, 7 month primaire in Chateau Thierry, email: [email protected] Emily from Sanford, NC, living in Charleston, SC. 7 month primaire in Beauvais as far as I can tell. [email protected] Stephanie from the Chicago Suburbs (Lombard), 7 month lycee program in Laon. [email protected] Stephanie Marie from Geneva,IL living and working in Creil/Montatare for 7 months:collége. [email protected] Kaylee Collins from New Jersey (Philadelphia area). Email: kaylee dot collins at gmail dot com. Cathy Karlak from Seattle, WA. E-mail: ckarlakova at yahoo dot com Lindsey Simons from Naperville, IL Email: [email protected] Hi , this is Ravi from India . I was english Language assistant at Tergnier in Amiens .Presently working as Lecturer of French in the Aligarh Muslim University in India . I wish you all a very pleasant stay in France . Bonne Chance............. Faro from Denver, Colorado. Lycée Pierre-Mendès-France in Péronne. Contact me at heidifaro at yahoo dot com. Hello, my name is Angelica (from the US) and I have been working as an assistant in Amiens for the last two years (2004-2006) in a collège and lycée. Contact me with any questions regarding assistant life in Amiens. [email protected] Alexandra from Charlottesville, VA. Check out the 2012-13 facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/AssistantsInFranceBesancon201213 Abby from Eugene,OR Starting in Vesoul this October! Would love to talk/get together with other assistant(e)s: [email protected] Aishwarya.Rao from India.starting at Besancon this october 2011. i would love the opportunity to make new acquaintances. [email protected] Biljana from Stuttgart, Germany, starting in Besancon 1 Oct. 2011. Would love to talk with other TAs. [email protected] Emma from West Hartford, CT. Teaching at Lycee Pasteur in the center of Besancon. Starting Oct 1st! Rachael from Ocracoke, NC. Teaching lycee in Besancon proper for 7 months starting 1 October 08. Would love to talk with/meet other TAs from the area. [email protected] Allison from Myrtle beach, SC. I'm teaching primaire for 9 months in Luxeuil-les-bains. Email at will with any tips or just contact info because I really don't want to be stuck there alone either. [email protected] Colin Powell from Chicago, IL / Appleton, WI. Email: [email protected] Joshua Lang from Portland, OR find_mobius at yahoo dot com Salut! My name is Nika Allahverdi, from Los Angeles CA, graduated from UC Berkeley 2014. I am teaching in Bordeaux: Collège Edouard Vaillant and Collège Cassignol (annexe, La Benatte). Let me know if you have questions about Bordeaux or TAPIF: [email protected] Hello/Bonjour! I'm Madeleine from Michigan, USA. I haven't received my contract (yet) but will be returning to this site and adding it once it arrives. You can contact me at [email protected] Hi, I am Vikas from India. I will be teaching at Lycee Gaston Febus, Orthez, academie de Bordeaux. You can contact me at: [email protected] I'm Camille, from Seattle, WA, USA. I'll be teaching at Lycee Rene Cassin in Bayonne. You can contact me at camilleelise "at" gmail "dot" com. Hi, I'm Patricia, from Rhode Island, USA. I will be teaching at Lycee de la Mer in Gujan-Mestras. My email is bonnepat "at" gmail . com I'm Derron, from Circleville, Ohio, USA. I taught at Ecole Les Pins in Dax, France and at Ecole Jules Barrouillet, Ecole Marie-Curie, Ecole Henri Lavielle in Saint-Paul-lès-Dax, France. I was on a 9 month contract and lived at the CROUS Residence Hall in Le Gond in Dax. You can contact me at derron.s.borders [at] gmail [dot] com. John -- WI, OH, VT, teaching secondaire in Talence (Bordeaux), johnbgraham -at- gmail Mitch, Tallahassee FL, FSU Grad 06. Primaire, 6 mo. Nicole Zukowski - Phoenix, AZ, Primaire in Dax, [email protected] Aisha-Zoe from Las Vegas, NV teaching College in Pau. Michael Aaron from Denton, Texas will be teaching primaire in Montpon-Menesterol. Email: [email protected] Justin Romick from Kansas CIty, Missouri will be teaching secondaire in Bordeaux Sam Ennis from Pittsburgh, PA will be teaching secondaire in Agen [email protected] Cassandra Whitehead, 2005-2006, Pau, France, [email protected] Vasudevan Venkat rao, Chennai, India ([email protected]) Kayla Millien , Trinidad, West Indies Whitney Blankenship, Dover, DE ([email protected]) Lycee Victor Hugo Caleb Benoit, Bourbonnais, IL ([email protected]) ... Académie de Caen. Lalita Ramakrishna, Bangalore, India ([email protected]) Anna Williams, NJ, USA ([email protected]) Coutances- Lycee Lebrun Travis Sago from South Carolina (Furman University graduate). I don't know my exact assignment, yet. Feel free to contact me at [email protected] Thomas Walk from Germany. I'll be in Flers (watom ‘at‘ fastmail ‘dot‘ fm) Lydia from Detroit, teaching collège in Caen proper. [email protected] Ashley from New Jersey. I'll be teaching College for seven months. [email protected] I would love to hear from you! Rachel Lamb from Perth, Australia. I'll be teaching at a College and a Lycee in Domfront, in the Caen academy. [email protected] Tiffany from Toronto. I'll be teaching in an IUFM for six months. tiffanychen17 (at) gmail.com Kat from South Wales, UK. I'll be a language assistant at two Colleges in Avranches and Brecey. kathrynsw (at) ntlworld (dot) com Amber from Charlotte. I'll be teaching in primaire for 9 months. [email protected] Andy from Chicago. I will also be teaching in primaire for 9 months. [email protected] Robert Tyree from Seattle - Lycee in Falaise Derik De Baun from Los Angeles, CA. Email: [email protected] Kim Armstrong from Omaha, NE, Email: [email protected] Kirk and Audrey Hinton (hintonsabroad AT yahoo DOT com) Kldavis (milkjamfrance AT gmail DOT com) 2011-2012 Amber Henderson, lectrice at Université d'Auvergne Grecia Alvarado, Primary School Assistant in Aurillac, France. Brooks Shaffer, lecteur at the Université Blaise Pascal. [email protected]. From New York, living and working in Clermont until 6/2009. Salut....... I'm Sweta from India. I was in two schools.Pl. feel free to contact me on [email protected] Sarah M - I was at the Lycée Valéry Larbaud in Cusset and would love to answer questions about that school or lycées professionnels/techniques in general. See my user page. Leslie Hawthorne from Connecticut. Primary schools in Bastia, 9 months. Feel free to contact me at leslie.hawthorne at gmail.com. Tommy Duggan from Chapel's Cove (near St. John's), NL, Canada. Secondaire I believe. Email is p89trd at hotmail.com. Tyler Powell and wife Tori from Columbia, Missouri, USA to teach in Bastia for 7 and 9 months, respectively. Reach us at: [email protected] and [email protected]. Thanks! Katherine Jones from Lawrence, KS will be teaching primaire in Bastia. [email protected] cara straforelli - assistant at the lycée in porto vecchio, but i live in patrimonio. you can email me at my first name at my last name dot com. Janine from Scotland, secondaire, 7 months, [email protected] Nadine from United States Primary School [email protected] Rebecca from England. Primary School, 7 months. [email protected] Katie from United States, Primary School, 7 months, Maisons-Alfort, [email protected] Lise from Boston. Also primaire for 9 months. Hooray! lbradfor at smith.edu Melissa from Kansas City. Secondaire 7 months. [email protected] Kayleigh from England. Secondaire 7 months. Meaux (77). [email protected] Marybeth from Hamilton, Ontario (Canada). Primarie 9 mois (Chelles 77) [email protected] Kathleen from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Secondaire 7 mois. [email protected] Paula Robin - I worked at the IUFM Bonneuil-sur-Marne. Still living in Paris, so don't hesitate to contact me if you wan to chat. paulalrobin at yahoo youknowwhat com Paula Robin - I worked at the Ecoles élémentaires Compayré 1 and Compayré 2 in Meaux. Still living in Paris, so don't hesitate to contact me if you have questions. [email protected] Hello All! My name is Kristen from Louisiana, and I am looking to get in touch with those who will be teaching in Dijon as well. Email me at: [email protected] ! Bonjour! My name is Elizabeth, I'm from Indiana, and I will be teaching at Lycée Le Castel in Dijon. Email me at: [email protected] Hi, I'm Katie and I'll be teaching at the Lycée Montchapet in Dijon. Email me if you'll also be in the area! [email protected] Hey everybody! My name's Meenakshi Nandhini and I'm from India. I'll be teaching at Dijon this academic year (écoles primaires). Email: raintree.mn(at)gmail.com Hi!! I'm Pippa Im teaching in a lycee in Chalon sur saone, trying to find others going there maybe to find a nice apartment with. [email protected] Hi everyone! I'm Lulu and I'll be teaching in Nevers for 7 months! [email protected] Hey! Im Claire, 22 from Glasgow, Scotland and I will be teaching in 2 schools this year in the centre of Dijon (secondaire). My main school is Marcel Parde but I will also teach at Carnot. Hey - my name's Nadia and I'll be teaching primaire for 9 months in Dijon 2007-2008! Get in touch! [email protected] Hi! I'm Sarah from Texas and I'll also be teaching primaire for 9 months in Dijon this year. [email protected] Hi! My name is Katarina from Kentucky and I'll be teaching primaire for 9 months in Dijon as well. [email protected] Hey everyone, I'm Erica from Illinois and I'll be teaching at Lycee Emiland Gauthey in Chalon Sur Saone for 7 months. I can't wait to meet all of you! egoldbe1 at gmail.com Emma Stubbs, from Norfolk, England. Will be teaching at the Lycée Montchapet in Dijon. [email protected] Jenni Baker from Elizabethtown, Kentucky. Will be teaching at Collège Clos de Pouilly and Collège Gaston Roupnel in Dijon. jennibbaker(at)yahoo.com Ben Brueshoff, 2005-2006 assistant in the Academie de Dijon. Contact info: [email protected] Let's chat! Nicole Donaldson, from Wellington, New Zealand. Also will be an 2005-2006 Assistant in Dijon. Contact: [email protected] Kenneth Martin, Florida USA, 2005-2006 assistant in Dijon, [email protected] Nicole Hamilton [email protected] University of Kentucky (2004-2005 school year) Anna Moscovitch [email protected] From Melbourne, Australia - was an assistant at Lycee Montchapet in Dijon 2004-05 Hugo Teixeira, California, 2004-2005 assistant in Tournus (Saône-et-Loire, woo! ), [email protected] Enrique G. Rivero, [email protected], Ciudad de México, México. Assistant au Lycée Montchapet, Dijon 2004-2005. Jennifer Wagner: Lectrice d'anglais at Université de Savoie in Chambéry for another year. ielanguages [at] gmail [dot] com Breno Horsth: Assistant d'anglais at Lycee Jean Monnet and Colege Michel Servet. Feel free to get in touch with me at: breno[at]rogers[dot]com Lileane Xu, Australia: Assistant d'anglais in Annonay. I'd love to hear from you at lil[dot]xu[at]ymail[dot]com. Jennifer Wagner: Lectrice d'anglais at Université de Savoie in Chambéry. Former assistant in Cran-Gevrier and Cluses. I still live in Cran-Gevrier, and can help out the Annecy assistants when they arrive. E-mail: ielanguages [at] gmail [dot] com Courtney Smith: English Language Assistant. Bonneville (Haute-Savoie). 7 month primary school. e-mail: duckey0307 [at] yahoo [dot] com Alison Ann LOBO (indienne): I will be at LPO Gresivaudan Melan.My email address is [email protected] Darren ANSTIS: English Language Assistant at Lycée Xavier Mallet, Le Teil (Ardèche). If you have any questions about the school/town, please contact me and I'll do my best to help. E-mail: dra07400-lxm [at] yahoo [dot] co [dot] uk Adrian Kien from Boise, ID. I'll be teaching at the IUFM in Chambery in the Grenobe department. My email is [email protected] Jennifer Wagner [renewed from last year]. Will be teaching in Cluses at Lycee Poncet and College Jean-Jacques Gallay. E-mail: ielanguages [at] gmail [dot] com Veronica (italian). I'll be teaching at "primaire" in Grenoble. My e mail is [email protected] Claudio (italian). I'll be teaching in a high school of BONNEVILLE (Haute savoie- Grenoble). My e mail is [email protected] Sarah Allen from Greenville, SC. [email protected] Court Anderson from Alberta, Canada. Will be teaching in the city of Grenoble. E-mail: [email protected] Caroline Savage from Boston. Will be teaching in the city of Grenoble. So excited! E-mail [email protected] Jennifer Wagner from Flint, MI. Will be teaching in Cran-Gevrier (next to Annecy) at Lycee Baudelaire and College Beauregard. E-mail: ielanguages [at] gmail [dot] com Maggie Couture from Boston, MA. E-mail: [email protected] Austin Anderson from Portland, OR. E-mail: [email protected] Quinn Currie from Erie, PA. Email: [email protected] Hilary Kaye from San Francisco. Will be teaching in Vizille and Bourg D'Oisins. E-mail: [email protected] Meagan Williams from Melbourne, Australia. Will be teaching in Valence. Email: [email protected] Tanny Men from Mesa, AZ. [email protected] Allan Hempsted from Oxford, England. Will be teaching in Bonneville. Email me! : [email protected] Emma Simmons from Herts, England. Will be teaching in Rumilly. E-mail: [email protected] Jordan Kline from New York. Will be teaching in Annemasse. E-mail: [email protected] Jacqueline Ford from Wisconsin. I will be teaching in Nyons! [email protected] Rachel Simpson from Inverness, Scotland, I will be teaching in Valence [email protected] Claudio Leone, italian, will be teaching in Bonneville. My email is [email protected] Veronica Benigno, je vais enseigner l'italien à Grenoble! Ecrivons-nous tout de suite! [email protected] Danielle Soriano, from Brielle, NJ (the shore), Georgian Court University '04. I will be in a primary school in Cluses, near Annecy and Chamonix(2005-2006), . Contact: [email protected] Jessica Rowan, from Jefferson, NJ, Rutgers University '05. I taught at Lycee Emile Loubet in Valence. Contact: jess(dot)rowan(at)gmail.com Justine Derrick, UMBC class of 2003. Valence 2004-2005. [email protected] Miranda from California. Secondaire in Petit Bourg and Baie Mahault, Guadeloupe. currie.miranda (at) gmail.com Lindsey Smith from Madison, Wisconsin. Have any tips for me? Email: [email protected] Sarah from England. Secondary school. [email protected] Hey i'm Hana and i'll be in Lille from oct 2010! [email protected] Hey I'm Allison and I'll be in the Lille academie -- city is TBA. My email is [email protected]. There's a Facebook site for the 2010-11 Lille Academie: http://www.facebook.com/#!/group.php?gid=107015806003130 Hi, my name's Joel Bain! I'm from Vancouver, BC, Canada! I'm working at Lycee Jean Bart in Dunkerque, France. Hi my name is Christine, I'm from the United States, in New Hampshire. I have a degree in English and Hispanic Studies. I will be teaching at two colleges in Saint Omer, which is in the Calais/Dunkerque/sur mer area. My email is [email protected]! Hope to hear from some of you! Hello. My name is Laura from the UK and I will be working in two schools just outside of Lille. Hopefully will be living in the centre... [email protected] Hi, I'm Rachel. Coming from California to teach in Wattrelos at the College de Pablo Neruda. I just graduated from Sonoma State with a BA in Global Studies. I'm going to try to live in Lille Centre and commute to work. I'm on all the fun stuff: facebook, myspace, aim, msn...easy to contact ;) [email protected] or [email protected] if searching on facebook. A bientot! Lori Darragh from Canada :) Working and living in Douai! Search me on facebook would love to meet other language assistants! Hallo! My name is Osvaldo Mendoza, and I'm from Panama City... not Florida, Central America,do you know the Canal? I have a Psychology Degree n love to work with kids. I'll b working in Dunkerque, a port n beach town 10km to the border with Belgium; I was assign to 3 highschools as a spanish assistant. Hopefully I could meet some or all of u, hv fun! You could contact me at facebook or myspace. [email protected] Howdy. my name is Zachary Rudes. I am from Nowheresville, CT and i just graduated from Clark Univeristy in lovely Worcester, MA. I will be rocking secondary school in the academie of Lille. You can email me at [email protected] or hit me up on facebook or myspace. Hi! My name is Valerie and I am also from the state of Washington. I will be graduating from UW in Seattle this spring and will then be heading off to Lille to teach Secondaire next September. You can e-mail me at [email protected], but you won't find me on myspace, at 25 y.o. I consider myself to be a bit too old for it :) Can't wait to meet you all! Hey! My name is Leslie and I live in New Jersey, New York and Texas. Just graduated from SUNY Geneseo with a degree in English and Psychology... and nope, not even a minor in French (yikes). I'll be teaching in 3 primary schools in what looks like Thumesnil/Ronchin. I'm open to any emails at [email protected]. See you all in Lille! Tricia Williams from Warrens, Barbados. Looking forward to meeting any other assistants en route to Lille. Contact me @ [email protected] Deborah and Andrew O'Malley from Ottawa, Ontario Canada. Looking forward to meeting other assistants and finding out info about accomodatin in Lille. [email protected] Helen-Frances Sanders, HAZEBROUCK, Lycée des Flandres hsanders at centenary dot edu Katharina Braun, i'm from Germany and i will be at Lycee Fénelon and Lycee Paul Duez at Cambrai, my e-mail is kathyb at gmx dot de Laura Reinhold, Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Lycée Jessé de Forest Ryan Trone, Arras, Lycée Gambetta- [email protected] Let me know if you come to Arras, I'm interested in meeting new people ! Cambrai Lycée Fénélon Trevor Johnson Douai* Tami D. - 3 primary schools in beautiful Sin-Le-Noble, France! you're gonna make it, learn to love Auchan. Ankur - [email protected] - I'm from Bangalore, India. 7 months at Limoges; lycée Marina- [email protected] I'm from Spain. oct-april at Limoges. Tanner- ([email protected]) I'm an American coming from North Dakota. This is my second year in the Limousin area (Saint Yrieix la Perche). Please ask questions and if you are ever in need, I'm up for coffee! Alam Song - [email protected] Hello! My name is Alam, I'm from Toronto, Ontario (Canada). I am in my last year of my studies, and will be a primary assistant in Limoges from 2010-2011. I'd love to hear from anyone who will also be placed in Limoges, or anyone in general who'd love to share their experience! Cheers. Kristen Shubeck, from Central New Jersey. Like Callum, Lycee Leonard Limosin. Email me about lycee or college assistantship questions at [email protected] Callum Smith - [email protected]. 7 Month in Lycée Léonard Limousin. Rose DiGennaro [email protected] nine month primary in Ussel Sonal Pandya: look me up on myspace by my name - the profile name is perpl Michael Schmidt [email protected] Placed in Limoges Javi de Murcia, l'Espagne. Collège & Lycée à Saint-Chamond, tout près de St-Étienne. [email protected] Amanda from South Carolina. Secondary school. [email protected] Salut! I am Joanna Mays from Olathe, KS (right outside of Kansas City). I just graduated from MidAmerica Nazarene University and I will be a primary school assistant. I'd love to hear from you! [email protected] Hi, I'm Dave from New Zealand currently on a 9 month primary school contract based in St Etienne (45 mins from Lyon). Have also lived in Strasbourg on ERASMUS. Any questions on any part of student / assistant life welcome. [email protected]. I'm Lori! Find me at www.myspace.com/lolololori - I'm going to be at the Martiniere Duchere in NW lyon. faizan wants to search a number location 033298991115 please tell mee. my mail adress is [email protected] and [email protected] Hi! My name is Angela Velo and I'll be in Martinique from september 2011! Add me on facebook if you want and we'll be in touch! My mail is: [email protected] PDF of English assistants at Secondary Level Isobel Grieve - i'm going to be in Martinique from September 2010 teaching in a primary school, not sure of the location yet though!! Add me on facebook if you are going too!! PDF of English assistants at Secondary Level PDF of English assistants at Secondary Level PDF of English assistants at Secondary Level PDF of English assistants at Secondary Level Bonjour, my name is Heidi Fulmer and I'll be an English Assistant in Le Lamentin, Martinique at Lycee Acajou 2. I am from Washington, PA but am currently living in Boston, MA until I leave on September 25th for Martinique(AirFrance out of Miami @ 9:30am). As of right now, I plan living in the room provided for me at the school; however, I would like some insight from any former Acajou 2 assistants as to what that entails. I might be open to getting an apartment with some locals or some other assistants in the Lamentin area. If you are going to be in the Lamentin area, let me know. [email protected] Hi my name is Maggie. I'm going to be in Pointe des Negres, Martinique from 27 sept 2005. Mail me at [email protected] Hi, my name's Yovanna and I'm from Montreal, Canada. I'll be teaching in a primary school in Nîmes for 7 months. To contact me you can add me on skype: blinknfall. Thanks! Hi! My name is Stephanie and I'm from Boston, MA. I'll be in Montpellier next year! I would love to meet past, current, and new assistants as well, and would love to have any advice from those in the area. My email is [email protected]. Hi, my name is Danielle. I am from Jamaica. I'll be teaching in a primary school for nine months in Perpignan and would love to meet past and new assistants who have lived and worked in this area. Contact me at [email protected] Hi, my name is Neha & I'm from New Delhi.I'll be teaching in Montpellier in a lycee for a duration of 7 months.Would love to stay in touch with other assistants.Contact me:[email protected] Perpignan, close to Montpellier- Teaching assistant for primary also for 2007-2008. From Portland,Oregon. Looking forward to the next year...and ofcourse would love to hear from anyone else in the same academie.....e-mail is: [email protected] I'm Meghan Hoke from NH. To reiterate what everyone else has already said, I'd love to hear from any assistant (either future, current or past). You can get in touch with me via email: meghan.hoke (at) gmail.com. Nicholas Hoyte from Christ Church, Barbados. I'll be at LGT Georges Clemenceau, near the centre-ville. Contact me at: [email protected]. Feel free to also join the following Yahoo! group: groups.yahoo.com/group/montpellierassistants/. A bientôt! Hi. It's Anna, assistant in primaire. [email protected] Verónica Cortés from Valencia (Spain). I'm going to Metz and Pont-à-Mousson. If you are interested in contacting me or the other assistants for l'Académie Nancy-Metz,join the facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_179764975416614≈=1 See you! :) Richard George from Lansdale, PA. 7-month contract at a lycée in Verdun (-sur-Meuse). Looking forward to good cheese and good wine. Send me an email if you'll be in the area; I always appreciate a new contact. BillyTheBanana(at)gmail(dot)com Hi my name is Preeti Gill from San Francisco and I have a 7 month contract. Nancy/Metz is beautiful. Ive been there 3 times. If your also going to be there, you can contact me at [email protected]. I already know people there so if you would like to meet up, that would be great! Hello, my name is Brianne Hester from Arkansas and I'll be teaching secondaire in Nancy-Metz, for seven months. I've never been to that part of France, but I have spent some time on the left side of Belgium. Everyone keeps telling me how beautiful the Lorraine region is, so I hope they're right. My contact info is [email protected]. Feel free to email! Autumn- from Delaware- secondaire for 7 months- [email protected] Hi, my name is Megan Bryden. I'm from St. Louis and I will be in Longwy for the 7 month secondaire contract. I have never been to that part of France, so I'm not too sure what to expect. My email is [email protected] Timm Fijalkovich from Cleveland, OH. [email protected] . I will be teaching at Lycée Hôtelier Raymond Mondon in Metz. Meg Garner from York, PA. I will be a primary school assistant for 9 months. Feel free to email me [email protected] with any bonnes idees! Chris Fortin from Cincinnati, Ohio. I'll be teaching in Nancy (or Nancy suburbs) for a 9 month contract. My students will be from 9 – 11 years old. I would love to hear from other assistants! [email protected] is the email. à plus! Gloria Osoba from Phoenix, Arizona. I'm looking forward to seeing everyone. I will be teaching at Lycee Jean Zay. Gabriel Krieshok from Lawrence, Kansas. Email: [email protected] Teaching Lycée in Forbach. ===2012-2013 Victoria Tamayo, de Colombie. Je suis assistante d'espagnol à Chantonnay (Vendée) à 70 Km de Nantes. [email protected] Simon Gardner from Melbourne, Australia. I didn't want to be the first person going to Nantes to put my thing up here, so I was waiting, but, what the hell hey? You can reach me on [email protected] if you wish to get in touch! I'll be in Paris from the 18th of September until the 28th of September, so if anyone wants to get a drink or see some of the sights with me, let me know! Cherlez Philip from Trinidad, West Indies contact me at [email protected] Francis Fisher from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK - I'll be teaching at the Lycee La Coliniere, and can be reached at [email protected] [Lycee Malraux - in Le Mans] Kerranna WILLIAMSON from Charleston, SC (USA). contact me at [email protected] Pavneet Kaur SONI from New Delhi, India. I'll be teaching in Lycee A. et J. Renoir, in Angers. contact me at [email protected] Lesline Davis from Jamaica, West Indies. Dont have my school yet though. [email protected] Deanna from Canada - I'll be teaching College in La Baule. If you are around there you can contact me at [email protected] Vanessa PADOVANI from Canada! - I'll be teaching at LGT Jean Bodin in Les Ponts de Cé, but will be living in Angers, contact me at [email protected] Rachel Elin from Congers, NY. Email: [email protected] I'm really looking forward to next year! Feel free to email with any insight Miriam Belblidia from Gaithersburg, MD. E-Mail: [email protected]. Can't wait to meet you all! Jessica B from Australia Email jessica (dot) badke (at) gmail (dot) com . Was placed in ecole elementaire du centre, Lucon. Will live in France for 2008-9 year as well about an hour away if you want to contact me. Hello! This is Morgan Frances Campbell. I will be the teaching assistant in Nantes. [email protected] Amelia Kissick- Primaire in Nantes. [email protected] Jennifer Tompkins [email protected], placed in Challans (45 min SW of Nantes) From Minneapolis MN Hey there!!! Very much excited to have got this opportunity to bathe in the sun, but in France now trying to organise everything for the offer on the other side of the world!?!? learning to love the system... BIZ.... Hugo from Australia [email protected] Paulo - Assistant in Toulon [email protected] Annie- South Carolina- [email protected] Hi I'm Mugdha Pandey from INdia, I'll be teaching at LGT Dumont D'Urville at Toulon, any one who has already worked or is going to work, can contact me at [email protected] Bonjour! My name is *Dominique Patrice Madagwa*, I am from Chicago, Illinois and I will be teaching in Toulon for 9 months at E.E.PU Charles Sandro. ; ) [email protected] Coucou! I've been the English assistant at the Lycée du Golfe de St. Tropez since October. I live in the States (Connecticut)and originally from Colombia/Venezuela. Feel free to e-mail me if you've been assigned to my position for 2009-2010 at [email protected]. My name is Ashley. I'm from Salt Lake City, Utah and will be teaching dans un lycee for 7 months in a city called La Seyne Sur Mer. I would love to talk to and meet other assistants going to the area! [email protected] Hello, my name is Holly. I will be teaching at the IUFM level in Nice. Please email me so we can talk about France! [email protected] Hi, I'm Liz from Philadelphia. I'll be teaching at l'ecole primaire Aubanel in Frejus, and living in the city right next to it, Saint Raphael. wagner.lizzie AT gmail DOT com Hi my name is Rebecca McLaughlin and I'll be in Nice, anyone else who will be there feel free to get in touch at [email protected] *ciao Cledicianne Dorvil [email protected], placed in Nice for the 04-05 school year Alicia feliz ( [email protected]) from Spain will be teaching in Romoramtin ( facebook's groupe : Assistants de langue dans l'academie de Tours-Orléans 2011/2012 ) Meg from Madison, WI, USA. [email protected] A. HUTCHINS from Illinois (WIU). Will be teaching in Nogent-le-Rotrou (Eure et Loir department). Can find me on www.assistantsinfrance.com/forums as AM-Hutchins. Courtney from Chicago/Northwestern. I'll be teaching secondaire for 7 months. Robin from Philadelphia/Portland/Reed. I'll be teaching primaire for 9 months. leogoesrawr AT gmail DOT com Megan from Sydney. Primaire 9 months. [email protected] Ayo from New York City. I will be teaching primaire for 9 months. [email protected] Anna from Eugene/University of Oregon. I'll be teaching primaire for 7 months. Feel free to contact me if you'll be in the area! [email protected] Cody from Dallas, Texas. Will be teaching lycée in Tours. Feel free to contact me! [email protected] Alan Brenner from Bethesda, MD. Email: [email protected] I will be in the tours orleans assistant program starting in october. email if you want to talk or are attending the same academie. salut! [email protected] Emily Pauli from Peoria Heights, IL. E-mail at [email protected] I'll be in the primary school as the main teacher (any class controlling tips?!) in the Tour/Orleans academy. Meredith Birmingham from Canton, OH. Email: [email protected] I'll be in one or more secondary schools! Carey Ostergard from Dallas, TX. Email: [email protected] Salut! I was placed in the Tour/Orleans academie as a primary school teacher. Feel free to Email me anytime- I am excited to talk with other new assistants! Teresa Dunn from Ann Arbor MI - Lycee A. Thierry (Blois) [email protected] Matthew H. Evans - I'll be an assistant in Tours starting in october. I must apologize for not introducing myself to everyone via email, I've just been a bit overwhelmed by everything in my mail box. But my email is [email protected] and i'm on face book. Anna Barker from Seattle, WA - Georges Besse and Lycee A. de Vigny (Loches) [email protected] hello\ fellow assistants. my name is sarah and i'm from chapel hill. next year, i'll be teaching les bebes in/around tours somewhere. to anyone else from caroline du nord or headed to tours-orleans, my email is [email protected] Susan from Boston, Ma. I am teaching ecole secondaire for 7 months. Please e-mail [email protected] we can support each other while out there. Cristina Perez from NYC. I'm teaching primary school in Versailles. E-mail: [email protected]. A bientot! Joy from Michigan, ecole secondaire, academie de Paris, [email protected] Bradley Raven from Atlanta, GA. [email protected] , secondaire contract, also student at Langues'O (INALCO). Hi. My name is Martin. I am german assistant in Paris. I did it also last year. Another assistant website: www.vivre-a-paris.com [1] [email protected] Sarah C: [email protected], primary school teacher in Niort 12 hrs. From Washington State. Laura S: [email protected] 9 mo primairie asst in La Rochelle; originally from Kansas Pamela G: [email protected] 7 month Secondary Assistant in Angouleme. Living and working at the Lycee de l'image et du son (9h) and also working at the College Pierre Bodet (3h). From Scotland, Get In Touch!! Jessica B jessica (dot) badke (at) gmail (dot) com Maitre de langue at the fac de pharmacie et de medecine a Poitiers. Living in Niort Lee D: neuf months primary in La Rochelle, d'Arkansas, leonedavis(at)gmail(dot)com emily B - [email protected] 6 months in college and lycee in St D'Angely. Shannon S: shannon_soesbe(at)hotmail(dot)com 6 month IUFM assistant in Poitiers. From Iowa, USA. Shelly Contact: [email protected] I will be an assistant in Châtellerault (and Lenclôitre, and Mirebeau) in Fall 2006 Trevor Keck from San Diego, Ca. Email: [email protected]; Email if you are in the same area, want to talk about the program/France or if any former assistants have any good advice. Merci. Jessica from NY Email: [email protected] I'd love to hear from other assistants. Kathryn Dean from Louisville, KY (but currently in Tuscaloosa, AL) If you are near me, let me know! [email protected] Bill West (Loveland, CO). I'll be in Poitiers in 2006 - CAN'T WAIT. [email protected] Nadine Peever from Columbus, Georgia. Contact: [email protected] Deborah Klodowski from Pittsburgh PA, Lycée Marc Chagall in Reims. Contact: [email protected] Shillyboy Letsoalo from South Africa (Limpopo, Polokwane), I was an assistant at Lycée Clemenceau for 05-06. This year I'm a lecteur at a university. smlets at yahoo.com Hi, my name's Dave, from the Boston area via the University of Maryland, College Park. I'm going to be at LGT Chrestien de Troyes for 2005-2006. If you want to get in touch, drop me an e-mail at [email protected]. Hi, My name is Shillyboy, and I'm from South Africa. I am an assistant at Lycée Clemenceau for 2005-2006. Anyone who would like to contact me can do so on [email protected] Lauren from Knoxville, TN teaching at LP Coetlogon in Rennes. Contact me at [email protected]. Salut!!!! I am Aditi Gupta from the "INCREDIBLE INDIA",i'll be teaching secondary level at Lycee Ernest Renan,St. Brieuc,feel free to contact me at [email protected] Allison, from St. Louis, MO. I'll be at Lycee Rabelais in Saint Brieuc. Jerrod, from Athens, OH. I'm teaching at Lycée Beaumont in Redon. Yayyyy. Marie, from Halifax, NS, Canada. I'll be teaching in Auray. [email protected] Stefanie, from Washington, DC (by way of NJ and Fordham U). I'll be teaching at Lycée Marcelin Berthélot in Questembert - between Vannes and Redon. [email protected] Yuri Cartier, from California, working at Lycée Descartes, Rennes. Molly from Minneapolis/Memphis (graduate of Indiana University). I'll be teaching secondaire for 7 months in the academy of Rennes - still waiting on specific school/location info. Looking forward to meeting people headed to the region! [email protected] James from Seattle/NYU. I'll be teaching in a lycée in Lanester, a suburb of Lorient, located on the coast directly between Brest and Nantes. I hope other assistants will be nearby! [email protected] Salut! I'm Leah from CT, was a 7 month primaire assistant in Rennes in 04-05 and had the best time ever. This time around, I'll be a 9 month primaire assistant in Vitre, but living in Rennes. So excited!!! For questions or whatever, you can email me at leah.honiberggmail.com Salut! I'm Léna from OH, and I'll be a 7 month secondaire assistant in the Rennes Academie! Email: [email protected] Hi my name is Cynthia and I'll be a primary school assistant for nine months somewhere in the academy of Rennes. I'd like to be in contact with someone else who will be an assistant in the same academy or who has already participated in the program. [email protected] Yuri Cartier, from California, working at Lycée Lesage, Vannes. Hi, I'm Samantha and I live in Vannes (SW Brittany) - I was a primary assistant last year and am hoping to renew my contract this year. Feel free to send me an email at tuck0066 @ yahoo dot com, I can't wait to find out where everyone's been placed! Hi. I'm Allison. I'm going to be teaching somewhere around Renne 05-06. Get in touch with me at [email protected]. I'm from Minneapolis. 2011-2012 Niall Moran from Ireland. I taught in St Leu. Message me at [email protected] Niall Moran from Ireland. I taught in St Leu. Message me at [email protected] Vanessa Lea from Melbourne, Aust. I'll be a primary school assistant for 9 months in one school in St Louis. I worked in Compiegne, France as an au pair a few years ago. If anyone wants to chat about la Reunion or Compiegne, send me an email at vanessa.lea at gmail dot com Hi I'm Kevin. I'm going to be teaching in Ste Clotilde (near st denis) in a lycee and a college. My email is kevingpoconnor at gmail dot com. Rachel Bahn: 2004-2005 Eric from Grand Rapids, MI teaching somewhere in Rouen [email protected] Hi, my name is Neha and I'm from Philadelphia, PA, USA. I'll be teaching English at two schools (collèges) in Le Havre. I would love to hear from anyone and everyone and if anyone ever wants to get together or travel or need a place to stay, please don't hesitate in contacting me at nehahaha {at} gmail {dot} com. Looking forward to hearing from you! Talia from Seattle/Portland. I'll be teaching secondaire (for 7 mo.) at two schools in Darnetal and Canteleu, just outside of Rouen. Totally would love to hook up with other assistants to hang out/travel. [email protected] Glencora from Baton Rouge. I'll be teaching secondaire for 7 mois at two schools in Gisor and Entrepagny, halfway between Paris and Rouen. I would love to chill out with some other assistants to travel with! [email protected] Hi, My name is Conswalia and I've taught in Le Havre. You are welcome to contact me for information and tips. [email protected] Hannah Canel- I will be teaching in Le Havre 2005-06 & 2006-07. email: [email protected] Strasbourg Micah, IUFM, from Louisville KY, but living in Sumoto Japan. [email protected] Katy Alexander from Palo Alto, CA - [email protected] Andie Groves from Topsham, ME andiegroves [@] gmail.com Lycee Alfred Kastler Guebwiller will be in Cairo Egypt next year Anne Griffin-Appadoo from Perth, Australia. [email protected] Lacie Rector from Dallas, TX Email: [email protected] 2011-2012 Rachelle Sorin, 7 months lycee, from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. [email protected] Nandini Devare, 7 months lycee, unknown so far, from Bangalore, India. nandinidevare at yahoo dot com Libby Wilson, 7 months, 2x collège and 1x lycée, Saint-Gaudens. From New Zealand. libby.k8 at gmail.com Sarah Young, 7 months, lycée St. Sernin. From Toronto, Canada. [email protected] Emily Keizer, 7 months, collège - nothing else known so far!, from Grand Haven, MI [email protected] Sarah, 7 months primaire, Gourdon. From Colorado, USA. [email protected] Adrianne, 7 months primaire, Decazeville. From Arizona, USA. [email protected] Sara, 7 months secondaire, Toulouse. Was an assistant in St-Affrique (Aveyron) 2007-2008. From Rochester, NY. [email protected] Taryn, 7 months secondaire, Albi. From Colorado, USA. [email protected]. Katie, 7 months secondaire, Lannemezan. From Philadelphia, USA. [email protected] Laura, 9 months primaire. From Boston/ CT. laureliATgmailDOTcom Sean, 7 months secondaire. From Edmonton AB, Canada. seanhillbilly AT hotmail DOT com Annie, 7 months secondaire. From California, USA. bloomingivory AT yahoo DOT com Taryn, 7 months secondaire, taught in Gourdon. From Colorado, USA. [email protected] Kerri from Chicago- mullen.kerri at gmail.com Emma from Atlanta. I'm teaching in a small town near Tarbes. [email protected] Salut. I'll be in a Lycée in Auch, between Toulouse and Bourdeaux. - andrew.christie at gmail.com Hi, I'm Emma Cooke from New Zealand. Will be in St Gaudens, SW of Toulouse. cookeemma at gmail dot com Toulouse: Emily Brouwer Alison Devine Liz McColloch Lourdes: Jesse Studer Tarbes: Nathan Hamblen Leland Scruby Soledad Rodriguez Ares Rubio Gil Hello, I am Bethany. I hope to hear from any fellow future assistant soon! Contact me at [email protected]. I'm the 1st here, my name is Osvaldo and was an assistant in Lille 2007-2008 (find my info there). I'll be and assistant this year in Versailles, hope to get the info pretty fasta averything looks "cher" if it is near to Paris,go luck! Hi, my name is Iván Tkaczek and I'm an Argentinian student. i'll be at Versailles but I don't know the exact location. Anyway, I'm looking for other people to share somewhere to live. Feel free to contact me at [email protected] Have a nice time!!! I'm Courtney and my email is [email protected]. My blog is eurocourt.blogspot.com. I will be living in Paris and teaching primary in Corbeil Essonnes. I'm Katarina, from Sydney, Australia. My school is Lycee Louis Pastuer in Neuilly Sur Seine. Feel free to contact me at [email protected]. Kristine Hanson from San Francisco, USA. 7 month placement at Jacques Prevert Lycée in Longjumeau. [email protected] Jon Roberts from Denver, Colorado, USA. 9 month placement in Cergy. Adreann Price from California, USA. I have an LP placement at Jean Perrin, in Longjumeau beginning October 1, 2008. Please, past, present and future assistants contact me with any advice or if you would like meet upon arrival in France. I'm in Spain for the month of September getting CELTA certified. Will be in Paris after 9/28/2008. I will live in Paris and commute to my school, anyone who has info or tips about this scenario please do tell. [email protected]. Suzanne O'Donnell from Glasgow Scotland. 7 months placement at LPO Charles Petiet in Villenueve la Garenne, beginning October 1st. Any contact with fellow assistants for years past or present would be much appreciated. [email protected]. Betsy M from Chicago, USA. I have a 9 month primary school placement in Taverny, which is deceptively located north of Paris, but is in the Versailles region. My contract starts Oct. 1, and I'll be arriving shortly before that. I'd actually love to find people to run with. I plan on doing the Paris marathon in April, and any runners out there know some of those training runs can be lonely. email me if you're game! Sophie Kerman from New York, USA. 7 month placement at LGT Montesquieu in Herblay (Val d'Oise). Any contact is definitely appreciated - I don't want to list my email in a public space, but Facebook me and all my contact info is listed. Claire Fong from California. 7 month placement at Lycee EREA Toulouse Lautrec in Vaucresson. [email protected] Kate Maguire-Rosier from Sydney, Aus. 7 months at Lycée Fragonard in l'Isle Adam (Val d'Oise). Plan to live round Gard du Nord and commute out too. Buzzz me- [email protected] Larissa McPhail from Winnipeg, Canada. 7-month placement at Lycée Marie Curie in Sceaux (92). I'm living at the school and am only a few kilometers from Paris. Any info from past or current assistants is always welcome! Facebook me for contact info. Chad, 7 months secondaire. From St. Louis, MO. [email protected] Hi, I'm Marla Zubel from UC Santa Cruz. I will be somewhere within the Academie de Versailles. I would like to find someone to share a room with in Paris so i can afford to commute and eat. It will be my first time in France. I would love to make contact with other assistants before heading over there. [email protected] Denica Beaton from Brooklyn NY , living in the Bay Area (Northern California) 06-07 [email protected] Hi! I'm B. J. McDuffie (I'm a girl btw) and I'll be in the Versaille Academie too! I studied abroad in Paris a couple of years ago and have family in the area, so I have some connections.... I would love to find people to share a flat with! I'm about to graduate from Hunter college in NYC and move back to Iowa for the summer... so the best way to reach me is email: [email protected] Im Becca and am going to be an assistant in Marly-le-Roi starting in October-is anyone else going there? Becca email is [email protected]
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Rick Cook (1944 – January 13, 2022) was an American author of light fantasy novels. His writing includes many computer jokes, and is best enjoyed by those who have a background in computers. Wiz thought about what it would be like to work with a computer that killed the programmer every time it crashed and shuddered. It is a pity the universe doesn't use a segmented architecture with a protected mode! Murphy said, 'Constants aren't', and Murphy was apparently one of the gods of this universe. He deliberately left them out of the code. After all, he rationalized, this is only version 1.0. Programming today is a race between software engineers striving to build bigger and better idiot-proof programs, and the Universe trying to produce bigger and better idiots. So far, the Universe is winning. Judith looked at the demons and shook her head. "I'm glad we didn't build four processors. I'm not sure I could take a barbershop quartet!" Programming is like pinball. The reward for doing it well is the opportunity to do it again. "The question is, is that a bug or a feature?" Karl asked. Always secure your files, you never know who is lurking about. The law of similarity made any map a magical instrument. "What was that?" Jerry asked, peering over the edge. "I think it was a ninja dwarf." Wiz said wonderingly... "We learned dwarves are not meant to fly." came a voice from the edge of the circle. It's how you get rid of cats. You get a 500-pound parakeet and teach it to say, "Here, kitty kitty kitty." Never ask them for an explanation. You only end up worse confused. It's always the details that get you in trouble. The three most dangerous things in the world are a programmer with a soldering iron, a hardware type with a program patch and a user with an idea. As flat as an open can of coke, left on a programmer's desk over the weekend. What happened, get lost in the directory tree again? Wikipedia has an article about: Rick Cook Bibliography on SciFan The Wizardry Capitalized book posted online
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Dickson, T. J., Gray, T., & Mann, K. (2008). Australian outdoor adventure activity benefits catalogue August 2008. University of Canberra, ACT, Australia. (39 pages) Haddock, C. (2007). Education Outside the Classroom (EOTC) Survey: Primary schools report. Ministry of Education, New Zealand. (12 pages) Haddock, C. (2007). Education Outside the Classroom (EOTC) Survey: Secondary schools report. Ministry of Education, New Zealand. (11 pages) Hattie, J. A., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., & Richards, G. E. (1997). Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class experiences that make a lasting difference. Review of Educational Research, 67, 43-87. (45 pages) Martin, P. (2008). Outdoor education in senior schooling: Clarifying the body of knowledge. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 12(1), 13-23. Neill, J. T. (1994). The effect of Outward Bound high school programs on adolescents' self-concept, mental health, and coping strategies. Unpublished honour's thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Neill, J. T. (1997). Outdoor education in the schools: What can it achieve? In Catalysts for Change: 10th National Outdoor Education Conference Proceedings Jan 20-24 (pp. 193-201). Collaroy Beach, Sydney, Australia: The Outdoor Professionals. Neill, J. T. (2008). Enhancing personal effectiveness: Impacts of outdoor education programs. PhD thesis. Sydney: University of Western Sydney. Neill, J. T., & Heubeck, B. (1997). Adolescent coping styles and outdoor education: Searching for the mechanisms of change. In Proceedings: First International Adventure Therapy Conference: Exploring the Boundaries, 1-5 July, Perth, Western Australia (pp. 227-243). Camping and Outdoor Education Association of Western Australia. Rickinson, M., Dillon, J., Teamey, K., Morris, M., Choi M. Y., Sanders, D., & Benefield, P. (2004, March). A review of research on outdoor learning. Shrewsbury, UK: National Foundation for Educational Research and King's College London. (5 page summary)
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Resources: slides on JavaScript slides on jQuery JavaScript tutorials on w3schools.com JavaScript references on w3schools.com JQuery tutorials on w3schools.com JQuery references on w3schools.com jsfiddle JQuery JavaScript: Understanding the Weird Parts - The First 3.5 Hours JavaScript is a scripting language. When attached to a webpage (HTML) it is interpreted by a web browser and can be used to manipulate the webpage by responding to various events. Traditionally JavaScript runs on the client site to create dynamic behaviors, such as form validation, to make a page more interactive. Recently JavaScript is increasingly being used to make asynchronous web requests (ajax) and handle web requests on the server (node.js). Hello world A JavaScript program is a plaintext file with JavaScript code. When the script file (code) is loaded a JavaScript interpreter parses statements in the file sequentially and carry out the operations. If a statement defines a function the interpreter remembers the definition and only executes the function when it is called. The following JavaScript code defines one function, which uses the alert() function to say "Hello". When the script is loaded it executes one statement, which invokes the sayHello() function, and then it executes what is in the function definition. function sayHello(){ alert("Hello! "); } sayHello(); A client-side JavaScript file is always attached to an HTML file, which allows the script access to the object (DOM) that represents the page. Often times the first thing we do in the script is to attached functions to the page elements to handle various events. The following HTML code defines a button and includes a demo.js to make the page interactive by handling events. Say Hello The demo.js file has the following content. window.onload = function(){ document.getElementById("say_hello").onclick = sayHello; }; function sayHello(){ alert("Hello! "); } In the script the implicit window object is used to attached a event handler to the onload event, which takes place when whole web page finishes loading. The event handler is defined as an anonymous function, which is fine because the function is only referenced once. In the function we use the implicit document object (representing the page) to find the button object by its ID and attached the sayHello() function to handle the button's click event. Note that the first three lines of code is a single statement, which is why it needs to be terminated with ";". The anonymous function is not executed till the whole page is loaded and the sayHello() function is not executed till the button is clicked. We have to wait for the page to finish loading before we can attached event handlers to page elements because the elements have to exist before we can reference them. The script can be included in the HTML directly as follows. This is OK, but it doesn't cleanly separate the content (HTML) and the behavior (JavaScript) and hinders code reuse (you can not use the script on other pages). I will use this style in future examples because the code stay in one file in compact form. Say Hello The "document" in the previous example points to a DOM (Document Object Model) object that represents the webpage. In fact, before a browser draws a page on the screen it has to download the HTML code that defines the page, and then constructs a DOM object in memory for the page. So the DOM object for a page is the underlying data structure for rendered page on the screen. We can modify the page on screen by changing its DOM object, for example modifying the content or the style of an element, adding a new element, and removing an element. In the next example we say hello by changing the content of a paragraph instead of using a popup window, which can be disturbing. The paragraph element has property called innerHTML representing its content. We can change this property to change the content of the paragraph on the web page. Say Hello In addition to the onclick event there are many other events we can choose to handle. Most of the events are triggered by user actions. Sometimes we want to programmatically trigger a event with a delay or periodically. The following example uses a timer to delay the calling of a function. The setTimout() function takes two parameters: the first one is the name of function we want to call when the timer expires and the second parameter specifies the delay in milliseconds. 5 Start It would be more interesting to animate the count down on the page, which means we need to update the content of the paragraph periodically. We can set the timer with an interval and clear it when the count reaches zero. This idea is demonstrated in the next example. Start We can build a complete stop watch using this idea. 00:00 reset start jQuery is a JavaScript library that extends the features of "native" JavaScript. It is the most popular JavaScript library because it simplifies DOM manipulation, allows element selection via CSS selector, addresses browser incompatibility issues, offers functional programming abilities (map an operation to a set of elements), offers method chaining by returning the caller object from most functions. Simple syntax rules can be found at basics statements Common utility methods include string methods array methods math methods date/time methods regular expression Some interesting constructs include: for each loop toArray() method method chaining $(function () { //code here }); is a shorthand expression for $(document).ready(function(){ //code here }); Any code that depends on a fully loaded page needs to go into this function. The following is called a immediate function that run immediately without waiting for the document to become ready: a function is defined and called upon in a single statement. (function($){ //code here })(jQuery); jQuery provides a much richer API for selecting HTML elements in almost all possible ways you can imagine. Most selectors are described at http://www.w3schools.com/jquery/jquery_selectors.asp and you can find a comprehensive demo at http://www.w3schools.com/jquery/trysel.asp A jQuery selector finds/selects a number of HTML elements, on which we can apply operations. jQuery makes DOM manipulation easier by providing a rich set of methods we can use. The following are the main categories of such methods: get contents and attributes: with multiple elements selected the method concatenate the contents/attributes and return a single string. set contents and attributes: we can set the same value to all selected elements or use a callback function to set different values based on the indices of the elements in the selected elements. add new contents or elements: the $('') method can create an element with any tag name. remove contents or elements: a selector can be used to filter the elements to be removed. The following example generates a new square (div) and added to a parent container when the button is clicked. add square The ideal way to manipulate style information is to define CSS classes and change the styles of elements by adding them to a class or remove them from a class: get and set CSS classes. jQuery also provides a general-purpose .css() function for manipulating individual CSS properties directly: css() method. When the css() method is called with one parameter, it gets a property with the same name as the parameter. When it is called with two parameters, it sets the property with the value as the second parameter. When the css() method is called on a set of selected elements it behaves differently depending on whether it is a get or a set: get returns the property value of the FIRST selected/matched element and set changes the property values of ALL selected elements. jQuery is designed to respond to all kinds of events on an HTML page. events event methods and attributes The following effects can be achieved using jQuery: hide and show fade sliding animation jQuery UI is a collection of GUI widgets built with jQuery, HTML, and CSS. A getting started guide can be found on jQuery learning center.
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Friday, June 27, 2008 The United States claim to have killed the head of al-Qaida in Iraq along with two other insurgents in a Tuesday gun battle in Mosul. The man, who an official military statement identified only by his nickname of 'Abu Khalaf', was described by US forces as the "emir" of terror in Mosul, al-Qaida's last Iraqi stronghold. The statement identified one of the others by the nickname of 'Abu Khalud' and said he was a Syrian, while the third was said to be an unnamed woman shot while attempting to detonate an explosive belt attached to a killed colleague. The States also claim that Khalaf had been one of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's deputies. Al-Zarqawi, the former leader of al-Qaida in Iraq, was killed by a US air strike in 2006 in Diyala. Khalaf is said by the US military to have arranged many attacks in Iraq. All three militants were shot during a raid on a building by US forces. The move is part of an effort to drive al-Qaida from Mosul. The programme began last month. "Key Iraqi al-Qaeda figure 'dead'" — BBC News Online, June 27, 2008 "US says top Al-Qaeda figure killed" — Washington Post, June 26, 2008
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ESC stands for "Electronic Speed Control". These are found in remote control aircraft that need to spin their motors at different speeds. Someone who has loaded the arduino IDE, blinked pin 13 and has a speed controller plus a motor and power supply. Motor, ESC, arduino and Potentiometer mounted on a board. Wire up everything, download knob arduino example program, and turn Potentiometer knob to start, stop and change motor speed. Do not attach propeller and try to fly immediately the propeller can cut your finger off It can cut wires and destroy equipment The can above the wires spins, there is a piece on the bottom that spins, a brushless outrunner motor can start up at any time Everything mounted on a board, propeller off, power disconnected, the most safe Step: The DC brushless outrunner motor spins practially everything that one could touch, it comes with mounting brackets that need to be screwed into some wood. Sometimes a hole needs to be dug into the wood. Step: The wires will break inside the ESC and ruin it if the ESC is left dangling. Mount the ESC on some wood. Step: The arduino has holes in it to mount it on wood Step: The Potentiometer will have be mounted so that one hand can be used to control the motor speed separate red and black wires going to the right power the ESC and motor another ESC showing separate red and black wires going to the right that power the ESC and motor Power to both ESC's is not connected to a battery in this picture power is flowing from the ESC through the orange wires to the pot, and from the pot's outside green wires to the arduino this shows arduino ground connected to the ESC for reference purposes, Arduino is not getting power from the ESC shows power coming in the greenand orange lines from right side of picture Step: Find thick red and black wires that supply power to the ESC Step: Leave the ESC disconnected from power to prevent motor accidentally starting up Step: Find bundle of two or three thick wires that power the motor Step: Leave motor disconnected unless it is in use, motors have randomly started before and scared everyone Step: Find the bundle of three tiny wires glued together attached to the ESC: (brown is ground, red is power out, orange is data in) Step: Connect the three tiny wires to the arduino: orange goes to a pwm digital pin, brown to ground and red to Vin. The ESC handles the most dangerous current that flows through it to the motor. Hook the motor up first and then power to the ESC. power is flowing from the ESC through the orange wires to the pot, and from the pot's outside green wires to the arduino the middle wire goes to analog 0, the brown wire from the ESC bounces off the pot and goes to ground, the red wire from the ESC bounces off the pot and goes to Vin Step: Find a pot, solder a pair of solid wires to the outside terminals of the pot, and one wire to the center Step: run the center wire to arduino analog 0, and the pot edges to GND and Vin Step: connect the other wires to the ESC connector so that red goes to Vin and brown goes to GND Wire color varies between ESCs, here are some common colors and functions (note that because both power and control may have the same voltage on some ESCs they may be interchangeable): Power/Positive Voltage -> Red Ground -> Black, Brown Control -> White, Orange Connect power to the ESC and: listen to a chirp noise from the ESC, this means it has powered on and found the motor watch the motor, it may twitch when initially powering on, this is the ESC using back EMF to figure out which way the motor is going to rotate look at the LED's on the arduino to make sure it is alive Various ESC's and motors are going to behave slightly different. Some may not chirp or twitch their motor. Try to find the Manual. The trouble is most manuals document how to use a remote control and remote receiver connected to the ESC rather than just how the ESC itself works. After looking through several ESC manuals it appears that the power on step sequence (maximum) could be: power on spin determine number of cells in the lipo choose the braking system These steps require fiddling. So here is some background: ESCs require pulses to be sent to them 50 times a second or 50 Hz. Pulses can have different widths: from about 0.5 ms to 2.5 ms (millisecond). A sequence of various pulse widths, timed pauses and then new pulse widths causes the motor to move and change speed. The exact sequence is usually not documented The reason for the potentiometer is to vary the pulse width and pauses. Just start wiggling the potentiometer back and forth. The ESC may chirp two times or three times, or try to communicate with you in morse code. Who knows. Step Download the knob program into the arduino Wiggle potentiometer. ← Software Install Arduino Analog output →
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d c d t = ∇ c ⋅ v → + ∂ c ∂ t {\displaystyle {\frac {dc}{dt}}=\nabla c\cdot {\overrightarrow {v}}+{\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}} v → ( r → ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v}}({\overrightarrow {r}})} : Velocity c ( r → , t ) {\displaystyle c({\overrightarrow {r}},t)} : Time-Dependent Field Rate of accumulation is the negative of the divergence of the flux of the quantity plus the rate of production ∂ c i ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ J i → + ρ i ̇ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c_{i}}{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}+{\dot {\rho _{i}}}} ρ i ̇ ( r → ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\rho _{i}}}({\overrightarrow {r}})} : Rate of production of the density of i {\displaystyle i} in Δ V {\displaystyle \Delta V} ∇ ⋅ J i → {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}} : The divergence of J i → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}} M i ̇ = ∫ Δ V − ∇ ⋅ J i → + ρ i ̇ d x {\displaystyle {\dot {M_{i}}}=\int _{\Delta V}-\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}+{\dot {\rho _{i}}}\,dx} M i ̇ {\displaystyle {\dot {M_{i}}}} : Rate at which i {\displaystyle i} flows through area Δ A → {\displaystyle \Delta {\overrightarrow {A}}} ∫ B ( Δ V ) J → ⋅ n ̇ d A = ∫ Δ V ∇ ⋅ J → d V {\displaystyle \int _{\mathrm {B} (\Delta V)}{\overrightarrow {J}}\cdot {\dot {n}}\,dA=\int _{\Delta V}\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J}}\,dV} B ( Δ V ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {B} (\Delta V)} : Oriented surface around a volume M 11 x 1 + M 12 x 2 + ⋯ + M 1 n x n = y 1 M 21 x 1 + M 22 x 2 + ⋯ + M 2 n x n = y 2 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ M m 1 x 1 + M m 2 x 2 + ⋯ + M m n x n = y m {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{7}M_{11}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&M_{12}x_{2}&&\;+\cdots +\;&&M_{1n}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&y_{1}\\M_{21}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&M_{22}x_{2}&&\;+\cdots +\;&&M_{2n}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&y_{2}\\\vdots \;\;\;&&&&\vdots \;\;\;&&&&\vdots \;\;\;&&&&&\;\vdots \\M_{m1}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&M_{m2}x_{2}&&\;+\cdots +\;&&M_{mn}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&y_{m}\\\end{alignedat}}} The vector equation is equivalent to a matrix equation of the form M x = y {\displaystyle M\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {y} } where M is an m×n matrix, x is a column vector with n entries, and y is a column vector with m entries. M = [ M 11 M 12 ⋯ M 1 n M 21 M 22 ⋯ M 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ M m 1 M m 2 ⋯ M m n ] , x = [ x 1 x 2 ⋮ x n ] , y = [ y 1 y 2 ⋮ y m ] {\displaystyle M={\begin{bmatrix}M_{11}&M_{12}&\cdots &M_{1n}\\M_{21}&M_{22}&\cdots &M_{2n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\M_{m1}&M_{m2}&\cdots &M_{mn}\end{bmatrix}},\quad \mathbf {x} ={\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}\\x_{2}\\\vdots \\x_{n}\end{bmatrix}},\quad \mathbf {y} ={\begin{bmatrix}y_{1}\\y_{2}\\\vdots \\y_{m}\end{bmatrix}}} M _ e → = λ e → {\displaystyle {\underline {M}}{\overrightarrow {e}}=\lambda {\overrightarrow {e}}} M _ {\displaystyle {\underline {M}}} : n x n {\displaystyle nxn} square matrix or tensor e → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {e}}} : eigenvector (special vector) λ {\displaystyle \lambda } : eigenvalue (special scalar multiplier) [ diagonalized matrix ] = [ eigenvector column matrix ] − 1 [ square matrix ] [ eigenvector column matrix ] {\displaystyle \left[{\mbox{diagonalized matrix}}\right]=\left[{\mbox{eigenvector column matrix}}\right]^{-1}\left[{\mbox{square matrix}}\right]\left[{\mbox{eigenvector column matrix}}\right]} T d S = d u − ∑ j Ψ j d ζ j {\displaystyle TdS=du-\sum _{j}\Psi _{j}d\zeta _{j}\;} ∑ j Ψ j d ζ j = − P d v + φ d q + γ d A + μ 1 d c 1 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{j}\Psi _{j}d\zeta _{j}=-Pdv+\phi dq+\gamma dA+\mu _{1}dc_{1}+\cdots \;} T σ ̇ = − J Q → T ⋅ ∇ T − ∑ j J i → ⋅ ∇ Ψ j {\displaystyle T{\dot {\sigma }}=-{\frac {\overrightarrow {J_{Q}}}{T}}\cdot \nabla T-\sum _{j}{\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}\cdot \nabla \Psi _{j}} σ ̇ {\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}} : Rate of entropy-density creation J Q → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{Q}}}} : Flux of heat J i → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}} : Conjugate force ∇ Ψ j {\displaystyle \nabla \Psi _{j}} : Conjugate flux J Q → = − K ∇ T {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{Q}}}=-K\nabla T} J i → = − M i c i ∇ μ i {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{i}}}=-M_{i}c_{i}\nabla \mu _{i}} J q → = − ρ ∇ φ {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{q}}}=-\rho \nabla \phi } The local generation of entropy, σ ̇ {\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}} is nonnegative σ ̇ = ∂ s ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ J Q → ≥ 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}={\frac {\partial s}{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J_{Q}}}\geq 0} ∂ J Q ∂ F Q F Q + ∂ J Q ∂ F q F q + ⋯ + ∂ J Q ∂ F N c F N c = J Q ( F Q , F q , F 1 , F 2 , . . . , F N c ) ∂ J q ∂ F Q F Q + ∂ J q ∂ F q F q + ⋯ + ∂ J q ∂ F N c F N c = J q ( F Q , F q , F 1 , F 2 , . . . , F N c ) ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ∂ J N c ∂ F Q F Q + ∂ J N c ∂ F q F q + ⋯ + ∂ J N c ∂ F N c F N c = J N c ( F Q , F q , F 1 , F 2 , . . . , F N c ) {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{7}{\frac {\partial J_{Q}}{\partial F_{Q}}}F_{Q}&&\;+\;&&{\frac {\partial J_{Q}}{\partial F_{q}}}F_{q}&&\;+\cdots +\;&&{\frac {\partial J_{Q}}{\partial F_{N_{c}}}}F_{N_{c}}&&\;=\;&&&J_{Q}(F_{Q},F_{q},F_{1},F_{2},...,F_{N_{c}})\\{\frac {\partial J_{q}}{\partial F_{Q}}}F_{Q}&&\;+\;&&{\frac {\partial J_{q}}{\partial F_{q}}}F_{q}&&\;+\cdots +\;&&{\frac {\partial J_{q}}{\partial F_{N_{c}}}}F_{N_{c}}&&\;=\;&&&J_{q}(F_{Q},F_{q},F_{1},F_{2},...,F_{N_{c}})\\\vdots \;\;\;&&&&\vdots \;\;\;&&&&\vdots \;\;\;&&&&&\;\vdots \\{\frac {\partial J_{N_{c}}}{\partial F_{Q}}}F_{Q}&&\;+\;&&{\frac {\partial J_{N_{c}}}{\partial F_{q}}}F_{q}&&\;+\cdots +\;&&{\frac {\partial J_{N_{c}}}{\partial F_{N_{c}}}}F_{N_{c}}&&\;=\;&&&J_{N_{c}}(F_{Q},F_{q},F_{1},F_{2},...,F_{N_{c}})\\\end{alignedat}}} Abbreviated form: J α = ∑ β L α β F β {\displaystyle J_{\alpha }=\sum _{\beta }L_{\alpha \beta }F_{\beta }\;} L α β = ∂ J α ∂ F β {\displaystyle L_{\alpha \beta }={\frac {\partial J_{\alpha }}{\partial F_{\beta }}}} T d S = d u + d w − ∑ i = 1 N c − 1 ( μ i − μ N c ) d c i {\displaystyle TdS=du+dw-\sum _{i=1}^{N_{c}-1}\left(\mu _{i}-\mu _{N_{c}}\right)dc_{i}} F i → = − ∇ ( μ i − μ N c ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {F_{i}}}=-\nabla \left(\mu _{i}-\mu _{N_{c}}\right)} F 1 → = − ∇ Φ 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}=-\nabla \Phi _{1}} L α β = L β α {\displaystyle L_{\alpha \beta }=L_{\beta \alpha }\;} ∂ J α ∂ F β = ∂ J β ∂ F α {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial J_{\alpha }}{\partial F_{\beta }}}={\frac {\partial J_{\beta }}{\partial F_{\alpha }}}} Components diffuse in chemically homogeneous material Diffusion measured with radioactive tracer Fick's law flux equation derived when self-diffusion occurs by the vacancy-exchange mechanism. The crystal is network-constrained There are three components: Inert atoms Radioactive atoms Vacancies C-frame: single reference frame Vacancies assumed to be in equilibrium throughout Raoultian behavior J ∗ 1 C = − k T [ L 11 c 1 − L 1 ∗ 1 c ∗ 1 ] ∂ c ∗ 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{^{*}1}^{C}=-kT\left[{\frac {L_{11}}{c_{1}}}-{\frac {L_{1^{*}1}}{c_{^{*}1}}}\right]{\frac {\partial c_{^{*}1}}{\partial x}}} J ∗ 1 C = − ∗ D ∂ c ∗ 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{^{*}1}^{C}=-^{*}D{\frac {\partial c_{^{*}1}}{\partial x}}} J ∗ 1 C = − k T [ L 11 c 1 − L 1 ∗ 1 c ∗ 1 ] ∂ c ∗ 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{^{*}1}^{C}=-kT\left[{\frac {L_{11}}{c_{1}}}-{\frac {L_{1^{*}1}}{c_{^{*}1}}}\right]{\frac {\partial c_{^{*}1}}{\partial x}}} J ∗ 1 C = − ∗ D 1 ∂ c ∗ 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{^{*}1}^{C}=-^{*}D_{1}{\frac {\partial c_{^{*}1}}{\partial x}}} Constraint associated with vacancy mechanism: J 1 c → + J 2 c → + J v c → = 0 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}+{\overrightarrow {J_{2}^{c}}}+{\overrightarrow {J_{v}^{c}}}=0} Difference in fluxes of the two substitutional species requires net flux of vacancies. Gibbs-Duhem relation: c 1 ∂ μ 1 ∂ x + c 2 ∂ μ 2 ∂ x + c v ∂ μ v ∂ x {\displaystyle c_{1}{\frac {\partial \mu _{1}}{\partial x}}+c_{2}{\frac {\partial \mu _{2}}{\partial x}}+c_{v}{\frac {\partial \mu _{v}}{\partial x}}} Chemical potential gradients related to concentration gradients: μ i = μ i ∘ + k T ln ( γ i < Ω > c i ) {\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+kT\ln(\gamma _{i}<\Omega >c_{i})} Flux is proportional to the concentration gradient J 1 c = − k T [ L 11 c 1 − L 12 c 2 ] [ 1 + ∂ ln γ 1 ∂ ln c 1 + ∂ ln < Ω > ∂ ln c 1 ] ∂ c 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{1}^{c}=-kT\left[{\frac {L_{11}}{c_{1}}}-{\frac {L_{12}}{c_{2}}}\right]\left[1+{\frac {\partial \ln \gamma _{1}}{\partial \ln c_{1}}}+{\frac {\partial \ln <\Omega >}{\partial \ln c_{1}}}\right]{\frac {\partial c_{1}}{\partial x}}} J 1 c = − D 1 ∂ c 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{1}^{c}=-D_{1}{\frac {\partial c_{1}}{\partial x}}} Assumptions that simplify D 1 {\displaystyle D_{1}\;} Concentration-independent average site volume < Ω > {\displaystyle <\Omega >\;} The coupling (off-diagonal) terms, L 12 / c 2 {\displaystyle L_{12}/c_{2}\;} and L 1 ∗ 1 / c ∗ 1 {\displaystyle L_{1^{*}1}/c_{^{*}1}\;} , are small compared with the direct term L 11 / c 2 {\displaystyle L_{11}/c_{2}\;} D 1 ≈ [ 1 + ∂ ln γ 1 ∂ ln c 1 ] ∗ D 1 {\displaystyle D_{1}\approx \left[1+{\frac {\partial \ln \gamma _{1}}{\partial \ln c_{1}}}\right]{}^{*}D_{1}} Velocity of a local C-frame with respect to the V-frame: velocity of any inert marker with respect to the V-frame Flux of 1 in the V-frame: J 1 v = − [ c 1 Ω 1 D 2 + c 2 + Ω 2 D 1 ] ∂ c 1 ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{1}^{v}=-[c_{1}\Omega _{1}D_{2}+c_{2}+\Omega _{2}D_{1}]{\frac {\partial c_{1}}{\partial x}}} The interdiffusivity, c 1 Ω 1 D 2 + c 2 + Ω 2 D 1 {\displaystyle c_{1}\Omega _{1}D_{2}+c_{2}+\Omega _{2}D_{1}\;} , can be simplified through Ω 1 = Ω 2 =< Ω > {\displaystyle \Omega _{1}=\Omega _{2}=<\Omega >\;} The L-frame and the V-frame are the same J 1 c → = L 11 F 1 → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}=L_{11}{\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}} J 1 c → = − L 11 ∇ Φ 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}=-L_{11}\nabla \Phi _{1}} J 1 c → = − L 11 ∇ μ 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}=-L_{11}\nabla \mu _{1}} μ 1 = μ 1 ∘ + k T ln ( K 1 c 1 ) {\displaystyle \mu _{1}=\mu _{1}^{\circ }+kT\ln(K_{1}c_{1})} ∇ μ 1 = k T c 1 ∇ c 1 {\displaystyle \nabla \mu _{1}={\frac {kT}{c_{1}}}\nabla c_{1}} J 1 c → = − L 11 k T c 1 ∇ c 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}=-L_{11}{\frac {kT}{c_{1}}}\nabla c_{1}} Evaluate L 11 {\displaystyle L_{11}} by substitution of interstitial mobility, M 1 {\displaystyle M_{1}} v 1 c → = − M 1 ∇ μ 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v_{1}^{c}}}=-M_{1}\nabla \mu _{1}} v 1 c → = − M 1 k T c 1 ∇ c 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v_{1}^{c}}}={\frac {-M_{1}kT}{c_{1}}}\nabla c_{1}} J 1 c → = v 1 c → c 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}={\overrightarrow {v_{1}^{c}}}c_{1}} J 1 c → = − M 1 k T ∇ c 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}^{c}}}=-M_{1}kT\nabla c_{1}} J 1 → = L 11 F 1 → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=L_{11}{\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}} J 1 → = − L 11 ∇ Φ 1 {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-L_{11}\nabla \Phi _{1}} J 1 → = − L 11 ∇ ( μ 1 + q 1 φ ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-L_{11}\nabla (\mu _{1}+q_{1}\phi )} J 1 → = − D 1 ∇ c 1 − D 1 c 1 q 1 k T ∇ ( φ ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-D_{1}\nabla c_{1}-{\frac {D_{1}c_{1}q_{1}}{kT}}\nabla (\phi )} E → = − ∇ φ {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E}}=-\nabla \phi \;} : Electric field Absence of concentration gradient: J q → = q 1 J 1 → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{q}}}=q_{1}{\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}} J q → = − D 1 c 1 q 1 2 k T ∇ ( φ ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{q}}}=-{\frac {D_{1}c_{1}q_{1}^{2}}{kT}}\nabla (\phi )} Electrical conductivity: ρ = D 1 c 1 q 1 2 k T {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {D_{1}c_{1}q_{1}^{2}}{kT}}} Two fluxes when electric field is applied to a dilute solution of interstitial atoms in metal J q {\displaystyle J_{q}\;} : Flux of conjuction electrons J 1 {\displaystyle J_{1}\;} : Flux of interstitials F q = E {\displaystyle F_{q}=E\;} F q = − ∇ φ {\displaystyle F_{q}=-\nabla \phi } J 1 → = − L 11 ∇ μ 1 + L 1 q E → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-L_{11}\nabla \mu _{1}+L_{1q}{\overrightarrow {E}}} J 1 → = − D 1 ( ∇ c 1 − c 1 β k T E → ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-D_{1}\left(\nabla c_{1}-{\frac {c_{1}\beta }{kT}}{\overrightarrow {E}}\right)} Interstitial flux with thermal gradient where both heat flow and mass diffusion of interstitial component occurs: J 1 → = − L 11 ∇ μ 1 − L 1 q T ∇ T {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-L_{11}\nabla \mu _{1}-{\frac {L_{1q}}{T}}\nabla T} J 1 → = − D 1 ∇ c 1 − D 1 c 1 Q 1 trans k T 2 ∇ T {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{1}}}=-D_{1}\nabla c_{1}-{\frac {D_{1}c_{1}Q_{1}^{\mbox{trans}}}{kT^{2}}}\nabla T} The system consists of two network-constrained components: Host atoms Vacancies No mass flow within the crystal (the crystal C-frame is also the V-frame) Constant temperature and no electric field J A → = L A A F A → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{A}}}=L_{AA}{\overrightarrow {F_{A}}}} J A → = − L A A ∇ Φ A {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{A}}}=-L_{AA}\nabla \Phi _{A}} J A → = − L A A ∇ ( μ A − μ v ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{A}}}=-L_{AA}\nabla (\mu _{A}-\mu _{v})} J V → = − J A → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J_{V}}}=-{\overrightarrow {J_{A}}}} ∂ c ∂ t = n ̇ − ∇ ⋅ J → {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}={\dot {n}}-\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J}}} n ̇ {\displaystyle {\dot {n}}} : source or sink term J → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J}}} : any flux in a V-frame ∂ c ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ J → {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J}}} ∂ c ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( D ∇ c ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot (D\nabla c)} ∂ c ∂ t = D o ∇ 2 c {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=D_{o}\nabla ^{2}c} ∂ h ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ J Q → {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial h}{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J_{Q}}}} c P ∂ T ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ ( − K ∇ T ) {\displaystyle c_{P}{\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot (-K\nabla T)} ∂ T ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( K c P ∇ T ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot \left({\frac {K}{c_{P}}}\nabla T\right)} ∇ ⋅ ( κ ∇ T ) {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\kappa \nabla T)} h {\displaystyle h\;} : enthalpy density c P {\displaystyle c_{P}\;} : heat capacity K / c p = κ {\displaystyle K/c_{p}=\kappa \;} : thermal diffusivity ∂ c ∂ t = D ∇ 2 c {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=D\nabla ^{2}c} c ( x , t ) = c ̄ + Δ c 2 erf ( x 4 D t ) {\displaystyle c(x,t)={\bar {c}}+{\frac {\Delta c}{2}}{\mbox{erf}}\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {4Dt}}}\right)} c ( x , t ) = c o Δ x 4 π D t e − x 2 / ( 4 D t ) {\displaystyle c(x,t)={\frac {c_{o}\Delta x}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}e^{-x^{2}/(4Dt)}} c ( x , t ) = n d 4 π D t e − x 2 / ( 4 D t ) {\displaystyle c(x,t)={\frac {n_{d}}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}e^{-x^{2}/(4Dt)}} Source strength, n d = ∫ − ∞ ∞ c ( x ) d x {\displaystyle n_{d}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }c(x)dx} ∂ c ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ [ D ( c ) ∇ c ] {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot [D(c)\nabla c]} Interdiffusivity: D ( c 1 ) = − 1 2 τ d x d c 1 ∫ c 1 R c 1 x ( c ′ ) d c ′ {\displaystyle D(c_{1})=-{\frac {1}{2\tau }}{\frac {dx}{dc_{1}}}\int _{c_{1}^{R}}^{c_{1}}x(c')dc'} ∂ c ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ [ D ( t ) ∇ c ] {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot [D(t)\nabla c]} ∂ c ∂ t = D ( t ) ∇ 2 c ] {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=D(t)\nabla ^{2}c]} Change of variable: τ D = ∫ 0 t D ( t ′ ) d t ′ {\displaystyle \tau _{D}=\int _{0}^{t}D(t')dt'} Transformed equation: ∂ c ∂ τ D = ∇ 2 c {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial \tau _{D}}}=\nabla ^{2}c} Solution: c ( x , τ D ) = c ̄ + Δ c 2 erf ( x 4 τ D ) {\displaystyle c(x,\tau _{D})={\bar {c}}+{\frac {\Delta c}{2}}{\mbox{erf}}\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {4\tau _{D}}}}\right)} c ( x , t ) = c ̄ + Δ c 2 erf ( x 4 ∫ 0 t D ( t ′ ) d t ′ ) {\displaystyle c(x,t)={\bar {c}}+{\frac {\Delta c}{2}}{\mbox{erf}}\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {4\int _{0}^{t}D(t')dt'}}}\right)} J → = − D ∇ c {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {J}}=-\mathbf {D} \nabla c} The diagonal elements of D ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {D} }}} are the eigenvalues of D {\displaystyle \mathbf {D} } , and the coordinate system of D ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {D} }}} defines the principal axes. ∂ c ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ J → {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot {\overrightarrow {J}}} ∂ c ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ D ^ ∇ c {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial c}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot {\hat {\mathbf {D} }}\nabla c} Relation of D {\displaystyle \mathbf {D} } and D ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {D} }}} : D ^ = R _ D R _ − 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {D} }}={\underline {R}}\mathbf {D} {\underline {R}}^{-1}} ∇ 2 c = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}c=0} J = − D d c d x {\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {dc}{dx}}} J = D c 0 − c L L {\displaystyle J=D{\frac {c^{0}-c^{L}}{L}}} Laplacian Operator: ∇ 2 c = 1 r ∂ ∂ r ( r ∂ c ∂ r ) + 1 r 2 ∂ 2 c ∂ θ 2 + ∂ 2 c ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}c={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r{\frac {\partial c}{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}c}{\partial \theta ^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}c}{\partial x^{2}}}} Integrate Twice and Apply the Boundary Conditions: c ( r ) = c in − c in − c out ln ( r out / r in ) ln ( r r in ) {\displaystyle c(r)=c^{\mbox{in}}-{\frac {c^{\mbox{in}}-c^{\mbox{out}}}{\ln(r^{\mbox{out}}/r^{\mbox{in}})}}\ln \left({\frac {r}{r^{\mbox{in}}}}\right)} Laplacian operator in spherical coordinates ∇ 2 c = 1 r 2 [ ∂ ∂ r ( r 2 ∂ c ∂ r ) + 1 sin θ ∂ ∂ θ ( sin θ ∂ c ∂ θ ) + 1 sin 2 θ ∂ 2 c ∂ φ 2 ] {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}c={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial c}{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{\sin {\theta }}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(\sin \theta {\frac {\partial c}{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}{\frac {\partial ^{2}c}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}\right]} Steady-state conditions D {\displaystyle D} varies with position ∂ ⋅ ( D ∇ c ) = 0 {\displaystyle \partial \cdot (D\nabla c)=0} Solution is obtained by integration: c ( x ) = c ( x 1 ) + a 1 ∫ x 1 x d ζ D ( ζ ) {\displaystyle c(x)=c(x_{1})+a_{1}\int _{x_{1}}^{x}{\frac {d\zeta }{D(\zeta )}}} c ( x , y , z , t ) = n d x 4 π D t e − x 2 / ( 4 D t ) × n d y 4 π D t e − y 2 / ( 4 D t ) × n d z 4 π D t e − z 2 / ( 4 D t ) {\displaystyle c(x,y,z,t)={\frac {n_{d_{x}}}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}e^{-x^{2}/(4Dt)}\times {\frac {n_{d_{y}}}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}e^{-y^{2}/(4Dt)}\times {\frac {n_{d_{z}}}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}e^{-z^{2}/(4Dt)}} Uniform distribution of point, line, or plana source placed along x > 0 {\displaystyle x>0} Contribution at a general position x {\displaystyle x} from the source: c ζ ( x , t ) = c o d ζ 4 π D t e − ( ζ − x ) 2 / ( 4 D t ) {\displaystyle c_{\zeta }(x,t)={\frac {c_{o}d\zeta }{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}e^{-(\zeta -x)^{2}/(4Dt)}} Integral over all sources: c ( x , t ) = c o 4 π D t ∫ 0 ∞ e − ( ζ − x ) 2 / ( 4 D t ) d ζ {\displaystyle c(x,t)={\frac {c_{o}}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-(\zeta -x)^{2}/(4Dt)}d\zeta } c ( x , t ) = c o 2 + c o 2 erf ( x 2 D t ) {\displaystyle c(x,t)={\frac {c_{o}}{2}}+{\frac {c_{o}}{2}}{\mbox{erf}}\left({\frac {x}{2{\sqrt {Dt}}}}\right)} System : Three Dimensions, ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)} Equation : d c d t = D ∇ 2 c {\displaystyle {\frac {dc}{dt}}=D\nabla ^{2}c} Solution : c ( r , θ , z , t ) = R ( r ) Θ ( θ ) Z ( z ) T ( t ) {\displaystyle c(r,\theta ,z,t)=R(r)\Theta (\theta )Z(z)T(t)\;} Laplace transform of a function f ( x , t ) {\displaystyle f(x,t)\;} L { f ( x , t ) } = f ^ ( x , p ) {\displaystyle L\{f(x,t)\}={\hat {f}}(x,p)} L { f ( x , t ) } = ∫ 0 ∞ e − p t f ( x , t ) d t {\displaystyle L\{f(x,t)\}=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-pt}f(x,t)dt} T ′ = k T 2 π m 1 L well e − ( E A − E well ) / ( k T ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {T} '={\sqrt {\frac {kT}{2\pi m}}}{\frac {1}{L^{\mbox{well}}}}e^{-(E^{A}-E^{\mbox{well}})/(kT)}} T ′ = k T 2 π m 1 L well e − ( E m ) / ( k T ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {T} '={\sqrt {\frac {kT}{2\pi m}}}{\frac {1}{L^{\mbox{well}}}}e^{-(E^{m})/(kT)}} T ′ = 1 2 π β m e − ( E A − E well ) / ( k T ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {T} '={\frac {1}{2\pi }}{\sqrt {\frac {\beta }{m}}}e^{-(E^{A}-E^{\mbox{well}})/(kT)}} T ′ = ν e − E m / ( k T ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {T} '=\nu e^{-E^{m}/(kT)}} T ′ = ν e − G m / ( k T ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {T} '=\nu e^{-G^{m}/(kT)}} < R 2 ( N τ ) >= N τ < r 2 > + 2 < ( ∑ j = 1 N τ − 1 ∑ i = 1 N τ − j | r i → | | r → i + j | cos θ i , i + j > {\displaystyle =N_{\tau }+2<(\sum _{j=1}^{N_{\tau }-1}\sum _{i=1}^{N_{\tau -j}}|{\overrightarrow {r_{i}}}||{\overrightarrow {r}}_{i+j}|\cos \theta _{i,i+j}>} < R 2 ( τ ) >= 6 D τ {\displaystyle =6D\tau \;} D = T < r 2 > 2 {\displaystyle D={\frac {\mathrm {T} }{2}}} Correlation factor: f = 1 + 2 N τ < r 2 > < ( ∑ j = 1 N τ − 1 ∑ i = 1 N τ − j | r i → | | r → i + j | cos θ i , i + j > {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} =1+{\frac {2}{N_{\tau }}}<(\sum _{j=1}^{N_{\tau }-1}\sum _{i=1}^{N_{\tau -j}}|{\overrightarrow {r_{i}}}||{\overrightarrow {r}}_{i+j}|\cos \theta _{i,i+j}>} Macroscopic Diffusivity and Microscopic Parameters: D = < r 2 > N τ 6 τ f {\displaystyle D={\frac {N_{\tau }}{6\tau }}\mathbf {f} } D = T τ < r 2 > 6 τ f {\displaystyle D={\frac {\mathrm {T} \tau }{6\tau }}\mathbf {f} } D = T < r 2 > 6 f {\displaystyle D={\frac {\mathrm {T} }{6}}\mathbf {f} } f = 1 + < cos θ > 1 − < cos θ > {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} ={\frac {1+<\cos \theta >}{1-<\cos \theta >}}} f ≈ z − 1 z + 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} \approx {\frac {z-1}{z+1}}} ∗ D ( m a s s 1 ) ∗ D ( m a s s 2 ) = T 1 T 2 = T 1 ′ T 2 ′ = ν 1 ν 2 = m 1 m 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {^{*}D(mass1)}{^{*}D(mass2)}}={\frac {\mathrm {T} _{1}}{\mathrm {T} _{2}}}={\frac {\mathrm {T} '_{1}}{\mathrm {T} '_{2}}}={\frac {\nu _{1}}{\nu _{2}}}={\frac {m_{1}}{m_{2}}}}
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For a P2P system to be viable there must be a one to one equal share of work between peers, the goal should be a balance between consumption and production of resources with the goal of maintaining a singe class of participant on the network, sharing the same set of responsibilities. Most P2P systems have a hard time creating incentives for users to produce (contribute), and end up generating a pyramidal (or multiples, tree like) scheme, as users interact within making the systems dependent on the network effect created. The more users the system has, the more attractive it is (and the more value it has) as any system that depends on the network effect, it's success is based on compatibility and conformity issues. "in many cases, in fact, the principal reason for which fair use is granted is the extremely high transactions costs that copyright enforcement would require." —In Richard Watt's book Copyright and Economic Theory The digital revolution has created a wave of changes some are yet to be fully understood. One of the most important in regards to economics, and that commercial goods producers are fully aware is the dilution of value due to the increasing accumulation and durability of older creations. Digital media has made not only old creations more durable but also more easily accessible and visible and cheap to accumulate. Even if rarely anyone defends works on the public domain, those works continue to move consumers from the need to acquire new one. It fallows that this makes our common cultural historic records a prime target for the dark forces that arise from basic economic interests. "[Software are among the] things which can be copied infinitely over and over again, without any further costs." —Eben Moglen, 2006 P2P radically shifts the economics of distribution and business models dealing with intangible cultural goods (intellectual property). Since most content is virtual, made only of information. This information can be any type of non material object that is made from ideas (text, multimedia, etc.). In this way content is also the myriad ways ideas can be expressed. It may consist of music, movies, books or any one single aspect, or combination of each. The digital revolution has forced to music industry to reshape itself in various ways. From the promotion, to distribution passing. Radio Radio had been for a long time the way that the industry managed demand for its products. It was not a question of quality but of product "visibility" and a easy way to generate revenue from royalties. The advent of the transistor and the walk-man should have clued-in the industry to the changes to come. Even here the simple digitalization and the possibility of moving radio from the airwaves to the Internet has caused much pain in the industry and eroded considerably how it had managed to shape demand. From Tape to MP3 Another front of attack came from the very media where the content was sold. Something that should also been foresaw since the advent of the 8-track tape, that culminated in compact Cassette was another revolutionary change to the business model, as revolutionary to the music industry as it was to the video. Adaptation led to the CD and mixed content offerings. In fact it seems that all pressure and incentives to change were being dictated by the consumers and the industry economic effort to reduce production costs but those that had decision power over the industry continued to remain blind to the technological changes they were fostering themselves. Here the move to the digital not only permitted even easier reproduction but ultimately made the product completely virtual and independent from the media it was sold on. The walk-man, evolved into the portable Cd-player and ultimately died silently as solid memory and portable players took over the market. Internet Sidenote Death of ACTA music video Dan Bull's D.O.A.C.T.A (Death of ACTA) being ACTA the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, in it the creator explains concisely how independent music creators see this continued call for intellectual property control policies. The need for content intermediaries continues its rapid decline. Most intermediaries do not add much value to the product besides being able to provide better marketing orientation and general business knowhow to the content producers. The time where volume would permit record companies to offer better production facilities is over, as the price for producing an audio work is now accessible to all, even if in physical form. Intermediaries in fact are becoming to costly for the perks they can still provide. They create unnecessary barriers between the producers and consumers. In todays interconnected world the distribution channels are so diversified that creating artificial control schemes for digital distribution (physical or virtual) will only degrade the level of satisfaction of consumers without increasing product value but incrementing the costs to the sanctioned distributors. If costumers are faced with a product with DRM, then unauthorized copies if made publicly available, will create a competing product without limitations, thus creating a better product with a better price tag. In fact the use of DRM creates differentiation and promotes the creation of a parallel markets (if one can call it that because most offerings are gratis, but multiple DRM schemes would fragment the market in the same way), this results from the consumers wishes are not being satisfied by the primary offer or by simply enabling more choices. Today radio, TV and the press as a publicity vehicle is becoming increasingly infective in relation to the interactive media that the Internet permits and it can be utilized as a direct distribution channels. More and more artist are becoming aware of the advantages of controlling the copyright of their productions and taking the responsibility of distributing their own works, this has also increased the level of communication with the consumer. This has become quickly evident in the music industry, mostly because the medium has always been extremely volatile and consumers have had a great number of ways of utilizing the content, reducing the freedom of movement for the content have always been attempted and failed, the same is becoming true for video and with time even books will have to deal with this new reality, as is now seen with the written press. As the medium for the content becomes ubiquitous, cheap and acceptable to consumers, producers will have to adapt. Movies TV Recently some television networks are rethinking their approach to audiences, this has resulted from the level acceptance and interest that DVD show collections were having and several online attempts to improve distribution. Since now anyone can easily illegally download their favorite shows, a problem similar to the fragmentation of the distribution channels as seen in the music recording industry with the rise of alternative delivery technologies will have a similar result if television industry fails adapt and fill the audiences expectations of quick and easy accessibility to new fresh content. ISPs have been shaping/throttling P2P traffic, especially the more popular networks for years, resulting on an ongoing cat and mouse game between ISPs and P2P developers. In the US the network neutrality discussion and recently the evidence of this actions by ISPs against P2P traffic has turned this matter into a political issue. In November 2007, Vuze, creators of Azureus (a Bittorrent application), petitioned the FCC, resulting in a FCC hearing held in December 2007. One of the issues raised there, was the level of data available on BitTorrent throttling. This lead to a statement by the General Counsel at Vuze, Jay Monahan; “We created a simple software “plug-in” that works with your Vuze application to gather information about potential interference with your Internet traffic.” This plugin has been gathering more hard data on the actions of ISPs, resulting in a growing list of ISPs that interfere with P2P protocols is maintained on the Azureus WIKI ( http://www.azureuswiki.com/index.php/Bad_ISPs ).
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Rob Roy is a 1995 film about a man in the highlands of Scotland in the 1700s who tries to lead his small town to a better future, by borrowing money from the local nobility to buy cattle to herd to market. When the money is stolen, he is forced into a Robin Hood lifestyle to defend his family and honour. Directed by Michael Caton-Jones. Written by Alan Sharp. Honor made him a man. Courage made him a hero. History made him a legend. Love is a dung hill, Betty, and I am but a cock that climbs upon it to crow. To these men, the truth is but a lie undiscovered. I love the bones of you, Robert McGregor, but you take too much to heart that canna' be helped. Duncan MacGregor: Father, will the MacGregors ever be kings again? Rob Roy MacGregor: All men with honor are kings. But not all kings have honor. Duncan MacGregor: What is honor? Rob Roy MacGregor: Honor is what no man can give ya. And none can take away. Honor is a man's gift to himself. Duncan MacGregor: Do women have it? Rob Roy MacGregor: Women are the heart of honor. And we cherish and protect it in them. You must never mistreat a woman, or malign man. Or stand by and see another do so. Duncan MacGregor: How do you know if you have it? Rob Roy MacGregor: Never worry on the getting of it. It grows in you, and speaks to you. All you need do is listen. Duke of Argyll: So, Mr. Cunningham, what are these principle sins that distress your mother? Dice? Drink? Or are you a buggerer of boys? Archibald Cunningham: It is years, Your Grace, since I buggered a boy... And in my own defense, I must add, I thought him a girl at the moment of entry. Duke of Argyll: [laughs] Do you hear that, Will? Young Cunningham here was unable to tell arse from quim. What say you to that? Will Guthrie: I've heard that many Englishmen have that same difficulty. Archibald Cunningham: Think of yourself a scabbard, Mistress McGregor, and I the sword. And a fine fit you were, too. Mary MacGregor: I will think on you dead, until my husband makes you so. And then I will think on you no more. Mary MacGregor: Robert, there is more. I am carrying a child and I do not know who is the father." Rob Roy MacGregor: Ach, Mary... Mary MacGregor: I could not kill it, husband. Rob Roy MacGregor: It's not the child that needs killing. [Argyll refuses Mary's initial pleas for help] Mary MacGregor: Your Grace, Robert finds himself in this position for taking Your Grace's part. Duke of Argyll: My part? What cause had he to do that? And in what manner? Mary MacGregor: He refused to bear false witness against you, when the Marquis asked him to say that you were a Jacobite, to slander your name at court. Duke of Argyll: Montrose asked this of him? Mary MacGregor: In remission of this debt. But Robert refused. Duke of Argyll: I did not know your husband bore me such goodwill. Mary MacGregor: Indeed, Your Grace, I think he favors you no more than any other great man. "As wolves at lambing," that is his word for you all. Robert refused, not for Your Grace, but for his own honor, which he values above his own family, his kin and his clan, and for which I have oft chided him. But were he otherwise, he would not be Robert Roy MacGregor. Robert would not approve of my coming here to ask you for help, nor come himself if he were here. [stands] But I have no choice, unless I give him up entire to his enemies. And though I love his honor, it is but a moon-cast shadow to the love I bear him. By the grace of God, I have his child inside me and I will have a father for it. Duke of Argyll: You do your man no dishonor, Mary. Faith, he is a man much blessed by fortune. Duke of Argyll: You promised MacGregor amnesty from his debts if he would lay charges against me. Montrose: So! That is how he cozened you into giving him shelter. Duke of Argyll: Oh, I know the truth when I hear it. Montrose: Oh! And here was me, thinking that was God's gift alone. Duke of Argyll: Do not think that all sins go unpaid in this life, Montrose. Montrose: Well... I see one set soon to be paid for. Montrose: Will you not take my odds, Argyll? I give you five on the fop. Duke of Argyll: I will wager you but this: if MacGregor lives, you will acquit him of all he owes you. Montrose: [laughs airily] And if he loses? Duke of Argyll: I will pay his bill. Montrose: [deathly serious] ...My factor will call upon Your Grace's factor. Rob Roy MacGregor: You should have told me, Mary. Mary MacGregor: Oh Robert, I should have but I could not. Rob Roy MacGregor: No, you were right. I must have my own way too often. I should have packed my pride and given Montrose his way! Mary MacGregor: No, Robert! Rob Roy MacGregor: And all this has come on us. Craigrostan would still be ours, Alasdair and Coll would be alive... Mary MacGregor: And wrong would have been done you! Rob Roy MacGregor: And what about the wrong done you? Wrong past bearing. Mary MacGregor: No, not past bearing! Not past bearing. Not if I have my Robert, and he has himself. And you would not, not if you had done a lesser man's bidding. [Robert is silent] Mary MacGregor: "Honor is the gift a man gives himself." You told our boys that. Would you have stolen from yourself that which makes you Robert Roy MacGregor? Archibald Cunningham: What did you do with that bag of guts Killearn? Vex me not, McGregor, or I shall have you dragged a while. And I am a man of my word. Rob Roy MacGregor: You're a thief, a murderer and a violator of women. Archibald Cunningham: Aah... I had hoped you'd come to me long since on that score. Rob Roy MacGregor: If I had known earlier you would have been dead sooner. Archibald Cunningham: I will tell you something, to take with you. Your wife was far sweeter forced than many are willing. And truth put to it, I think not all of her objected... Rob Roy MacGregor: Did you boys know there's going to be a new addition to the family? Duncan MacGregor: Is it inside you? Mary MacGregor: Yes. Duncan MacGregor: How does it get out? Rob Roy MacGregor: Same road it got in. Referee: You are here on a matter of honor. I am here to see that you settle it honorably. There will be no back-stabbing, you will not throw your blades, nor will you use weapons other than those agreed. If quarter should be asked... Rob Roy MacGregor: No quarter will be asked. Archibald Cunningham: Or given. Liam Neeson - Robert Roy MacGregor Jessica Lange - Mary MacGregor John Hurt - James Graham, 4th Marquess of Montrose Tim Roth - Archibald Cunningham Eric Stoltz - Alan MacDonald Andrew Keir - John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll Brian Cox - Killearn Brian McCardie - Alasdair MacGregor Gilbert Martin - Will Guthrie Jason Flemyng - Gregor Ewan Stewart - Coll David Hayman - Tam Sibbalt Shirley Henderson - Morag Wikipedia has an article about: Rob Roy (1995 film) Rob Roy quotes at the Internet Movie Database Rob Roy at Rotten Tomatoes Rob Roy at Allmovie Rob Roy at Mojo
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∑E = ∑O = ∑Y That element of a factor (variable) which is independent of the level of income. E.g. the level of consumption you need to survive even when you have no income. That element of a factor (variable) which is influenced by the level of Y. E.g. the level of income the government receives from tax (personal income). As the income level increases → so does government tax receipts. Investment (I), is defined as the purchase of new capital goods which add to the stock of capital. Capital goods are those produced not to satisfy consumer wants directly but for increasing the level of production in the future. Capital consists of items such as factories, machinery and railways. Autonomous I. refers to that formation motivated by reasons independent of changes in consumer demand indicated through income. This I. is undertaken in 'expectation' of a profit to be derived in the future. Induced I. refers to that capital formation motivated by increased consumer demand or income. If the I. function is given by: I = 50 + 0.1Y, it means that autonomous I is 50 and is undertaken irrespective of the level of Y, and induced I. is 10% of the level of Y. If Y equalled 1000 then I. would be 150.
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Manage Tasks Implementation and Transition Managing Implementation includes: Ensuring timely completion of all facilities issues, such as acquiring the necessary physical space, installing appropriate equipment, obtaining the appropriate permits, etc. * Managing the detailed implementation of the activities. The Project Manager must monitor implementation activities and make any necessary adjustments. Manage the acceptance by project beneficiaries of the project deliverables and of other direct project outputs; this may include a number of steps steps that need to be taken to ensure Beneficiaries will be ready to use the products and services prepared for them. Overall, the Project Manager must be sure each required activity is carried out according to the Project Plan Document and its schedule, and to immediately communicate any discrepancies to the Programme manager and eventually to the Project Sponsors. A fundamental of project management is that : a good deal of managerial autonomy (from institutional superiors) is given to the project manager to lead the project team to implement the Project Plan Document, in order to deliver the project results according the methodology indicated in the plan and within the cost and time limits previously defined; the project manager and the project team have no authority to change project scope and methodology, nor to increase budget and time allocations and that for whatever modification to the project plan they have to get the approval of the other stakeholders through a previously defined change process that will lead to formally agreed Changes to Project Scope, Changes to the Project Schedule Changes to the Costs Established in the Project Budget. The Project Plan Document has subdivided the main activities into a number of smaller tasks, each one supposed to deliver a specific intermediate (process) of final output. See Control the Project Schedule and Manage Schedule Changes During the project execution in order to implement the Project Plan there will be a need to further plan each task and to plan the transition from predecessor tasks to their successors. These plan may not be formally documented, unless modify the structure decided in the Project Plan; still they need to be there as result of cooperation and understanding between team members. More focused planning will also be required on the basis of monitoring the on going project results. During Project Execution the Project Team will verify the validity of project assumptions and gain a better understanding of the requirements of the project and of the actual utilization of the project outputs by beneficiaries and other project stakeholders. It may be a good idea to prepare a Project Detailed Tasks Implementation Document that expanded and developed the description of the activities of the Project Plan and includes the new learning derived by project monitoring. This document may also include a more detailed description of the work and time to be spent on transactions from predecessor tasks to their successors. In case there are issues that causes changes or delays that impact on the project scope, the project manager will have to activate the procedures of issues and change process management. Manage Tasks Implementation and Transition should be properly integrated with reporting of project performance, i.e the most important features of project communication management. Tasks implementation report form Template - Project Status Snapshot Template - Project status summary Template - Project Status Report How to report project performance
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Terence David John "Terry" Pratchett, OBE (28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English humorist, satirist, and author of fantasy novels, especially comical works, most famous for his Discworld series. See also: Discworld for quotations from the Discworld novels. Good Omens (1990 satire co-written with Neil Gaiman) Terry Pratchett's Hogfather (2006 Television adaptation of his novel) Only in our dreams are we free. The rest of the time we need wages. Cited in Power Quotes: For Life, Business, and Leadership (2018) by Danai Krokou, ISBN 1-63157-750-6 Imagination, not intelligence, made us human. Foreword to The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1998) by David Pringle, ISBN 0-87951-937-1, and The Definitive Illustrated Guide to Fantasy (2003) by David Pringle, ISBN 1-84442-930-X Stories of imagination tend to upset those without one. Foreword to The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1998) by David Pringle, and The Definitive Illustrated Guide to Fantasy (2003) by David Pringle My programming language was solder. On his early computers, from a talk "When I Were A Lad, We Used To Dream of 64K" at the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention in Glasgow, Scotland, (August 2005) No, I happen to be one of those people whose memory shuts down under pressure. The answers would come to me in the middle of the night in my sleep! Besides, I am a millionaire. Response to a question asking if he would appear on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire. ALCS News (May 2006) In ancient times cats were worshiped as gods; they have not forgotten this. Pratchett is credited as author of this, as quoted in Ghost Cats : Human Encounters with Feline Spirits (2007) by Dusty Rainbolt, p. 7, and in Chicken Soup for the Soul : What I Learned from the Cat (2009) by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, and Amy Newmark Variant: In ancient times, cats were worshiped as gods. They have never forgotten this. Quote attributed to unknown author, in Chicken Soup for the Soul Celebrates Cats : And the People Who Love Them (2004) by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, and Sharon J. Wohlmuth, p. 1 It is said that your life flashes before your eyes before you die. That is true, it's called Life. The Last Continent As they say in Discworld, we are trying to unravel the Mighty Infinite using a language which was designed to tell one another where the fresh fruit was. Relatively Einstein episode 3, "Fantasy Physics" (18 January 2005); the Discworld version of this statement appears in Night Watch (2002) Wikipedia, eh? Must be accurate then! The age interview (17 Feb 2007) Life doesn't happen in chapters — at least, not regular ones. Nor do movies. Homer didn't write in chapters. I can see what their purpose is in children's books ("I'll read to the end of the chapter, and then you must go to sleep") but I'm blessed if I know what function they serve in books for adults. On the lack of chapters in Discworld books, in an interview by Gavin J. Grant at Booksource.com (2008) As for The Mapp... I suspect it'll never get a US publication. It seemed to frighten US publishers. They don't seem to understand it. That seems to point up a significant difference between Europeans and Americans: A European says: I can't understand this, what's wrong with me? An American says: I can't understand this, what's wrong with him? I make no suggestion that one side or the other is right, but observation over many years leads me to believe it is true. Interview, quoted in "Words from the Master" in The Annotated Pratchett File The space between the young readers eyeballs and the printed page is a holy place and officialdom should trample all over it at their peril. No to Age banding Campaign Nerds are the only people who know how to operate the video recorder. Desert Island Discs (1997) I dare say that quite a few people have contemplated death for reasons that much later seemed to them to be quite minor. If we are to live in a world where a socially acceptable "early death" can be allowed, it must be allowed as a result of careful consideration. Let us consider me as a test case. As I have said, I would like to die peacefully with Thomas Tallis on my iPod before the disease takes me over and I hope that will not be for quite some time to come, because if I knew that I could die at any time I wanted, then suddenly every day would be as precious as a million pounds. If I knew that I could die, I would live. My life, my death, my choice. Final lines of his Richard Dimbleby lecture Shaking Hands With Death on euthanasia and assisted suicide, quoted in "Terry Pratchett: my case for a euthanasia tribunal" in The Guardian (2 February 2010) alt.fan.pratchett I keep vaguely wondering what Macs are like, but the ones I've seen spend too much time being friendly. alt.fan.pratchett (5 July 1992) Never trust any complicated cocktail that remains perfectly clear until the last ingredient goes in, and then immediately clouds. alt.fan.pratchett (22 November 1993) "Educational" refers to the process, not the object. Although, come to think of it, some of my teachers could easily have been replaced by a cheeseburger. In response to a comment that if television is educational because watching it can teach you a lot about society, then a cheeseburger is also educational, alt.fan.pratchett (15 October 1996) I don't like the place at all. It's all wrong. An imposition on the Landscape. I reckon that Stonehenge was build by the contemporary equivalent of Microsoft, whereas Avebury was definitely an Apple circle. On Stonehenge, at alt.fan.pratchett (8 June 1997) Dickens, as you know, never got round to starting his home page. alt.fan.pratchett (8 August 1997) Over the centuries, mankind has tried many ways of combatting the forces of evil... prayer, fasting, good works and so on. Up until Doom, no one seemed to have thought about the double-barrel shotgun. Eat leaden death, demon... alt.fan.pratchett (30 May 1998) 'They can ta'k our lives but they can never ta'k our freedom!' Now there's a battle cry not designed by a clear thinker... Referring to a statement in the movie Braveheart, at alt.fan.pratchett (11 January 1999) There should be a notice ahead of the movie that says 'This movie is PG. Can you read? You are a Parent. Do you understand what Guidance is? Or are you just another stupid toddler who thinks they're an adult simply because they've grown older and, unfortunately, have developed fully-functioning sexual organs? Would you like some committee somewhere to decide *everything* for you? Get a damn grip, will you? And shut the wretched kid up !' alt.fan.pratchett (10 July 2001) While a book has got to be worthwhile from the point of view of the reader it's got to be worthwhile from the point of view of the writer as well. alt.fan.pratchett (1 December 1998) It's amazing how fast gold works. On building the clacks, at alt.fan.pratchett (18 June 2002) Oh dear, I'm feeling political today. It's just that it's dawned on me that 'zero tolerance' only seems to mean putting extra police in poor, run-down areas, and not in the Stock Exchange. Go on, prove me wrong. Destroy the fabric of the universe. See if I care. I once absent-mindedly ordered Three Mile Island dressing in a restaurant and, with great presence of mind, they brought Thousand Island Dressing and a bottle of chili sauce Oh, come on. Revelation was a mushroom dream that belonged in the Apocrypha. The New Testament is basically about what happened when God got religion What your soldier wants -- really, really wants -- is no-one shooting back at him. You can't make people happy by law. If you said to a bunch of average people two hundred years ago "Would you be happy in a world where medical care is widely available, houses are clean, the world's music and sights and foods can be brought into your home at small cost, traveling even 100 miles is easy, childbirth is generally not fatal to mother or child, you don't have to die of dental abcesses and you don't have to do what the squire tells you" they'd think you were talking about the New Jerusalem and say 'yes'. A true beanie should have a propellor on the top. This isn't life in the fast lane, it's life in the oncoming traffic. I mean, I wouldn't pay more than a couple of quid to see me, and I'm me. I think that sick people in Ankh-Morpork generally go to a vet. It's generally a better bet. There's more pressure on a vet to get it right. People say "it was god's will" when granny dies, but they get angry when they lose a cow. I have to admit that I drive past Bridgwater quite regularly. And fast. What you have here is an example of that well known phenomenon, A Bookshop Assistant Who Knows Buggerall But Won't Admit It (probably some kind of arts graduate). I staggered into a Manchester bar late one night on a tour and the waitress said "You look as if you need a Screaming Orgasm". At the time this was the last thing on my mind... In Reading [England] there is this thing called the IDR, short for "Inner Distribution Road", which is bureaucratese for "Big thing that cost a lot of money and relieves traffic problems, provided all your traffic wants to orbit the town centre permanently". It's a 2-3 lane dual carriageway that goes round the town centre. It has lots of roundabouts, an overhead section, a couple of spare motorway-like exits (that's British motorways -- y'know, the roundabout with the main road going under it), and a thing called the Watlington Street Gyratory, where you have to get in lane for your intended destination about three years and two corners before you get there with no signposting. I used to cycle along it every day to get to school, before I fell off at 35 mph. [Kids! Don't try this at home!] I know it well. I believe it is impossible to leave Reading heading west. I didn't go to university. Didn't even finish A-levels. But I have sympathy for those who did. "Out of Print" is bookseller speak for "We can't be hedgehogged". I was thinking of 'duh?' in the sense of 'a sentence containing several words more than three letters long, and possibly requiring general knowledge or a sense of history that extends past last Tuesday, has been used in my presence.' Bognor has always meant to me the quintessential English seaside experience (before all this global warming stuff): driving in the rain to get there, walking around in the rain looking for something to do when you're there, and driving home in the rain again... I must confess the activities of the UK governments for the past couple of years have been watched with frank admiration and amazement by Lord Vetinari. Outright theft as a policy had never occurred to him. I'm referred to, I see, as 'the biggest banker in modern publishing'. Now there's a line that needed the celebrated Guardian proof-reading. I save about twenty drafts — that's ten meg of disc space — and the last one contains all the final alterations. Once it has been printed out and received by the publishers, there's a cry here of 'Tough shit, literary researchers of the future, try getting a proper job!' and the rest are wiped. I always thought Detritus would be good at: "I bet you're wondrin' how many time I fired dis crossbow--" Mind you, the Elizabethans had so many words for the female genitals that it is quite hard to speak a sentence of modern English without inadvertently mentioning at least three of them. Currently there's five machines permanently networked here. They all contain the serious core stuff. A couple of the machines are pensioned off 486s, with little other value now. Plus there's two Jaz drives in the building and the portable also carries a fair amount of stuff. Plus every Friday a man comes around and carves all the new stuff onto stone slabs and buries them in the garden... I think I'm okay. If I heeded all the advice I've had over the years, I'd have written 18 books about Rincewind. Have a bit more patience with newbies. Of course some of them act dumb -- they're often students, for heaven's sake. Death isn't online. If he was, there would be a sudden drop in the death rate. Although it'd be interesting to see if he'd post things like: DON'T YOU THINK I SOUND LIKE JAMES EARL JONES? The net software here did its meltdown trick again at the weekend (it happens about once every six months -- if only everything was as reliable as WordPerfect 4.2, which only chews up a novel about once every two or three years...) I'd like to stand up for the rights of people who put everything on their burger -- chutney, mustard, pickle, mustard pickle, tomato sauce... It is common knowledge in my family that I can't tell the difference between a veggie burger and a meat one, because the ratio of burger to pickles is so high. [either misquoted or mis-thought, since not to be able to tell would mean the burger:pickles ratio is so low] Mort isn't fashionable UK movie material -- there're no parts in it for Hugh or Emma, it's not set in Sheffield, and no one shoves drugs up their bum... Too many people want to have written. DW is based on a slew of old myths, which reach their most 'refined' form in Hindu mythology, which in turn of course derived from the original Star Trek episode 'Planet of Wobbly Rocks where the Security Guard Got Shot'. Eight years involved with the nuclear industry have taught me that when nothing can possibly go wrong and every avenue has been covered, then is the time to buy a house on the next continent. Up until now I'd always thought RSI meant 'I hate my damn job'. This book had two authors, and they were both the same person. Author's note, revised edition (1992). They called themselves the Munrungs. It meant The People, or The True Human Beings. It's what most people call themselves, to begin with. And then one day the tribe meets some other People or, if it's not been a good day, The Enemy. If only they'd think up a name like Some More True Human Beings, it'd save a lot of trouble later on. On the fifth day the Governor of the town called all the tribal chieftains to an audience in the market square, to hear their grievances. He didn't always do anything about them, but at least they got heard, and he nodded a lot, and everyone felt better about it at least until they got home. This is politics. Keep 'em busy. That was one of the three rules of being chief that old Grimm had passed on to him. Act confidently, never say 'I don't know,' and when all else fails, keep 'em busy. I wish that the people who sing about the deeds of heroes would think about the people who have to clear up after them. Anyway, just because you're sworn enemies doesn't mean you can't be friends, does it? When they're standing right in front of you, kings are a kind of speech impediment. 'I can't have your subjects throwing my family over the balcony, that would never do.' 'Good,' said Snibril. 'I'll do it myself.' 'Whose side are they on?' said Brocando. 'Sides? Their own, I suppose, just like everyone else.' 'Stop that!' he shouted. 'You're soldiers! You're not supposed to fight!' Most armies are in fact run by their sergeants — the officers are there just to give things a bit of tone and prevent warfare from becoming a mere lower-class brawl. The Deftmenes are mad and the Dumii are sane, thought Snibril, and that's just the same as being mad except that it's quieter. If only you could mix them together, you'd end up with normal people. Normally its narrow streets were crowded with stalls, and people from all over the Carpet. They'd all be trying to cheat one another in that open-and-above-board way known as 'doing business'. The sign outside the shop said Apothecary, which meant that the shop was owned by a sort of early chemist, who would give you herbs and things until you got better or at least stopped getting any worse. 'Well ... welcome. My house is your house', his brow suddenly furrowed and he looked worried, 'although only in a metaphorical sense, you understand, because I would not, much as I always admired your straightforward approach, and indeed your forthright stance, actually give you my house, it being the only house I have, and therefore the term is being extended in an, as it were, gratuitous fashion —' 'What would Deftmenes be if we went around obeying orders all the time?' 'They might be ruling the Carpet,' said Pismire. 'Ha!' said Brocando, 'but the trouble about obeying orders is, it becomes a habit. And then everything depends on who's giving the orders.' 'Waiting is the worst part,' said Pismire. 'No it isn't,' said Owlglass, who wasn't even being trusted to hold a sword. 'I expect that having long sharp swords stuck in you is the worst part.' 'But we should kill him!' 'No. You've been listen to Brocando too often,' said Bane. Brocando bristled. 'You know what he is! Why not kill--' he began, but he was interrupted. 'Because it doesn't matter what he is. It matters what we are.' It is well known that a vital ingredient of success is not knowing that what you're attempting can't be done. Our garden was debated territory between five local cats, and we'd heard that the best way to keep other cats out of the garden was to have one yourself. A moment's rational thought here will spot the slight flaw in this reasoning. Boot-faced cats aren't born but made, often because they've tried to outstare or occasionally rape a speeding car and have been repaired by a vet who just pulled all the bits together and stuck the stitches in where there was room. Cats don't hunt seals. They would if they knew what they were and where to find them. But they don't, so that's all right. It's an interesting fact that fewer than 17 % of Real cats end their lives with the same name they started with. Much family effort goes into selecting one at the start ("She looks like a Winnifred to me"), and the as the years roll by it suddenly finds itself being called Meepo or Ratbag. Next comes the realist phase ("After all, from a purely geometrical point of view a cat is only a tube with a door at the top."). About giving a cat a pill Everyone's heard of Erwin Schrodinger's famous thought experiment. You put a cat in a box with a bottle of poison, which many people would suggest is about as far as you need to go. Consider the situation. There you are, forehead like a set of balconies, worrying about the long-term effects of all this new 'fire' stuff on the environment, you're being chased and eaten by most of the planet's large animals, and suddenly tiny versions of one of the worst of them wanders into the cave and starts to purr. The Nome Trilogy, also known as The Bromeliad Trilogy is a trilogy of children's books: Truckers (1989), Diggers (1990) and Wings (1990). Perhaps, if you knew you were going to die, your senses crammed in as much detail as they could while they still had the chance... Truckers, Ch. 1 'You're not going to die, are you sir?' he said. 'Of course I am. Everyone is. That's what being alive is all about.' Truckers, Ch. 7 The way to deal with an impossible task was to chop it down into a number of merely very difficult tasks, and break each one of them into a group of horribly hard tasks, and each of them into tricky jobs, and each of them... Truckers, Ch. 7 The trouble with having an open mind, of course, is that people will insist on coming along and trying to put things in it. Diggers (1990) You can't go around building a better world for people. Only people can build a better world for people. Otherwise it's just a cage. Besides you don't build a better world by choppin' heads off and giving decent girls away to frogs. Everything makes sense a bit at a time. But when you try to think of it all at once, it comes out wrong. Suicide was against the law. Johnny had wondered why. It meant that if you missed, or the gas ran out, or the rope broke, you could get locked up in prison to show you that life was really very jolly and thoroughly worth living. "I create gods all the time - now I think one might exist, says fantasy author Terry Pratchett" in The Daily Mail (21 June 2008) There is a rumour going around that I have found God. I think this is unlikely because I have enough difficulty finding my keys, and there is empirical evidence that they exist. But it is true that in an interview I gave recently I did describe a sudden, distinct feeling I had one hectic day that everything I was doing was right and things were happening as they should. It seemed like the memory of a voice and it came wrapped in its own brief little bubble of tranquillity. I'm not used to this. As a fantasy writer I create fresh gods and philosophies almost with every new book ... But since contracting Alzheimer's disease I have spent my long winter walks trying to work out what it is that I really, if anything, believe. Evolution was far more thrilling to me than the biblical account. Who would not rather be a rising ape than a falling angel? To my juvenile eyes Darwin was proved true every day. It doesn't take much to make us flip back into monkeys again. A similar remark was reportedly made by Pratchett in The Herald (4 October 2004): I'd rather be a climbing ape than a falling angel. I asked a teacher what the opposite of a miracle was and she, without thinking, I assume, said it was an act of God. You shouldn't say something like that to the kind of kid who will grow up to be a writer; we have long memories. As a boy I had a clear image of the Almighty: He had a tail coat and pinstriped trousers, black, slicked-down hair and an aquiline nose. On the whole, I was probably a rather strange child, and I wonder what my life might have been like if I'd met a decent theologian when I was nine. I don't believe. I never have, not in big beards in the sky. Belief was never mentioned at home, but right actions were taught by daily example. Possibly because of this, I have never disliked religion. I think it has some purpose in our evolution. I don't have much truck with the "religion is the cause of most of our wars" school of thought because that is manifestly done by mad, manipulative and power-hungry men who cloak their ambition in God. I number believers of all sorts among my friends. Some of them are praying for me. I'm happy they wish to do this, I really am, but I think science may be a better bet. So what shall I make of the voice that spoke to me recently as I was scuttling around getting ready for yet another spell on a chat-show sofa? More accurately, it was a memory of a voice in my head, and it told me that everything was OK and things were happening as they should. For a moment, the world had felt at peace. Where did it come from? Me, actually — the part of all of us that, in my case, caused me to stand in awe the first time I heard Thomas Tallis's Spem in alium, and the elation I felt on a walk one day last February, when the light of the setting sun turned a ploughed field into shocking pink; I believe it's what Abraham felt on the mountain and Einstein did when it turned out that E=mc2. It's that moment, that brief epiphany when the universe opens up and shows us something, and in that instant we get just a sense of an order greater than Heaven and, as yet at least, beyond the grasp of Stephen Hawking. It doesn't require worship, but, I think, rewards intelligence, observation and enquiring minds. I don't think I've found God, but I may have seen where gods come from. "I don't mind authority, but not authoritarian authority. After all, the bus driver is allowed to be the boss of the bus. But if he's bad at driving, he's not going to be a bus driver anymore." Interview with Cory Doctorow "I know it's a very human thing to say 'Is there anything I can do', but in this case I would only entertain offers from very high-end experts in brain chemistry." - after announcing his Alzheimer's diagnosis. [1] "I would just like to draw attention to everyone reading the above that this should be interpreted as 'I am not dead'. I will, of course, be dead at some future point, as will everybody else. "[2] "It is often said that before you die your life passes before your eyes. This is in fact true. It's called living." This popular quote seems to be a paraphrase of an exchange in The Last Continent: 'Is it true that your life passes before your eyes before you die?' YES. 'Ghastly thought, really.' Rincewind shuddered. 'Oh, gods, I've just had another one. Suppose I am just about to die and this is my whole life passing in front of my eyes?' I THINK PERHAPS YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND. PEOPLE'S WHOLE LIVES DO PASS IN FRONT OF THEIR EYES BEFORE THEY DIE. THE PROCESS IS CALLED 'LIVING'. Tolkien's dead. J. K. Rowling said no. Philip Pullman couldn't make it. Hi, I'm Terry Pratchett. t-shirt worn by Pratchett at conventions[3][4] AT LAST, SIR TERRY, WE MUST WALK TOGETHER. Terry took Death's arm and followed him through the doors and on to the black desert under the endless night. The End. Tweets, on his shared account announcing his passing Wikipedia has an article about: Terry Pratchett Wikipedia has an article about: Discworld Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Terry Pratchett The Pratchett Quote File at The L-Space Web (lspace.org) Terry Pratchett Quotes by Subject
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For the best results, you should have Script Editor open, so you can test the code and results as you read. Applescript has two data structures, lists and records. A list is an ordered collection of objects. Ordered, in the sense that items can be retrieved by index, and of objects because you can put anything into a list with anything else. List creation is simple, anything that you put between a { and a } is a list. set myList to {} -- make a new list set myList to myList & {1, "two", {7}, {fred:"barney", wilma:"betty", foo:"bar"}, 5} -- add a bunch of items to the list set k to {6, "three", {8}, {george:"jetson", elroy:"jetson", judy:"jetson"}, 0} In the example above we create two lists. The first list l contains 5 items, the number 1, a string "two", a list containing the number 7, a record containing three properties, fred, wilma, and foo with string values, and the number 5. We can access these items in several ways. The statements item 3 of myList third item of myList myList's third item myList's item 3 Will all return the same value, {7}, that is, a list containing the number 7. This works a character at a time. (Strings are sequences of characters and behave accordingly.) set my_string to "freedom is not freedom fries" repeat with counter_variable_name from 1 to count of my_string set current_character to item counter_variable_name of my_string end repeat A record is a list of properties. You can retrieve items from a record by name, but not by index. For example, to retrieve the elroy of the property list {scooby:"doo", elroy:"jetson",grape:"ape"}, I can retrieve it by name. elroy of {scooby:"doo", elroy:"jetson", grape:"ape"} Which will return the string "jetson" but not by index, item 2 of {scooby:"doo", elroy:"jetson", grape:"ape"} Which returns an error. Next Page: Aliases and paths | Previous Page: Numbers and strings Home: AppleScript Programming
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Back to Topic:Instructional Design > Cognitive behaviors > Invariant Tasks > Define > Learn > Teach > Tactics > Try It > Example Source: Invariant Tasks by Charles M. Reigeluth. This lesson covers how to design instruction for teaching invariant tasks. After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Explain what invariant tasks are and why they are important, Describe the principles for learning invariant tasks, Prepare instructional tactics to teach invariant tasks. This lesson is organized into the sections listed below. Navigate to each section by following the "Next" link at the bottom of each page. Return to previously viewed pages by following the "Back" button on the bottom of each page or by following the labeled links at the top of each page which correspond to each of these sections: Define: Invariant Tasks: Defined Learn: Invariant Tasks: Principles for Learning Teach: Invariant Tasks: Principles for Teaching Tactics: Invariant Tasks: Tactics for Teaching Try: Invariant Tasks: Skill Builder Practice Example: Invariant Tasks: Example This section contains the primary references and resources used to produce this original lesson. Where available, a hyperlink to the WorldCat library database is provided for the references and resources used in this lesson. Per the WorldCat.org web site, WorldCat is the world's largest network of library content and services. By following the hyperlinks below to the WorldCat web site, it is possible to find library copies of the resources in your area by conducting a search by zip code. In addition, hyperlinks to other web sites are used within the lesson to provide additional sources of information for further exploration of topics that are beyond the primary focus or scope of this lesson. References Ausubel, D.P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View. Ausubel, D.P., Hanesian, & Novak, (1978) Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (2nd ed.). Bloom, B.S. (1976). Human Characteristics and School Learning. Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon. Gagné, R.M. (1985). The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction (4th ed.). Jonassen, D. (1999). Designing Constructivist Learning Environment. In Reigeluth, C.M. (Ed. ), Instructional-design theories and models (215 - 236). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kaufman, R. (1979). Needs Assessment: Concept and Application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Keller, J. (October 1987). Strategies for stimulating the motivation to learn. Performance and Instruction, 1-7. Kulhavy, R. (1977). Feedback in written instruction. Review of Educational Research, 47, 211-232. Miller, G. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity to process information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97. Mayer, R.E. (1999). Designing Instruction for Constructivist Learning. In Reigeluth, C.M. (Ed. ), Instructional-design theories and models (141 - 159). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Thiagarajan, S. (2004). Framegames by Thiagi. Bloomington, IN: Workshops by Thiagi. Thorndike, E.M. (1913). Educational Psychology. Volume II. The Psychology of Learning. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Resources To acquire skills in designing memorization-level instruction: Reigeluth, C.M. Memorization. An interactive lesson under development at this external site. To make flash cards for memorization tasks, try out: Memorizable.com - wiki-based flash cards jMemborize.org - open-source software to create flash cards To learn more about the drill-and-practice model of instruction, especially as it applies to computer-based instruction: Salisbury, D.F. Cognitive psychology and its implications for designing drill and practice programs for computers. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 17(1), 23-30. To find out more about creating games to teach invariant tasks: Thiagarajan, S. (2004). Framegames by Thiagi. Bloomington, IN: Workshops by Thiagi - see also The Thiagi Group To see additional mnemonics examples: www.memory-key.com www.fun-with-words.com www.netnaut.com Click Next to continue.
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Sunday, June 1, 2008 Zimbabwe Related articles 9 September 2019: Longtime leader of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe dies aged 95 22 May 2018: Commonwealth confirms receiving Zimbabwe's application to rejoin the bloc 19 January 2018: Zimbabwean politician Bennett and four others die in New Mexico helicopter crash 23 November 2017: Zimbabwe: Robert Mugabe resigns presidency after military coup, threat of impeachment 29 December 2016: Around 7,100 cheetahs remain, say experts Location of Zimbabwe Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Police in Zimbabwe have arrested Arthur Mutambara, the leader of a breakaway faction of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), the country's main opposition party. In addition, police arrested Eric Matinenga, an MDC legislator and lawyer to the opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai. Arthur Mutambara was arrested at his house in Harare on Sunday, for writing a newspaper article critical of President Robert Mugabe. The April 20 article was published in The Standard, Zimbabwe's only privately-owned Sunday paper. It criticized the actions of the courts, judicial officials, and Mugabe's party in the March 29 elections, and accused Mugabe of using violence and vote rigging to leave the opposition "bludgeoned and brutalized." On May 8, The Standard editor Davison Maruziva was arrested for publishing Mutambara's article. Maruziva was charged with publishing false statements prejudicial to the state and for contempt of court, the same charges now being held against Mutambara. The Standard has been critical of Mugabe and of the violence that followed the elections. The BBC says Mutambara is the most senior opposition leader to be arrested so far. His lawyer, Harrison Nkomo, does not expect him to appear in court until Tuesday. "I am only expecting him in court on Tuesday as no questioning will take place today," Nkomo said. "The questioning will only start tomorrow." Nkomo says Mutambara is being detained in a Harare police station, which the constitutional court has allegedly deemed "unsuitable for human habitation". The Movement for Democratic Change broke into two factions in 2005, following a dispute over whether to contest Senate elections. Mutambara led a breakaway faction of nearly half of MDC's parliament members, until the March 29 elections left his faction with 10 seats against Tsvangirai's 99. Mutambara subsequently agreed to join forces with Tsvangirai, although no official merge has taken place. Eric Matinenga, an opposition legislator and lawyer to MDC president Morgan Tsvangirai, was arrested Saturday in the eastern district of Buhera. He was charged with inciting public violence, said MDC spokesman Nelson Chamisa. Matinenga, who was elected as a member of parliament in the March 29 elections, is the fifth MDC legislator to be arrested. He is due to appear in court on Monday, according to Chamisa. "The whole campaign is to render the MDC comatose but it is not going to work," Chamisa said. "This run-off is between the people and a dictatorship represented by Mugabe." The March 29 elections had the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party lose its majority in parliament for the first time since Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980. The results showed Tsvangirai with more votes than Mugabe in the presidential race, but neither won an acceptable majority, forcing a run-off to be held on June 27. "Zimbabwe presidential run-off date set" — Wikinews, May 16, 2008 "Morgan Tsvangirai to compete in run-off" — Wikinews, May 10, 2008 "Some results released in recount of Zimbabwe election results" — Wikinews, April 23, 2008 "Zimbabwe begins vote recount" — Wikinews, April 19, 2008 "Mugabe's party calls for recount of Zimbabwe presidential votes" — Wikinews, April 6, 2008 "Zimbabwe opposition claims early victory in election" — Wikinews, March 30, 2008 "Zimbabwe prepares for election" — Wikinews, March 28, 2008 "Two Zimbabwe opposition figures arrested" — Reuters, June 1, 2008 "Top Zimbabwe opposition figure arrested" — Agence France-Presse, June 1, 2008 Akwei Thompson. "Opposition Leader Detained In Notorious Harare Jail" — Voice of America, June 1, 2008 "Zimbabwe opposition leader held" — BBC News Online, June 1, 2008 Associated Press. "Police in Zimbabwe arrest opposition official on charges of endangering state security" — International Herald Tribune, June 1, 2008 The Standard. "Zimbabwe: The Standard Editor Arrested" — allAfrica.com, May 8, 2008
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William Woodard Self (born 26 September 1961) is an English satirical novelist, newspaper columnist and broadcaster. So I was smacked up on the Prime Minister's jet – big deal. Interviewed by The Independent on Sunday, April 1997. [1] The éminence cerise, the bolster behind the throne. The Independent on Sunday, August 8, 1999 Of the Queen Mother. There can be no more thrilling idea of intimacy than connecting with someone through the agency of the written word. Here we meet, on the page, naked and unadorned: shorn of class, race, gender, sexual identity, age and nationality. The reader I seek is a tautology, for he/she is simply...the person who wants to read what I have written. The Guardian, May 9, 2007. [2] I have a healthy appetite for solitude. If you don't, you have no business being a writer. The Guardian, May 9, 2007. [3] I think of writing as a sculptural medium. You are not building things. You are removing things, chipping away at language to reveal a living form. Quoted by The Guardian [4] Wealth is a form of power in our society. With great power comes great responsibility. If you have too much wealth, ipso facto, you have too much power - therefore you have too much responsibility - and you're a kind of dictator. The Moral Maze, BBC Radio 4, October 1st, 2008. Things are only boring if you are boring. 'Room 101', BBC2, March 19th, 2001. Campaigning at a school in Enfield in 2001, Tony Blair was caught unawares by a feisty British Asian sixth-former. Suddenly this apparition arose before him, demolishing Blair's points as speedily as he tried to make them. This time around the New Labour machine haven't wanted to risk any of that. The Emperor has been ferried from Potemkin village to Potemkin hospital, and before he arrives a rigged rent-a-crowd of "ordinary people" are brought in to wave little flags. Journalists have been "embedded" - undoubtedly the cadres were hoping that these trusties would begin to sympathise with the man upon whom their jobs depended [and] they'd cease to notice how much of what he said was utter shit. Psychic Geography 82 Fear and loathing on the Election trail, The Independent Magazine. Wikipedia has an article about: Will Self Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Will Self Official Will Self site Will Self on IMDb Profile at Contemporary Writers Guardian Books author page: Will Self Will Self article in Issue 08 of TATE ETC. magazine The Sweet Smell of Excess: Will Self, Bataille and Transgression A short interview: BBC Interview: Spike Magazine Audio Interview (available in Real Audio or mp3) at Salon.com Self interviewed by the International Necronautical Society Transcript of Self's encounter with Richard Littlejohn interviewed on Radio Five Live by Nicky Campbell: BBC Will Self on why he writes "The Principle"
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Find your audience and address it directly. Adapt to its needs and interests, but use a consistent tone and style in whatever you produce. Informal or anecdotal pieces are fine, but don’t start with an informal introduction and finish with a formal analysis of the subject. Avoid colloquialisms, but don’t try to impress your audience by using words or phrases you don’t fully comprehend, since educated readers will notice any malapropisms. Conversely, don’t be afraid to use words or concepts that some readers might not understand. In the proper context, the use of slightly more esoteric (yet relevant) concepts can give your audience a sense of accomplishment and education. Which of these uses the most consistent tone? A: We saw their tired faces each Sunday when they held their bowl up to get their meager helping of soup. Seventy-two percent of those on the other side voted for HB XX, which will reduce funding for indigent persons by 34.39 percent. B: We've seen the long-term trend of homelessness shift upwards dramatically. This bill will cut off the legs of our neediest citizens. C: We saw their tired faces each Sunday when they held their bowl up to get their meager helping of soup. Now they have introduced HB XX, which will cut off the legs of our neediest citizens. D: We've seen the long-term trend of homelessness shift upwards dramatically. Seventy-two percent of those on the other side voted for HB XX, which will reduce funding for indigent persons by 34.39 percent. Answer: C. or D. While the first and second choices mix informal, anecdotal rhetoric with exact statistics, the third and fourth are more consistent. Sometimes, a personal connection to the story is necessary. Sometimes hard data is more important. Use what works in that situation. Which of these uses the most consistent style? A: The judge is biased against the African-American community and his black constituents are tired of his antics. B: The judge is biased against the black community and his black constituents are tired of his antics. C: The judge is biased against the black community and his African-American constituents are tired of his antics. D: The judge is biased against the African-American community and his African-American constituents are tired of his antics. Answer: B. or D. In this case, this is not an issue of political correctness. Either “African-American” or “black” is acceptable, but choose one or the other, whichever you are most comfortable using, and use it consistently. Which of these sentences is the most effective? A: The answer to this problem seems easy: Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem. B: The answer to this problem seems easy: The simplest solution is usually the best. C: The answer to this problem seems easy: Occam's Razor. D: The answer to this problem seems easy: Simplicity. Answer: B. Although most readers would understand the concept of Occam's Razor, they may perceive or remember the exact definition as one of many variations. Most will perceive the Latin phrase, literally meaning "entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity", as a contrived approach. Although the single word "simplicity" is indeed the simplest approach, it does not convey the complete meaning in the clearest possible way. Which of these sentences is correct? A: A group of citizens has banded together to oppose our policies. B: A group of citizens has banned together to oppose our policies. C: A group of citizens has bandied together to oppose our policies. D: A group of citizens has band together to oppose our policies. Answer: A. A malapropism is the use of a word that sounds similar to another yet carries a different meaning from the one the author intended. In this case, citizens have not banned (outlawed) or bandied (tossed) together; rather, they banded together. Although the two words sound similar and are often used interchangeably in casual conversation, they have different meanings. Which of these is the most effective? A: If our leaders aren't giving us a clear example of Parkinson's Law of Triviality, I don't know what else you could call it. B: Our leaders are purposefully trying to distract us from a larger issue by having us argue about the details of a petty one. Can you say "Parkinson's Law of Triviality"? C: In a classic example of Parkinson’s Law of Triviality, our leaders are purposefully trying to distract us from a larger issue by having us argue about the details of a petty one. D: Parkinson's Law of Triviality, which states that "the time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum involved," is clearly in effect here. Answer: C. Parkinson's Law of Triviality does indeed state that "the time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum involved," though most audiences are probably not familiar with the concept. If a person cannot reasonably understand the definition from the context (see the first choice), or if it may be misinterpreted as a separate concept (see the second choice), the allusion may distract from, rather than enhance, your message. If publishing on a website, you can also provide an inline link to a definition. Laplante, Technical Writing, 22. Parkinson, Parkinsons Law, 9. ← Accuracy · Fairness → ← Accuracy · Elements of Political Communication/General guidelines · Fairness →
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Legion is a 2010 American apocalyptic/fantasy-horror film, about a group of strangers armed and united by the Archangel Michael, to protect a waitress and her sacred unborn child from the relentless, bloody seige of a demonic legion of angels. Directed by Scott Stewart. Written by Peter Schink and rewritten by Stewart. When I was a little girl, my mother would remind me each night before bed to open up my heart to God, for he was kind, merciful and just. Things changed when my father left a few years later, leaving her to raise me and my brothers in a place on the edge of the Mojave Desert. She never talked of a kind, merciful God again. Instead she spoke of a prophecy. Of a time when all the world would be covered in darkness and the fate of Mankind would be decided. One night I finally got up the courage to ask my mother why God had changed, why he was so mad at his children. "I don't know," she said, tucking the covers around me, "I guess he just got tired of all the bullshit." You got to stop carrying the weight of the world on your shoulders, Jeep. When God chose your kind as the object of His love, I was the first in all of heaven to bow down before you. My love, my hope for mankind was no less than His. But I have watched you trample that gift. I have watched you kill each other over race and greed... waging war over dust and rubble and the words in old books. And yet, in the midst of all this darkness, I see some people who will not be bowed. I see some people who will not give up, even when they know all hope is lost. Some people, who realize being lost is so close to being found. I see you, Jeep. Fifteen years old, your mother leaves. Your father withdraws from the world and you spend the next five years of your young life helping him find his way home. You love a woman who bears the child of another and you love her with no thought of yourself, even though you know she may never love you the way you love her. You, Jeep... you are the reason I still have faith. It's starting... There isn’t much time. I'm following my own orders now. There's a safety switch on the side of your weapon, Push it all the way down. Two clicks. Now when this starts, you hold on tight. Otherwise you're gonna blow your hand off. We need to figure out our weapon situation. Hopefully Michael didn't take everything out of the car. Who would be crazy enough to steal a cop car? (to Jeep) Hey. Hood's up on this car. That mean anything to you? (to Jeep) You know your mother thought I was crazy. For wanting to buy this place. It's all the way up here, in the middle of nowhere, But I just knew it was something I had to do. I couldn't explain it either. Just like you. (about Gladys) I can't believe she was still standing after Percy hit her with that frying pan. (to Michael) Alright, Rambo. You got us up here. You mind telling us what we're fighting? (to Bob) I told you to get the satellite TV. But you didn't want to listen. (to Michael) Now I'm sure you don't want to go spilling blood for no good reason, in front of all these decent people. Angel: (possessing the cop) What are you doing, Michael? These weren't your orders. Gladys Foster: You will never save her! Howard: Audrey. Honey, listen. It's the Ice Cream Man. Possessed Girl: See what you made me do, mother?! Charlie: Why do you have so much faith in me, Jeep? God knows I've never given you or anybody a reason to. Or is it just that you don't have any other hard-luck cases to follow around, is that it? Jeep: (acidly) No. You're not the only one who’s had it hard around here, okay? Let me know when you stop feeling sorry for yourself. Gladys Foster: But what about the baby? Charlie: I got it under control. Gladys Foster: But it's gonna burn. Charlie: (startled) What did you just say? Gladys Foster: I said, your fucking baby is going to burn. Sandra: Gladys, I--- Gladys Foster: Shut up, you stupid fucking cunt! All you do is complain, complain, complain! Michael: Find the Prophets. Learn to read the instructions. Jeep: Prophets? What Prophets? What instructions? Michael: I knew HE'd send you, Gabriel. You were always so eager to please Him. Gabriel: Unlike you... the rebellious son. (looking to Michael's back) Your wings. They would have helped you now. Michael: To not feel that burden is a dream. Gabriel: You think you can defy Him and not pay the price? Michael: The child lives... It doesn't matter what happens to me. Gabriel: Yours is a fools sacrifice, Michael. You can help them run but they won't escape. Michael: I'm not running anymore. Gabriel: (after he is spared by Michael) I wouldn't have shown you such mercy. Michael: That is why you failed Him. Charlie: You do too much worrying. About this place. About your dad. About me. Jeep: You're the only thing I like to worry about. Charlie: See what I mean? You're worried about a girl that's eight months pregnant and it isn't your baby. It's enough to give anybody nightmares. Jeep: Go ahead and make fun of me. Everybody else does. Percy: (about the tv) Lord as my witness, Bob, one of these days that thing's gonna hit you back. Bob: (hitting the tv again) What are you talking about, Percy? We got a special relationship here. Percy: Yeah, they got names for that kind of relationship. Kyle: Are there any phones around here that actually work? Charlie: Bob will probably let you use the diner phone if you ask him nice. Maybe pay him a little something. Bob: You best not be smoking again. Not in your condition. Charlie: Bob, see where I'm at right now? Can my condition really get any worse? - Besides, you ain't one to talk. Bob: (walking to the back of the diner) What? I quit two years ago. Charlie: Yeah? So why are you still carrying that fancy lighter around for, then? Bob: It's a gift from my ex-wife. I'm sentimental. I wanna remember how much I hate her guts. Bob: (aiming the gun at Michael) Take one more step and I'll drop you right there. Michael: Is that how you greet all your customers? Bob: Mister, after what we've been through you're lucky we don't shoot you first and greet you later. Bob: You better start talking. Michael: The last time God lost faith in man he sent a flood. This time, he sent what you see outside. Percy: Are you saying this is the Apocalypse? Michael: I'm saying this is an extermination. Those things outside are just vessels. They're possessed. The weakest willed are the easiest to turn. Percy: I don't know what book you've been reading but in my version the angels are good guys. Michael: Well the truth, I'm afraid, is never that simple. [Michael tells that attackers are possessed by angels] Jeep: How do you know so much about them? Michael: Because until last night, I was on their side. Jeep: So you're saying... Bob: Yeah, that's right. Yesterday I was fucking Santa Claus. I mean, you know this is crazy, right? I mean, I don't even believe in God. Michael: Well that's just fine, Bob, he doesn't believe in you either. He doesn't believe in any of this anymore. Percy: I knew this day was coming, I just didn't think I'd be around to see it. Bob: Oh, come on, Percy! What are we even talking about this for?! Angels and possessed people! It's not real! Percy: Have you looked outside, Bob? I mean, those people aren't exactly our regular customers! Wikipedia has an article about: Legion (2010 film) Legion quotes at the Internet Movie Database Legion at Allmovie Legion at Rotten Tomatoes Legion at Metacritic
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This lesson covers troubleshooting PC operating systems. Objectives and skills for the troubleshooting PC operating systems portion of A+ certification include: Given a scenario, troubleshoot PC operating system problems with appropriate tools. Common symptoms Proprietary crash screens (BSOD/pin wheel) Failure to boot Improper shutdown Spontaneous shutdown/restart Device fails to start/detected Missing dll message Services fails to start Compatibility error Slow system performance Boots to safe mode File fails to open Missing NTLDR Missing Boot Configuration Data Missing operating system Missing Graphical Interface Missing GRUB/LILO Kernel panic Graphical Interface fails to load Multiple monitor misalignment/orientation Tools BIOS/UEFI SFC Logs System Recovery Options Repair disks Pre-installation environments MSCONFIG DEFRAG REGSRV32 REGEDIT Event viewer Safe mode Command prompt Uninstall/reinstall/repair YouTube: Operating System Troubleshooting - CompTIA A+ 220-902 - 4.1 YouTube: Operating System Troubleshooting Tools - CompTIA A+ 220-902 - 4.1 CompTIA: A+ Certification Exam Objectives - Exam 220-902
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Wednesday, August 3, 2011 Health Related articles 29 October 2021: Northern Marianas governor closes schools for ten days after three COVID-19 cases detected 12 October 2021: Texas governor bans COVID-19 vaccine mandate by any 'entity' 3 October 2021: Rosemary Cousin, Greens candidate in South Gippsland, Australia, speaks to Wikinews about democracy, transport, forests and other local issues 3 October 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Les Harmer, South Gippsland local election candidate 26 September 2021: 'The Administrators were a disaster for the Shire': Wikinews interviews Lindsay Love, Tarwin Valley ward candidate in South Gippsland, Australia Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article A recently published nationwide survey of US teenagers indicates boys tend to masturbate more — and start younger — than girls. It also finds boys who masturbate are more likely to engage in safe sex than boys who don't. Dr. Cynthia L. Robbins, the study's lead author from Indiana University in Indianapolis, spoke of the need for the academic community to focus more on masturbation. "Many adolescent boys and girls masturbate, and among sexually active teens masturbation is associated with other sexual behaviors and condom use. It is important to recognize that masturbation is an important and normal component of adolescent sexual development." The survey, named the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB), was supported by Church & Dwight, which makes Trojan condoms. A representative nationwide sample of 820 teens 14–17 years old participated in the study with parental permission. The findings were published Monday in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. Male and female respondents were asked to note how frequently they masturbated in the past three months, the past year, and throughout their lifetime. They were also asked to recall whether they masturbated alone or with a partner, and also how often they used condoms. Nearly three-fourths of boys reported having masturbated, compared to only less than half of girls. About half of boys reported masturbating twice or more per week, also higher than the 23 percent of girls. Masturbation rates for both genders increased along with age, though only boys were more likely to report having "recently" engaged in the activity as they grew older. Among adolescents who engage in oral or vaginal sex, boys who masturbate were eight times more likely to use a condom than boys who don't. A similar correlation was not observed for girls. The researchers who conducted the study urge more open and educational discussion of this highly stigmatized topic. "The findings of this study together with existing publications on masturbation should be used by health care providers to inform, educate and reassure adolescents about masturbation to provide competent and comprehensive sexuality education in the clinical setting". "Boys who masturbate likelier to have safe sex?" — Reuters, August 1, 2011 Alan Mozes. "Study Tracks Masturbation Trends Among U.S. Teens" — U.S. News & World Report, August 1, 2011
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This was the first XHTML standard to be released. It was created to redesign HTML 4.0 to act more like an XML file. To make the change from HTML 4.0 to XHTML 1.0, there was three standards: strict, transitional and frameset. Strict was the standard that accepted the full XHTML standard. Transitional was used by developers to either make it easier to migrate over from HTML 4.0 or to allow certain standards from HTML version 4.01 Transitional in the XHTML file. Framset was very simply the standard that allowed frames in the XHTML file. XHTML has the capability to be used with XML files and applications that work with XML files. XHTML 1.0 was made with the intention of allowing developers to move from HTML standards to XHTML standards more easily. XHTML 2.0 was drafted between August 2002 and July 2006. It was designed to supersede HTML 4.0 and XHTML 1.1. In July 2009, World Wide Web Consortium announced plans to discontinue work on XHTML 2.0 by the end of the year in order to focus its effort on HTML 5. HTML 5 is expected to include a XML scheme in place of XHTML 2.0 currently called XHTML 5.
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Let us define interpersonal communication. “Inter” means between, among, mutually, or together. The second part of the word, “personal” refers to a specific individual or particular role that an individual may occupy. Thus, interpersonal communication is communication between individual people. We often engage in interpersonal communication in dyads or trads, which means between two or more people. Important to know, is that the definition of interpersonal communication is not simply a quantitative one. What this means is that you cannot define it by merely counting the number of people involved. Instead, Communication scholars view interpersonal communication qualitatively; meaning that it occurs when people communicate with each other as unique individuals. Thus, interpersonal communication is a process of exchange where there is desire and motivation on the part of those involved to get to know each other as individuals. We will use this definition of interpersonal communication to explore the three primary types of relationships in our lives—friendships, romantic, and family. Given that conflict is a natural part of interpersonal communication, we will also discuss multiple ways of understanding and managing conflict. But before we go into detail about specific interpersonal relationships, let’s examine two important aspects of interpersonal communication: self-disclosure and climate. Because interpersonal communication is the primary means by which we get to know others as unique individuals, it is important to understand the role of self-disclosure. Self-disclosure is the process of revealing information about yourself to others that is not readily known by them—you have to disclose it. In face-to-face interactions, telling someone “I am a tall woman” would not be self-disclosure because that person can perceive that about you without being told. However, revealing, “I am an avid surfer” or “My favorite kind of music is "electronic trance” would be examples of self-disclosure because these are pieces of personal information others do not know unless you tell them. Given that our definition of interpersonal communication requires people to “build knowledge of one another” to get to know them as unique individuals, the necessity for self-disclosure should be obvious. There are degrees of self-disclosure, ranging from relatively safe (revealing your hobbies or musical preferences), to more personal topics (illuminating fears, dreams for the future, or fantasies). Typically, as relationships deepen and trust is established, self-disclosure increases in both breadth and depth. We tend to disclose facts about ourselves first (I am a Biology major), then move towards opinions (I feel the war is wrong), and finally disclose feelings (I’m sad that you said that). An important aspect of self-disclosure is the rule of reciprocity which states that self-disclosure between two people works best in a back and forth fashion. When you tell someone something personal, you probably expect them to do the same. When one person reveals more than another, there can be an imbalance in the relationship because the one who self discloses more may feel vulnerable as a result of sharing more personal information. One way to visualize self-disclosure is the Johari Window which comes from combining the first names of the window’s creators, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. The window is divided into four quadrants: the arena, the blind spot, the facade, and the unknown (Luft). The arena area contains information that is known to us and to others, such as our height, hair color, occupation, or major. In general, we are comfortable discussing or revealing these topics with most people. Information in the blind spot includes those things that may be apparent to others, yet we are unaware of it in ourselves. The habit of playing with your hair when nervous may be a habit that others have observed but you have not. The third area, the façade, contains information that is hidden from others but is known to you. Previous mistakes or failures, embarrassing moments, or family history are topics we typically hold close and reveal only in the context of safe, long-term relationships. Finally, the unknown area contains information that neither others, nor we, know about. We cannot know how we will react when a parent dies or just what we will do after graduation until the experience occurs. Knowing about ourselves, especially our blind and unknown areas, enables us to have a healthy, well-rounded self-concept. As we make choices to self-disclose to others, we are engaging in negotiating relational dialectics. One way we can better understand our personal relationships is by understanding the notion of relational dialectics. Baxter describes three relational dialectics that are constantly at play in interpersonal relationships. Essentially, they are a continuum of needs for each participant in a relationship that must be negotiated by those involved. Let’s take a closer look at the three primary relational dialectics that are at work in all interpersonal relationships. Autonomy-Connection refers to our need to have close connection with others as well as our need to have our own space and identity. We may miss our romantic partner when they are away but simultaneously enjoy and cherish that alone time. When you first enter a romantic relationship, you probably want to be around the other person as much as possible. As the relationship grows, you likely begin to desire fulfilling your need for autonomy, or alone time. In every relationship, each person must balance how much time to spend with the other, versus how much time to spend alone. Novelty-Predictability is the idea that we desire predictability as well as spontaneity in our relationships. In every relationship, we take comfort in a certain level of routine as a way of knowing what we can count on the other person in the relationship. Such predictability provides a sense of comfort and security. However, it requires balance with novelty to avoid boredom. An example of balance balance might be friends who get together every Saturday for brunch, but make a commitment to always try new restaurants each week. Openness-Closedness refers to the desire to be open and honest with others while at the same time not wanting to reveal every thing about yourself to someone else. One’s desire for privacy does not mean they are shutting out others. It is a normal human need. We tend to disclose the most personal information to those with whom we have the closest relationships. However, even these people do not know everything about us. As the old saying goes, “We all have skeletons in our closet,” and that’s okay. Understanding that these three dialectical tensions are at play in all relationships is a first step in understanding how our relationships work. However, awareness alone is not enough. Couples, friends, or family members have strategies for managing these tensions in an attempt to meet the needs of each person. Baxter identifies four ways we can handle dialectical tensions. The first option is to neutralize the extremes of the dialectical tensions. Here, individuals compromise, creating a solution where neither person’s need (such as novelty or predictability) is fully satisfied. Individual needs may be different, and never fully realized. For example, if one person seeks a great deal of autonomy, and the other person in the relationship seeks a great deal of connection, neutralization would not make it possible for either person to have their desires met. Instead, each person might feel like they are not getting quite enough of their particular need met. The second option is separation. This is when someone favors one end of the dialectical continuum and ignores the other, or alternates between the extremes. For example, a couple in a commuter relationship in which each person works in a different city may decide to live apart during the week (autonomy) and be together on the weekends (connection). In this sense, they are alternating between the extremes by being completely alone during the week, yet completely together on the weekends. When people decide to divide their lives into spheres they are practicing segmentation. For example, your extended family may be very close and choose to spend religious holidays together. However, members of your extended family might reserve other special days such as birthdays for celebrating with friends. This approach divides needs according to the different segments of your life. The final option for dealing with these tensions is reframing. This strategy requires creativity not only in managing the tensions, but understanding how they work in the relationship. For example, the two ends of the dialectic are not viewed as opposing or contradictory at all. Instead, they are understood as supporting the other need, as well as the relationship itself. A couple who does not live together, for example, may agree to spend two nights of the week alone or with friends as a sign of their autonomy. The time spent alone or with others gives each person the opportunity to develop themselves and their own interests so that they are better able to share themselves with their partner and enhance their connection. In general, there is no one right way to understand and manage dialectical tensions since every relationship is unique. However, to always satisfy one need and ignore the other may be a sign of trouble in the relationship (Baxter). It is important to remember that relational dialectics are a natural part of our relationships and that we have a lot of choice, freedom, and creativity in how we work them out with our relational partners. It is also important to remember that dialectical tensions are negotiated differently in each relationship. The ways we self disclose and manage dialectical tensions contributes greatly to what we call the communication climate in relationships. Do you feel organized, or confined, in a clean workspace? Are you more productive when the sun is shining than when it’s gray and cloudy outside? Just as factors like weather and physical space impact us, communication climate influences our interpersonal interactions. Communication climate is the “overall feeling or emotional mood between people” (Wood 245). If you dread going to visit your family during the holidays because of tension between you and your sister, or you look forward to dinner with a particular set of friends because they make you laugh, you are responding to the communication climate—the overall mood that is created because of the people involved and the type of communication they bring to the interaction. Let’s look at two different types of communication climates: Confirming and Disconfirming climates. Positive and negative climates can be understood along three dimensions—recognition, acknowledgement, and endorsement. We experience Confirming Climates when we receive messages that demonstrate our value and worth from those with whom we have a relationship. Conversely, we experience Disconfirming Climates when we receive messages that suggest we are devalued and unimportant. Obviously, most of us like to be in confirming climates because they foster emotional safety as well as personal and relational growth. However, it is likely that your relationships fall somewhere between the two extremes. Let’s look at three types of messages that create confirming and disconfirming climates. Recognition Messages: Recognition messages either confirm or deny another person’s existence. For example, if a coworker enters your cubicle and you smile, and say, “I’m so glad to see you” you are confirming the person's existence. If you say “good morning” to a colleague and the colleague ignores you by walking out of the room without saying anything, the colleague is creating a disconfirming climate by not recognizing you as a unique individual. Acknowledgement Messages: Acknowledgement messages go beyond recognizing another’s existence by confirming what they say or how they feel. Nodding our head while listening, or laughing appropriately at a funny story, are nonverbal acknowledgement messages. When a coworker or friend tells you they had a really bad day at work and you respond with, “Yeah, that does sound hard, do you want to go somewhere private and quiet to talk?”, you are acknowledging and responding to that person's feelings. In contrast, if you were to respond to the colleague's or friend's frustrations with a comment like, “That’s nothing. Listen to what happened to me today,” you would be ignoring the experience and presenting your's as more important. Endorsement Messages: Endorsement messages go one step further by recognizing a person’s feelings as valid. Suppose a friend comes to you upset after a fight with their significant other. If you respond with, “Yeah, I can see why you would be upset” you are endorsing their right to feel upset. However, if you said, “Get over it. At least you have a significant other” you would be sending messages that deny their right to feel frustrated in that moment. While it is difficult to see people we care about in emotional pain, people are responsible for their own emotions. When we let people own their emotions and do not tell them how to feel, we are creating supportive climates that provide a safe environment for them to work though their problems. Now you understand that we must self-disclose to form interpersonal relationships, and that self-disclosure takes place in communication climates. Let's look at developing and maintaining friendships. A common need we have as people is the need to feel connected with others. We experience great joy, adventure, and learning through our connection and interactions with others. The feeling of wanting to be part of a group and liked by others is natural. One way we meet our need for connection is through our friendships. Friendship means different things to different people depending on age, gender, and cultural background. Common among all friendships is the fact that they are interpersonal relationships of choice. Throughout your life, you will engage in an ongoing process of developing friendships. Rawlins suggests that we develop our friendships through a series of six steps. While we may not follow these six steps in exact order in all of our relationships, these steps help us understand how we develop friendships. The first step in building friendships occurs through Role-Limited Interaction. In this step, we interact with others based on our social roles. For example, when you meet a new person in class, your interaction centers around your role as “student.” The communication is characterized by a focus on superficial, rather than personal topics. In this step we engage in limited self-disclosure, and rely on scripts and stereotypes. When two first-time freshmen met in an introductory course, they struck up a conversation and interacted according to the roles they played in the context of their initial communication. They began a conversation because they sit near each other in class and discussed how much they liked or disliked aspects of the course. The second step in developing friendships is called Friendly Relations. This stage is characterized by communication that moves beyond initial roles as the participants begin to interact with one another to see of there are common interests, as well as an interest to continue getting to know one another. As the students spend more time together and have casual conversations, they may realize a wealth of shared interests. They realize that both were traveling from far distances to go to school and understood each other's struggle with missing their families. Each of them also love athletics, especially playing basketball. The development of this friendship occurred as they identified with each other as more than classmates. They saw each other as women of the same age, with similar goals, ambitions, and interests. Moreover, as one of them studied Communication and the other Psychology, they appreciated the differences as well as similarities in their collegiate pursuits. The third step in developing friendships is called Moving Toward Friendship. In this stage, participants make moves to foster a more personalized friendship. They may begin meeting outside of the setting in which the relationship started, and begin increasing the levels of self-disclosure. Self-disclosure enables the new friends to form bonds of trust. When the students entered this stage it was right before one joined the basketball club on their college campus. As she started practices and meetings, she realized this would be something fun for her and her classmate to do together so she invited her classmate along. The fourth step in developing friendships is called Nascent Friendship. In this stage individuals commit to spending more time together. They also may start using the term “friend” to refer to each other as opposed to “a person in my history class” or “this guy I work with.” The interactions extend beyond the initial roles as participants work out their own private communication rules and norms. For example, they may start calling or texting on a regular basis or reserving certain times and activities for each other such as going on evening runs together. As time went on, the students started texting each other more frequently just to tell each other a funny story that happened during the day, to make plans for going out to eat, or to plan for meeting at the gym to work out. The fifth step in developing friendships is Stabilized Friendship. In this stage, friends take each other for granted as friends, but not in a negative way. Because the friendship is solid, they assume each other will be in their lives. There is an assumption of continuity. The communication in this stage is also characterized by a sense of trust as levels of self-disclosure increase and each person feels more comfortable revealing parts of him or herself to the other. This stage can continue indefinitely throughout a lifetime. When the women became friends, they were freshmen in college. After finishing school some years later, they moved to separate regions for graduate school. While they were sad to move away from one another, they knew the friendship would continue. To this day they continue to be best friends. The final step in friendship development is Waning Friendship. As you know, friendships do not always have a happy ending. Many friendships come to an end. Friendships may not simply come to an abrupt end. Many times there are stages that show a decline of a friendship, but in Rawlin’s model, the ending of a friendship is summed up by this step. Perhaps the relationship is too difficult to sustain over large geographic distances. Or, sometimes people change and grow in different directions and have little in common with old friends. Sometimes friendship rules are violated to a degree beyond repair. We spoke earlier of trust as a component of friendships. One common rule of trust is that if we tell friends a secret, they are expected to keep it a secret. If that rule is broken, and a friend continually breaks your trust by telling your secrets to others, you are likely to stop thinking of them as your friend. While the above steps are a general pathway toward friendship, they are not always smooth. As with any relationship, challenges exist in friendships that can strain their development. Three of the more common challenges to friendships are gender, cultural diversity, and sexual attraction. Important to remember, is that each of these constructs comes with its own conflicts of power and privilege because of the cultural norms and the values we give to certain characteristics. These are challenges to relationships since studies show that people tend to associate with others that are similar to themselves (Echols & Graham). Take a look at the pair on the side of the page, they identify as different genders, ethnicities, cultures, and are even attracted to different sexes. Their friendship not only offers an opportunity to learn about differences through each other, but also offers challenges because of these differences. As we emphasize throughout the book, factors such as our gender identities and cultural backgrounds always play a role in our interactions with others. Gender: Research suggests that both women and men value trust and intimacy in their friendships and value their time spent with friends (Mathews, Derlega & Morrow; Bell & Coleman; Monsour & Rawlins). However, there are some differences in the interactions that take place within women’s and men’s friendships (Burleson, Jones & Holmstrom; Coates; Harriman). Quite common among female friends, is to get together simply to talk and catch up with one another. When calling her close friend, Antoinette might say, “Why don’t you come over to my place so we can talk?” The need to connect through verbal communication is explicitly stated and forms the basis for the relationship. In contrast, many males are socialized to approach interaction as an invitation to engage in an activity as a means of facilitating conversation. For example, John might say to his friend, “Hey, Mike, let’s get out surfing this weekend.” The explicit request is to engage in an activity (surfing), but John and Mike understand that as they engage in the activity, they will talk, joke around, and reinforce their friendship ties. While we have often looked at gender as male and female (binary), culture is changing in that gender is viewed as a spectrum rather than the male/female binary. Monsour & Rawlins explain the new waves of research into different types of gender communities. More recent research is more inclusive to gender definitions that extend beyond the male/female binary. This research may be cutting edge in its field, but as society becomes more accepting of difference, new ideas of relationship rules will emerge. Culture: Cultural values shape how we understand our friendships. In most Western societies that emphasize individualism (as opposed to collectivism), friendships are seen as voluntary in that we get to choose who we want in our friendship circle. If we do not like someone we do not have to be friends with them. Contrast this to the workplace, or school, where we may be forced to get along with colleagues or classmates even though we may not like them. In many collectivist cultures, such as Japan and China, friendships carry certain obligations that are understood by all parties (Carrier; Kim & Markman). These may include gift giving, employment economic opportunities, and cutting through so-called ‘bureaucratic red tape.’ Although these sorts of connections, particularly in business and politics, may be frowned upon in the United States because they contradict our valuing of individualism, they are a natural, normal, and logical result of friendships in collectivist cultures. Sexual Attraction: The classic film, When Harry Met Sally, highlights how sexual attraction can complicate friendships. In the movie, Harry quotes the line, “Men and women can’t be friends because the sex always gets in the way.” Levels of sexual attraction or sexual tension may challenge friendships between heterosexual men and women, gay men, lesbian women, and those who identify as bi. This may arise from an internal desire of one of the friends to explore a sexual relationship, or if someone in the relationship indicates that they want to be “more than friends.” These situations might place strain on the friendship and require the individuals to address the situation if they want the friendship to continue. One approach has been the recent definition of friendships called, “Friends with Benefits.” This term implies an understanding that two people will identify their relationship as a friendship, but will be open to engaging in sexual activity without committing to the other characteristics common in romantic relationships. When you hear the word “conflict,” do you have a positive or negative reaction? Are you someone who thinks conflict should be avoided at all costs? While conflict may be uncomfortable and challenging it doesn’t have to be negative. Think about the social and political changes that came about from the conflict of the civil rights movement during the 1960’s. There is no doubt that this conflict was painful and even deadly for some civil rights activists, but the conflict resulted in the elimination of many discriminatory practices and helped create a more egalitarian social system in the United States. Let’s look at two distinct orientations to conflict, as well as options for how to respond to conflict in our interpersonal relationships. When we shy away from conflict in our interpersonal relationships we may do so because we conceptualize it as destructive to our relationships. As with many of our beliefs and attitudes, they are not always well-grounded and lead to destructive behaviors. Augsburger outlined four assumptions of viewing conflict as destructive. 1. Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace. 2. The social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather, members should adapt to the established values. 3. Confrontations are destructive and ineffective. 4. Disputants should be punished. When we view conflict this way, we believe that it is a threat to the established order of the relationship. Think about sports as an analogy of how we view conflict as destructive. In the U.S. we like sports that have winners and losers. Sports and games where a tie is an option often seem confusing to us. How can neither team win or lose? When we apply this to our relationships, it’s understandable why we would be resistant to engaging in conflict. I don’t want to lose, and I don’t want to see my relational partner lose. This type of zero-sum conflict style often ends in destructive outcomes where the “win” of one party comes at the expense of another, which over time can lead to the degradation of our relationships. So, an option is to avoid conflict so that neither person has to face that result. In contrast to seeing conflict as destructive, also possible, even healthy, is to view conflict as a productive natural outgrowth and component of human relationships. Augsburger described four assumptions of viewing conflict as productive. 1. Conflict is a normal, useful process. 2. All issues are subject to change through negotiation. 3. Direct confrontation and conciliation are valued. 4. Conflict is a necessary renegotiation of an implied contract—a redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions, and renewal of relationships. From this perspective, conflict provides an opportunity for strengthening relationships, not harming them. Conflict is a chance for relational partners to find ways to meet the needs of one another, even when these needs conflict. Think back to our discussion of dialectical tensions. While you may not explicitly argue with your relational partners about these tensions, the fact that you are negotiating them points to your ability to use conflict in productive ways for the relationship as a whole, and the needs of the individuals in the relationship. Understanding the different ways of valuing conflict is a first step toward engaging in productive conflict interactions. Likewise, knowing the various types of conflict that occur in interpersonal relationships also helps us to identify appropriate strategies for managing certain types of conflict. Cole states that there are five types of conflict in interpersonal relationships: Affective, Conflict of Interest, Value, Cognitive, and Goal. Affective conflict. Affective conflict arises when we have incompatible feelings with another person. For example, if a couple has been dating for a while, one of the partners may want to marry as a sign of love while the other decides they want to see other people. What do they do? The differences in feelings for one another are the source of affective conflict. Conflict of Interest. This type of conflict arises when people disagree about a plan of action or what to do in a given circumstance. For example, Julie, a Christian Scientist, does not believe in seeking medical intervention, but believes that prayer can cure illness. Jeff, a Catholic, does believe in seeking conventional medical attention as treatment for illness. What happens when Julie and Jeff decide to have children? Do they honor Jeff’s beliefs and take the kids to the doctor when they are ill, or respect and practice Julie’s religion? This is a conflict of interest. Value Conflict. A difference in ideologies or values between relational partners is called value conflict. In the example of Julie and Jeff, a conflict of interest about what to do concerning their children’s medical needs results from differing religious values. Many people engage in conflict about religion and politics. Remember the old saying, “Never talk about religion and politics with your family.” Cognitive Conflict. Cognitive conflict is the difference in thought process, interpretation of events, and perceptions. Marsha and Victoria, a long-term couple, are both invited to a party. Victoria declines because she has a big presentation at work the next morning and wants to be well rested. At the party, their mutual friends Michael and Lisa notice Marsha spending the entire evening with Karen. Lisa suspects Marsha may be flirting and cheating on Victoria, but Michael disagrees and says Marsha and Karen are just close friends catching up. Michael and Lisa are observing the same interaction but have a disagreement about what it means. This is an example of cognitive conflict. Goal Conflict. Goal conflict occurs when people disagree about a final outcome. Jesse and Jerome are getting ready to buy their first house. Jerome wants something that has long-term investment potential while Jesse wants a house to suit their needs for a few years and then plans to move into a larger house. Jerome has long-term goals for the house purchase and Jesse is thinking in more immediate terms. These two have two different goals in regards to purchasing a home. When we ask our students what they want to do when they experience conflict, most of the time they say “resolve it.” While this is understandable, also important to understand is that conflict is ongoing in all relationships, and our approach to conflict should be to “manage it” instead of always trying to “resolve it." One way to understand options for managing conflict is by knowing five major strategies for managing conflict in relationships. While most of us probably favor one strategy over another, we all have multiple options for managing conflict in our relationships. Having a variety of options available gives us flexibility in our interactions with others. Five strategies for managing interpersonal conflict include dominating, integrating, compromising, obliging, and avoiding (Rahim; Rahim & Magner; Thomas & Kilmann). One way to think about these strategies, and your decision to select one over another, is to think about whose needs will be met in the conflict situation. You can conceptualize this idea according to the degree of concern for the self and the degree of concern for others. When people select the dominating strategy, or win-lose approach, they exhibit high concern for the self and low concern for the other person. The goal here is to win the conflict. This approach is often characterized by loud, forceful, and interrupting communication. Again, this is analogous to sports. Too often, we avoid conflict because we believe the only other alternative is to try to dominate the other person. In relationships where we care about others, it’s no wonder this strategy can seem unappealing. The obliging style shows a moderate degree of concern for self and others, and a high degree of concern for the relationship itself. In this approach, the individuals are less important than the relationship as a whole. Here, a person may minimize the differences or a specific issue in order to emphasize the commonalities. The comment, “The fact that we disagree about politics isn’t a big deal since we share the same ethical and moral beliefs,” exemplifies an obliging style. The compromising style is evident when both parties are willing to give up something in order to gain something else. When environmental activist, Julia Butterfly Hill agreed to end her two-year long tree sit in Luna as a protest against the logging practices of Pacific Lumber Company (PALCO), and pay them $50,000 in exchange for their promise to protect Luna and not cut within a 20-foot buffer zone, she and PALCO reached a compromise. If one of the parties feels the compromise is unequal they may be less likely to stick to it long term. When conflict is unavoidable, many times people will opt for compromise. One of the problems with compromise is that neither party fully gets their needs met. If you want Mexican food and your friend wants pizza, you might agree to compromise and go someplace that serves Mexican pizza. While this may seem like a good idea, you may have really been craving a burrito and your friend may have really been craving a pepperoni pizza. In this case, while the compromise brought together two food genres, neither person got their desire met. When one avoids a conflict they may suppress feelings of frustration or walk away from a situation. While this is often regarded as expressing a low concern for self and others because problems are not dealt with, the opposite may be true in some contexts. Take, for example, a heated argument between Ginny and Pat. Pat is about to make a hurtful remark out of frustration. Instead, she decides that she needs to avoid this argument right now until she and Ginny can come back and discuss things in a more calm fashion. In this case, temporarily avoiding the conflict can be beneficial. However, conflict avoidance over the long term generally has negative consequences for a relationship because neither person is willing to participate in the conflict management process. Finally, integrating demonstrates a high level of concern for both self and others. Using this strategy, individuals agree to share information, feelings, and creativity to try to reach a mutually acceptable solution that meets both of their needs. In our food example above, one strategy would be for both people to get the food they want, then take it on a picnic in the park. This way, both people are getting their needs met fully, and in a way that extends beyond original notions of win-lose approaches for managing the conflict. The downside to this strategy is that it is very time consuming and requires high levels of trust. Interpersonal communication is communication between individuals that view one another as unique. Quite often, interpersonal communication occurs in dyads. In order for interpersonal communication to occur, participants must engage in self-disclosure, which is the revealing of information about oneself to others that is not known by them. As we self-disclose, we manage our relationships by negotiating dialectical tensions, which are opposing needs in interpersonal relationships. We use a variety of strategies for navigating these tensions, including neutralization, separation, segmentation, and reframing. As we navigate our interpersonal relationships, we create communication climates, which are the overall feelings and moods people have for one another and the relationship. When we engage in disconfirming messages, we produce a negative relational climate, while confirming messages can help build a positive relational climate by recognizing the uniqueness and importance of another person. The three primary types of interpersonal relationships we engage in are friendships, romantic relationships, and family relationships. Each of these relationships develop through a series of stages of growth and deterioration. Friendships and romantic relationships differ from family relationships in that they are relationships of choice. Each of these relationships requires commitment from participants to continuously navigate relational dynamics in order to maintain and grow the relationship. Finally, all relationships experience conflict. Conflict is often perceived as an indicator that there is a problem in a relationship. However, conflict is a natural and ongoing part of all relationships. The goal for conflict is not to eliminate it, but to manage it. There are five primary approaches to managing conflict which include dominating, obliging, compromising, avoiding, and integrating. Think about a time that you needed to deal with conflict. Was the outcome destructive or productive? How could you have used the information in this chapter on to better handle the situation if it was destructive? 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Managing conflict in organizations. Transaction Publishers, 2015. Rahim, M. Afzalur, and Nace R. Magner. "Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: first-order factor model and its invariance across groups." Journal of applied psychology 80.1 (1995): 122. Rawlins, W. K. (1981). Friendship as a communicative achievement. Temple University. Thomas, Kenneth Wayne, and Ralph H. Kilmann. Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Tuxedo, NY: XICOM, 1974. Print. Wood, Julia T. Interpersonal Communication in Everyday Encounters. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1999. Print.
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Absolute Value The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero (0) on a number line. This action ignores the "+" or "–" sign of a number because distance in mathematics is never negative. The symbol | x | {\displaystyle |x|} represents the absolute value of x {\displaystyle x} . It is also called modulus x {\displaystyle x} . The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero (0) on a number line. This action ignores the “+” or “–“ sign of a number because distance in mathematics is never negative. You identify an absolute value of a number by writing the number between two vertical bars referred to as absolute value brackets: |number|. A helpful way of thinking about absolute value is relating it to a railroad track. If you were to stand on a railroad track, more specifically on any one of the railroad ties and mark that spot as zero, railroad ties to the left would represent negative numbers and railroad ties to the right would represent positive numbers. The number –7 is 7 units away from zero on the negative side of the railroad track. So, the following is true, |-7| = 7. The number 16 is 16 units away from zero on the positive side of the railroad track. So, |16| = 16. The number 0 is 0 units from zero on the railroad track. So |0| = 0 Therefore, the absolute value of any number is a positive number or zero. In summary... THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A NUMBER If x is a positive number, then | x | = x {\displaystyle |x|=x} . Example: | 5 | = 5 {\displaystyle |5|=5} If x is zero, then | x | = 0 {\displaystyle |x|=0} . Example: | 0 | = 0 {\displaystyle |0|=0} If x is a negative number, | x | = − x {\displaystyle |x|=-x} . Example: | − 6 | = − ( − 6 ) = 6 {\displaystyle |-6|=-(-6)=6} You can find the absolute value of expressions as well. When addressed with this you must treat the absolute value brackets as you would parentheses. You need to simplify everything inside the absolute value brackets by performing all the necessary operations by following the order of operations. Your last step once you have a single number inside the absolute value brackets is to take the absolute value. For example, | − 5 + 1 × 3 | = | − 5 + 3 | = | − 2 | = 2 {\displaystyle |-5+1\times 3|=|-5+3|=|-2|=2} . You may use the absolute value to find the distance between two numbers on the number line. Let a and b be variables. Then | a − b | {\displaystyle |a-b|} is the distance between a and b. For example, if a = 3 {\displaystyle a=3} and b = 7 {\displaystyle b=7} , then | 3 − 7 | = | − 4 | = 4 {\displaystyle |3-7|=|-4|=4} . Because you used the absolute value, the distance is the same if you switch the order of the two numbers; if a = 7 {\displaystyle a=7} and b = 3 {\displaystyle b=3} , then | 7 − 3 | = | 4 | = 4 {\displaystyle |7-3|=|4|=4} . Two things to watch out for are an opposite sign and/or an operation outside the absolute value brackets. As stated above, simplify everything inside the absolute value brackets by performing all the necessary operations by following the order of operations. Your last step once you have a single number inside the absolute value brackets is to take the absolute value. Once you have taken the absolute value then perform the other necessary operations by following the order of operations from left to right in the expression. For example, − | 5 | = − 5 {\displaystyle -|5|=-5} and 7 + | − 5 + 1 × 3 | = 7 + | − 5 + 3 | = 7 + | − 2 | = 7 + 2 = 9 {\displaystyle 7+|-5+1\times 3|=7+|-5+3|=7+|-2|=7+2=9} . | 0 | = 0 {\displaystyle |0|=0} − | − 21 | = − 21 {\displaystyle -|-21|=-21} | 7 − 1 | + 9 = | 6 | + 9 = 6 + 9 = 15 {\displaystyle |7-1|+9=|6|+9=6+9=15} | 0.5 | = 0.5 {\displaystyle |0.5|=0.5} | − 5 × 3 | = | − 15 | = 15 {\displaystyle |-5\times 3|=|-15|=15} | − 2 3 | = 2 3 {\displaystyle \left|{\frac {-2}{3}}\right|={\frac {2}{3}}} | 25 − 16 | = | 9 | = 9 {\displaystyle |25-16|=|9|=9} | 9 | = 9 {\displaystyle |9|=9} | 3.5 − 5.7 | = | − 2.2 | = 2.2 {\displaystyle |3.5-5.7|=|-2.2|=2.2} | − 11.5 | = 11.5 {\displaystyle |-11.5|=11.5} 5 − | 3 | = 5 − 3 = 2 {\displaystyle 5-|3|=5-3=2} − | 6.7 | = − 6.7 {\displaystyle -|6.7|=-6.7} 8 + | − 6 × 2 | = 8 + | − 12 | = 8 + 12 = 20 {\displaystyle 8+|-6\times 2|=8+|-12|=8+12=20} absolute value game Solve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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Sasak belongs to the Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa subgroup and is the primary spoken language on the Indonesian island of Lombok Some phrases in this phrasebook still need to be translated. Hello. Halo Hello. Halo (informal) How are you? Berembe kabar (berembay kabar) Fine, thank you. Baik / Solah (so la) What is your name? Sae aranm side (Si aram si-de) My name is ______ . Aranka ku (aran-ka ku) Nice to meet you. Demen bedait (demen be da eet ) Please. . ( ) Thank you. Tampiasih (Tampi Asih) You're welcome. Pade-pade (pa da - pa da ) Yes. aok (ow) / Inggeh (ing gayh) No. en'dek Nothing Ndarak (en'dek ara) Excuse me. ( ) Excuse me. (begging pardon) Tabe (ta bay) I'm sorry. maaf (ma af) Goodbye . ( ) How do I say Apa eak uninikh (api i-ak u-nin-kah) I can't speak Sasak [well]. [ ]. ( ?) ( ?) Help! ! ( !) Look out! ! ( !) Dangerous! Anuk ngengakok (anung ngu-nga-kok) Good morning. . ( ) Good evening. . ( ) Good night. . ( ) Good night (to sleep) . ( ?) What? Ape (Apu) What is today's date (day)? Jelo ape nani? (ju-lo ape na-ni) What are you doing? Ape gaurm nani (Apu Ga'wem nani) What is your name? Ai are'm What would you like? M'pa lagi Where are you going? M'be yak'm lai Where is --- ? Embe eak lainm (Em-be Ah ak lai in m) Where is the toilet? Embe taok wc (Em-be ta-ohk way-say) Where is the beach? Embe taok pantai (Embe ta-ok pan-te) Where do you work? Ape pegawean side (Apu pugawayan si-du) Who are you there with? Sai kancen te nani (Sai kan-chun tu nani) How are you? Berembeh Kabar? (be-dem-be ka-bar) How do I say? apc eak uninikh (apu e-ak uninkah) How are you feeling? Berembe kaadaanm? (be-rem-be ka'a-da'anm) How old are you? Pire umut side (pir-e umur si-de) How much is this? Pire ajian (pir-e ajin) Do you have a cigarette? Arak ngo dotim (Arak Ngu-Dut-em) Do you want a cigarette? Eakim ngodot (E'a-Am Nu-Dut) Do you want to eat? Meletim magan (Mele-Tum Mangan) Do you want to drink? Meletim Ngenam (Mele-Tum Ngenam) Do you want to go swimming? Eakim kapung side (apu pug-awayan si-du) Why do you not want to drink? Kembeim endek melet nginam (Kembe-im ndek melet ngenam) Why will you not shower? Kembekim endek daus? (dumbik'em ndek daus) Are you sure? Pacunim (Pachu Num) I'm hungry. Ke lapahikh (Ke-Lapah-Kah) I'm sick jekeng sakit (ja-kung saket) I'm sorry Maaf bae (Ma'af ba'e) I want the shortest road Melekh jalan sak empah (Me-len-kah Ja-lan Sa Em-pah) I don't want to buy Endek keak beli (Ndek ke-ak be-li) Because I'm shy Endekikh Semel(ndek-kah samal) My name is Aranka ku Nice to meet you Demen bedait dait side (du-mon bu-da-it da-it si-de) No good Endek solah (ndek sol-ah) Very Expensive wah kemahalin (wa ke mahal) Of Course Jelas sih! (ju-las si) Better than nothing Dait eak edak (Di-et eak edak) 0 nol 1 sket 2 dua 3 telu 4 empat 5 limu 6 enem (nam) 7 pituk 8 baluk 9 siwak 10 sepulu 11 Sepulu Solas 12 Sepulu Dualas 13 Sepulu Talulas 14 Sepulu Patolas 15 Sepulu Limulas 16 Sepulu Namolas 17 Sepulu pituklas 18 Sepulu baluklas 19 Sepulu siwaklas 20 Duapulu (updated 2011 Todd) 3 eggs - telu telur banana - puntiq no problem - ndek kembe kembe I - aku, tiang, saya You - side Father - amaq Mother - inaq Going out - lalo to - jok eat - mangan breakfast - nge-lor water - aiq drink - ngi-nem Go out(from house) - su-gul House - BaLe Kiss - Kitcupkow Arms - Imung Hair - Bulu Head - Ulu Ear - Kunto Eyes - Matu Nose - Erwng Lips - Biwi Cheek - Saket Back - Bucock Legs - Nailampa Pants - Selanu Shirt - Galambi Candle/Lamp - Dila Glass - jaju kakan Sarung - Landongkai
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For it is not easy to register American Indians and Alaska Natives without adding those of more than one race”, ( this makes up 1.6% of the whole US population). This proves a steady increase of the American Indian population: In 1900 epidemics, starvation and wars almost had wiped out the Native Americans and only 200,000 were left. But 50 years later the number had regrown to 350,000, in 1990 it exceeded 2 million and for 2050 it is projected to be almost double the present number. The Indigenous people belong to 500~600 federally recognized tribes in the USA, including 225 in Alaska. These are often of little membership, except the Cherokee and the Navajo nation (the most populous tribes by far) which have both more than 300,000 members. A tribe is considered “federally recognized” if the members can prove their tribe's existence throughout the 20th century. Only then they may receive the services and benefits offered by the BIA, e.g. social services and assistance in economic development, etc. However, there are also many tribes which are (partly) recognized by their state, but not by the BIA, for example the Wampanoag. These tribes do not get any governmental support by the BIA, so they are keen on changing their status: 150 tribes applied for federal recognition since 1978, but the Congress has signed positive only 12 petitions by now. But no matter if their tribe is federally recognized or not, each American Indian is a US citizen today and has (in most cases) the same rights and duties as any other American. There are 56 million acres of land held in trust for American Indians and Alaska Natives by the Secretary of the Interior which contains the federal reservations, but not all Indian reservations and 223 Alaskan village groups. The latter have no reservation status, but are often of Indian inhabitants only. As a result of the expansion of the European civilization, which forced the American Indians to withdraw farther and farther to the West, the American Indian reservations and the areas preferred by the ones outside the reservations, are not evenly distributed over the USA. In fact most of the American Indian population is concentrated on a eleven states, most of them western the Mississippi (highest percentage among them California, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona), which are the home for two thirds of the American Indians. Despite a common assumption not all the American Indians live in reservations. Actually the American Indians living outside the reservations make up the vast majority: between 64% and 85% of the American Indians do not live in one of the reservations or Indian communities in the USA but in rural areas or in big cities. From the beginning of the expulsion in the early 19th Century there have been a few Indian communities and single families who managed to escape the authorities' notice. But the big wave of American Indians leaving their reservations has been initiated by the supportive measurements of the US government (like special benefits)in the 1950's (Termination policy and Relocation policy). At this time, a lot of American Indians left their tribe to work in big cities ( Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York had and have especially many Indian inhabitants ) or in towns not far from the reservations ( for example Oklahoma City, Minneapolis, Seattle or Phoenix). This happened step by step: in 1970 about 45% of the American Indians already lived outside the reservations, twenty years later it were 54%. Nowadays the “rural exodus” is still a current topic, because young American Indians believe that the cities offer many opportunities to make money and that moving is the only possibility to change their life and to escape from the hopelessness in the reservations. For some this dreams became reality, for example for the Iroquois, who typically have a good head for heights and profited from their unique quality by working as demanded steel construction workers or engineers on the building sites of skyscrapers in almost any big city. Now they have settled in a quarter of their own in Brooklyn in New York City, which is quite unusual because the majority of the “City Indians” is not living in ghettos. Different from the Iroquois many other “City Indians” have been less successful: in the beginning of the Termination policy about three quarters of the American Indians returned to their reservations and today badly paid jobs and several social underclass problems in urban areas impede the life quality of many (young) American Indians. But altogether their social situation and their career prospects are better than in the reservations which can be seen in the fact that their rates of higher education (college degree and more) are constantly higher as those in the reservations, as well as their median age and their average income. This shows a slight rise on the social ladder compared to their past. Only a little bit more than one third of the American Indians are residents at a reservation (or community, rancheria, pueblo etc. ), which are no longer internment camps (like some reservations in the 19th century had been). However, sometimes there are still fences and “wards”, although the inhabitants legally are free to go and live anywhere they like. On the other hand, a reservation is no paradise for Indians: they are neither living in Tipis (, but in huts, council flats or in simple prefabricated houses), nor riding on horseback. Although they are often isolated from the modern industrial society, they adapted in many ways to the European culture, e.g. Fast-Food restaurants and supermarkets opened in the reservations and satellite TV and an Internet access are available in most cases. Today, the reservations cover 52 million acres of the Indian trust land which appears infinitely small compared with their original tribal area, that is the entire North American continent. American Indian Areas (in the USA there are 270-300 federal reservations, mostly western the Mississippi, and about 21 state reservations, the majority in the East) exist in all sizes and compositions: Some of the reservations are quite small (partly less than 1000 acres, the smallest comprises only 100 acres), others are very large with the Navajo Nation in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah as the largest (containing 17 million acres); some are inhabited by only one tribe, others are the home of several different tribes. Many reservations are inhabited by non-Indians, too, and a lot of reservation land has White owners or tenants (actually only about 140 reservations consist of exclusively tribal-owned land). The US government used to handle any issues concerning the American Indians in the past. Yet since 1975( Indian Self-Determination Act) the reservations are free to form their own tribal governments, which are assembled by democratic elections or out of the elder councils. This self-government is limited only as far as the states' power, i.e. the reservations are legally treated like sovereign states and the state authorities only have scarce control over them. In many reservations laws (both criminal and civil) and law enforcement are more or less independent of the surrounding. The Navajo nation for example has replaced each law of the state of Arizona by own (except the traffic regulations) and the tribe folds its own courts and police, so that only dangerous criminals have to stand trial on a non-Indian court. The tribes also administer their own fire brigades and social programs and are allowed to manage the usage of their natural resources on their own (although the USA violate this right from time to time). This far-reaching self-sufficiency conveys a feeling of pride and security to some of the American Indians in the reservations and so they are keen on becoming completely self-sustaining some day. As a special privilege the American Indians in reservations do not have to pay taxes of any income or trade made upon their tribal land and they (officially) receive free health care. This supportive measures are badly needed because many are on federal welfare and social benefits.
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