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The nominative case is what is used for the subject of the sentence, e.g. what is acting. This is in contrast to the accusative case, which is used for the object—what is acted upon. For an English example, we will use the following sentence: I pet the dog. In this example, I is the subject so it is put into the nominative. The dog, on the other hand, is put into the accusative because it is the object. English does not alter or mark nouns to express case, but rather requires that a strict word order be used (Subject/nominative, Verb, Object) when building sentences from which a noun's case can be automatically inferred. For example, in the following sentences: The dog bites the man. The man bites the dog The dog in the first sentence must be the subject (and so in the nominative case), as it precedes the verb and object (in this case the man). In the second sentence, word order is reversed and so are the roles of the nouns in turn. Finnish, however, does not depend on word order the way that English does to express the case of a noun. The accusative is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a verb. Make both singular and plural accusative forms of the following nouns. lehti mökki ranskalainen tuuletin alus vaaka Please translate the following short English sentences into Finnish. You must use accusative. 1. I saw the cottage. I saw the cottages. 2. I noticed the name. I noticed the names. 3. I brought the key. I brought the keys. 4. I heard the piece of news. I heard the news. 5. I read the newspaper completely. I read the newspapers completely. 6. I saw the Frenchman and the Swede. I saw the Frenchmen and the Swedes. 7. I bought the computer and the carpet. I bought the computers and the carpets. 8. I saw the building and the statue. I saw the buildings and the statues. Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to the difference between accusative and partitive and tell which is used. 1. Ammuin linnun. 2. Ammuin lintua. 3. Katsoin elokuvaa. 4. Katsoimme elokuvan. 5. Luitko sanomalehteä? 6. Luin sanomalehden. 7. Kuuntelimme pitkän puheen. 8. Kuuntelimme pitkää puhetta. 9. Onko teillä rahat? 10. Onko hänellä rahaa? 11. Tarvitsen paperia. 12. Tarvitsen paperit. 13. Korjasin uudet tietokoneet. 14. Korjasin uusia tietokoneita. Please translate the following sentences into English. Some nouns are in partitive and some in accusative. Ostin kilon omenat. Ostin kilon omenoita. Talot ja aidat on maalattu. Taloja ja autoteitä on korjattu tällä alueella. Hain tavarat. Sitten otin mukaani viivaimen ja muutamia työkaluja. Näin työpaikallani ruotsalaiset ja norjalaiset joista kerroit. Näin siellä myös aitoja espanjalaisia. Partitive is used always in singular if: -We are talking about a material (water, air, metals, food etc.) and it doesn't work as subject of the sentences. -After numbers different from 1 (for example: two cars -> 2 autoa). -With some verbs -When the object is general Translate following sentences into Finnish. You need a partitive case in them. Make both singular and plural partitive form of these nouns. An example: talo -> taloa(singular), taloja(plural) kissa kenkä kirja ovi kello työ raha ihminen kone Nieminen Translate then these sentences into Finnish. I mean the book. I mean the doors. I am using a machine. I wear a hat. Inflect the following nouns in every personal pronoun in partitive both in singular and plural. An example with a word "talo": Talo (minun) taloani, (minun) talojani (sinun) taloasi, (sinun) talojasi (hänen) taloansa, (hänen) talojansa (meidän) taloamme, (meidän) talojamme (teidän) taloanne, (teidän) talojanne (heidän) taloansa, (heidän) talojansa katto takki lehti kenkä Many verbs put the following noun in partitive form. Please make grammatically correct sentences by using the given words (a verb, a possessive pronoun, and a noun) and translate into English. An example: Tarkoitan - sinun, koti -> Tarkoitan kotiasi (I mean your home) 1. Tarkoitan - sinun, työ 2. Katson - sinun, hattu 3. Tarvitsen - sinun, apu 4. Tarkoitan - minun, elämä 5. Käytän - minun, tietokone 6. Tarkoitan - minun, osoite 7. Tarvitsen - hänen, apu 8. Käytän - hänen, avain 9. Kuuntelen - hänen, puhe 10. Tarkoitan - meidän, tehdas 11. Korjaan - meidän, tietokone 12. Katselen - teidän, kokoelma 13. Ihailen - teidän, alus 14. Käytän - heidän, tuuletin 15. Rakastan - heidän, tytär Translate these simple Finnish sentences into English and pay attention to words in partitive case. Se maksaa 99 euroa ja 50 senttiä. Minulla ei ole kissaa. Katso kelloa! Käytän kenkiä. Teen kakkua. Luen kirjaa Luen kirjoja. Luemme sanomalehtiä. Tarkoitatko Mattia? Ajoitko autoa? Onko sinulla autoa? En sulkenut ovea. Osaan käyttää tätä konetta. Käytän joskus farkkuja. (farkut = jeans) Translate these simple sentences into Finnish. I mean the house. I mean the houses. I often play the violin. He is using a computer. He has got many computers. They always use the backdoor. (backdoor = takaovi) Translate these Finnish sentences into English. To make things more complicated, this time almost all the nouns in partitive have personal pronoun suffixes. Note that some nouns are in plural. Juon kahvia, syön kakkuasi ja luen kirjojasi. Tarkoitan kaikkia kaupunkimme rakennuksia, en vain tuota rakennusta. Tarkoitan omaa taloani enkä sinun taloasi. Kävelimme pihaltamme puutarhaanne ja katsoimme hänen autojansa. Näimme siellä ruotsalaisia, italialaisia ja amerikkalaisen. Vihaan naapuriasi, uraasi ja koiriasi! Kotiimme saa tulla! Jalkaani koskee ja silmiini särkee. Some nouns in partitive in the following sentences have errors. Try to spot and correct them as fast as possible! Luin yhtä elektroniikkalehtiä ja joitakin aikakauslehteä. Hän joi oluttaa ja söi kahta pihveä. Rakastan sinoa ja kauniitasi kasvotasi. Katsoin kääretä ja sen koristellisiä kuvioita. En voi sietää hänen virheitän ja kummallisuuksinan. The essive or case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English "as a...". In the Finnish language, this case is marked by adding "-na/-nä" to the stem of the noun. Example: "lapsi" -> "child" "lapsena" -> "as a child", "when (I/he/you) was a child". "lapsina" -> "as children", "when (we/you'all/they) were children" In Finnish, it is also used for specifying times, days and dates when something happens. For example: "maanantaina" -> "on Monday" "kuudentena joulukuuta" -> "on the 6th of December". Translate these simple words and phrases into English. sinuna mökkinä insinöörinä opettajana soittimena lehtenä veljenä tiistaina miellyttävänä ihmisenä taitavina asiantuntijoina Hän on parempi tutkijana kuin insinöörinä. Hän on parempi näyttelijänä kuin sihteerinä. lehden, lehdet (The first one is a singular form and the second one is a plural form.) mökin, mökit ranskalaisen, ranskalaiset tuulettimen, tuulettimet aluksen, alukset vaa'an, vaa'at 1. Näin mökin. Näin mökit. 2. Huomasin nimen. Huomasin nimet. 3. Toin avaimen. Toin avaimet. 4. Kuulin uutisen. Kuulin uutiset. 5. Luin sanomalehden kokonaan. Luin sanomalehdet kokonaan. 6. Näin ranskalaisen ja ruotsalaisen. Näin ranskalaiset ja ruotsalaiset. 7. Ostin tietokoneen ja maton. Ostin tietokoneet ja matot. 8. Näin rakennuksen ja patsaan. Näin rakennukset ja patsaat. There are some explanatory comments in brackets after translations. 1. I shot a/the bird dead (accusative) 2. I shot at a/the bird (It didn't necessarily die) (partitive) 3. I was watching a movie (It is not known if I watched the whole movie) (partitive) 4. We watched a/the (whole) movie (accusative) 5. Were you reading a newspaper? (partitive) 6. I read a/the (whole) newspaper (accusative) 7. We listened to a/the long speech (completely). (accusative) 8. We were listening to a long speech. (Not necessarily the whole of speech) (partitive) 9. Do you'all have the money? (It is question of the specific money) (accusative) 10. Does he/she have (some) money? (partitive) 11. I need (some) paper. (partitive) 12. I need the papers. (It is question of the specific papers) (accusative) 13. I fixed the new computers. (The new computers got fixed) (accusative) 14. I was fixing -/the new computers. (It is not known if the new computers got repaired) (partitive) I bought the one-kilo-weighing apples. OR I bought the apples which weighed one kilo. I bought a kilo of apples. The houses and the fences have been painted. Houses and roads have been mended in this region. I took the items. Then I took the liner and some tools with me. I saw the Swedes and the Norwegians about whom you told in my workplace. I also saw real Spaniards there. kissaa(singular), kissoja(plural) kenkää, kenkiä kirjaa, kirjoja ovea, ovia kelloa, kelloja työtä, töitä rahaa, rahoja ihmistä, ihmisiä konetta, koneita Niemistä, Niemisiä Tarkoitan kirjaa (Not: "tarkoitan kirja") Tarkoitan ovia. Käytän konetta. Käytän hattua. 1. 2. kattoani, kattojani takkiani, takkejani kattoasi, kattojasi takkiasi, takkejasi kattoansa, kattojansa takkiansa, takkejansa kattoamme, kattojamme takkiamme, takkejamme kattoanne, kattojanne takkianne, takkejanne kattoansa, kattojansa takkiansa, takkejansa 3. 4. lehteäni, lehtiäni kenkääni, kenkiäni lehteäsi, lehtiäsi kenkääsi, kenkiäsi lehteänsä, lehtiänsä kenkäänsä, kenkiänsä lehteämme, lehtiämme kenkäämme, kenkiämme lehteänne, lehtiänne kenkäänne, kenkiänne lehteänsä, lehtiänsä kenkäänsä, kenkiänsä 1. Tarkoitan työtäsi (I mean your job) 2. Katson hattuasi (I am looking at your hat) 3. Tarvitsen apuasi (I need your help) 4. Tarkoitan elämääni (I mean my life) 5. Käytän tietokonettani (I am using my computer) 6. Tarkoitan osoitettani (I mean my address) 7. Tarvitsen hänen apuansa/apuaan (I need his/her help) 8. Käytän hänen avaintansa/avaintaan (I use his/her key) 9. Kuuntelen hänen puhettaan (I am listening his/her speech) 10. Tarkoitan tehdastamme (I mean our factory) 11. Korjaan tietokonettamme (I am fixing our computer) 12. Katselen kokoelmaanne (I am looking at your (y'alls) collection) 13. Ihailen alustanne (I admire your (y'alls) ship) 14.Käytän heidän tuuletintaan (I am using their fan) 15.Rakastan heidän tytärtään (I love their daughter) It costs 99 euros and 50 cents. I don't have a cat. Look at the clock! I wear shoes. I am making a cake. I'm reading a book. OR I read a book. I'm reading books. OR I read books. We are reading newspapers. Do you mean Matti? Did you drive a car? Have you got a car? I did not close the door. I can use this machine. I wear jeans sometimes. (Minä) tarkoitan taloa. (Minä) tarkoitan taloja. (Minä) soitan usein viulua. Hän käyttää (parhaillaan/tällä hetkellä) tietokonetta. Hänellä on useita tietokoneita. He käyttävät aina takaovea. I am drinking coffee, eating your cake and reading your books. I mean all the buildings of our town not just that building. I mean my own house and not your house. We walked from our yard to your garden and we looked at his/her cars. We saw there Swedes, Italians, and an American. I hate your neighbour, your career, and your dogs! You are allowed to come to our home! (Very literal translation would be: To our home (one) may come.) My foot hurts and my eyes hurt. Luin yhtä elektroniikkalehteä ja joitakin aikakauslehtiä. Hän joi olutta ja söi kahta pihviä. Rakastan sinua ja kauniita kasvojasi. Katsoin käärettä ja sen koristeellisia kuvioita. En voi sietää hänen virheitänsä ja kummallisuuksiansa. as you as a cottage as an engineer as a teacher as an instrument as a magazine as a brother on Tuesday as a pleasant person as capable/good experts He is better as a scientist than as an engineer. He is better as an actor than as a secretary.
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Chiba Prefecture (千葉県 Chiba-Ken) is located directly east of Tokyo, and bordered by Ibaraki Prefecture to the north. A large part of the prefecture is made up of the Bōsō Peninsula (房総半島 Bōsō-hantō), which shields Tokyo bay from the Pacific Ocean. Much of the western/northwestern part of Chiba is relatively uninspired urbanity and bedtowns for Tokyo, but once you get past the city and watch the sharp descent into rural countryside of sprawling rice fields, rolling hills, and striking coastlines, you will realize why Chiba has been variously called "Edo's Breadbasket" and "Tokyo's Secret Backyard". The area is relatively poorly known, even among Japanese people, but is nonetheless a great place to get away from Tokyo and explore a Japan a bit off the beaten track. 35.607278140.1063611 Chiba - eponymous capital of the prefecture, which doesn't bear much resemblance to William Gibson's depictions but has a few points of interest. 35.734722140.8266672 Choshi 35.694722139.98253 Funabashi - suburban city 35.721944139.9311114 Ichikawa - a small city immediately across the Edo River from Tokyo. 35.854444139.9688895 Kashiwa - suburban shopping haven. 35.897778140.4991676 Katori - home of famous Katori-Jinju Shrine, the historic streets of Sawara, and the bi-annual Sawara Matsuri festival. 35.1525140.3211117 Katsuura - old fishing town on the southwestern pacific Boso ("Sotobo") coast. Famous for its Katsuura Hinamatsuri Doll Festival and katsuo tuna catch. 35.376111139.9169448 Kisarazu - largest city on the interior Boso ("Uchibo") coast, and connected by the Tokyo Bay Aqualine bridge-tunnel to Kawasaki in Kanagawa. 35.787778139.9030569 Matsudo - city in northwestern Chiba, bordering Edo River and Tokyo. Residence of the Tokugawa Akitake, the beloved brother of Japan's last shogun. 35.783333140.31666710 Narita - a small city rich in historical treasures that is often overshadowed by its huge airport. Home to Narita-san Shinshouji Temple and Boso-no-Mura. 35.955139.87472211 Noda - bedroom city for Tokyo and Chiba, home to the Kikkoman soy sauce empire. 35.191667140.34861112 Onjuku - small town bordering Katsuura on the southwest Boso ("Sotobo") coast. 35.602778140.41361113 Sanmu - small town on the Pacific coast famous for strawberries and surfing. 35.723889140.22388914 Sakura - small city with important museums, historical houses and a famous tulip festival 35.665889140.31794415 Yachimata - small city next to Chiba City that is famous for its production of peanuts. 35.864162140.02822516 Abiko - This city is a bedroom community. Transportation to Tokyo is convenient. 35.693056140.41416717 Shibayama - There is a museum of Aeronautical Science. 35.680833140.02666718 Narashino - 35.653611139.90166719 Urayasu - 35.338611140.1472221 Boso Peninsula - the tip at the South of Chiba. 35.629722139.8827782 Tokyo Disney Resort Many parts of Chiba can be visited on a day trip from Tokyo. The Pacific coast is dotted with many traditional fishing villages, and young surfers from Tokyo are attracted by the waves. The inner coast is less picturesque, but the cliffs of Nokogiriyama are a popular tourist attraction. While JR trains run the entire coast of Chiba, the inner coast is just a 30-minute ferry ride from Kurihama, south of Yokohama. 1997 saw the completion of the Tokyo Wan Aqua Line bridge and tunnel, which burrows under and rises across Tokyo Bay between Kisarazu (Chiba prefecture) and Kawasaki (on the Tokyo side). The tunnel is not economical at ¥4000 for a passenger car, unless you have an ETC card which brings the price down to ¥1500. You can take highway buses through the tunnel and over the bridge from Tokyo Station, Shinagawa, Haneda Airport, Kawasaki and Yokohama stations for up to ¥1500 one way to Kisarazu. The center of the JR network in Chiba is, unsurprisingly, JR Chiba Station. But be careful when taking trains to the Boso Peninsula, as there are two different ways trains can get to Awa-Kamogawa, the final stop. The Uchibō Line (内房線), or "Inner Boso Line", follows the western coast (Tokyo Bay side) through Kisarazu, while the Sotobō or "Outer Boso" Line (外房線) cuts across the peninsula and then goes down the east coast (Pacific Ocean side) via Katsuura. Additionally, trains to Choshi can turn north at Sakura to go via Narita (the Narita Line), or go south via Naruto along the Sobu Main Line. To summarize all that, here are the platforms to take at Chiba station: 35.1625139.82311 Nokogiriyama (鋸山). Meaning "sawtooth mountain", Nokogiriyama is a group of Buddhist temples cut into sheer cliffs. A rope-way gondola will take you up to the top, and on a clear day you'll have a spectacular 180-degree panorama spanning Chiba, Tokyo, and Yokohama to the north, Mount Fuji to the west, and Izu Oshima and Niijima to the south. Even on a so-so day, Yokosuka should be visible across Tokyo Bay. The most popular vantage point is Jigoku-nozoki (地獄覗き, "peering into hell") a small rock platform which sticks out over cliff. In the other direction you can see the low mountains of the interior Boso peninsula. From the peak, paths descend inland through the woods down to Nihonji (日本寺). The temple, built in 725 CE, has a stone Buddha statue that, at a total height of 31.05 meters, is in fact one of the largest Buddha statues in Japan. From the Tokyo area, you can get to Nogokiriyama via the Tokyo Bay ferry from Kurihama (south of Yokohama) for ¥1000. There are buses from the JR and Keikyu stations to the Tokyo-Wan Ferry Terminal, or you can walk (20 minutes). On the Chiba side, Hamakanaya station is at the foot of the mountain and the ferry terminal is about 500 m further away. Most people take the ropeway (¥500 one-way, ¥930 two ways) but good hikers should hike through the nice forest, 50 minutes before reaching the cliff where you can see the caves from below, very impressive. You might even spot a few old excavation machines. It should be taken into consideration that if you choose to descend the entire mountain on foot there is a long walk to the nearest rail station, the Hota JR station, with very infrequent service. If you have a car, you can take the non-free road that leads to the same place as the rope-way, but starts from further south. The entire area at the top of the rocks is a temple with a ¥600 entry fee. The ropeway station has a small free museum explaining rock excavation. ropeway return ticket + temple: ¥1530. 35.5269140.45112 Kujukuri-hama (九十九里浜). This beach is, for many travelers, their first glimpse of Japan: it's the long coastline you see from the plane coming in over the Pacific into Narita. The name means "99-ri coast", where a "ri" is an old unit of length equal to about 654 meters. The coast is in fact around 60km in length. There are numerous small towns along the coast, from Iioka on the north to Ichinomiya on the south. The lower Boso peninsula has several artificial attractions that are popular for family excursions but probably of limited appeal to other travelers: 35.11651140.120753 Kamogawa Sea World (鴨川シーワールド). Marine park. 35.24613139.934754 Mother Farm (マザー牧場). A farm where kids can pet cows, alpacas and other animals. At the pig race, kids direct their pig to the finish line as fast as possible. Also. Free on rainy days, but not everything is free inside. ticket purchased locally/in advance in a combini: adults ¥1500/¥1350; kids: ¥800/¥700. 35.40506140.055045 Tokyo German Village (東京ドイツ村). Reconstructed half-timbered houses and bratwurst meals. Because why not. Also, don't miss: Narita Shinshouji Temple and surrounding traditional shopping streets National Museum of Japanese History in Sakura Tokyo Disney Resort Surfing, Pacific coast of Chiba (Uchibo and Sotobo Lines/Car). Chiba is known as one of the more consistent areas for surfing in Japan. World Tour contests have been held at Katsuura and other areas of Kujyukuri coast. If traveling by train, one of the more convenient stops is Kamogawa. The beach is just minutes from the station, with surf shops, and plenty of hotels. If by car, explore the coast. Typhoon season is best. Fresh fish, e.g. at Banya, or in the local specialties Namerou and Oraga-don Peanuts Two cities in Chiba prefecture are called City of Soy sauce: Noda (Kikkoman, Kinoene, etc. ), and Choshi (Yamasa, Higeta, etc.) Ibaraki Prefecture Saitama Prefecture Tokyo Kanagawa Prefecture
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There are many methods that can be used to determine protein structure. X-ray crystallography is an experimental technique that is used to determine the structure of a molecule. X-ray crystallography works because the x-ray radiation used to study the sample is of a wavelength that is short enough to be able to discern the features of the molecule. The sample of interest is isolated, purified, and crystallized, and then the crystal sample has a beam of x-ray radiation fired at it. The path of the x-ray photons is perturbed depending on the structure of the molecules making up the structure of the crystal, and the path of the x-rays is captured on a photosensitive paper behind the crystal sample. The patterns the x-rays make on the photosensitive paper are analyzed and the structure of the molecule can be deduced. Because x-ray crystallography and NMR require large amounts (on the order of milligrams) of a purified protein (often unattainable with complications in current purification techniques) to analyze the protein’s structure, recombinant techniques are usually employed whereby a host organism is manipulated to express the protein to be studied. Usually, protein refolding methods must then be used because the protein does not fold properly and abnormalities, known as inclusion bodies, in the protein’s structure develop. To attain the correctly folded protein, the abnormalities are removed; the protein is denatured and then refolded to its correct structure. As a result, the refolded protein can then be studied via x-ray crystallography or NMR. Structure and function analysis of known proteins confirms that this method is comparable to studying the protein directly from its native source. A solution of proteins is placed in a magnetic field and the effects of different radio frequencies on the resonance of different atoms in a protein are measured. Proteins must be small (~120 residues) and must be soluble for this method. Ab initio methods, homology modeling, and fold recognition are also other popular methods used to determine the structure of tertiary proteins. A visualization can be created by this method which takes place at or below liquid nitrogen temperatures. It is a fairly new technique that can create visualizations at an extremely high resolution. This method is a form of electron microscopy which utilizes the extremely low temperatures to reduce the occurrence of radiation damage to the specimen. Ab initio methods is used to predict tertiary structure of protein from first principle. It bases on Thermodynamic hypothesis predicts that the native conformation of a protein corresponds to a global free energy minimum of the protein/solvent system. Homology modeling is a class of methods for constructing an atomic-resolution model of a protein from its amino acid sequence. Its motivation is if sequence similarity is high, then structural similarity is probably high, too. Almost all homology modeling techniques rely on the identification of one or more known protein structures likely to resemble the structure of the query sequence, and on the production of an alignment that maps residues in the query sequence to residues in the template sequence. The sequence alignment and template structure are then used to produce a structural model of the target. Because protein structures are more conserved than DNA sequences, detectable levels of sequence similarity usually imply significant structural similarity. Hard X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy is a powerful method for structural visualization. It detects traces of metal distributions in biological systems like Cu and Zn. 10-15 elements are mapped at the same time, which leads to accurate elemental colocalisation maps. The trace elements are important for most life forms. Metals play an essential role in many proteins by catalyzing functions or for a structural role. Metals are also recognized to have an impact on human health and disease. X-ray fluorescence is suited for quantifying trace elements. X-ray fluorescence can be excited through x-ray beams or through exposures to a particle like a proton or electron. This helps map the elemental content at high spatial resolution. X-ray microprobes have zone-plates, Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors, compound refractive lenses, and tapered capillaries, with ranging probe sizes and photo intensities. Tomography (known as slice imaging) is a two-dimensional technique that is performed on many neighboring slices together, resulting in a three dimensional reconstruction. XRF has also used full-field imaging and structure detector approaches. The technologies have mixed strengths and weaknesses with varied spatial resolutions, sensitivities, and different elemental contrast. Projection tomography uses projections of a specimen as input data to a tomographic reconstruction algorithm. However, x-ray fluorescence micrographs are not exactly equivalent to projection imaging because of self-absorption effects, which include the absorption of the incident beam and re-absorption of the fluorescence by the specimen. Heavier metals in thicker biological tissue have successfully used back projection without correction. Confocal tomography is a direct-space approach to scanning XRF tomography with axial resolution reaching below 5 micrometers. A collimator or lens confines the field of view of the energy-dispersive detector so that the signal derives from only a small portion of the illuminated column. The probe volume is then reduced to a spheroid and elemental distribution is mapped by scanning the specimen through the probe volume in three dimensions. The confocal geometry also allows direct access to a small region of specimen; however, it can be very difficult to target features of interest. Self-absorption plays a significant role in XRF tomography, and so good correction algorithms are required to ensure image fidelity to expand the specimen size domain, to extend the elemental domain, and to maintain quantitative data accuracy. In soft x-ray tomography, projection images of a specimen are collected at different angles around a rotation or “tilt” axis, which is mathematically capable of being computed to reconstruct the specimen. A problem that is encountered with three-dimensional tomography is that biological materials become damaged when exposed to intense light in an x-ray microscope from photons or from ultra violet illumination in a fluorescence microscope. However, with soft x-ray tomography, collections of images are acquired at 1-2 degree increments through 180-degree rotation. This causes the specimen to get structurally damaged by receiving a large dose of radiation. However, cryoimmobilization of the specimen avoids this problem. When cells are imaged at liquid nitrogen temperature, more than a thousand soft x-ray projection images can be collected without apparent signs of radiation damage. The major advantage of water-window soft x-ray tomography is that it can be applied to any imaging investigation in cell biology such as imaging simple bacteria, to yeast and algae, to advanced eukaryotic cells and tissues. The images also keep eukaryotic cells in the native state without the use of stains or labels, which is something that can’t be done with light or electron microscopy. Electron Tomography, also known as ET, is a novel visualization technique that does what other structure determination methods cannot do in that this method is able to bridge the gap between the atomic structural information of supramolecular structures and its cellular events. It allows visualization of not only the structure of a molecule but its association with other structures and organelles. For instance, electron tomography has opened doors to the observation of virus propagation and viral life cycle in the host cell. Tomography slices allow the examination of molecular architecture of virus as it attaches to cells, penetrate cells, move to replication sites, assemble progeny and transport them to the membranous regions, and exits the cell. Though this technique is still new, it has already been applied to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) and other viruses that infect plant, animals, and humans. The following are examples of cellular events that have been observed and elucidated through the use of Electron Tomography: 1) Virus Entry: ET shows the presence of "entry claws" which are characteristic architectures of virus coming into contact with the host cell. The entry claw is made up of five to seven rods and represents the interaction between the viral spikes and cell surface receptors. Furthermore, CT shows that some cells, such as vaccinia virus infected cells, shows clear change in shape of the vaccinia virus before and after intrusion of the cell. 2) Virus Factory: ET sheds more light on viroplasms, which are inclusion bodies found at the viral replication site responsible for virus assembly and replication. ET supported the discovery of core proteins P1, P3, P5, and P7 inside the viroplasm and outer capsid proteins P2, P8, and P9, and the formation of virus particles around the viroplasm. With this information, scientists were able to propose a three-step viral replication process: 1)formation of core particles inside the viroplasm, 2) core particle coating with outer capsids at the periphery of the viroplasms, and 3) transportation of mature virus to the membrane region by microtubules. 3) Transportation of Virions inside the Cell: The third step of the proposed viral replication process was observed and confirmed by ET. After the virus propagate at the initial site, they move to another site for secondary multiplication. This movement to another site occurs through virus utilization filamentous substances such as microfilaments and microtubules (MTs) composed of actin and beta tubulins. ET has allowed visualization of the mechanism of cytosolic transportation and strong suggestion that microtubules aid in the transportation of newly assembled virus to the membrane which leads to cell-to-cell spread of the virus. This suggests that microtubules assist in cell-to-cell spread rather than in the entry of viruses to the replication site. Finally, ET shows a gap between the virus and the microtubules indicating that the virus particles do not interact directly with microtubules. Instead, the gap is filled with a rod-like structure that might act as a plus end-directed motor. In conclusion, ET has shown to have two advantages to the other structure determining methods. The first is that ET prevents misleading conclusions based on 2D structures. Second, observation of finer structures in cells and virus allow elucidation of the organization of detailed virus particles in association with microtubules. This has only been observed using ET. In soft x-ray microscopes, third generation synchrotrons are used as the x-ray source. Soft x-ray projection images are a result of precision nanostructured x-ray lenses, high-efficiency direct detection CCD cameras, and well designed transmission X-ray microscopes. Images are generated using phase contrast techniques. Soft x-ray microscopes are operated using photons with energies in the “water window,” which is the region of the spectrum that lies between the K shell absorption edges of carbon and oxygen. White cellular water remains transparent as the structures in the cell are visualized as a function of biochemical composition and density. Lipid droplets which are structures that absorb more than high water content organelles like vacuoles. Electron Tomography of the supramolecular structure of virus-infected cells. Kenji Iwasaki and Toshihiro Omura. Hiller, S., Abramson, J., Mannella, C., Wagner, G., and Zeth, K., "The 3D structures of VDAC represent a native conformation," Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 2010.
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George Gilder (born November 29, 1939) is an American conservative philosopher, futurologist and author. Futurists falter because they belittle the power of religious paradigms, deeming them either too literal or too fantastic. Telecosm : How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World (2000), p. 3 ISBN 9780743215947 Let there be light, says the Bible. All the firmaments of technology, all our computers and networks, are built with light, and of light, and for light, to hasten its spread around the world. Light glows on the telescom's periphery; it shines as its core; it illuminates its webs and its links. From Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein to Richard Feynman and Charles Townes, the more men have gazed at light, the more it turns out to be a phenomenon utterly different from anything else. And yet everything else — every atom and every molecula — is fraught with its oscillating intensity. Telecosm : How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World (2000), p. 31 I'm not pushing to have [ ID ] taught as an alternative to Darwin, and neither are they... What’s being pushed is to have Darwinism critiqued, to teach there’s a controversy. Intelligent design itself does not have any content... Much of what I've written about has been in reaction to the materialist superstition, the belief that the universe is a purely material phenomenon that can be reduced to physical and chemical laws. It's a concept that's infected the social sciences as well. Replies when he asked the reasons why he supported the Intelligent Design movement, in his interview with the Boston Globe (27 July 2005) The analogy between Shannon and codes in biology isn't something that sprang from my belief in God... except maybe on some deeper or more transcendent level. Interview with the Boston Globe (27 July 2005) Academic scientists of any sort expect to be struck by lightning if they celebrate real creation de novo in the world. One does not expect modern scientists to address creation by God. They have a right to their professional figments such as infinite multiple parallel universes. But it is a strange testimony to our academic life that they also feel it necessary of entrepreneurship to chemistry and cuisine, Romer finally succumbs to the materialist supersition: the idea that human beings and their ideas are ultimately material. Out of the scientistic fog there emerged in the middle of the last century the countervailling ideas if information theory and computer science. The progenitor of information theory, and perhaps the pivotal figure in the recent history of human thought, was Kurt Gödel, the eccentric Austrian genius and intimate of Einstein who drove determinism from its strongest and most indispensable redoubt; the coherence, consistency, and self-sufficiency of mathematics. Gödel demonstrated that every logical scheme, including mathematics, is dependent upon axioms that it cannot prove and that cannot be reduced to the scheme itself. In an elegant mathematical proof, introduced to the world by the great mathematician and computer scientist John von Neumann in September 1930, Gödel demonstrated that mathematics was intrinsically incomplete. Gödel was reportedly concerned that he might have inadvertently proved the existence of God, a faux pas in his Viennese and Princeton circle. It was one of the famously paranoid Gödel's more reasonable fears. As the economist Steven Landsberg, an academic atheist, put it, "Mathematics is the only faith-based science that can prove it." Knowledge and Power : The Information Theory of Capitalism and How it is Revolutionizing our World (2013), Ch. 10: Romer's Recipes and Their Limits Wikipedia has an article about: George Gilder
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Anger and violent behaviour: What is the effect of anger on violent behaviour? Anger plays a major role in everybody's lives. It is typically marked by cognitive distortions and physiological changes such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. Although anger is important in an adaptive sense, when this emotion is experienced to a high degree or frequency it may lead to violence. There are many theories that attempt to explain the relationship between anger and violent behaviour as well as give ideas about some of the potential causes of anger. The anger avoidance model suggests that violent behaviour is a reaction to anger. According to the cognitive content specific model, individuals experiencing anger may become violent in order to reduce their levels of anger. Many hormones and chemicals are involved in anger and violent bahaviour such as oxytocin, vasopressin and cortisol. These chemicals affect the brain and body in different ways. Neuroimaging studies can show which areas of the brain are involved in the expression of anger as well as how the brains of violent offenders may different from the norm. Anger is a primary emotion and is considered biologically necessary, however, when it impedes on the daily functioning of an individual or results in unnecessary it can viewed as problematic (Gardner & Moore, 2008). Anger can also be considered to serve as a secondary emotion when used in response to other emotional states e.g. fear (Gardner & Moore, 2008). This primary emotion is often experienced by those with emotional and mood disorders such as borderline personality disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Gardner & Moore, 2008; Quinn, Rollock & Vrana, 2014). Clinical samples suggest that individuals with anger problems often have general emotional regulation difficulties (Gardner & Moore, 2008). Anger has been difficult to study and the term is often used in substitution with aggression and volatility. Violence can be described as any action intended to cause harm to another. Violence is not only physical, it can be mental or emotion as well and typically violates social norms (Bufkin & Luttrell, 2005). Violent acts can be committed against one’s self, another person or a group of people (WHO, 2015). A study conducted in 2014 on perpetrators of partner violence found that impulsivity was positively correlated with cognition distortion, irrational beliefs and anger reactivity (Persampiere, Poole & Murphy, 2014). This suggests that individuals who commit violent crimes may be impulsive in the way they react to anger which may lead to violence. Violence can include punching, pushing, verbal abuse or emotional manipulation and is usually correlated with negative mood. The Australian Bureau of Statistics suggests that approximately 8% of Australian adults experienced physical violence in 2014 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). This statistic does not include the many individuals who do not report physical violence. There are many theories that attempt to explain anger and the role it plays in our everyday lives. Some of these theories include trait theories, evolutionary based theories and various cognitive and coping models. The anger avoidance model takes a comprehensive approach to giving an explanation and understanding about anger and violence. It explains anger and reactions associated with anger in a six step model. The first level suggests that individuals with a biological predisposition or past history of abuse or neglect are more likely to experience anger. Level two is about hostile anticipation such that some individuals may have attentional biases and engage in external scanning. The third level is associated with a life event that may trigger an angry emotional response. The fourth level is the experience of anger and involves various physiological responses such as a heightened level of arousal. The fifth level suggests that anger may impair one’s emotional processing and regulation. The last phase is the reaction to anger that an individual may have. There are two different types of reactions; internalized avoidance and externalized avoidance. Internalized avoidance involves hostile ruminations and external avoidance involves aggressive behaviour. Individuals that react with external avoidance are more likely to engage in violent aggressive behaviours. Suggests that certain thoughts and cognitions may lead to the development of specific emotional reactions[grammar?]. For example, unrealistic expectations about others may lead to anger when expectations are not met (Gardner & Moore, 2008). The cognitive content specific model suggests that aggressive and violent behaviour is simply a way to release or express anger in order to reduce it (Gardner & Moore, 2008). [Provide more detail] Vasopressin is a hormone that is generally associated with the maintenance of the volume of water in cells (Utiger, 2013). Oxytocin is also a hormone and neurotransmitter with a similar chemical composition to that of vasopressin (Colman, 2015). Oxytocin is usually secreted during childbirth in females and during ejaculation in males (Colman, 2015). Many animals studies suggest that oxytocin may play a role in aggression in different species (Ferris, 2005). This role has been very difficult to distinguish because in some animals oxytocin appears to promote aggression whilst in other species it seems to inhibit aggression (Ferris, 2005). Ferris (2005) suggests that vasopressin acts on multiple areas of the brain to promote aggression. According to Heinrichs, von Dawans & Domes (2009) both oxytocin and vasopressin play key roles in regulating complex social behaviours. This suggest that both oxytocin and vasopressin play a role in higher order functioning. Cortisol is a hormone with many functions particularly metabolism and immune responses (Yourhornones.info, 2012). A study was conducted in 2010 that explored the different biological profiles of anger and fear as a response to stress (Moons, Eisenberger & Taylor, 2010). The aim of this study was to observe cortisol levels in individuals experiencing anger and fear. There were 183 participants; 112 women and 71 men. General health questions were gathered from the participants using 5 point Likert scales. Stress responses were initiated by the use of the Trier Social Stress Test. Cortisol levels were measured through testing of saliva samples. The results revealed that anger was correlated with high post-stressor cortisol levels where as fear was negatively correlated. This suggest that individuals who experience anger are more likely to have higher levels of cortisol than those who do not. Another study suggests that violent men with lower levels of cortisol have higher levels of testosterone (Denson, Ronay, Hippel & Schira, 2013). Anger is linked with physiological arousal, which is reflected by sympathetic nervous system arousal and increased muscular tension (Deffenbacher, Demm, & Brandon, 1986; Gardner & Moore, 2008). A longitudinal study was conducted to examine the role of cortisol in the symptoms of PTSD patients. The results suggest that cortisol may not play a role in the hyperarousal symptoms associated with PTSD (Stoppelbein & Greening, 2014). However, experimental studies where cortisol is orally taken has shown increases in levels of aggression (Bohnke et al., as cited by Gowin et al., 2012). It is clear that there is an association between violent and aggressive behaviour and cortisol. These physiological responses are adaptive in nature and are designed to ready the body to fight against threats. Men exhibit more acts of physical aggression and violence compared to women (Archer, 2004 as cited by Denson et al, 2013). Subsequently there has been research into the effects of testosterone in relation to violent behaviour. There has been mixed results in research examining the relationship between testosterone and anger and such a causal link cannot be made (Denson et al., 2013). According to Romero-Martinez, Lila, Conchell, Gonzalez & Moya-Albiol (2014) individuals who exhibit high levels of aggression are more likely to have high immune system activity. Romero-Martinez et al. (2014) suggest that testosterone may play a role in stimulating the immune system. This suggests that testosterone may play a role in the physiological response to anger and violent bahaviour. Research on the brain has recently become more comprehensive with the development of many new technologies such as functional multi resonance imaging (fMRI) (Bufkin & Luttrell, 2005; Soderstrom, Tullberg, Wikkelso, Ekholm & Forsman, 2000). These new technologies allow researchers to examine the activity levels of various areas of the brain during the completion of various activities. A study conducted in 2000 sort to use these new technologies to assess the brain structure and function of violent individuals (Soderstrom et al., 2000). The results suggested that violent individuals may have a decreased blood flow to the prefrontal cortex which may effect executive function and impulse control (Soderstrom et al., 2000). Neuroimaging studies have also revealed that dysfunction in the temporal lobes may be associated with aggressive and violent behaviour, in particular the left-sided medial-temporal lobe (Bufkin & Luttrell, 2005; Soderstrom et al., 2000). According to Denson, Pederson, Ronquillo & Nandy (2009), self reported experiences of anger are related to dorsal anterier cingulate cortex activity. It is clear that there is a link between anger and violence but how can violence be prevented? Many techniques have been developed to address dysfunctional anger in both adults and children. Studies have shown that stress early on in life affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA), ultimately altering cortisol levels (Gowin et al., 2012). According to Vaneema et al. (2006), early life stress has been linked to an increased risk of aggressive behaviour in adult life. This suggests that the key to addressing anger and violent behaviour may be prevention. Preventing young children from high levels of stress may reduce the risk of adult violent behaviour. Prevention may include compulsory treatment for aggressive, neglectful parents. The biggest challenge in treating anger problems is keeping clients engaged in the treatment process, in particular war veterans suffering from PTSD (Morland et al., 2012). Violent individuals typically have lower levels of executive brain function possibly due to lower levels of blood supply to the prefrontal cortex. The lack of executive brain function becomes an issue when attempting to help such individuals to engage in treatment as it means they are less likely to make informed, well thought out decisions. Cognitive behavioural therapy may assist individuals to control anger before it leads to violence. This type of therapy may assist individuals in identifying maladaptive cognitions and triggering events or situations (Deffenbacher, 1999). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of CBT as a treatment for anger found that CBT had at least a 23% risk reduction (Henwood, Chou & Browne, 2015). This meta-analysis included therapy programs such as Anger and Other Emotions Program which focuses on self-management, problem solving skills, effective communication skills and assisting participants in challenging dysfunctional thoughts. Other therapies addressed factors such as arousal reduction and working on relationships. Anger control The link between anger and violent behaviour has not been completely established however it has been suggested that violence is an external reaction towards the emotion of anger. There are many physiological responses to anger. Neuroimaging studies suggest that angry individuals have less blood supply to the prefrontal cortex which may also promote more violent and aggressive behaviours. This is due to an impaired ability for those in a [grammar?] an angry state to make logical and rational decisions. Various studies also suggest that hormones and neurochemical play key roles in anger and its subsequent association with violent behaviour. What is cortisol? [Provide more detail] Bufkin, J. L., Luttrell, V. R. (2005). Neuroimaging studies of aggressive and violent behavior: current findings and implications for criminology and criminal justice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(2), 176–191. doi:10.1177/1524838005275089 Colman, A.(2015). Oxytocin. In A Dictionary of Psychology. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 6 Nov. 2015, from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681-e-5933. Deffenbacher, J. L. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(3), 295-309. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199903)55:3<295::AID-JCLP3>3.0.CO;2-A Denson, T. F., Pedersen, W. C., Ronquillo, J., & Nandy, A. S. (2009). The Angry Brain: Neural Correlates of Anger, Angry Rumination, and Aggressive Personality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(4), 734–744. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21051 Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2008). Understanding Clinical Anger and Violence: The Anger Avoidance Model. Behavior Modification, 32(6), 897–912. doi:10.1177/0145445508319282 Heinrichs, M., von Dawans, B., & Domes, G. (2009). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005 Moons, W. G., Eisenberger, N. I., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). Anger and fear responses to stress have different biological profiles. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 24(2), 215–219. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.009 Morland, L. A., Love, A. R., Mackintosh, M., Greene, C. J., & Rosen, C. S. (2012). Treating anger and aggression in military populations: Research updates and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,19(3), 305-322. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12007 Persampiere, J., Poole, G., & Murphy, C. M. (2014). Neuropsychological correlates of anger, hostility, and relationship-relevant distortions in thinking among partner violent men. Journal of Family Violence, 29(6), 625–641. doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9614-5 Quinn, C. A., Rollock, D., & Vrana, S. R. (2014). A test of Spielberger’s state-trait theory of anger with adolescents: Five hypotheses. Emotion, 14(1), 74–84. doi:10.1037/a0034031 Soderstrom, H., Tullberg, M., Wikkelsö, C., Ekholm, S., & Forsman, A. (2000). Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in non-psychotic violent offenders. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 98(1), 29–41. doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00049-9 Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2014). A longitudinal study of the role of cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(1), 17–30. doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.923844 Utiger, R. D. (2013). Vasopressin. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Veenema, A. H., Neumann, I. D., Blume, A., Buwalda, B., & Niederle, D. (2006). Effects of early life stress on adult male aggression and hypothalamic vasopressin and serotonin. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24(6), 1711-1720. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05045.x Yourhormones.info,. (2012). You & Your Hormones | Hormones | Cortisol. Retrieved 8 November 2015, from http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/cortisol.aspx
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Heyuan (河源, Héyuán) is a city in Northern Guangdong, China, known for dinosaur fossils, Hakka culture, and natural scenery. The main language and culture of Heyuan is Hakka. 23.761114.68171 Heyuan Station (河源站) 24.115115.23252 Longchuan Station (龙川站) High-speed rail stations are under construction. 23.740192114.6873653 Heyuan Bus Station (河源汽车客运站,河源汽车总站), 6 Daqiao Road, Yuancheng District (源城区大桥路6号), ☏ +86 762 3332105, +86 762 3332106. (updated Feb 2020) 23.75351114.682444 Heyuan Xincheng Bus Station (河源新城汽车站), 79 Heyuan Avenue North, Yuancheng District (源城区河源大道北79号), ☏ +86 762 3366751, +86 762 8919788. (updated Feb 2020) 23.728463114.6959691 Heyuan Dinosaur Museum (河源恐龙博物馆), Nanti Road, Yuancheng District (源城区南提路) (near Guifeng Mountain 龟峰山. Bus routes 10, 113 and 118), ☏ +86 762 3333595. 09:00-17:30, no tickets sold after 17:00, no entry after 17:05, closed on Mondays. A small museum with a lot of dinosaur eggs. ¥30 (adults), ¥15 (children). 23.72941114.6966962 Guifeng Pagoda (龟峰塔), 8-2-40 Nanti Road, Xiajiao, Yuancheng District (源城区下角南堤路40-2-8号) (Between Heyuan Museum and the Heyuan Dinosaur Museum), ☏ +86 762 3618008. On Guifeng Mountain. ¥5. 23.74587114.6908133 First High Fountain in Asia (亚洲第一高喷泉), Yuancheng District (源城区) (In the middle of the Xinfeng River, south of Chashan Park (茶山公园) and the intersection of Datong Road and Yanjiang Road. Take bus no. 10 or 13 to get to Chashan Park), ☏ +86 762 3310383. Musical fountain located in the urban area of Heyuan. Fountain show at 8PM daily. Free. 23.722545114.5918191 [dead link] Guishan Mountain (桂山 Guìshān), Xinfeng River Reservoir, Dongyuan County (东源县新丰江水库内) (About 20km from the city. There are special buses to the scenic area operating from Heyuan Railway Station. You can also catch a boat here from Wanlü Lake), ☏ +86 762 8782222, +86 762 8771088, [email protected]. 08:00-18:00. ¥45. 23.778394114.6278642 Wanlü Lake (万绿湖 Wànlǜ Hú), 17 Gangzhong Road, Xingang Town, Dongyuan County (东源县新港镇港中路17号) (Bus routes 107 and 109. 107 from the Heyuan Bus Station), ☏ +86 762 8780002. 09:00-14:00. There is one boat every hour. The last boat departs at 14:00. A huge artificial lake which provides drinking water for Heyuan and parts of the Pearl River Delta. You can take boat tours, go swimming, or go for a walk. The area is green all year long. The standard charge is ¥192, which includes both the entrance fee and the boat tour. 24.226815115.5028143 Huoshan Mountain (霍山 Huòshān), Dongjiang Village, Tianxin Town, Longchuan County (龙川县田心镇东江村) (Special buses to Huoshan Mountain are available from the Longchuan Railway Station), ☏ +86 762 6481602. 07:00-19:00. ¥88 (standard entry fee), ¥115 (entry fee + glass bridge access fee).
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F Sharp Programming The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/F_Sharp_Programming Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Note to contributors: normally a preface is written by the author of a book. Since this book might have several authors, feel free to write your own preface. Written by Awesome Princess: Normally, authors choose to write a preface to a book about the book itself. But, just because I'm an egomaniac, I want to write about myself instead. Not because I'm an especially interesting person, but because my experiences with functional programming are relevant to the creation of this book. So, in 2006, I was becoming bored with my job. The only kind of software I've ever written has been software that puts a GUI interface on top of a database, and I just became tired with it. I wanted to find an interesting programming job. Just for fun, I started looking at job openings at different high tech companies (Google, eBay, Microsoft, Amazon, etc.). I noticed that all of the boring jobs—CRUD apps, simple web development—wanted programmers with Java, C#, or C++ experience. The interesting jobs—compiler programming, digital circuit verification, massively parallel computing, biometrics—sought programmers with experience in weird and unfamiliar languages. In particular: I read in Paul Graham's article Beating the Averages that the first version of Yahoo! Store was written largely in Lisp I came across job postings for Google looking for programmers with Haskell or Python experience in addition to C++. I read in an Erlang FAQ that the Erlang programming language is the tool of choice for telecommunications providers like T-Mobile. I've heard for years that Lisp was a niche language during the Golden Age of AI research. I ran across numerous Microsoft job postings in the area of driver verification looking for OCaml programmers. The most remarkable applications in the world aren't written in Java; they're written in these weird, obscure languages. More interestingly, the languages in the highest demand—Erlang, Haskell, Lisp, OCaml—were all functional programming languages, a wholly alien programming paradigm from my vantage point deep in C#-Land. I decided to supplement my programming wisdom by learning one of these obscure functional programming languages. The choice between one language or another wasn't too hard to make. If I'm going to learn a new language, it needs to satisfy a few conditions: it should be practical enough for personal use, relatively speedy, useful to employers, and impress my friends when I tell them I learned a weird new language. Haskell was quite scary to me at the time, and I can't really exploit Erlang's concurrency with the tiny scope of the apps I write for myself. The choice came down to Lisp and OCaml; based on these comparisons of different languages, I decided that OCaml's static-typing, speedy native code, tiny compiled binaries, and established niche in the financial market made it a good choice for me. I learned OCaml and it completely changed my way of thinking. After using the language and keeping up with OCaml newsgroups, I heard about a .NET port of OCaml called F#. I figured I already knew the .NET BCL inside and out, and I was already familiar with OCaml, I could probably learn this language pretty quickly. In August 2007, I took the time to get familiar with the F# language. While I picked up most of it fairly well, one thing I noticed about the language was how completely inaccessible it was to people trying to learn the language. The complete dearth of F# material out there just makes it impossible for beginners to learn F# as their first language. Even today, November 2008, there are only a handful of publications, but even as a person with many years of programming experience, I struggled to follow along and comprehend the language. For a long time, I wanted to write something that would actually be useful to F# neophytes, something that would contain everything anyone needs to know about the language into a single comprehensive resource. This book was originally started by a fellow Wikibookian in 2006, but no one had written any substantial content for it for nearly 2 years. I found this book and decided that, for the sake of people wanting to learn F#, I'd compile everything I knew about the language into a format that would be acceptable for first-time programmers. I am happy with the way the book has been progressing. Ultimately, I'd like people to link to this book as the preferred, definitive F# tutorial on the Internet. The F# programming language is part of Microsoft's family of .NET languages, which includes C#, Visual Basic.NET, JScript.NET, and others. As a .NET language, F# code compiles down to Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) byte code or Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) which runs on top of the Common Language Runtime (CLR). All .NET languages share this common intermediate state which allows them to easily interoperate with one another and use the .NET Framework's Base Class Library (BCL), that is part of Standard Libraries. In many ways, it's easy to think of F# as a .NET implementation of OCaml, a well-known functional programming language from the ML family of functional programming languages. Some of F#'s notable features include type inference, pattern matching, interactive scripting and debugging, higher order functions, and a well-developed object model which allows programmers to mix object-oriented and functional programming styles seamlessly. There are three dominant programming paradigms used today: functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming. Functional programming is the oldest of the three, beginning with Information Processing Language in 1956 and made popular with the appearance of Lisp in 1958. Of course, in the highly competitive world of programming languages in the early decades of computing, imperative programming established itself as the industry norm and preferred choice of scientific researchers and businesses with the arrival of Fortran in 1957 and COBOL in 1959. While imperative languages became popular with businesses, functional programming languages continued to be developed primarily as highly specialized niche languages. For example, the APL programming language, developed in 1962, was developed to provide a consistent, mathematical notation for processing arrays. In 1973, Robin Milner at the University of Edinburgh developed the ML programming language to develop proof tactics for the LCF Theorem prover. Lisp continued to be used for years as the favored language of AI researchers. ML stands out among other functional programming languages; its polymorphic functions made it a very expressive language, while its strong typing and immutable data structures made it possible to compile ML into very efficient machine code. ML's relative success spawned an entire family of ML-derived languages, including Standard ML, Caml, its most famous dialect called OCaml which unifies functional programming with object-oriented and imperative styles, and Haskell. F# was developed in 2005 at Microsoft Research. In many ways, F# is essentially a .Net implementation of OCaml, combining the power and expressive syntax of functional programming with the tens of thousands of classes which make up the .NET class library. Functional programming is often regarded as the best-kept secret of scientific modelers, mathematicians, artificial intelligence researchers, financial institutions, graphic designers, CPU designers, compiler programmers, and telecommunications engineers. Understandably, functional programming languages tend to be used in settings that perform heavy number crunching, abstract symbolic processing, or theorem proving. Of course, while F# is abstract enough to satisfy the needs of some highly technical niches, its simple and expressive syntax makes it suitable for CRUD apps, web pages, GUIs, games, and general-purpose programming. Programming languages are becoming more functional every year. Features such as generic programming, type inference, list comprehensions, functions as values, and anonymous types, which have traditionally existed as staples of functional programming, have quickly become mainstream features of Java, C#, Delphi and even Fortran. We can expect next-generation programming languages to continue this trend in the future, providing a hybrid of both functional and imperative approaches that meet the evolving needs of modern programming. F# is valuable to programmers at any skill level; it combines many of the best features of functional and object-oriented programming styles into a uniquely productive language. http://research.microsoft.com At the time of this writing, its possible to run F# code through Visual Studio, through its interactive top-level F# Interactive (fsi), and compiling from the command line. This book will assume that users will compile code through Visual Studio or F# Interactive by default, unless specifically directed to compile from the command line. F# is included with Visual Studio 2019. Alternatively, users can download Visual Studio Express or Community for free, which will provide an F# pioneer with everything one needs to get started, including interactive debugging, breakpoints, watches, Intellisense, and support for F# projects. Make sure all instances of Visual Studio and Visual Studio Shell are closed before continuing. To get started, users should download and install the latest version of the .NET Framework from Microsoft. After successful installation, users will notice an additional folder in their start menu, "Microsoft F# 2.0.X.X." Additionally, users will notice that an entry for "F# Projects" has been added to the project types menu in Visual Studio. From here, users can create and run new F# projects. It is a good idea to add the executable location (e.g. c:\fsharp\bin\) to the %PATH% environment variable, so you can access the compiler and the F# interactive environment (FSI) from any location. As of Visual Studio 2019 the easiest way to get going is to install Visual Studio 2019 for Web at [1] (even if you want to do desktop solution). You can then select F# language support from within the installer. Once this is done you can create F# projects. Search Nuget for additional F# project types. Lets create the Hello World standalone application. Create a text file called hello.fs containing the following code: (* filename: hello.fs *) let _ = printf "Hello world" The underscore is used as a variable name when you are not interested in the value. All functions in F# return a value even if the main reason for calling the function is a side effect. Save and close the file and then compile this file: fsc -o hello.exe hello.fs Now you can run hello.exe to produce the expected output. Open a command-line console (hit the "Start" button, click on the "Run" icon and type cmd and hit ENTER). Type fsi and hit ENTER. You will see the interactive console: Microsoft F# Interactive, (c) Microsoft Corporation, All Rights Reserved F# Version 1.9.6.2, compiling for .NET Framework Version v2.0.50727 Please send bug reports to [email protected] For help type #help;; > We can try some basic F# variable assignment (and some basic maths). > let x = 5;; val x : int > let y = 20;; val y : int > y + x;; val it : int = 25 Finally we quit out of the interactive environment > #quit;; Go to the Control Panel and choose System. The System Properties dialog will appear. Select the Advanced tab and click the "Environment Variables...". In the System Variables section, select the Path variable from the list and click the "Edit..." button. In the Edit System Variable text box append a semicolon (;) followed by the executable path (e.g. ;C:\fsharp\bin\) Click on the "OK" button Click on the "OK" button Click on the "Apply" button Now any command-line console will check in this location when you type fsc or fsi. F# runs on Mac OSX, Linux and other Unix versions with the latest Mono. This is supported by the F# community group called the F# Software Foundation. The F# Software Foundation give latest instructions on getting started with F# on Linux and Mac. Once built and/or installed, you can use the "fsharpi" command to use the command-line interpreter, and "fsharpc" for the command-line compiler. The F# Software Foundation also give instructions for installing the Monodevelop support for F#. This comes with project build system, code completion, and syntax highlighting support. The F# Software Foundation also give instructions for using F# with other editors. An emacs mode for F# is also available on Github. F# runs on Mac OSX and Windows with the latest Xamarin Studio. This is supported by Microsoft. Xamarin Studio is an IDE for developing cross-platform phone apps, but it runs on Mac OSX and implements F# with an interactive shell. Now that we have a working installation of F# we can explore the syntax of F# and the basics of functional programming. We'll start off in the Interactive F Sharp environment as this gives us some very valuable type information, which helps get to grips with what is actually going on in F#. Open F# interactive from the start menu, or open a command-line prompt and type fsi. In computer programming, every piece of data has a type, which, predictably, describes the type of data a programmer is working with. In F#, the fundamental data types are: F# is a fully object-oriented language, using an object model based on the .NET Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). As such, it has a single-inheritance, multiple interface object model, and allows programmers to declare classes, interfaces, and abstract classes. Notably, it has full support for generic class, interface, and function definitions; however, it lacks some OO features found in other languages, such as mixins and multiple inheritance. F# also provides a unique array of data structures built directly into the syntax of the language, which include: Unit, the datatype with only one value, equivalent to void in C-style languages. Tuple types, which are ad hoc data structures that programmers can use to group related values into a single object. Record types, which are similar to tuples, but provide named fields to access data held by the record object. Discriminated unions, which are used to create very well-defined type hierarchies and hierarchical data structures. Lists, Maps, and Sets, which represent immutable versions of a stack, hashtable, and set data structures, respectively. Sequences, which represent a lazy list of items computed on-demand. Computation expressions, which serve the same purpose as monads in Haskell, allowing programmers to write continuation-style code in an imperative style. All of these features will be further enumerated and explained in later chapters of this book. F# is a statically typed language, meaning that the compiler knows the datatype of variables and functions at compile time. F# is also strongly typed, meaning that a variable bound to ints cannot be rebound to strings at some later point; an int variable is forever tied to int data. Unlike C# and VB.Net, F# does not perform implicit casts, not even safe conversions (such as converting an int to a int64). F# requires explicit casts to convert between datatypes, for example: > let x = 5;; val x : int = 5 > let y = 6L;; val y : int64 = 6L > let z = x + y;; let z = x + y;; ------------^ stdin(5,13): error FS0001: The type 'int64' does not match the type 'int' > let z = (int64 x) + y;; val z : int64 = 11L The mathematical operators +, -, /, *, and % are overloaded to work with different datatypes, but they require arguments on each side of the operator to have the same datatype. We get an error trying to add an int to an int64, so we have to cast one of our variables above to the other's datatype before the program will successfully compile. Unlike many other strongly typed languages, F# often does not require programmers to use type annotations when declaring functions and variables. Instead, F# attempts to work out the types for you, based on the way that variables are used in code. For example, let's take this function: let average a b = (a + b) / 2.0 We have not used any type annotations: that is, we have not explicitly told the compiler the data type of a and b, nor have we indicated the type of the function's return value. If F# is a strongly, statically typed language, how does the compiler know the datatype of anything beforehand? That's easy, it uses simple deduction: The + and / operators are overloaded to work on different datatypes, but it defaults to integer addition and integer division without any extra information. (a + b) / 2.0, the value in bold has the type float. Since F# doesn't perform implicit casts, and it requires arguments on both sides of a math operator to have the same datatype, the value (a + b) must return a float as well. The + operator only returns float when both arguments on each side of the operator are floats, so a and b must be floats as well. Finally, since the return value of float / float is float, the average function must return a float. This process is called type-inference. On most occasions, F# will be able to work out the types of data on its own without requiring the programmer to explicitly write out type annotations. This works just as well for small programs as large programs, and it can be a tremendous time-saver. On those occasions where F# cannot work out the types correctly, the programmer can provide explicit annotations to guide F# in the right direction. For example, as mentioned above, math operators default to operations on integers: > let add x y = x + y;; val add : int -> int -> int In absence of other information, F# determines that add takes two integers and returns another integer. If we wanted to use floats instead, we'd write: > let add (x : float) (y : float) = x + y;; val add : float -> float -> float F#'s pattern matching is similar to an if... then or switch construct in other languages, but is much more powerful. Pattern matching allows a programmer to decompose data structures into their component parts. It matches values based on the shape of the data structure, for example: type Proposition = // type with possible expressions ... note recursion for all expressions except True | True // essentially this is defining boolean logic | Not of Proposition | And of Proposition * Proposition | Or of Proposition * Proposition let rec eval x = match x with | True -> true // syntax: Pattern-to-match -> Result | Not(prop) -> not (eval prop) | And(prop1, prop2) -> (eval prop1) && (eval prop2) | Or(prop1, prop2) -> (eval prop1) || (eval prop2) let shouldBeFalse = And(Not True, Not True) let shouldBeTrue = Or(True, Not True) let complexLogic = And(And(True,Or(Not(True),True)), Or(And(True, Not(True)), Not(True)) ) printfn "shouldBeFalse: %b" (eval shouldBeFalse) // prints False printfn "shouldBeTrue: %b" (eval shouldBeTrue) // prints True printfn "complexLogic: %b" (eval complexLogic) // prints False The eval method uses pattern matching to recursively traverse and evaluate the abstract syntax tree. The rec keyword marks the function as recursive. Pattern matching will be explained in more detail in later chapters of this book. F# is a mixed-paradigm language: it supports imperative, object-oriented, and functional styles of writing code, with heaviest emphasis on the latter. The first mistake a newcomer to functional programming makes is thinking that the let construct is equivalent to assignment. Consider the following code: let a = 1 (* a is now 1 *) let a = a + 1 (* in F# this throws an error: Duplicate definition of value 'a' *) On the surface, this looks exactly like the familiar imperative pseudocode: a = 1 // a is 1 a = a + 1 // a is 2 However, the nature of the F# code is very different. Every let construct introduces a new scope, and binds symbols to values in that scope. If execution escapes this introduced scope, the symbols are restored to their original meanings. This is clearly not identical to variable state mutation with assignment. To clarify, let us desugar the F# code: let a = 1 in ((* a stands for 1 here *); (let a = (* a still stands for 1 here *) a + 1 in (* a stands for 2 here *)); (* a stands for 1 here, again *)) Indeed the code let a = 1 in (printfn "%i" a; (let a = a + 1 in printfn "%i" a); printfn "%i" a) prints out 1 2 1 Once symbols are bound to values, they cannot be assigned a new value. The only way to change the meaning of a bound symbol is to shadow it by introducing a new binding for this symbol (for example, with a let construct, as in let a = a + 1), but this shadowing will only have a localized effect: it will only affect the newly introduced scope. F# uses so-called 'lexical scoping', which simply means that one can identify the scope of a binding by simply looking at the code. Thus the scope of the let a = a + 1 binding in (let a = a + 1 in ..) is limited by the parentheses. With lexical scoping, there is no way for a piece of code to change the value of a bound symbol outside of itself, such as in the code that has called it. Immutability is a great concept. Immutability allows programmers to pass values to functions without worrying that the function will change the value's state in unpredictable ways. Additionally, since value can't be mutated, programmers can process data shared across many threads without fear that the data will be mutated by another process; as a result, programmers can write multithreaded code without locks, and a whole class of errors related to race conditions and dead locking can be eliminated. Functional programmers generally simulate state by passing extra parameters to functions; objects are "mutated" by creating an entirely new instance of an object with the desired changes and letting the garbage collector throw away the old instances if they are not needed. The resource overheads this style implies are dealt with by sharing structure. For example, changing the head of a singly-linked list of 1000 integers can be achieved by allocating a single new integer, reusing the tail of the original list (of length 999). For the rare cases when mutation is really needed (for example, in number-crunching code which is a performance bottleneck), F# offers reference types and .NET mutable collections (such as arrays). Imperative programming languages tend to iterate through collections with loops: void ProcessItems(Item[] items) { for(int i = 0; i < items.Length; i++) { Item myItem = items[i]; proc(myItem); // process myItem } } This admits a direct translation to F# (type annotations for i and item are omitted because F# can infer them): let processItems (items : Item []) = for i in 0 .. items.Length - 1 do let item = items. [i] in proc item However, the above code is clearly not written in a functional style. One problem with it is that it traverses an array of items. For many purposes including enumeration, functional programmers would use a different data structure, a singly linked list. Here is an example of iterating over this data structure with pattern matching: let rec processItems = function | [] -> () // empty list: end recursion | head :: tail -> // split list in first item (head) and rest (tail) proc head; processItems tail // recursively enumerate list It is important to note that because the recursive call to processItems appears as the last expression in the function, this is an example of so-called tail recursion. The F# compiler recognizes this pattern and compiles processItems to a loop. The processItems function therefore runs in constant space and does not cause stack overflows. F# programmers rely on tail recursion to structure their programs whenever this technique contributes to code clarity. A careful reader has noticed that in the above example proc function was coming from the environment. The code can be improved and made more general by parameterizing it by this function (making proc a parameter): let rec processItems proc = function | [] -> () | hd :: tl -> proc hd; processItems proc tl // recursively enumerate list This processItems function is indeed so useful that it has made it into the standard library under the name of List.iter. For the sake of completeness it must be mentioned that F# includes generic versions of List.iter called Seq.iter (other List. * functions usually have Seq. * counterparts as well) that works on lists, arrays, and all other collections. F# also includes a looping construct that works for all collections implementing the System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable: for item in collection do process item Traditional OO uses implementation inheritance extensively; in other words, programmers create base classes with partial implementation, then build up object hierarchies from the base classes while overriding members as needed. This style has proven to be remarkably effective since the early 1990s, however this style is not contiguous with functional programming. Functional programming aims to build simple, composable abstractions. Since traditional OO can only make an object's interface more complex, not simpler, inheritance is rarely used at all in F#. As a result, F# libraries tend to have fewer classes and very "flat" object hierarchies, as opposed to very deep and complex hierarchies found in equivalent Java or C# applications. F# tends to rely more on object composition and delegation rather than inheritance to share snippets of implementation across modules. F# is a functional programming language, meaning that functions are first-order data types: they can be declared and used in exactly the same way that any other variable can be used. In an imperative language like Visual Basic, there has traditionally been a fundamental difference between variables and functions. Function MyFunc(param As Integer) MyFunc = (param * 2) + 7 End Function ' The program entry point; all statements must exist in a Sub or Function block. Sub Main() Dim myVal As Integer ' Also statically typed as Integer, as the compiler (for newer versions of VB.NET) performs local type inference. Dim myParam = 2 myVal = MyFunc(myParam) End Sub Notice the difference in syntax between defining and evaluating a function and defining and assigning a variable. In the preceding Visual Basic code we could perform a number of different actions with a variable we can: create a token (the variable name) and associate it with a type assign it a value interrogate its value pass it into a function or subroutine (a function that returns no value) return it from a function Functional programming makes no distinction between values and functions, so we can consider functions to be equal to all other data types. That means that we can: create a token (the function variable name) and associate it with a type assign it a value (the actual calculation) interrogate its value (perform the calculation) pass a function as a parameter of another function or subroutine return a function as the result of another function A simple, non-trivial F# program has the following parts: open System (* This is a multi-line comment *) // This is a single-line comment let rec fib = function | 0 -> 0 | 1 -> 1 | n -> fib (n - 1) + fib (n - 2) [] let main argv = printfn "fib 5: %i" (fib 5) 0 Most F# code files begin with a number of open statements used to import namespaces, allowing programmers to reference classes in namespaces without having to write fully qualified type declarations. This keyword is functionally equivalent to the using directive in C# and Imports directive in VB.Net. For example, the Console class is found under the System namespace; without importing the namespace, a programmer would need to access the Console class through its fully qualified name, System.Console. The body of the F# file usually contains functions to implement the business logic in an application. Finally, many F# application exhibit this pattern: [] let main argv = // Code to be executed 0 The entry point of an F# program is marked by the [] attribute, and following it must be a function that accepts an array of strings as input and returns an integer (by default, 0) Compared to other .NET languages such as C# and VB.Net, F# has a somewhat terse and minimalistic syntax. To follow along in this tutorial, open F# Interactive (fsi) or Visual Studio and run the examples. The most ubiquitous, familiar keyword in F# is the let keyword, which allows programmers to declare functions and variables in their applications. For example: let x = 5 This declares a variable called x and assigns it the value 5. Naturally, we can write the following: let x = 5 let y = 10 let z = x + y z now holds the value 15. A complete program looks like this: let x = 5 let y = 10 let z = x + y printfn "x: %i" x printfn "y: %i" y printfn "z: %i" z The statement printfn prints text out to the console window. As you might have guessed, the code above prints out the values of x, y, and z. This program results in the following: x: 5 y: 10 z: 15 Note to F# Interactive users: all statements in F# Interactive are terminated by ;; (two semicolons). To run the program above in fsi, copy and paste the text above into the fsi window, type ;;, then hit enter. In F#, "variable" is a misnomer. In reality, all "variables" in F# are immutable; in other words, once you bind a "variable" to a value, it's stuck with that value forever. For that reason, most F# programmers prefer to use "value" rather than "variable" to describe x, y, and z above. Behind the scenes, F# actually compiles the "variables" above as static read-only properties. There is little distinction between functions and values in F#. You use the same syntax to write a function as you use to declare a value: let add x y = x + y add is the name of the function, and it takes two parameters, x and y. Notice that each distinct argument in the functional declaration is separated by a space. Similarly, when you execute this function, successive arguments are separated by a space: let z = add 5 10 This assigns z the return value of this function, which in this case happens to be 15. Naturally, we can pass the return value of functions directly into other functions, for example: let add x y = x + y let sub x y = x - y let printThreeNumbers num1 num2 num3 = printfn "num1: %i" num1 printfn "num2: %i" num2 printfn "num3: %i" num3 printThreeNumbers 5 (add 10 7) (sub 20 8) This program outputs: num1: 5 num2: 17 num3: 12 Notice that I have to surround the calls to add and sub functions with parentheses; this tells F# to treat the value in parentheses as a single argument. Otherwise, if we wrote printThreeNumbers 5 add 10 7 sub 20 8, its not only incredibly difficult to read, but it actually passes 7 parameters to the function, which is obviously incorrect. Unlike many other languages, F# functions do not have an explicit keyword to return a value. Instead, the return value of a function is simply the value of the last statement executed in the function. For example: let sign num = if num > 0 then "positive" elif num < 0 then "negative" else "zero" This function takes an integer parameter and returns a string. As you can imagine, the F# function above is equivalent to the following C# code: string Sign(int num) { if (num > 0) return "positive"; else if (num < 0) return "negative"; else return "zero"; } Just like C#, F# is a strongly typed language. A function can only return one datatype; for example, the following F# code will not compile: let sign num = if num > 0 then "positive" elif num < 0 then "negative" else 0 If you run this code in fsi, you get the following error message: > let sign num = if num > 0 then "positive" elif num < 0 then "negative" else 0;; else 0;; ---------^ stdin(7,10): error FS0001: This expression was expected to have type string but here has type int The error message is quite explicit: F# has determined that this function returns a string, but the last line of the function returns an int, which is an error. Interestingly, every function in F# has a return value; of course, programmers don't always write functions that return useful values. F# has a special datatype called unit, which has just one possible value: (). Functions return unit when they don't need to return any value to the programmer. For example, a function that prints a string to the console obviously doesn't have a return value: let helloWorld () = printfn "hello world" This function takes unit parameter and returns (). You can think of unit as the equivalent to void in C-style languages. All functions and values in F# have a data type. Open F# Interactive and type the following: > let addAndMakeString x y = (x + y).ToString();; F# reports the data type using chained arrow notation as follows: val addAndMakeString : x:int -> y:int -> string Data types are read from left to right. Before muddying the waters with a more accurate description of how F# functions are built, consider the basic concept of Arrow Notation: starting from the left, our function takes two int inputs and returns a string. A function only has one return type, which is represented by the rightmost data type in chained arrow notation. We can read the following data types as follows: int -> string takes one int input, returns a string float -> float -> float takes two float inputs, returns another float int -> string -> float takes an int and a string input, returns a float This description is a good introductory way to understand Arrow Notation for a beginner—and if you are new to F# feel free to stop here until you get your feet wet. For those who feel comfortable with this concept as described, the actual way in which F# is implementing these calls is via currying the function. While the above description of Arrow Notation is intuitive, it is not entirely accurate due to the fact that F# implicitly curries functions. This means that a function only ever has a single argument and a single return type, quite at odds with the previous description of Arrow Notation above where in the second and third example two arguments are passed to a function. In reality, a function in F# only ever has a single argument and a single return type. How can this be? Consider this type: float -> float -> float since a function of this type is implicitly curried by F#, there is a two step process to resolve the function when called with two arguments a function is called with the first argument that returns a function that takes a float and returns a float. To help clarify currying, lets call this function funX (note that this naming is just for illustration purposes—the function that gets created by the runtime is anonymous). the second function ('funX' from step 1 above) is called with the second argument, returning a float So, if you provide two floats, the result appears as if the function takes two arguments, though this is not actually how the runtime behaves. The concept of currying will probably strike a developer not steeped in functional concepts as very strange and non-intuitive—even needlessly redundant and inefficient, so before attempting a further explanation, consider the benefits of curried functions via an example: let addTwoNumbers x y = x + y this type has the signature of int -> int -> int then this function: let add5ToNumber = addTwoNumbers 5 with the type signature of (int -> int). Note that the body of add5ToNumber calls addTwoNumbers with only one argument—not two. It returns a function that takes an int and returns an int. In other words, add5toNumber partially applies the addTwoNumbers function. > let z = add5ToNumber 6;; val z : int = 11 This partial application of a function with multiple argument exemplifies the power of curried functions. It allows deferred application of the function, allowing for more modular development and code re-use—we can re-use the addTwoNumbers function to create a new function via partial application. From this, you can glean the power of function currying: it is always breaking down function application to the smallest possible elements, facilitating greater chances for code-reuse and modularity. Take another example, illustrating the use of partially applied functions as a bookkeeping technique. Note the type signature of holdOn is a function (int -> int) since it is the partial application of addTwoNumbers > let holdOn = addTwoNumbers 7;; val holdOn : (int -> int) > let okDone = holdOn 8;; val okDone : int = 15 Here we define a new function holdOn on the fly just to keep track of the first value to add. Then later we apply this new 'temp' function holdOn with another value which returns an int. Partially applied functions—enabled by currying—is a very powerful means of controlling complexity in F#. In short, the reason for the indirection resulting from currying function calls affords partial function application and all the benefits it supplies. In other words, the goal of partial function application is enabled by implicit currying. So while the Arrow Notation is a good shorthand for understanding the type signature of a function, it does so at the price of oversimplification, for a function with the type signature of f : int -> int -> int is actually (when taking into consideration the implicit currying): // curried version pseudo-code f: int -> (int -> int) In other words, f is a function that takes an int and returns a function that takes an int and returns an int. Moreover, f: int -> int -> int -> int is a simplified shorthand for // curried version pseudo-code f: int -> (int -> (int -> int)) or, in very difficult to decode English: f is a function that takes an int and returns a function that takes an int and returns a function that takes an int and returns an int. Yikes! F# allows programmers to nest functions inside other functions. Nested functions have a number of applications, such as hiding the complexity of inner loops: let sumOfDivisors n = let rec loop current max acc = if current > max then acc else if n % current = 0 then loop (current + 1) max (acc + current) else loop (current + 1) max acc let start = 2 let max = n / 2 (* largest factor, apart from n, cannot be > n / 2 *) let minSum = 1 + n (* 1 and n are already factors of n *) loop start max minSum printfn "%d" (sumOfDivisors 10) (* prints 18, because the sum of 10's divisors is 1 + 2 + 5 + 10 = 18 *) The outer function sumOfDivisors makes a call to the inner function loop. Programmers can have an arbitrary level of nested functions as need requires. In programming, a generic function is a function that returns an indeterminate type t without sacrificing type safety. A generic type is different from a concrete type such as an int or a string; a generic type represents a type to be specified later. Generic functions are useful because they can be generalized over many different types. Let's examine the following function: let giveMeAThree x = 3 F# derives type information of variables from the way variables are used in an application, but F# can't constrain the value x to any particular concrete type, so F# generalizes x to the generic type 'a: 'a -> int this function takes a generic type 'a and returns an int. When you call a generic function, the compiler substitutes a function's generic types with the data types of the values passed to the function. As a demonstration, let's use the following function: let throwAwayFirstInput x y = y Which has the type 'a -> 'b -> 'b, meaning that the function takes a generic 'a and a generic 'b and returns a 'b. Here are some sample inputs and outputs in F# interactive: > let throwAwayFirstInput x y = y;; val throwAwayFirstInput : 'a -> 'b -> 'b > throwAwayFirstInput 5 "value";; val it : string = "value" > throwAwayFirstInput "thrownAway" 10.0;; val it : float = 10.0 > throwAwayFirstInput 5 30;; val it : int = 30 throwAwayFirstInput 5 "value" calls the function with an int and a string, which substitutes int for 'a and string for 'b. This changes the data type of throwAwayFirstInput to int -> string -> string. throwAwayFirstInput "thrownAway" 10.0 calls the function with a string and a float, so the function's data type changes to string -> float -> float. throwAwayFirstInput 5 30 just happens to call the function with two ints, so the function's data type is incidentally int -> int -> int. Generic functions are strongly typed. For example: let throwAwayFirstInput x y = y let add x y = x + y let z = add 10 (throwAwayFirstInput "this is a string" 5) The generic function throwAwayFirstInput is defined again, then the add function is defined and it has the type int -> int -> int, meaning that this function must be called with two int parameters. Then throwAwayFirstInput is called, as a parameter to add, with two parameters on itself, the first one of type string and the second of type int. This call to throwAwayFirstInput ends up having the type string -> int -> int. Since this function has the return type int, the code works as expected: > add 10 (throwAwayFirstInput "this is a string" 5);; val it : int = 15 However, we get an error when we reverse the order of the parameters to throwAwayFirstInput: > add 10 (throwAwayFirstInput 5 "this is a string");; add 10 (throwAwayFirstInput 5 "this is a string");; ------------------------------^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ stdin(13,31): error FS0001: This expression has type string but is here used with type int. The error message is very explicit: The add function takes two int parameters, but throwAwayFirstInput 5 "this is a string" has the return type string, so we have a type mismatch. Later chapters will demonstrate how to use generics in creative and interesting ways. Pattern matching is used for control flow; it allows programmers to look at a value, test it against a series of conditions, and perform certain computations depending on whether that condition is met. While pattern matching is conceptually similar to a series of if ... then statements in other languages, F#'s pattern matching is much more flexible and powerful. In high level terms, pattern matching resembles this: match expr with | pat1 -> result1 | pat2 -> result2 | pat3 when expr2 -> result3 | _ -> defaultResult Each | defines a condition, the -> means "if the condition is true, return this value...". The _ is the default pattern, meaning that it matches anything, sort of like a wildcard. Using a real example, it's easy to calculate the nth Fibonacci number using pattern matching syntax: let rec fib n = match n with | 0 -> 0 | 1 -> 1 | _ -> fib (n - 1) + fib (n - 2) We can experiment with this function in fsi: fib 1;; val it : int = 1 > fib 2;; val it : int = 1 > fib 5;; val it : int = 5 > fib 10;; val it : int = 55 It's possible to chain together multiple conditions which return the same value. For example: > let greeting name = match name with | "Steve" | "Kristina" | "Matt" -> "Hello!" | "Carlos" | "Maria" -> "Hola!" | "Worf" -> "nuqneH!" | "Pierre" | "Monique" -> "Bonjour!" | _ -> "DOES NOT COMPUTE! ";; val greeting : string -> string > greeting "Monique";; val it : string = "Bonjour!" > greeting "Pierre";; val it : string = "Bonjour!" > greeting "Kristina";; val it : string = "Hello!" > greeting "Sakura";; val it : string = "DOES NOT COMPUTE!" Pattern matching is such a fundamental feature that F# has a shorthand syntax for writing pattern matching functions using the function keyword: let something = function | test1 -> value1 | test2 -> value2 | test3 -> value3 It may not be obvious, but a function defined in this way actually takes a single input. Here's a trivial example of the alternative syntax: let getPrice = function | "banana" -> 0.79 | "watermelon" -> 3.49 | "tofu" -> 1.09 | _ -> nan (* nan is a special value meaning "not a number" *) Although it doesn't appear as if the function takes any parameters, it actually has the type string -> float, so it takes a single string parameter and returns a float. You call this function in exactly the same way that you'd call any other function: > getPrice "tofu";; val it : float = 1.09 > getPrice "banana";; val it : float = 0.79 > getPrice "apple";; val it : float = nan You can add additional parameters to the definition: let getPrice taxRate = function | "banana" -> 0.79 * (1.0 + taxRate) | "watermelon" -> 3.49 * (1.0 + taxRate) | "tofu" -> 1.09 * (1.0 + taxRate) | _ -> nan (* nan is a special value meaning "not a number" *) val getPrice : taxRate:float -> _arg1:string -> float Calling this gives: > getPrice 0.10 "tofu";; val it : float = 1.199 Note that the added parameters in the call come before the implicit parameter against which the match is made. F#'s pattern matching syntax is subtly different from "switch statement" structures in imperative languages, because each case in a pattern has a return value. For example, the fib function is equivalent to the following C#: int Fib(int n) => n switch { 0 => 0, 1 => 1, _ => Fib(n - 1) + Fib(n - 2) }; Like all functions, pattern matches can only have one return type. Pattern matching is not a fancy syntax for a switch structure found in other languages, because it does not necessarily match against values, it matches against the shape of data. F# can automatically bind values to identifiers if they match certain patterns. This can be especially useful when using the alternative pattern matching syntax, for example: let rec factorial = function | 0 | 1 -> 1 | n -> n * factorial (n - 1) The variable n is a pattern. If the factorial function is called with a 5, the 0 and 1 patterns will fail, but the last pattern will match and bind the value to the identifier n. Note to beginners: variable binding in pattern matching often looks strange to beginners, however it is probably the most powerful and useful feature of F#. Variable binding is used to decompose data structures into component parts and allow programmers to examine each part; however, data structure decomposition is too advanced for most F# beginners, and the concept is difficult to express using simple types like ints and strings. This book will discuss how to decompose data structures using pattern matching in later chapters. Occasionally, it's not enough to match an input against a particular value; we can add filters, or guards, to patterns using the when keyword: let sign = function | 0 -> 0 | x when x < 0 -> -1 | x when x > 0 -> 1 The function above returns the sign of a number: -1 for negative numbers, +1 for positive numbers, and '0' for 0: > sign -55;; val it : int = -1 > sign 108;; val it : int = 1 > sign 0;; val it : int = 0 Variable binding is useful because it's often required to implement guards. Note that F#'s pattern matching works from top to bottom: it tests a value against each pattern, and returns the value of the first pattern which matches. It is possible for programmers to make mistakes, such as placing a general case above a specific (which would prevent the specific case from ever being matched), or writing a pattern which doesn't match all possible inputs. F# is smart enough to notify the programmer of these types of errors. Example With Incomplete Pattern Matches > let getCityFromZipcode zip = match zip with | 68528 -> "Lincoln, Nebraska" | 90210 -> "Beverly Hills, California";; match zip with ----------^^^^ stdin(12,11): warning FS0025: Incomplete pattern matches on this expression. For example, the value '0' will not be matched val getCityFromZipcode : int
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Drug development today is constantly pressured from multiple different aspects due to the all-time low of drug approval on the market. Drug developers must acknowledge this trend even before the process begins. Unfortunately for some companies, resources are already limited and do not have the luxury of researching and developing as easily as others. Regulatory requirements and commitments are continually increasing over time and have effected the trial size and length. This has led to an overall increase in total cost of drug development. The FDA now requires more sample trials in order to be approved, this is to ensure safety and efficacy. Due to the increase in clinical trials, it has become necessary for trials to occur in foreign countries. Unfortunately, each country has its own set of regulations for drugs, further increasing the difficulty of trials. Electronic submission to regulatory authorities has become mandatory in some countries such as the US. The transition to the Electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD), will soon become the mandatory and preferred way of submission. While the eCTD does come with many benefits, developing countries must quickly adapt to the system, further slowing the development process of drugs. Drug administrations and absorption levels linked to the effect and side effect of the drug are a crucial part of the process. Many compounds have significant effects when taken into the body, but only avery small fraction of them have the potential to become useful drugs. A foreign compound, synthesized in a wet lab or extracted from nature, must be able to adapt in the cells of an organism to function effectively without causing any serious harm. Drug candidates must be potent modulators of their targets as wee have suitable properties to reach their targets For drugs to be effective, it needs to bind a sufficient number of its target proteins when taken at a reasonable dose. One factor in determing drug effectiveness is the strength of the interaction between the drug and its target. A molecule that binds to some target molecule is often referred to as a ligand. Ligand molecules occupy progressively more target binding sites as ligand concentrations increases until essentially all of the available sites are occupied. This tendency of a ligand to bind to its target is measured by the dissociation constant, Kd Kd = [R][L]/[RL] where [R] is the concentration of the free receptor, [L] is the concentration of the free ligand, and [RL] is the concentration of the receptor-ligand complex. The dissociation constant value is a measure of the strength of the interaction between the drug candidate and the target; the lower the value, the stronger the interaction. The concentration of free ligand at which one-half of the binding sites are occupied equals the dissociation constant, as long as the concentration of binding sites is substantially less than the dissociation constant. However, sometimes in the cases of biological assays where drug candidates are utilized on living cells or tissues, an alternative method is used to determine the potency of a drug. In these cases, the EC50 concentration is measured. This is the concentration of the drug candidate required to elicit 50% of the maximal biological response. For drug candidates that are inhibitors (ex. sodium channel blockers), the term IC50 is used to describe the concentration of the inhibitor required to reduce a response to 50% of its value in the absence of inhibitor. IC50 = Ki(1 + [S]/KM) (Ki is known as the inhibition constant; KM is the Michaelis constant for the substrate S. The higher the concentration of the natural substrate, the higher the concentration of drug needed to inhibit the enzyme to a given extent. IC50 and EC50 values are important measures of potency of a drug candidate in evaluating the activity of the desired biological target. Oftentimes a drug target is a member of a large family of proteins that similar in nature, which can be extremely challenging when developing a target drug. In addition to the ability of molecules to act on specific target molecules, an effective drug must also have other characteristics. For example, it must be easily administered and reach its target at sufficient concentration to be effective, a drug molecule encounters a variety of obstacles on its way to its target. The following properties are the four basic stages of a medicine's life in the body: 1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion Drugs can be taken orally as a small tablet and must be able to survive the acidic conditions in the gut and then be absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. A few of the most common ways to administer drugs are oral (swallowing an aspirin tablet), intramuscular (getting a flu shot in an arm muscle), subcutaneous (an injection of insulin under the skin), intravenous (receiving chemotherapy through a vein), or transdermal (wearing a skin patch). Drugs face a great deal of hurdles during absorption, because of the liver and the great deal of variability in drug administration in the human body. There are a set of rules that tells us when poor absorption is likely: 1. molecular weight is >500 g/mol 2. number of hydrogen bond donors is greater than 5 3. number of hydrogen bond acceptors is greater than 10 4. partition coefficient is greater than 5 (way to measure the tendency of a molecule to dissolve cell membranes) The challenge with the liver is that the liver will filter most of the drugs away before it will reach the bloodstream. Metabolic enzymes would break down the drug rendering it useless. This would lead to most of the drugs not reaching the target organs, or not having any effect. In order to bypass this, the many different absorption methods are introduced. (2) Once a drug is absorbed, the next stage is the distribution of the drug. Most often, the bloodstream is the primary means of transportation for drugs. Once the drug reaches the bloodstream, it is distributed to different fluids and tissues. This is the step that leads to a wide array of side effects in organs throughout the body. However it is important to note that some organs have stronger defense systems than others. For example, the central nervous system has a strong blood brain barrier that protects the brain from dangerous poisons or viruses. Another challenge during the distribution of the drug throughout the body is its attachment to other molecules besides the receptors of the target organ. Drugs could react with compounds present in the blood of the patient and could end up rendering the drug useless, or could produce unwanted side effects. Also, because the compound is spread all over the body, non-target organs with specialized cells and unique receptors could end up reacting and attaching to the drug. If the drug attaches to a receptor and activates, or activates a function of the cell, it could lead to unwanted side effects that could be potentially harmful or fatal. (2) After a drug has been distributed throughout the body and has done its job, the medicine is broken down or metabolized. The metabolism generally occurs in the liver. The liver is the site of continuous yet controlled activity. Everything that enters the bloodstream is carried straight to the intestine. In the intestine, molecules and substances are chemically and physically metabolized. Once a drug is absorbed and carries out its specific biological tasks, it must be converted into a substance that can be physically excreted. The liver detoxifies the drug's components using chemical metabolites, which then exits via the urine or feces. 1. Berg J, Tymoczko J, Lubert S: Biochemistry, 7th Edition 2. Medicine by Design, US Department of Health and Human Services,NIH Publications, Reprinted July 2006 1. Berg J, Tymoczko J, Lubert S: Biochemistry, 7th Edition 2. Singh, Harjit. Drug Development Challenges. Pharma. 3. Medicine by Design National Institute of Health
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1. Look in fashion magazines and notice how the models are wearing the clothes. Is the model wearing her boots over her pants or under? 2. Find out what line of clothes it is. Are the clothes the Juicy Couture's Spring fashion line or are they the Autumn Fashion line? Usually, it doesn't really work when you wear autumn clothes in Summer. 3. Find your inner fashion designer. What colors clash and what colors work like two peas in a pod. Sometimes you can put an outfit together by taking a picture of you, draw clothes, and cut them out and see if they look good on your "paper doll self." 4. Ask your friends. Sometimes the best ideas come from others. Ask people around your neighborhood and ask what they think the word 'fashion' means to them. Also, browse around mags and cut out the outfits that you like and paste them to paper. 5. Browse! You can get inspiration from what people are wearing. If you like a person's style, observe how they wear their certain style. If they are wearing a scarf thrown over their shoulders artfully. Imagine if you'd look good in that style. If you are ou-going, ask that person where they buy their clothes. 6. Search! Go to your fave search website such as Google or Yahoo. Go to "images" and search"supermodels. "You'll get great ideas and you'll save yourself the extra money from magazines. Remember to add the date and season like,"models spring, 2007" 7. Remember that when you copy someone else’s outfit, that shows weakness in your status of having the best fashion sense. 8. Don't just buy something because it’s in today, because in the future or next week it will be totally out of fashion and you will have wasted $50.00 9. Go out and buy clothes that will be in forever
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Ayobo is in Lagos. Ayobo is a suburb in Alimosho local government area of Lagos State, south-western Nigeria. Anchor University, Lagos is located there. Ayobo is the last town in Lagos bordering Aiyetiro, Ogun State. Ayobo is a town with about 10 sub-towns under it. Megida, Isefun, Olorunisola, Bada, Sabo, Kande-Ijon, Orisumbare-Ijon, Jagundeyi, Alaja, etc. You can get a bus to Iyana-ipaja from any bus-stop in Lagos State. It is a landmark area in Lagos, tgen take anotshuttltAyobo from iyana-ipaja. By rented car. If you are the type that desires comfort and luxury and wants to save yourself from the "Lasgidi" style, you can get uber, bolt or Taxify to get into Egbeda. But if you want to have a true experience of the Lagos spirit then a public bus will be your best bet. No fixed price for rented car. (updated Dec 2021) By bike. Though a ban was imposed by the Lagos state government on motorcycles plying major roads, but one can still get bike rides to most inner cities of Lagos. (updated Dec 2021) Marturion cinema, ☏ +234 908 292 9301. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6103083.2446831 Ayo Store, 30 Igesun Road, ☏ +234 903 090 9655. 9AM-10PM. Grocery store. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6055533.2496472 Springfield Super Market, Ayobo-Ipaja Rd, Ipaja. 9AM-10PM. In-shop shopping and delivery. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6205423.2485363 Yinka Supermarket, 38 Market Rd, ☏ +234 806 753 4973. 9AM-10PM. In-shop shopping. (updated Dec 2021) 6.5998173.2408214 Ibukun Oluwa Supermarket, No 5 Adewale Mold, Megida Ayobo. 9AM-10PM. In-shop shopping. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6075813.2553145 E Minimart. 9AM-10PM. Grocery store. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6103963.2460476 Olayinka Supermarket, Anchor Road, ☏ +234 818 864 2323. 9AM-10PM. General store. (updated Dec 2021) 6.615773.2487047 Sola Supermarket, 50 Market Rd, ☏ +234 703 367 3136. 9AM-10PM. Supermarket. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6065453.242641 Double G Foods, No 12/14, Ayobo Road, Megida bus stop, ☏ +234 803 406 2940. 9AM-10PM. Dine-in. Takeaway. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6011833.2485442 Crown Restaurant, Ayobo Rd. 9AM-10PM. Dine-in. Takeaway. (updated Dec 2021) 6.5913243.2624163 Makinde Bus-stop Ayobo, 10 Yusuf Onifade Close, Idimu. 9AM-10PM. Restaurant. (updated Dec 2021) 6.6022113.250041 Classico Hotel, Ayobo Rd, Alimosho. Night club. (updated Dec 2021) Infinity Hotels, 1 Sewage Avenue, Abesan Estate Rd, Ipaja, ☏ +234 708 070 0460. Hotel with good room facilities. ₦7,000. (updated Dec 2021) Sonix Light Hotel and Suites, Ashipa road, 16, Babatunde Adeyanju Street, Ayobo Rd. Good room facilities and good location overall for sightseeing, recreation, dining and getting around. (updated Dec 2021) There is MTN, Airtel, Glo and Etisalat network in 2G/3G/4G in the area. Ikotun Iyana-iba Ojo Egbeda Alimosho
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Anti-anxiety drugs: What are anti-anxiety drugs, how do they work, and how effective are they? There are many ways to treat anxiety. One way is with medication. Benzodiazepines are an anti-anxiety medication that can either have a short acting life or a long acting life. 1 in 7 Australians are currently experiencing an anxiety condition. It's important to understand the benefits of Benzodiazepines, how effective they are and how they work The emotional processing part of our brains is referred to as the Limbic[spelling?] system. The limbic cortex integrates sensory, effective and cognitive components of pain and processing information regarding the body's[grammar?] internal state. In the limbic system, the hippocampus has control over the hypothalamic stress response system and the amygdala is responsible for the expression of fear and aggression as well as defensive behaviour. It also has a role in formatting and retrieving fear related memories. The general role of the thalamus is to control aspects of alertness and consciousness. Anxiety is said to occur when there are changes in this [what?] system. Patients with anxiety disorders have more activity in the brain than normal in the limbic system[factual?]. In panic disorders: Amygdala hyperactivity may be caused by less GABA[factual?] In Generalised anxiety disorder: Larger amygdala and less controls so the brain processes more fear and react stronger to that.[factual?] In social anxiety: more stimuli can lead to extra activity in the amygdala. There are many types of drugs that can be used to manage anxiety related disorders. They each target specific areas of the brain and work slightly differently, but all having the ability to help manage anxiety related issues. These drugs aren't specific to anxiety disorders and are used for other disorders including, but not limited to depression, insomnia, PTSD, bulimia and borderline personality disorder (BPD). These types of drugs include: Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Increases level of serotonin Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)Blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine back into the nerve cells that release them, which increases the levels of active neurotransmitters in the brain Beta blockersUsed for the physical symptoms of anxiety. They prevent adrenaline, stress hormones, relax blood vessels Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)Same effects as SNRI's Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs) Balance neurotransmitters Although the drugs listed above are able to help manage anxiety, a specific type of drug called benzodiazepine is classified as an Anti-anxiety (Anxiolytic) drug. Benzodiazepine is a depressant drug which means they slow down the activity of the central nervous system (CNS), meaning they are also classified as a CNS drug/depressant. They are a mild tranquilliser and are most commonly given to relieve stress and anxiety and to help with sleep (insomnia). [Provide more detail] Benzodiazepine have been known to be a controversial drug due to the high risk of addiction and dependency, But compared to previous medications that create the same effect, these are noted to be safer. Opiates and Barbiturates were first used as medication for anxiety, but due the high addiction rate, it was apparent that other forms of medication needed to be developed and identified that were safer and less risk for patients. In the Late 1950's[grammar?] the first form of benzodiazepine known as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was identified at Hoffmann-La Roche by Leo Sternbach. By the 1960's[grammar?] this drug was marketed and further modifications were done to enhance the activity of the drug. Then in 1963 Valium, now known as Diazepam, was invented. This was an upgraded version of Chlordiazepoxide. These drugs became popular which helped expand the Hoffmann-La Roche empire and further pushed other companies to create other forms of Benzodiazepine. All forms of Benzodiazepine affect key neurotransmitters in the brain called Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) receptor. GABA is [missing something?] most common neurotransmitter in the Central nervous system (CNS) which has high concentration in the cortex and limbic system. As benzodiazepine is used, it causes a sedating type effect and lowers somatic symptoms like muscle tension. Essentially benzodiazepine works by increasing the effects of GABA as well as the efficiency of synaptic transmission of the neurotransmitters by acting on the GABA receptors. A video link demonstrated how Benzodiazepine works on the GABA receptor. Benzodiazepine relaxes muscles and tension, induces sleep and presents a calming effect overall. It is also known as a horse tranquilliser. Some of the main forms of Benzodiazepines are listed in the table below as well as the effectiveness, type of acting, and structure. There are slightly different risks associated between short acting and long acting benzodiazepine, but share many of the same characteristics. Both types seem to have similar withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and sleep. As long as there is the drugs present in the body, the effects and symptoms will persist. Due to the nature of benzodiazepine the main general effects include: Drowsiness Impaired coordination Confusion Drug interactions Altered mood Memory loss Dependency Unable to feel high and low emotions depression Over time, the higher the dosage and longer time using benzodiazepine means there is a greater risk of addiction and dependency. Its important to manage anxiety, but its also important to not create other psychological and physical disorders in the process such as addiction. Using Benzodiazepine in conjunction with other anxiety targeted therapies show greater results rather than just medication type therapy. Drug wheel facts. Know the different types of drugs and effects When benzodiazepine drugs are abused, it is often in conjunction with other forms of drugs such as alcohol and/or opiates. The use of benzodiazepine and opiates combined further sedate someone and can lead to health risks such as decreased cognitive function and suppressed breathing. They are also commonly abused because of the calming and relaxed effect they have on the body as well as the toxic effect. They are also easily available making it easy to abuse and also get addicted to. The three main risk factors are 1) when people are already predisposed to or have a history of substance abuse, 2) have other psychiatric disorders which can impact the outcome benzodiazepine has and 3) the risk of recreational use. Often when used in a recreational way, other forms of drugs are used as well to create more of an effect, which can also lead to serious everlasting cognitive and physical impairment and death. Benzodiazepine have been idolised within the music industry for many decades. Songs such as Mother's little helper by The rolling stones and artists naming themselves after the popular drug 'xanax' like "lil Xan" have further pushed these drugs into the public eye and further emphasised these types of drugs. We see in a list that there have been many deaths due to accidental overdoses of these types of drugs because they were used as recreational and used with other forms of drugs. The combination of xanax and fentanyl caused the death of artist Lil peep and the combination of anti-anxiety drugs with alcohol caused reality television personality Bobbi Kristina brown death. Although deaths like these shouldn't happen, it stresses the impact of the misuse of drugs such as benzodiazepine. It also promotes awareness of what could happen no matter the cultural background of life you have build up. The position someone is in their life doesn't change the fact that anyone misusing drugs can be impacted. Benzodiazepine is only used for anxiety disorders. Are Benzodiazepines the first drug used to treat anxiety? Are benzodiazepines the same as anti-depressants? Anti-anxiety drugs such as Benzodiazepine can be used for a number of different diagnoses. This can go from the use on anxiety, to insomnia and for alcohol abuse. The main use of anti-anxiety drugs is for anxiety related disorders. According to the DSM, anxiety is excessive fear and anxiety related behavioural disturbances. Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived threat, where as anxiety is anticipation of future threat. Anxiety disorders are categorised by distress that can interfere in someone's life. There are 5 major types of anxiety disorders but also included in the DSM-5 is seperation anxiety disorder and Selective Mutism. In social anxiety, it is sought[say what?] that being presented with more stimuli can lead to extra activity in the amygdala (Processing social situations with a layer of fear, making those environments stressful). The use of benzodiazepine in this form of anxiety helps people with avoidance of people and stressful situations Agoraphobia (fear and avoidance of specific places or situations that cause panic) and panic disorders may be caused by less GABA receptors in the brain[factual?]. This may cause less inhibitory signaling in the emotion circuit which can lead to more panic. Due to the effects benzodiazepine have on GABA receptors and the calming and relaxing effect these drugs have, the use of benzodiazepine is effective in treating sudden panics. In alcohol withdrawal, symptoms can include anxiety, irritability and seizures. The effects of long term alcohol in the brain include the decrease in GABA levels and sensitivity. GABA becomes less responsive. This can then lead to an imbalance in the limbic system as well as in the central nervous system. Benzodiazepine stimulates the GABA receptors and increases GABA. It can also produce effects of reducing harsh withdrawal symptoms such as seizures. Benzodiazepines are a versatile drug that can not only help manage anxiety disorders, but also help manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms and insomnia. Although there is the chance of dependency and addiction, it's important to understand any substance is able to have that effect. The way in which our limbic system changes depends on the types of drugs we use. Benzodiazepine focus on the GABA receptor and also have an effect on the limbic system. The use of Benzodiazepine is well known from a psychiatric perspective and its becoming more noted in other industries such as the music industry[explain?]. It's important to understand using drugs properly for the right reasons is important and that the misuse of drugs can have major effects on lives. Benzodiazepine ABS National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007 (2008), p 28 Martin, Elizabeth I.; Ressler, Kerry J.; Binder, Elisabeth; Nemeroff, Charles B. (2009-9). "The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: Brain Imaging, Genetics, and Psychoneuroendocrinology". The Psychiatric clinics of North America 32 (3): 549–575. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.004. ISSN 0193-953X. PMID 19716990. PMC 3684250. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684250/. "Thalamus". Wikipedia. 2019-09-07. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=914522371. Martin, Elizabeth I.; Ressler, Kerry J.; Binder, Elisabeth; Nemeroff, Charles B. (2009-9). "The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: Brain Imaging, Genetics, and Psychoneuroendocrinology". The Psychiatric clinics of North America 32 (3): 549–575. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.004. ISSN 0193-953X. PMID 19716990. PMC 3684250. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684250/. "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor". Wikipedia. 2019-10-26. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&oldid=923125747. "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor". Wikipedia. 2019-10-25. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor&oldid=922933709. "Helpful for chronic pain in addition to depression". Mayo Clinic. Melinda. "Anxiety Medication - HelpGuide.org". www.helpguide.org. "Beta-Blockers for Anxiety: Benefits, Side Effects, and Risks". Healthline. "Tricyclic antidepressant". Wikipedia. 2019-08-20. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&oldid=911689892. "Monoamine oxidase inhibitor". Wikipedia. 2019-09-23. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor&oldid=917407130. "Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) for Social Anxiety Disorder". www.cardiosmart.org. Retrieved 2019-10-28. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/1001/p1591.html "Opiate". Wikipedia. 2019-10-28. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opiate&oldid=923362642. "Barbiturate". Wikipedia. 2019-10-17. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbiturate&oldid=921711303. Wick, Jeannette (2013-09-01). "The History of Benzodiazepines". www.ingentaconnect.com. "Mother's Little Helper: A brief history of benzodiazepines". Mother’s Little Helper: A brief history of benzodiazepines. "Diazepam". Wikipedia. 2019-10-13. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diazepam&oldid=921016634. Griffin, Charles E.; Kaye, Adam M.; Bueno, Franklin Rivera; Kaye, Alan D. (2013). "Benzodiazepine Pharmacology and Central Nervous System–Mediated Effects". The Ochsner Journal 13 (2): 214–223. ISSN 1524-5012. PMID 23789008. PMC 3684331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/1001/p1591.html "About benzodiazepines | Mind, the mental health charity - help for mental health problems". www.mind.org.uk. "THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM". thebrain.mcgill.ca. "2-Minute Neuroscience: Benzodiazepines - YouTube". www.youtube.com. "Drugs & Medications". www.webmd.com. "Diazepam | Side Effects, Dosage, Uses & More". Healthline. Retrieved 2019-10-28. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Treatment/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Lorazepam-(Ativan) "Oxazepam". Wikipedia. 2019-10-11. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxazepam&oldid=920706006. Wallis, T. D.; Vallé-Jones, J. C.; Craven, J. R.; Hanks, G. W.; Stonier, P. D. (1979). "Single daily dose treatment of anxiety with clobazam or dipotassium clorazepate". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7 Suppl 1: 123S–127S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb04679.x. ISSN 0306-5251. PMID 35192. PMC 1429503. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35192. Burrows, G. D.; Norman, T. R.; Judd, F. K.; Marriott, P. F. (1990). "Short-acting versus long-acting benzodiazepines: discontinuation effects in panic disorders". Journal of Psychiatric Research 24 Suppl 2: 65–72. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(90)90037-q. ISSN 0022-3956. PMID 1980701. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1980701. https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/7592c9004f50b005aba6ef330cda8a00/Risks+associated+with+benzodiazepines+%2800506%29+2017.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-7592c9004f50b005aba6ef330cda8a00-mMHuEqQ https://www.rotman-baycrest.on.ca/files/publicationmodule/@random45f5724eba2f8/JAffectDisord01_65.pdf Schmitz, Allison (2016-05-06). "Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: A review". The Mental Health Clinician 6 (3): 120–126. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.05.120. ISSN 2168-9709. PMID 29955458. PMC 6007645. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007645/. Abuse, National Institute on Drug (2018-03-15). "Benzodiazepines and Opioids". www.drugabuse.gov. "Benzodiazepine Abuse Basics". WebMD. "Mother's Little Helper". Wikipedia. 2019-10-21. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother%27s_Little_Helper&oldid=922298259. Haidari, Owain Anderson,Nilu (2018-03-21). "Xanny, Make It Go Away: How Benzos Infiltrated UK Music". Vice. Haidari, Owain Anderson,Nilu (2018-03-21). "Xanny, Make It Go Away: How Benzos Infiltrated UK Music". Vice. "Bobbi Kristina Brown". Wikipedia. 2019-10-28. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobbi_Kristina_Brown&oldid=923376114. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. "Separation anxiety disorder: not just for kids". www.blackdoginstitute.org.au. "Benzodiazepines - Medical treatments for Social Anxiety - e-couch Mental Health Information". ecouch.anu.edu.au. Sheehan, D. V. (1987-9). "Benzodiazepines in panic disorder and agoraphobia". Journal of Affective Disorders 13 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(87)90021-8. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 2890678. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2890678. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4606320/ BBC and BBC three. BBC Benzo Documentary – Dangers of Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, Valium) 1987, retrieved 2019-10-28 Scotland's Valium Crisis | Drugs Map of Britain, retrieved 2019-10-28
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Texel is an island in the West Frisian Islands region of the Netherlands. Texel is an island with four types of landscape: dunes and beaches in the west, flatland and polders in the east and hilly in the center of the island (the remains of the ice age). Inland you find the fourth landscape - wetlands - with beautiful walking trails in the center west coast of the island, like The Slufter. Along the wadden-coast in the east there are comparably smaller Wetlands. In the dunes, valleys like The Muy are quite popular with tourists. Both tourists and birds are abundant. The tourists visit mostly in the summer. The islanders call their hilly area the Hoge Berg ("High Mountain"). Its highest point is about 15 meters above sea level and gives a fabulous view over the island. It's not the summit of the island. The dune Loodsmansduin in the south reaches 30 meters above sea level. Originally, the locals spoke their own dialect, known as "Tessels". Nowadays it's dying out and is replaced by a more Standard-Dutch tongue, although still with specific words and accents. The inhabitants have their own name for the mainland: de Overkant, literally "the Other Side". The official name is Texel. The x in it is normally pronounced as ss, so the name sounds like "Tessel". In Standard-Dutch, the correct pronunciation is Tessel, but a lot of Dutchmen pronounce it with an x-sound. The locals however always pronounce it as "Tessel". The following villages are on Texel: 53.0554.7981 Den Burg (Centre of island.). Largest town on island, home to about half the island's inhabitants. It has the most facilities and is the best shopping destination. 53.1564.8721 De Cocksdorp (North of island). Home of the lighthouse and miles of beach 53.0264.7532 Den Hoorn (South of island). Leafy village with pretty rustic cottages. 53.14.7633 De Koog (West side of island, by the beach.). The town where the sun lovers go. Small place, but busy. A bit trashy, lots of night life. Two supermarkets, lots of bars/restaurants, and not much else. 53.0394.8494 Oudeschild. (southeast of the island) fishing harbour The information center is located in Den Burg: 53.049684.793971 VVV Texel (tourist office), Emmalaan 66, Den Burg. Mo-Fr 9:00 - 17:30, Sa 9:00 - 17:00. As Texel is an island, the only realistic way to get to it is by ferry. Teso operates a 30 min ferry trip from Den Helder to Texel. Ferries depart from 06:30 until 21:30, every hour, with less departures on Sunday. In summer and on busy days, two boats are deployed. Ferries dock at 't Horntje along the southern end of the island. From there, buses bring you to the larger villages. Den Helder can be reached by train. The ride to Den Helder station takes 1 hour and 15 minutes from Amsterdam and 2 hours from Rotterdam. At the station, bus 33 takes you to the ferry pier, or you can walk the bit through town. Getting there by car is also an option. From the south (Amsterdam), take the A9 to Alkmaar. The A9 stops at the traffic lights in Alkmaar. From there, take a left at the roundabout as the road changes into the N9. Keep following the N9 till you arrive at Den Helder. From the east (Friesland/Groningen/Germany) you can take the A7 motorway across the Afsluitdijk dam to Den Oever, and then N99 expressway to Den Helder. Cars can be taken on the ferry to Texel. On busy days (e.g. the Easter weekend) there can be traffic jams for the ferry. The island is best experienced by bicycle, especially in summer. There are many place to hire bikes on the island. Public transport busses run each hour to each village and connect to the hourly ferry services (but not to any additional sailings). You can buy tickets at the driver; a map of bus lines is available at the Connexxion website. For parking at paid parking lots or parking zones you can either pay individually (€2.50 per hour in 2014), but in case you stay for longer than over the weekend, purchasing a yearly parking vignette might be a good idea (€15 in 2014). Add the vignette to the collection of dozens of other vignettes on your front screen and you can park in designated areas without additional charges. There are however some time limitations at some of the parking lots, which are explained in the brochure that comes with the vignette and the signs at the parking lots. The stickers can be purchased for example in the VVV information center in Den Burg or in supermarkets. The whole western coast consists of the Duinen van Texel National Park, a protected nature reserve. It is a varied dunescape with heath, salt fens and grassland, and is the best attraction Texel has to offer. Some areas are protected as bird breeding grounds. De Slufter/De Muy (northwest of island). Den Slufter is a tidal inlet with marshes and a lagoon. Eierland ((English: egg land)) (north and centre of island). Eierland means "egg land" in Dutch. This is a breeding ground for 1000s of birds. Some other attractions include: 53.1819444.8552781 Texel Lighthouse (Vuurtoren Lange Jaap), Vuurtorenweg 184, De Cocksdorp, ☏ +31 222 317-741. Apr 10:00-17:00 daily, May-Sep M-Th 10:00-20:00, F-Su 10:00-17:00, Oct 10:00-17:00 daily, Nov-Mar W, Sa-Su 10:00-17:00. The lighthouse is one of the landmarks of Texel. The top is at 45 metres high and gives a great view over Texel and the Wadden Sea. The way up there is basically a museum, which explains the history of the lighthouse and its current purpose. €4.50. Maritime & Beachcombers Museum (Maritiem & Jutters Museum), Barentszstraat 21, Oudeschild, ☏ +31 222 314-956. Jul-Aug M-Sa 10:00-17:00, Su, hols 12:00-17:00, Sep-Jun Tu-Sa 10:00-17:00, Su, hols 12:00-17:00. This museum makes for a delightful visit. In past times many ships sunk around Texel due to stormy weather, so a lot of treasures have been found in the surrounding area. This museum shows what kind of stuff they have found, and the collection is truly amazing (almost funny). The outdoor section show demonstrations by craftsmen, such as rope-making and blacksmithing. €6.50, children €5. There are many activities you can do on the isle of Texel. Just some of them include swimming, sunbathing, kitesurfing, golfing and go-karting. Cycling and hiking through the nature reserve is particularly popular. You can rent bicycles at the ferry pier 't Horntje and in the other villages. There are numerous possibilities for cycling. English-language cycle routes are the Texel South Cycle Route and the Texel North Cycle Route, which can be combined into one long trip around the whole of the island. Den Burg has the largest facilities for shopping. Bij Jef, Herenstraat 24, Den Hoorn, ☏ +31 222 319-623. Feb-Dec Su-F 18:00-late, Sa 19:00-late, Jan closed. This is a highly appraised French restaurant that has one Michelin star since 2009. Excellent food and service as the chef informs about your personal wishes. They also have an excellent wine list. And they even bring you home when you're done eating. But of course this all comes at a price. €45-100. Van Der Star, Heemskerckstraat 15 , Oudeschild, ☏ +31 222 312-441. This seemingly simple eatery serves some of the best seafood on Texel. Their specialty is smoked eel from the North Sea. They also have mussels, cod, prawns and fish soup. It is also a stand-alone shop with fish and bread for take-away. €10. Texel Catering en Banket Service (Ruud Boom), Stoompoort 16, ☏ +31 222 313 791. 6AM to 11PM. Catering food delivery company serving food for groups of 10 and above (up to 200 should not be a problem). Budget groups can have dinner from €6 p.p., more luxurious meals are also available. Ruud speaks only a little English, but their website shows many options - thus you should be fine. Booking several days in advance is recommended. However, ordering for the next day (or even later that day) is often possible for simple meals. €5-50. As most travellers stay in De Koog, this is where the island's nightlife takes place. There are many bars and cafes, and it even feels a bit seedy at night. A lot of hotels and campsites are found on Texel. 53.05424.796951 Hotel de Lindenboom, Groeneplaats 14, 1791 CC Den Burg, ☏ +31 222 312 041. double from € 100, room with sauna from €140. 53.024734.749872 Restaurant & Hotel Bij Jef, Herenstraat 34, 1797 AJ Den Hoorn, ☏ +31 222 319 623. Small hotel including a restaurant Double from € 120, Suite from € 150. 53.025534.753653 Hotel Op Diek, Diek 10, 1797 AB Den Hoorn, ☏ +31 222 319 262. double from € 81, single from € 49. 53.098954.76734 Hotel Greenside, Stappeland 6, 1796 BS De Koog, ☏ +31 222 327 222. Including a large wellness area double from € 105, Grand Suite from € 170. 53.101884.756655 Strandhotel Nordzee, Badweg 200, 1796 AA De Koog, ☏ +31 222 317 365. On the outermost row of dunes directly on the beach double € 140. 53.097724.75916 Grand Hotel Opduin, Ruijslaan 22, 1796 AD De Koog, ☏ +31 222 317 445. Directly at the dunes double from € 110, Panoramasuite Superior from € 165. 53.035114.84687 Herberg De Zeven Provinciën, De Ruyterstraat 60, 1792 AK Oudeschild, ☏ +31 222 312 652. According to their own claim dating back to 1666 and thus the oldest hotel on the island double from € 50. 53.150874.865778 Hotel Oranjerie Molenbos, Postweg 224-226, 1795 JT De Cocksdorp, ☏ +31 222 316 476. from € 110. 53.156134.871659 Hotel Pension 't Anker, Kikkertstraat 24, 1795 AD De Cocksdorp, ☏ +31 222 316 274. A very nice but relatively small hotel aimed at families double from € 88. Holiday-Park de Krim, Roggeslootweg 6, De Cocksdorp, ☏ +31 222 390112. With spacious bungalows, luxury chalets, a five-star campsite and many other facilities. [dead link] Vacation home Rabbit, Roggeslootweg 393, De Cocksdorp, ☏ +49 2261 41495. Check-in: Friday, check-out: Friday. Vacation home in Holidaypark De Krim, onlinebooking. Vakantiebungalow Leeuwwitje, Gerritslanderdijkje 284, Den Burg, ☏ +31 6288 36956. Check-in: Friday, check-out: Friday. Holiday home Leeuwwitje, luxury bungalow, sleeps six, private forest, whirlpool, fire place, online booking. Hotel De Branding, Boodtlaan 6, De Koog, ☏ +31 222 317-233. This hotel has 30 modern rooms, each with their own bathroom seating area and television. Only the rooms on the ground floor have outdoors seating. €45-77. There is a post office in the centre of Den Burg, at the corner of the Burgwal and Parkstraat. During the summer a special touristic boat service to the neighboring island of Vlieland, is available. This boat leaves near De Cocksdorp. The Wadden Sea sealife is also seen on this trip.
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Friday, November 11, 2005 British Prime Minister Tony Blair could face a House of Commons inquiry into claims that chief police officers were pressured to support a political agenda during Wednesday's vote to extend detention without charge. Chief police officers were asked to lobby MPs wavering over the introduction of a controversial new law allowing police to detain a terror suspect for 90 days without charge. Although the proposal was rejected by the House of Commons, the lobbying has provoked criticism from senior members of the opposition Conservative Party, who are pushing for an inquiry into the behaviour of government ministers towards the police and for 'embroiling them in politics'. Former Tory cabinet minister Peter Lilley said: "Every chief constable knows their job is up for re-selection in the next year or so. That puts great pressure on them." Home Office minister Hazel Blears denied the claims: "It is entirely proper that the police were there to make their case and for Parliament to consider it." "Certainly, as a Member of Parliament I would want to have the benefit of the best professional advice I could get before reaching my decision." "MPs probe police 'politicisation'" — BBC News Online, November 11, 2005 "Probe into terror vote" — Sky News, November 11, 2005
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This wiki book critiques an article from the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology; Gorostegi-Anduaga, Corres, MartinezAguirre-Betolaza et al. Studying the effects of different aerobic exercises together with nutritional intervention among sedentary adults who are overweight/obese and suffering from hypertension. This critique is an assignment at the University of Canberra in the unit; Health Disease and Exercise, during semester 2 2019. Hypertension is a worldwide health problem and it remains steadily rising. The World Health Organisation reported in 2015 it affected 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women In 2017-2018 the prevalence of hypertension in Australians was 1 in 10 (2.6 million or 10.6% people) There wasn’t any significant difference between males (10.5%) and females (10.7%). Ultimately this medical condition is a leading cause of premature deaths worldwide. Hypertension is a medical disease characterised by high blood pressure over a prolonged time. Blood pressure (BP) is the force of the blood being pumped by the heart and ejected into the arteries and circulating the body, High BP is characterised by the presence of high systolic (SBP) this is the first number. Occurs when the heart is contracting and symbolises the pressure of the blood in the blood vessels. A high reading is over 140mmHg and the norm is 120mmHg. Therefore a healthy range for BP is higher than 90/60mmHg and lower than 140/90 mmHg. The second number is the diastolic (DBP) represents the pressure between your heartbeats. Hypertension along with other factors is diagnosed when your BP presents high when tested on two or three consecutive days, The study was conducted in Vitoria- Gasteiz, Spain. It went on for three years, starting in September 2013 and concluded in June 2016 by Araba University Hospital. This study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. Even though this study was done in Europe, the research findings are still applicable to Australia. Some parts in this study were recognised in several different health meetings, one being the 2015 25th European meeting on Hypertension and Cardiovascular protection. This justified the findings. This was a multi-arm parallel experimental study meaning researchers compared the treatment of aerobic exercise intensities, researchers also used the method of randomisation to assign the participants into these exercise groups. These methods used were appropriate as it eliminates any bias allocation. A multidisciplinary team of Cardiologist, Nutritionists and a fitness company (for exercise machines) to make up the team that helped do the research. Participants: 175 non- Hispanic Caucasians; 120 Males and 55 Females. All participants had to meet the requirements of being overweight/obese, sedentary and have hypertension. Measurements taken: Pre and Post intervention Body Mass Index (BMI) Blood Pressure (BP) Cardio-respiratory fitness Dietary Assessment Prescribed Medication Intervention: 16-week aerobic exercise program; training 2 days a week. 4 intervention groups; and 3 out of the 4 were supervised exercise groups, performing different intensity programmers. Group 1: Attention Control group (AC) Group 2:High-volume moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) Group 3: High-volume of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Group 4: Low Volume of HIIT Each programme was tailored to each participant and A low-calorie diet, tailored to each individual. At the beginning of the research, there was no significant difference amongst the groups for anthropometric measures, cardio-respiratory and pharmacological treatments. At the end of the 16-week intervention a difference was seen in both SBP and DBP, mean BP and heart rate decreased. All groups also had an increase in their cardiorespiratory fitness. Changes to BMI, body mass, waist and hip circumference, waist to hip ratio was visible in all groups. Significant changes were seen in the high volume HIIT, and Low Volume HIIT. These results are streamlined with other studies proving that any form of exercise will positively affect risk factors of hypertension. Overall the implantation of a regular exercise routine provided to be effective in improving the lifestyle of a person who is overweight, obese and presenting with hypertension. From the research, High volume HIIT exercise sessions showed to have a greater impact out of the three exercise groups. Individuals should also make some lifestyle changes and also combined with exercise the individuals diet should also change. The DASH diet has proven to be effective. In Conclusion, we gather that it takes a combination of a low-calorie diet and exercise can be used to reduce the risk factors associated with hypertension to improve one's quality of life In total roughly 45% of the participants that took part in this study were males, therefore the results are basis favouring for the male population. Further research with a larger and more diverse sample pool is needed to produce more accurate and reliable results. Furthermore, researchers can tailor their studies focusing on if females and males will get the same benefit from such intervention and exercises. Another area of study should also look into how different ethnic groups will adhere to an intervention like this one. When left untreated or not controlled, hypertension can result in different health complications and diseases, such as diabetes, kidney failure, heart attack, and stroke. Below are some suggested lifestyle changes that can be implemented to reduce risk factors associated with obesity and hypertension. Further Readings Keep Your Blood Pressure Down [1] Heart foundation: Blood Pressure [2] Criticted Article [3] Diet to help prevent and control hypertension [4] Please consult and seek medical advice from your GP or medical professional if you think you have or are at risk of developing hypertension. Gorostegi-Anduaga,L et al. (2018) 'Effects Of different aerobic exercise programmes with nutritional Intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension.' European Journal of Preventive Cardiology vol 25(4) pp 343-353 WHO. (2019) 'Hypertension.' https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension ABS. (2018) 'Hypertension and Measured High Blood Pressure' Australian bureau of Statistics, https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.001~2017-18~Main%20Features~Hypertension%20and%20measured%20high%20blood%20pressure~60 Heart Foundation (n.d)'Blood Pressure' https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/know-your-risks/blood-pressure Health Direct (2018) 'What is a healthy Blood pressure' https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-is-a-healthy-blood-pressure Gorostegi-Anduaga,et al. (2018) "Effects of different aerobic programmes with nutritional intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension" European Journal of preventive Cardiology Whelton S, Chin A, Xin X, He J, (2002) "Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials" Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK69571/ Huang N, Duggan K, (2008) "Lifestyle management of hypertension" Australian Prescriber vol 31 (6) https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/lifestyle-management-of-hypertension#body-weight Health Direct (2018) "High blood pressure (hypertension), https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-blood-pressure-hypertension
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Address The location in memory where a variable is stored. Address-of Operator The ampersand (&), used to reference a variable's address instead of its value. Argument A variable passed to a function. The term argument is generally reserved for variables passed to main() at runtime, usually from the command line interface; see parameter. Dereference Operator The asterisk (*), used to access the value that a pointer points to as opposed to the pointer itself. Dereference-Member Operator A hyphen, followed by a greater-than sign (->), used to access the members of a union or structure through a pointer to that construct. Global Variable A variable declared independently of a function. Global variables are accessible anywhere in a program. Local Variable A variable declared in a function's definition. Local variables can only be used in the function that declared them. Member Operator The period (. ), used to access members of a union or structure. Parameter An argument passed to a function for processing. Parameters are not changed in the calling function, but rather they are copied and stored locally in the called function's runtime stack. Pointer A variable that stores the address of another variable, eg. a variable that "points" to a value. Static Variable A variable declared inside a function. Static variables can only be used in the function that declared them. String A sequence of characters terminated with a null byte. Represented in C as an array of chars, where the length is at least ( string_length + 1 ) to account for the null byte. Type See variable type. Variable A symbolic name given to a value with a known or unknown quantity. Variables always have type. Variable Type The way that the compiler interprets the bits stored at a variable, eg. what kind of data is stored and referenced by a variable.
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Chapter 6: Beast from Air Ralph and Simon pick up Percival and carry him to a shelter. That night, over the horizon, there is an aerial battle though none of the boys see it since they are asleep. A dead pilot drops from a parachute, sweeping across the reef toward the mountain where his parachute gets tangled on. Early the next morning, the twins Sam and Eric, the two boys on duty at the fire, awake and add kindling to the fire. Just then they spot the dead parachutist and mistake him for the beast. They scramble down the mountain and wake Ralph. While reporting their encounter with the "beast", they grossly exaggerate (in their panic) with Eric tellings the boys that the beast has teeth and claws and even followed them. Jack calls for a hunt, but Piggy says that they should stay there, for the beast may not come near them. When Piggy says that he has the right to speak because of the conch, Jack says that they don't need the conch anymore. Ralph becomes exasperated at Jack, accusing him of not wanting to be rescued, and the assembly takes Ralph's side. Ralph decides that he will go with the hunters to search for the beast, which may be around a small island connected to the main island by a small bridge (the small island is later called Castle Rock). Simon, wanting to show that he is accepted, travels with Ralph, who wishes only for solitude. Jack gets the hunters lost on the way around the mountain. They continue along a narrow wall of rocks that forms a bridge between parts of the island, reaching the open sea. As some of the boys spend time rolling rocks around the bridge, Ralph decides that it would be better to climb the mountain and rekindle the fire, but Jack wishes to stay where they can build a fort. This fort that they build is later called Castle Rock.
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Teaching Your Child to Ride a Bike You Tube Video Preparation Start by scouting out the right location. Before heading to the park, remove the training wheels from the bike and lower the seat so that your child can sit on it and rest both feet on the ground. Also, have your child put on long pants such as jeans and a long-sleeve sweatshirt. Bring their helmet and a pair of full-finger gloves for them, too. The more injury proofed your child feels, the more willing they will be to participate in this teaching session. Keep it exciting and fun for your child and remember: NO PRESSURE. One Skill At A Time The goal of teaching kids to ride is to help them learn the required skills of balancing, steering, pedaling and braking. This is a lot to throw at them at once, which is why so many parents wear themselves out running behind the bike while their children struggle with all these new skills. The secret is to help them master one riding skill at a time. Your child must be comfortable with each new skill before you show them the next. They’ll learn much faster. And you can simply stand in one spot praising and encouraging your student. Before starting, have your child put on the helmet and gloves. This way, they’ll feel safe, which is important because if they’re afraid, they won’t want to try. Balancing & Steering The first thing to teach is balancing. Walk up the grassy slope about half way, point the bike downhill and have your child get on and coast very slowly down the hill using their feet as outriggers, dragging them for balance and to slow down. The lowered seat makes it easy for them to reach the ground and maintain their balance. The soft grass will keep their speed down and make the bike come to a stop at the bottom of the slope. Pedaling Once your child is confident enough to coast down the hill with their feet off the ground, they’re ready to coast down with their feet on the pedals. Have them rest their feet on the pedals while you hold the bike in place, first. Then, they’re ready to coast down the slope with their feet on the pedals. Be sure to remind them to put their feet on the ground as the bike slows down and stops so they don't fall over. After a few runs down the hill, they’ll get the hang of it. Braking Most bikes for kids have coaster brakes, which are also called “foot brakes,” because they’re applied by backpedaling. Show your child how this works and let them practice slowing, coming to a stop and putting a foot down. Wear a Properly Fitted Bicycle Helmet Watch for and Avoid Road Hazards Adjust Your Bicycle to Fit See and Be Seen Handlebars Chain and Guard Spokes Seat Main frame Open the valve Figure out the recommended PSI for your tires Locate a pump Inflate the tire Kids and Bike Safety NHTSA
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The Viking Peninsula or Great Northern Peninsula is a large rural area in western Newfoundland. Located north of Gros Morne National Park, it extends to St. Anthony (population 2400) as the northernmost town on the island of Newfoundland. L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, a former Viking settlement at the northern tip of the peninsula, is one of the world's first UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Northern Peninsula is sparsely populated (about 25,000 people along 300 km of western coastline); weather conditions can be harsh, especially in winter, due to rugged terrain and direct exposure to westerly prevailing winds across the open Gulf of St. Lawrence. The population is declining. There are few tiny fishing villages and many wide open spaces. Pack ice jams the Strait of Belle Isle in spring and early summer as icebergs further north break up during the spring thaw and are carried by ocean currents. One may encounter summer conditions ashore and winter conditions on the ice-filled water, or even be unable to get out of the harbour due to ice jams. Polar bears occasionally arrive on the Northern Peninsula from Labrador on the ice; animals or their tracks should be reported to Pistolet Bay Provincial Park staff so bears may be live-trapped and returned to Labrador. 50.613889-57.1666671 Hawke's Bay 51.182735-56.0153842 Main Brook 51.0667-56.88333 Plum Point 50.7031-57.35224 Port au Choix 50.65-57.2666675 Port Saunders 51.61-55.4355566 Quirpon Island 51.558889-55.7286117 Raleigh 51.3725-55.5947228 St. Anthony 51.200925-56.7766019 St. Barbe 51.595267-55.5312221 L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, Route 436 (north of St. Anthony), ☏ +1 709 623-2608 (May-Oct), +1 709 458-2417 (off-season), [email protected]. 9AM-5PM daily, early June-Thanksgiving, 9AM-6PM summer. The site of the first established transoceanic contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of North America at around 1000 CE. It contains reconstructions of three Norse buildings, hiking trails, Viking guides in period costume, visitor centre and picnic area. The original archaeological excavations are understated as simple depressions in the ground and small grassy elevations. $12. 50.697376-57.3825632 Port au Choix National Historic Site, Point Riche Road, Port au Choix, ☏ +1 709 861-3522. 9AM-5PM, mid-June to early September. An archaeological site about Indigenous peoples with a visitor centre. The centre guides through a history of the variety of groups that occupied the area from the Dorset Paleo-Eskimos to the Beothuk. Caribou can be seen wandering around the site and whales can also be occasionally seen off the coast. 51.561539-55.753533 Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve, Burnt Cape, 1 km northwest of Raleigh. Over 30 species of rare plant life. Call ahead to book an excellent guided tour. Free year-round. 51.540009-55.6793444 Pistolet Bay Provincial Park, Raleigh, ☏ +1 709 454-7570. Unsupervised beach, picnic area, fishing, canoeing, thirty camp sites ($15/night) with partial services (showers, toilets). 50.359535-57.5380795 Table Point Ecological Reserve, 14 km northeast of Daniel's Harbour on Route 430, ☏ +1 709 454-7570. Limestone cliffs and beach with many fossils from the Ordovician period. Accessible only by foot. Free. 50.113611-57.6630566 The Arches Provincial Park (10 km north of Parson's Pond). Provincial park named after the characteristic rock arches by the shoreline. (updated May 2020) From the Trans-Canada Highway, exit at Deer Lake and follow Highway 430 northward through Gros Morne. From Labrador, board the ferry at Blanc Sablon (+1-866-535-2567). The crossing to St. Barbe is 13⁄4 hrs, weather permitting, $25 for car and driver. In winter, this ferry lands instead in Corner Brook, with corresponding increase in time and cost. Norpen Bus Service, ☏ +1 709 457-2024. This company runs a shuttle from Corner Brook and Deer Lake to St. Anthony Airport on Tuesdays & Fridays. (updated Jun 2018) 51.391944-56.0830561 St. Anthony Airport (YAY IATA). This small airport in St. Anthony has scheduled service from St. John's and onward to Labrador and northern Quebec. Additional flights are available in Deer Lake (updated Jun 2018) Provincial Airlines, toll-free: +1-800-563-2800. Scheduled passenger, cargo and charter flights. The only major local road is the Viking Trail, Newfoundland Highway 430, which follows the western coastline. Driving is the most accessible way to explore the area. Roads off the main highway may not be paved with poor conditions (e.g. large potholes) due to the weather. A 4WD vehicle and/or SUV is recommended if planning on driving much off the main roads. Caution and experience driving in winter weather is also recommended if planning on visiting during the non-summer season as the area is known for treacherous weather conditions. 49.921132-57.8226541 Cow Head Lighthouse, Cow Head, Newfoundland (across the thin strip of land which connects the old summer island and the mainland 'winter town.' You will see signs that point you to the lighthouse trail). A 10-minute hike with some stairs will bring you to the renovated lighthouse. This is very cool as it is open and you can climb up into the old lantern room and get a beautiful view of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Free. 51.3667-55.58332 Grenfell House Museum, 227 West St, St. Anthony, ☏ +1 709-454-4010. Summer Daily 9AM-5PM, Winter M-F 8:30AM-4:30PM. A stately home that was the former residence of Sir Wilfred Grenfell, the founder of medical services in Western Newfoundland and Labrador. Adults $10. (updated May 2020) 51.363283-55.5850313 Grenfell Interpretation Centre, 4 Maravel Road, St Anthony, ☏ +1 709-454-4010. Summer Daily 9AM-5PM, Winter M-F 8:30AM-4:30PM. Museum that takes you through the life and work of Sir Wilfred Grenfell and the Grenfell Mission. Exhibits showcase historical medical equipment and the rugged conditions of providing medical care in Newfoundland and Labrador during the turn of the 20th century. Adults $10. (updated May 2020) 51.299283-56.7284424 Flower's Cove Thrombolites, Flower's Cove (1 hr drive south of St Anthony on Highway 430). Circular fossil-like structures of algal colonies millions of years old arrayed along the coast line of this small town. Free. (updated May 2020) Drive along the Viking Trail, Highway 430. Scenic road that extends from Deer Lake through Gros Morne National Park to the northern tip at St. Anthony. The southern parts takes you through the park passing by many viewpoints that would be amiss to not stop at. The northern parts of the trail takes you along the sea coast through small windswept fishing villages. During the summer, icebergs can be seen on the sea throughout the drive. Iceberg Festival, St Anthony. Beginning yearly on the first Friday of June for around 10 days, the festival is a celebration of the start of iceberg watching season. Based around the town of St Anthony, there are usually a variety of events involving music and food. Scenic Pursuit, 51 Main St, Bide Arm, ☏ +1 709 457-2706. Seasonal, M-Sa 9AM-8PM. Boat tours from Canada Bay, charters, iceberg and whale watching. 51.504969-55.481631 Dark Tickle Company, 75 Main St, St. Lunaire - Griquet, ☏ +1 709 623-2354. Manufactures jams, sauces, vinegars, teas, drinks and chocolates using wild berries from Newfoundland and Labrador. Books, clothing, souvenirs. 51.504632-55.4716371 The Daily Catch, 112 Main St, St. Lunaire-Griquet, ☏ +1 709 623-2295, [email protected]. Seafood, pork, chicken. $6-12. 51.6006-55.52742 The Norseman Restaurant, L'Anse aux Meadows (end of Route 436, turn right at harbourfront), ☏ +1 709 754-3105 (phone), +1 709-623-2126 (mobile text), toll-free: +1-877-623-2018, [email protected]. Daily noon-9PM. Focusing on fresh, healthy, local and gourmet. In 22 years they have never served a french fry. (updated Oct 2015) 51.581359-55.4947741 Skipper Hot's Lounge, Straitsview, St. Lunaire-Griquet, ☏ +1 709-623-2241. noon-midnight daily (June-Sept), 2PM-midnight weekends off-season. Bar and lounge, take-out fried foods and sandwiches, live music, billiards and darts. 51.520346-55.4615431 Marilyn's Hospitality Home, L'Anse aux Meadows, ☏ +1 709 623-2811, toll-free: +1-877-865-3958. B&B with full breakfast and fresh-made bread, one block from waterfront. 51.581184-55.4934362 Snorri Cabins, Route 436, Straitsview, ☏ +1 709 623-2241, toll-free: +1 877 622-2241. 51.529792-55.4844193 Southwest Pond Cabins, Route 436, St. Lunaire-Griquet, ☏ +1 709 623-2140, toll-free: +1 800 515-2261. Seasonal (May-Oct). 51.541752-55.4751854 Valhalla Lodge, Gunners Cove Harbour Front, L'Anse aux Meadows, ☏ +1 709 754-3105, toll-free: +1 877 623-2018, fax: +1 709 623-2144. Norseman Restaurant, Gaia Art Gallery and Valhalla B&B. 50.609976-57.1696745 Torrent River Inn, Hawke's Bay, ☏ +1 709 248-5225, toll-free: +1 800 563-8811, fax: +1 709 248-5363. 51.161759-56.0018296 Tuckamore Lodge, ☏ +1 709 865-6361, toll-free: +1-888-865-6361, fax: +1 709 865-2112, [email protected]. Hunting, fishing and adventure tourism lodge. 51.082499-56.878397 Plum Point Motel and Restaurant, Plum Point, ☏ +1 709 247-2533, toll-free: +1 888 663-2533, fax: +1 709 247-2327, [email protected]. 40 rooms, restaurant, 18 housekeeping units. 50.703976-57.3543348 Sea Echo Motel & Restaurant, Port au Choix, ☏ +1 709 861-3777, fax: +1 709 861-3669, [email protected]. 30 rooms, 3 cabins and 10 campsites, Point Riche Restaurant (and Greco Pizza), Sea Gull Lounge, souvenir shop, banquet/conference services. 51.557169-55.7307629 Burnt Cape Cabins, Raleigh, ☏ +1 709 452-3521, [email protected]. Adjacent to Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve, dining, groceries, fuel. Cabins with Internet and en suite bath. 51.363893-55.5874910 Grenfell Heritage Hotel & Suites, 1 McChada Drive, St. Anthony, ☏ +1 709 454-8395, toll-free: +1-888-450-8398, [email protected]. Conference facility, wi-fi, continental breakfast, smoke-free, no pets. 51.372396-55.60216711 Haven Inn, 14 Goose Cove Road, St. Anthony, ☏ +1 709 454-9100, fax: +1-877-428-3646, [email protected]. Cartier's Galley Restaurant with view of St. Anthony harbour, pet-friendly hotel, wi-fi. 51.35916-55.57808312 Snuggle Inn Cottage Suites, 7 Gulley Bank Rd, St. Anthony, ☏ +1 709 454-2408, toll-free: +1-877-454-4667, [email protected]. 51.201768-56.77702713 Dockside Motel, St. Barbe, ☏ +1 709 877-2444, toll-free: +1-877-677-2444, fax: +1 709 877-9459. At Blanc Sablon/Labrador ferry dock. Gros Morne National Park Labrador
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Saturday, January 19, 2008 In an exclusive report, Wikinews has learned that on Wednesday two users, one anonymous and the other only known as MODX, added code on the collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia for a computer virus known as the LoveLetter or ILOVEYOU virus. The users inserted the VBScript code into various pages including the Wikipedia Sandbox, a page used for editorial testing. This was relatively harmless, as the code could not be activated despite causing some antivirus software to issue an alert. A Wikipedia administrator began blocking the users and reverting their edits. "I went further and deleted the contributions of these editors where I could in the hopes of preventing follow-up attacks, copycat actions, and random editors stumbling into viral traps whilst walking through a page history", said Scientizzle, the administrator who found the code and attempted to clean up the additions. However, a major problem arose when he tried to delete the edits from the sandbox. This involves deleting the entire page and restoring good revisions, but the sandbox has such a "massive revision history" that this caused Wikipedia's servers to overload for half an hour, locking countless users out of editing the encyclopedia. "My action caused the site to come to a screeching halt for half an hour and filled my [user discussion page] page with 'wikitrout'," added Scientizzle jokingly. Developers for Wikimedia (the parent foundation of Wikipedia and its sister projects) quickly implemented a check on such massive deletions to prevent such an event from occurring again. Brion Vibber, Wikimedia's Chief Technical Officer, added restrictions on the deletion of any page with more than 5000 revisions. "A couple times a year somebody does something like trying to delete the Wikipedia:Sandbox, which reaaalllly bogs down the server due to the large number of revisions. While there are warnings about this, I'm hacking in some limits which will restrict such deletions to keep the system from falling over accidentally," said Vibber on a Wikipedia community discussion page. Scientizzle was advised that the edits should have been removed via oversight. Oversight is the process of deleting edits from public view, usually reserved for non-public personal information and libel, but also used for selective deletion of revisions on pages with extremely long edit histories. Only a few administrators have access to the process. "I was advised that oversight was a better option for removing contributions on huge pages and, as such, contacted the oversight mailing list to request the complete deletion of all contributions by these users," added Scientizzle. The ILOVEYOU virus or worm started in the Philippines on May 4, 2000 in e-mails titled 'I Love You'. Over the course of a single working day it spread across the entire globe, traveling to Hong Kong, to Europe, and then the United States. At least 10% of the world's computers that had Internet access were infected with the virus. The virus overwrote files on computers with copies of itself, including system files and multimedia. Brion Vibber. "Deletion restrictions for pages with long histories" — Wikipedia - Village Pump, January 16, 2008 "Scientizzle's user discussion page on the incident" — Wikipedia, January 16, 2008
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< Wikiversity Part of the Department of European History. There are several discussion topics that still have yet to be addressed. Please don't sign up unless you plan on contributing to the discussion. My email address is under my user page if anyone needs to contact me. --Kfitton 8:48, 14 May 2009 (UTC) Hitler's Germany, or from here on out referred to as 'The Third Reich', is a course that will familiarize the student with key themes in the current historical literature involving the subject. The course breaks down to several weeks of discussion held on the main page and a paper that each student will complete on a topic of their choosing, which will then be critiqued by the class for its merit and historical content. The student taking this class will hopefully walk away with a greater understanding of the time and exposure to an active academic environment that requires scholarly research. The instructor has taken a class exactly on this subject and will attempt to mold many of those ideas into this class, so students will be prepared to take on university level material should the opportunity arise. It should be noted that subject material in this class will be of a frank and sometimes grotesque manner, so if the student is not capable of maintaining a professional demeanor and historical objectivism, it is suggested that they not sign up for this class. This is intended to be roughly a '300' or '3rd year' or 'junior' level college class. While using online resources are encouraged, it is suggested to pick up the following books for cheap on Amazon.com or any other used book seller. These are books from people respected in the field of study on The Third Reich. The Nazi Dictatorship by Ian Kershaw, 4th ed. Atlas of Nazi Germany by Michael Freeman, 2nd ed. The Nazi Revolution by Allan Mitchell, 4th ed. Highly recommended! Weimar and Nazi Germany by Panikos Panayi. Nazi Culture by George Mosse. Highly recommended! Inside Hitler's Germany by Benjamin Sax and Deiter Kuntz. Highly recommended! A History of Nazi Germany by Joseph W. Bendersky, 2nd ed. During the course, the instructor will be referencing these books, and while not necessary to have it would make for a much greater class environment and overall understanding of the topic. Now open for signups - click on the edit and add your user here if you wish to enroll. Also, if you have in your possession, any of the suggested reading texts, please list the author(s) after your user so that the instructor can tailor discussions toward those texts. User:Mevan have read mein kampf and have watched hitler documentaries of the bbc and downfall and rise of evil Yo Vivire The Hitler Myth by Ian Kershaw Blackbrunettes waronide chezzydoh Bartdutch PaddyC Downey Domiproud Alfmaster --Bruno Moreschi 14:08, 11 October 2006 (UTC) Alijohnson Noiz Think outside the box guglicello HistoryBuff tucker529 Feather - am getting the Ian Kershaw book Nuno Santana Wolsztyniak - have read "On Hitler's Mountain" by Irmgard A. Hunt subatai_baadur Somethinggood memzy Krishna Tadepalli - I have "Mein Kampf" by Hitler himself and "What Hitler knew" by Zachary Shore both in pdf formats. dangell Alyssa (The preceding unsigned comment was added by 132.79.7.15 (talk • contribs) 14:34, 9 September 2007) stopsignnamedcat Sean gorter Alexandrianphilosopher Melissa Officinalis Joe1973 Docta Trey Week 1 - What Causes a Facist Dictatorship? Post-WWI through Weimar Germany Week 2 - Structure of the National Socialist Party, Political and Social Repercussions Week 3 - Early forays into German Politics, German Political Spectrum Week 4 - NSDAP gains control of the country, The Nazi State Week 5 - Horrors and Failures of The Third Reich Week 6 - Discussion for Final Paper Week 7 - Critique of Final Papers and Closing Comments Keep in mind, assignments will NOT be collected, except for Week 6-7. All work is a suggestion to students in order for them to be prepared for the week topics. Pre-Week 1 - Students enrolling should start by looking up various governmental systems and taking notes in preparation for discussion. In particular: Fascism, Communism, Democracy, Totalitarianism, and Monarchism/Oligarchy. Week 1 - Students should compare the differences between Italian Fascism and German National Socialism, particulary in the notion of the Fuhrerprinzip. Suggested reading:Rise of Dictatorships Week 2 - It was often said that Nazi support was, "a mile wide and an inch deep". Students should look into why the National Socialists gained such widespread appeal amongst certain sections of society. This is prep work for week 2 discussion. Week 3 - Taking information from the Week 3 Discussion, students should map out political groups and how these groups played into Hitler/Hindenburg's control of the government. Stress should be placed upon the Enabling Bill (also known as the Reichstag Fire Decree), that will be discussed in Week 4. Suggested reading Reichstag_fire Week 4 - The Volksgemeinschaft or People's Community was a core idea behind Nazi control of the state. Students should look more into a specific area (ie: education, economics, social groups, labor, etc) for examples of National Socialist Gleichschaltung in possible preparation for the final paper. Week 5 - Is the Holocaust a singular event or just another genocide on an industrial scale? Considering this question is prep work for the discussion during Week 5. Week 6 - Students will have a topic and potential thesis statement ready for discussion Week 6. Week 7 - Final papers will be presented for class critique, papers should have a refined thesis as per commentary during Week 6, should be in the area of 2-5 pages (due to time constraints) with all proper historical writing procedures followed. Is the event known as The Third Reich (1933-1945) something unique in history? Adding to that, is The Third Reich a product of structuralism (ie: societal factors) or intentionalism (Hitler's force alone)? Case for Structuralism - The system of support that the Nazi party had teamed together with widespread disenfranchisement felt by those social groups that were hit hard by the end of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles (middle class, businesses, military, nationalists). Case for Intentionalism - The apparent strength of Hitler's ability to lead the German people. More often than not this was actually allowing differing groups to bicker over what Hitler's actual will was, so then it was necessary for Hitler to make a judgment, thus ensuring his control over the system. Typically this argument tends to center around whether Hitler was a strong or weak leader...those in the strong camp tend towards Intentionalism while the latter tend to support the idea of Structuralism. Does the issue of Hitler make this a case completely unique from all other examples of fascism or does each instance require a 'leader' such as Mussolini or Franco, as in the cases of Italy and Spain respectively? Based upon the literature, and which historian you tend to follow, it would seem that the overall comparision to other fascists states is remarkably similar except for one area; the horrific eugenics/racial policies that the Nazis carried out. Being objective in history is a cornerstone of the profession, however what does this have to do with The Third Reich? Simple, it becomes a fundamental necessity when trying to separate historical fact from the crushing morality surrounding the atrocities committed. So the historian must learn that while reprehensible, the facts surrounding the time are what need to be evaluated, not judgments made based upon our opinions. Does this make historians uncaring monsters? Of course not, but in order to fairly evaluate the social, political, and economic factors that make an occurrence like this happen, historians have to put their opinions aside. Often, as can be seen even in professional historiographies, bias and personal opinions can sneak in and taint work done in honest scholarship. While reading texts on the subject, historians should be actively looking for bias in any particular instance and should adjust accordingly. The Volksgemeinschaft (VGS) is a German word for a uniquely German ideal - the people's community. As explained higher up in this class, the thing to keep in mind is that the VGS had a very strict definition of who was considered valid and acceptable. This is the area where Aryan racial policy finds a societal defense, after all, only an Aryan can defend the Fatherland against the unstable elements, right? Also known as the co-ordination of party and state, this term compasses all of the actions by the Nazi party/state with the goal of creating the VGS in mind. Where VGS is the ideal, Gleichschaltung is the execution and the lengths to which the Nazi party will go, eventually leads to the final solution. It should be noted as a point of interest, that upon gaining control of the state, one of the first targets for gleichschaltung were education and the youth of Germany. The Hitler Youth would prove to be some of the most fanatical and loyal units throughout the whole Reich period. Reichswehr - aka the German Army, Weimar period Wehrmacht - the German Armed Forces, Third Reich BlitzKrieg - lightning war, quick assaults with emphasis on mobility Einsatzgruppen - security groups charged with clearing occupied zones (ie: exterminiation) Fuhrerprinzip - Leadership focused on one charismatic leader at the top Kraft durch Freude (KdF) - the 'Strength through Joy' Nazi recreational organization Kristallnacht - 'Night of Broken Glass', first major pogrom against Jews, 9-12 November 1938 Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party) - NSDAP, also known as the Nazi party Lebensraum - Living space, the needed expansion into eastern Europe as seen as necessary by Hitler Reichstag - German parliment, a rubber stamp during Nazi rule Schutzstaffel - aka the SS, German Special Forces, included police/political/military units, along with 'Death's Head' exterminiation camp guards Sturmabteilung - Stormtroopers, original political guards and terror troops from Nazi party, importance declines after Nazis take control of the state Martin Bormann- Head of the Party, private secretary to Hitler Hans Frank - Governor-General of occupied Poland Joseph Goebbels - Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Hermann Goering - Commander of the Luftwaffe, Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan Rudolf Hess - Early secretary to Hitler, flew to Scotland on 'peace mission' Heinrich Himmler - Chief of German Police and SS, arguably the second most powerful man in the Reich Paul von Hindenburg - Last president of Weimar Germany, national hero in WWI, office is taken over upon his death and seen as the fall of democracy in Germany Franz von Papen - Former chancellor under Weimar Germany, negotiates putting Hitler into the chancellorship Erwin Rommel - Nazi General, famous tactician, commander in North Africa and Normandy, monikered "The Desert Fox" Albert Speer - Minister of Armaments and Munitions, also a favorite of Hitler for his architectural work Karl Dönitz - German Naval Officer, head of the Kriegsmarine, and eventual successor to Hitler after Hitler's suicide in 1945 Discussions will take place each week, with a topic opening on Sunday and discussion being closed on Saturday. Students will add their response underneath the question, please make statements fruitful and historically valid. At the end of the class, the last set of discussions will be on critique of student papers. More instructions will follow with each week. Week 1 - This week's discussion will surround the issues involved in turning a somewhat modern democracy into a fascist dictatorship. What was the combination of factors during this time that allowed fascism to thrive instead of democracy/monarchism in places like Germany, Italy, Spain? The single biggest factor in turning Germany from a somewhat modern democracy into a fascist state is the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty took from Germany valuable land, forces them to pay lots of money, and limited the German military to 100,000 men, putting the vast majority of Germanys fighting men out of a job. The economic impact of this sent Germany into a major depression, which helped fuel the already strong force of communism. The military limitations lead to the rise of the Freikorps who spent their time fighting the communists. Together these two factions polarized Germany, and near anarchy ensued in Germany. With the right fighting the left, and even different factions of the left fighting the left. Fascism arises as a reaction to communism, and promised to restore Germany to its former glory. Also I think it is worth mentioning Germanys geographical position, surrounded on all sides and land locked. This makes war much more likely as a country would always like to have at least one friendly border.The biggest issues leading to the general rise of Fascism during the post World War I era were: Reactions to International Communism, transitions from monarchy’s to democracies, international depression, paramilitaries, and the rise of nationalism. Also of note is fascist propaganda. Fascism arose in Germany, Italy and Spain as a reaction to socialism, communism, or both. In all three countries the leftists are the first to take power from. the Monarchy’s. The new government is leftist but not communist. Both the radical left and right wing try to over throw the new government. While at the same time fighting each other. Along with the political chaos is the great depression, and lots unhappy former solders joining paramilitary organizations. Due to the wide spread paramilitary activity and former veteran sympathy for fascism the fascists were able to take power with out a majority of the population, sometimes taking a country by force. With the effective use of propaganda the fascists are able to stir up nationalistic sentiment, all three countries were declining empires, and their people wanted to see a restoration of the empire. -JDowney Alright, looks like we have a discussion on our hands! Just for notice, because of the mix up..I'm giving an extra week to this first topic so that people can find the link if needed. Anyway.. I think you have a good start, however there are a few holes I would like for you to clear up with me. First, while the treaty is a huge portion of the unrest taking place in Weimar Germany, the government was making their payments with help of loans from the west. It wasn't until the great depression, that the loans dried up and put Germany on the spot - when the hyperinflation really takes off. Second, at that time, Germany was not landlocked; they did have some ports on the north coast near Denmark..however you are correct in that they were surrounded by a lot of countries that didn't really like them (excepting austria and what we now know as the Checz Republic). Your assessment of the military is accurate. Political polarization was not exactly left vs right however, as we will be covering later, the German political spectrum consisted mainly of (from left to right): KPD (communists), SPD (socialists), zentrum (Catholic center party), nationalists (we would call them neo-conservatives in today's climate), and NSDAP (nazis). During Weimar, the SPD was the main force in the government and everything was swinging around that axis. The working classes either supported the SPD or joined the KPD, while business interests and nationalists joined the right leaning parties. The zentrum (center) party was mostly concerned about religious issues and tried to ride the fence in order to protect those religious freedoms. However, once the depression breaks out, political tensions start to spike and you see the existence of the NSDAP take shape. This dynamic and agressive, nationalistic group that believes that communists and jews have forced Germany into this position of weakness and that getting rid of the unstable elements in society will make Germany better off in the long run. The vast majority of supporters in the early period are war veterans and middle class (shopkeepers, burecrats, etc) people that are tired of seeing 'their' country wasting away. Also keep in mind that most of the business interests and the military tended to side with the nationalist parties (of which Paul von Hindenburg was a part of). This is the climate where the paramilitary groups start to thrive as a means for out of work men to do something they consider meaningful. Street wars would start to take place and almost every political group had to have some sort of bodyguards around in order to stop harassment from other factions. It should be noted that so far in the history of time, the two greatest propagandists were the NSDAP and the Communist Party. Taking a look at the posters of the time, these two groups did fantastic work when it came to shifting opinions, even to the point of the Nazis just using a black poster with Hitler's name and face on it - nothing else. It was the poster that said everything and nothing, something quite powerful during it's time. --Kfitton 15:43, 2 September 2006 (UTC) So then the factors turning Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship are: The Treaty of Versailles, class warfare and the rise of international communism, widespread paramilitary groups, the war guilt clause, and a general propensity towards a strong national government and the command economy. Another factor that I’m unsure of is the role of Catholicism, both in Germany and in other fascist regimes. The only proof that this is a factor is in that; first Catholicism is still fairly powerful in all 3 countries. It’s a political issue in all three countries; Catholicism is known to have been sympathetic to fascism. It seems the churches like the capitalists saw fascism as a better alternative to communism, and something they could control. Maybe it is better to say that the declining power of the Catholic Church is a factor in the rise of fascism and communism. For its declining influence among the masses of poor leads to the rise of communism not just in Germany but also in the entire world. Communism is usually atheistic and hence a danger to the church. The church seeing that its power is fading fast finds an ally in the fascists. They might have seen the fascists as a modern evolution of the monarchies, which they ruled as a sort of Theocratic-Oligarchy over the kings of Europe for centauries. JDowney For the most part, you're correct...the Catholic center party (Zentrum) tended to play the fence by backing whoever was in power as long as they didn't mess with religious rights. They tended to look at the long term survival instead of 'wedge' issues of the day. During Weimar, they backed the SPD who was in control at the time...as the SPD lost power to the Nazis, the Zentrum started to shift in order to try and save their institutions from the chop. --Kfitton 23:04, 5 September 2006 (UTC) In researching it occurred to me that modern Russia shares many of the same conditions as the prefascist states of pre-WWII europe. I found a few websites that support this theory, what do you think? Downey 05:02, 6 September 2006 (UTC) Well, economically there are some similarities..but I'm not seeing the global preconditions nor the massive internal political divisions that existed in Germany during the Weimar period. I could be wrong as Russian history is not one of my areas of study, but without firm evidence I couldn't support a hypothesis that modern Russia is like Weimar Germany. --Kfitton 11:33, 7 September 2006 (UTC) Week 2 - This week the discussion is surrounded by the curiosity of why the Nazi party was so effective, what is it about the inherit structures of the party that allows such a well-coordinated response to the internal pressures of politics and the external pressures of communism and democracy? There are I'm sure many reasons why the Nazis were so effective, despite initially weak support at the polls. First there is the romantic nationalism and the Völkisch movement. The German people were simply put, depressed. The Volkisch movement gives them some pride in the selves back and gives them some other people to blame their plight upon. Second is the structure of the party which was much like a military hierarchy. I’m not sure if this is new for a political organization. However in Germany it allows for some unique things to happen, best known being the holocaust. Like a military hierarchy everyone answers to someone higher up and follows any orders given to them from higher ups. Very important to their ability to provide a well coordinated response to internal political pressure and the external pressure of communism and democracy is that an inferior should have no guilt for following orders given by a superior. Perhaps it could be said that the Nazis mastered the art of passing the buck, which allowed ordinary people to do extraordinary and sometime terrible things with out the misgivings and guilt that normally occurs. That many party members were ex-military/current paramilitary men surely encouraged this quasi-military political structure and helped it succeed so well. Downey 01:05, 14 September 2006 (UTC) An accurate analysis..the only part you're missing is the exceptional use of propaganda. Part of the structure of the Nazi party was a key link to producing propaganda that the public couldn't get enough of. It said everything and nothing all in the same stroke...and the disenfranchised seized upon anyone willing to be a leader in the storm. --Kfitton 23:25, 15 September 2006 What was it about the Nazi propaganda that was so powerful? Downey 07:33, 16 September 2006 (UTC) In the history of the world, the two best propagandists were probably the Nazis and the Soviets. The range and scope to which they were willing to go in order to produce materials to influence also borders on the deranged/obsessive. This will explain a bit more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda#Nazi_Germany --Kfitton 14:28, 16 September 2006 (UTC) In one sense, there was nothing unusual about the Nazi regime. it was the same reversion to barbarism, muderousness, mass deception and mass barbarism which has occurred throught human history. However what made it different was that it was the only case of mass concerted genocide to occur towards an entire group within a national society (as opposed to expulsion from within, or of genocide per se, but towards foreign indigenous peoples) in at least the last 150 years of modern European history. --Sm8900 22:06, 13 November 2006 (UTC) Well..just thinking off the top of my head, there is the Armenian genocide, the event in Cambodia, and the ethnic killing during Kosovo and the breakdown of Yugoslavia. Expanding further, there is the current events taking place in Africa. So taking that into account, I don't think I would have made the same claim that you have proposed, additionally, I'm a bit perplexed as your paragraph doesn't really make sense in this portion of the discussion - the effectiveness of the Nazi party. --Kfitton 00:40, 15 November 2006 (UTC) Practically it was a combination of harnassing the German people (Gleichschaltung) together with an efficient propoganda machine. Also contributing factors are, as shown by other authors, the after effects of the treaty of Versailles, adverse economic situation. These added factors breed extremism as shown throughout history and even in our world todate. Bart 21:41, 8 January 2007 (UTC) One thing that hasn't been touched on deeply is the role of the brownshirts. This paramilitary arm of a political party is quite divorced from modern democratic politics, where politics is seen as an intellectual rather then a physcial sport. I'm wondering if this might not have had impact on how citizens percieved the Nazi Party. Historybuff 03:40, 15 January 2007 (UTC) The brownshirts, also known as the SA (Sturmabeiltung or Stormtroopers), originally were the bodyguards for important members and ran security for all the meetings. The closer time got to Hitler taking power, the SA turned into a terrorizing force. They would actively search out rival meetings, newspapers, and members to weaken the other political and social groups. There has to be a reminder that during this time in Germany there is economic turmoil, vast unemployment, and political pressure. Being a member of a political party was also being part of a social group. So to Germans at the time - it doesn't seem so strange that the Nazis have the SA as part of their organization, after all most of the other groups had similar (albeit usually less organized) 'soldiers' as well. --Kfitton 07:14, 15 January 2007 (UTC) Week 3 - Hitler's earlier attempts to gain control of the government are much more radical than the successful political one later on. Explain to me how the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, Mein Kampf, and the eventual political rise of the Nazis are all related? As part of that, explain how Hitler used the Nationalist factions and Hindenburg to wean down the SPD during Weimar. Week 4 - Explain the pattern of legalized revolution that the Nazi party adopts as the method of gaining control of the government. Once control was established, the Nazi party starts to assimilate all forms of social interaction and government institutions, why is it that there is a dual structure involved (both the party AND the state)? Are there any particular cases of groups susceptiable or resistant to this movement? Week 5 - Make an argument as to whether or not the Holocaust was a singular event or just another genocide. If the argument is made for being a singular event, then describe what was inherit to the Nazi system that allowed such an event to occur. If not, then describe how it relates to other genocides throughout the world. Regardless of case, does the Holocaust as an event change the nature of the Nazi regime and how does that change history?
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Thursday, December 10, 2009 Indonesia Related articles 27 April 2021: Indonesian Navy declares crew of 53 dead after submarine sinks in Bali Strait 11 October 2019: Indonesian security minister Wiranto stabbed 16 January 2019: Lion Air disaster: Crashed jet's voice recorder recovered from Java Sea 10 January 2019: Wikinews investigates disappearance of Indonesian cargo ship Namse Bangdzod 25 December 2018: Indonesia tsunami hits Sunda Strait after Krakatoa eruption Location of Indonesia Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Several thousand people marched earlier today in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta, to protest corruption in the country. Most of them were students protesting the latest corruption scandal in the country. It involves allegations that a US$600 million government bailout was given to Century Bank on condition that some of the money be used to fund the president's re-election campaign. "Today's aim is not to attack politically any party. We just want to send a message to our fellow countrymen [...] that justice cannot be served while corruption is still rampant in our country," said the organiser of the demonstration, Usman Hamid, as quoted by the Al Jazeera news agency. The legislature is investigating the bailout and the possible roles played by Vice President Boediono and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani in orchestrating a deal. The government, however, denies the charges. Thousands more demonstrated in other cities and towns across the country. Most rallies were without incident, but in the town of Makassar, located in South Sulawesi, students armed with rocks and wooden planks clashed with anti-riot police. The news media report that police fired tear gas to break up the crowd after protesters tried to storm the provincial governor's office. There was no immediate report of injuries or arrests among the 2,000 protesters. This article includes material from Thousands of Indonesians Protest Corruption by VOA News, which is in the public domain. "Thousands of Indonesians Protest Corruption" — VOA News, December 9, 2009 Kathy Quiano. "Thousands march against corruption in Indonesia" — CNN, December 9, 2009 "Indonesians rally against graft" — Al Jazeera, December 9, 2009
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Kamila Shamsie (August 13, 1973) is a British Pakistani writer and novelist. The thing you know in the abstract, but which you have to see, is the vastness of the place and how little relationship one side of it has to another. Mostly, the landscape is just unbelievably beautiful. You do a lot of looking and not that much thinking. On living and travelling throughout the United States in “THE SRB INTERVIEW: Kamila Shamsie” in The Scottish Review of Books (2018 Aug 11) I don’t have much time for the idea that art is some languorous thing on the sidelines, and that you have to wait 50 years before you address a subject... On writing about a topic even if it is recent in “Kamila Shamsie: ‘Being a UK citizen makes me feel more able to take part in the conversation’” in The Guardian (2017 Aug 27) I tend to be an optimist about human nature but a political pessimist...I think we’re living in very, very scary times and we have to find ways of looking squarely at it and finding reasons for optimism. On balancing pessimism and optimism in “Kamila Shamsie: 'We have to find reasons for optimism’” in The Guardian (2018 Jun 8) ...I am absolutely not someone who thinks that politics is separate from the most intimate details of people’s lives... On how politics still seeps into peoples’ personal lives in “INTERVIEWS: Kamila Shamsie” in BookPage (2017 Aug 1) Wikipedia has an article about: Kamila Shamsie
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Aurora is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of Illinois, located about 35 miles west of Chicago. It's at the very edge of Chicagoland and, situated on the Fox River, has many opportunities for urban, suburban, and rural recreation. Often overlooked, Aurora in fact has many surprisingly interesting attractions and a downtown unlike that of a typical suburb. It is probably best known for being the setting of the "Wayne's World" movies. Aurora is just off the East-West Tollway (I-88) in Illinois. Take the Route 31 exit south for downtown and most other things, and take the Farnsworth exit south for Phillips Park Zoo, Aurora Transportation Center, and Walter Payton's Roundhouse. Aurora is part of Chicago's Metra commuter rail system, the last stop on the Burlington Northern Santa Fe line which leaves from Union Station in the Loop. 41.761358-88.3082521 Aurora Transportation Center, 233 North Broadway. (updated May 2019) The Aurora train station is a local hub for Pace, the Chicagoland suburban bus service [1] [dead link]. Aurora has a small municipal airport of its own, but the best way to go is to fly into one of the Chicago airports (O'Hare or Midway) and just take the train or a taxi to Aurora. 41.7719-88.47562 Aurora Municipal Airport (AUZ IATA). General aviation (updated Mar 2019) As is commonplace in the suburbs, the easiest way to get around is by car. However, Pace Bus also has extensive service in Aurora (it being Illinois's second largest city, after all), and multiple routes connect the Aurora Transportation Center with the rest of the city as well as Elgin, Geneva, St. Charles, Batavia, and Naperville. African-American Heritage Museum & Black Veterans Archives, 126 S. Kendall St.. Hundreds of sculptures of figures from African-American history displayed in the yard of Dr. Charles Smith's former home. 41.7582-88.31151 Aurora Regional Fire Museum, Corner of New York & Broadway. A collection of unique firefighting memorabilia set in Aurora's old Central Fire Station, built in 1894. $5. Blackberry Farm, 100 S. Barnes Rd. A living history museum of 19th century life spread out over 54 acres with a lake, ponds, a stream, and an arboretum. $6-9, 2 and under Free. (updated Mar 2019) David L. Pierce Art & History Center, 20 E. Downer. The Aurora Public Art Commission hosts eight to 10 rotating exhibits displaying a full spectrum of innovative arts. The History Center has a collection of photographs, books, maps and other memorabilia. There is also a gift shop. (updated Mar 2019) 41.7567-88.31582 The Grand Army of the Republic Hall, 23 E. Downer Place. Built as a monument to Aurora's Civil War veterans in 1878, it's now a small structure next to the library that sticks out in its antiquity. Paramount Arts Center, 22 E. Galena Blvd.. Home to "Broadway in the Burbs," this lovingly restored Art Deco movie palace presents live entertainment by world-class performers, plays, touring musicals and other special events. 41.7353-88.29383 Phillips Park, 1000 Moses Dr.. There's a golf course, a swimming center operated by the Fox Valley Park District, a lake, some neat gardens, and a small free zoo filled specifically with North American animals. (updated May 2016) Schingoethe Center for Native American Cultures, 347 S. Gladstone Ave.. A museum on the campus of Aurora University with 4 major exhibits on native peoples. SciTech Hands-On Museum, 18 W. Benton St. An engaging museum for kids that's rarely crowded. You can park in the nearby garage for free if the museum stamps your ticket. (updated Mar 2019) 41.79177-88.346484 Sri Venkateswara Swami Temple of Greater Chicago, 1145 W. Sullivan Rd.. A breathtaking example of whitewashed Indian temple craftsmanship. Don't worry about going and taking pictures - everyone else is doing it too. (updated May 2016) The Walter Payton Museum, 18 W. Benton St.. An exhibit of Payton's entire life, from his football career (high school to pro, including his Super Bowl XX ring) to his auto racing and music interests. 41.763611-88.3183335 William Tanner House, Corner of Oak & Cedar. Built in 1857, this Italianate-style house was the home to prominent merchant William Tanner and his family. The house features high ceilings, oak grained woodwork, ornate plaster decoration, and antique furnishings. Hollywood Casino is a decent gambling experience on the Fox River downtown. Offers table games such as blackjack, craps, and roulette, as well as a variety of slot machines. Friendly staff and an expensive buffet. An iPod Tour downtown is a unique way to get acquainted with the brown stone architecture. Tour brochures are available at the Aurora Area Convention and Visitors Bureau. Raging Waves Waterpark in nearby Yorkville is an Aussie-themed park with 18 water slides, a wave pool, lazy river, 20 private cabanas, and more. Farmers Market Saturday mornings 8am-noon June through October at the Aurora Transportation Center. Summer Music Festivals downtown such as Rock on the Fox, Jazz on the Fox, Summer Jam, and Fan Favorites. Oakhurst Forest Preserve, near Phillips Park, is a pleasant oasis from the suburbs, with a large hill, an even larger lake, and plenty of paths for walking, running, or biking. 41.7332-88.29751 Phillips Park Family Aquatic Center. (updated Sep 2021), 41.7624-88.39252 Splash Country Water Park. , 41.7819-88.36593 Vaughan Aquatic Center. - located in Aurora Chicago Premium Outlets is an impressive outdoor mall with 66 designer clothes stores, 23 shoe stores, 17 accessories and jewelry stores, 9 gifts and specialty items stores, 7 childrens' clothes stores, 5 leather and luggage stores, 2 housewares stores, 2 electronics stores, and 10 restaurants. Westfield Fox Valley Mall, at the eastern edge of Aurora, is one of the larger indoor malls. David L. Pierce Art & History Center Museum Store is small but has many unique items related to Aurora and crafts, jewelry, and art made by local Aurorans. Goody's, 1250 N. Farnsworth. This all-American restaurant has a seemingly endless supply of food, and for dirt cheap. Get Chicago-style hot dogs, Po Boy Sandwiches, fish fillets, pizza, Italian Beef; you name it, they probably have it Jake's Bagels and Deli, 220 N. Broadway. Bagels are their specialty, with at least one unique flavor always available with the rest of the regulars. Their coffees (they have Green Mountain) and sandwiches also shine. Two Brothers Roundhouse (formerly Walter Payton's Roundhouse), 205 N. Broadway, ☏ +1 630-264-2739. an international award-winning brewery with good American regional cuisine and pub food. 41.75731-88.316911 Tredwell Coffee, 18 W. Downer Place, ☏ +1 630 844-1418. (updated Sep 2021) Nikarry's Family Resurant, 803 N. LAKE STREET, ☏ +1 630 260-2055. Aurora University, 347 S. Gladstone Ave.. A private 4-year university with its main campus in Aurora, Illinois and the George Williams campus in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. Approximately 4000 students have a wide range of majors to choose from. The campus is also the home of the Schingoethe Center for Native American Cultures. Comfort Suites Aurora Hotel City Center, ☏ +1 630 896-2800. 111 North Broadway. About 50 minutes away from the O'Hare International Airport and Chicago's Midway Airport, and 10 minutes away from the Aurora Municipal Airport. Has meeting facilities. Hampton Inn & Suites Aurora, 2423 Bushwood Drive, ☏ +1 630 907-2600. 127 hotel guest rooms equipped with microwave and refrigerator, free internet, a 6,000 square feet Indoor Pool Complex, and five Meeting Rooms with Video Conferencing capability. Quality Inn Aurora O'Hare Airport Hotel, 4005 Gabrielle Lane, ☏ +1 630 820-3400. 25 miles from O'Hare International Airport, 2002 Silver Hospitality Award winning hotel. [2] Chicago if you haven't already Naperville for a downtown full of good, expensive restaurants and The Riverwalk Lisle has the fantastic Morton Arboretum Batavia and Geneva, to the north, are smaller and more quaint Fox River villages with scenic downtowns on the river and lots of windmills
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Liverpool, the "Port of the Privateers", is an historic town in Queens County on the South Shore of Nova Scotia. Established in 1759, Liverpool was once known as Ogomikigeak (dry sandy place) and Ogukegeok (place of departure) by the Mi'kmaq. Samuel de Champlain later named the harbour Port Rossignol after the captain who was using the harbour for fur trading. The expulsion of the Acadians set the stage for New England Planters to found Liverpool, naming the town after Lord Liverpool, head of the Board of Trade and Plantations. Initially sympathetic to the cause of the American Revolution, residents eventually "rebelled against the rebellion" after American privateers repeatedly attacked local shipping, and the town. The golden age of the Liverpool Privateer had begun. During the remainder of the American Revolution, through the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812, Liverpool privateer vessels preyed on enemy ships in the West Indies and North Atlantic. An important harbour for the export of forestry products, ship building and fishing, Liverpool enjoyed a comfortable existence until the mid-19th century. The new star of the ship building world, steel, ruined Liverpool's wooden ship industry and the failure of two local banks crippled the local economy. Prohibition in the United States allowed Liverpool to become a rum running centre in the 1920s. The town's fortunes were further bolstered with the 1929 completion of the Mersey Paper Company in Brooklyn and a new era dawned in the town. Today Liverpool is part of the larger Region of Queens Municipality and enjoys a thriving festival season. Surrounded by quiet, unspoiled white sand beaches and protected wilderness areas, Liverpool makes a great year round hub for travellers looking for good food, culture and nature activities. Liverpool is 90 minutes away from Yarmouth and from Halifax on Highway 103 on the South Shore of Nova Scotia. From Halifax, get on Highway 102 North (Bayers Rd. ), then take Exit 1A toward Highway 3/Highway 333/Peggy's Cove/South Shore/Yarmouth. Merge onto Highway 103 West, then get off at Exit 19. For a longer, more scenic drive, take the Lighthouse Route (Highway 3), which goes along the coast and directly through Liverpool. Trius Tours, ☏ +1-877-566-1567. offers daily bus service between Halifax and Yarmouth While there is no public transportation in Liverpool, many attractions are accessible by foot. There are several taxi companies in the area. BJ's Taxi, ☏ +1 902-350-1848. Grezaud's Taxi, ☏ +1 902-354-5585. J & M Taxi, ☏ +1 902-350-0583. Fort Point Lighthouse. Built in 1855, it was here that brave Liverpudlians defended their town and trade from all manners of privateers and aggressors. Later in times of peace, the lighthouse cast a welcoming light, bidding safe entry to the harbour. Maritime and privateering history is enacted by costumed interpreters. Visitors can watch a presentation by the son of a previous lightkeeper, enjoy the tranquil, tree lined picnic park with a scenic view of Coffin Island Lighthouse, or browse in the gift shop. Lighthouse open mid-May to mid-October. The Old Burial Ground (at the corner of Old Bridge Street and Main Street in downtown Liverpool). The history of this first burial ground for the town is depicted in a series of interpretive panesl located throughout. Burials range from before 1760 to the last recorded burial in 1894 with many headstones for infants and mothers who died during childbirth. Milton Blacksmith Shop, 351 West Street, Milton, ☏ +1 902-354-2550. Open June to mid-October. A former working forge situated in a restored 1903 Smithy shop located by the falls on the Mersey River. View the operational forge, the ox sling or the displays on horseshoeing plus wood and metalworking. The museum also boasts numerous photos of historic Milton. Kejimkujik National Park - Seaside. Watch the seals basking on the rocks. Locals call the National Park "Keji" for short. Birders can flock to St Catherine's River Road in the Port Joli area. This road, off Hwy 3 west of Liverpool, provides viewpoints across the tidal mudflats. The endangered Piping Plover can be found on beaches in this area. Please respect signed nesting areas and nesting enclosures. The beach is closed during nesting season. Hank Snow Country Music Centre - live music on Wednesday afternoons in July and August at the old Railway Station. Dip your paddles in one of the hundreds of lakes around the County. Hike the wilderness in the surrounding areas. Cast a line and catch a smallmouth bass. Take a bike ride along our trails. Queens County has one of the highest percentages of protected wilderness parks and nature reserves in Nova Scotia. Canoe, kayak and bicycle rentals available at Liverpool Adventure Outfitters (+1 902 354-2702 in Liverpool, +1 902 682-5253 at Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada). Privateer Days. Join the party in July. Fireworks, music, crafts, historic tours and encampment, and graveyard tours all pay tribute to the town's rich heritage. Perkins House Museum [dead link]. Perkins House is the oldest house in the Nova Scotia Museum collection. This charming example of a Cape Cod was built in 1766 for Simeon Perkins, a native of Connecticut. He came to Nova Scotia in 1762 during the Planter migration, participated in privateering, and soon became one of Liverpool's leading citizens. Among the many features of this graceful old home is the Perkins Diary, Simeon's 40-year testimonial to colonial life in Liverpool. Interactive ghost holograms are the latest feature in this must-see! Open June 1 to October 15 Queens County Museum, Built in 1980, this museum is next the Perkins House Museum and houses documents and artifacts relating to the natural and human history of Queens. The Thomas Raddall Research Centre for family history also operates within the museum, housing the early proprietors township records from 1759 leading to Mayflower and Empire Loyalist descendants and a Black History exhibit. Open year round The Rossignol Cultural Centre is a 24,000 sq ft multi-faceted complex of museums and galleries housed in a restored school. Hosting a Folk Art Museum, Apothecary Museum, Trappers Cabin, Wildlife Art Gallery, English Board Room and the world's only Outhouse Museum, this centre offers hours of informative and educational entertainment. Open May 15-October 15. The Sherman Hines Museum of Photography [dead link] is the only one of its kind east of Montreal and features four galleries and a permanent collection of photographs by prominent Canadian photographers. Open May 15-October 15 Thomas Raddall Provincial Park [formerly dead link] covers over 1600 acres just across the harbour from Keji Seaside and has an interesting array of habitats. The wooded areas are home to many songbirds, osprey, eagles, deer, snowshoe hare and coyotes, while the lakes and streams find mink, otter and beaver. Moose and black bears frequent the bogs and fens and shorebirds abound on the secluded white sand beaches. Particularly beautiful in the Autumn. Named after one of Canada's most popular authorsw:Thomas_Head_Raddall, Thomas Raddall Provincial Park offers wooded campsites, walking and bicycle trails and historic sites to enjoy. Go on a mushroom hunt! Spot and identify all the mushrooms the area has on offer. Orange Fairy Cups, Coral Fungi, Chanterelles and the Common Puffball are just some of the mushrooms found around the area. Stop by the Visitor Information Centre to pick up a copy of the "Know your Mushrooms" brochure for help identifying them all. Do not eat any wild mushrooms without expert guidance. Get sand in your shoes when you take a relaxing stroll on one of Queens County's numerous pristine white sand beaches. Beach Meadows Municipal Beach is a favourite of local families. Changing rooms, picnic tables, washroom facilities and a playground make this a great place to spend a lazy day on the water. It is in Beach Meadows east of Liverpool on Hwy 3. Eagle Head Beach, Hwy 3 east of Liverpool. White sand beach, no facilities - perfect for those looking for a quiet experience. Hunts Point Beach, Hwy 3 west of Liverpool. Unsupervised swimming, no facilities. Public access and wheelchair accessible. Perfect for evening strolls. Summerville Beach Provincial Park, Hwy 3 west of Liverpool, is a beautiful kilometre-long white-sand beach. Unsupervised swimming, picnic area, washrooms, and changing rooms available. White Point Beach, Hwy 3 west of Liverpool. Half-mile white sand beach, accessible with White Point Beach Resort Day Pass which can be purchased from the Resort. Walker's and surfer's paradise. Surf board rental facilities available at the Resort. [1] [dead link] Carter's Beach, Locals will no doubt recommend Carter's Beach in Southwest Port Mouton. Uncrowded and unspoiled, this protected beach leads to clear Caribbean green water and is truly a sight to behold. Carter's Beach is truly unspoiled, so there is extremely limited parking, no washrooms or changing rooms. Follow established paths only and do not walk, tamper with or destroy sand dunes, wildlife or vegetation. Visitors are requested to abide by Leave No Trace principles. For those wanting a quicker bite in between delectable local dinners, Liverpool has an assortment of fast food restaurants, such as Tim Hortons, McDonald's, Subway, Greco's Pizza, and Kentucky Fried Chicken. Liverpool Pizzeria (+1 902-354-2422) Locals argue about the best pizza in town. Some maintain that the Liverpool Pizzeria is the best place to go A-1 (+1 902-354-5550). Some locals prefer Liverpool Pizzeria, while others are staunch supporters of A-1. Try the Nova Scotia specialty, the Donair in addition to the pizzas. Lane's Privateer Inn A pub with quiz nights. Transcotia Motel Dining Room (+1 902-354-3494) Known for their big breakfasts and fish and chips. Golden Pond (+1 902-354-5186) is a popular choice for locals looking for a mixed offering of Canadian and Chinese food. Privateer Country Kitchen (+1 902-354-5979) offers classic local favourites at reasonable prices. White Point Beach Resort. A little further afield, the restaurant offers superior food and spectacular . Quarterdeck Grill [dead link] Planked salmon is a favourite on their menus! Ocean views! The Woodpile Carvings & Cafe [dead link] An oasis of urban coffee chic and a fixture in the "Where to Eat in Canada" series. Offers fresh coffee, homemade meals and desserts. You can pick up a woodspirit handcarved by one of the owners on your way out. Best Western - Liverpool Hotel and Conference Centre, 65 Queens Place Drive. 65 well appointed rooms with DVD players. Swimming pool and fitness centre. 100% non-smoking. Lane's Privateer Inn, 27 Bristol Ave. 27 A/C guest rooms overlooking the Mersey River. Bookstore and gourmet shop. Free wireless internet, complimentary breakfast. Boat launch. White Point Beach Resort, 75 White Point Road (Route 3). Year-round, seaside beach resort. Restaurant, 9-hole CPGA golf course, ocean spa, conference centre, freshwater lake, heated saltwater pools and complementary recreation programs. Gallery Guest House. 611 Shore Road, Mersey Point. Two bedrooms with private baths. Decks and a view of Coffin Idland and Liverpool Bay. Art gallery on premises. Enjoy the local smoked salmon for breakfast prepared by Mersey Point Fish Products, a family owned business. [2] [dead link] Geranium House Bed & Breakfast, 87 Milton Rd East, ☏ +1 902-354-4484. Three rooms in a 200-year-old home. Full breakfast served with homemade bread. TV in room and shared bath. Left Bank Bed & Breakfast (902-354-9977, 902-354-2317). 348 Main Street, Milton. 2.5-acre riverside property, two large rooms with private baths, full gourmet breakfast, wireless. Registered Heritage Property c.1820 Morton House Inn, 147 Main St, Milton. Empire-style mansion with four rooms. View of the Mersey River. Motel Transcotia, ☏ +1 902-354-3494. 22 comfortable units, licensed dining room. The area around Liverpool offers plenty of activities, restaurants and accommodations. Fisherman's Cove RV & Campground is the only RV park with 80' x30' pull-throughs on Hwy 3 west of Liverpool. +1 902-683-2772. In Hunt's Point, this facility offers laundry, recreation area and internet. Dumping station on site. Hunts Point Beach Cottages. Hwy 3 west of Liverpool. 10 housekeeping cottages, 1 Honeymoon Suite with whirlpool, 1 Junior Suite. All cottages on a private sandy beach. Port Mouton Bay Cottages, Hwy 103, Port Mouton. +1 902-683-2020. 5 deluxe cottages overlooking Port Mouton Bay. Quarterdeck Beachside Villas [dead link], Hwy 3 (Exit 20 off of Hwy 103), +1-800-565-1119. Luxuriously appointed rooms with fireplaces, full kitchens, DVD players, wireless internet. Seascape Restaurant, "For the best haddock & chips on the South Shore", 8426 Hwy 103, Port Mouton. +1 902-683-2626. Open April to late Fall Seaside Seafoods. 11 km (7 miles) west of Liverpool on Hwy 3. +1 902-683-2618. "World's best clams", lobster burgers, fish and chips and a dairy bar. Picnic tables available for outside dining.
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Docker Compose is a tool available since 2014 for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. Rules are defined in docker-compose.yml and executed by running docker-compose up. docker-compose allows to define start order dependencies between containers. For reference of valid options for docker compose check: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/ brew install docker-compose docker-compose -h (for list of commands and options) docker-compose up docker-compose up -d -d daemon Start your containers with a command line variable: YOUR_VARIABLE=YOUR_VALUE docker-compose up docker-compose -p NAME --project-name Logs: docker-compose logs View output from containers docker-compose logs -f View output from containers docker-compose pull SERVICE_NAME or docker-compose pull docker-compose docker-compose build docker-compose bundle docker-compose config docker-compose create docker-compose down docker-compose down --remove-orphans docker-compose events docker-compose exec docker-compose help docker-compose images docker-compose kill docker-compose logs: docker-compose logs SERVICE_NAME (You will find your SERVICE_NAME looking into your docker-compose.yml file) docker-compose pause docker-compose port docker-compose ps docker-compose pull.docker-compose pull SERVICE_NAME. Just pull container images but do not start them. To update your image and start your services: docker-compose pull && docker-compose up -d docker-compose push docker-compose restart docker-compose rm docker-compose run docker-compose scale docker-compose start docker-compose stop docker-compose top docker-compose unpause docker-compose up Read docker-compose StackOverflow questions: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/docker-compose?tab=Votes Read docker-compose changelog: https://github.com/docker/compose/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md Review docker compose file format evolution Read docker-compose source code: https://github.com/docker/compose Read Ansible module documentation about docker_compose: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/docker_compose_module.html Learn to use extension-fields or templating added in 3.4 version. docker stack and docker swarm commands docker start Kubernetes Pods https://docs.docker.com/compose/ https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/3-docker-compose-features-for-improving-team-development-workflow https://docs.docker.com/compose/reference/ https://docs.docker.com/compose/reference/logs/ https://docs.docker.com/compose/reference/pull/ https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#extension-fields https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/3-docker-compose-features-for-improving-team-development-workflow ← docker tag DevOps/Docker
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BCP/Allium schoenoprasum BCP/Verbena BCP/Salvia lyrata BCP/Picea pungens BCP/Hydrophyllum virginianum BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica BCP/Salvia officinalis BCP/Geranium phaeum BCP/Dianthus plumarius BCP/Vinca sardoa BCP/Rhododendron 'Roseum Elegans' BCP/Veronica BCP/Salvia nemorosa BCP/Epimedium BCP/Phlox stolonifera BCP/Pulmonaria BCP/Thymus 'Spicy Orange' BCP/Nepeta x faassenii BCP/Lamium purpureum BCP/Ajuga reptans BCP/Geranium maculatum BCP/Geranium BCP/Lavandula angustifolia BCP/Iris sibirica BCP/Muscari armeniacum BCP/Magnolia BCP/Allium aflatunense BCP/Salvia BCP/Viola BCP/Thymus BCP/Pulsatilla vulgaris BCP/Dianthus BCP/Viola labradorica BCP/Tulipa BCP/Phlox subulata BCP/Allium BCP/Rhododendron BCP/Rosa BCP/Ageratum houstonianum BCP/Hesperis matronalis BCP/Rhododendron catawbiense BCP/Vinca minor BCP/Cercis canadensis BCP/Wisteria sinensis BCP/Paulownia tomentosa BCP/Lunaria annua BCP/Syringa vulgaris BCP/Aquilegia x hybrida BCP/Tradescantia BCP/Glechoma hederacea BCP/Trifolium pratense BCP/Iris BCP/Allium schoenoprasum BCP/Verbena BCP/Salvia lyrata BCP/Picea pungens BCP/Hydrophyllum virginianum BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica BCP/Salvia officinalis BCP/Geranium phaeum BCP/Dianthus plumarius BCP/Vinca sardoa BCP/Rhododendron 'Roseum Elegans' BCP/Veronica BCP/Salvia nemorosa BCP/Epimedium BCP/Phlox stolonifera BCP/Pulmonaria BCP/Thymus 'Spicy Orange' BCP/Nepeta x faassenii BCP/Lamium purpureum BCP/Ajuga reptans BCP/Geranium maculatum BCP/Geranium BCP/Lavandula angustifolia BCP/Iris sibirica BCP/Muscari armeniacum BCP/Magnolia BCP/Allium aflatunense BCP/Salvia BCP/Viola BCP/Thymus BCP/Pulsatilla vulgaris BCP/Dianthus BCP/Viola labradorica BCP/Tulipa BCP/Phlox subulata BCP/Allium BCP/Rhododendron BCP/Rosa BCP/Ageratum houstonianum BCP/Hesperis matronalis BCP/Rhododendron catawbiense BCP/Vinca minor BCP/Cercis canadensis BCP/Wisteria sinensis BCP/Paulownia tomentosa BCP/Lunaria annua BCP/Syringa vulgaris BCP/Aquilegia x hybrida BCP/Tradescantia BCP/Glechoma hederacea BCP/Trifolium pratense BCP/Iris
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To add to this page, go to Template:Steps. Click on edit this page, and then highlight and copy the entire template. Return to this page and click on edit this page. Go to the end of the page and paste the template. Update the template with your description of the steps. Before the first beat, hop on the left foot and raise the right foot so that it is next to the left knee, toes pointed downward. On one, hop on the left foot and lower the right foot so that the ball of the right foot is touching the ground, next to the left foot. On and, hop on the left foot and raise the right foot so that it is next to the left knee, toes pointed downward. Repeat on the next beat. The step may also be performed to the left side, reversing the working and supporting legs. The step may be performed stationary, while travelling sideways, or turning. When travelling, the dancer moves in the direction of the working foot, and away from the supporting leg. When turning, the dancer turns in the direction of the working leg, pivoting on the supporting leg (i.e. when turning to the right, the right foot is raised. On one, hop forward onto the ball of the right foot. On two, hop onto the left foot, bringing the left foot next to the right foot. On three, hop forward onto the right foot, bending the left knee back and bringing the left foot up at least parallel to the floor. The left foot should be pointed. Knees are kept together, and the left leg is raised behind the dancer. Repeat to the other side, starting by hopping onto the left foot.
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Amalfi is in Campania, Italy. Amalfi is the heart of this magnificent Italian coastline and a must-see town on your Amalfi Coast adventure. SITA Coach, ☏ +39 89 405 145. Buses along the coast from Sorrento to Amalfi 2-3 times per hour. Buses travel from Salerno via Minori, Cetara and Vietri. Local buses link Amalfi to Ravello and the upper reaches of Furore, Pogerola, Agerola and Napoli. Choose the region "Campania" from the website to find the timetables. Tickets cannot be purchased on board but are very easy to find in bars, newsagents, etc. The Sita buses are the least expensive option, but can be slow, and are often very crowded. (updated Oct 2019) City Sightseeing. Apr-Oct only. Hourly buses from Sorrento to Amalfi (1 hr 30 min up to 2 hr); €10 one stop, €6 for the return ticket. From Ravello every half-hour, €5. (updated Oct 2019) July and August are prime months for people-moving so the buses can become very crowded so make sure you are at the front of the pushy crowd when the bus pulls up otherwise it is a long wait for the next one. It is a comfortable way to travel along the Amalfi Coast and Sorrentine Peninsula on the bus, however if you are prone to motion sickness the hairpins on these roads will certainly induce symptoms very quickly! SITA offers a very efficient public transportation service in the area, with expert drivers who breeze along the winding roads like they were driving on a highway (you will be happy to know that they are experienced). Here is something that you might need to know to know before you board your bus. 1. You have to buy your tickets in advance, before you get on the bus. Tickets can be bought at caffe bars, some have a black and white sign 'Tabacchi' hanging out the front while some stores selling lotto tickets also sell bus tickets so look out for these too. Shops also which display the SITA logo as well as at the SITA ticket office at the Salerno train stations. If a bar does not sell SITA tickets, you can always ask where you can find them as they are generally helpful. 2. As you get on the bus you have to clip your ticket in the yellow/orange machine that you will see in front of you as you climb the steps. If you are not able to get the machine to clip your ticket, ask the driver to do it for you. Do not forget to clip the ticket: during your trip an agent will board the bus and ask to check the ticket. If the ticket is not clipped you will have to pay a fine The ferry season opens from Easter weekend and runs until mid to late October with connections from Amalfi to Positano, Salerno, Capri, Naples and Sorrento. Travelmar ferries, ☏ +39 89 87 27 70. Amalfi—Capri, 3 times a day, 50 min, adult €24, child €16. Amalfi—Sorrento, 5 times a day, 1 hr 15 min—1 hr 30 min, adult €16.50-18, child €8.50-13. Amalfi—Positano, 4 times a day, 15 min, adult €8, child €6.50. (updated Oct 2019) Aliscafo Hydrofoil, ☏ +39 82 807 1812. Sorrento-Amalfi 8 per day. (updated Oct 2019) There are also private boat charters offered at the ticket kiosks on the Molo Pennello pier. Boat and ferry information: Travelmar +39 89 871483. Alicost (+39 89 871483). Alilauro (+39 81 8073024). Alilauro-Gruson (+39 81 8071430). Caremar (+39 81 8073077). Linee Maritime Salernitane (+39 89 873301 in Amalfi; 089 811164 in Postiano; 081/8073024 in Sorrento). Positano ferry and hydrofoil ticket office (Via del Brigantino, Italy. +39 89 811986). Travelmar (+39 89 872950). For ferry and bus timetables in English you can also refer to Amalficoast-Web The two main train stations serving the Amalfi Coast are Salerno which has direct Eurostar and inter-regional train connections to Naples and Rome and the local Circumvesuviana over in Sorrento which is the main train line which connects Sorrento to Naples and importantly, Sorrento to Pompeii ruins. Conveniently, both stations are also hubs for cheap, efficient bus and ferry services radiating toward the major tourist destinations along the Amalfi Coast and inland. It is simple to hire a car for your stay - but driving in southern Italy is not for the faint-hearted! The Amalfi Coast roads are very narrow and cliff-hanging, and will either provide a challenging drive. But there are many spots to stop along the coastal roads and small towns that are only easily accessible if you have your own car. For those who are truly adventurous, scooters can be a practical form of transport, however precision driving is key. The ferry and bus services on the Amalfi Coast offer excellent connections between towns and the price of parking could also put you off hiring a car. Amalfi is 270 km from Rome, 70 km from Naples, 60 km from Avellino and 85 km from Caserta. Amalfi is one of the bigger towns on the Amalfi coast. It has squares connected by pedestrian streets full of restaurants, souvenir shops and tourists. 40.63444414.6030561 Amalfi Cathedral (Duomo di Amalfi). Built in the 13th century. You can see its magnificent bell tower from the harbour. €3. (updated Oct 2019) Cloister of Paradise (Chiostro del Paradiso). Next to the cathedral, was also built in the 13th century. It is home to old mosaics and paintings, and 120 columns built in the Arabic style. 40.6397114.6001442 Paper Mill Museum (Museo della Carta), Via delle Cartiere, 23, ☏ +39 0898304561, [email protected]. The beach can be crowded in summer, particularly in August when Italians are on holiday and let their kids loose for the month on the strip of pebbled beach. Evening walk along the marina to where the mega-yachts dock in summer time. The Amalfi Coast to Capri Boat Excursion is a full-day sightseeing tour taking in all the Amalfi Coast villages, including Ravello, Positano, Atrani, Praiano, Maiori and Minori. You visit the grottos in Capri and Amalfi, you can go swimming directly from the boat, the tour circumnavigates Capri island and you have the opportunity to disembark in Capri for three hours of your own time before you cruise back at about 6pm. Departures from Amalfi, Maiori and Minori. A half-day Amalfi to Positano Cruise is also offered by Amalfi Boat Excursion and is perfect for travellers with limited time. Charter La Dolce Vita, ☏ +39 3294603771. Offer private luxury daily, weekly or overnight motor-yacht charter tours, That's Amore Cycling Excursion, ☏ +39 3468471141. Offer in every season exclusive guided and customized cycling exploration of the coast : short and easier route and a longer or more demanding route for the keener cyclists. Booking Required. Hiking in the Valle delle Ferriere from the Valle dei Mulini locality upwards through the Valle delle Ferriere and back to Chiorito locality. Cameo brooches Limoncello Fresh herb mixes for making spicy Southern Italian-style pastas Angelo Fusco Jewellery, Via M.Camera, 4. Unique handcrafted fine jewels, corals and cameos. Marina Grande. Located on the main beach front of Amalfi (the stradone), it offers a restaurant, bar and private beach specialising in seafood cuisine as well as the many traditional pasta dishes Italy and indeed the Amalfi coast is renowned for. Risto (on the old square). Good local food and wine. Donna Stella. Place for homestyle pizza, set under lemon groves this small family trattoria is a great place to escape the heat of the day. Stella Maris (on the main beach front). Offers very fresh and light lunches of local foods at good prices. Eolo, Via Comite 3, ☏ +39 089 871241. closed Tue. €60-85. La Caravella, Via Matteo Camera 12, ☏ +39 089 871029. closed Tue. €60-85. Da Ciccio Cielo-Mare-Terra, Via Augustariccio 21 (in Vettica MInore Overst, 3 km west of Amalfi), ☏ +39 089 831265. €35-65. There are several hot spots for good cappuccino and sweet treats in Amalfi. Pasticceria Pansa has overpriced coffee but excellent traditional Amalfitani cakes and a shaded morning position in the Piazza Duomo. Directly opposite Pansa is Bar Francese and this is where prime aperitivo hour occurs in Amalfi for those holidaymakers and touring Italians who want to be seen. Nearby is Bar Savoia for very good cakes to take away. Up the main concourse from the piazza check out Pasticceria Leone which has excellent sweets, biscuits (all made on site) and espresso. There is a small bar next to a mini-mart in Piazza dei Dodgi, the little square off the Duomo, and it is very popular for locals and people watching. Grand Caffe overlooking the main beach is also nice for a drink (their light lunches are very hit and miss however) with lovely relaxing views up the coast while the Marina Grande restaurant operate a bar on the beach with funky decor and candle-light, which is a very good choice on a hot summer night. Bar Flavio Gioia opposite the main ferry pier and parking bay has the best gelato in town and offers a good pit stop before taking a bus from the nearby terminal or catching a ferry. For dancing, you will have to take yourselves to Praiano to the famous Africana nightclub or onto Positano to an equally popular disco hub, Music on the Rocks or up to Positano's chic Next2 bar. Eva Rooms Amalfi, Via Gabriele di Benedetto, 3, ☏ +39 089 872875, fax: +39 3381659882. Little guest house with two bedrooms, each of them with a beautiful view (you can see the Amalfi Coast and the little town of Atrani). Because of the limited number of rooms, the rates are affordable. Fontana Hotel Amalfi, Piazza Duomo (Located in the city centre), ☏ +39 089 871530, fax: +39 0898304562. Three-star hotel, with 21 rooms. Grand Hotel Excelsior Amalfi, Via Papa Leone X (Pogerola, a tiny cliffside village located ten minutes outside Amalfi centre), ☏ +39 089 830015, fax: +39 089 830085. Four-star hotel, with 106 rooms. Grand Hotel Convento di Amalfi, Via Annunziatella, 46, ☏ +39 089 8736711. This hotel offers stunning panoramic views. The rooms have modern decor, there is also a swimming pool, a gym and a spa available. Rooms from €260. Hotel Amalfi. This hotel is tucked away from the old square and would seem to be away from any street noise, there are steps leading up to the entrance of the hotel. Not all rooms are air conditioned. Hotel Antica Repubblica Amalfi (a couple of minutes from Piazza Duomo). This hotel is in one of the old buildings and it has lift access. It is tucked away just off one of the main streets and the pealing of the Duomo bells, views of Amalfi terraces and its cleanliness are key features. Hotel Centrale Amalfi, Largo Duchi Piccolomini, 1 (Piazza Duomo), ☏ +39 089 872608, fax: +39 089 871243. Three-star hotel, hosted in an old building of the 14th century with an extraordinary view of the cathedral and 17 guest rooms. Hotel La Bussola (a couple of minutes from Piazza Duomo). This hotel faces the Amalfi marina for sea views and offers easy access with only a few steps off street level. Possibly request a room with a sea view, this will minimise traffic noise from the main road directly behind the hotel. The hotel has wi-fi access. Hotel Luna Convento (8 minute walk from Piazza Duomo). At the top of the main coastal road out of Amalfi and in the direction of Atrani, this hotel is hosted in an old convent, which overlooks the Amalfi coast. There are elevators going up to the reception. The pool deck is across the road and set into the side of the rockface for stunning views, seaside swims and private relaxing. Hotel Miramalfi (10 minute walk from Piazza Duomo). This sea-side on a clifftop hotel is on the main Amalfi coastal road. There is a SITA bus stop near this hotel. Hotel Residence Amalfi, Via delle Repubbliche Marinare, 9, ☏ +39 089 871183, fax: +39 089 872229. Three-star hotel, very close to the port, with 27 rooms. Villa Epicuro Garden, Via Salita Baglio (3 km from the centre). Luxury villa, set in one of the most attractive corners of the Amalfi Coast. Quiet and welcoming surroundings, luxury and exclusivity. Hotel Floridiana, Via Brancia 1 (behind the Duomo), ☏ +39 089 8736373. Small family-run hotel, tucked away in the centre. Very quiet position. Excellent accommodation, service and housekeeping. Santa Catarina, Via Nazionale 9, ☏ +39 089 871012. €450-780. Hotel Marina Riviera, Via P.Comite 19, ☏ +39 089 871104. single €180, double €250-280. Hotel Aurora, Piazza dei Protonitini 7, ☏ +39 089 871209. €145-175. Hotel La Pergola, Via Augustarriccio (in Vettica Minore, 2 Km West from Amalfi centre). single €40-200, double €40-160. Villa Lara, Via delle Cartiere 1bis, ☏ +39 098 736358. single €75-245, double €90 -195. Relais Villa Annalara, Via delle Cartiere 1, ☏ +39 089 871147. single €75-150, double €80-180. The Emerald Grotto (La Grotta dello Smeraldo), is 5 km West of Amalfi town on the main coastal road heading in the direction of Positano. It is situated in the town of Conca dei Marini. There are daily boat excursions of one-hour which leave Amalfi taking guests to the Emerald Grotto. Visit the grotto and sightsee part of the striking Amalfi Coast. Ferry cruises leave daily from 09:00, on the hour with the last boat at 15:30 as the grotto closes at 16:00. You can also arrive at the grotto by the local SITA bus network which stops above the cliff where the grotto is housed in Conca. You then descend down to the grotto by lift. Take the Positano or Sorrento SITA bus from Amalfi and get off at Conca, about 20 minutes into the journey. Ravello, 6 km North East of Amalfi. The City of Music, is thirty minutes away by public bus and offers beautiful views of the coast. Villa Cimbrone is a superb afternoon of wandering around its gardens and sculptures. Positano is a short and scenic 25 minute ferry trip away from Amalfi. And the best way to full appreciate this beautiful town is to arrive by sea. Atrani, 1 km East of Amalfi, is a neighbouring and pretty town and only ten minutes from Amalfi by foot. Furore is about 25 minutes from Amalfi by SITA bus or car via the main Amalfi to Positano coastal road. This town hosts the famous Fjord of Furore, a secret cove with fisherman's houses. Agerola is about 45 minutes from Amalfi by SITA bus, car or by bicycle (this last solution is advised if arranged with local bike tour operators) via the main Amalfi to Agerola coastal road. This town hosts the famous cheeses named Fiordilatte (milk flower). Valle delle Ferriere, 7 km west of Amalfi
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Uzunköprü is a town in Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey. Its name means "long bridge", the 1.3 km span built in the 15th century. In 2012 the town population was 19,230, with another 42,255 across the rural district. The route from Istanbul to Edirne and the west crosses a series of river valleys that are not deep, but wide and impassable when the rivers are in spate. Wooden bridges never lasted long, and there is a work-around route north through the hills, but Sultan Murad II (ruling 1421–1451) had a series of stone bridges and causeways built. The most impressive is here, across the Ergene: it took two attempts and 20 years to complete, and a service town grew up for the workers on the Long Bridge, the uzun köprü. The town became a trade route and attracted a diverse mercantile population. It's always lain in a borderland and, as the Ottoman Empire crumbled in the 19th century, Uzunköprü had spells of occupation by Russia in 1829 and 1878 / 79, by Bulgaria in 1912 / 13 then by Greece in 1920 / 22. The 1923 peace treaty fixed the border along the nearby River Maritsa (which the Ergene joins further south) and mandated population exchanges, so the Greeks and others were deported. The area around Uzunköprü is low-lying and fertile, so its industry is based on agriculture. Wheat and barley are grown and milled for flour, sunflower seed is crushed for oil, and there is paddy-rice and dairy cattle. Most produce is for the domestic market. There are five buses a day from Istanbul, operated by Metro and İstanbul Seyahat and taking 6 hours, for a fare of 100-120TL. From IST airport take the bus to Lüleburgaz to pick up a local bus. Dolmuses ply from Edirne, Keşan, Çorlu, Lüleburgaz and Babaeski. The 41.2726.6831 bus station is in the main plaza at the start of the bridge. Highway D550 / E87 runs from Edirne south through Uzunköprü to Keşan and down the Gallipoli peninsula. The river Meriç forms the border with Greece and lies only 6 km west, but there is no crossing. Enter Turkey either via Ipsala to the south or via Edirne north. In 2021 no trains are running. In normal times a regional train runs daily from Istanbul Halkali around 08:00, taking 3 hr 30 min to Uzunköprü and returning to Istanbul around 15:30. Halkali is 15 km west of Istanbul city centre but linked by a frequent metro train. 41.29526.6912 Uzunköprü railway station (Uzunköprü garı) is 5 km north of town in the village of Demirtaş, get there by dolmus or taxi. In 2018, 24 passengers were killed in an accident on this line at Çorlu, when heavy rain undermined the track and caused a derailment. This railway was the historic route of the Orient Express, but when the borders were redrawn in 1923 it meant the line from Turkey looped twice into Greece before reaching Bulgaria. In 1971 the main line was re-routed north to enter Bulgaria near Svilengrad without transiting Greece. The line through Uzunköprü remained in use to reach Greece via Pithio (Πύθιο) on the border. This service was axed in 2011 and there's nowadays no border crossing at Pithio. The town sprawls but the sights of interest are in a small walkable area. Freedom Monument (Özgürlük Anıtı) is at the town entrance to the Long Bridge with traffic seething on both sides. Politically it's an oddity in celebrating an Ottoman rather than a Republican event: the 1908 end of absolute monarchy and beginning of constitutional rule. It originally had two fountains, one for livestock and one for people, but these were removed in 1938. Its four sides proclaim the Robespierresque ideals of Hürriyet (Freedom), Adalet (Justice), Müsavet (Equality), and Uhuvvet (Brotherhood). The script is Arabic, but might have been Tibetan for all the influence these ideals had on the last chaotic years of the Ottomans. The inscriptions are replicas - in 1964 the monument was shifted a metre when the bridge was refurbished, and the originals were lost in the move. 41.274526.67841 Long Bridge starts from Gazi Cd in town and crosses the Ergene valley, with 172 arches spanning 1239 m. It was built 1426-1443 at the second attempt at the behest of Murad II to carry the highway to Edirne. The main road now bypasses town to the east but vehicles (max 3 tonne) still use the bridge, which just about has room to pass. In 1971 it was widened by 1.5 m and lost 2 arches, 100 m length, much of its authenticity and any chance of a UNESCO listing. Even so, the pavements are too narrow for comfort, so walk facing the oncoming traffic. The first km from town is more like a walled causeway over floodprone fields. The three main arches over the river are near the northern end, where a factory doesn't improve the view, and the river is polluted. You get a better view from the track between factory and bridge, to see the carvings on the parapets. Atatürk Monument in town 100 m south of the bridge is where Gazi Cd divides into a one-way southbound, with Cumhuriyet Cd the northbound street. On its west flank, the handsome former library is early 20th century, one of the few old secular buildings in this non-descript modern town. Telli Fountain 100 m southeast adorns the small cobbled square between those two main streets. It's from the 1720s, but its inscriptions were erased by Greek occupying forces in 1920. The square is small, with traffic on all sides, so it's not the place for relaxing. 41.26926.6862 Muradiye Mosque was built in 1443 along with the bridge. Its associated religious complex and baths have been lost. 41.2678426.68483 City Museum (Kent Müzesi), Tekel Sk 12, ☏ +90 284 513 1118. In an early 20th century mansion which became the local branch of Tekel, the state monopoly of tobacco and alcohol. Tekel was broken up in the 1990s and the building crumbled, before re-opening as a museum in 2013. Closed in 2021. (updated Dec 2021) 41.27145526.6866734 St John the Baptist Church (Aziz İoannis Kilisesi), Gazi Mahmut Sk 17. M-Sa 09:00-20:00. This was a Greek Orthodox basilica built in 1875 and dedicated to Άγιος Ιωάννης ο Βαπτιστής, Ágios Ioánnis o Vaptistís. The Greeks were deported after the Treaty of 1923 and took the more valuable fittings with them - the bell went to Xanthi. The church lay derelict until 2011 then was restored as a cultural centre. It's nominally open M-Sa but you're unlikely to find it so. Free. (updated Dec 2021) 41.26626.6815 Şehsuvar Bey Mosque is modern, but they preserved the 15th century minaret of its predecessor. 41.26626.6856 Halise Hatun Mosque off Eski Hükümet Cd was built around 1700. The tombs in the garden hold Hacı Ibrahim Ağa its builder, and his wife Halise Hatun. The fountain is still in use. 41.20426.7557 Gazi Turhan Bey Mosque and Tomb are in the village of Kırkkavak 8 km south of Uzunköprü. Turhan was a distinguished 15th century military commander. He was rewarded with a tract of land here and built a religious complex, and died in 1456. The mosque and his tomb are all that's left of the complex. Football: only if you're desparate. Uzunköprüspor languish down in the amateur soccer leagues around the 6th tier, or maybe it's the 26th. You might do better to hook up with the local supporters club for a big club like Galatasaray, with coach parties going to games in Istanbul. 18 November is celebrated as the town's independence day, as that's when the Turks recaptured it from the Greeks in 1922 - so 18 Nov 2022 marks the centennial. Migros opposite Shook Hotel is open daily 09:00-22:00. The market is held on Friday on the plaza at the south end of the bridge. Lots of banks with ATMs along the main street. Try the local meatballs Uzunköprü köftesi, and Ciğer which is ferociously peppery liver. Gazi Cd, which leads to the bridge, has Garaj Lokantası, Uzunköprü Köftecisi (so you know what they serve), Damla Tava Ciğer, Köfteci Sebo, Öz Seçkin Pide Kebap, Üçler Kebap Salonu and Cumaoğlu Kebap Pide Lahmacun. Towards Hayrabolu Cd the east bridge street are Ravalı Ekmek Fırını, Köfteci Savaş Uzunköprü, Köfteci Aydın, Kofteci Niyazi and Adıbar Restoran. Many cafes serve beer. There's a strip along Anabacı Cd towards the east bridge, but they were closed in 2021. Rakı is Turkey's national drink. It was traditionally made in Tekirdağ, but production has moved to Manisa near Izmir. 41.26841226.6816211 Shook Hotel (formerly Çakıcı), İnönü Cd 25 (on the riverfront street, 350 m west of bridge), ☏ +90 284 513 2121, fax: +90 284 513 34 35, [email protected]. Built in 2014, rooms have free wi-fi, satellite TV, air-con. Clean and comfy, secure parking. B&B double 500 TL. (updated Dec 2021) Gunes Otel is tatty and Ergene Otel has closed. Don't bother looking for Hasan Özdemir Orta Öğretim Erkek Öğrenci Yurdu, shown on the maps as a hostel, it's a private school dorm. The town and its approach highways have a 4G signal from all Turkish carriers. As of Feb 2021, 5G has not reached this area. Edirne to the north is a beautiful historic city. On the way, take a look at Havsa, which has a small mosque and bazaar designed by Sinan in the 16th century. Keşan to the south is a major transport hub with links to resorts such as Enez along the Gulf of Saros, and highways down the Gallipoli peninsula to the World War I memorials and to Çanakkale on the Asian mainland across the Straits of Dardanelles. Greece is only 6 km west of Uzunköprü, but there's no local crossing point. Either go south via Keşan to Ipsala, or north via Edirne to Kastaneis. Edirne is also the route for Bulgaria, but for the Black Sea coast go through Kırklareli.
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Karma (/ˈkɑːrmə/; Sanskrit: कर्म) means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect). Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier rebirths, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and bad rebirths. Arranged alphabetically by author or source: A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z · See also · External links Unlike the Hindu concept of karma, however, karma in Buddhism is not deterministic since there is in Buddhism no idea of a God who is the controller of karma; rather Buddhism takes karma as moral power, emphasizing the possibility of final release from the round of transmigration through a free decision of the will. Accordingly, on the one hand, we are bound by our own karma which shares in and inseparably linked to karma operating in the universe. Masao Abe, in Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue: Part One of a Two-Volume Sequel to Zen and ..., p. 84 Those who accept the truth of Reincarnation do not blame their parents for their poor talents, or for not possessing extraordinary powers, but they remain content with their own lot, knowing that they have made themselves as they are today by their own thoughts and deeds in their previous incarnations. They understand the meaning of the saying, "What thou sowest, thou must reap," and always endeavor to mould their future by better thoughts and better deeds. They explain all the inequalities and diversities of life and character by the law of "Karma," which governs the process of Reincarnation as well as the gradual evolution of the germs of life from lower to higher stages of existence. Swami Abhedananda, in Vedanta Philosophy - Five Lectures on Reincarnation, p. 24 Whatever karma a soul has acquired through its own prior needs, it will obtain the good and bad results thereof. If one can obtain results from the deeds of others, then surely his own deeds would be meaningless. Except for karma earned for oneself by oneself, no one gives anything to anyone. Reflecting upon this fact, therefore, let every person unwaveringly, abandon the perverse notion that another being can provide him with anything at all. Acaraya Amitagati, in Collected Papers on Jaina Studies, quoted by Padmanabh S. Jaini, p. 136 This emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one's own karma was not restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction to such belief. In addition to shraddha (the ritual Hindu offerings by the son of deceased), we find among Hindus widespread adherence to the notion of divine intervention in ones fate, while Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon-granting Bodhisattvas, transfer of merit and like. Only Jainas have been absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community, despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social pressure on them to do so Acaraya Amitagati's saying summarized by Padmanabh S. Jaini, in "Collected Papers on Jaina Studies", p. 136 The path of virtue is not a singing of psalms, but labor and service. If Karma is violated, it will react against you. 232. Agni Yoga, Leaves of Morya’s Garden I, (1924) Karma will overtake one, but its quality may be altered by a voluntary sacrifice to unknown people. 21. Agni Yoga, Leaves of Morya’s Garden II, (1925) Can the roar of a tiger possibly be worse than treacherous thinking? Not only for its actions but also for its thinking does humanity accumulate a grave karma. Thought inflicts tortures on the spirit, for there is no difference between word and thought. A fool is he who will take this warning for a threat. There is no threat—We have only examples, and cares. Each one is free to jump into the abyss, but he must be forewarned... 190. Agni Yoga, Leaves of Morya’s Garden II, (1925) The law of karma and the law of dates are like the double-faced Janus—one gives birth to the other. Karma bears the fruit of actions and calls forth the date of manifestation. Take note that personal karma, group karma, and cosmic karma must be combined—then will the date be correct. Often the development of a personal karma draws after it the group karma. Some spirits are ruled entirely by karma, which means that the knowledge of the spirit is at a minimum and karma is the sole possibility of evolution. 258. Agni Yoga, Leaves of Morya’s Garden II, (1925) Every false accusation, suspicion, or statement immediately burdens the sender. It is foolish to hope that the consequences of a lie can be averted or hidden. Precisely these consequences root themselves, just as promises do, in a karma that must inevitably be outlived. 146. Agni Yoga, Agni Yoga, (1929) It is karma, the fatiguing after effect of previous incarnations, that can bring not very savory fellow-travelers to us. But when each encounter is over, there comes relief, as when property belonging to others has been returned. No less than half of all earthly encounters take place because of past incarnations... The broad influence of karma brings about many complicated levels and degrees of relationship. To resolve them, it is better to pay than to receive; for each payment terminates a debt from the past, whereas receiving binds one again. 238. Agni Yoga, Agni Yoga, (1929) Karma is a most complex process. From the most casual, superficial action to the deepest level of motives, everything is varied in form and color. 417. Agni Yoga, Agni Yoga, (1929) In modern literature mention of the words incarnation and karma has become common. However, these truths have entered but little into human consciousness; otherwise it would have transformed the whole of life. 553. Agni Yoga, Agni Yoga, (1929) One of the most difficult requirements of the Teaching is learning to speak appropriately — to speak so as to properly direct the thinking of the listener, but without intruding upon his karma. To tell all is to enchain. But to awaken striving and indicate a direction is the true task of the Teaching. 642. Agni Yoga, Agni Yoga, (1929) There is an ancient proverb, “Karma is an executioner who guards his victim.” In other words, karma will not allow criminals to be destroyed and thus escape their punishment." Indeed, sometimes terrible and obvious evildoers continue to exist, although, humanly speaking, it would seem only just for them to have been destroyed. But is it possible to apply human measures where the Law of Absolute Justice operates? Sometimes the evildoers are punished by prolonged illness or, though in good physical health, become subject to the terrors of psychic unrest. One should not think that crime may be excused because of mental imbalance. We should search more deeply and look for causes rooted in the past. Such a study will clarify the concept of karma. The wise do not fear this law. Generally, humanity can be divided into two groups, those who fear the consequences of karma and those who accept them calmly. Avoid those who fear, for they almost certainly sense the approach of karmic retribution. They may not yet know anything about its effects, but in the depths of the Chalice the long-forgotten viper is rising to the surface. Mark well the way in which people differ according to their attitude toward the doctrine of reincarnation. Some are able to accept the full justice of this Law, but to others it seems monstrous. Perhaps those who are fearful have vague memories of their previous deeds, and have good reason for their present fears. Thus one can note the division of humanity. (378) Agni Yoga, Supermundane I, (1938) The Thinker taught His disciples not to fear the Law of Karma. He said, “The hunter enters the forest with much hope. How else can he set out? Without hope his hunt will not be successful.” (378) Agni Yoga, Supermundane I, (1938) "Karma" is a term in general use among the Hindus, and the Western believers in Reincarnation, the meaning of which is susceptible of various shades of definition and interpretation. It is most important to all students of the subject of Reincarnation, for it is the companion doctrine—the twin-truth—to the doctrine of Metempsychosis. Strictly speaking, "Karma" is the Law of Cause and Effect as applied to the life of the soul—the law whereby it reaps the results of its own sowing, or suffers the reaction from its own action. To the majority of Reincarnationists, however, it has a larger meaning, and is used in the sense of the Law of Justice, or the Law of Reward and Punishment, operating along the lines of personal experience, personal life, and personal character. p. 223 William Walker Atkinson in Reincarnation and the Law of Karma, (1908) Many authorities hold that the original idea of Karma was that of a great natural law operating along exact lines, as do the laws of mathematics and chemistry, bringing forth the exact effect from every cause, and being, above all, questions of good or evil, reward or punishment, morality or immorality, etc., and acting as a great natural force above all such questions of human conduct. To those who still adhere to this conception, Karma is like the Law of Gravitation, which operates without regard to persons, morals or questions of good and evil, just as does any other great natural law. In this view the only "right" or "wrong" would be the effect of an action—that is, whether it was conducive to one's welfare and that of the race, or the reverse. In this view, if a child places its hand on a hot stove, the action is "wrong," because it brings pain and unhappiness, although the act is neither moral or immoral. And another action is "right" because it brings happiness, well-being and satisfaction, present and future, although the act was neither moral nor immoral. In this view there can be neither reward nor punishment, in the common acceptation of the term, although in another sense there is a reward for such "right" doing, and a punishment for such "wrong" doing, as the child with the burnt hand may testify to. p. 224 William Walker Atkinson in Reincarnation and the Law of Karma, (1908) Another view of Karma held by some Western thinkers, who received it from the Greek mystics and occultists, who in turn are thought to have received it from ancient Egypt... hold that the Law of Karma has naught to do with Man's theories of ethics, or religious dogmas or creeds, but has as the basis of its operations only Universal and Cosmic Principles of Action, applicable to the atom as well as Man—to the beings above Man as well. And that these universal principles of action have to do with the evolution of all things in Nature, according to well established laws. And that the evolving soul is continually striving to find the path along the lines of evolution, being urged to by the unfolding spirit within it—and that that "path" is always along the lines of least spiritual friction, and therefore along the lines of the least ultimate spiritual pain. And that, accordingly, Spiritual Pain is an indication to the evolving thing that it is on the wrong path, and that it must find a better way... This teaching holds that all material things are a source of more or less pain to the growing and evolving soul... until it learns its lesson. Finally, perceiving the folly and worthlessness of materiality, it emerges from its cocoon and, spreading out its newly found wings, takes its flight for higher planes of action and being—and so on, and on, and on, forever. p. 247 William Walker Atkinson in Reincarnation and the Law of Karma, (1908) Under this view people are not punished "for" their sins, but "by" them — and "Sin" is seen to be merely a "mistake," not a crime. And Pain arises not as a punishment for something done wrongly, but as a warning sign of "hands off"; and consequently pain is something by which we may mount to higher things—to Something Better—and not a punishment... refuses to use the terms "reward and punishment," or even to entertain those ideas, but instead sees in everything the working out of a great Cosmic Plan whereby everything rises from lower to higher, and still higher. p. 248 William Walker Atkinson in Reincarnation and the Law of Karma, (1908) No system indeed by its own force can bring about the change that humanity really needs; for that can only come by its growth into the firmly realised possibilities of its own higher nature, and this growth depends on an inner and not an outer change. But outer changes may at least prepare favourable conditions for that more real amelioration,... or on the contrary they may lead to such conditions that the sword of Kalki can alone purify the earth from the burden of an obstinately Asuric humanity. The choice lies with the race itself; for as it sows, so shall it reap the fruit of its Karma. Sri Aurobindo, 1920, quoted from Sri Aurobindo, ., Nahar, S., Aurobindo, ., & Institut de recherches évolutives (Paris). [1] There is no such thing as a problem without a gift for you in its hands. You seek problems because you need their gifts. Richard Bach, Illusions : The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah (1977) The Law of Karma is today a great and incontrovertible fact in the consciousness of humanity everywhere. They may not call it by that name, but they are well aware that in all today's events the nations are reaping what they sowed. This great law - at one time a theory - is now a proven fact, and a recognized factor in human thinking. The question "Why? ", so frequently asked, brings in the factor of cause and effect with constant inevitability. Alice Bailey in A Treatise on the Seven Rays: Volume 4: Esoteric Healing, p. 262, (1953) Karma is therefore that which Man . . . has instituted, carried forward, endorsed, omitted to do, or has done right, through the ages until the present moment. Today, the harvest is ripe and mankind is reaping what it has sown, preparatory to a fresh ploughing in the springtime of the New Age, with a fresh sowing of the seed which will (let us pray and hope) produce a better harvest. Alice Bailey in A Treatise on the Seven Rays: Volume 4: Esoteric Healing, p. 263, (1953) Men interpret these dimly sensed laws in terms of finality, and from their little point of view. The idea of retribution runs through much of the teaching on karma, for instance, because men seek a plausible explanation of things as they appear to be, and are themselves fond of dealing out retribution. Yet there is far more general good karma than bad, little as you may think it when immersed in such a period as the present. Alice Bailey in A Treatise on the Seven Rays: Volume 4: Esoteric Healing, p. 20/2, (1953) Karma ~ An immutable law, which has its aspect just in the akasa principle, is the law of cause and effect. Each cause sets free a corresponding effect. This law works everywhere as the most sublime rule. Consequently every deed proceeds from a cause or is followed by any result. Therefore we should not only accept Karma as a rule for our good actions, as the oriental philosophy puts it, but its signification reaches farther and is a very deep one. Instinctively all men have the feeling that something good can bring good results only and again all the evil must end up with evil or, in the words of a proverb, “Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he reap”. Everybody is bound to know this law and to respect it. This law of cause and effect governs the elemental principles, too. I have no intention to enter into details of this law, which could be expressed in a few words, as they are quite clear so that every reasonable man will understand them. Subject to this law of cause and effect is also the law of evolution or development. Thus development is an aspect of the karma law. Franz Bardon, Initiation Into Hermetics (1956) p. 13 Whose works are all free from the moulding of desire, whose actions are burned up by the fire of wisdom, he is called a Sage by the spiritually wise. Having abandoned all attachment to the fruit of action, always content, seeking refuge in none, although doing actions, he is not doing anything. Free from desire, his thoughts controlled by the SELF, having abandoned all attachment, performing action by the body alone, he doth not commit sin. Content with whatsoever he receiveth, free from the pairs of opposites, without envy, balanced in success and failure though he hath acted he is not bound; For with attachment dead, harmonious, his thoughts established in wisdom, his works, sacrifices, all his actions melt away. Bhagavad Gita, iv 19-23, quoted by Annie Besant, in Karma, (1895) p.72 The Invariability of Law. That we live in a realm of law, that we arc surrounded by laws that we cannot break, this is a truism. Yet when the fact is recognised in a real and vital way, and when it is seen to be a fact in the mental and moral world as much as in the physical, a certain sense of helplessness is apt to overpower us, as though we felt ourselves in the grip of some mighty Power, that, seizing us, whirls us away whither it will. The very reverse of this is in reality the case, for the mighty Power, when it is understood, will obediently carry us whither we will; all forces in Nature can be used in proportion as they are understood “Nature is conquered by obedience ” — and her resistless energies are at our bidding as soon as we, by knowledge, work with them and not against them. We can choose out of her boundless stores the forces that serve our purpose in momentum, in direction, and so on, and their very invariability becomes the guarantee of our success. Annie Besant, Theosophical Manuals No IV: Karma, by Annie Besant (1895) On the invariability of law depend the security of scientific experiment, and all power of planning a result and of predicting the future. On this the chemist rests, sure that Nature will ever respond in the same way, if he be precise in putting his questions. A variation in his results is taken by him as implying a change in his procedure, not a change in Nature. And so with all human action; the more it is based on knowledge, the more secure is it in its forecastings, for all “accident" is the result of ignorance, and is due to the working of laws whose presence was unknown or overlooked. In the mental and moral worlds, as much as in the physical, results can be foreseen, planned for, calculated on. Nature never betrays us; we are betrayed by our own blindness. p. 7 Annie Besant, Theosophical Manuals No IV: Karma, by Annie Besant (1895) That law should be as invariable in the mental and moral worlds as in the physical is to be expected, since the universe is the emanation of the One, and what we call Law is but the expression of the Divine Nature. As there is one Lite emanating all, so there is one Law sustaining all ; the worlds rest on this rock of the Divine Nature as on a secure, immutable foundation. p.7 Annie Besant, Theosophical Manuals No IV: Karma, by Annie Besant (1895) This assurance that perfect Justice rules the world finds support from the increasing knowledge of the evolving Soul; for as it advances and begins to see on higher planes and to transmit its knowledge to the waking consciousness, we learn with ever-growing certainty, and therefore with ever-increasing joy, that the Good Law is working with undeviating accuracy, that its Agents apply it everywhere with unerring insight, with unfailing strength, and that all is therefore very well with the world and with its struggling Souls. Through the darkness rings out the cry, all will be well from the watchmen Souls, who carry the lamp of Divine Wisdom through the murky ways of our human city. p. 50 Annie Besant, Karma, (1895) The crowds of Souls drift onwards along the sluggish current of Time. As the earth rolls, it carries them with it ; as globe succeeds globe, they too pass on. But the Wisdom Religion is anew proclaimed to the world that all who choose may cease to drift, and may learn to outstrip the slow evolution of the worlds. p. 57 Annie Besant, Karma, (1895) Karma brings us ever back to rebirth, binds us to the wheel of births and deaths. Good Karma drags us back as relentlessly as bad, and the chain which is wrought out of our virtues holds as firmly and as closely as that forged from our vices. p. 65 Annie Besant, Karma, (1895) How then shall the weaving of the chain be put an end to, since man must think and feel as long as he lives, and thoughts and feelings are ever generating Karma? The answer to this is the great lesson of the Bhagavad Gita, the lesson taught to the warrior prince. Neither to hermit nor to student was that lesson given, but to the warrior striving for victory, the prince immersed in the duties of his state. p. 67 Annie Besant, Karma, (1895) A man's birth in a particular nation is influenced by certain general principles of evolution as well as by his immediate characteristics... Within the limits of the sub-race, the individual characteristics of the man will draw him towards one nation or another, and we may notice dominant national characteristics re-emerging on the stage of history en bloc after the normal interval of fifteen hundred years; thus crowds of Romans reincarnate as Englishmen, the enterprising, colonizing, conquering, imperial instincts reappearing as national attributes... A man in whom such national characteristics were strongly marked, and whose time for rebirth had come, would be drafted into the English nation by his Karma and would then share the national destiny for good or for evil, so far as that destiny affected the fate of an individual... The family tie is naturally of a more personal character than is the national, and those who weave bonds of close affection in one life tend to be drawn together again as members of the same family. Sometimes... members of a family may be scattered and may not meet again until after several incarnations. p. 73 Annie Besant, Karma, (1895) Ch. XII Collective Karma Such is an outline of the great Law of Karma and of its workings, by a knowledge of which a man may accelerate his evolution, by the utilization of which a man may free himself from bondage, and become, long ere his race has trodden its course, one of the Helpers and Saviours of the World. A deep and steady conviction of the truth of this Law gives to life an immovable serenity and a perfect fearlessness: nothing can touch us that we have not wrought, nothing can injure us that we have not merited. And as everything that we have sown must ripen into harvest in due season, and must be reaped, it is idle to lament over the reaping when it is painful; it may as well be done now as at any future time, since it cannot be evaded, and, once done, it cannot return to trouble us again. p. 77 Annie Besant, Karma, (1895) Ch. XIII, Conclusion Though the names karma yoga and sannyasa are different, the truth at the heart of both is the same. Vinoba Bhave, in Aryan Path, Volume 31, p. 508 The Gita uses the word ‘karma’ (action) in the sense of swadharma. We eat, drink, sleep; these are all actions. But these are not the actions that the Gita refers to when it talks of karma. Karma refers to the performance of swadharma. But in order to attain desirelessness through such karma, an important aid is necessary. One must overcome desire, attachment and anger. One cannot have desirelessness unless and until the mind has become pure and calm like the waters of the Ganga. The actions necessary for the purification of mind are called vikarma by the Gita. Karma, vikarma and akarma—these three terms are important... Karma means the outward actions done in the pursuit of swadharma. Vikarma means total involvement of the mind therein. Vinoba Bhave, in Talks on the Gita, p. 48-49 Karma is very much needed to enable us to understand the state of our minds. We can remove our defects only when we become aware of them. If we are not aware of them, all efforts for progress and growth will come to naught. It is while doing work that we become aware of our defects. Vikarma is then to be employed to get rid of those defects. With ceaseless application of vikarma inwardly, we will gradually come to know how to remain detached while performing swadharma, how to remain beyond desires and passions, anger, greed, temptations and delusions. When there is a constant endeavour to purify karma, pure karma will follow naturally and effortlessly. Vinoba Bhave, in "Talks on the Gita", p. 57 When one unacquainted with the noble doctrine looks around him, and observes the inequalities of birth and fortune, of intellect and capacities; when one sees honour paid fools and profligates, on whom fortune has heaped her favours by mere privilege of birth, and their nearest neighbor, with all his intellect and noble virtues -- far more deserving in every way -- perishing of want and for lack of sympathy; when one sees all this and has to turn away, helpless to relieve the undeserved suffering, one's ears ringing and heart aching with the cries of pain around him -- that blessed knowledge of Karma alone prevents him from cursing life and men, as well as their supposed Creator. H.P. Blavatsky, The Key to Theosophy (1889) We believe in an unerring law of Retribution, called Karma, which asserts itself in a natural concatenation of causes and their unavoidable results... We consider it (karma) as the Ultimate Law of the Universe, the source, origin and fount of all other laws which exist throughout Nature. Karma is the unerring law which adjusts effect to cause, on the physical, mental and spiritual planes of being. Our philosophy has a doctrine of punishment as stern as that of the most rigid Calvinist, only far more philosophical and consistent with absolute justice. No deed, not even a sinful thought, will go unpunished; the latter more severely even than the former, as a thought is far more potential in creating evil results than even a deed. Spiritual holy love is immortal, and Karma brings sooner or later all those who loved each other with such a spiritual affection to incarnate once more in the same family group. H. P. Blavatsky, The Key to Theosophy (1889) Karma is... the fruit of the actions of the tree which is the objective personality visible to all, as much as the fruit of all the thoughts and even motives of the spiritual “I”; but Karma is also the tender mother, who heals the wounds inflicted by her during the preceding life, before she will begin to torture this Ego by inflicting upon him new ones. When one unacquainted with the noble doctrine looks around him, and observes the inequalities of birth and fortune, of intellect and capacities; when one sees honour paid fools and profligates, on whom fortune has heaped her favours by mere privilege of birth, and their nearest neighbor, with all his intellect and noble virtues -- far more deserving in every way -- perishing of want and for lack of sympathy; when one sees all this and has to turn away, helpless to relieve the undeserved suffering, one's ears ringing and heart aching with the cries of pain around him -- that blessed knowledge of Karma alone prevents him from cursing life and men, as well as their supposed Creator. H. P. Blavatsky, The Key to Theosophy (1889) Karma (Sk.) Physically, action: metaphysically, the LAW OF RETRIBUTION, the Law of cause and effect or Ethical Causation. Nemesis, only in one sense, that of bad Karma. It is the eleventh Nidana in the concatenation of causes and effects in orthodox Buddhism; yet it is the power that controls all things, the resultant of moral action, the meta physical Samskâra, or the moral effect of an act committed for the attainment of something which gratifies a personal desire. There is the Karma of merit and the Karma of demerit. Karma neither punishes nor rewards, it is simply the one Universal LAW which guides unerringly, and, so to say, blindly, all other laws productive of certain effects along the grooves of their respective causations. H.P. Blavatsky, The Theosophical Glossary, (1892) To go from mortal to Buddha, you have to put an end to karma, nurture your awareness, and accept what life brings. Bodhidharma, in The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, p. 35 What kind of life a person is reborn into depends on Karma. Karma refers to all the deeds, words, and thoughts of one’s life. Buddhists believe karma is the deciding factor in one's fate in his or her next life. Buddhism, as explained by Walter Hazen, in Inside Buddhism, p. 12 I'm a true believer in karma. You get what you give, whether it's bad or good. Sandra Bullock, in Happiness Is A Choice, p. 23 A man is born alone and dies alone; and he experiences the good and bad consequences of his karma alone; and he goes alone to hell or the Supreme abode. Chanakya, in Chanakya Niti, p. 13 The unusual climatic conditions of recent years - earthquakes, hurricanes, floods... are, in large measure, the result of the wrong thoughts and actions of humanity. They need not occur; they are not 'acts of God'. They take place under the Law of Cause and Effect, or Karma. As we create in our planetary life conditions of chaos and disequilibrium, so we affect the natural world. All atoms in creation are interconnected. There is no separation anywhere. If, as today, we create conditions in which two thirds of the world's population must make do with one-quarter of the world's food, and therefore starve and die in millions, then catastrophe is inevitable. Benjamin Creme in The Reappearance of the Christ and the Masters of Wisdom (1980) There comes a time when... the man or woman in incarnation... ceases to make too much karma of a negative nature, and becomes more and more harmless. We can see, therefore, the need for harmlessness in all human relationships. Benjamin Creme in The Ageless Wisdom, An Introduction to Humanity's Spiritual Legacy, (1996) The Law of Karma is the Law of Cause and Effect. The effects from our previous deeds, good and bad, create the conditions of our life today, and the results of our deeds today create the conditions of the next period of life, either now or when we return in our next body... When we learn to be harmless, we overcome karma. There comes a time when... he or she ceases to make too much karma of a negative nature, and becomes more and more harmless. We can see, therefore, the need for harmlessness in all human relationships. By being destructive we create negative karma, which means we have to work it off. We come in with this karma, and all the misfortune of our life, the pain, the suffering, is put down to bad luck. It is not bad luck but the direct result of our karma. Benjamin Creme, in The Ageless Wisdom Teaching, Glossary of Esoteric Terms, (1996), p.13-15 This planet is not very evolved — not even in our solar system. It is still a `non-sacred' planet; there are seven sacred planets and we are not one of them. That is why we have all the problems. Humanity itself is not at a very evolved stage... Humanity, from its very inception — and this is put at 18-and-a-half million years ago in the esoteric teaching — has been creating karma, good and bad. Let me make it clear: according to the esoteric teaching, there is actually more good karma than bad karma, but we only notice the bad karma. When our karma is good, and much of it is good, we just take it as our norm, our right. When it is bad karma we think: "I don't know why I'm suffering this." But of course it is still our karma. This has been going on for 18-and-a-half million years, so there is a huge planetary karmic debt. Every human being is involved, not only with his or her own karma, individually-created, but also with the karma of the human race as a whole. It is not simple. The Lords of Karma, working from Their unbelievably exalted state of consciousness, can administer not just our individual karma, but our relation to world karma. The Masters act as agents in this respect. Benjamin Creme in The Ageless Wisdom, An Introduction to Humanity's Spiritual Legacy, (1996) p. 18 What makes karma a major problem for people is their inability to deal with it, to recognize their own responsibility for it, and to do something about it. Most people blame their problems on other people or on circumstances: it was their upbringing, the fact that their parents did not love them, or got divorced, or left them wanting, or that their husband left them, or did not leave them... We have to learn to deal with karma equably and say: “That’s life; it is, simply, life. C’est la vie.” Life is another name for karma. What we call ‘life’ is a flow of karma, good and bad, pleasant or unpleasant — it is all one flow of life. When it is unpleasant we say: “What a life!” When it is pleasant we say: “Isn’t life great?” It depends on how we feel, how we respond to the load of karma which we all have to bear. What holds us back in evolution is the karma which is always sitting on our shoulders and is not burnt away in the fire of service. Burn up the karma in the fire of service and you will go... Benjamin Creme, in The Art of Co-operation. Share International Foundation,(2002) p.34/5 The Christian church's concept of a vicarious atonement is a misunderstanding of the Christ's function. He came (in Palestine) and has come again now, to show the way, to lead, guide and inspire, but not to go against the Law of Karma. We must save ourselves through response to His teachings. Benjamin Creme Questions & answers on reincarnation, karma, & past lives, Share International (2005) The great Law of Cause and Effect (the Law of Karma in the East) and the connected Law of Rebirth [are] the basic laws of our... existence. The correct understanding and following of these two laws are prerequisites for the creation of harmlessness in every sphere of our lives and thus also for the creation of right human relations, itself the prerequisite for human happiness... If we do not know that there are laws and rules, we end up as we are today and at all times previously, in a mess, a catastrophic situation, totally out of kilter Benjamin Creme, The Art of Living: Living within the Laws of Life, (2006) Maitreya’s teachings demonstrate and affirm the interconnectedness of everything in the world. This is the rationale of the Law of Karma, the Law of Cause and Effect. Through the midwestern United States, Kansas and the central states, there have been hundreds of tornadoes one after the other for days, leaving paths of destruction 400 miles wide and killing many people. These are called acts of nature, acts of God . But they are in this case a result of the Law of Karma. The crisis that manifested itself as the SARS infection... the epidemics of flu throughout Europe, are the direct results of the fear generated from the crisis conditions set up by the US attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq. It is not a question of God punishing the aggressor. It is a simple law of the interconnectedness of all atoms in the universe. The American, British and other governments have not recognized that the attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, and the foiled attack on the White House, have a cause. It is the effect of a cause. In other words, it is karmic. It is the result of the Law of Karma, the Law of Cause and Effect. The cause is complex, but put very simply, it is the extreme difference in living standards between the developed Western world and the developing world. One-third of the world — mainly America, Europe, Japan, Australia, and Canada — usurp and greedily waste three-quarters of the world’s food, and some 83 per cent of all other resources of the developing world, the so-called Third World, has to make due with the rest, distributed among two-thirds of the world’s population. This division is the result of greed, lack of compassion, and complacency. It is unfair and extraordinarily dangerous for the security of the world.... The greatest danger is the discrepancy in living standards between the developed and the developing world. Humanity is taking a long time to understand these problems, the true problems that beset it today. But unless it understands these problems, there will be no hope for the future of the world. The tensions existing in this discrepancy of living standards have within them the seeds of a third world war. That war would be nuclear and would destroy all life on the planet. What happens here sets up something that will inevitably happen elsewhere by the law of action and reaction. When humanity truly understands this law, the Law of Karma, not just as an intellectual idea, it will see that every thought, every action, sets into motion a cause or causes. The effects stemming from these causes make our lives for good or ill. The need for harmlessness in every action in our lives becomes apparent. When we act, we have to know what the result of this action could be. If the action is destructive, it produces destruction in the world. If the action is not destructive, if it is creative, if it is harmless, it creates harmlessness, it creates good in the world. p. 11-12 The Law of Karma is a very benign law, which you yourself set in motion and which brings to you the events that you have initiated. As you think, you create thoughtforms. Your actions create causes. These causes make effects. The effects are what you experience. They make your life, for good or ill. That is the Law of Karma, and shows the need for harmlessness in every situation. That is what people do not know. p. 76 These people incarnated in Israel in relation probably to thousands of Jews in Germany that they had murdered, oppressed in every way. They grew to hate Jews for whatever reason. It was Hitler’s aim to get rid of all the Jews in the world if he could do it. He could not do it, but the Nazis got rid of about 6 million in Europe. They are responsible, and have now come back as Jews... It is the Law of Cause and Effect, that is, karma. They are living as the very people that they were so hateful to and oppressed in their previous incarnation... It is not just the odd individual, there are a lot. Large numbers of Nazis have also reincarnated in Argentina and other places, including the USA... Hitler is... in what Christians would call purgatory. How long he will be there I have no idea, but a long time... The greater the impact of that in the world, the greater will be the karma of that person. p. 77 Your previous actions make your existing lives. That is exactly what karma does. The way our lives are led now is the result of the actions we have made in the past and make today. It is not only the past. Karma is a dynamic law that pertains to every action we make... We start all over again, and do it very assiduously. If they are good actions, they bring about good karma. If they are destructive actions, they bring about pain and suffering. Will these people suffer? The suffering that they caused, they will suffer. The suffering that someone else suffered as a result of their action, they will suffer in one way or another. It is not a mechanical law, but it is an exact law. It is as if the Lords of Karma weigh the quality of the energy expended from thought or action, and it comes back to you in like manner. Many of the people who are murdered in the world are working through a karmic situation.... We cannot just assume that this person killed the other person in another life... Somebody could just be doing something to you or somebody else for the first time... It is a dynamic process... There is old karma and new karma sitting side by side in everyone’s consciousness. Of course, there is a first time for everything. I know a woman who in her present life was abused sexually by her father, which went on until she was 14 or 15. That was a direct result of the fact that in the previous life she was the father and the father was the daughter, who was sexually abused by (now) the daughter. That was the result of a still earlier life in which the father was the father and the daughter was the daughter. It was successive exchanging relationships these three times Forgiveness is one of the major laws that mitigate and lessen the force of karma. Karma is a Law and it acts impersonally. There are four great Lords of Karma Who manipulate that Law. It is an impersonal Law, but if forgiveness is present in the person who has been harmed, that can mitigate tremendously the result of the Law. Maybe not totally, but it depends on the totality of the forgiveness. We are not all Jesus. How people treat you is their karma; how you react is yours. Wayne W. Dyer, in The Soulful 7, p. 100 This is the Law of Karma—the Law of the Deed—the law of causality in the spiritual world; and it is the highest and most terrible law of all... Good Hindus do not kill insects if they can possibly avoid it; “even those whose aspirations to virtue are modest treat animals as humble brethren rather than as lower creatures over whom they have dominion by divine command.” Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage : India and Her Neighbors. Samsara is the belief that we are stuck in a karmic wheel of suffering and, until we realize our full spiritual potential, we keep returning to learn and understand our ultimate being. Karma plays a huge part in this belief because it is your Karma that decides whether you evolve or devolve at your next birth, Samsara is symbolized as the endless knot. Nicholas Eldridge on Buddhism, in Where Do We Begin, p. 48 Endless knot: The intertwined lines symbolize that all phenomena are interdependent and joined together in a closed cycle of karmic cause and effect. The endless knot also represents the infinite wisdom of the Buddha - without beginning and without end - and the union of compassion and wisdom. And it signifies the illusory character of time, because it is endless. Madonna Gauding, in The Signs and Symbols Bible: The Definitive Guide to Mysterious Markings, p. 136 If thou deemest that (the path of) understanding is more excellent than (the path of) action, O, Janaradhna (Krishna), when dost thou urge me to do this savage deed, O, Kesava, Krisna? Bhagavad Gita (section Chapter 3.1.2 (Karma yoga) ), in Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta In Hinduism, the Law of Karma is viewed as a divinely sustained and revealed universal Law. The law of karma encourages us to rely on ourselves. Bhagavad Gita, in Explore Hinduism, p. 77 In non-theistic traditions, such as Buddhism, everything is due to its own causes. Karma may come from this lifetime, but it may even come from previous lifetimes. From the Buddhist point of view, we must make forceful positive karma, which can be stronger than the previous negative karma. This can reduce or even eliminate the previous negative karma. So look forward. Lead some kind of new life, full of determination. Lead your life in an honest way, a truthful way. By truthful acts, by compassionate acts, increase positive karma. Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, The Transformation of Pain (5 November 2011) Only by spiritual practice can we break through our karma and the effects of the causes we have made. Only then can we escape from them. It matters not whether you have acquired any merit. Merit is merit. Karma is karma. Nonetheless, if one practices the Quan Yin Method, one can be liberated regardless of having any merit or not. It is so logical, so scientific. The Supreme Master Ching Hai, in Inspiration Quotes The world is transitory. You will achieve stability only on the path of karma yoga. Only action can take a man to God and give him liberation. The law of karma is so deep that no words are great enough to describe it. The day karma stops on this earth will be the day of its dissolution (pralaya). Haidakhan Babaji, The Teachings of Babaji, 19 September 1983. Karma Yoga is also beneficial for your health; you will sleep well and have a good appetite. A man with good appetite and sound sleep is always a healthy man and with good health he can achieve anything in life. Haidakhan Babaji, The Teachings of Babaji, 17 August 1983. John phoned me up one morning in January and said, "I've written this tune and I'm going to record it tonight and have it pressed up and out tomorrow — that's the whole point: Instant Karma", you know." So I was in. I said, "OK, I'll see you in town." I was in town with Phil Spector and I said to Phil, "Why don't you come to the session?" There were just four people: John played piano, I played acoustic guitar, there was Klaus Voormann on bass, and Alan White on drums. We recorded the song and brought it out that week, mixed — instantly — by Phil Spector. George Harrison, on John Lennon's song "Instant Karma! ", as quoted in "Instant Karma!" at The Beatles Bible Karma has two unique attributes: first in quantity and quality it provides for like-for-like (i.e good for good, bad for bad, more for more, less for less), Second the fruits of one’s actions are non-transferable. We enjoy the fruits of our good actions and suffer the consequences of bad actions in this life or future life. In Hinduism quoted in "Explore Hinduism", p. 77 Since the karmic time is cyclic, karma works through many lives. What we are suffering (or enjoying) now at least in part due to the consequences of what we have done in the past lives. The Upanishad says ’You are what you desire is. As is your desire so is your deed. As is your deed is so is your destiny.' Because of karma, one is reborn again and again until the effects of all accumulated karma are dissipated and one reaches ‘the other shore’ Moksha. When the physical body is annihilated by death, the Karmic seeds remain embedded in the subtle body and determine the course of future life. In Hinduism quoted in "Explore Hinduism", pp.77-78 Hindus view the Law of Karma as a divine law, without which cosmic justice is neither achievable, nor imaginable. In Hinduism quoted in "Explore Hinduism", p. 78-79 The Vedic seers discovered the Law of Karma over eight thousand years ago and immortalized in the Vedas. In Hinduism quoted in "Explore Hinduism", p. 79 The past karma of an individual consists of two parts, prarabdha karma and sanchita karma. The prarabdha karma is the part of
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Friday, April 20, 2007 The Vatican has abolished limbo, which, according to the Roman Catholic belief, is a permanent status of the unbaptized who die in infancy, without having committed any personal sins, but without having been freed from original sin, or in some cases abortion. Pope Benedict XVI, a theologian, showed doubt about the concept of limbo. He cited his concerns about it when he was a cardinal. "The conclusion of this study is that there are theological and liturgical reasons to hope that infants who die without baptism may be saved and brought into eternal happiness even if there is not an explicit teaching on this question found in revelation," the 41-page document said. "There are reasons to hope that God will save these infants precisely because it was not possible (to baptise them)." Baptism, in the Catholic Church, is a religious act of purification by water. Baptism removes original sin. "People find it increasingly difficult to accept that God is just and merciful if he excludes infants, who have no personal sins, from eternal happiness, whether they are Christian or non-Christian." The Church has never made limbo an official doctrine but most Catholics believe in it. The Church also concludes that baptism will stay and further states that it has nothing to do with the abolition of limbo. Philip Pullella. "Catholic Church buries limbo after centuries" — Reuters, April 20, 2007 "Vatican reconsiders limbo for unbaptised babies" — Ireland Online, April 20, 2007 "Catholic Church sees 'hope' for unbaptized babies" — CBC News, April 20, 2007
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Wednesday, September 10, 2008 Pakistan Related articles 30 September 2019: Brother of murdered Pakistani social media star sentenced to life 17 September 2019: US President Trump says Osama bin Laden's son killed 3 November 2018: Pakistan Supreme Court acquits Asia Bibi from blasphemy charges after eight years of confinement 17 June 2018: UN releases first-ever human rights report on Kashmir 3 June 2018: Pakistani President signs bill to merge Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Location of Pakistan Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Asif Ali Zardari has been sworn in as the President of Pakistan. The 53-year-old Zardari took oath from Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar in Islamabad on Tuesday. He took the oath as the twelfth President of Pakistan. On Sept. 6, Zardari, secured 479 votes from the total number of 702 votes of the electoral college consisting of two houses of the parliament and four provincial assemblies. Saeeduz Zaman Siddiqui, who was fielded by Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz Group, received 153 votes while Senator Mushahid Hussain, a candidate from the Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-e-Azam Group, got 43 votes. Zardari is the widower of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, who was assassinated Dec. 27, 2007. The election was called after former President Pervez Musharraf resigned last month. "Asif Ali Zardari elected as President of Pakistan" — Wikinews, September 6, 2008 "Pakistan's President Musharraf resigns; new elections to be held" — Wikinews, August 23, 2008 "Benazir Bhutto killed in suicide attack" — Wikinews, December 27, 2007 Associated Press. "Bhutto Widower Zardari Takes Office as Pakistan President" — FOX News, September 9, 2008 "Zardari takes oath as president of Pakistan" — Times of India, September 9, 2008 "Zardari sworn Pakistan president" — BBC News, September 9, 2008
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Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | Distant Lands | Main Adventure Time (2010–2018) is an American animated television series on Cartoon Network. [Jake comes inside the dead hermit's yurt] Finn: I know it's you. [see hermit-eyes Finn in his giant, deep-red monstrous form staring the opposite wall] Jake: Hey, buddy. I've figured you'd come back here. Finn: Don't look at me, Jake. I might turn you into a microwave. Jake: Baloney! [walks to him] You turned NEPTR into a microwave because he's a microwave, but that doesn't mean that's all he is to you. I know you think NEPTR's an interesting person, and I know that microwave is just one part of his personality! I mean... Maybe your eyes are just bad at describing things, you know? Like, how you feel about people, what they mean to you. That stuff's in your guts. Eyes can't grok that. Unless you have the eyes of like, a trained artist or something. But you don't. I'm telling you, man. You're not a bad dude like the skeleton bro, or you'd be turning everyone into rats and plops! [Finn takes up a deep gasping sigh] Jake: Now, come on. Look at me. [he turns Finn around to him face to face] Finn: Jake, you're so wise. [Jake's college bro form then suddenly shrinks down to a much older form with a cane] Jake: What?! Deh— [groans] Well, at least you listened to me. And wise old Jakey got a plan! [Finn and Bun Bun approaching the Fire Kingdom] Flame Guard: Hey, Finn. Cinnamon Bun: Make way for the Princess! Flame Princess: Finn! What brings you here? Finn: Special delivery for Cinnamon Bun. Flame Princess: Who's this? Bun Bun: I'm Bun Bun. Are you a chipmunk? Flame Princess: No... Finn: [whispering to Cinnamon Bun] Bubblegum made her from your spare parts. She's supposed to be your squire or whatever. Cinnamon Bun: [amazed] My squire? [Finn and Flame Princess hanging out] Flame Princess: Is something wrong with your coals? Finn: Well, they're fine. It's just... [takes a breath] When we broke up, I said sorry but I didn't fully understand exactly what I did wrong. I get it now. I shouldn't have manipulated you. That was a really, really messed up thing to do and I'm truly sorry. Flame Princess: [sees how much Finn has grown up] You've grown up a lot, man. [beat] I forgive you. Finn: Awesome. [makes fun of eating his coals] Flame Princess: [chuckles] [Finn, Jake and Lady Rainicorn come across a giant humming sentient pit] Finn: It's a face hole! This is where the song's coming from. [the pit blows them away] Oh, nice pipes. Hole: [speaks] "Wait, can you hear me?" Finn: I've been hearing you like, all day. You're a lovely singer. Hole: [laughs] "Really? No one's ever said that. Shut up!" Finn: It's true! Hole: "Well, I've had a lot of practice. Thousand years, give or take." Finn: Say whaaaa?!! Hole: "Yeah. I've been here singing from the very beginning of Ooo. Since I can't move from this spot, singing is my only outlet. I can neither participate, enjoy nor prevent disaster. So I sing." Jake: Is this like one of those patterns that's supposed to have a 3D image in it, and everyone can see it except you? Finn: Well, why can't they hear you? Hole: "Only two kinds of people can hear my song—those who see the world with pure childlike wonder, and those with a deep sense of loss in their hearts. To everyone else, I'm just a period in a sentence in the book of Ooo." Finn: I don't know about child eyes, but I have been going through a rough patch. It sounds like you have, too. Hole: "Yeah, I guess so." Finn/Hole: [singing] With the sorrow in our hearts we can play And I look up to you And we hear different sounds than the heart last due Wake for that night looking everywhere for you Why do I look up to you? Jake: [confronts Grass Finn for trashing the Fort] You scared Beemo, you mock up my mom's records, and you waste my brea— [Grass Finn turns away from Jake, he comes in front of him] You waste my breakfast sy— [Grass Finn turns away again] Breakfast syrup! Hey! Look at me when I'm mad! [Grass Finn keeps turning away from Jake] Look at my eyes! They're mad! And they have to look in your— HEY!! THEY HAVE TO LOOK IN YOUR EYES!! Take my anger into your face! You're a fraud! You think you could fake Jake?! You can't fake Jake! Cake! Rake! [claps] Lake! Hamburger steak! [Grass Finn throws Finn on the sand from "harming" Susan; starts punching Finn in the face] Finn: Alright, alright, enough! Truce, truce! Ah... [both take a breather] Grass Finn: Sorry, dog, but I can't let you hurt Susan. [Finn growls angrily] Finn: I wasn't gonna hurt her! [looks up] I was protecting her from you! Grass Finn: ..Me? But... I'm Finn Mertens, man. I'm a hundred percent hero. Finn: What?! I'm Finn Mertens! Grass Finn: Tsk, tsk, tsk. Sorry, man. I mean, I'm flattered, but... come on. Finn: No, you come on!! [in the Candy Kingdom hospital, Finn sees a comatose Susan hooked up on life support. He takes a deep breath and sighs] Finn: I'm sorry I couldn't stop you earlier. I lost control. And I realized when my arm went all nasty, that being out-of-control like that was so scary a-and painful. And that's how you must've felt after your brain jazz got fried by that eel, and you went bonkers on everyone. I wasn't strong enough to stop you. [crosses fingers with his metal ones] In a way, this is all my fault. Finn: [doing doctoring duties] Okay, where's the next patient? Doctor: In here, Doctor. [Finn pulls the curtains to see Ice King lying down on a hospital table] Ice King: Hey, baby... what?! Where's Doctor Princess? I just wanted some TLC from a cute gal. [Finn takes out his pen and clipboard] Finn: So, uh... how's your, uh... general condition? Ice King: My back is in agony like always, [Finn nods nonchalantly] my toes taste like candy corn, is that bad? And everything smells like liquorice, [Finn jumps up high and lands behind Ice King] expect for liquorice which smells like— [Finn grabs Ice King's shoulder and bottom; breaks his back in half] Ahh!! [he gets uneven, Finn comes over] Finn: How do you feel, Ice King? Ice King: I... feel... great! Ohh, mama! [flies up doing a loop] I feel 500 years old again! [laughing happily] Hey, we should hit the town! Go dancing... [Finn looks himself in the mirror] Finn: [thinking] "Doctor Finn... this feels pretty right." Mr. Pig: [sees Tree Trunks in bed] Hey, where'd you go? Tree Trunks: I-I think I was visited by aliens again. Uh, every few years, they stop by and show me my hybrid children. Mr. Pig: [chuckles] What? Tree Trunks: Don't be jealous of my alien consorts, Mr. Pig. I love you the most. Mr. Pig: Haha... all right, sweetie. Thank you. [they both kiss, goes to pull lamp cord] You're gonna come with me to Princess Bubblegum's firework show tomorrow? Tree Trunks: No, she whizzed on our wedding. I'm sorry, but she's a fat fish in the sand. Mr. Pig: I want to see free fireworks, though, and I want you to come with me. Tree Trunks: Ah, all right. [spanks Mr. Pig squealing] [Bubblegum and Tree Trunks walk along in the evening grass after being abducted by aliens] Bubblegum: I'm really sorry, Tree Trunks. I never meant to hurt anybody with my space program. It was supposed to seed new Candy Kingdoms on uninhabited planets, in case Ooo goes straight-up dong-bongles. 'Cause... like, confidentially, there's a lot of ways that could happen. And when it does, maybe I won't look so crazy after all, you know? [Tree Trunks looks up at the alien spheres in the sky] Tree Trunks: I can help you find a space for your goo. [Bubblegum turns to Tree Trunks] Bubblegum: You would do that? Tree Trunks: You and I will never be friends, but we can respect each other as mothers and as fellow believers in the infinite promise of the cosmos above. Bubblegum: ..Sure. [Finn looks back at an empty and emotionally traumatised James Baxter as he makes herbal tea] Finn: Oh my Glob... James Baxter is in my house! [Shelby pops out of teapot] Shelby: Hey, Finn, you... you look a little nervous. Finn: That's James Baxter out there! He's an artist! What if I say something dumb and he's like, "Man, that dude is so dumb, why am I even here"? Shelby: Just treat him like a normal guy. That's what people want, even great artists. Finn: Okay, yeah. [walks off] Normal, normal. [Finn brings the teapot, a water bucket and towel to James Baxter, places them down on the floor. He dips towel in the bucket, twists towel and pats it on James Baxter's head. Finn sees James Baxter's empty stare for a long pause] Finn: Normal, normal. [tries a deep voice] So, uh, you got any weekend plans? Doin' anything fun for the weekend? [dips towel in bucket] Shelby: You're really bad at this, man. Finn: [tends to James Baxter] Want some soup? I made it out of ice cream sandwich. [Shelby slithers on Finn's head] Shelby: You're still being weird. Finn: Well, what am I supposed to do? Shelby: You gotta slap him, dude. Finn: Wha? Shelby: Slap him with some real time. Finn: Oh... Shelby: Stab him. Finn: What?! Shelby: With a giant syringe. Finn: Wha—?! Shelby: Of respect. Finn: Ohh... Bubblegum: Finn, I get the sense that this trip's more important to you than your letting on. I mean, if you make it to that island, you might find out some pretty heavy stuff... about the humans, and where you came from, about yourself. Alls I'm saying is you have to promise me, promise me, that you'll come home safe. Finn: [in his mind before advancing the giant hovercraft] You got this, Finn Mertens. You're a buff little bionic baby. Jake: We don't need a boat! Have you forgotten? With a little imagination, [morphs himself as a sailing cruise ship] I can be anything that you could everrrr... [he morphs back to normal] Oh, I lost focus. Hey, yeah, can we borrow your boat? [Finn is sitting on the rooftop of the Tree Fort, drinking his cup under an orange sky] Finn: Are ya up here, Fern? [Fern emerges up the grassy roof, sits beside Finn] Fern: Hey. Thanks for letting me crash on the roof. It's nice up here. Finn: Stay as long as you want. I came up here to ask a favor. I... might be gone for a while on this trip, see, and I need someone to... uh, cover for me here anew. [Fern pauses for a beat] Fern: Are you sure? I mean, hero biz is your whole thing... and whatever I am, I'm not you. Finn: You can just do your own thing with it. Like... if some huge gross monster's gonna do murder on a bunch of innocents, uh... kill it! But kill it you-styles. Just don't go nuts. Fern: Okay. [summons his grass sword, curls back into his arm] I can handle that. Thanks for trusting me. Finn: No, thank you, Fern. I better go pack. [they both high-five, then Finn slaps Fern's hand awkwardly and touches his face; Fern grabs Finn's arm. He grumbles] Finn/Fern: We should figure out a better thing. / Let's figure out something better. Jake: [on the sea as a boat] Finn, I wanna turn back. Finn: What? We can't! Jake: An annoying dragon wrecked our boat, I got poisoned by jellyfish and saw our dead parents. I don't see things de-escalating. Finn: It's just a small bump. A-a bunch of small bumps. Jake: No dumb island can be worth the risk! Finn: Maybe not. But I can't turn back. BMO: This trip means a lot to you, huh? Finn: Yeah. Jake: Yeah, but why? Do you wanna find some humans and ditch us? Finn: No! It's just... uh... [covers his mouth, starts crying] Okay... look... I'm really happy in Ooo. I love our mom and dad. But I don't know squat about humans. If I don't see this through, part of me will always be stuck to that boom boom leaf where Mom found me... still alone. Finn: [wearing seed packets around his face] Now I can look like an idiot while I freeze to death. Finn: [encounters a giant bear] Giant bear? Come on! I fought the Lich at the edge of spacetime, man. You're out of your depth. You best just roll on, brah. [Finn and Alva ride on the giant bear to see Jake fighting a giant crab on the shore] Finn: Jake! Hey, Jake! Jake: Oh, hey, buddy! Man, am I glad to see you. Hold on a second. [kicks giant crab away, turns to Finn, Alva and the giant bear] Man, this place sucks. I got attacked by nineteen giant crabs in just the last 30 seconds! Finn: Yeah, man. I almost got eaten by this— Jake: Hey, that's awesome! Now let's get the heck outta here. Are they coming, too? I'm not sharing my rations. Finn: What? No, this is Alva. I... I-I think she's human. [starts drawing down his notebook] Alva, have you seen my friends? BMO... and Susan? [he shows his crude illustrations of BMO and Susan to Alva; she slowly shakes her head] Jake: Oh, stuff, man. That's the slow shake. That's the universal death gesture! Alva: Nej, nej! [as she speaks in Swedish, she begins drawing wave lines, a shape and a compass. She waves her arm and draws three more that are shaped like islands] Finn: Oh! Shoot, man, more islands. BMO and Susan must've washed all up on one of all up of them. Jake: Well, it looks like there's only three more. This shouldn't be too hard. [long pause] Right? Finn: [entering the virtual reality world named "Better Reality"] Oh, wow. This place is objectively interesting. [BMO's avatar @MOD (a giant masculine body with three eyepatches) carries Finn and Jake's avatars to his sanctuary. A green, small-rounded, big nosed avatar named Vinny greets them] Vinny: Well, look who it is! Welcome back to your palace, your majesty. BMO: Hi, Vinny! [slowly lowers Finn and Jake's avatars on the floor] Vinny: Who's Vinny? I thought I was hereby known as "Get in heeyah!" BMO: I deserve that. I'm sorry I yelled at you. [touches a virtual screen] I've just been so zip-zopped-out over the bip-bops. Finn: What? Vinny: Whoa, whoa, whoa! Who let these two system dumps into the chat room? Know what I'm saying?! BMO: Yes, I do, Vinny. BRB. [opens a giant hole] I'm gonna go deep dope my ping-pong zilp-zorch. Finn: What? BMO: Vinny, can you hook my friends up with some BMO brand avies? [enters hole, closes] Vinny: What's the magic password? [BMO opens hole] BMO: Please, Vinny. [closes hole] Vinny: You got it, boss! Finn: [having a talk with BMO] So, you really don't want to come with us? BMO: You sure you don't want me to milk you up a fresh new style? Finn: No, I'm used to it now. Why don't you want to come with us? BMO: I mean, I do want to go with you. But I am a beautiful, big man here. All of my instincts are in sync with this computer world. I'm really comfortable here. Finn: Yeah, but it's all fake. BMO: What's real? Your eyeballs think the sky is blue, but that's just sun rays farting apart through the barf of our atmosphere. The sky is black. Dr. Gross: We had to leave our place because the world was dying And everyone that wasn't dead spent all of their time crying Our ways had failed, nature had failed, we made a lot of errors The Founders had some new ideas that made everything better. The Founders dreamt of this island, our ships landed on its shore They built our wonderful Guardian to keep destruction from our door The Hiders fear these new ideas But do your best to help them 'Cause just outside is darkness and death Disease, monsters and problems. So come out of your hiding place, come out of the darkness And we'll find a new way to live by the light of the Founders... [Kara (Susan) and Frieda lie down and gaze up in the sky full of stars on top of their quarters] Frieda: You know, there are people on the other side of the world that are never gonna see these stars. [she waves her hand across the starry sky] Kara: ..That's bunk, Frieda. We're the only people left. The islands are like a beautiful safe haven. [Frieda sees a shooting star, contemplates] Frieda: I've read all the old stories about 'em, you know? About other places and people. I'd like to see those places one day, and meet those people. They can't all be monsters. [Kara is shocked, whispers to her] Kara: You can't say that, Frieda. Frieda: Oh, relax. I'm just globbin'. Hey, watch this. [she turns on her wrist gadget and forms a projection of a sparkling Kara doing poses. Kara walks to the projection chuckling] Kara: That's not what I look like. Frieda: Yeah, it is! Come on, flex! [Kara tries a pose; she chuckles] See? Kara: Wow! Am I really that buff? I look great! Don't you just love this place? Frieda: Yeah... [sighs, depressed] Yeah. [Kara takes a walk down a corridor. She sees Dr. Gross in the classroom tinkering a gadget] Kara: Dr. Gross? Dr. Gross: Kara! My teacher's pet. And you know I mean that in a good way. Kara: Listen, um... sorry about running off earlier. Dr. Gross: When you gotta go, you gotta go. But that's not really what you wanna talk about, right? Kara: Well, you know how you always say that humans will find the best way? Dr. Gross: The Founders get credit for that bit of wisdom. Kara: If someone found a way, that's, uh, different from ours, but seems to work for them, couldn't that also be a good way? Dr. Gross: Ah. You've heard some Hider preaching, haven't you? Well, listen, kid. We tried exploring the outside world, and we were almost destroyed! We're the last humans, so it's our responsibility to stay here, and it's your responsibility to help these misguided Hiders. Kara: [unsure] ..Right. Finn: Susan? I mean, Kara? Seems like you're leading us somewhere. Kara: We're taking a ship to Founders Island, because judging by the state of these facilities... [punches through a facility door] Hub Island has been abandoned for over a decade. Dang, I missed big words. [enters a seaport full of rundown ships] This island is where I trained to be a Seeker. [Kara squeezes herself in the only working ship followed by Finn] Finn: So, wait, why are we going to Founders Island? [Kara sits down] Kara: I'm taking you back to your mom. BMO, would you talk to this console? I can't access it without my implant. [Finn is slowly shellshocked] Finn: Um, you knew my mom?! You're gonna just drop that?! Kara: Her name is Minerva. She's a Helper. [BMO completes configuration] Oh, thanks, BMO. Now let's try and start this sucker. Singer: I heard that you loved me but only for two weeks To be hopeless or not to be, I'm weak with indecision Could we begin again on a terrible date? It would be greatly appreciated by me. I'll wear my normal shoes this time Then maybe you'd like me better in the sunlight If I built a raft, will you stay with me then And fall in love all over again? Minerva: Your world seems so chaotic. Your ruler's a piece of gum, your friend's a vampire, you dated a bit of fire. Your life is constantly in danger! Finn: It's my home. It's where I belong. Minerva: As your mother, I think you belong somewhere safe. It's not your responsibility to fight monsters all the time. Let the grass kid do it, or the vampire girl. Minerva Bot 5, ready the cloud chamber. [Minerva Bot 5 carries the cloud chamber out of the water] Now, be a good boy and get into this machine so it can juice up your precious essence. [Finn gasps, Jake spits his desserts and eats some more. Finn breathes in and out with his eyes closed] Finn: Mom, not only am I not getting juiced, I'm gonna leave this place and take everyone to freedom! [they both leave] Minerva: Okay, sweetie, but I think you'll find everyone's pretty happy here. [on the ship home, Finn puts on the "Better Reality" VR headset. He finds himself in his former childhood home] Finn: Hmm. Homey. Minerva: It was. [Finn turns to see Minerva and they hug each other] Take care of yourself in Ooo. Be careful when you're eating blueberries. Too many can hurt your tummy. [she then starts dissipating] Your ship is moving out of range. Finn: Is this really you? Once you uploaded your brain and stuff, like, are you still the same person? Minerva: I don't know for sure, but I feel like it's me. I hope that's enough. [she dissipates and everything around Finn fades to black. The real Finn takes a moment as a single tear streams down his cheek] Finn: ..Goodbye. Wikipedia has an article about: Adventure Time (season 8)
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Gudbrandsdalen is a valley and traditional district in Oppland. This grand, central valley runs for some 250 km from Lillehammer to the uplands and central mountains. Nicknamed "the valley of valleys" because of its size and variety. In addition to the main valley there is a web of tributaries particularly from the west and the central mountains. The valley makes up more than half of Oppland county. Gudbrandsdalen is surrounded by the highest mountains in Scandinavia. The central mountains to the west create a long rain shadow leaving little precipitation for most of the area. Summers are pleasently warm. The valley hosted major events at the 1994 winter Olympics, alpine skiing venues at Kvitfjell and Hafjell are now popular winter sport resorts. The valley is home to a number of ancient wooden buildings (including stave churches) and other cultural heritage. Overland transport between Oslo and central eastern lowlands to Nordfjord, Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal runs through the valley. 61.770555569.541388891 Otta 61.1146410.467432 Lillehammer 61.833333338.566666673 Lom Lom village is the regional centre in Ottadalen. 61.2422222210.441944441 Hafjell - ski resort (Olympic slalom) 61.4510.122 Kvitfjell - alpine ski resort (Olympic downhill) 61.1716666710.631666673 Nordseter - highland cross-country resort Notable adjacent valleys (tributaries) in Gudbrandsdalen district Ottadalen home of Otta river Heidal and Sjodal home of the Sjoa river Vinstra river valley Frydalen home of Frya river Gausdal and Espedal Gudbrandsdalen stretches from Lillehammer at the northern shores of Lake Mjøsa to the higlands around Dombås and county border with Møre og Romsdal at Geiranger and Bjorli, about 250 km. At the watershed there is in fact a lake, Lesjaskogsvatnet at Lesjaskog, that is shared by Lågen river (flowing east) and Rauma river (flowing west to Åndalsnes). Gudbrandsdalen is home to the great Lågen river, Norway's second biggest. The Gudbrandsdalen district also includes several connected valleys and their tributaries (notably Ottdalen with Otta river, as well as Gausa, Sjoa and Vinstra rivers), large parts of Oppland county falls within this area. These tributaries are among Norway's prettiest and wildest rivers. Many of these rivers, particularly from the west (the right) carry glacial melt water, as can be seen on the opaque color. Hjerkinn and upper Folldal in the Dovre plateau has traditionally been affiliated with Gudbrandsdalen although rivers there flow east to Alvdal. Gudbrandsdalen and adjacent valleys are surrounded by major mountain ranges such as Jotunheimen, Breheimen (next door to Jostedalsbreen), Reinheimen/Tafjord/Romsdalen, Dovrefjell and Rondane. At Otta the main valley is joined by the major Otta valley that also holds the road to Stryn and Geiranger. Because of its central position in the interior of South Norway, Gudbrandsdalen hosts E6 (the main north-south road with branch to Åndalsnes and Ålesund) and the Oslo-Trondheim railway (with arm to Åndalsnes). About 70,000 people live in the area, the regional centre Lillehammer is home to about half the population. Gudbrandsdalen and tributary valleys is a traditional district. This area sits in the rain shadow and is one of the driest areas in Norway. The climate is mostly continental: winters are cold and summers are mild. Bjorli, the most north-western village, receives heavy snowfall and is a popular winter resort. Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright, hiked through the valley in 1862 and compiled material for dramas "Peer Gynt" as well as "Brand". During the invasion of Norway in April 1940, some of the heaviest fighting occurred in Gudbrandsdalen around village Kvam. British troops had landed at Åndalsnes to support the Norwegian Army and with plans to recapture Trondheim. In addition to the sea battle at Narvik, this was the first engagement of Allied and German troops during the war (a few weeks later fighting began in France and Be-Ne-Lux). The British troops were not prepared for the task. There is a war memorial at Kvam. The first US casualty in world war II was the US military attache killed during the bombing of Dombås station. There is a war memorial at Dombås. The King, cabinet and Bank of Norway's gold and cash holdings were evacuated through Gudbrandsdalen towards Åndalsnes and Molde amidst heavy fighting in a bold and legendary operation. The king and the cabinet were hiding in Gudbrandsdalen while waiting for safe passage to unoccupied harbors at Åndalsnes and Molde. This was one of the most dramatic and decisive events in the history of modern Norway. British troops were evacuated on May 2. The failed British campaign in Gudbrandsdalen (and Namsos) led to the downfall of Neville Chamberlain as prime minister and Winston Churchill became prime minister. Ironically, more than 300 years earlier Scottish mercenary troops landed at Åndalsnes and marched through Gudbrandsdalen to join the war in Sweden. Between Otta and Kvam the Scottish troops were slaughtered my local militia in a legendary ambush. This event is also included in the Kvam war memorial. The language is Norwegian with some notable dialect differences, particularly in the northern valley. English is spoken everywhere. Oslo Airport, 140 km south of Lillehammer. A major international airport with flights from the USA and major European cities. Oslo-Trondheim railway (Dovrebanen) via Oslo airport at Gardermoen Dombås-Åndalsnes railway (Raumabanen) See also E6 through Sweden and Norway Oslo-Dombås-Trondheim main road, scenic drive through Dovre plateau Ålesund-Åndalsnes-Dombås, the Bjorli-Dombås stretch runs through Lesja district in Northern Gudbrandsdal, very scenic drive. Otta-Stryn-Måløy main road, scenic drive. Road 51 (Valdresflya pass) from Fagernes (Valdres) to Vågå, scenic drive, national tourist route. Road 55 (Sognefjellet pass) from Sogndal and Luster (Sognefjorden area) to Bøverdalen and Lom, scenic drive, national tourist route. Road 27 from Folldal to Ringbu, also known as Rondane road, national tourist route Road 63 from Geiranger to Skjåk and further to Otta By rail The Oslo-Lillehammer-Trondheim railway (Dovrebanen) runs along the valley until Dombås where the railway climbs onto the Dovrefjell plateau. The Dombås-Åndalsnes railway (Raumabanen) continues along the northernmost section of the valley (Lesja-Bjorli area). There is no railway in the Otta-Lom-Skjåk valley (Ottadalen). 62.06959.12514 Dombås railway station. Dombås junction where the Rauma railway branches off towards Åndalsnes. (updated Sep 2015) By car For more details see: Driving in Norway Lillehammer-Dombås main road Bjorli-Lesja-Dombås Otta-Lom-Skjåk main road (also served by bus) County roads and private (toll) roads into the hinterland 61.66429.68741 Kvam (war memorial). Heavy fighting during second world war between British and German troops. 61.50910.17322 Ringebu Stave Church (Ringebu stavkyrkje), South of Ringebu village (Leave E6 at sign). One of the few remaining of Norway's once countless stave churches. Built around 1200 AD. 50 NOK (interior). 61.8016679.5527783 Sel church (Sel kyrkje), Valley floor just north of Otta village (Close to road E6 at Sel). Wooden church, 1742. Colorful, decorated interior, particularly the rich altarpiece carved in wood, copied largely from Lesja Church. 62.1121648.8539534 Lesja Church (Lesja kyrkje), Valley floor at Lesja village (Leave E136 at sign). A landmark in the high, even valley at Lesja. Noted mainly for the large and unusually rich altarpiece carved in wood, a masterpiece by Jacob Klukstad, Gudbrandsdalen craftsman. Church erected 1749. 61.837728.5684855 Lom. Lom village or more precisely Fossbergom is the regional centre in Lom district and Ottadalen valley (branch of Gudbrandsdalen). Lom village has a fine location at the confluence of Børve river and Otta river, and Børve river creates a fine waterfall in the centre. Lom village has successfully maintained a consistent traditional style of building even for modern buildings. The ancient stave church stands near the centre. (updated Oct 2021) 61.8833339.8166676 Rondane range and national park (Road 27). 24/7. Rondane mountains was protected in 1962 as Norway's first national park. No road through the park but road 27 along the edge, access also from Høvringen at E6 north of Otta. free. (updated Sep 2015) 62.229.5537 Dovrefjell, Dombås-Oppdal-Folldal (Road E6 and Dovre (Trondheim) railway, road 29). 24/7. Dovrefjell mountains/plateau and national park. free. (updated Sep 2015) 61.4888.84238 Jotunheimen range (Road 15 to Vågå (then road 51) or Lom (road 55). Also road 257 Sjoa-Heidal). 24/7. Jotunheimen alpine mountains (national park). free. 61.73789.39139 Sjoa river and Heidal valley (Road 257 from the main valley). 24/7. Heidal is known for its fine ancient wooden architecture, including Bjølstad farm. The Sjoa river, well-known among rafters, flows from Jotunheimen through the valley into the main valley. free. File:Ridderspranget II.jpg Cross-country skiing in all mountain areas and close to towns. 61.17610.6171 Nordseter. Wide network of groomed cross-country trails the hills near Lillehammer (updated Sep 2015) Alpine skiing 61.234910.4472 Hafjell ski resort (Hafjell alpinsenter), Øyer (E6 just north of Lillehammer). Hafjell alpine skiing resort was a 1994 olympic venue. Summer activities too Kvitfjell (1994 Olympic downhill venue) Skeikampen Grotli 62.26428.21183 Bjorli ski resort, Bjorli (Dombås-Åndalsnes along E136 or Rauma railway). Bjorli ski resort does not have big and very steep hills, but plenty of snow and long season. (updated Sep 2015) Dombås Gudbrandsdalen cuts deep into Norway's wilderness and as the big valley is also home to major rivers, including rivers popular among rafters. Warning: Only skilled rafters should go down rivers on their own. There are numerous obstacles such as power stations, rapids, canyons and waterfalls. 61.67929.54574 Sjoa river rafting, Heidal, Sjoa river (Sjoa village and road 257). The Sjoa river is famous and used for rafting - either alone in kayak (only for the very experienced) or on large rafts. Caution: The river is treacherous, go with a guide and get first hand information. Several operators offer rafting. Hiking in mountains and uplands Gudbrandsdalen and adjacent valleys cuts into the base of the central mountains and uplands. Day hikes and in particular multi-day hikes are abundant in these areas: Jotunheimen Breheimen-Stryn Lillehammer-Nordseter-Ringebu-Venabu uplands Rondane-Dovrefjell Dovre-Sunndalsfjella Tafjordfjella-Reinheimen Huldreheimen (West Gausdal-Valdresflya) Hunderfossen Troll Park (Hunderfossen familiepark) (15 km north of Lillehammer on E6). Amusement park (fair) for families (updated Nov 2015) Rondane and Dovrefjell mountains Jotunheimen mountains Valdres - a parallel valley in the uplands Sogn og Fjordane: Luster, Stryn Møre og Romsdal: Åndalsnes and Geiranger Oppdal - ski resort in the Trøndelag uplands Oslo
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Eating Raoul is a 1982 black comedy film about a married couple living in Hollywood who decide to kill swingers to fund their lifelong dream of managing a country kitchen. They eventually cross paths with Raoul, a scheming locksmith, who decides to help them. Directed by Paul Bartel. Written by Paul Bartel and Richard Blackburn. A tasty comedy of bad manners. Hollywood, California: city of contrast. Home to the rich and powerful... yet so popular with the broken and destitute. A center of casual violence and capricious harassment where rampant vice and amorality permeate every stratum of society, and the barrier between food and sex has totally dissolved. Paul: Mary, I just killed a man. Mary: [Looking at a black bag on the floor] He was a man. Now he's just a bag of garbage. Mary: [Talking about how to fund their restaurant] I was thinking about going to the bank and getting a loan. Paul: No bank is gonna loan us any $20,000. Mary: No, I know that. But a bank might loan us $10,000, and then we could sell some of your wine collection. Paul: Sell some of my wine collection? Paul: Why don't you go to bed, honey? I'll bag the Nazi and straighten up. Wikipedia has an article about: Eating Raoul Eating Raoul quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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Population ethics is the philosophical study of the ethical problems arising when our actions affect who is born and how many people are born in the future. For the last thirty years or so, there has been a search underway for a theory that can accommodate our intuitions in regard to moral duties to future generations. The object of this search has proved surprisingly elusive...The main problem has been to find an adequate population theory, that is, a theory about the moral value of states of affairs where the number of people, the quality of their lives, and their identities may vary. Since, arguably, any reasonable moral theory has to take these aspects of possible states of affairs into account when determining the normative status of actions, the study of population theory is of general import for moral theory. Gustaf Arrhenius, Future generations: A challenge for moral theory, Uppsala University, 2000 Total and average utilitarianism are very different theories, and where they differ most is over extinction. If global warming extinguishes humanity, according to total utilitarianism, that would be an inconceivably bad disaster. The loss would be all the future wellbeing of all the people who would otherwise have lived. On the other hand, according to at least some versions of average utilitarianism, extinction might not be a very bad thing at all; it might not much affect the average wellbeing of the people who do live. So the difference between these theories makes a vast difference to the attitude we should take to global warming. According to total utilitarianism, although the chance of extinction is slight, the harm extinction would do is so enormous that it may well be the dominant consideration when we think about global warming. According to average utilitarianism, the chance of extinction may well be negligible. John Broome (1992). Counting the Cost of Global Warming, p. 121 Parfit (1984) rejected Totalism and Averagism...[and] failed to find any alternative axiology that he himself considered satisfactory, but held out hope that...some fully satisfactory population axiology, called 'Theory X' by way of placeholder, might be found. Much of the subsequent literature has consisted of attempts to formulate such a 'Theory X'. However...every extant population axiology is open to serious objection: if it does not entail the Repugnant Conclusion then it entails the Sadistic Conclusion, or is anti-egalitarian, or has obviously unacceptable implications concerning future-people cases, or otherwise leads to some similarly serious objection. If this were where matters rested, one might yet hold out hope that the fully satisfactory 'Theory X' is lurking just around the corner. However, several authors have also formulated impossibility theorems for population axiology. These are formal results that purport to show, for various combinations of intuitively compelling desiderata ('avoid the Repugnant Conclusion', 'avoid the Sadistic Conclusion', 'respect Non-Anti-Egalitarianism', and so forth), that the desiderata are in fact mutually inconsistent: that is, simply as a matter of logic, no population axiology can simultaneously satisfy all of those desiderata Hilary Greaves (2017). Population Axiology, Philosophy Compass, 12(11). One common, but mistaken, response to the impossibility theorems is to turn claim that these theorems are problematic only for consequentialists. It is important to see that this is a mistake. For one thing...all moral theories need an axiology: while non-consequentialists might spend much of their theorising time on the non-axiological part of their theory, the axiological part too must be part of the full normative story at the end of the day. For another, it can be shown...that there are straightforward deontological analogues of the impossibility theorems (concerning the relation 'ought to choose rather than' in place of 'is better than'), so that even a moral theory that has no place for axiology faces essentially the same set of issues. Hilary Greaves (2017). Population Axiology, Philosophy Compass, 12(11). Classical Utilitarians...would claim, as Sidgwick did, that the destruction of mankind would be by far the greatest of all conceivable crimes. The badness of this crime would lie in the vast reduction of the possible sum of happiness. Derek Parfit (1984). Reasons and Persons, Oxford University Press, p. 454 [The Repugnant Conclusion:] For any possible population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some much larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better even though its members have lives that are barely worth living. Derek Parfit (1984). Reasons and Persons, Oxford University Press, p. 342 Is it total or average happiness that we seek to make a maximum?...we foresee as possible that an increase in [population] numbers will be accompanied by a decrease in average happiness...if we take Utilitarianism to prescribe, as the ultimate end of action, happiness on the whole...it would follow that, if the additional population enjoy on the whole positive happiness, we ought to weigh the amount of happiness gained by the extra number against the amount lost by the remainder. So that, strictly conceived, the point up to which, on Utilitarian principles, population ought to be encouraged to increase, is not that at which average happiness is the greatest possible...but that at which the product formed by multiplying the number of persons living into the amount of average happiness reaches its maximum. Henry Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, book 4, chapter 1, section 2 (6th ed., 1901) Another type of ultimate disagreement between utilitarians, whether hedonistic or ideal, can arise over whether we should try to maximize the average happiness of human beings...or whether we should try to maximize the total happiness or goodness...Would you be quite indifferent between (a) a universe containing only one million happy sentient beings, all equally happy, and (b) a universe containing two million happy beings, each neither more nor less happy than any in the first universe? Or would you, as a humane and sympathetic person, give a preference to the second universe? I myself cannot help feeling a preference for the second universe. J. J. C. Smart, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics, in J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism For and Against, 1961, p. 26 It sometimes happens that one possible population is better than another with respect to the distribution of welfare. A population axiology...is a theory of such comparisons. For example, suppose that two populations have the same size, and that in the first population everyone has a happy and fulfilling life, while in the second population every life is unhappy and devoid of meaning. Then any plausible population axiology will rule that the first population is better than the second. Teruji Thomas (2017). Some Possibilities in Population Axiology, Mind, 127(507): 807–832. Wikipedia has an article about: Population ethics Populationethics.org includes a list of essential academic readings on population ethics The Repugnant Conclusion in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Population Ethics in MacAskill, W. and Chappell, R. (2021). Introduction to Utilitarianism: An Online Textbook.
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See this article in English WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review Submit Authors Reviewers Editors About Journals Journals WikiJournal of Medicine WikiJournal of Science WikiJournal of Humanities WikiJournal of PPB WikiJournal Preprints More resources More resources Articles in review Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar Contact WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. Author: Lionel Scheepmans , Wikidata [[:d:|]] Missing or empty |title= (help) This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review. To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form Create peer review location Author info: Catholic University of Louvain, Belgique lionel(ad)scheepmans.be Cette étude a ceci de particulier qu'elle porte sur une communauté épistémique (le mouvement Wikimédia) tout en étant réalisée au sein d'une autre communauté épistémique (l'Université catholique de Louvain). En rejoignant cette idée d'exploiter l'aspect dynamique de la notion de communauté épistémique, il m'est apparu intéressant de montrer à quel point l'enchevêtrement de ces deux communautés, aura influencé ma façon de voir les choses, de les traiter et d'en rendre compte. Voici donc un ensemble de réflexions et positionnements méthodologiques, épistémologiques et déontologiques, issus de cette rencontre. Alain Testart disait : « La méthode, en tant que moyen, ne peut être que subordonnée à une finalité : l'étude d'un objet scientifique. L'objet justifie la méthode. C'est donc par lui qu'il faut commencer lorsque nous nous demandons : comment définir l'anthropologie sociale ? ». Jean-Paul Colleyn à son tour, affirma qu' « il y a aujourd’hui autant d’anthropologies qu’il y a d’objets d’études (anthropologie de l’art, de la musique, de la religion, de la santé ou de la perception) [...] ». Michael Singleton conclura ensuite en disant que « l'anthropologie ça n’existe pas, [...] ce qui existe réellement, ce sont des anthropologues ». Dans le prolongement de ces affirmations, et selon ma propre expérience, j'aurais à mon tour envie de dire qu'au-delà des objets d'études et de la personnalité des chercheurs, il y a finalement aussi autant d'anthropologies possibles qu'il y a de terrains de recherche et d'environnements institutionnels. En effet, tout au long de mon observation participante au sein du mouvement Wikimédia et de mon intégration au sein du laboratoire d'anthropologie prospective de l'Université de Louvain, s'est installée petit à petit ce que Pierre-Joseph Laurent appellera sans doute une double « familiarité informée ». De cette double adaptation découlera un changement dans ma façon de voir la science. Ce changement est ici illustré par différentes postures dont la première répondra au besoin de vouloir situer mon travail parmi les nombreuses disciplines scientifiques coexistantes et souvent partisanes regroupées au sein du domaine des sciences humaines et sociales. En avril 2011, J'ai eu pour idée d'écrire mon mémoire de fin de Master intitulé : Culture FR Wikipédia, Monographie ethnographique de la communauté des contributeurs actifs sur l'espace francophone de Wikipédia au sein même de Wikipédia. J'avais ainsi pour souhait de faire d'une pierre deux coups en écrivant mon ethnographie au sein même de mon terrain d'observation participante dans une sorte de processus récursif. Malheureusement, il s'est avéré que cela n'était pas possible en raison du premier des cinq « principes fondateurs » du projet encyclopédique stipulant que : « Wikipédia est une encyclopédie ». Une affirmation triviale de premier abord, mais qui permet au final de se mettre d'accord sur tout « ce que Wikipédia n'est pas ». À la lecture de ce contenu, j’apprenais donc à mes dépens que : « Les essais personnels et travaux inédits (TI) n'ont pas leur place sur Wikipédia. ». On me redirigea dès lors vers un autre projet intitulé Wikiversité que je ne connaissais pas à l'époque bien qu'il faisait partie de plus d'une dizaine d'autres projets collaboratifs appelés « projets frères de Wikipédia » (voir figure 1 ci-contre). Je me rendis donc sur la page d'accueil du site Wikiversité et j'y découvris avec grand intérêt que ce projet était un lieu dédié au « partage de contenus pédagogiques et à la rédaction de travaux de recherche ». Après avoir annoncé mon arrivée au sein du projet par un message déposé sur la page d'une sorte de forum général intitulé « la salle café », j'ai ensuite cherché l'endroit dans lequel je pouvais situer mon travail. Au cours de cette recherche, Crochet.david, un enseignant en électrotechnique administrateur du projet Wikiversité qui avait déjà répondu de manière sympathique à mon message d'arrivée, me proposait sur son espace de discussion utilisateur, de placer mon travail parmi les « travaux de recherche en sociologie ». J'en resterai très surpris jusqu'à la découverte de l'organigramme du projet Wikiversité dans lequel l'anthropologie apparaissait comme départements de la faculté de sociologie. Cette situation m’apparut extrêmement compliquée, car non seulement je devais demander l'accord de mon promoteur pour écrire mon mémoire en ligne et en temps réel sur un site internet, mais en plus, je devais à présent lui dire que ce mémoire réalisé dans le cadre d'un master en anthropologique, serait publié dans une faculté de sociologie. Connaissant la scission très claire au sein de mon université entre sociologues et anthropologues, je me suis senti quelque peu désarmé face à cette situation. J'ai alors tenté de placer mon travail au niveau du département d'anthropologie de la Wikiversité sans faire mention de la faculté de sociologie. Mais David Crochet, de son vrai nom, est alors revenu vers moi pour me dire que « les projets sont associés aux facultés et non aux départements. ». S'entame alors un débat qui fut transféré dans la salle café qu'il soit accessible aux autres membres de la communauté. Au terme des discussions, nous sommes finalement arrivés à la conclusion qu'il fallait que je lance une prise de décision pour renommer la faculté de sociologie. Lors de cette prise de décision, JackPotte, un ingénieur en informatique et autre administrateur du site, avait déposé un message pour nous tenir informés de la classification décimale universelle. Dans cette version de la CDU, le terme anthropologie y apparaissait plusieurs fois, une fois dans le champ des sciences sociales (anthropologie culturelle) et une autre fois dans le champ de la biologie (anthropologie physique). Une telle information m'encouragea d'autant plus à renommer la faculté de sociologie en faculté de socio-anthropologie de telle sorte à pouvoir, avec un seul mot et de façon explicite, de regrouper la sociologie et l'anthropologie au sein d'une même faculté, tout en y excluant de celle-ci l'anthropologie physique. L'acceptation de ma proposition à l'unanimité, fut pour moi une double satisfaction. D'une part celle de pouvoir présenter mon projet de mémoire dans de bonnes conditions, d'autre part, celle d'avoir lancé et participé pour la première fois à une prise de décision au sein du mouvement Wikimédia. Cependant, cette expérience suscita chez moi un certain questionnement. Comment en effet une séparation entre la sociologie et l'anthropologie a-t-elle pu voir le jour et comment a-t-elle pu persister jusqu'à nos jours ? Coïncidence ou presque, j'ai trouvé réponse à cette question dans une revue intitulée « socio-anthropologie », fondée en 1997 par Pierre Bouvier, avec pour ambition d'aborder « les déstructurations et les recompositions qui sont au cœur du monde contemporain ». Dans le premier numéro de cette revue, on y cite Yves Grafmeyer qui se remémore qu'à une certaine époque « l’anthropologie, la science de l’homme, s’est consacrée principalement à l'étude des peuples primitifs ». Et on y découvre par la suite dans le texte l'idée selon laquelle « l’anthropologie incombe à l’étude des sociétés sans écriture où se révèlent des cultures exotiques tandis que reviennent de droit à la sociologie les sociétés avancées dans l’urbanisation et l’industrialisation. ». Voici donc qui répondait à ma question sur l'origine du clivage entre anthropologie et sociologie. Mais il ne s'agit là que d'une explication sur les origines, car aujourd'hui, l'expression « peuples primitifs » a disparu et la notion d'exotisme, a perdutout son sens dès lors qu'un laboratoire d'anthropologie situé en Belgique peut rassembler des chercheurs originaires des quatre coins d'un monde. Quant aux sociétés dites « avancées » dans l'urbanisation et l'industrialisation, il y a bien longtemps qu'elles ont dépassé les frontières de l'occident. D'autre part, et ce dès la fin du vingtième siècle, l'anthropologie s'est intéressée de plus en plus au monde occidental et contemporain. Parmi les premiers travaux attestant ce changement, on retrouvera par exemple les travaux d'observations participantes réalisés dans le monde du travail par Pierre Bouvier déjà cité précédemment. Il fut avec Marc Augé par ailleurs, l'un des premiers anthropologues francophones à parler d'une « Socio-anthropologie du contemporain ». Mobiliser de nos jours la question d'exotisme et d'un prétendu stade d'avancement des sociétés pour dissocier l'anthropologie de la sociologie n'a donc plus aucun sens. Reste alors la possibilité de distinguer la sociologie et l'anthropologie de par leurs méthodes. Mais, là aussi, les choses se discutent. Car suite à l'arrivée du courant interactionniste au sein de l'école de Chicago, les pratiques anthropologiques, telles que l'ethnographie et l'observation participante adoptées par la sociologie. Harold Garfinkel professeur de sociologie à Harvard, n'hésitera d'ailleurs pas en 1967 a mobilisé l'expression « ethnométhodologie » pour situer sa méthode de travail. De tels changements de paradigmes feront apparaitre « les conflits des méthodes en sociologie » dont l’existence rendra caduque l'argument de la méthode pour spécifiquement distinguer l'anthropologique de la sociologique. En vérité, on est en droit de se demander aujourd'hui quels sont encore les sociologues qui pourraient se voir interdire la pratique de l'ethnographie, de l'étude de cas, ou autre démarche inductive ? Et réciproquement, quels anthropologues pourraient encore dire de nos jours que l'analyse quantitative des données de terrain et que la formulation de questions de départ seraient à proscrire de toute démarche anthropologique ? Au terme de ce raisonnement, je suis donc tenté de croire que ce qui sépare l'anthropologie de la sociologie de nos jours, n'est rien d'autre que le maintien qu'un certain « corporatisme » présent au sein de nos universités. De celui-ci sera né certainement cette réputation de « panier de crabes » attribuée au milieu académique par celui du politique. Un constat bien triste finalement puisque que toute attitude sectaire nuira toujours à l'ouverture d'esprit et à l'échange entre chercheurs et donc in fine au progrès et au développement des connaissances et de la science en général. Rappelons-nous enfin du concept de « complétude étude » présenté dans un contexte précédant et inspiré des travaux de Ken Wilber remarquablement vulgarisés dans son ouvrage intitulé : « Une brève histoire de tout ». Ne se met-il pas ici tout à propos, pour penser à briser les barrières qui séparent l'anthropologie de la sociologie ? Ne nous invite-t-il pas aussi à briser toutes autres barrières qui sépareraient les chercheurs de toutes disciplines confondues dans le but de les rassembler autour d'une même cause universelle ? Celle d'une complétude étude quadridimentionnelle (culturelle, sociale, psychique et intentionnelle) de tout objet scientifique ? Par chance et comme le dira Rémi Bachelet, maître de conférences à l'École Centrale de Lille et contributeur du projet depuis septembre 2009, sur Wikiversité, « on est loin des guerres de disciplines ! ». Une raison pour laquelle sans doute, je m'y suis senti libre d'y concevoir le concept de « complétude étude » et d'intégrer au sein d'une étude qui se voulait au départ purement ethnographique, des données quantitatives et statistiques issues du terrain et aussi incontournables que problématiques de par leurs surabondances. Suite à cette première expérience de terrain, viendra une autre remise en question portant cette fois sur la manière d'intégrer au sein d'un travail ethnographique typiquement considéré comme étude qualitative, une multitude de données quantitatives ou statistiques et de textes de discussions librement accessibles sur mon terrain d’études. Pour clarifier les choses, il est peut-être bon de se rappeler qu'une donnée quantitative, au contraire d'une donnée qualitative, se caractérise par quelque chose de mesurable. Comme exemple trivial, nous avons cette citation de Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight au sujet des éditeurs de Wikipédia : « You can imagine probably 90 percent being men », l'information « 90 % » sera d'ordre quantitatif tandis que l'information « homme » sera d'ordre qualitatif. Mais, encore faut-il garder à l'esprit qu'une donnée quantitative peut devenir la source d'une donnée qualitative et vice versa. Les 29 entailles présentes sur l'os de Lebombo, le plus ancien bâton de comptage connu à ce jour, en est un très bel exemple. Ces marques attestent en effet d'une part, que les premières manifestations scripturales humaines étaient d'ordre quantitatif, mais elles nous permettent aussi de supposer d'autre part, en référence à leur nombre (donnée quantitative), qu'elles furent réalisées par une femme africaine (donnée qualitative) en référence à son cycle menstruel. Il est donc important de souligner ici qu'une étude dite qualitative, ne pourrait se permettre d'ignorer, ou même de négliger, des données quantitatives quand elles se présentent sur le terrain. Et comme dit précédemment, il se fait que l'espace en ligne du mouvement Wikimédia regorge d'une quantité insondable de données quantitatives, tantôt à l'état brut, tantôt sous forme de tableaux statistiques et d'illustrations libres d'accès et d'utilisation. Pour comprendre cette situation, il faut savoir que la grande majorité des sites Web contenant les projets Wikimédia sont gérés par un programme informatique appelé MediaWiki et que ce programme enregistre instantanément et automatiquement la totalité des actions faites par les contributeurs et les programmes informatiques qu'ils y mettent en œuvre, et ce dès la création du site. Toutes ces données sont par la suite archivées et rendues accessibles, à quelques exceptions près, à tout internaute via un classement chronologique et paramétrable d'hyperliens listés dans des pages de journaux ou des pages d'historiques de contributions (voir figures 2 et 3 ci-dessous). En plus de leurs archivages et de leurs facilités d’accès, toutes ces informations sont publiées sous licence creative commons CC.BY.SA. Selon les termes de cette licence, les données contenues sur ces pages sont donc libres d'exploitation et de republication, tel quel, ou dans des travaux dérivés. Seules deux conditions encadre cette liberté : il faut premièrement, « créditer l'Œuvre, intégrer un lien vers la licence et indiquer si des modifications ont été effectuées à l'œuvre », deuxièmement, « diffuser l'œuvre modifiée dans les même [sic] conditions, c'est à dire [sic] avec la même licence avec laquelle l'œuvre originale a été diffusée ». Cette licence creative commons représente donc une véritable aubaine pour les chercheurs et surtout pour les statisticiens comme pourra en attester l’existence d'une multitude de sites web présentant des analyses effectuées parfois en temps réel au départ de données récoltées sur les sites Wikimédia via une interface de programmation d’application (API). À leurs tours, licence oblige, ces analyses statistiques sont publiées sous licence CC.BY.SA et reviennent donc disponibles pour les chercheurs sous les conditions que celles évoquées précédemment. Au-delà de cette profusion de données quantitatives et statistiques, le mouvement Wikimédia est aussi producteur d'une quantité insondable d'informations textuelles susceptibles de constituer des corpus de tailles considérables. Toute cette information est disponible sur de nombreux lieux de discussions disséminés au sein des projets, des listes de diffusions de courriels et plus récemment sur l'espace communautaire Wikimedia space actif du 25 juin 2019 au 18 février 2020 comme espace de discussion et maintenu par la suite comme simple espace blog. Cette surabondance d'informations textuelles n'est pas propre à l'environnement Wikimédia, et semblerait plutôt liée au contexte numérique. Olivier Servais, ethnographe au sein de l'univers virtuel World of Warcraft en témoigne lorsqu'il se pose des questions similaires aux miennes : « Comment dès lors concilier cette gestion de données massives avec cette ambition qualitative ? Comment faire du big data textuel qualitatif dans ce contexte numérique ? » Face à cette question, je me suis donc retrouvé probablement au même titre que mon promoteur à devoir me situer entre deux positions extrêmes : soit faire l'impasse sur un traitement exhaustif des données statistiques et textuelles au risque d'offrir une vision partielle et potentiellement fausse de la réalité, soit se lancer dans un traitement informatisé des données quantitatives et des corpus linguistiques au risque cette fois de manquer de compétence, de temps d'investigation et de puissance informatique. À force de pratique, et après plusieurs années de tâtonnement il faut bien le dire, j'en suis finalement arrivé à établir une sorte de processus d'aller-retour entre ces deux extrêmes. D'un côté, je me suis attelé par moment à un traitement informatique et statistique des données de terrain, alors que d'un autre côté et à d'autres moments, j'ai poursuivi un travail ethnographique plus classique d'observation participante durant lequel le classique entretien semi-directif laissait place à la discussion informelle au sein de l'espace numérique Wikimédia. Pendant que le traitement informatisé m'apportait des informations utiles à l’accomplissement de mon travail ethnographique, celles apportées par mon observation participante et mes discussions me permettaient en retour, d'orienter mes choix dans le traitement informatique d'autres donnée, et ainsi de suite. En fin de compte, cet aller-retour constituera ainsi une belle façon de soulager un travail de recherche au sein d'un espace numérique qui pourrait s'avérer très éprouvant si l'on ne prend garde de combler en matière d'activité intellectuelle, un manque de variation au niveau de l'activité physique. Comme exemple de traitement des données quantitatives, voici comme cas de figure une analyse statistique faite au départ des rapports financiers publiés sur le site de la fondation Wikimedia. Cette analyse aura abouti à la production d'un histogramme (figure 4 ci-dessous) très parlant concernant les dépenses de la fondation qui m'aura permis en date du 26 juin 2018 de mettre à jour l'article du projet Wikipédia francophone consacré à la fondation Wikimédia. Sur base d'une source qui datait de 2009, on pouvait y lire en effet cette information obsolète suivante : « Près de la moitié des ressources financières [de la fondation] sont utilisées pour acheter de nouveaux serveurs et payer l'hébergement ». À la vue du tableau, cette information apparaissait pourtant déjà erronée en 2009 où l'on pouvait déjà deviner qu'une partie croissante du budget de la fondation serait alloué au paiement des salaires de ses employés. Le coût d'hébergement des projets éditoriaux quant à lui, restera relativement et contre intuitivement stable à partir de 2012. Il apparait donc ici clairement qu'un travail comptable et statistique, aussi rébarbatif qu'il puisse paraître pour un chercheur habitué aux études qualitatives, fut nécessaire pour rectifier des informations fournies par un simple travail d'observation ethnographique. Il aurait de fait été possible de se fier par exemple au contenu erroné et probablement récupérée de l'article Wikipédia contenue dans une vidéo du WikiMOOC de 2017 dans laquelle on pouvait entendre : « D'où viennent les fonds de la Wikimedia foundation ? Car fournir l'infrastructure technique, les serveurs pour le cinquième site Web le plus visité au monde, ce n'est pas gratuit. ». Prenons à présent un autre exemple qui concernera cette fois le traitement des données textuelles. Il s'agit dans cet exemple d'exploiter l'une des 300 listes de diffusion réparties par projets et sphères linguistiques au sein du mouvement Wikimédia. Tous ces échanges de courriels sont de fait archivés mois par mois, historicisés et rendus librement disponibles sous licence CC.BY.SA au niveau d'un site hébergé par la fondation Wikimédia. Au départ des archives de la liste de diffusion intitulée « Wikimedia-l », réputée être un espace de discussion pour la communauté wikimédienne au sens large, il est possible de constituer rapidement des corpus textuels et les soumettre à un logiciel de traitement automatique du langage naturel. Le logiciel choisi fut TXM, un programme informatique développé par deux universités françaises. Ce programme me permit par exemple de découvrir au départ d'une simple requête lexicale, et en référence au mot « the » apparaissant à une fréquence de 1 869 554 fois, que le signe « @ » apparaissait dans le corpus 879 105 fois, tout de suite suivi du mot « gmail » apparaissant lui 877 346 fois. Une simple requête au départ de laquelle on peut donc conclure que les utilisateurs de cette liste de diffusion communiquent en toute grande majorité au départ d'un compte Google. On y verra ensuite que les premiers noms/prénoms apparaissant dans la liste seront « Gerard » (27 888), suivit de « Erik » (21 924) et de David (20 624). Une analyse des occurrences dans le texte permettra ensuite de voir que les prénoms « Gérard » sont associés à la personne de « Gerard Meijssen » (11 096) faisant l'objet d'un article sur Wikidata mais aussi de « David Gerard » (12 717) dont on peut retrouver la page utilisateur détaillée sur Wikipédia et que le prénom « Erik » est principalement associé à la personne d'« Erik Moeller » (8 616) présentée dans un article de Wikipédia. Grâce à ce nouvel exercice, il nous est enfin permis de remarquer d'une part, qu'il existe une grande corrélation entre la participation à la liste de diffusion et la possession d'un compte gmail, mais aussi d'autre part, qui devient possible de repérer les personnes très actives au sein de la liste et même de connaitre leur adresse de courrier électronique. Ces informations apporteront de toute évidence une aide utile au travail ethnographique puisque elles permettront de connaitre et de contacter des interlocuteurs privilégiés susceptibles de narrer de façon globale et historique ce qui se passe dans ce lieu de discussions. Dans des analyses et fonctions plus poussées, TXM permettra aussi de faire apparaître des illustrations graphiques permettant par exemple de visualiser l'évolution de la fréquence d'un mot au sein des conversations. L'exemple ici sera repris du mot « harassement » (harcèlement en français) que l'on voit évoluer en fonction de son nombre d'apparitions au sein de la liste de diffusion (voir figure 5 ci-dessous). Ce graphique m'aura permis de constater que la question du harcèlement rencontrée au niveau de mes observations ethnographiques n'est pas un épiphénomène à la communauté des éditeurs du projet Wikipédia francophone et qu'il est apparu relativement tôt et par vagues successives dans l'histoire du mouvement Wikimédia . En retour à cette analyse, il apparait donc utile de reparler du phénomène durant les conversations de terrain et de maintenir un certaine vigilance quant à son observation. Pour gagner du temps et éviter de trop solliciter les acteurs de terrains, un retour vers le corpus textuel et TXM permettra aussi une analyse en plein texte. Dans la figure 6 ci-dessous, nous pouvons voir comment au départ du contenu de la liste de diffusion Wikimedia-l, l'outil de recherche de concordance de TXM permet d'afficher la liste des extraits de textes contenant le mot harassment en les centrant sur ce dernier. À partir du moment où le sujet du harcèlement apparait donc comme un thème central au sein du mouvement Wikimédia, il devient alors intéressant d'en faire une éventuelle étude de cas afin de pouvoir illustrer au mieux le phénomène. Pour ce faire il serait par exemple intéressant de repartir de son propre vécu ou de repartir d'un témoignage comme celui très documenté sur l'une des pages utilisatrice d'une contributrice répondant au nom d'utilisatrice « Idéalité ». Après avoir reconsidéré les choses en détails, il sera par la suite de nouveau possible de repartir vers une analyse textométrique plus poussée encore, basé cette fois sur de nouveaux corpus formés au départ des espaces de discussion sélectionné en fonction de l'apparition du terme « Idéalité » dans l'idée cette fois de retirer de nouvelles informations qui pourrait contrebalancer le discourt d'idéalités et par la même occasion s'octroyer un accès rapide et localisé aux propos qu'elle aura échangés avec d'autres contributeurs. Nous l'aurons donc compris, la méthode proposée ici repose sur un aller-retour entre différentes approches précédemment présentée au travers du concept de « complétude étude ». Et voyons à présent quelle posture adopter pour référencer les informations extraites des archives numériques, dans le but de les rendre consultables et vérifiables par les lecteurs. Grâce à ce nouvel engagement méthodologique, ils auront en effet le loisir, au départ de ces sources, de se faire une opinion propre et éventuellement divergente de ce qui leur sera transmis dans cet ouvrage. La « vérifiabilité » dans l'univers Wikimédia, peut être vue comme une déclinaison particulière de la réfutabilité empirique et théorique introduite par Karl Popper dans sa démarcation entre science et non-science. Alors que Karl Popper demande aux scientifiques d'offrir à leurs pairs un maximum d'informations utiles à la corroboration d'une théorie pour en déterminer sa scientificité au départ d'un ratio réfutabilité/falsifiabilité, les wikipédiens quant à eux, établiront une règle de vérifiabilité selon laquelle « une information ne peut être mentionnée que si les lecteurs peuvent la vérifier ». Ce qui apparait donc indispensable aux yeux des wikipédiens francophones, « c'est que toutes les informations susceptibles d'être contestées, ainsi que toutes les théories, opinions, revendications ou arguments, soient attribués à une source identifiable et vérifiable ». En résumé, il en résulte donc qu'au sein de ce projet encyclopédique que « toute affirmation contestée ou susceptible de l'être doit être explicitement attribuée à une publication de qualité. On peut supprimer une affirmation invérifiable. En cas de contestation, c'est à celui qui veut insérer une information qu'il revient d'en mentionner la source ». Ainsi, le point commun entre la proposition de Karl Popper et la règle wikipédienne sera une certaine recherche de réfutabilité au travers d'une expérimentation différée. Au niveau de la différence, la méthode de Popper concernera donc les théories, alors que la règle de Wikipédia concerne les informations. De la règle de vérifiabilité wikipédienne, découlera non plus la nécessité d'apporter un maximum d'informations utiles à la corroboration mais simplement de citer ses sources, entendu que « tout contenu, mis en doute ou susceptible d'être mis en doute, doit être étayé par une annotation menant à une ou plusieurs références qui s'appuient sur des sources fiables et clairement identifiées ». La position de Karl Popper fut toute fois critiquée par Jean-Claude Passeron qui dira que de telles attentes épistémologiques sont incompatibles avec « la pertinence empirique des énoncés sociologiques [qui] ne peuvent être définie que dans une situation de prélèvement de l’information sur le monde qui est celle de l’observation historique, jamais celle de l’expérimentation. ». Il est vrai, que le lecteur d'un ouvrage scientifique en science sociale sera toujours dans l'incapacité de revivre au même instant et donc dans des circonstances identiques, l'expérience ou l'observation d'un phénomène décrit par un auteur. C'est d'ailleurs pour cette raison que Jean-Claude Passeron introduira le terme « historicité » afin d'offrir aux sciences, historiques par nature, un régime de vérité différent des sciences dites de la nature. À cette impasse épistémologique d'ordre temporel peut s'ajouter une autre impasse d'ordre spatial dans le cas de travaux ethnographiques réalisés sur des terrains éloignés ou difficilement accessible pour le lecteur. En socio-anthropologie certains auteurs parlent d'ailleurs d'un « pacte ethnographique » grâce auquel « seuls les ethnologues se sentent libérés d'expliquer comment ils ont su tirer d'une expérience unique un ensemble de connaissances dont ils demandent à tous d'accepter la validité. ». À ce sujet, l'une des polémiques les plus connues concerne les écris de Carlos Castañeda. Traduis en 17 langues et vendus à 8 millions d'exemplaires, les 15 livres de Castañeda sont considérés aujourd'hui comme une œuvre autobiographie productrice de faux. Dans ses ouvrages Castañeda décrit un enseignement reçu par un mystérieux chaman répondant au nom de Don Juan Matus, dont personne n'a jamais réussi à retrouver la trace. Robert Marshall retrace en quelques lignes l'histoire de cette polémique : « Le statut des livres en tant qu'anthropologie sérieuse n'a pratiquement pas été remis en question pendant cinq ans. Le scepticisme a augmenté en 1972 après que Joyce Carol Oates, dans une lettre au New York Times, ait exprimé son étonnement qu'un critique ait accepté les livres de Castañeda comme non fiction. L'année suivante, le New York Times publia un article de couverture révélant que Castañeda avait beaucoup menti sur son passé. Au cours de la décennie suivante, plusieurs chercheurs, notamment Richard de Mille, fils du légendaire réalisateur, ont travaillé sans relâche pour démontrer que le travail de Castañeda était un canular. ». Un tel épisode soulèvera donc la question de savoir où se place la limite entre l'ethnographie et la fiction ?. À cette question Karl Popper répondra qu'il faut expérimenter à nouveau le vécu de l'ethnographe en retournant sur le terrain alors que Jean-Claude Passeron l'impossibilité de le faire. D'ailleurs, les informateurs seront-ils toujours vivants ? N'auront-ils pas changé d'avis ou de point de vue ? Quel sera aussi le lecteur qui pourra partir à la recherche Don Juan Matus le shaman de Castañeda ? Voici donc toutes les impasses qui pousseront le lecteur à adhérer au pacte ethnographique, ou le cas échéant, à considérer sa lecture comme une potentielle œuvre de fiction. Cependant avec le nouveau cadre informationnel apporté par la révolution numérique, ces impasses peuvent s'atténuer petit à petit et même complètement disparaître dans le cas d'une étude uniquement basée sur une observation du Web. Ce dernier cas de figure est d'autant plus vrai dans le cadre de cette étude faite au sein d'un espace numérique totalement transparent et archivée tel que nous l'avons déjà partiellement décrit. Grâce au logiciel MediaWiki qui sauvegarde tous l'historique des activités en ligne pour le rendre librement accessible à tous, il devient en effet possible d'offrir aux lecteurs un accès à l’information telle qu'elle aura été découverte par le chercheur. De plus, dans ce contexte bien précis, la contrainte d'historicité soulevé par Passeron disparaît totalement étant donné que l'information archivée sera par définition figée dans le temps et ne subira donc aucune altération entre le moment de sa récolte et celui de sa redécouverte par le lecteur. Concrètement parlant, il suffit pour cela de fournir des hyperliens ou plus précisément des permaliens qui redirigeront les lecteurs vers des pages Internet qui resteront dans l'état ou elles auront été examinées par le chercheur. Dans l'interface de MediaWiki, ces permaliens sont accessibles via l’item « Lien permanent » situé dans la colonne de gauche apparaissant sur toutes les pages des projets. De manière plus précise encore, il est aussi possible de fournir un lien vers une page qui affichera les « différences entre versions » aussi appelées « diffs » dans le jargon wikipédien. Ces pages « diff » dans lesquelles apparaît surligné dans un cadre de gauche ce qui a été supprimé et en gras dans un cadre de droite ce qui a été ajouté, sont toutes accessibles au départ des historiques des pages de contenus et permettent de visualiser directement l'état de ces dernières avant et après une modification (voir figure 7). L'avantage principal de cette méthode par rapport aux permaliens, est que le nom de l'auteur la modification et le moment exact où elle a été faite sera directement visible sans aucune autre manipulation. Sur Wikipédia, produire les hyperliens pointant vers des pages « diffs » représente d'ailleurs une procédure courante dans le cadre d'une protestation adressée à la communauté. Dans le cadre d'une contestation du statut d'administrateur, il est par ailleurs clairement stipulé qu'« une contestation doit être expliquée et étayée par des diffs ou entrées de journal, sinon elle n'est pas valide ». Ces pages « diffs » ou du journal des activités permettent ainsi à chacun de valider ou de « réfuter » les accusations portées à l'encontre d'un administrateur du site. Typiquement, on y retrouvera des liens pointant vers des propos ou des actes contraires aux règles et recommandations en vigueurs au sein des projets. À nouveau donc, nous voyons que l'univers épistémique Wikimédia aura servi d’inspiration sur la manière d'organiser mon travail ethnographique. De manière concrète, voici donc les résolutions sur la manière dont je citerai les source utilisée dans ce présent travail dès lors qu'elles seront en provenance du Web : Chaque fois qu’apparaîtra une information en provenance d'une page Web, celle-ci serra systématiquement suivie d'un appel de note sous forme d'un chiffre en exposé précédé de la lettre W majuscule. Ces appels de notes permettront ainsi aux lecteurs de trouver les permaliens qui lui permettront de retrouver les sources de toutes ces informations dans un état identique à celui de mes observations. Quand l'information proviendra d'une page MediaWiki, deux cas de figure sont possibles. S'il s'agit d'une information issue d'une page organisationnel, la référence pointera vers le lien permanent de la page dans sa version consultée. S'il s'agit d'une information au sujet des dires ou des faits d'un acteur de terrain, la référence pointera alors vers la page « diff » présentant les différences entre la version pré et post écriture ou le journal des actions utilisateurs. Enfin, si la page n'est pas issue d'un site MediaWiki, la référence pointera dans ce cas vers une version archivée de la page conservée et visualisable sur le site du projet Internet Archive. L'aboutissement d'un tel processus sera donc la mise en place d'une section webographie qui trouvera sa place au côté de la traditionnelle section bibliographie de tout ouvrage scientifique et permettra de la sorte de distinguer aisément au sein de ce travail ce qui aura été produit au départ de sources primaires de ce qui aura été produit au départ de sources secondaires. Malheureusement, ce qu'il est possible d'offrir à tout lecteur internaute au niveau des sources webographiques primaires, sera malheureusement impossible au niveau des sources bibliographiques secondaires. En effet, depuis longtemps déjà, ces sources font l'objet d'une dramatique marchandisation rendant leurs accès, y compris numérique, payant et donc limité. Aux yeux de certains, cette situation est le résultat d'un « oligopole d’éditeurs qui tire un profit maximum du fait que laboratoires scientifiques et chercheurs sont évalués en fonction des revues ou des maisons d’édition où ils publient leurs résultats ». Dans un tel contexte et suite à ce que nous avons déjà débattu en début de cette section, aux « questions d'éthique concernent la publication scientifique » s’ajoute désormais d'autres questions épistémiques cette fois, liées à une possible réfutabilité ou vérifiabilité des sources secondaires citées dans un ouvrage. Elles sont supposées exister bien sûr, mais sans y avoir accès, c'est alors là un nouveau pacte que l'on demande aux lecteurs de signer. Un pacte qui regroupera cette fois un ensemble de trois acceptations : une première sur l’existence des sources, une deuxième sur le fait qu'elles ont été pleinement exploitées sans être détournées, soit par déformations des propos, soit par omission du contexte dans lequel elles furent initialement exposées, et une troisième enfin sur le fait que la vérifiabilité de ces sources soit soumise à une marchandisation et donc fatalement une exclusion des personnes les plus démunies financièrement. Un tel pacte, et surtout sa troisième acceptation, n'est-il pas finalement encore plus problématique que le pacte ethnographique dont nous parlions précédemment ? Doit-on en effet accepter que la pratique de la science ainsi que la réfutation de ses propos soit l’apanage d'une franche limitée de notre communauté humaine ? N'est-il pas temps enfin de penser à une science où toute information serait inconditionnellement accessible à tous et dans le respect de tous ? Comme nous allons le voir, les questions d'ouverture, de transparence ne sont pas nouvelles dans le secteur de la recherche scientifique. Depuis longtemps déjà, un mouvement s'est créé autour de l'expression « Open Science » avec l'apparition en 1999 du site openscience.org dédié à l'écriture et à la diffusion de logiciels scientifiques libres et open source. L'expression anglaise se verra traduite en français par celle de « science ouverte » qu'il ne faut pas confondre avec l'expression « Science libre » qui désigne le nom d'un magazine publié sous copyright. Le mouvement des sciences ouvertes peut être considéré comme l'héritier de celui du logiciel libre lancé par Richard Stallman dans les années 80. En lançant son projet de système d'exploitation intitulé GNU le 27 septembre 1983 sur la newsletter net.unix-wirards via Arpanet, Stallman faisait appel à la règle d'or pour promouvoir son projet. Il la reformulera et la contextualisera en ces termes : « si j'aime un programme, je dois le partager avec d'autres ». Un extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé : « Richard Stallman et la révolution du logiciel libre » nous permettra de découvrir les origines et les enjeux du mouvement du logiciel libre : « Stallman propose de classer les œuvres soumises au copyright en trois catégories. La première, fonctionnelle, comprend les logiciels informatiques, les dictionnaires, les manuels. La deuxième comprend les œuvres ayant rôle de témoignage — par exemple des documents scientifiques ou historiques. Leur fonction pourrait être mise à mal si les auteurs comme les lecteurs étaient libres de les modifier à volonté. Cette catégorie inclut aussi les œuvres d’expression personnelle — journaux intimes, autobiographies ... — dont la modification reviendrait à falsifier les souvenirs d’une personne ou ses opinions, ce que Stallman considère comme injustifiable d’un point de vue éthique. Enfin, la troisième catégorie concerne les travaux artistiques et de divertissement. Les droits accordés aux utilisateurs de chaque œuvre doivent, pour Stallman, être adaptés au type d’œuvre. Ainsi pour la première catégorie des œuvres fonctionnelles, les utilisateurs devraient-ils se voir conférer le droit illimité d’en faire des versions modifiées. Pour les deuxième et troisième catégories, les droits de l’utilisateur devraient être modulés selon le souhait de l’auteur. Cependant, Stallman insiste sur le fait que, quelle que soit la catégorie de l’œuvre, la liberté de copier et de redistribuer de manière non commerciale devrait s’appliquer intégralement et en tout temps. Si cela signifie de laisser les internautes imprimer une centaine de copies d’un article, d’une image, d’une chanson ou d’un livre et ensuite d’en distribuer par courriel les copies à une centaine d’étrangers, alors qu’il en soit ainsi. » Voici à présent à présent un autre extrait d'ouvrage intitulé cette fois : « Science ouverte, le défi de la transparence » qui nous permettra de saisir comment le mouvement des sciences ouverte se sera approprié l'héritage de Stalleman : « Bien au-delà de l'accès ouvert, la science ouverte s'étend sur un champ très vaste et prend en compte, dans un effort de rénovation et de modernisation, l'ensemble des problématiques de la recherche et de ses conséquences, telles que l'ouverture et la gestion des données de recherche, l'ouverture et l'inter-opérabilité des logiciels, la transparence des évaluations, l'encouragement de la participation citoyenne à la recherche et la liberté d'accès aux matières d'enseignement. » Sur base de cette dernière citation, nous pouvons déjà réaliser à quel point le mouvement Wikimédia répond intrinsèquement aux attentes de la science ouverte. D'un côté, son projet de libre partage des connaissances humaines repose sur le logiciel libre MediaWiki qui offre à la fois l'ouverture et l'interopérabilité voulue. De l'autre, le dispositif d'archivage automatisé de MediaWiki tel qu'il fut déjà présenté offre à l'environnement numérique Wikimédia un degré de transparence inégalé. De façon concrète cette transparence est assurée au travers de chaque page historique associée à chaque page web produite par le logiciel MediaWiki. Dans la figure 2.8 présente ci-dessous représentant une copie d'écran de la page historique de l'article Wikipédia intitulé « science ouverte », on y voit s'afficher de manière chronologique une liste de lignes reprenant de manière respective : un lien « actu » pointant vers la page de contenu tel qu'il se présente actuellement ; un lien « diff » pointant vers une page de différence entre versions dans laquelle apparaît en gras (texte ajouté) et en surligné (texte retiré) les modifications faites au contenu ; la date et l'heure exacte de la modification sous forme d'un lien pointant vers la version de la page archivée juste après la modification ; le nom d'utilisateur de l'auteur de la modification suivit entre parenthèse d'un lien « discuter » pointant vers sa page de discussion et d'un lien « contributions » pointant vers une page listant chronologiquement toutes ses modifications au sein du projet. Par défaut de compte utilisateur, s'affichera alors l'adresse IP de la connexion Internet utilisée par l'éditeur sous forme de lien pointant pareillement vers une page listant toutes les modifications faites par cette adresse au sein du projet. S'affichera ensuite entre parenthèses un lien « discuter » pointant vers une page de discussion consacrée aux échanges avec le titulaire du compte utilisateur ou l'utilisateur d'une adresse IP fixe ou les utilisateurs en cas d'adresse IP dynamique ; en cas de modification mineure la lettre « m » en caractère gras ; la taille de la page suite à la modification et celle de la modification exprimée en octets ; entre parenthèse, un résumé des modifications éventuellement apporté par l'auteur ou le titre de la section automatiquement fourni par le système ; et finalement entre parenthèse un lien annuler permettant d'enregistrer la version de la page antérieure à la modification et un lien « remercier » permettant d'adresse une notification de remerciement à l'auteur. En haut des pages historiques du projet Wikipédia francophone on verra aussi apparaitre toujours comme le montre le figure 8 ci-dessous un ensemble de liens pointant vers des outils d'analyses statistiques externes. Dans l'ordre de leurs apparitions respectives, ces outils permettront : de filtrer les informations historiques affichées sur la page ; d'afficher des statistiques sur les éditions et les auteurs ; de retrouver l'auteur d'un passage écrit produit sur la page ; de voir les statistiques de consultation de la page ; de connaître le nombre de contributeurs ayant la page dans leur liste de suivi ; d'afficher toutes les modifications de cette page faite par un seul contributeur. Ces pages d'historiques, permettront ainsi au final de visualiser l' édition d'une page et son évolution au fil du temps comme le démontre de manière explicite la vidéo 1 ci-dessous. Tout ceci montre donc à quel point le souci de transparence peut être garanti au niveau des projets d'édition soutenus par le mouvement Wikimédia. Les nombreuses fonctionnalités du logiciel MediaWiki que certains pourraient qualifier de « fantasme de la technologie » apparaissent ainsi, dans le contexte bien précis d'une science ouverte, comme solution au « défi de la transparence », J'y vois aussi pour ma part une occasion unique, libre et gratuite de rédiger mes travaux scientifiques dans un espace totalement respectueux des revendications faites par le mouvement des sciences ouvertes, et ce sans aucun effort. Il est même possible de pousser les choses encore plus loin en créant par exemple un laboratoire d'étude tel que le Laboratoire d'étude du mouvement Wikimédia, dans lequel j'invite tout un chacun, à s'investir dans l'étude du mouvement Wikimédia. Un tel espace permet ainsi de partager publiquement tout un ensemble de ressources découvertes ou produites lors de travaux de recherche, et qui ne peuvent être publiés en raison d'un manque de place un niveau d'un standard éditorial quelconque. On est en droit de se demander si un tel niveau de transparence au sein des projets Wikimédia ne risquerait pas de poser problème au niveau du respect de la vie privée. Pour répondre à cette inquiétude il suffit de cliquer sur l'hyperlien intitulé « condition d'utilisation » présent en bas chaque page des projets Wikimédia. Ce lien permet effectivement d'accéder à une page d'informations générales dans laquelle se trouve un nouveau lien qui pointera cette fois vers une page consacrée à la politique de confidentialité adoptée par la fondation Wikimédia. En Italie comme dans de nombreux autres pays du monde, la responsabilité juridique de la fondation Wikimédia par rapport aux projets éditoriaux qu'elle supporte se limite à son statut d'hébergeur et en aucun cas à celui d'éditeur. En revanche, la fondation et le mouvement Wikimédia par extension se sent très concernée par la protection de la vie privée des utilisateurs des projets qu'elle héberge ainsi que de leurs données à caractères personnels. Il existe par exemple sur le projet Wikipédia francophone une page titrée Wikipédia:droit de disparaître anticipait depuis longtemps l'apparition du droit à l'oubli ou plus précisément du « droit à l'effacement » apparu en 2016 dans l'article 17 du règlement no 2016/679 édité par la commission Européenne, aussi appelé règlement général sur la protection des données (RGPD). D'une manière quelque peu inattendue, l'arrivée de cette réglementation aura cependant été publiquement condamnée par la Fondation Wikimédia. Appliquée au niveau du contenu de ses projets rédactionnels, la fondation voit en effet dans ce règlement une porte ouverte à la manipulation des informations présentes sur le net.. Il en résultera donc qu'une demande de suppression d’informations liées à compte utilisateur sera accordée, alors que celle d'informations contenues dans un article traitant de ce même utilisateur sera refusée. En matière de protection de la vie privée, plusieurs autres options s'offrent aux utilisateurs de l'espace numérique Wikimédia dans lequel, signalons-le déjà, il n'est pas nécessaire pas de fournir une adresse courriel pour ouvrir un compte utilisateur. La première protection, et la plus populaire, consiste à créer un compte utilisateur avec pseudonyme de telle sorte à ce que les modifications et actions faites ne soient pas attribuées à son identité propre. La seconde option plus fréquente parmi les utilisateurs moins actifs, est celle de contribuer aux projets sans se connecter. Dans ce cas de figure, en lieu et place du pseudonyme utilisateur, apparaîtra l'adresse IP de la connexion Internet utilisée par l'utilisateur. Cette deuxième option est cependant moins respectueuse de la vie privée d'un utilisateur, car au départ d'une simple adresse IP, un internaute peut toujours connaitre soit l'organisation qui l'utilise si cette information est publique, soit la ville la plus proche d'une connexion Internet privée et les coordonnées de l'entreprise qui l'aura fournie lors de son utilisation. Au départ de l'adresse IPv4 : 130.104.34.155 par exemple, le site whatismyipaddress.com indiquera qu'elle est utilisée par l'Université Catholique de Louvain alors qu'en utilisant l'adresse 176.164.50.155 sur le site fr.geoipview.com on y verra s'afficher une carte sur laquelle sera désigné la ville de Blois en France. Plus fréquemment utilisées par les connexions mobiles, les adresses IPv6 sont moins facilement géo-localisables. Mais quelle que soit la situation, il sera toujours possible pour une personne mandatée de contacter le fournisseur d'accès Internet (FAI) d'une adresse IP pour connaitre l'identité du client qui l'aura utilisé à un moment bien précis et donc par exemple à l'heure d'enregistrement d'une modification faite sur un site Wikimédia. En France, mais cela peu varier selon la législation en vigueurs dans les différents états du monde, les informations permettant de faire le lien entre adresses IP et clients doivent être gardées au minimum un an. Dans le système informatique du mouvement Wikimédia par contre, les adresses IP des comptes utilisateurs qui ne sont visibles que par des personnes mandatées par la fondation sont définitivement effacées au bout de trois mois seulement. Une dernière option possible enfin pour ceux qui ne désirent pas forcément contribuer sous anonymat sera de créer un compte utilisateur à son propre nom. Ce choix personnel doit alors être assumé puisqu'une partie de sa vie s'expose dès lors aux yeux du monde connecté et de façon potentiellement irréversible. Il ne faut en effet jamais oublier que sur le Web toute information divulguée peut toujours être sauvegardée par quelqu'un sur son ordinateur pour un jour réapparaître quelque part sur la toile malgré son effacement. Les vidéos interdites de diffusion sur le Net, qui disparaissent et apparaissent sans cesse en est un bon exemple. Afficher sa réelle identité au niveau de ses contributions au projet Wikimédia n'a cependant pas que des inconvénients. Cela offre aussi l'avantage d'assurer la paternité de ses écrits et donc de les protéger d'un risque de plagiat tout en les publiant dans la plupart des cas sous une licence CC.BY.SA qui les protégera d'une éventuelle récupération et mise sous copyright. Un tel choix enfin, peut aussi répondre à des obligations d'ordre déontologique liés au cadre d'une recherche scientifique par exemple. Pour finir donc, toutes ces options et dispositions garantiront une gestion « à la carte » du respect de la vie privée des acteurs wikimédiens et de leurs données à caractère personnel. Elles permettront aussi à certains utilisateurs situés dans des pays sujets à la censure et à la répression de se connecter à des réseaux privés virtuels (VPN) sans risquer de dévoiler, ni leur identité, ni l'adresse de la connexion étrangère qu'ils utiliseront pour se connecter aux sites. Dernière chose enfin, toutes ces dispositions offrent un climat propice à la liberté d'expression, et au dialogue qui somme toute représente un nouvel avantage pour les chercheurs. L'écriture dialogique en socio-anthropologie n'est pas un concept nouveau. Un anthropologue tel que Mondher Kilani en parlait déjà dans les années nonante en citant pour exemple les écrits de Philippe Descola, de Jeanne Favret-Saada et les siens. Il décrit sa propre expérience comme telle : « Mon texte n'est pas l'évocation d'une expérience subjective irréductible. Il est autant le produit d'une "vérité" négociée avec les oasiens qu'une construction explicitement adressée à un public lointain pour lequel je reconstruis les différents contextes de cette négociation ». Plus récemment, Frédéric Laugrand, mettra au point un système d'atelier de transmission intergénérationnelle des savoirs (ATIS) visant à une coconstruction des savoirs entre des chercheurs et acteurs participants dans une dynamique de transmission à destination des jeunes par le « faire comme si ». Ce processus aura pour but final de produire des documents sous forme de verbatims ultimement validés par les participants. Dans le cas de ce présent travail, il ne
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South Manchester covers the south of Manchester as far south as the M60. It lies within The Historic County Boundaries of Lancashire. It contains amongst others, the following neighbourhoods: Didsbury Historically, this was the home of many of the wealth merchants who traded in the city and is an area with strong Jewish links. It was further developed as railways grew with much more housing built in the 1930s. It is one of the most up-market and expensive residential districts within Manchester. here you will find a mixed academic cosmopolitan community with a smattering of media stars. It offers a wide selection of bars, cafes and restaurants and looks and feels more like an English village than a suburban district 4 miles south of the city centre. Didsbury is often a destination of choice for many people, from elsewhere in the city and beyond, for a meal or drink, in one of the many such bars and restaurants, some of which spill out onto the streets in the summer months. Hulme is at the heart of Manchester's counterculture, the area had suffered badly from inept town planning throughout the 1970s until early 1990s. Regeneration of old housing has improved the appearance of the district.It is one of the birth places of the European dance scene and home to a vibrant multicultural population of artists, punks, anarchists, environmental activists and party people. Moss Side Just to the west of Rusholme, is home to a large African and West Indian community a lively and yet tough area is worth a visit for its Caribbean cuisine and pubs. Whalley Range Referred to as "Leafy Whalley Range" is one of Manchester's first and finest suburbs started in the early 1830s, built by local banker and businessman Samuel Brooks as "a desirable estate for gentlemen and their families". Here you will find grand Victorian houses on beautiful tree-lined roads that border Alexandra Park and Upper Chorlton Road. Chorlton-cum-Hardy Known as Chorlton, this is a suburb of Manchester with good facilities and a residential area of choice for the city's arts, theatre, and music people. It offers a wide range of continental-style café bars and eateries and some trendy shopping around Beech Road. The continental-style café bars and eateries and some trendy shopping outlets have also taken over large stretches of the main shopping streets, Wilbraham Road and Barlow Moor Road. Withington Is a diverse district housing a mixture of "professionals" and "students" and close to the University of Manchester and the Manchester Metropolitan University. Rusholme A multicultural community, home to the largest concentration of South Asian restaurants in Manchester known as the "Curry Mile" (along Wilmslow Road). Here you find cuisine from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, North Africa and the Middle East. Manchester Airport is on the southern edge of Manchester and offers Domestic, European and Intercontinental flights. Direct trains from the airport serve Piccadilly in the city centre and some stop at local station en route, including East Didsbury. The trams, buses and taxis can also be take from the airport to locations in South Manchester. The train line from the city centre to the airport passes through south Manchester. So, for example, the quickest way to get from the airport to Didsbury Village is to get the train to East Didsbury and then walk or catch the bus along Wilmslow Road. In general, the train service in South Manchester offers inferior coverage and frequency, in comparison to the bus service. However, if it is going where you want it will probably be much quicker. Most train services in South Manchester go to Manchester Piccadilly station, which offers connections to much of Britain. Manchester's Metrolink tram system runs through much of South Manchester, and is normally the best way to get between Didsbury, Chorlton, and Trafford. "Withington" tram stop is not in the centre of Withington, but is well located for Hough End Leisure Centre. 53.35304-2.284731 Manchester Airport Visitor Park. Located on the south-western side of Manchester Airport, the visitor park is well worth a visit for any aviation enthusiast. It's home to the flagship of the British Airways Concorde fleet, as well as offering excellent views over the airport apron, taxiways and runways. 53.3945-2.28192 Baguley Park. Small play area for children surrounded by large grass areas and housing. Levenshulme, a neighbourhood stretching along Stockport Road, has a bustling, close-knit community feel and is popular with families. The new Lev Inspire centre, built inside a refurbished church, has become a hub of community activities. The area has also seen a resurgence of new, independent businesses opening up alongside established ones such as Levenshulme Antiques Village housed in the historic former police station building. The annual Levenshulme Festival brings hundreds of free music, art, food and sport events to the neighbourhood each year. DUFFA (Didsbury Ultimate Frisbee For Amateurs), [email protected]. If you fancy something a little different, this Didsbury society is free and open to all. Free. Yechan Foods, 95 Mauldeth Road, M14 6SR, ☏ +44 161 225-4447. Coriander Restaurant, 485 Barlow Moor Road, Chorlton Cum Hardy, M21 8AG, ☏ +44 161 881-7750. Indian Restaurant (updated Aug 2015) Asian Fusion, 491 Barlow Moor Road, Chorlton Cum Hardy, M21 8AG, ☏ +44 161 881-7200. Indian Restaurant (updated Aug 2015) 53.4383-2.27481 Desi Roots, 483 Barlow Moor Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy M21 8AG, ☏ +44 161 881-8969. Traditional Indian Restaurant mains from £8. (updated Aug 2015) Wilbraham Road, Barlow Moor Road and Beech Road are all peppered with bars catering to both local and hipster alike. All are easily accessible from the Chorlton Metrolink stop. The Metropolitan, 2 Lapwing Lane West Didsbury, ☏ +44 161 438-2332. Pub - serves both food and drink. See also Manchester Airport for hotels convenient for South Manchester, eg those at M56 junction 6 with Wilmslow Rd. 53.411-2.2281 Didsbury House, Didsbury Park, Didsbury M20 5LJ, ☏ +44 161 448 2200, [email protected]. Stylish B&B in leafy Didsbury village. No dogs. They also run the nearby 11 Didsbury Park but in 2020 it's closed for refurbishment.
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The liver is the largest visceral organ and performs over 200 functions. Some of the main functions include: the metabolism of absorbed substances - carbohydrate metabolism: synthesize and store glycogen when glucose levels become elevated and breakdown of glycogen when glucose levels drop below normal - lipid metabolism: triaglycerides and cholesterol are released from the liver when blood levels drop - amino acid metabolism: amino acids are synthesized into proteins or can be changed into glucose or lipids when there is demand for energy. - vitamin and mineral storage: liver serves as a reservoir for most vitamins and minerals. blood regulation - drug, waste product and toxin removal - elimination of antibodies - processing of hormones circulating in the blood like adrenal, thyroid, hormones, vitamin D, etc. - makes plasma proteins such as albumin and clotting factors - produces bile The production of bile is important for digestion. Bile salts help emulsify fats by creating micelles (lipid like droplets). The formation of micelles creates a hydrophobic region inside the core and a hydrophilic region outside. Inside a micelle there are lipids and cholesterol and lipase enzymes secreted from the pancreas can break down triaglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol. After this process, bile salts are recycled. When the liver does not produce adequate bile salts to create micelles properly, cholesterol breaks off and causes gallstones
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issue resolved, no further discussion necessary Not sure if this page qualifies for speedy deletion, so I am requesting it to be deleted here. I've noticed that Cookbook:Char Siu is an exact copy-and-paste of Cookbook:Char Sui (note the switched "u" and "i") and, according to Kgroat's edit summary on Cookbook:Char Siu, was intended to be a move to the correct name for the page. I am requesting it to be deleted to make way for a proper page move from Cookbook:Char Sui to Cookbook:Char Siu. (There is only one revision in Cookbook:Char Siu's page history, not including my addition of the {{rfd}} template.) CabbagePotato (discuss • contribs) 06:25, 2 September 2015 (UTC)[] @CabbagePotato: I think this easily qualifies as non-controversial housekeeping. I've changed it to a speedy deletion request on the page. @Kgroat: registered users can rename pages using the move tab at the top of the page. Please use this feature rather than copy-and-pasting because it preserves the edit history. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 16:48, 3 September 2015 (UTC)[] Solved The page at issue seems properly moved. The old page contains a redirect to the now stable version: Cookbook:Char Siu. --Vito Francisco 22:40, 7 January 2016 (UTC)[]
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Sopot is a seaside spa resort city in Poland. Sopot and two nearby cities, Gdańsk and Gdynia, are often referred as Tricity (Polish: Trójmiasto). It is a smallest of the three and the most affluent on average, attracting the rich and famous from the local area (who tend to settle there), and from Poland, Europe and elsewhere, who come over for vacations or maintain a pied-a-terre there. Sopot has an impressive history, but remains small and committed to its original mission of leisure. Being locked between the larger Gdynia and Gdańsk and being able to take advantage of their big-city infrastructure, it retains its small-town charm and remains a very popular seaside destination in Poland. The first written record of Sopot date back to the 13th century, and has been popular as a summer residence of the local elite for centuries. It has been a property of the Order of Cistercians of Oliwa since 1283 until 1772, when it was annexed by Prussia. It was not until 19th century, however, that Sopot took its present form. In 1808, a French physician named Jean Georg Haffner came to Sopot with Napoleon's retreating army and decided to settle there, and marry a local woman. He immediately recognized the resort potential in the local area, and started to organize appropriate facilities first in Gdańsk and later in the centre of modern-day Sopot, constructing the first pier and the Resort House, and creating the park that surrounds today's pierhead. Haffner is recognized as the father of modern-day Sopot and celebrated throughout the city. Sopot quickly became a fashionable spa on a European scale, accessible by the seaport of Gdańsk and the railway line to Warsaw and Koszalin, built in 1870. It was granted city rights in 1901 by the German Emperor, and was at the forefront of adopting modern leisure facilities: spas,ind, a horseracing track, tennis courts and a casino. When the Grand Hotel was completed in 1927, along with the final pier extension, Sopot gained its complete form it was to retain until the new millennium, in the meantime becoming a part of Poland again. In the 2000s, much effort was put into restoring Sopot's heritage, including the reconstruction of the Resort House, conservation of the pier and a major restoration effort at the Grand Hotel. The TriCity's passenger airport is the Lech Walesa Airport in Gdańsk, offering a wide range of direct flights and connections, including intercontinental hubs. Almost all the long-distance trains calling at Gdańsk and Gdynia. There are numerous trains per day from Warsaw and most other major cities in Poland. There are a few international connections are available too, including trains from Berlin and Vienna. Local SKM trains run between Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot at high frequency, stopping at both the central station and some smaller ones within Sopot. 54.4418.56251 Sopot railway station. (updated Feb 2021) Sopot has no port, but you can use the ferry connections from Gdańsk and Gdynia to other Baltic sea ports. There is also a marina next to the pier for those coming in their own, smaller vessel. Follow the directions to Gdańsk or Gdynia and either enter the TriCity ringroad and take the exit marked Sopot. You can also drive through Gdańsk or Gdynia to Sopot as their street systems are well interconnected. The main thoroughfare is called Aleja Niepodległości in Sopot, Aleja Zwycięstwa in Gdynia and Aleja Grunwaldzka in Gdańsk, all three being parts of a continuous road no. 468. Sopot has no public transportation of its own, but it is served by some bus lines extending from Gdańsk and trolleybuses from Gdynia. There are three SKM stations in Sopot: Sopot Główny, Sopot Kamienny Potok near the northern border with Gdynia, and Sopot Wyścigi in the South of the city, close to Gdańsk and next to the Sopot Hippodrome. Sopot is very compact and walkable. Being not much over 4 kilometres across, it can be traversed within an hour, and most points of interest are closer apart than that. The distance from the railway station to the pier and beach should be a leisurely 20 minutes walk. 54.447418.57471 Sopot Pier (Molo w Sopocie). Usually referred to as just molo, this beautiful wooden pier boasts to be the longest in Europe. Entrance 9 PLN. (updated Feb 2021) 54.443918.566212 Heroes of Monte Cassino street. Walkway always full of tourists and artists 54.4441818.566763 Krzywy Dom (Crooked House). An unusually constructed building in the Bohaterów Monte Cassino Street 54.444718.544264 Opera Leśna. An open-air venue in the nearby forest for various musical events Lighthouse. An old and defunct lighthouse from where you have a view from the top on the Sopot pier and the marina North Park. A park for longer walks and areas for biking and rollerskating - also refreshments to go are available Trójmiejski Park Krajobrazowy (Tricity Landscape Park). A forest landscape park surrounding Tricity good for recreation on the open-air bike in the nearby Tricity Landscape Park swim and relax in Aquapark have a meal in many fashionable restaurants and caffees in the Monte Cassino Street play minigolf next to the beach party in many clubs, bars and discos leisure and sports windsurfing club catamaran school ski slope bicycle paths hippodrome Handmade jewellery - You can buy in small street shops and street markets handmade bracelets, necklaces, rings and earings made of amber and other minerals. Sopot Street Market - open on Tuesday and Friday every week, close to Sopot Wyścigi Railway Station. You can buy there fresh fruit and vegetables, antiques, old jewellery, and fashionable clothes and gadgets. Meta Restaurant, ul. Wybickiego 48-50 (at the sports stadium), ☏ +48 58 5512360. Italian cuisine, reasonably cheap, cosy and quiet Bar Przystań - a fish bar situated by the sea, 1km east from the pier. The best fried fish in town. Cafe Ferber, ul. Bohaterów Monte Cassino, ☏ +48 58 551 45 81. Chic, modern lounge/bar. Some of the better food in town, nice atmosphere, great drinks. Monte Cassino Street (Monciak) provides the best selection of bars and cafes in the town. "The Pinochio" restaurant offer tables also in a little courtyard which is a particularly pleasant spot for a lunch or a drink Bar Kinski (ul. Tadeusza Kościuszki 10) is only a short stroll away. You should not be put off by the unimpressive entrance up a pitch-black flight of stairs to the first-floor. Housed in the building where the explosive actor Klaus Kinski was born, it is dark and atmospheric with cubby-holes to enjoy a drink in with friends. There are also various souvenirs and photos from Kinski's acting career. The bar also has small sun terraces where you can watch the action on the street below. Sopot retains much of its historic "Kurort" character, which is reflected in the accommodation choices, with heavy emphasis on upscale hotels and a wide choice of apartment rentals. For more mid-market accommodation options, you may want to consider lodging yourself in Gdańsk or Gdynia, as there are good, fast transit links. [dead link] Camping "By The Beach". GuestRooms Sopot, ul. 3 Maja 34, ☏ +48 500 77 55 57. 5 minutes walk to centre and train station, nice area, close to the beach. 54.4382418.566721 Family Friendly Home Villa Lipowa, ul. Lipowa 9, ☏ +48 791 640 745. 3 min. walk to centre and train station, typical Sopot apartment house with a pinnacle built 1904, 5 min. to the beach and pier. Hotel Opera Spa Hotel Miramar' Best Western Vila Aquila Hotel 54.447518.5683332 Sofitel Grand Sopot, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 12/14, ☏ +48 58 5206000. Sopot's own grand old hotel, built in 1927, with beautiful gardens, indoor and outdoor swimming pools, fitness center, and views of the sea. It is near the pedestrian boulevard and molo, but the crowds thin out around the hotel. (updated Feb 2021) Sheraton Sopot Conference and Spa Hotel Rezydent Sopot Bayjonn Hotel Hotel Haffner Hotel Zhong Hua Gdańsk Bay is berth to the Pomeranian metropolis of Gdańsk, with a beautiful old town and the biggest Gothic brick church worldwide. Nearby are the sea resort and port of Gdynia with the biggest Baltic port, and a smaller sea resort called Puck. Vistula Bay is home to the sea resort and medieval town of Frombork with the grave of Nicolaus Copernicus, the medieval town of Elbląg, and the sea resort Kadyny with one of the best European studs. Kashubian Coast with the biggest dunes in Europe in the Słowiński National Park and the sea resorts of Rowy, Łeba, Jastrzębia Góra, Rozewie and Władysławowo. Hel Peninsula has several sea resorts: Chałupy, Jastarnia, Jurata and Hel. Krynica Morska - a sea resort on the Vistula Peninsula.
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Uncharted 4: A Thief's End is a 2016 action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation 4. The fourth and final game in the Uncharted series, it follows treasure hunter Nathan Drake as he embarks on his last adventure, finding the treasure of infamous pirate captain Henry Avery. Note that these quotes are arranged in chronological order. There's your treasure. Well, let's see here– I ruined my marriage. Drove my best friend away. Got two psychos and their army after me. And now my brother's gone missing. But on the bright side, there's no one around to tell me I'm an idiot. I wasn't trying to protect you. It– It's just I– I made a promise that I was done with this life. [Elena: We both did.] Yeah, but I broke it. I didn't tell you because– I was afraid– [Elena: Afraid of what?] Of losing you. I guess I was, um– protecting myself. You know? [Elena: We have a lot of ground to cover.] Yeah. Should keep moving. [Elena: Yeah.] [To Nate] If you're done lying to me, then you should stop lying to yourself. [To Nate] You know, even if you think you’re protecting me, you don’t have a right to shut me out like that. No matter what it is, you’re supposed to come to me so we can work through it together, as a team. [About Avery] He was hell-bent on keeping his treasure, no matter the cost to the others around him. Same to you, cowboy. You know what I love about a party with a bunch of crooks? Nobody cares if you smoke indoors. We were meant for this, Nathan. You, me, together. We were destined for something great. You want to hear insane? "Nathan Drake raced a madman and his entire army to the steps of Shambhala." "Nathan Drake found a lost city in the middle of the Rub' al Khali desert." "Nathan Drake discovered the fabled El Dorado"! "Nathan Drake is a legend". You know, I shot the man who told me that. You know, for all your "greatness", Nate, you have nothing. You are nothing. And I warned you to get out of my way. [Last lines] I earned this. All of it. Everyone obsessed with this treasure– gets what they deserve. [Nate picks up Sir Francis Drake's journal that has a bullet hole in it.] Nate: Sir Francis Drake takes a bullet for Sully. [Nate takes out a photo that was inside the journal. He recognizes it as a photo of himself, Elena, and Sully with a load of treasure from when they found El Dorado.] Nate: Look at us. [Nate turns the photo to see the words "Found this on my old camera – thought you'd like to have it –E" written on the back. He puts the photo back in the journal and puts down the journal.] [Nate picks up a journal with the name "Shambala" written on it.] Nate: Shambala, hmph. [Nate takes out a photo that was inside the journal. He recognizes it as a photo of himself and Tenzin.] Nate: Miss you, pal. [Nate turns the photo to see the names "Nate and Tenzin" written on the back. He puts the photo back in the journal and puts down the journal.] [Nate picks up a journal with the name "Iram of the Pillers" written on it.] Nate: Now this was a crazy ride. [Nate takes out a letter that was inside the journal. He reads "Nate – How's things? I've been up to my usual shenanigans. Nothing major, but enough to keep the heat on and the wine stocked. Caught wind of something that sounded right up your alley – should you ever change your mind, give me a yell, I'm always on hand for a quick getaway. Love, Chloe" on it.] Nate: Hmm. Another lifetime, Chloe. [Nate puts the letter back in the journal and puts down the journal.] [Nate opens a cardboard box that has the old wooden cross and the white book with the initials "C.M." on it.] Nate: [Picks up the cross] Yeah. Thanks for nothing, St. Dismas. [Nate puts the cross back in the box, then picks up the book.] Nate: [Starts to take out the photo that was inside the book, but decides against it] Nah. [Nate puts the book back in the box and closes the box.] [Nate has finished telling Elena, who is wiping the wound on his forehead with a cloth, his past.] Nate: And everything changed after that. You know, we became explorers. Adventurers. Mostly thieves. Ow. Elena: Okay, just hold still. Nate: You know, for a while, it felt like– if we weren't taking turns going to jail, it was because we were in jail together. And– after I lost him, I– Or, after I thought I lost him– Elena: You didn't wanna bring him back up again. Nate: Something like that. Well, that's it. Now you know everything. Elena: With you, I doubt that that's everything. But– [Gives Nate the cloth. Nate takes it] –it's a lot. Nate: Love to know what you're thinking. Elena: I'm thinking that you're lucky that I found you when I did. Nate: Yeah. Elena: I'm glad you didn't lose a limb or anything. It would've been a royal pain getting you out of here. [Gets up] Nate: How did you find me, anyway? Elena: Oh, you know, easy. Just follow the sound of gunfire. Nate: No, I mean, how did you– get here? [Sees Elena holding a walkie-talkie she had taken off her holster, then looks up to see Sully's plane in the sky] Oh. Of course. Elena: [On her walkie-talkie] Come in, Sully. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Hey, darlin'. How's he doing? [Nate gets up.] Elena: [On her walkie-talkie] Oh, you know, he's banged up, but he's alive. Par for the course. Now we just need to rescue the other Drake. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] What do you mean? Elena: [On her walkie-talkie] I'll let Nate tell you. [Throws Nate her walkie-talkie] Nate: [Catches Elena's walkie-talkie and speaks into it] Hey, pal. Glad you could join us. [In the plane.] Sully: [On his walkie-talkie] Yeah, wouldn't miss it. So what happened to Sam? Nate: [On Elena's walkie-talkie] Rafe's got him. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Shit. You know where they are? Nate: [On Elena's walkie-talkie] Uh, yeah. They're headed to the northern side of the island. See if you can find a place to set down over there. Once we get Sam, we're gonna need to get outta here pretty quick. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Copy that. [In the plane.] Sully: [On his walkie-talkie] Hey, what about the treasure? Nate: [On Elena's walkie-talkie] Forget it. We don't need it. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] But Alcázar– Nate: [On Elena's walkie-talkie] No, there is no Alcázar. [In the plane.] Nate: [Over Sully's walkie-talkie] It's all bullshit. Sully: [On his walkie-talkie] Wait, you mean– the debt, the– [On the island.] Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] The escape? Nate: [On Elena's walkie-talkie] Yeah. Sam made it all up. What an asshole, right? Look, I'll fill you in on everything when I see you, okay? Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Yeah, I can't wait. Look, you two be safe down there. Nate: [On Elena's walkie-talkie] You know us. Elena: [Gives Nate a gun] Trade ya. Nate: [Takes the gun from Elena and gives her her walkie-talkie back. Elena takes it back] Thanks. Elena: Sure. [Starts to walk away, but Nate stops her] Nate: No, I mean– Thanks for saving me, again. Elena: I almost didn't this time. Nate: Right. Elena: Come on. I got us a ride. [Elena runs along the side of the river, with Nate following her.] [Nate makes his way to the edge of a waterfall.] Nate: Holy crap. Good thing I didn't go over. Elena: Nate. Hey, it's this way. Nate: Yeah. I know. I was just, ah– checking the waterfall. [After climbing a pillar, Nate watches Elena jump from one ledge to another.] Nate: Whoa. Hey, nice jump! Elena: Not bad, right? Nate: [To himself, while making his way to Elena] Way to go, Nate. Piss a girl like that off. Idiot. [While driving through the jungle.] Elena: So here's my question: Why does Rafe Adler want Avery's treasure? It's not like he needs the money. Nate: He wants the glory. Doesn't want to be known as a guy who only got rich because of his inheritance. Walking away isn't an option for him. Elena: Well, Rafe is a good match for Shoreline. He needs their muscle and they need his money. Nate: They do? They seem pretty well stocked. Elena: Shoreline got involved in a couple of civil wars that didn't pan out for them. Nadine inherited her father's mess. She's probably hoping that this'll put her back on the map. [Nate and Elena are taking the elevator to the top.] Elena: [Looks out at the island] Wow. It's like a postcard. Nate: [Looks out at the island] Yeah, Libertalia. Come for the beautiful views. Stay for the life-or-death gunfights. [Elena chuckles.] Nate: So what made you change your mind? Elena: Hm? Nate: You said you– almost didn't come back. Elena: Well, I couldn't leave when you were clearly in over your head. And you know, here's that whole "marriage vow" thing. Nate: For better or worse. Elena: Yeah. For better or worse. [The elevator stops at the top.] Elena: [Goes over to the gate and crouches down in front of it to lift it up] Here. Gimme a hand with this. Nate: [Goes over to the gate and crouches down in front of it to lift it up] Alright. Elena: Okay. [Nate and Elena start to lift up the gate.] Elena: You know, even if you think that you're protecting me, you don't have a right to shut me out like that. [Nate and Elena succeed in lifting up the gate.] Elena: No matter what it is, you're supposed to come to me so that we can work through it together, as a team. Nate: I know that. Really, I do. It's just– I– I– [Sighs] Elena: You know what? We should stay focused. There'll be time for this later. [Nate nods. He and Elena get into the jeep.] Nate: Next stop: New Devon. [Nate and Elena drive out of the elevator and onto an open area with a path.] [Nate and Elena are driving when Sully contacts Elena on her walkie-talkie.] Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Hey. Elena? Nate? Elena: [Picks up her walkie-talkie and speaks into it] We're here, Sully. Where are you? Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Still in the air. Saw a bunch of Shoreline vehicles heading north. Elena: [On her walkie-talkie] I guess we'll see them soon. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] You two doing okay so far? Elena: [On her walkie-talkie] We hit a few hitches, but– so far so good. Sully: [Over Elena's walkie-talkie] Alright, good. Keep in touch, will ya? I'm not the "no news is good news" type. Elena: [On her walkie-talkie] We'll try. Over and out. [Puts down her walkie-talkie] [Nate and Elena drive into a bridge.] Nate: Okay. Should be on the other side of the bridge. Hang on tight. [The bridge starts to crack.] Elena: Nate?! Nate: Hold on! Elena: Floor it! Nate: Oh, I hate bridges! [The bridge collapses, sending Nate and Elena falling into the river. They are swept away by the water.] Nate: Aw, hell! Elena: Turn around, we're heading for the falls! Nate: I can't! Current's too strong! [Nate and Elena get close to the edge. Elena sees some rocks on the side.] Elena: Nate, there! We can climb up those rocks! Nate: On it! [Nate steers the car towards the side. It stops when it hits a big log in the water.] Nate: Alright, go, go! Elena: [Jumps up and climbs up the rocks] I got it! Come on! Nate: Okay! [Nate tries to climb up the rocks, but the branch breaks, causing him to fall onto the jeep.] Elena: Nate! [The jeep keeps moving downstream. It moves towards the edge where the waterfall is.] Nate: [Relieved] Ah, waterfall. [Horrified] Waterfall! [Nate sees a tree sticking out of the cliff over him. He throws his rope at it. The rope latches onto the tree and he is pulled out of the jeep as it goes down the falls and explodes at the bottom.] Elena: [Standing on the ledge while seeing Nate hanging onto the rope] Nate! Nate: It's okay! I'm okay! [The tree starts to crack and come loose.] Elena: The tree! The tree is not okay! Nate: [Angrily, seeing the tree about to crack and come loose] Oh, come on! [Nate starts to swing to the ledge.] Elena: Over here! Quick! [Nate swings to the ledge. He grabs the ledge as the tree breaks and falls into the water.] Elena: [Helps Nate up] Gotcha! [Looks down to see the jeep in the water] Well, so much for the car. Come on. [Elena starts to walk away, but Nate stops her.] Nate: I wasn't trying to protect you. [Elena stops and turns to Nate.] Nate: It– It's just, I– I made a promise that I was done with this life. Elena: We both did. Nate: Yeah, but I broke it. I didn't tell you because– I was afraid– Elena: Afraid of what? Nate: Of losing you. I guess I was, um– protecting myself. You know? Elena: We have a lot of ground to cover. Nate: Yeah. Should keep moving. Elena: Yeah. [Elena runs along the path leading to the jungle, with Nate following her.] [Nate climbs up the wall.] Nate: Come on. [Pulls Elena up] You alright? Elena: Yeah. [Nate and Elena look out at the view the wreckage of old big mansions that have fallen victim to a massive flooding.] Nate: Wow. Welcome to Avery's neighborhood. Elena: It's a nice place. If you don't mind some structural problems and water damage. Nate: Clearly some drainage issues. Elena: [Chuckles] A real fixer-upper opportunity. [Elena takes out some binoculars and looks around past the houses.] Elena: Okay, so– Looks like somebody blew that dam and then flooded the whole place. Nate: [Smiles] You know, I forgot. [Elena stops looking through the binoculars and turns to him] Pretty good at this. Elena: [Resumes looking through the binoculars] Alright, so which one of these do you think is Avery's? Nate: Ah, my money's on– [Moves Elena's hand with the binoculars to the right so she sees a mansion] –that one. One that's still intact. Elena: [Smiles] Ohhh. You're not so bad at this either. Nate: Yeah, well, you know, had a little practice, read a few books– Elena: [Discovers what she sees through the binoculars] Shit, shit. Nate: What? What? Elena: [Gives Nate the binoculars. Nate takes them] The front door. [Nate looks through the binoculars to see Rafe pushing Sam towards the door with Nadine watching on and the Shoreline men standing guard.] Nate: Sam. Elena: He's still alive. Nate: Yeah, for now. [Gives Elena the binoculars back. Elena takes them back] Come on. [As Nate stands up, Elena puts the binoculars in her pocket before standing up.] [As Rafe points his sword at his face, Nate looks up to see a net full of treasure dangling above Rafe's head.] Rafe: I earned this. All of it. Nate: You want the treasure, Rafe? [Glances at the rope next to him] It's all yours. [Uses his broken sword to cut the rope] [As Nate rolls out of the way, Rafe looks up to see the net full of treasure falling down on him. The net full of treasure falls on top of Rafe, crushing him to death.] [While Elena and Sam are talking, Nate packs his bag, with Sully watching on.] Sully: So you got everything? Nate: Yeah, think so. Eh, feel free to sell anything I left behind. Sully: [Laughs] You sure I can't give you a lift home? Nate: After the last few days, I think I'd like a plane with drink service and reclining seats. Plus, uh– she and I have a lot to talk about. Sully: Yeah, you do. And no more late-night phone calls about "one last time," hm? Nate: Promise. Thanks, Sully. [Nate and Sully hug.] Sully: Take care, kid. [Nate and Sully pull away.] Sully: Don't be a stranger. Nate: Next time you're in town– [Picks up his bag] –beers are on me. [Hangs his bag on his shoulder] Sully: I'll hold you to that. Sam: And then the bunny escapes anyway, and it leaves little bunny surprises all over the headmaster's bed. It was a dis– Nate: [Approaches Elena and Sam] Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, what are you telling her? Elena: Just about your little "magic" phase. Nate: Oh, I hate you. Elena: What was your stage name? Sam: Go on, tell her. Nate: "Nate the Great". [Sam starts laughing] It's not funny. It makes sense. Sam: In his defense, he was actually– you were pretty good. Nate: Uh-huh. [Takes his bag off his shoulder and puts it down] Elena: [Smiles] Hey, look, Sam, it has been– [Holds out her hand] –an experience getting to meet you. Sam: With a handshake? Elena: Well– Sam: Bring it in for the real thing, sister. [Elena and Sam hug.] Sam: Hey, take care of this numbskull, alright? Elena: Yeah, I will. [Elena and Sam pull away. As Elena picks up her bag, Sam takes out his lighter.] Nate: I'll join ya in a sec. Elena: Yeah. [Elena goes up to the road.] Sam: I like her. [Puts his cigarette in his mouth] God help her, she sure seems to love you. Nate: I know, right? [Sam uses his lighter to light the cigarette in his mouth. He puts the lighter in his pocket.] Nate: Listen, the offer still stands. Sam: I appreciate it, but I'm good. Nate: I know, but if you feel you're imposing, you're not, we talked about it. Sam: It's not about that. It's not about that. It's a little bit of that, okay, but– [Sighs] I just kind of thought that after we found Avery's treasure, I'd be– satisfied? Nate: Ah. Sam: Instead, I've, ah– kinda left with this strange feeling of– Nate: Emptiness? Sam: Yeah. Nate: Yeah, well, you know, as thrilling as the next adventure might be, in the end, you're always left with that same thing. Sometimes you just gotta– choose what you're gonna keep and– and what you're gonna let go. Sam: Well– I guess I'm just not there yet. And besides, you know, you've got a few ancient cities on me. And I can't let's that slide, so– Nate: Ah, I left a couple out there. Sam: Well, thank you. [Nate turns to see a taxi cab drive up and Elena wave to him.] Nate: Oh, that's– that's our ride. Sam: Yeah. Nate: Ah– Sam. We've come far. Sam: We sure have, little brother. Come here. [Nate and Sam hug. They pull away.] Nate: Listen, you don't do anything I wouldn't do, alright? [Picks up his bag and hangs it on his shoulder] Sam: Get outta here. Vamoose. [Nate goes up to the road. He and Elena get into the cab. The cab drives off, with Sam watching on.] Sully: [Walks up beside Sam] Got a light? Sam: Yeah. [Takes out his lighter and gives it to Sully. Sully takes it] So, Victor, what's next for you, hm? Sully: [Uses Sam's lighter to light the cigar in his mouth. He gives it back to Sam. Sam takes it back] Well, before I got dragged into this, I was working on a business deal of sorts. Sam: "Of sorts?" Hmm. Dangerous? Sully: Ehh. With these people, yeah. It's up there. Sam: Well, I just so happen to know a certain someone, recently out of prison, who might be perfect for this kind of work. Sully: Ooh. I don't know. Is he trustworthy? Sam: More or less. Sully: How's his Portuguese? Sam: Um– [Speaks in Portuguese] Quando o seu marido volta para casa? Sully: What's that mean? Sam: [Speaks in English] How long before your husband gets home? Sully: That'll do. Come on. [Sully and Sam make their way towards the plane.] Sam: You got any more of those cigars? Sully: Don't push your luck. [Nate is doing paperwork when Jameson comes in.] Nate: Hey, good morning. Jameson: Indeed it is, indeed it is. Nate: Ah. Alright, I'll bite. Land a big contract or something? Jameson: Oh, even better. I'm on the verge of selling Jameson Marine. Nate: [Surprised] No kidding. Jameson: Yeah. Nate: Wow, that– Well, hey, I guess congratulations are in order. Jameson: Well, not yet, but I'm confident it'll go through. They drove a hard bargain, but in the end, I think we came to a– mutually beneficial agreement. Nate: Well, that's– that's great. Jameson: Yeah. Nate: Are you gonna stay on? Jameson: No, no, no, no. I think I'd like to just relax, hang with the family– [Opens the drawer, takes out the keys, and closes the drawer] –go fishing every chance I get. [Chuckles] Nate: Good for you. [Chuckles] So who's the sap who's gonna buy this place? Jameson: Oh, uh, you are. [Throws Nate the keys] Nate: [Catches the keys, surprised] What? No, come on, seriously. Jameson: Oh, yeah, seriously. [Goes out to the dock, laughing] Nate: Wait, Jameson. [Gets up] Hey, wait! Wait up, man! [Follows Jameson out to the dock] Elena: [Approaches Nate] Hey. Morning, guys. Nate: What are you doing here? Elena: Just thought I'd take, you know, one final look. Jameson: Already gave your husband the keys. Nate: Okay, uh, is this– Elena: Perfect. Nate: Is this for real? Jameson: Nate. All you need to know– [Puts his hand on Nate's shoulder] –is that you'd be making a very wise investment. Do the right thing here. [Pats Nate on his shoulder] Call me when you're through? [Walks off] Elena: [To Jameson] You got it. [To Nate] Hi. Nate: Hi. You're– you're buying Jameson Marine? Elena: We are buying Jameson Marine. Nate: Oh. Okay. How? Why? Elena: Well, I heard this rumor about a salvage job off the coast of Malaysia and I thought it'd be right up our alley– [Makes her way to the handrails] Nate: [Follows Elena to the handrails] No, no. Honey, look, we barely got out of Libertalia alive. Elena: Yeah. Nate: Hey, taking an illegal job? You know what that leads to. Elena: Who said it was illegal? [Takes out a folded up paper] Look. [Gives Nate the paper] This came in this morning. Nate: [Takes the paper from Elena and unfolds it to see that it's a permit] Is this legit? Elena: Yeah. Some of my old contacts out there, they worked their magic with the Malaysian permit office. It was great. I didn't even have to bribe anyone. Nate: Well, that's good, because I don't know how we could possibly even afford to do this. Elena: Here. [Takes the permit back from Nate, folds it up, and puts it back in her pocket] Hold out your hand. Nate: What? Elena: Hold out your hand. Come on. [Nate holds out his hand. Elena takes out a gold coin and places it in Nate's hand.] Nate: [Intrigued] Holy crap. Elena: Yeah. Nate: Where did you get this? Elena: It was in my jacket pocket. Along with a bunch more. Nate: A bunch? [Realizes Sam put the gold coins in Elena's jacket pocket] Sam. Elena: He's a sneaky one. Nate: [Chuckles] Yeah. Elena: 'Course, most of them are gonna have to go into our venture here. Along with all the new camera gear. Nate: Camera gear? Elena: Yeah. You know, I figured as we're pulling all the cargo up from the dive, we could hire, you know, a small crew. We could film the whole thing and resurrect my old show. Nate: What happened to just– [Goes to sit on a bench] –living a normal life? Elena: I think in our attempt to lead a "normal" life, we may have– over-steered. Look. [Goes to sit next to Nate] When I was on that island– I missed the adventure. I missed us. And so now we have a chance to do what we love. But, from here on out, we're gonna operate on a strictly legal basis, alright? And I will be doing all of the shooting– with my really expensive camera. Nate: [Impressed] Wow. You've really thought all this through, haven't you? Elena: More or less. [Assuringly] But, listen, just say the word and I will call the whole thing off. Nate: [Astounded] What? No, no, no, no, no, no. I don't wanna be that guy who ruins Jameson's early retirement like that. That'd be cruel. Wikipedia has an article about: Uncharted 4: A Thief's End Official website
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Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning (2005) is a direct-to-DVD and Internet downloadable parody of Star Trek and Babylon 5, part of a series of Finnish Star Wreck parody digital animations and movies. It tells the story of how P-Fleet Captain James B. Pirk, trapped in Earth's past, establishes himself as Emperor, recreates P-Fleet, and accidentally runs across Babel-13, a parallel universe's Earth-run space station, while trying to conquer new worlds. It mocks not only general themes within the two television series, but also recognizable scenes and storylines from specific episodes of the shows (not to mention other films, shows, and current cultural phenomena). [Russian President Ulyanov looks at the Earth on the viewscreen of the CPP Kickstart.] Ulyanov: I don't think I'm in Moscow anymore. [On Babel-13, Garybrandy tells Sherrypie that Lt. Kefir's Star Flurry is missing.] Garybrandy: In the morning, I sent a patrol out. This is all they found. [He shows Sherrypie a small crystal.] Sherrypie: Oh my God. Garybrandy: What? Sherrypie: Aliens have crystallized Kefir! Garybrandy: Jonny, this is a data crystal. From Kefir's flight recorder. . . . [Sherrypie and Garybrandy watch the recording of the CPP Kalinka attacking Kefir.] Sherrypie: The prophecies of the Minibar are coming true. A great darkness will come, and we're all going to die. Garybrandy: Jonny, you're scaring me. "The One to rule them all and in the darkness bind them", I've read it. powerplant worker: Fukov! where did you say you worked before coming here? Fukov: Chernobyl, sir! powerplant worker: ok! (to another worker) chernobyl...why does that ring a bell? chernobyl...cherno...(suddenly remembering th chernobyl incident) CHERNOBYL! FUKOV! [As the P-Fleet ships approach, Ivanovitsa interrupts Sherrypie's long talk of keeping the peace.] Ivanovitsa: Captain, this is hardly the time. Sherrypie: This is a question of principle. It is my right to make speeches, and I swear that no one will deny me it. [Preface advertisement each time a B-13 communication begins...] Baabcom Voice: Baabcom — Cybercool Connections with Pride. Ivanovitsa: The Backgammon is being overpowered... and we can't last long, either. Sherrypie: Damn, this doesn't look good. I'm afraid we have only one recourse. Ivanovitsa: You don't mean...? Sherrypie: Yes. We have to stall for time. I'm giving a speech! [On the way to B-13, Kickstart security man Lt. Twinklemagnet turns to a colleague.] Twinklemagnet: Hey kid, is your insurance in order? [Ivanovitsa greets Pirk in the landing bay.] Pirk: Where's Sherrypie? Ivanovitsa: He couldn't stand defeat. He shot himself in the head... three times. . . . [Anticipating a rendezvous with Ivanovitsa, Pirk gives shore leave orders to his crew.] Pirk: Oh, and nobody disturb me for the next fift— hour! [In the B-13 C&C, the monitors suddenly flash a warning showing hyperspace arrivals.] P-Fleet Soldier: Wait a minute! What's that? B-13 Bridge Officer: Nothing. Just a screen-saver. [Captain Sherrypie's holographic image appears over a group of lounging P-Fleet soldiers.] Sherrypie: To all P-Fleet personnel who surrender without resistance, I promise a fair court-martial and a swift execution. [As the men run, a holographic page is handed to the image of Sherrypie.] Sherrypie: There is a ship, registration ZEX-514, parked aft of the station in a handicap space. Will the owner move it ASAP. [With Pirk on B-13, the Kickstart faces the Sherrypie's reinforced fleet.] Commander Info: Our losses should not exceed 68.4 percent. Dwarf: [sighs] I guess it's a passable day to die. Dwarf: I've had it with you, binary brains! [Dwarf pulls out a small black device and pokes it repeatedly in Commander Info's direction, without effect.] . . . Info: Whatever you may think, the VCR remote stop button doesn't harm me. [Excavator fires its massive main gun, disintegrating a ship and barely missing Kickstart.] Pirk: Jefferson's jellies! Retreat, fast! . . . [As Excavator's power returns, the targeting computer shows a reboot screen.] Festerbester: The Corps is Momma and Granny. [Excavator finally scores a hit on Kickstart.] Dwarf: Massive damage taken! Info: One twist drive destroyed! Dwarf: Lost connections for twinkle banks 3 through 11! Info: Computer helpdesk went bankrupt! Dwarf: Halludeck going offline! Info: Coffee-o-Matic damaged beyond repair! [A mad Pirk strikes a very Khan-like pose on Kalinka's bridge as he fires at Excavator.] Pirk: See you in Reykjavik! Commander Info — Antti Satama Emperor Pirk — Samuli Torssonen Commander Dwarf — Timo Vuorensola Festerbester — Janos Honkonen President Ulyanov — Kari Väänänen Lieutenant Twinklemagnet — Timo Pekurinen Captain Jonny K. Sherrypie — Atte Joutsen Security Chief Mikhail Garybrandy — Jari Ahola Commander Susannah Ivanovitsa — Satu Heliö Wikipedia has an article about: Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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23 Web Science/Part2: Emerging Web Properties Web Science/Part2: Emerging Web Properties/MoocIndex Web Science/Part2: Emerging Web Properties/Modelling Similarity of Text/Comparing Results of Similarity Merasures edit MOOC index Learning goals Video Script Quiz Further reading Discussion Understand that different modeling choices can produce very different results. Have a feeling how you could statistically compare the differences of the models. Know how you could extract keywords from documents with the tf-idf approach. Try to argue which model you like best in a certain scenario. The script can be Found at File:Comparing-Results-of-Similarity-Merasures.pdf 1 which method can be used best to find characteristic words of a text? 2 Which method works well in an information retrieval setting 3 Which method should be used when you don't have several occurences of the same elements? tba Navigation How big is the World Wide Web Problems with the question about the size of the Web 3 ways to study the Web A simplistic descriptive model An unrealistic, simplistic generative model Summary, further reading, homework Simple statistical descriptive Models for the Web Counting Words And Documents Typical length of a document How to formulate a research hypothesis Number of words needed to understand most of Wikipedia Linguists way of checking simplicity of text Advanced statistical descriptive models for the Web The Zipf law for text Visually straight lines on log log plots Fitting a curve on a log log plot Zipf law powerlaw or pareto law.webm Modelling Similarity of Text Similarity Measures and their Applications Jaccard Similarity for Sets Cosine Similarity For Vectorspaces Probabilistic Similarity Measures Kullback Leibler Divergence Comparing Results of Similarity Merasures Generative Models for the Web Introduction to generative modelling.webm Sampling from a probability distribution Evaluating a generative model Pittfalls when increasing the number of model parameters Modeling the Web as a graph Reviewing terms from graph theory The standard web graph model Descriptive statistics of the web graph Topology of the web graph Modelling-graphs-with-linear-algebra Play media Probabilistic Similarity Measures Kullback Leibler Divergence
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Akure is in Southwest Nigeria. Akure is the capital of Ondo State and headquarters of the Akure Kingdom. It is the largest city in the state, with a population of about 570,000 (2011). It is said to have been founded by the great-grandson of the Yoruba divine king Oduduwa. The palace is in the center of town, and was built around 1150AD. Akure is also the home of the respected Federal University of Technology, Akure, and of a peaceful tapestry of backgrounds in its people. There is a sizable presence of restaurants and stores. The Alagbaka district of the city is home to the Ondo State Government House which includes the Governor's office and the residence of members of State Executive Council. Akure is the host of different tertiary institutions such as: the Federal University of Technology Akure, Federal College of Agriculture, School of Nursing and Midwifery and School of Health Technology. Akure lies about 7°25’ north of the equator and 5°19’ east of the Meridian. It is about 700 km (430 mi) Southwest of Abuja and 311 km (193 mi) north of Lagos State. Oba Ile Arakale Ayedun Quarters Ijoka Ijapo Estate Alagbaka Avenue and Idofin Akure is situated in the tropic rainforest zone in Nigeria. Akure is the trade center for a farming region where cocoa, yams, cassava, corn, and tobacco are grown. Cotton is also grown and used to weave cloth. Grains like rice, beans, and millet are very common as they are the major sources of carbohydrates. 7.2145.2981 Akure Airport (AKR IATA) (along Akure-Owo Express Road). Flights from Abuja and Lagos. (updated Jun 2021) There are commercial vehicles moving from one end of the city to the other for easy transportation. There are various bus terminus and bus-stops in Akure for travellers to various parts of the country Nigeria, the most popular ones are old garage, New garage, Benin garage, and Ado garage. 7.30375.13881 Federal University of Technology Akure. A university with 15,000 students. (updated May 2021) 7.22135.21342 Deji of Akure Palace. The Deji of Akure’s palace is the traditional home of the town’s ruler. (updated Jun 2021) 7.22015.21343 Cave Ashes. The Cave Ashes is located in Isharun, which is referred to as the home of the oldest pre-historic man in West Africa. Its skeleton was discovered by Professor Thurstan Shaw – who was at the University of Ibadan at the time. (updated Jun 2021) 7.24755.21344 Ebomi Lake Tourist Centre. The Ebomi Lake Tourist Centre is located in Ipesi in Akoko South-East and is not far from Akure. Tourist can come here and discover a things from the culture of the people. A lot of people are always coming here for relaxation and to explore nature. (updated Jun 2021) 7.24755.21345 Igbokoda. The Igbokoda waterfront is one of the longest body of water in the country. The vast stretch of water makes for an exciting fishing expedition and the scenery is beautiful. (updated Jun 2021) 7.1037835.1094951 Idanre Hill Peak (take Akure-Idanre Road out of Akure to location). Located about 25 km outside of Akure, this popular hiking destination allows you to ascend 667 steps to an elevation of nearly 3000 feet, among dome-like hills that are steeped in folklore and supposedly listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Sight due to its presence of prior human habitation. Here you can find the Owa's (king's palace), Belfry, Old Court, Agboogun footprint, shrines, etc., and the scenery is really quite awe-inspiring. You may have to pay a "guide" at the entrance, but there is no need to book ahead. (updated Jul 2020) 7.22135.21342 Egungun Festival. The Egungun festival is a part of the Yoruba traditional religion. It is performed to mark the death of important personalities, the festival is common among the Egbas, Egbados, Oyo and other parts of South West Nigeria. The festival is usually an annual celebration performed within the months of November to April when there is no rain, with the belief that their ancestor should not have to suffer in the rain. (updated Jun 2021) 7.22015.21343 Igbo Olodumare. This place is at Oke Igbo and has an evergreen forest that is beautiful and thick. You can shoot movies here, have a picnic and generally do other fun things here. You will most possiblly be meeting a lot of persons out there who are also visiting here to have an awesome moment. (updated Jun 2021) Akure have many colourful markets where various items that ranges from food item to household wares, kitchen utensils among others. Ijapo Market Akure: This is a very popular market where virtually everything can be bought. Varieties of goods ranging from food stuffs to building materials and so many other things are being sold in this market. There are so many supermarkets that deal on groceries, food items, beverages, beauty products, cosmetics, kitchen utensils, household wares, fashion items, baby items, gift item among many others. Some of these supermarkets include: 7.2519595.1991461 Cedars of Gold Supermarket, located at 54a Oba Adesida Road, ☏ +234 805 738 6778. M-Sa 8AM – 8:30PM. Cedars of Gold Supermarket is a grocery store. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2611945.1859862 O.U.K Supermarket, No. 31 Oyemekun Rd, opp. Wema Bank, ☏ +234 803 404 2344. M-Sa 8AM – 9PM. (updated Jun 2021) NAO supermarket, Oba Adesida Road. It opens from Monday to Saturday, 9AM-9PM. ☏ +234 803 428 7566 [www.dupsondelink.com Dupsondelink Nigeria, Enterprises], 19 Irowo St., ☏ +234 803 351 4095. (updated Jun 2021) Cedars of Gold Supermarket, 54a Oba Adesida Road. ☏ +234 805 738 6778 In Akure, there are a lot of restaurants and eateries that serves their customers with continental cuisines such as rice, soups, grilled pepper chicken, Nigerian grilled fish and other meals.These restaurants and eateries include: 7.254245.183671 Chicken Republic, Oba Adesida Road, Alagbaka (close to First Bank Alagbaka), ☏ +2348079491763. Chicken Republic is a fast food restaurant located in the heart of the state. They sell both local and continental dishes. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2545755.1982612 Obioma Prestigious Restaurant, No. 32b Arakale Road beside Aromeds Pharmacy, ☏ +234 818 467 6688, +234 803 491 0610. Monday to Saturday 7AM-10PM. Obioma Prestigious Restaurant is a reputable restaurant known for offering healthy delicious tasty African and Continental dishes thus provides professional timely outdoor & indoor catering services. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2587945.213573 Captain Cook, Opposite First Bank, Alagbaka Cl, Alagbaka, ☏ +234 810 904 5518. (updated Jun 2021) Madam Vicky Restaurant, Akure Shopping Centre, Alagbaka Road, Alagbaka. It opens Monday to Saturday 7AM-5PM. Customer care line: +234 803 353 8740. 7.2628835.1889394 Tantalizer, No. 125 Oba Adesida Road, ☏ +234 709 242 1274. Monday to Saturday 7AM-9PM. (updated Jun 2021) Fingerlicking Restaurant, No. 23, Gbogi Street, by Bolton Hotel, Off Oyemekun Road. Fingerlicking Restaurant has Club and Bar and it provides its customers services in indoor and outdoor catering, local and intercontinental cuisine, bar and drink services. Their sport bar has a wide range of wines and spirits. It opens Monday to Saturday 7AM-5PM. Customer care lines: +234 815 594 0705, +234 903 517 8705, +234 806 066 1102. Aristo Games and Bistro, Oba Ile Road. It serves local and continental cuisines such as rice, soups, grilled pepper chicken, Nigerian grilled fish and other meals in a modest setting with cold drinks while enjoying different kinds of games. Customer care line: +234 806 015 4792. Chinyere Restaurant, Km 18, Along Akure - Owo Express way, beside Ade Peter's filling station , Ayede - Ogbese. This is a redefined professionally managed restaurant affiliated to Kingben and it is reputable for delivering mouth watering delicious, healthy meals at pocket friendly rates. Customer care lines: +234 703 905 9163. Diet Field Restaurant, Atilade Street, Oshokoti Layout by Babalola Junction. This restaurant is a modern eatery that serves home made, delicious and affordable continental cuisines which includes fried rice with chicken, jollof rice, spiced noodles, ice cream, and bakes.Customer care line: +234 703 672 0026. Dream Centre Restaurant, Shoprite Mall. Dream Centre Restaurant is an intercontinental and oriental restaurant in Akure offering food services such as pizza, burger, Italian Gelato ice-cream and Nigerian cuisines. Customer care line: +234 805 086 5087. Enny'z Kitchen, Afunbiowo Estate Oke aro. Enny'z Kitchen is one of the redefined Nigerian restaurants in Akure offering tasty, healthy and delicious native, African and continental dishes at affordable in a neat comfortable environment. Customer care line: +234 903 170 0462. Iya Saheed Alamala Restaurant, No 79B Isolo Street. This also called Iya Saheed Food Canteen and it is a food joint that serves visitors and tourists all kinds of Nigerian foods with an outstanding taste in menu which include amala, fufu, pupuru, eba, and iyan. Customer care line: +234 903 395 4602 LAH Kitchen and Lounge, Dome Event Center premises, Igbatoro Road. It is established with the hope to redefine culinary service and to deliver top notch food service satisfaction to our customers. Customer care line: +234 813 548 8544, +234 708 778 9926. Rock Land Spot, Agape Road, by FUTA Road before FUTA Junction. It is a good chilling spot and local restaurant that maintains promptness in order while serving their customers with different food menu which include soup and swallow, spiced meat, pepper soup, point & kill fish, drinks and others. Customer care line: +234 803 291 6461. Tass Foods, No 5. Opposite D'Johnson Hotel behind National Bank, Adegbola. It offers varieties of delicious and affordable African and continental dishes in quite comfortable environment Customer care line: +234 810 393 8170. 7.2656245.1967271 Otolori bar arena akure, Isolo St, ☏ +234 813 245 2681. Offers the best catfish pepper soup and pepper Pomo with chilled drinks of different brands. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2600955.2146112 17 59 Bar, Tisco Building, Alagbaka Qtrs, Alagbaka, ☏ +234 810 002 1310. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2564555.1805983 ExtraCool Restaurant and Bar, No. 265 & 266 Ondo - Akure Rd, ☏ +234 803 804 7450. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2469585.1852824 Iya Ikale Beer Parlour, Igbalaye St, ☏ +234 803 364 7328. Daily 11AM-9:30PM. (updated Jun 2021) 7.2462975.2243461 Royal Birds Hotel & Towers Akure, 6 Ola Akadiri St, Alagbaka, ☏ +234 816 095 4104. Why not go all out and stay at a prime place in the high-end Alagbaka area? Pool, hotel tower, fitness center, restaurant with breakfast. High customer satisfaction on Google. one site said ₦17000, best inquire personally. (updated Jul 2020) 7.24755.21342 Sunview Hotel Ltd, 8 El-Shaddai Road Alagbaka G.R.A. A 4-star hotel that offers an outdoor swimming pool for relaxation and recreation, a well-equipped gym, an onsite restaurant, a well-stocked bar, a playground fitted with swings and bouncing castles for children. Sunview Hotel has a conference and outdoor event centre to host meetings and events respectively. an onsite supermarket, beauty salon, live entertainment at the lobby lounge and pool terrace, 24/7 security, free parking and ATM/cash machine. A room ranges as low as ₦10,000 and as high as ₦150,000. (updated Jun 2021) 7.24755.21343 Stateline Hotel Head Quarters, 12 Stateline Rd, Plot 25 Off FUTA road, Folahan Close, ☏ +2348077821240. Rooms in the hotel are categorised into Single, Single Deluxe, Double and Double Deluxe. Each room features a comfortable bed, air conditioner, flat-screen TV, worktable, wardrobe and an en-suite bathroom fitted with a bathtub. Stateline Hotel offers amenities like an ample parking space, an on-site restaurant and a bar with adequate security for guests. Babies and kids are allowed to stay for free. ₦3,000 for a room and up to ₦5,000. (updated Jun 2021) 7.24755.21344 Royal Parklane Hotel, 56/59 Fajuyi Street, Ijapo Estate. A 2-star budget hotel that provides affordable accommodation to tourists and business travellers in the city. Each room has a king-size bed, a flat-screen TV, a refrigerator, a private bathroom en-suite, an air conditioner, a set of table and chair and a bedside safe. All rooms at Royal Parklane hotel are fully equipped with free Wi-Fi internet access, bar/lounge offers guests a wide variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, a fully-equipped fitness centre/gym, 24-hour room service, a 24-hour front desk service, daily newspaper supply and laundry services, uninterrupted power supply and adequate parking space are guaranteed for guests at the hotel. (updated Jun 2021) Flourish Hotel, Plot 14 Block XLI GRA Alagbaka. Each room in Flourish Hotel Akure features a flat-screen television with satellite channels, refrigerator, air conditioner, Intercom system, a minibar, plush bed, a work table and chair, wardrobe, free Internet access and a private bathroom with water heating system. General facilities include an on-site restaurant, the well-stocked bar that provides guests with a wide selection of both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, a Suya Spot and Pastry shop, 24 hours front desk service, safety deposit boxes, luggage storage, laundry services, car rental and taxi pickup services, CCTV, adequate parking space and security. ₦9,000 - 50,000 per night. (updated Jun 2021) 7.24755.21345 Cozy Resort and Suites, No 1 New Song Lane, Akin Akingbola Street, Alagbaka GRA, Akure South. Guests can enjoy a private view of the hotel. At Cozy Resort and Suites, every room has a work desk, an air conditioner, a refrigerator, and a stand-in shower. Other services available at the hotel are a bar, a restaurant on-site, room service, laundry/dry cleaning, airport shuttle services on request, free for children, free cancellation, and no pets. ₦9,700-23,000 per night. (updated Jun 2021) 7.22015.21346 Bliss World Resorts And Hotel, 40 Henry Fajemirokun Avenue, Plot 20 Block 1, Ijapo Estate. Check-in: noon, check-out: 1PM. Rooms at Bliss World Resorts and Hotel are air-conditioned and furnished with luxury beddings, flat-screen TV sets, mini-fridges, tea/coffee facilities, chairs and desks. The bathrooms are en-suite with shower cubicles and a Jacuzzi. The Royal and Business Suite offers includes comfortable chairs, a personal digital safe, a separate sitting area and free internet access. Other general facilities added are a spa, beauty shop, event halls, a business centre, gift shop, a gym, an outdoor swimming pool, laundry/dry cleaning, car hire, a bar and lounge, a restaurant, airport shuttle, bike hire and ironing services. ₦9,000-25,000 per night. (updated Jun 2021) For most locations in Akure, you would most likely find coverage of the 2G/3G/4G mobile networks. So if you are planning a visit to Akure, like you would do for many other places in Nigeria, you should probably consider having multiple SIM cards, preferably for all the mobile service providers, since you can't tell which will be more stable and reliable at a time in your location during your visit. Abuja Lagos Ondo Ife Ijebu Ode Ibadan Oshogbo Ikere Owo
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Monday, October 22, 2007 Former faith healer and televangelist Oral Roberts returned to Oral Roberts University (ORU) on October 22 as President. His son Richard Roberts, who served as president since 1993, stepped down last week amid allegations of illegal political and financial wrongdoing. Oral said that all allegations made in the ORU lawsuit and an attached report are false and "said the university will begin mediation this week with the three former professors." However according to Tulsa World, an attorney for the professors who sued ORU said, "Right now, we're a bit disturbed about attempting any type of a settlement as long as they're so adamant they haven't done anything wrong," and "We would prefer to move forward and develop the information and develop the case." On Monday night alumni, clergy from around the U.S., and the people fired held a rally at Morningstar Baptist Church asking for Richard to permantly resign. They say Robert's temporary leave of absence "isn't enough." "Richard Roberts takes leave of absence from Oral Roberts University" — Wikinews, October 17, 2007 "More allegations filed against Oral Roberts University" — Wikinews, October 14, 2007 "Oral Roberts University president accused of illegal political donations and financial misappropriation" — Wikinews, October 5, 2007 Wikisource has original text related to this article: Swails, Brooker, Brooker v. Oral Roberts University "Oral Roberts University Lawsuit Collection" — Tulsa World, October 2007 "Rally against Richard Roberts" — KOKI-TV, October 23, 2007 "ORU founder returns to defend school" — Tulsa World, October 22, 2007 "Oral Roberts Denies Accusations" — The Guardian, October 22, 2007 "Oral Roberts says "devil won't steal ORU"" — Associated Press, October 22, 2007 "Has lawsuit hurt ORU?" — KOKI-TV, October 22, 2007 "3 Former Professors Sue Oral Roberts U., Alleging Political and Ethical Misconduct at High Levels" — The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 4, 2007 Wikipedia has more about this subject: Oral Roberts University "Swails, Brooker, Brooker v. Oral Roberts University, Board of Regents et al" — United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma, October 13 2007 Stephanie Cantees. "Scandal Vulnerability Assessment" — Oral Roberts University, October 2007
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MySQL The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/MySQL Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. For a more general introduction see the SQL Wikibook. Structured Query Language is a third generation language for working with relational databases. Being a 3G language it is closer to human language than machine language and therefore easier to understand and work with. Dr. E. F. Ted Codd who worked for IBM described a relational model for database in 1970. In 1992, ANSI (American National Standards Institute), the apex body, standardized most of the basic syntax. Its called SQL 92 and most databases (like Oracle, MySQL, Sybase, etc.) implement a subset of the standard (and proprietary extensions that makes them often incompatible). Free as in Freedom - Released with GPL version 2 license (though a different license can be bought from Oracle, see below) Cost - Free! Support - Online tutorials, forums, mailing list (lists.mysql.com), paid support contracts. Speed - One of the fastest databases available. ([2]) Functionality - supports most of ANSI SQL commands. Ease of use - less need of training / retraining. Portability - easily import / export from Excel and other databases Scalable - Useful for both small as well as large databases containing billions of records and terabytes of data in hundreds of thousands of tables. Permission Control - selectively grant or revoke permissions to users. MySQL is available under a dual-licensing scheme: Under the GNU General Public License, version 2, ("or later" allowed in versions released before 2007): this is a Free (as in freedom), copyleft software license that allows you to use MySQL for commercial and non-commercial purposes in your application, as long as your application is released under the GNU GPL. There is also a "FLOSS Exception" which essentially allows non-GPL'd but Free applications (such as the PHP programming language, under the PHP license) to connect to a MySQL server. The exception lists a set of free and open-source software license that can be used in addition to the GNU GPL for your MySQL-dependent Free application. A so-called "commercial" , paid license, that is, a license where MySQL grants you the right to integrate MySQL with a non-FLOSS application that you are redistributing outside your own organization. MySQL is Free Software, so some forks and unofficial builds delivering contributions from the community exist. In 2008 Sun Microsystems bought MySQL, Sun being itself later acquired by Oracle, in 2010. After the acquisition, the development process has changed. The team has started to release new MySQL versions less frequently, so the new code is less tested.There were also less contributions from the community. In 2009 Monty Widenius, the founder of MySQL, left the company and created a new one, called The Monty Program. He started a new fork called MariaDB. The scopes of MariaDB, import all the new code that will be added to the main MySQL branch, but enhancing it to make it more stable; clean the MySQL code; add contributions from the community (new plugins, new features); develop the Aria storage engine, formerly named Maria; improving the performance; adding new features to the server. The license is the GNU GPLv2 (inherited from MySQL). The primary platform for MariaDB is GNU/Linux, but also works on one proprietary system. The following Storage Engine have been added: Aria (also used for internal tables) PBXT XtraDB FederatedX SphinxSE OQGRAPH Others may be added in the future. In 2008 Brian Aker, chief architect of MySQL, left the project to start a new fork called Drizzle. While Oracle initially funded the project, Drizzle is now funded by Rackspace. Its characteristics are: only a small part of the MySQL code has survived in this fork, the rest being removed: only essential features are implemented in the Drizzle server; the survived code has been cleaned; Drizzle is modular: many features are or can be implemented as plugins; the software is optimized for multiCPU and multicore 64 bit machines; only GNU/Linux and UNIX systems are supported. There are no public releases of this fork, still. Its main license will be the GNU GPLv2 (inherited from MySQL), but where possible the BSD license is applied. OurDelta is another fork, maintained by Open Query. The first branch, which has number 5.0, is based on MySQL 5.0. The 5.1 branch is based on MariaDB. OurDelta includes some patches developed by the community or by third parties. OurDelta provides packages for some GNU/Linux distributions: Debian, Ubuntu, Red Hat/CentOS. It is not available for other systems, but the source code is freely available. Percona Server is a MySQL fork maintained by Percona. It provides the ExtraDB Storage Engine, which is a fork of InnoDB, and some patches which mainly improve the performance. Calling it "commercial" is misleading, because the GNU GPL can be used in commercial (but non-proprietary) projects. Proprietary projects still can connect to a MySQL server without purchasing this license by using old versions of the MySQL client connection libraries (under the GNU Lesser General Public License). However, these libraries cannot connect to the newest versions of the MySQL server. As MySQL alone isn't enough to run a real database server, the more practical way to install it is to deploy an all in one pack in this purpose, including all the needed additional elements: Apache and PHP. On Linux: XAMP or LAMP. On Windows: XAMP, WAMP, or EasyPHP. Attention on Windows 10: The server IIS is launched by default, which forces Apache to change its port (888 instead of 80). To resolve this, just untick Internet Information Services in Programs and functionalities, Activate or deactivate the Windows functionalities. In the same way, the MySQL port can change from 3306 to 3388. Moreover, EasyPHP development server (alias Devserver, the red version) doesn't work properly (MSVCR110.dll is missing) but EasyPHP hosting server (alias Webserver, the blue one) yes. However, it launched automatically at each boot which slows the system significantly. To avoid this, execute services.msc, and toggle the three services below in manual start. Then to launch them on demand (as an administrator), create a script called MySQL.cmd, containing the following lines: net start ews-dbserver net start ews-httpserver net start ews-dashboard pause net stop ews-dashboard net stop ews-httpserver net stop ews-dbserver This guide is written from the perspective of using the Linux Shell with Ubuntu and apt-get[3]. If you want to solely use the Terminal: Make sure you have the MySQL Client and Server installed. To install the client and the server under apt-get distributions (for example Debian and Ubuntu), Execute: apt-get install mysql-client mysql-client-5.0 mysql-server mysql-server-5.0 About the MySQL package: [4] Having a secure installation: If all your answers are "yes" to what follows, this cleans up your installation, forces you to set a root password, asks you to test for anonymous users and makes your database internal. Just be careful. Be sure that you are configuring MySQL to the specifications you want. Here's the code: mysql_secure_installation Now that MySQL is installed, you wouldn't necessarily have your own account, so you have to log in as root. To do this type: sudo mysql -u root -p (This means that you're logging on as the user "root" (-u root) and that you're requesting the password for "root" (-p) ) Once you've managed to log in, your command-line should look like this: mysql> By the way, if your command-line ends up looking like this: -> theres an explanation behind it. In MySQL each command you do has to end with ; . This way it knows that everything behind ; is a command. So to get out of there, simply type ; There will be more on this later. Now you can check what databases (if any) are available to your user (in this case "root" ): show databases; Let's get straight to the chase and create our own database. Let's call it people. While we're doing this we can also create our own user account. Two birds with one stone. So first create the database: create database people; (NOTE: in this particular case, you have to be "root" to create new databases.) Now we want to grant ( GRANT ) all user rights ( ALL ) from ( ON ) the entire ( * ) people database to ( TO ) your account ( yourusername@localhost ) with your user password being stuffedpoodle ( IDENTIFIED BY "stuffedpoodle" ). So we'd input this as: GRANT ALL ON people. * TO yourusername@localhost IDENTIFIED BY "stuffedpoodle"; Tada! You now have your own user account. Let's say you chose ted as your username. You've configured MySQL to say that ted can play around with the people database in whatever ways he wishes. Now get out of MySQL by typing exit To start working with the people database, you can now login as ted: mysql -u ted -p In MySQL information is stored in tables. Tables contain columns and rows. Ted has now created a people database. So we want now to enter some information into a table. Login as ted. Firstly, we need to make sure we're working with the people database. So typing: select database(); will show you what database you're currently using. You should see a NULL , meaning that you're working with nothing at the moment. So to start using the people database, type: \u people (NOTICE: Typing: USE people OR logging in as mysql people -u ted -p is also acceptable.) So how to create a table. Keep in mind that we need to set all the column values (like surname, age etc.). Now, remember that annoying -> symbol? MySQL reads your command as just one command, not a series. So, -> enables you to enter your inputs in a nicer way than just writing everything on one line. (NOTE: The problem with this method is that if you screw up on a line and press ENTER to go to the next line, you can't go back and fix your mistake. That's why a nice way to do this is using something like SciTE Text Editor (set language to SQL) to write your code and just copy/paste that into the shell.) Another thing is that you must separate your lines with , at the end of each line except when you've written your two last lines. On the second to last line, don't add , and the last line always ends with ; . First I have to explain a few things so you're not blown away by an unfamiliar bunch of code. If you don't know, we use brackets () to encapsulate code. (Often called parenthesis). The first thing we will be writing after the CREATE TABLE tableName and the first bracket will be the database ID number(we use integers [5]) of each person, mainly known as the Primary Key. It's kinda like a passport ID number. Each number is unique to its owner and it has to be to prevent duplication and imposters. Now, any variable in SQL is created as variableNAME variableTYPE otherVariableAttributes . So in order to define the Primary Key variable, we need to type for example: peopleID(variableNAME) int(variableTYPE - short for "integer") unsigned(means we want our integer value to always be a positive number) not null(we want each row to have a value, so obviously the value can't be empty(NULL) ) auto_increment(this ensures that each new row that is created will be a unique value) primary key(we are saying that this particular variable will be our Primary Key for this Table. ), (a reminder that the , symbol indicates the end of this line so MySQL knows to go to the next line) You already know about the int variable. There is another which is kinda like String (for example: if you've programmed in Java before). It's called varchar which stands for variable characters. You set the amount of characters someone is able to input into a varchar variable. Like this: nameOfFattestMooseAlive varchar(30) So nameOfFattestMooseAlive can have a maximum of 30 characters. Okay, so let's see an example of how to create a table relating to the people database: CREATE TABLE peopleInfo ( peopleID int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key, firstName varchar(30), lastName varchar(30), age int, gender varchar(13) ); Just a note that I set the maximum value of gender to 13 because "hermaphrodite" has 13 characters. :) Now you can type: CREATE TABLE peopleInfo and press ENTER if you'd like to start -> and write the rest of the code or you can use SCITE and copy/paste it into your shell. Great. We now completed our first Table. Now comes the part when we have to get some actual people into our peopleInfo Table. Since your already using the people database, you can type show tables; to see what tables are currently in your database. To see the properties of your table type: describe peopleInfo; So, how to fill in our peopleInfo table with people... This is done by telling MySQL what rows you are filling in and the actual information/data you want to fill in. So we want to insert into our table (specifying the rows) and inputting the values(actual data) that we want. (NOTE: We are not filling in the primary key.) To create our first person you would type this: INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Bill", "Harper", 17, "male"); Great. Now if you want to printout to the screen all the information about your table, type: select * from peopleInfo; and there you have it. Your table now has one person stored in it. Inserting lots of information into your table: A brief point that shall be covered later, MySQL backs-up itself in .sql files. The reason this is smart is because it backs-up the actual code inside the text file. Keeping this in mind, let's say we want to add 10 other people into your peopleInfo table. It would be one hell of a hassle typing each person into existence. What if there were a 1000? So I've graciously typed out the code of filling in 10 other people to a database. :) Create a blank .txt file and copy/paste this information into it, saving it as tenPeople.sql . INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Mary", "Jones", 21, "female"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Jill", "Harrington", 19, "female"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Bob", "Mill", 26, "male"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Alfred", "Jinks", 23, "male"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Sandra", "Tussel", 31, "female"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Mike", "Habraha", 45, "male"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("John", "Murry", 22, "male"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Jake", "Mechowsky", 34, "male"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Hobrah", "Hinbrah", 24, "hermaphrodite"); INSERT INTO peopleInfo (firstName, lastName, age, gender) values ("Laura", "Smith", 17, "female"); Excellent. Now we want to get all these people in our table. exit MySQL and go to the directory where you saved the tenPeople.sql file. Once there, to get all the data into your database, type: mysql -u ted -p people 17; will show everyone in your table who is older than 17. Little index here: > greater than < less than >= greater or equal to <= less than or equal to <> not equal to Let's say we wanted to display all people whose first names began with the letter "j". We would use the LIKE condition. (Makes sense, is your name LIKE the letter "j", well it start with j so yes. :) ) About the LIKE condition. [6] select * from peopleInfo where firstName LIKE "j%"; (NOTE: LIKE 's evil opposite cousin is NOT LIKE) There is a function called mysqldump. This is a way to backup your database. Remember how you managed to get information into your database from tenPeople.sql? Well that's how you restore information to a database. (In this particular case you gotta make sure that in your database you have a table called "peopleInfo") Now... To backup your database (in this case backup the people database): We first have to create the .txt file that we will be backing it up to. Open a blank .txt file and save it as backupfile.sql . Now we can type: mysqldump -u ted -p people > backupfile.sql Congratulations. You have now backuped your people database. WARNING! mysqldump is one of the worst ways to backup production databases for the following reasons: it will take quite a lot of time to dump data even more time to restore. Depends on datasize, it can be counted in days! locking problem with MyISAM tables or mixed environment Better solutions are based on binary copy. It allows you to perform non-locking, consistent backups. For MyISAM or mixed environment: LVM snapshots For InnoDB: LVM snapshots ZFS snapshots (for Solaris systems) InnoDB Hot Backup XtraBackup (similar to InnoDB Hot Backup but free) This graphic interface allows the generation of SQL code by selecting some options with the mouse. This software has its own wiki on http://wiki.cihar.com/pma/Welcome_to_phpMyAdmin_Wiki. To enter the SQL commands: Launch MySQL in shell: Linux: mysql -h localhost -u root MyDB Windows: "C:\Program Files (x86)\EasyPHP\binaries\mysql\bin\mysql.exe" -h localhost -u root MyDB Or open an SQL window in PhpMyAdmin (eg: http://localhost/modules/phpmyadmin/#PMAURL-1:server_sql.php?server=1). select "hello world"; +-------------+ | hello world | +-------------+ | hello world | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) CREATE DATABASE database; Require? Privilege. mysqladmin create is a command-line wrapper for this function. NB: in MySQL, CREATE SCHEMA is a perfect synonym of CREATE DATABASE, contrarily to some other DBMS like Oracle or SQL Server. DROP DATABASE database; Require ? privilege. mysqladmin drop is a command-line wrapper for this function. The -f option can be used to suppress the interactive confirmation (useful for unattended scripts). In some 5.1.x versions there was a RENAME DATABASE db1 TO db2; command, but it has been removed because renaming databases via SQL caused some data loss problems. However, in the command-line, you can create/export/import/delete: mysqladmin create name2 mysqldump --opt name1 | mysql name2 mysqladmin drop -f name1 Another option, if you have root access, is to rename the database directory: cd /var/lib/mysql/ /etc/init.d/mysql stop mv name1/ name2/ /etc/init.d/mysql start You also need to drop privileges on name1 and recreate them on name2: UPDATE mysql.db SET `Db`='name2' WHERE `Db`='name1'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; There is no direct copy command in MySQL. However, this can easily be done using some tools. The mysqldump command-line can be used to generate a complete flat-file copy of the database. You can then reinject this copy in another database. This requires a direct access to the database; if you do not have it, you may need to use phpMyAdmin instead. # First, clean-up the target database: mysqladmin drop -f base2 mysqladmin create base2 # Copy base1 to base2: mysqldump --opt base1 | mysql base2 To set an automatic backup every day at midnight, in Linux: $ crontab -e 0 0 * * * /usr/local/bin/mysqldump -uLOGIN -PPORT -hHOST -pPASS base1 | gzip -c > `date “+\%Y-\%m-\%d”`.gz With Linux: mysql -h localhost -u root MaBase < MaBase.sql With Windows, the program may not be into the environment variables: "C:\Program Files (x86)\EasyPHP\binaries\mysql\bin\mysql.exe" -h localhost -u root MyDB < MyDB.sql Contrarily to the PhpMyAdmin importations, there is no limit. For example, we can load a 2 GB database in five minutes. Tools: MySQL Migration Toolkit MySQL Query Browser apparently includes a MySQL Table Editor module. Kexi (wikipedia: Kexi) DBDesigner begins to be old. It is released under the GNU GPL, but it cannot be fully considered as free software since it requires the non-free Kylix compiler to build. But MySQL AB acquired fabFORCE[citation needed], who distributed DB Designer, and MySQL Workbench is the next version. For now the project is still Alpha and not ready for use yet. Meanwhile, if you use the latest release of DBDesigner, you'll find that it cannot connect to MySQL, with the "unable to load libmysqlclient.so" error. To workaround this, Install the MySQL "Shared compatibility libraries" (from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.0.html#downloads for version 5.0, generic RPMS aka MySQL-shared-compat.i386 will do). Replace DBDesigner's version of libmysqlclient.so with the newly installed one: sudo ln -sf /usr/lib/libmysqlclient.so.10 /usr/lib/DBDesigner4/libmysqlclient.so Find and install kylixlibs3-unwind-3.0-rh.4.i386.rpm Find an old xorg (e.g. xorg-x11-libs-6.8.2-37.FC4.49.2.1.i386.rpm from FC4) and extract it: rpm2cpio x.rpm | cpio -i Get libXft.so.1.1 in that package and install it: sudo cp libXft.so.1.1 /usr/lib ldconfig You now can connect to your MySQL5 server from DBDesigner4. Consider this a temporary work-around waiting for community (free) and commercial (not free) versions MySQL Workbench. Typical configuration : MySQL database on a host machine (which name is mysqlhost below) OOo 2 on a client machine (Debian GNU/Linux for instance) Connection via ODBC. It's a client configuration : we need mysql-client: aptitude install mysql-client Under Fedora/CentOS: yum install mysql Before installing ODBC, we can test the remote connexion locally: $ mysql -h mysqlhost -u user1 mysqldatabase -p Enter password: PassUser1 You must have create the database mysqldatabase and the user user1 on mysqlhost. It seems there is no problem (hope there is not ;-)): Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 33 to server version: 5.0.24a-Debian_5~bpo.1-log Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer. mysql> Then, it's possible to test, through different queries : mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysqldatabase | +--------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) .... mysql> quit; Bye Fine ! Let's go with OOo and ODBC, on the client machine: aptitude install libmyodbc unixodbc For Fedora/CentOS: yum install mysql-connector-odbc unixODBC /etc/odbc.ini (empty file) and /etc/odbcinst.ini are created. odbcinst.ini declares the available ODBC driver. Here's the MySQL statement (paths to the .so files may vary depending on the distribution); for Debian: [MySQL] Description = MySQL driver Driver = /usr/lib/odbc/libmyodbc.so Setup = /usr/lib/odbc/libodbcmyS.so CPTimeout = CPReuse = FileUsage = 1 for CentOS: [MySQL] Description = ODBC for MySQL Driver = /usr/lib/libmyodbc3.so Setup = /usr/lib/libodbcmyS.so FileUsage = 1 Now we can use odbcinst : # odbcinst -j unixODBC 2.2.4 DRIVERS............: /etc/odbcinst.ini SYSTEM DATA SOURCES: /etc/odbc.ini USER DATA SOURCES..: /root/.odbc.ini For further options : man odbcinst First of all, we have to create at least one DSN (Data Source Name or Data Set Name), because every ODBC connection is initialized through an existing DSN. It's true in every cases, so it is required for an ODBC connection from OOo. To create a DSN, one have different possibilities : Modify /etc/odbc.ini (concerns all users) Modify ~/.odbc.ini (concerns a specific user) Use graphical applications such as ODBCConfig (Debian: unixodbc-bin, Fedora: unixODBC-kde). Finally, these graphical applications modify /etc/odbc.ini or ~/.odbc.ini For instance, a /etc/odbc.ini file (the name of the DSN is between brackets []): [MySQL-test] Description = MySQL ODBC Database TraceFile = stderr Driver = MySQL SERVER = mysqlhost USER = user1 PASSWORD = DATABASE = mysqldatabase In that case, the DSN is called MySQL-test Then we can test, using isql command: $ isql -v MySQL-test user1 PassUser1 +---------------------------------------+ | Connected! | | | | sql-statement | | help [tablename] | | quit | | | +---------------------------------------+ SQL> show databases; +-------------------+ | Database | +-------------------+ | information_schema| | mysqldatabase | +-------------------+ 2 rows affected 2 rows returned SQL> quit; And now, from OOo: -> File -> New -> Database -> Connecting to an existing database -> MySQL -> Next -> Connect using ODBC -> Next -> Choosing a Data Source -> MySQL-test -> Next -> Username : user1 (tick password required) -> Yes, register the database for me -> Finish At that step, one is connected to the mysqldatabase database, under the user user1. Just before accessing the database, for example to create tables, one will give user1 password. Then, through OOo, it is now quite easy to access and manipulate the database. We can just notice that Java is required in the following cases : Wizard to create a form (at the opposite, to create a form directly don't need any JRE). Wizard to create reports. Wizard to create queries (at the opposite, to create a query directly or through a view don't need any JRE). Wizard to create tables (at the opposite, to create a table directly or to create a view don't need any JRE). GNU/Linux distros usually ships OpenOffice with IcedTea (openjdk-6-jre/java-1.6.0-openjdk) or GCJ (java-gcj-compat/java-1.4.2-gcj-compat) so that these Java-based features work. https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/rename-database.html http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6645818/how-to-automate-database-backup-using-phpmyadmin In the forums: [1] but we'd need something more official Browsing the databases Specifying table names Definitions User Variables Alias Data Types Table manipulation Data manipulation Queries Using/Dealing with NULL Operators Import/export Functions Exercises Reserved Words information_schema is a virtual database provided by MySQL 5 and later, that contains metadata about the server and the databases. You can't modify structure and data of information_schema. You can only query the tables. Many information_schema tables provide the same data you can retrieve with a SHOW statement. While using SHOW commands is faster (the server responds much faster and you type less characters), the information_schema provides a more flexible way to obtain and organize the metadata. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA table containing the databases information is SCHEMATA. The mysqlshow command line tool (DOS/Unix) can be used instead. You can't show databases if the server has been started with the --skip-all-databases option. If you don't have the 'SHOW DATABASES' privilege, you'll only see databases on which you have some permissions. The following SQL commands provide information about the databases located on the current server. Show all databases: SHOW DATABASES; The SCHEMA keywords can be used in place of DATABASES. MySQL doesn't support standard SQL SCHEMAs, so SCHEMA is a synonym of database. It has been added for compatibility with other DBMSs. SHOW DATABASES LIKE 'pattern'; The LIKE operator here works as in normal SELECTs or DML statements. So you can list all databases whose name starts with 'my': SHOW DATABASES LIKE 'my%'; You can add more complex filters using the WHERE clause: SHOW DATABASES WHERE conditions; WHERE clause allows you to use regular expressions, '=', '<' and '>' operators, string functions or other useful expressions to filter the records returned by SHOW DATABASES. The following SQL commands provide information about the tables and views contained in a database. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables containing this information are `TABLES` and `VIEWS`. Since the following statements provide very little information about views, if you need to get metadata about them you'll probably prefer to query the VIEWS table. The mysqlshow command line tool can be used instead. USE `database`; SHOW TABLES; SHOW TABLES FROM `database`; The 2 forms shown above are equivalent. You can apply a filter to the tables names, to show only tables whose name match a pattern. You can use the LIKE operators, as you do in SELECTs or in the DML statements: SHOW TABLES LIKE `pattern`; Also, you can apply a more complex filter to any column returned by the SHOW TABLES command using the WHERE clause: SHOW TABLES WHERE condition; (see below) By default, SHOW TABLES returns only one column containing the name of the table. You can get extra information by using the FULL keyword: SHOW FULL TABLES; This will add a column called `Table_type`. This can have three values: 'BASE TABLE' for tables, 'VIEW' for views and 'SYSTEM VIEW' for special tables created by the server (normally used only INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables). So you can only list tables: SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE `Table_type`='BASE TABLE'; Or, you can only list views: SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE `Table_type`='VIEW'; You can get a list of the non-temporary tables (not views) which are open in the cache: SHOW OPEN TABLES; This command has the same parameters as SHOW TABLES, except for FULL (useless in this case). You can't get this information from the INFORMATION_SCHEMA. The following SQL commands provide information about the columns in a table or in a view. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA table containing this information is COLUMNS. The mysqlshow command line tool can be used instead. DESCRIBE `table`; DESCRIBE `database`.`table`; DESCRIBE `table` 'filter'; DESC can be used as a shortcut for DESCRIBE. 'filter' can be a column name. If a column name is specified, only that column will be shown. If 'filter' contains the '%' or the '_' characters, it will be evaluated as a LIKE condition. For example, you can list all fields which start with 'my': DESC `table` 'my%'; A synonym is: EXPLAIN `table`; Another synonym is: SHOW FIELDS FROM `table`; Another synonym is: SHOW COLUMNS FROM `table`; -- possible clauses: SHOW COLUMNS FROM `table` FROM `database`; SHOW COLUMNS FROM `table` LIKE 'pattern'; SHOW COLUMNS FROM `table` WHERE condition; FIELDS and COLUMNS are synonyms. EXPLAIN is a synonym of SHOW COLUMNS / FIELDS too, but it doesn't support all of its clauses. A databases name can be specified both in the form SHOW COLUMNS FROM `table` FROM `database`; both: SHOW COLUMNS FROM `database`.`table`; Using the FULL keyword, extra info can be retried: the columns' collation, privileges you have on the column and the comment. The following SQL commands provide information about the indexes in a table. Information about keys is contained in the `COLUMNS` table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA. The mysqlshow -k command line tool can be used instead. SHOW INDEX FROM `TABLE`; SHOW INDEX FROM `TABLE` FROM `databases`; The KEYS reserved word can be used as a synonym of INDEX. No other clauses are provided. Result example: Remark: with phpMyAdmin it's easy to create the same index multiple times, which slows the requests. To remove an index: DROP INDEX `date_2` on `Table1` In this book, we will quote the MySQL identifiers (tables names, fields, databases, etc.) using backquotes (`). Backquote is ASCII 96. It can be type on Linux systems by pressing: ALT+'. Most often, this is optional. However, this allows better error messages from MySQL. For example, this error is not very helpful: mysql> SELECT user_id, group_id FROM user,group LIMIT 1; ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'group LIMIT 1' at line 1 But this one is better: mysql> SELECT user_id, group_id FROM `user`,`group` LIMIT 1; ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'savannah.group' doesn't exist Ok, it was just a missing s: mysql> SELECT user_id, group_id FROM `user`,`groups` LIMIT 1; +---------+----------+ | user_id | group_id | +---------+----------+ | 100 | 2 | +---------+----------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec) This syntax allows the user to use reserved words and some illegal characters in objects' names. It is even possible to use backquotes by typing it twice: RENAME TABLE `user` TO ```` However, this is not a portable syntax. The SQL standard recommends the use of a double quote ("). If you want to write portable SQL quote, do not quote the identifiers. But is there something like portable SQL, even remotely? Data Definition Language (DDL) refers to the CREATE, ALTER and DROP statements. DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands that can be used to define the database schema. DDL allows to add / modify / delete the logical structures which contain the data or which allow users to access / maintain the data (databases, tables, keys, views...). DDL is about "metadata". Data Manipulation Language (DML) refers to the INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements DML allows to add / modify / delete data itself. Data Query Language (DQL) refers to the SELECT, SHOW and HELP statements (queries) SELECT is the main DQL instruction. It retrieves data you need. SHOW retrieves infos about the metadata. HELP... is for people who need help. Data Control Language (DCL) refers to the GRANT and REVOKE statements DCL is used to grant / revoke permissions on databases and their contents. DCL is simple, but MySQL's permissions are rather complex. DCL is about security. Data Transaction Language (DTL) refers to the START TRANSACTION, SAVEPOINT, COMMIT and ROLLBACK [TO SAVEPOINT] statements DTL is used to manage transactions (operations which include more instructions none of which can be executed if one of them fails). The local variables can't be reached from outside their function or stored procedure. They are declared like this: DECLARE MyVariable1 INT DEFAULT 1; The ability to set variables in a statement with the := assignment operator: For e.g. (@total) to calculate the total in an example, you have to have the total column first because it must be calculated before the individual percentage calculations. Session variables are set for the duration of the thread. In the vast majority of cases you'd use a programming language to do this sort of thing. MySQL variables can be useful when working on the MySQL command line. If no records are returned, the user variable will not be set for that statement. A user variable set in the field list cannot be used as a condition. The value of a variable is set with the SET statement or in a SELECT statement with := select @test := 2; select @test + 1; -- returns 3 set @startdate='some_start_date', @enddate='some_end_date' SELECT @toremember:=count(*) FROM membros; select @numzero := count(*) from table1 where field=0; select @numdistinct := count(distinct field) from table1 where field <> 0 ; select @numzero @numdistinct; You can copy values retrieved by a SELECT into one or more variables: SET @id = 0, @name = ''; SELECT id, name INTO @id, @name FROM table1 limit 1; SELECT @id, @name; A global variable is visible to all users, it allows to modify the configuration files settings during the session or definitely. So when changing them, it's necessary to precise this permanent or ephemera criteria, with respectively set global and set session. Example: mysql> set @@global.max_connections = 1000; mysql> show global variables like 'wait_timeout'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | wait_timeout | 60 | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> set @@session.wait_timeout=120; http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1009954/mysql-variable-vs-variable-whats-the-difference http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/declare-local-variable.html An expression and a column may be given aliases using AS. The alias is used as the expression's column name and can be used with order by or having clauses. For e.g. SELECT CONCAT(last_name,' ', first_name) AS full_name, nickname AS nick FROM mytable ORDER BY full_name These aliases can be used in ORDER BY, GROUP BY and HAVING clauses. They should not be used in WHERE clause. A table name can have a shorter name for reference using AS. You can omit the AS word and still use aliasing. For e.g. SELECT COUNT(B.Booking_ID), U.User_Location FROM Users U LEFT OUTER JOIN Bookings AS B ON U.User_ID = B.Rep_ID AND B.Project_ID = '10' GROUP BY (U.User_Location) Aliasing plays a crucial role while you are using self joins. For e.g. people table has been referred to as p and c aliases! SELECT p.name AS parent, c.name AS child, MIN((TO_DAYS(NOW())-TO_DAYS(c.dob))/365) AS minage FROM people AS p LEFT JOIN people AS c ON p.name=c.parent WHERE c.name IS NOT NULL GROUP BY parent HAVING minage > 50 ORDER BY p.dob; VARCHAR is shorthand for CHARACTER VARYING. 'n' represents the maximum column length (upto 65,535 characters). A VARCHAR(10) column can hold a string with a maximum length of 10 characters. The actual storage required is the length of the string (L), plus 1 or 2 bytes (1 if the length is < 255) to record the length of the string. For the string 'abcd', L is 4 and the storage requirement is 5 bytes. CHAR(n) is similar to varchar(n) with the only difference that char will occupy fixed length of space in the database whereas varchar will need the space to store the actual text. So a CHAR field takes more storage space, but is 20% faster to search if index. A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 65,535 characters. The required space is the real length of the stored data plus 2 bytes (1 byte if length is < 255). The BLOB / TEXT data is not stored in the table's data file. This makes all operations (INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE / SELECT) involving the BLOB / TEXT data slower, but makes all other operations faster. Specifying an n value has no effect whatsoever. Regardless of a supplied value for n, maximum (unsigned) value stored is 429 crores. If you want to add negative numbers, add the "signed" keyword next to it. Attention: to store a number greater than the limit (eg: 1234567890123456789), the software can tell that the operation has been done although it hasn't. So the type must be declared as BIGINT in this case. Remark: the booleans are declared as tinyint(1). The number between the parenthesis after the integer types indicates on how many digits the stored integer should be displayed. However, if it's longer than that, it won't affect its storing. decimal(n,m) decimal(4,2) means numbers upto 99.99 (and NOT 9999.99 as you may expect) can be saved. Four digits with the last 2 reserved for decimal. Out of the three types DATETIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP, the DATE type is used when you need only a date value, without a time part. MySQL retrieves and displays DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format. The DATETIME type is used when you need values that contain both date and time information. The difference between DATETIME and TIMESTAMP is that the TIMESTAMP range is limited to 1970-2037 (see below). TIME can be used to only store the time of day (HH:MM:SS), without the date. It can also be used to represent a time interval (for example: -02:00:00 for "two hours in the past"). Range: '-838:59:59' => '838:59:59'. YEAR can be used to store the year number only. If you manipulate dates, you have to specify the actual date, not only the time - that is, MySQL will not automagically use today as the current date. On the contrary, MySQL will even interpret the HH:MM:SS time as a YY:MM:DD value, which will probably be invalid. The following examples show the precise date range for Unix-based timestamps, which starts at the Unix Epoch and stops just before the first new year before the 2 31 − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{31}-1} usual limit (2038). mysql> SET time_zone = '+00:00'; -- GMT Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(-1); +-------------------+ | FROM_UNIXTIME(-1) | +-------------------+ | NULL | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(0); -- "Epoch" +---------------------+ | FROM_UNIXTIME(0) | +---------------------+ | 1970-01-01 00:00:00 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(2145916799); +---------------------------+ | FROM_UNIXTIME(2145916799) | +---------------------------+ | 2037-12-31 23:59:59 | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(2145916800); +---------------------------+ | FROM_UNIXTIME(2145916800) | +---------------------------+ | NULL | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) A SET datatype can hold any number of strings from a predefined list of strings specified during table creation. The SET datatype is similar to the ENUM datatype in that they both work with predefined sets of strings, but where the ENUM datatype restricts you to a single member of the set of predefined strings, the SET datatype allows you to store any of the values together, from none to all of them. Example: SET("madam", "mister") -- authorizes an empty field, "madam", "mister", "madam, mister", or "mister, madam" ENUM("madam", "mister") -- authorizes an empty field, "madam" or "mister" https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/424/performance-implications-of-mysql-varchar-sizes/1915#1915 https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/numeric-type-attributes.html Create table syntax is: Create table tablename (FieldName1 DataType, FieldName2 DataType) The rows returned by the "select" query can be saved as a new table. The datatype will be the same as the old table. For e.g. CREATE TABLE LearnHindi select english.tag, english.Inenglish as english, hindi.Inhindi as hindi FROM english, hindi WHERE english.tag = hindi.tag The table size limit depends on the filesystem, and is generally around 2TB. Moreover, MySQL can assure the unique keys auto-incrementation with the option AUTO_INCREMENT. In case of table truncation, the counter can be reset with: ALTER TABLE tablename AUTO_INCREMENT = 1 To duplicate the same structure (names, fields types, and indexes, but no record): CREATE TABLE `new1` LIKE `old1`; To copy the records into the previous result: INSERT INTO `new1` SELECT * FROM `old1`; It's possible to create variables of type "table", which as the other variables, will be erased at the end of their scripts. It's called the "temporary tables": CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS MyTempTable1 AS (SELECT * FROM MyTable1) Example with a named column: CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS MyTempTable1(id INT) AS (SELECT id FROM MyTable1) Attention: if the temporary table column name doesn't correspond to the field which fills it, an additional column will be added with this field name. Eg: CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS MyTempTable1(id1 INT) AS (SELECT id FROM MyTable1); SHOW FIELDS FROM MyTempTable1; Field Type Null Key Default Extra id1 int(11) YES NULL id int(11) NO 0 Attention: all temporary tables are dropped at the end of the MySQL connection which had created them. ALTER TABLE command can be used when you want to add/delete/modify the columns and/or the indexes; or, it can be used to change other table properties. Add a column: ALTER TABLE awards ADD COLUMN AwardCode int(2) Modify a column: ALTER TABLE awards CHANGE COLUMN AwardCode VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL ALTER TABLE awards MODIFY COLUMN AwardCode VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL Drop a column: ALTER TABLE awards DROP COLUMN AwardCode Re-order the record in a table: ALTER TABLE awards ORDER BY id (this operation is only supported by some Storage Engines; it could make some query faster) In order to rename a table, you must have ALTER and DROP privileges on the old table name (or on all the tables), and CREATE and INSERT privileges on the new table name (or on all the tables). You can use ALTER TABLE to rename a table: RENAME TABLE `old_name` TO `new_name` You can rename more than one table with a single command: RENAME TABLE `old1` TO `new1`, `old2` TO `new2`, ... RENAME is a shortcut. You can also use the ALTER TABLE statement: ALTER TABLE `old` RENAME `new` Using ALTER TABLE you can only rename one table per statement, but it's the only way to rename temporary tables. DROP TABLE `awards` Will completely delete the table and all the records it contains. You can also drop more than one table with a single statement: DROP TABLE `table1`, `table2`, ... There are come optional keywords: DROP TEMPORARY TABLE `table`; DROP TABLE `table` IF EXISTS; TEMPORARY must be specified, to drop a temporary table. IF EXISTS tells the server that it must not raise an error if the table doesn't exist. http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/table-size-limit.html http://www.mysqltutorial.org/mysql-temporary-table/ The syntax is as follows: Insert value1 into Column1, value2 into Column2, and value3 into Column3: INSERT INTO TableName (Column1, Column2, Column3) VALUES (value1, value2, value3) Insert one record (values are inserted in the order that the columns appear in the database): INSERT INTO TableName VALUES (value1, value2, value3) Insert two records: INSERT INTO TableName VALUES (value1, value2, value3), (value4, value5, value6) INSERT INTO antiques VALUES (21, 01, 'Ottoman', 200.00); INSERT INTO antiques (buyerid, sellerid, item) VALUES (01, 21, 'Ottoman'); You can also insert records 'selected' from other table. INSERT INTO table1(field1, field2) SELECT field1, field2 FROM table2 INSERT INTO World_Events SELECT * FROM National_Events Performance tips: To insert many rows, consider using LOAD DATA INFILE instead. If bulk INSERTs are too slow and they operate on indexed non-empty tables, maybe you should increase the value of bulk_insert_buffer_size. Before performing bulk inserts, you may want to disable the keys. LOCKing a table also speeds up the INSERT. The syntax is: UPDATE table SET field1 = newvalue1, field2 = newvalue2 WHERE criteria ORDER BY field LIMIT n Examples are: UPDATE owner SET ownerfirstname = 'John' WHERE ownerid = (SELECT buyerid FROM antiques WHERE item = 'Bookcase'); UPDATE antiques SET price = 500.00 WHERE item = 'Chair'; UPDATE order SET discount=discount * 1.05 UPDATE tbl1 JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.ID = tbl2.ID SET tbl1.col1 = tbl1.col1 + 1 WHERE tbl2.status='Active' UPDATE tbl SET names = REPLACE(names, 'aaa', 'zzz') UPDATE products_categories AS pc INNER JOIN products AS p ON pc.prod_id = p.id SET pc.prod_sequential_id = p.sequential_id UPDATE table_name SET col_name = REPLACE(col_name, 'host.domain.com', 'host2.domain.com') UPDATE posts SET deleted=True ORDER BY date LIMIT 1 With ORDER BY you can order the rows before updating them, and only update a given number of rows (LIMIT). It is currently not possible to update a table while performing a subquery on the same table. For example, if I want to reset a password I forgot in SPIP: mysql> UPDATE spip_auteurs SET pass = (SELECT pass FROM spip_auteurs WHERE login='paul') where login='admin'; ERROR 1093 (HY000): You can't specify target table 'spip_auteurs' for update in FROM clause TODO: describes a work-around that I couldn't make to work with MySQL 4.1. Currently the work-around is not use 2 subqueries, possibly with transactions. Performance tips UPDATEs speed depends of how many indexes are updated. If you UPDATE a MyISAM table which uses dynamic format, if you make rows larger they could be split in more than one part. This causes reading overhead. So, if your applications often do this, you may want to regularly run an OPTIMIZE TABLE statement. Performing many UPDATEs all together on a LOCKed table is faster than performing them individually. REPLACE works exactly like INSERT, except that if an old record in the table has the same value as a new record for a PRIMARY KEY or a UNIQUE index, the old record is deleted before the new record is inserted. Since MySQL 5.5, "INSERT IGNORE" and "REPLACE IGNORE" allow, when a duplicate key error occurs, to display some warnings and avoid the statement to abort. Prior to MySQL 4.0.1, INSERT ... SELECT implicitly operates in IGNORE mode. As of MySQL 4.0.1, specify IGNORE explicitly to ignore records that would cause duplicate-key violations. DELETE [QUICK] FROM `table1` TRUNCATE [TABLE] `table1` If you don't use a WHERE clause with DELETE, all records will be deleted. It can be very slow in a large table, especially if the table has many indexes. If the table has many indexes, you can make the cache larger to try making the DELETE faster (key_buffer_size variable). For indexed MyISAM tables, in some cases DELETEs are faster if you specify the QUICK keyword (DELETE QUICK FROM ...). This is only useful for tables where DELETEd index values will be reused. TRUNCATE will delete all rows quickly by DROPping and reCREATE-ing the table (not all Storage Engines support this operation). TRUNCATE is not transaction-safe nor lock-safe. DELETE informs you how many rows have been removed, but TRUNCATE doesn't. After DELETing many rows (about 30%), an OPTIMIZE TABLE command should make next statements faster. For a InnoDB table with FOREIGN KEYs constraints, TRUNCATE behaves like DELETE. DELETE FROM `antiques` WHERE item = 'Ottoman' ORDER BY `id` LIMIT 1 You can order the rows before deleting them, and then delete only a given number of rows. http://www.xaprb.com/blog/2006/06/23/how-to-select-from-an-update-target-in-mysql/ http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/replace.html select syntax is as follows: SELECT * FROM a_table_name WHERE condition GROUP BY grouped_field HAVING group_name condition ORDER BY ordered_field LIMIT limit_number, offset You must specify what data you're going to retrieve in the SELECT clause: SELECT DATABASE() -- returns the current db's name SELECT CURRENT_USER() -- returns your username SELECT 1+1 -- returns 2 Any SQL expression is allowed here. You can also retrieve all fields from a table: SELECT * FROM `stats` If you SELECT only the necessary fields, the query will be faster. If you are retrieving results from a table or a view, usually you specify the table's name in the FROM clause: SELECT id FROM `stats` -- retrieve a field called id from a table called stats Or: SELECT MAX(id) FROM `stats` SELECT id*2 FROM `stats` You can also use the `db_name`.`table_name` syntax: SELECT id FROM `sitedb`.`stats` But you can also specify the table's name in the SELECT clause: SELECT `stats`.`id` -- retrieve a field called id from a table SELECT `sitedb`.`stats`.`id` You can set a filter to decide what records must be retrieved. For example, you can retrieve only the record which has an id of 42: SELECT * FROM `stats` WHERE `id`=42 Or you can read more than one record: SELECT * FROM `antiques` WHERE buyerid IS NOT NULL You can group all records by one or more fields. The record which have the same value for that field will be grouped in one computed record. You can only select the grouped record and the result of some aggregate functions, which will be computed on all records of each group. For example, the following will group all records in the table `users` by the field `city`. For each group of users living in the same city, the maximum age, the minimum age and the average age will be returned: SELECT city, MAX(age), MIN(age), AVG(age) GROUP BY `city` In the following example, the users are grouped by city and sex, so that we'll know the max, min and avg age of male/female users in each city: SELECT city, sex, MAX(age), MIN(age), AVG(age) GROUP BY `city`, `sex` The HAVING clause declares a filter for the records which are computed by the GROUP BY clause. It's different from the WHERE clause, that operates before the GROUP BY. Here's what happens: The records which
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Verses 1-26, sums up Jesus teachings, Jesus begins to pray to the Father for different reasons. First, He prays for Himself (verses 1-5) then He continues and begins to pray for His apostles (verses 6-19 and 24-26) and for all believers and the world (verses 20-23). This prayer seems to combine all things done, past present, and future. Each prayer depends on the one before it with Jesus being the foundation. (Petersen). Jesus' prayer is the culmination of all of his ministry in the world. Jesus prays for God to be glorified in what is about to come through him. Jesus also prays for his disciples and all believers that God would bless them and the Holy Spirit would be revealed to them and be present in the believers' lives. Throughout this Gospel we have been told that his 'hour had not yet come' (the first occasion in John 2:4). Jesus begins to express the desires of His heart in verses 1-5. Now, it 'has come'. Now he prays that he may be glorified. No one can glorify him but the Father and he prays that he may so accept it as to bring glory to his Father in turn. His “hour” had come for the Father to “glorify Thy Son,” (NAS) which would be through His death, resurrection, and ascension. He will be glorifying his Father by doing his will. In verse 2 Christ was given two things; the “authority over all mankind” and the power to “give eternal life.” (NAS) He continues (v.3) to define this “eternal life” as knowing “the only true God” and Jesus Christ whom he had sent. This idea of mankind “knowing” God could have several interpretations. Some believe that knowing God was literal and so the verse seemed ambiguous. However, others believe that “knowing” God meant that mankind would no longer need a mediator and could have a personal knowing of God and Jesus Christ. In verse 4 Jesus talks of His glorification and it should be noted that the language used in this verse implies that this glorification had already been done. “I glorified Thee on the earth, having accomplished the work which Thou hast given Me to do.” (NAS) In verse 5 Jesus states: "Now, Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory which I had with You before the world was.” (NAS) Here some believe that Jesus was saying He had finished what he came into the world to do, but in order for Him to come into the world, Jesus had to set aside His glory and become a servant. However, Jesus is now asking for God to reinstate His glory as He left the world. (Philippians 2:5-11) By asking for glory at God's side Jesus is also telling us that he is one with God and the Holy Spirit, thus reaffirming the holy Trinity of Christian belief, a very important concept in the times that were to come. Through this belief, because all three are one in the same they cannot bestow glory on themselves, but have to ask for it from each other. This section of John Chapter 17 contains much of the essence of Jesus' prayer. He is specifically praying for those closest to him, the disciples. In his prayer, Jesus details to his heavenly Father what has come to pass, what is, and what will be. However, in all cases, the name of God is glorified. The circumstance is special however; this is because Jesus' motives in the prayer lie with his disciples and their acceptance of God's word (aka Jesus). "...And glory has come to me through them...Holy Father, protect them by the power of your name--the name you gave me--so that they may be one as we are one (John 17:11). Here Jesus asks that the disciples be granted unity. However, he is not just asking for simple agreement; he is asking for the ultimate kind of unity: the unity of the Father, the Son. For those who say Jesus is God because he and the father are one this verse unravels that argument. He prays for the same oneness for his followers as he and the father share. Would that make his followers God? Hardly. The Message of Christ's Prayer "I pray for them. I am not praying for the world, but for those you have given me, for they are yours" Christ's words in verse 9 when he speaks of the disciples are somewhat unclear, and perhaps troublingly so. He mentions that he is not praying for "the world. The next passage led me to believe that he was praying for the people within the world, but even then, it was only for the believers. In verse 20 Christ says "I pray also for those who will believe in me through their message." There is no mention of those who will not believe in the message. Are we to assume the worst? Yes we flippantly tell strangers "Jesus loves you", but what does Jesus say? He says he loves his own, those who love the Father and Jesus and demonstrate it by obeying the commands of the Gospel. Jesus commands us to love everyone including our enemies but he never says he loves sinners, he says he loves those who remain faithful to the Father and his gospel. His love is conditional. However the father's love is universal. He loves all humans. This chapter contains the prayer of Jesus to the Father, which is overheard by His disciples. The first few verses directly concern Jesus himself, but the bulk of the prayer is for the apostles and those who would become believers later. One of the amazing things about His prayer is that Jesus did not pray just for the apostles, but for those who would believe through their word. The apostles would preach the word, convert many people to Christ. In addition, they would leave on record by their writings the gospels and the many letters. One of the great questions of Christianity is that of Jesus' relationship to God, and much of that has centered around John's gospel because of its more advanced theological identity. Many point to passages such as John 10:30 in which Jesus proclaims, "I and the Father are one," to suggest that John saw Jesus and God as being equal. While that may certainly be the case if one reads verses 21-23 that says, "21 that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you. May they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me. 22 I have given them the glory that you gave me, that they may be one as we are one: 23 I in them and you in me. May they be brought to complete unity," it seems rather clear that Jesus is referring to a oneness of mind and purpose and not a oneness of power or physical being. If the disciples are able to be one in the same sense that Jesus is one with God, it only makes sense if read as being united in purpose and thought, as is alluded to in verse 23. Jesus' prayer was that all the disciples might be one in him and in the Father. He prayed that all who truly believed might ultimately be with him where he was to behold the glory he would have with God (J. Boulton, 2006). The Revelatory Work of Jesus In 17:25-26, we have more language of being sent. Jesus says, to his Father, whom he calls "Righteous," "The world does not know you, but I know you; and these know that you have sent me." The disciples now know that Jesus came from the "Righteous God." Yet these verses imply that the disciples are able to know this only because Jesus "made [God's] name known to them." It has been said in earlier chapters that the work of the Paraclete is "the revelation of Jesus himself to his disciples," (Smith 319). Jesus says in 17:26, "...I will make it known, so that the love with which you have loved me may be in them, and I in them." God loves everyone but has a special love for believers. The Route to the Olive Grove of Gethsemane Then Yahshuah, and the eleven, sang the Passover Hallel hymn which contains these lines Psalm 118 They compass me about like bees; they are quenched as the fire of thorns; verily, in the name of Yah I will cut them off. Thou didst thrust sore at me that I might fall; but Yah helped me. Yah is my strength and song; and He is become my salvation. The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tents of the righteous; the right hand of Yah does valiantly. The right hand of Yah is exalted; the right hand of Yah does valiantly. I shall not die, but live, and declare the works of Yah. Yah has chastened me sore; but He has not given me over unto death...I will give thanks unto You, for Thou hast answered me, and art become my salvation. The stone which the builders rejected is become the chief corner-stone. This is Yah 'S doing; it is marvelous in our eyes. ...O give thanks unto Yah, for He is good, for His mercy endures forever. (Psa.118:1-29) After they sang, they went out of Yerushalayim through the Eastern gate, down through the valley of Gey-hinnom, crossed a bridge over the Kidron brook and ravine, and went up the Mount of Olives to an Olive Grove called Gethsemane (the Place of the Olive Press). The valley of Gey-hinnom (Gehenna) is where Solomon defiled and sacrificed hundreds of young girls. The Kidron ravine is the path David took when he was forced to flee Jerusalem by his son Absalom. David went up the Mount of Olives weeping. Judas Comes With the Rogues to Arrest Yahshuah Jn.18 They could see torches, and people, moving into the garden coming towards them. It was Judas Ben Shimon of Keriot with a mob sent by the elders and chief priests (Sahmmai and Gamaliel). There were Temple guards with swords, and a band of Pharisees with staffs and clubs, and some rogue Mosaic Law experts. Judas had received the thirty pieces of silver and was about to betray Yahshuah. Yahshuah fully realizing what was happening went to meet them and asked, “Who are you looking for?” “Yahshuah of Netzeret.” “I am he.” As soon as Yahshuah said ‘I am he,” the mob drew back and fell to the ground as if an invisible force had knocked them down. Yahshuah asked them again, “Who are you looking for?” Rising to their feet, they said again, “Yahshuah of Netzeret.” “I told you I am he. If you are only looking for me, then let the other men here go free.” he said this to fulfill the prophecy, Of those that you gave me, I lost none. Wounds made by a friend are intended to help, but an enemy's kisses are too much to bear. Prov 27:6 And as I watched, I saw Azazel approach Him and he kissed Him on the face and then stood behind Him. And I said, "0 Eternal One! Who is the Man insulted and beaten, who is worshipped by the nations and kissed by Azazel?" And He answered and said, "Hear Abraham! The Man you saw insulted and beaten and yet worshipped by many, He is the 'Relief' granted by the nations to the people who proceed from you, in the last days, in the twelfth hour of the age of ungodliness. But in the twelfth hour of my final age will I set up this Man (the Messiah, Yahshuah) from your generation, whom you saw issue from among my people, and all who follow will become like this Man, and such as are called by me will join the others, even those who will to change within themselves. The Apocalypse of Abraham 1:55-56 Peter Tries to prevent the Arrest Jn. 23 Then Peter drew one of the two swords and struck the High Priest’s servant Melekh, and cut off his right ear. Yahshuah restrained Peter and asked, “Shall I not drink the cup that Father has prepared me for? Put up your sword, all who live by the sword will die by the sword. Do you not understand that I could call 60,000 angels and Father would send them to me?” The chariots of Yah are ten thousands and thousands upon thousands. From the Dead Sea Scrolls Psalm 68:17 And Elisha began to pray and said: O Yah, open his eyes, please, that he may see. Immediately Yah opened the attendant's eyes; so that he saw; and, look! the mountainous region was full of horses and war chariots of fire round about Elisha. 2Ki.6:17 Wisdom is better than weapons of war. Ecclesiastes 9 :18 Anyone shedding man's blood, by man will his own blood be shed, for in God's image he made man. Ge.9:6 Yahshuah went to the wounded servant and touched the wound, and the bleeding stopped, and instantly his ear was back on his head as good as new. Then he said to the mob and the soldiers, “Am I a wild bandit that you have to come after me with swords and clubs in the dark of night to arrest me? Do you think I am leading a gang of assassins and zealots? I am a teacher, and I have been peacefully sitting in the Temple every day this week in broad daylight telling people about the Kingdom of Yah. Apparently, no one thought I was a wild bandit then. So who has changed your mind about me? I will tell you who it was, it was Azazel, the devil, for he always does his work in the dark, the Prince of the Power of Darkness reigns over you, and so you do his bidding.” Then they seized him and led him away. All the Apostles fled. A soldier grabbed one disciple by his robe, but he wiggled out of it, and fled away naked. The Ransom was paid in the garden By allowing the forces of darkness to seize him Yahshuah paid the ransom. The ransom was paid at that moment in the garden. A sinless man surrendered himself as a prisoner exchange to Azazel. If he can remain sinless until death, he will break Azazel’s power to keep humans forever in the land of death. Azazel is confident that with a little torture Yahshuah will be easy to break. Azazel is unaware that if Yahshuah dies sinless, the curse of the Torah will fall upon him. “Cursed is he who accepts a payment and then slays an innocent man.” (Deut. 27:25) Yahshuah in the House of Ananus , the Ringleader of the Rogues The Temple guards first took him to the house of Ananus , the retired illegal High Priest; he was the ringleader of the rogues who had appointed his son-in-law Kayafa as his illegal successor. 222 Peter Denies Knowing Yahshuah Two Times When the Apostles fled, two of them, Peter and Yahchanan had followed the mob with Yahshuah. Yahchanan had connections in the High Priest’s house and easily entered the courtyard. After a while, he spoke to the woman gatekeeper and arranged for Peter to enter. As Peter came in she asked, “Aren’t you one of Yahshuah’s followers? “No, I am not,” he said. The Temple guards had built a fire in the courtyard and many slaves and other people were sitting around it warming themselves. Peter came and began to warm himself. One of the slave girls sitting there recognized him and said, “There is one of his followers. I saw him one day with Yahshuah.” Peter denied it saying, “By my oath, I do not even know him miss, you are mistaken.” “I am sure I saw him with Yahshuah of Netzeret,” she said, Peter heard a rooster crow off in the distance. Ananus ’s Guard Strikes Yahshuah Inside Ananus’ house, Ananus questioned Yahshuah about the Gospel of the Kingdom and about his followers. Yahshuah said, “My teachings were never hidden. I said everything in public in the synagogues and in the Temple. Why do you question me? Ask the people who heard me speak, they will tell you what I taught.” One of the guards struck Yahshuah in the mouth saying, “How dare you talk to the High Priest like this.” Yahshuah, answered, “You know he has not been the High Priest for many years, and when he was in office, he was not legally the High Priest, but a pretender. Therefore if I have said anything evil what was it? And if I broke no law, then why did you hit me?” “And the men that held Yahshuah mocked him, and smote him. And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face, and asked him, saying, Prophesy, who is it that smote you? And many other things blasphemously spake they against him”. (Luke 22:63-65) Peter Denies Yahshuah the Third Time Peter moved away to the porch of Kayafa’s house. One of the high Priest’s slaves saw him and said. “He is one of them. I saw him in the garden near my uncle Melekh.” Peter said, “I swear I do not know him.” The slave said, “Listen to the way he speaks, he is a Galilean.” Peter said, “On my oath, may curses fall upon me if I am not telling the truth.” Immediately he heard a rooster crow the second time and he remembered what Yahshuah had said. Meanwhile Ananus had ordered Yahshuah transferred across the courtyard to the house of Kayafa. Yahshuah came onto the porch and he and Peter looked at each other. Peter ran from the courtyard and into the city weeping bitterly. Roosters only crow at dawn, but the Romans soldiers used to blow an instrument 4 times during the night that sounded like a rooster. It would now be about midnight. Yahshuah Tells the Rogues He is the Messiah When it was morning Kayafa convened an illegal trial the elders of the people and the chief priests and the scribes came together, and led him into their council, saying, Are you the Messiah? tell us. And he said unto them, If I tell you, you will not believe me: And if I also ask you a question, you will not answer me, nor let me go. (Luk 22:67-68) Kayafa brought in false witnesses to condemned Yahshuah. The witnesses however kept contradicting each other. At last, two witnesses came in and said, “This man said if we tear down the Temple made with hands, in three days he could build it with his own two hands.” “With one hand,” one of the witnesses said. “No with two,” the other said. The two witnesses began to argue and Kayafa said to Yahshuah, “Well what you say was it with one hand or two?” Moses wrote in the Scroll of Deuteronomy: On the evidence of two or three witnesses the death sentence shall be executed; a person must not be put to death on the evidence of only one witness. The hands of the witnesses shall be the first raised against the person to execute the death penalty, and afterwards the hands of all the people. So you shall purge the evil from your midst. Deut 17:6-7 False witnesses have risen up against me and they breathe out violence. From the Dead Sea Scrolls Psalm 27:12 Wicked and deceitful people have opened their mouths against me and have spoken against me with lying tongues. They surround me with words of hatred and attack me without a cause. From the Dead Sea Scrolls Psalm 109:2 Yahshuah was silent. Kayafa asked, “Have you nothing to say?” Yahshuah said nothing.” He was hard pressed and he was letting himself be afflicted; yet he would not open his mouth. He was brought like just like a sheep to the slaughter; and like a ewe that before her shearers has become mute, he also would not open his mouth. Is.53:7 Kayafa stood up and shouted, “I want you to swear by the living Eloah and tell us whether or not you are the Messiah the son of Yah.” Yahshuah said, “I am the Messiah, the son of Yah, and furthermore this mortal man will ascend to heaven, and you will see him seated at the right hand of Yah riding on the Shokeyn cloud of Glory.” It is written in the Scroll of Daniel: I kept on looking in the visions of the night and, see there! with the clouds of the heavens someone like a mortal happened to be coming ; and to the Ancient of days he gained access, and they brought him up close even before that One. And to him there was given him, a rulership and dignity and a kingdom, that all peoples, national groups, and languages should all serve him. His rulership is an everlasting rulership that will not pass away, and his kingdom one that will not be brought to ruin. Dan.7:13 Then Kayafa broke the law and tore his own robe Subsequently Moses said to Aaron, and to Eleazar and to Ithamar, his sons: Do not let YOUR heads go ungroomed, and YOU must not tear YOUR garments, that YOU may not die. Lv.10:6 Then Kayafa screamed, “He has blasphemed. You heard his blasphemy. We need no more witnesses. He is guilty of death.” It is written: So the abuser of Yah’s name should be put to death without fail. The entire congregation should without fail pelt him with stones. Lv.24:16 Then everyone, including the slaves, rushed at him and began spitting on him and hitting him. Someone put a blindfold on him and hit him saying, “Prophesy O great Adoni and tell us who hit you.” Judas Returns the Thirty Pieces of Silver and Commits Suicide After they had sent Yahshuah to the dungeon, Judas Ben Shimon of Keriot came in and said to the chief priests (Gamaliel and Shammai) and senators, “I have betrayed an innocent man.” They said, “That is your affair, we had nothing to do with it.” Judas went to the Temple and hurled the thirty pieces of silver into the treasury. Then he hung himself in a tree. As he was hanging, the limb broke and he fell to the ground. His stomach burst open and his entrails spilled out. Therefore, the Jews called it the haunted place, Aceldama, the Field of Blood. But you, O God, will bring them down into the pit of destruction; bloody and deceitful men will not live out half their days; but, I will trust in you. Ps.55:23 The Thirty Pieces of Silver Used to Buy a Cemetery for the Poor When the priests found the coins, the next day they said, “This is blood money, we cannot put it in the treasury, and so they used it to buy a cemetery for paupers on the site of an old pottery field and thus was fulfilled the Prophecies. Cast it into the treasury, the goodly price that I was prized by them. And I took the thirty pieces of silver and cast them into the treasury, in the house of Yah...and gave them for the Potter’s field. -Zech. 13 The Rogues Have Their First Meeting With Pilate Asking Him to Execute Yahshuah At dawn, the rogue chief priests (Gamaliel and Shammai) , rogue Mosaic Law Experts, and rogue Senators met and decided to take Yahshuah to the Roman Prefect, Pilate. They took him to the government headquarters, the Praetorian. The kings of the earth take their stand and high officials themselves have massed together as one against Yah and against his anointed one. Ps.2:2 If Jews enter a non-Jewish dwelling, they are considered defiled, and none of these rogues wanted to be defiled, or they would not be able to eat the coveted Passover meal, so they requested Pilate to come out to them. Pilate is believed to have come from Scotland, he ruled from 26 to 36 AD. The Jewish Encyclopedia says, “His administration was characterized by corruption, violence, robberies, ill treatment of the people, and continuous executions without even the form of a trial...Pilate looted “funds from the sacred treasury in order to provide for the construction of an aqueduct”...when the citizens protested he sent among the crowds disguised soldiers carrying concealed daggers, who massacred a great number, not only of the rioters, but of casual spectators...Pilate's last deed of cruelty, and the one which brought about his downfall, was the massacre of a number of Samaritans who had assembled on Mount Gerizim to dig for some sacred vessels.” http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=312&letter=P&search=pilate When Pilate saw them with a prisoner, for Yahshuah was bound with a chain, he asked, “What are the charges?” They tried to dispense with the charges saying, “If he wasn’t a terrible criminal we would not have bothered you so early in the morning.” Pilate said, “Why don’t you try him in your own law court?” They said, “As you know since you Romans took over, you took away our right to execute criminals.” This was to fulfill the prophecy that he would be lifted up and hung in a tree, for that is how the Romans executed people. (The Jews stoned, burned or beheaded them). Here are the charges: • SEDITION • TAX EVASION • IMPERSONATING A KING • IMPERSONATING THE MESSIAH • IMPERSONATING GOD “This man is a wizard, shaman, warlock, and an insurrectionist. He is stirring up the people telling them not to pay taxes to Caesar, and claiming to be the Messiah, the King of the Jews.” Pilate said to Yahshuah, “What do you have to say about all these charges?” Yahshuah said nothing and Pilate marveled. Yahshuah is Questioned by Pilate Pilate ordered Yahshuah to be brought inside to the Judgment Hall, and then asked him, “Are you the King of the Jews?” Yahshuah asked, “Are you truly trying to understand this for yourself? Or are you only trying to confirm what the illegal chief priests (Gamaliel and Shammai) said about me?” Pilate said, “Only a Jew would care about these things, do I look like a Jew? Your own nation and chief priests, Shammai and Gamaliel, have brought you to me. What did you do?” Yahshuah denies being any part of the Jewish/Israeli nation: Yahshuah said, “My Kingdom (my nation) is not of this Cosmos. If it were, my followers would have fought to keep me from being arrested.” Pilate said, “Ah ha! So you are a King then?” Yahshuah said, “Yes I am. But my kingship is not to reign over others as earthly kings reign, but to deliver the truth. Everyone who is on the side of truth will listen to me. a good ear will hear wisdom with all desire. Ecclesiasticus (from the Latin Vulgate): 3:31 Pilate turned his back, and as he walked away, he rhetorically quipped, “What is the truth?” (It is clear by Pilates reply that he, like most of the elite in Rome, and followed the philosophy Pyrrho, the Skeptic, which denied that truth can be known. They believed only fools spoke of the truth.) Pilate Tells the Rogues to Take Yahshuah to Antipas Pilate went out to the priests and senators and said, “He is innocent of any crimes. We Romans do not kill a man unless he commits a serious crime. It is not a crime to say you are a king of another Cosmos come to deliver the truth.” The rogues began to accuse Yahshuah more fiercely saying, “This man has been preaching rebellion throughout the nation. He began in the Galil region and now he is here”. When Pilate detected that Yahshuah was from the Galil region, he said. “King Antipas is in town for the feast. If this man is a Galilean, take him to Antipas.” Yahshuah Before Antipas So the angry rogues took Yahshuah to Antipas. Antipas was fearful and delighted. He feared Yahshuah might be John, the Baptizer, come back from the dead, and he was delighted for he had heard much about Yahshuah and wanted to meet him, hoping to be entertained by a miracle. Antipas asked him many questions, but Yahshuah stood in complete silence. The rogues stood shouting out the charges against him, but he said not a word. He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he opened not his mouth. Isa 53:7 It is written in the Scroll of Jeremiah: But I was like a gentle lamb led to the slaughter. And I did not know it was against me that they devised schemes, saying, ‘Let us destroy the tree with its fruit, let us cut him off from the land of the living, so that his name will no longer be remembered!’ From the Dead Sea Scrolls Jerm 11:19 Antipas and his guards began to mock and ridicule him and treat him despicably. They brought some bright white cloth interwoven with silver specks that dazzled in the sun. They fashioned a king’s costume for him then sent him back to Pilate. From that day forward, Antipas and Pilate, who had been enemies, became fast friends.
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American literature is literature written or produced in the United States. Here is one of the fundamental defects of American fiction—perhaps the one character that sets it off sharply from all other known kinds of contemporary fiction. It habitually exhibits, not a man of delicate organization in revolt against the inexplicable tragedy of existence, but a man of low sensibilities and elemental desires yielding himself gladly to his environment, and so achieving what, under a third-rate civilization, passes for success. To get on: this is the aim. To weigh and reflect, to doubt and rebel: this is the thing to be avoided. H. L. Mencken, “The National Letters,” Prejudices: Second Series (New York: 1920), pp. 39-40 A superior man’s struggle in the world is not with exterior lions, trusts, margraves, policemen, rivals in love, German spies, radicals and tornadoes, but with the obscure, atavistic impulses within him—the impulses, weaknesses and limitations that war with his notion of what life should be. ... The hero of the inferior—i.e., the typically American—novel engages in no such doomed and fateful combat. His conflict is not with the inexplicable ukases of destiny, the limitations of his own strength, the dead hand upon him, but simply with the superficial desires of his elemental fellow men. He thus has a fair chance of winning—and in bad fiction that chance is always converted into a certainty. So he marries the daughter of the owner of the factory and eventually gobbles the factory itself. His success gives thrills to persons who can imagine no higher aspiration. He embodies their optimism, as the other hero embodies the pessimism of more introspective and idealistic men. He is the protagonist of that great majority which is so inferior that it is quite unconscious of its inferiority. H. L. Mencken, “The National Letters,” Prejudices: Second Series (New York: 1920), p. 43 Literature United States Wikipedia has an article about: American literature
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Go to Enchanted Learning to print a Honey Bee Honeybees are social insects that live in hives. Like all insects, bees have six legs, a three-part body, a pair of antennae, compound eyes, jointed legs, and a hard exoskeleton. The three body parts are the head, thorax, and abdomen (the tail end). Bees can fly about 15 mph (24 kph). They eat nectar (a sweet liquid made by flowers) which they turn into honey. In the process of going from flower to flower to collect nectar, pollen from many plants gets stuck on the bee's pollen baskets (hairs on the hind legs). Pollen is also rubbed off of flowers. This pollinates many flowers (fertilizing them and producing seeds). All the members of the hive are related to each other. There are three types of honey bees: the queen (who lays eggs) workers - females who gather food, make honey, build the six-sided honeycomb, tend eggs, and guard the hive drones - males who mate with the queen. Bees undergo complete metamorphosis. The queen lays an egg in a cell in the wax comb (all the immature bees are called the brood). The egg hatches into a worm-like larva, which eventually pupates into an adult bee. Worker Worker bees are the smallest of the species, about half the weight of the queen and the drones It takes a worker bee 21 days to develop from an egg to an adult. The duties of the worker bees are many and varied. They keep the hive clean, take care of the brood (eggs and larvae) such as feeding them royal jelly, attend the queen, maintain the temperature of the hive by fanning their wings, secret wax and build combs, guard the hive, and perform the all-important job of collecting nectar and pollen. During late spring, summer and fall, a worker bee will live only about 6 weeks. During winter, they live 4–5 months, taking care of the queen and keeping her warm. Queen The beehive is made up of the queen (usually only one per hive), drones (from 2 – 300 individuals), and workers bees(between 10,000 – 100,000, depending on the season). The queen is the largest bee in the hive. It takes the queen bee 16 days to develop from an egg to a queen. She produces special glandular secretions called “queen substance“, which is a pheromone used to hold the colony together and stimulates the workers to maintain the hive. Queens mate one time in their life with 6-8 drones over a 2-7 day period. She must be at least 20 meters in the air to mate. She lays her own weight in eggs every day in summer, from 1,500 2,400 eggs per day. In her lifetime, she can lay over 600,000 eggs. Queen bees can live more up to six years, but her usual lifespan in a hive is two years. The queen is fed by the worker bees, and eats up to 80 times her weight daily. Drones Drones are the males of the species. They are recognizable by their very large eyes. It takes a drone bee 24 days to develop from an egg to an adult. Their only purpose in life, and only job in the hive, is to mate with the queen. Drones have no sting. They die when they mate, or if they have not mated by the beginning of winter, the workers kick them out of the hive where they are left to die. Honey Bee - Part 1 from Youtube Honey Bee Part 2 from Youtube Honey bees develop in four distinct life cycle phases: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The total development time varies a bit among the three castes of bees, but the basic miraculous process is the same: 24 days for drones, 21 days for worker bees, and 16 days for queens. https://www.buzzaboutbees.net/honey-bee-life-cycle.html All animals and insects use some form of communication. For honeybees, it is often referred to as a dance. Scout honeybees go out in search of good nectar and pollen sources. When they come back, they do a dance that tells the other bees not only how far the nectar is, but also the direction in which to travel using the sun as a reference point. If the nectar is in the direction of the sun, the dance will be performed straight up the walls of the hive: if the map were a clock, they would dance toward 12:00. If the nectar is 30 degrees to the right of the sun, the dance will be performed at about 2:00. If the nectar is distant from the hive, the scout bee does a figure-eight dance (Waggle Dance). It’s dark in the hive, so the other bees hold on to that scout bee to feel the directions. http://mollymoocrafts.com/pom-pom-craft-bee/ https://www.123homeschool4me.com/honeycomb-craft_55/ Honey Bee from Youtube Enjoy this Honey Bee Lapbook from Home School Share Honey Bees from 4-H After School
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Spanish is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese. Spanish is most important to an American. Our connection with Spain is already important and will become daily more so. Besides this the antient part of American history is written chiefly in Spanish. Thomas Jefferson, letter to Thomas Mann Randolph (6 July 1787). This lack of social contact between conquerors and conquered, allied to the fact that the Visigoths were considerably Romanized before they even entered Spain and had even adopted the practice of using Latin as the language of their official documents, has meant that the number of words which have entered the Spanish language as a direct result of the Visigothic occupation is strikingly small. I. R. Macpherson (1975). Spanish Phonology: Descriptive and Historical. Manchester University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7190-0788-0. In terms of the history of the Spanish language, the periods prior to the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula are of minor importance. Very little in the way of linguistic evidence from the Iberians, or the Celtic-speaking settlers can be found in today's language. Clare Mar-Molinero (1 November 2002). The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World: From Colonization to Globalization. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-134-73069-8. The Spanish language itself neatly illustrates these distinct levels of influence. There is next to nothing Arabic or Germanic in the morphology and structural syntax of the Spanish language, even though both languages, and particularly Arabic, contributed many isolated words and expressions to its vocabulary. Harold C. Raley (2001). The Spirit of Spain. Halcyon Press Ltd.. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-9706054-9-8. The Spanish language gave birth to Jewish expression in its most creative forms, including the prayer and mysticism of the Kabbalists of the thirteenth century and later. 1n colonial Latin America, important themes of exile, messianism, and memory persisted in the works of Sephardic Jews who preserved their language and culture — as well as their early Spanish influences — into the twentieth century. David Sheinin; Lois Baer Barr (1996). The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America: New Studies on History and Literature. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8153-2283-2. The Spanish language reflects the legacy of Eurasian ancient civilizations, a legacy enriched through the centuries by movements of peoples and groups into and out of the Iberian Peninsula. Spanish also is reflected in geographical names on the landscapes of the New World. From the first moment Spanish conquistadors set foot on the American mainland, they left Spanish language place names on the land (toponyms). Louis E. Grivetti; Howard-Yana Shapiro (20 September 2011). Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. p. 1775. ISBN 978-1-118-21022-2. Encyclopedic article on Spanish language at Wikipedia
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A purple GameCube with standard controller and one memory card inserted. The GameCube was proceeded by the Nintendo 64. Planning for a successor console began by May 1998. The GPU of the Gamecube was developed by ArtX, a company formed in 1998 by former SGI and MIPS employees, many of whom worked on the N64. The system launched with the Flipper chip for the GPU, following an acquisition of ArtX by ATI. An stereoscopic LCD attachment was considered for a 3D display, but was not considered due to cost. An attempt was made to implement this on the GameBoy Advance SP, and finally actually implemented on the Nintendo DS. Both a dockable portable hybrid console GameCube, and HD supporting GameCube model was considered. A development GameCube connected to a computer. A prototype of the GameCube controller A prototype of the GameCube controller viewed from the bottom. NPDP reader development GameCube Born to Play —Tagline for the GameCube at launch, IGN article The highly anticipated GameCube was unveiled at Nintendo's Spaceworld 2000 convention, though playable units were not shown. Spaceworld 2000 included Meowth's Party, an interactive musical tech demo. The Nintendo GameCube was released in 2001. The GameCube was not well advertised. In 2003 Nintendo President Satoru Iwata publicly voiced opposition against charging for online services for games which had already been paid for. GameCube consoles made after 2004 did not come with a Digital AV port. Production of GameCube consoles ended in 2007. 21.74 million GameCube consoles were sold. The GameCube was succeeded by the Nintendo Wii, which was backwards compatible with most (but not all) GameCube games and accessories, until late model Wii consoles dropped GameCube support. The base technical architecture of the GameCube would remain in use up to the Wii U. Immediately following the release of the Wii, both consumers and the industry quickly moved on from the GameCube. Some gamers took note of the reduced interest to pick up extremely cheap used GameCube titles as space was made for more popular products. Over time the price of GameCube titles has increased dramatically, with used games often reaching or exceeding their cost new. By 2021 some older gamers expressed surprise when a reference to the GameCube was not understood by younger gamers, indicating a cultural divide. The GameCube is remembered for it's solid library of games. The GameCube is an optimized machine for gaming and really what we've tried to do is eliminate all the bottlenecks in the processing system so that the games will run smoother. —Satoru Iwata, Interview with IGN published May 24th, 2001. The GameCube is powered by a 32-bit PowerPC Gecko CPU, a modified version of the IBM PowerPC 750CXe processor which ran at a clock speed of 486 megahertz. The GameCube has a virtual memory unit and two kinds of RAM: 24 megabytes of fast ram and 16 megabytes of slower RAM. The CPU has a 5 watt TDP, relatively low for the time. The GameCube was capable of 9.4 gigaflops. Some Gamecubes had a digital AV port, which was intended for Stereoscopic output, though this feature wasn't advertised, and the only game to support it was Luigi's Mansion. GameCube disks are 80 mm in diameter and hold 1.5 gigabytes of data. A handle was included to increase system portability. The GameCube controller has dual analog triggers, allowing for pressure sensitive contexts in games. Luigi's Mansion was a launch title for the GameCube, and gave character to Luigi. This game focused on exploration, and using new powers to further that exploration. The game was also seen by reviewers as a demonstration of the GameCube's graphical power. Super Smash Bros. Melee is a fighting game which was praised by reviewers at the time of release for improving graphics, as well as for adding 14 additional characters and generally providing a fun multiplayer experience. In 2020 Super Smash Bros. Melee was still a significant game in eSports. The game has also been used in AI research. Pikmin has a unique take on real time strategy, focusing on orchestrating as many as 100 Pikmin creatures at once. Pikmin was well received, in part for it's innovative gameplay mechanics such as allowing for up to 100 followers. To promote the launch of Pikmin, a new breed of Sutera genus flower was developed called "The Pikmin Flower". Animal Crossing is a port of the Japan only Animal Forest for the Nintendo 64DD. The game centers around simulated village, where time in the game corresponds with time in real life. Animal Crossing was praised by reviewers for encouraging player creativity and expression. Uniquely for the time, Animal Crossing contains a number of NES games, and can download these games to a connected GameBoy Advance. The game also supported the E-Reader and other functionality with the GameBoy Advance. A launch title that sold two million copies, Rogue Leader was praised for it's excellent graphics, intuitive controls, and epic scale battles. Read more about Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader on Wikipedia. Star Fox Adventures Metroid Prime The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker Eternal Darkness Mario Party 4 This game is noted for it's impressive water visuals. Read more about Super Mario Sunshine on Wikipedia. Kirby Air Ride Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Pokémon Colosseum 1080° Avalanche Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike Viewtiful Joe Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life Mario Party 5 Mega Man Network Transmission 16 players could play at the same time by using multiple GameCubes with broadband adapters. Read more about Mario Kart: Double Dash on Wikipedia. A version of the Arcade game F-Zero AX was hidden on the F-Zero GX disk. Read more about F-Zero GX on Wikipedia. This game was an incredibly important release in the Japanese market, and it's release helped promote GameCube sales in Japan. Read more about Tales of Symphonia on Wikipedia. Read more about Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg on Wikipedia. Pikmin 2 Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes Mario Party 6 A quality RPG widely regarded as one of the best in the series, and is sometimes considered among the finest RPGs ever made. The game would have a lasting influence, due to its discussion of surprisingly deep themes. In non English language releases, the character Vivian is represented as a transwoman, a notable inclusion for a major title at the time. Later on Vivian became a symbol of Transgender gamers, due to her positive portrayal in the game, and her storyline discussing themes of familial rejection for expressing her identity - an unfortunately common issue faced by many transgender people. Read more about Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door and Vivian on Wikipedia. Resident Evil 4 Chibi-Robo! (video game) Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance Killer7 Harvest Moon: Magical Melody Mario Party 7 Mario Superstar Baseball The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess Odama Panasonic Q - A version of the GameCube that can play full size DVDs and had optical out for audio. Char edition - A late 2003 version of the GameCube themed in brilliant red after Mobile Suit Gundam character Char Aznable. Tales of Symphonia - Japanese only "Symphonic Green" (lime green) GameCube including Lloyd decal with matching color GBA Player add on and controller, as well as a 59 block memory card and a copy of the game. McDonalds Kiosk - A kiosk using a GameCube for use in McDonalds restaurants. Starlight Gaming Station - Kiosk for hospital use. A front view of a GameCube. A front view of a GameCube. A rear view of a GameCube A GameCube with disk bay open. The bottom of a GameCube with protective covers installed. The bottom of a GameCube with protective covers removed. An orange GameCube A silver GameCube with optional GameBoy Player and Wireless Controller installed. The GameCube came out in a variety of colors and editions. Triforce, an Arcade platform shared by Nintendo, Sega, and Namco based on the GameCube. The Panasonic Q, a version of the GameCube that could play DVD videos. Panasonic Q rear view Panasonic Q controller Panasonic Q DVD Drive Multiple views of the GameCube controller. The wavebird wireless GameCube controller DK Bongo controller The Gamecube microphone plugged into a memory card slot instead of a controller port. A LodgeNet GameCube controller, used in Hotels. Third party GameCube controller with no analog sticks. Third party gamecube controllers. Gamecube controller layout diagram. A GameCube memory card. A GameCube disk in its case. The choice to use small capacity proprietary disks was controversial. A GameCube setup for online play, with keyboard controller and broadband adapter installed. The RF Adapter, an input Adapter is required the use this Adapter. The unofficial SD2SP2 microSD card adapter. Japanese software case with a memory card slot Japanese software case with a memory card slot and a GBA Cartridge slot. A GameBoy Player on a GameCube A GameBoy player prior to mounting on the bottom of a GameCube. A GameCube broadband adapter, and a GameCube modem adapter IBM Gekko CPU The Flipper GPU with heatspreader shaven down to expose the die. GameCube disassembly The GameCube Disk Drive Broadband adapter board. Modem adapter board. Disk drive board with XenoGC modchip installed. 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"Gamecube". https://scf.usc.edu/~jeffcui/itp104/final/gamecube.html. "Random: Oh No, People Don't Recognise GameCubes Any More". Nintendo Life. 2 November 2021. https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/11/random-oh-no-people-dont-recognise-gamecubes-any-more. "The Big GameCube Interview: Satoru Iwata (GameCube) - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/05/24/the-big-gamecube-interview-satoru-iwata-gamecube. "GameCube Architecture A Practical Analysis" (in en). 19 November 2019. https://www.copetti.org/projects/consoles/gamecube/. "Gamasutra - Postmortem: Factor 5's Star Wars Rogue Leader: Rogue Squadron II". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131402/postmortem_factor_5s_star_wars_.php?print=1. Shimpi, Anand Lal. "Hardware Behind the Consoles - Part II: Nintendo's GameCube". www.anandtech.com. https://www.anandtech.com/show/858/2. "Console GPU Power Compared: Ranking Systems By FLOPS". https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/console-gpu-power-compared-ranking-systems-by-flop/2900-1334/#16. "A Visual History of the Nintendo 3DS". GameSpot. https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/a-visual-history-of-the-nintendo-3ds/2900-169/#6. Linneman, John (16 December 2018). "DF Retro: the forgotten Nintendo tech that makes GameCube HDMI possible" (in en). https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2018-retro-how-forgotten-tech-powers-a-new-wave-of-gamecube-hdmi-adapters. "Iwata Asks". https://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/3ds/how-nintendo-3ds-made/0/2. "Technical data". https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Nintendo-GameCube/Product-Information/Technical-data/Technical-data-619165.html. "A Dolphin’s Tale: The Story of GameCube — Dromble". 9 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140109224331/http://www.dromble.com/2014/01/07/dolphin-tale-story-of-gamecube/. Vincent, Brittany (25 December 2020). "The Evolution of the Video Game Controller". https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/g34288261/evolution-of-the-video-game-controller/. "Super Mario 3D All-Stars Adds GameCube Controller Support for Super Mario Sunshine - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-3d-all-stars-adds-gamecube-controller-support-for-super-mario-sunshine. Minotti, Mike (10 October 2019). "The RetroBeat: Luigi’s Mansion gave Mario’s brother his own identity". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2019/10/10/the-retrobeat-luigis-mansion-gave-marios-brother-his-own-identity/. Casamassina, Matt (November 16th, 2001). "Luigi's Mansion - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/11/16/luigis-mansion. "CNN.com - GameCube review: 'Super Smash Bros. Melee' - December 11, 2001". www.cnn.com. December 11th, 2001. https://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/fun.games/12/11/super.smash.bros.idg/index.html?related. "Super Smash Bros. Melee - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/12/03/super-smash-bros-melee. Robertson, Adi (20 November 2020). "Nintendo shuts down Super Smash Bros. tournament for using mods to play online" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/20/21579392/nintendo-big-house-super-smash-bros-melee-tournament-slippi-cease-desist. Parr, Ben; Dilipkumar, Deepak; Liu, Yuan (8 December 2017). "Nintendo Super Smash Bros. Melee: An "Untouchable" Agent". arXiv:1712.03280 [cs]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03280. Retrieved 18 December 2020. "Pikmin - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/12/03/pikmin. "Concept to console: the history of ‘Pikmin’". https://theboar.org/2020/05/the-history-of-pikmin/. Life, Nintendo (2 January 2006). "Review: Pikmin (GameCube)". https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/2006/01/pikmin_retro. "Meet the Pikmin Flower - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/12/12/meet-the-pikmin-flower. 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"Even 18 Years After Release ROGUE SQUADRON 2 Is Still An Unrivaled Star Wars Experience!". https://gametyrant.com/news/even-18-years-after-release-rogue-squadron-2-is-still-an-unrivaled-star-wars-experience. "Nintendo Consistently Has The Best Water". TheGamer. 9 July 2021. https://www.thegamer.com/nintendo-best-water/. Life, Nintendo (14 September 2019). "Hardware Classics: Nintendo GameCube". Nintendo Life. https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/09/hardware_classics_nintendo_gamecube. Life, Nintendo (7 March 2013). "F-Zero AX Found Hidden In GameCube F-Zero GX". https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/03/f_zero_ax_found_hidden_in_gamecube_f_zero_gx. "Japan Charts: GameCube outsells PS2 as key RPG title rolls out" (in en). https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/japan-charts-gamecube-outsells-ps2-as-key-rpg-title-rolls-out. "Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door: Remembering it 15 years later". 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A Zed and Two Noughts is a 1985 film about twin zoologists who lose their wives in a car accident and become obsessed with decomposing animals. Written and directed by Peter Greenaway In the land of the legless the one-legged woman is queen. Imagine that, the body - in all its delicious detail - fading away leaving a skeleton with iron legs. Pregnant women are notoriously unreliable. Especially when they're trying to procure an abortion. Oswald Deuce: How fast does a woman decompose? Oliver Deuce: Six months, maybe a year? Depends on the conditions. Oswald Deuce: Does being pregnant make any difference? Oliver Deuce: No. Oswald Deuce: And the baby? Oliver Deuce: How far gone was she? Oswald Deuce: Perhaps ten weeks. Oliver Deuce: Then you'd never know. Oswald Deuce: [long pause] I cannot stand the idea of her rotting away. [short pause] What is the first thing that happens? Oliver Deuce: The first thing that happens is bacteria set to work in the intestine. Oswald Deuce: What sort of bacteria? Oliver Deuce: [matter-of-factly] Bicosis populi. There are supposed to be 130,000 bicoses in each lick of a human tongue; 250,000 in a french kiss. First exchanged at the very beginning of creation when Adam kissed Eve. Oswald Deuce: Suppose Eve kissed Adam. Oliver Deuce: Unlikely. She used her first 100,000 on the apple. Alba Bewick: I am about to become a mother, and you are about to become a father... or fathers. Oswald Deuce: You what? Oliver Deuce: You are? Alba Bewick: I am. Oswald Deuce: Good lord. Oliver Deuce: You can? Alba Bewick: Of course! Is leglessness a form of contraception? Oswald Deuce: I'm not sure. Alba Bewick: You're not sure! Oswald Deuce: I'm delighted! Alba Bewick: You are delighted! [suspiciously] A pregnant cripple and you are delighted? Think of what it will do to my sense of balance! Oswald Deuce: It might help! Give you more stability. Alba Bewick: Then you recommend it? Recommendation's one thing. A womb on crutches is another. Oliver Deuce: So... who's the father? Alba Bewick: Well, well, well. Why don't you discuss it between yourselves? Oliver Deuce: Why, don't you know? Alba Bewick: Grand dieu! Does an animal behaviorist need to ask such questions? As far as I'm concerned, you both are. Oswald Deuce: But you... Alba Bewick: NO BUTS! [smiling] You're brothers, aren't you? What's a few spermatozoa among brothers! Andréa Ferréol - Alba Bewick Brian Deacon - Oswald Deuce Eric Deacon - Oliver Deuce Frances Barber - Venus de Milo Joss Ackland - Van Hoyten Jim Davidson - Joshua Plate Agnes Brulet as Beta Bewick Guusje Van Tilborgh - Caterina Bolnes Gerard Thoolen - Van Meegeren Ken Campbell - Stephen Pipe Wolf Kahler - Felipe Arc-en-Ciel Geoffrey Palmer - Fallast Wikipedia has an article about: A Zed & Two Noughts A Zed & Two Noughts quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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In finance and economics, divestment or divestiture is the reduction of some kind of asset for financial, ethical, or political objectives or sale of an existing business by a firm. A divestment is the opposite of an investment. The BDS [Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions] movement was launched in 2005 by representatives of Palestinian civil society. They called upon “international civil society organizations and people of conscience all over the world to impose broad boycotts and implement divestment initiatives against Israel similar to those applied to South Africa in the apartheid era ...” This call for BDS specified that “these non-violent punitive measures” should last until Israel fully complies with international law... Israel Hits Back Against Boycott, by Marjorie Cohn, Consortium News, (30 March 2017) Divestment campaigns urge banks, local councils, churches, pension funds and universities to withdraw investments from all Israeli companies and from international companies involved in violating Palestinian rights... BDS initiatives have been passed by more than 50 councils in Spain and by dozens of other councils in the U.K., Australia, Sweden, Norway and Ireland. U.S. churches, including the Presbyterian Church USA, the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church (UMC), and several Quaker bodies have voted to divest from Israeli and international companies targeted by the BDS movement. Academic associations in the U.S., Canada, Ireland, South Africa and the U.K. have voted to support BDS. More than 30 U.S. student associations and 11 Canadian student associations have voted to support divestment from Israeli apartheid... The E.U. has introduced rules prohibiting funding of Israeli companies and bodies based in illegal Israeli settlements and has warned businesses about the risks of doing business with illegal Israeli settlements. Israel Hits Back Against Boycott, by Marjorie Cohn, Consortium News, (30 March 2017) In recent budget negotiations, Senate Democrats agreed to a boost in military spending that exceeded the cap for fiscal 2018 by $70 billion, bringing the total request to an enormous $716 billion... more Pentagon contracts will be awarded to private corporations that use endless war to line their pockets... If neither major political party will stand up to this status quo, what can be done? One answer might be found in the recent push to divest from fossil fuel companies undertaken by, among others, Norway and New York City. By December of 2016, 688 institutions, representing over $5 trillion in assets, had divested from fossil fuels... Author Naomi Klein described the fossil fuel divestment effort as “a process of delegitimizing” the sector and of affirming that it yields “odious profits.” An analogous campaign to delegitimize beneficiaries of war is long overdue. As Congress Feeds the Merchants of Death, the People Must Divest, by Medea Benjamin, Elliot Swain, Counterpunch, (6 February 2018) In addition to pressuring our members of Congress to refuse campaign donations from weapons manufacturers and war profiteers, we must mount a divestment effort at the institutional and municipal level. Investment in war must come at the cost of public disgrace... Divestment offers an alternate means of addressing the blight of war profiteering in an era in which traditional political routes have been closed by our craven representatives. It also brings the message into smaller communities–communities that crumble while defense contractors live in luxury...A new coalition of about 70 groups... has formed to launch a Divest From the War Machine campaign As Congress Feeds the Merchants of Death, the People Must Divest, by Medea Benjamin, Elliot Swain, Counterpunch, (6 February 2018) We will not invest in our annihilation. Now we can avoid it... Our world and everything we care about is threatened every moment of every day by nuclear weapons, either by intent, accident, miscalculation or cyber-attack. These weapons, though now illegal following the July 2017 U.N. “Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons”, adopted by 122 nations, continue to be modernized at an expected cost of $1.7 trillion over the next 30 years... Now is the time to stop the insanity and divest of nuclear weapons just as apartheid was ultimately stopped by divestment in South Africa. If we want to abolish nuclear weapons, we must stop investing in them. The just released “Don’t Bank On The Bomb“ report draws attention to the “Hall Of Shame” companies that are either financing or producing nuclear weapons and their components. Ultimately, nuclear weapons will be abolished. They will either be abolished through the means outlined in the “Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons” and by divesting from them or, through their use in nuclear war, the aftermath of which may end all of life on this planet. The choice is ours. Our children and the future of the planet demand abolition now. Eliminate Nuclear Weapons by Divesting from Them by Robert Dodge, Counterpunch, (19 March 2018) The Vatican urged Catholics on Thursday to disinvest from the armaments and fossil fuel industries and to closely monitor companies in sectors such as mining to check if they are damaging the environment. The calls were contained in a 225-page manual for church leaders and workers to mark the fifth anniversary of Pope Francis’ landmark encyclical “Laudato Si” (Praised Be) on the need to protect nature, life and defenseless people. The compendium suggests practical steps to achieve the goals of the encyclical, which strongly supported agreements to contain global warming and warned against the dangers of climate change. The manual’s section on finance said people “could favor positive changes ... by excluding from their investments companies that do not satisfy certain parameters.” It listed these as respect for human rights, bans on child labor and protection of the environment... Last month, more that 40 faith organizations from around the world, more than half of them Catholic, pledged to divest from fossil fuel companies. The document urges Catholics to defend the rights of local populations to have a say in whether their lands can be used for oil or mineral extraction and the right to take strong stands against companies that cause environmental disasters or over-exploit natural resources such as forests. Vatican urges Catholics to drop investments in fossil fuels, arms, Philip Pullella, Reuters, (18 June 2020) Over 550 students and alumni are calling on the University to divest from the U.S. prison system and publicly disclose its endowment holdings. “We, the undersigned, call upon the Princeton University Investment Company (PRINCO) to immediately and unequivocally divest Princeton’s holdings from the Prison-Industrial Complex,” notes a petition by Students for Prison Education, Abolition, and Reform (SPEAR)... The campaign broadens the definition of the prison complex system to include public prisons at the local, state, and federal levels. It also includes companies, such as Aramark, a food services corporation...that profit from the prison system... As of 2013, prisoners held in privately owned prisons constitute 8.4 percent of the total U.S. prison population... Such a small percentage makes the University’s divestment from private prisons “low-hanging fruit,” said Masha Miura ’21... Given the University’s renewed commitment “to identify specific actions that can be taken in their areas of responsibility to confront racism” in June — SPEAR leaders expect substantive change. For Miura, private and public prisons alike are enmeshed in capitalism. Private companies serving the prison system also receive funding from the government and actively marginalize and abuse people of color... SPEAR calls for divestment from Prison Industrial Complex, transparency from PRINCO, by Anne Wen, The Daily Princetonian, (20 August 2020) The College’s endowment will no longer be directly invested in fossil fuels and the Dartmouth Investment Office intends to allow its remaining public holdings in the sector to expire, according to an Oct. 8 announcement. Although this release marks the College’s first formal announcement of its divestment plan, the DIO banned fossil fuel holdings in 2020. The College’s divestment approach results from two decisions made over a four-year span: a 2017 decision that barred the endowment from making any “new investments in private fossil fuel extraction, exploration and production funds” and a decision in early 2020 “for [the College’s] direct public portfolio to no longer hold investments in fossil fuel companies,” according to the announcement. The move comes after Harvard University announced a similar divestment strategy in September, after the 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report outlined the disastrous effects of continued climate inaction, after the student body presidents of the eight Ivy League schools called on the League to divest in April and after years of activism from Divest Dartmouth... According to the statement, “evidence that correlates the production of fossil fuels with the warming of the atmosphere is convincing and widely accepted.” “College formally announces plan to divest from fossil fuels, by Taylor Haber, The Dartmouth, October 8, 2021 Together, these bylaws prohibit any future fossil fuel investments from entering the endowment....As the terms of these partnerships approach their legally-contracted conclusions... the [investment] managers will move through the sale processes of those assets... In the past few years... the College has found that the investment in sustainable energy companies provides great returns and also allows the College to support new technology developments and make a huge difference.... Our investment team’s analysis indicated that there is a continued growing global shift in demand towards renewable and clean energy,... What we’ve noticed is that investments in energy transitions are now comparable or better than the investment opportunities in fossil fuel companies...Our investment team’s analysis indicated that there is a continued growing global shift in demand towards renewable and clean energy... What we’ve noticed is that investments in energy transitions are now comparable or better than the investment opportunities in fossil fuel companies. Phil Hanlon, quoted in “College formally announces plan to divest from fossil fuels, by Taylor Haber, The Dartmouth, October 8, 2021 A movement to divest from fossil fuel is gaining support among foundations as activists push for funding to be shifted away from coal, oil and natural gas. The call from activists to the charitable world is simple: Ditch fossil fuels and direct your investments into climate-friendly companies and funds. The worldwide divestment campaign has sought commitments from universities, corporations and other entities. Now, two of the biggest names in philanthropy — the Ford and MacArthur foundations — are reorienting their investments away from fossil fuels, a move that leaders of the divestment movement hope will prove to be a tipping point for the charitable world.... “We’re calling on governments and corporations to act on climate aggressively and commensurate with the science,” said Ellen Dorsey, executive director of the Wallace Global Fund and a leader in Divest-Invest Philanthropy, which is pushing the philanthropic community to dump its fossil fuel investments.... The MacArthur Foundation, an $8 billion organization known for its “genius grants,” pledged two years ago to halt new investments in oil and gas. It went further in September, saying it would switch to U.S. index funds that exclude fossil fuel companies. And it's aiming to change its global index funds to do the same within a year. Fossil Fuel Divestment Gains Momentum in Philanthropy By Haleluya Hadero, Associated Press, Nov. 1, 2021 On October 27, University of Toronto (UofT) President Meric Gertler announced the university’s commitment to divest from fossil fuel companies within its endowment fund of $4 billion, citing findings from the United Nations and the World Health Organization on the impending climate crisis which “now demands bold actions that have both substantive and symbolic impact.” This divestment includes a pledge to divest from all direct investments in fossil fuel companies within the next 12 months... This decision follows those of many other universities across Canada and the United States in the past few years, including Concordia University in 2019 and Harvard University this past September....As of 2021, approximately 220 postsecondary institutions have divested from the fossil fuel industry. UofT’s decision was motivated by its perceived role as a leading academic institution to meet the “urgent challenge” of the climate crisis and its responsibility for the detrimental effects that will “disproportionately fall on students and generations of future students and children around the world.” UofT Divests from Fossil Fuels, by Elsie Yang, McGill Dailey, December 1, 2021 The city’s mayor signed a bill to eliminate the controversial investments by 2025. Boston Mayor Michelle Wu has signed into law an ordinance to divest the city from the fossil fuel, tobacco, and private prison industries by the end of 2025. The ordinance prohibits using public funds to invest in the stocks, securities, or other obligations of any company that derives more than 15% of its revenue from those industries. Under the new law, fossil fuel investments are defined as investments in any company that derives more than 15% of its revenue from the combustion, distribution, extraction, manufacture, or sale of fossil fuels, including coal, oil and gas, or fossil fuel products. It also includes electric distribution companies with corporate affiliates that derive revenue from fossil fuels. Boston to Divest From Fossil Fuels, Tobacco, Private Prisons, Chief Investment Officer, Dec 6, 2021 Boston is among an increasing number of municipalities, universities, and private foundations that have announced plans to divest from fossil fuels. In late October, ahead of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, better known as COP26, Auckland, New Zealand; Copenhagen, Denmark; Glasgow, Scotland; Paris; Rio de Janeiro; and Seattle announced commitments to divest from fossil fuel companies and increase investments to make cities more sustainable. Also last month, Baltimore Mayor Brandon Scott signed a bill that requires the city’s three pension funds to divest from the fossil fuel industry. Those are in addition to divestment commitments made last year by Berlin; Bristol, England; Cape Town, South Africa; Durban, South Africa; London; Los Angeles; Milan; New Orleans; New York City; Oslo; Norway; Pittsburgh; and Vancouver, Canada. “Cities are at the forefront of tackling the climate emergency and there is real momentum to move investments away from fossil fuels and toward climate solutions,” London Mayor Sadiq Khan, who is chair-elect of C40 Cities, a network of mayors working to confront climate change, said in a statement. “I will continue to encourage more cities to join the movement, and urge national governments and private finance institutions to mobilize more finance to invest directly in cities to support a green and fair recovery.” Boston to Divest From Fossil Fuels, Tobacco, Private Prisons, Chief Investment Officer, Dec 6, 2021 Wikipedia has an article about: Divestment Fossil fuel divestment Activism Anthropocene Ecofeminism Global warming Fossil fuel Paris Agreement School strike for climate
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Sway uses a port system for input and output. When Sway starts up, the current input port defaults to stdin (the keyboard) and the current output port defaults to stdout (the screen). To change these ports, one first creates new port and then sets the port. For example, to read from a file (say "data") instead of the keyboard, first create a file port: var p = open("data",:read); //p points to a port var oldInput = setPort(p); Once the port is set, all input will come from the new port. To change the output port, the procedure is similar, except the symbol :write is used instead. var p = open("data",:write); //p points to a port var oldOutput = setPort(p); Opening a file in :write mode overwrites the file; to append content to an existing file, use the :append symbol instead. Sway only allows a limited number of ports to be open at any given time. If you no longer need a port, close it with the built-in function close, which takes a port as its sole argument: close(p); Sway supplies built-in functions for reading characters, integers, reals, strings, and whitespace delimited tokens: s = readChar(); i = readInt(); r = readReal(); s = readString(); t = readToken(); Both the readChar and the readToken functions return strings. Sway uses the same rules as the C programming language for what characters constitute an integer and a real . None of these functions take an argument; they use the current input port. To read a symbol, use the symbol function in conjunction with the readToken function: s = symbol(readToken()); To read a line of text, use the built-in readLine function: l = readLine(); The readLine function reads up to, and including, the next newline character, but the newline is not part of the returned string. The pause function always reads from stdin, regardless of the current input port. It reads (and discards) a line of text (up to and including the newline). Its purpose is to pause execution of a program for debugging purposes. Most output functions write to the current output port. The simplest output function is display. It takes a single argument, which can be any Sway object: display("Hello, world!\n"); The character sequence '\' followed by 'n' indicate that a newline is to be displayed. More useful than display are the functions print and println in that they take any number of arguments: print("(f(x) is ",f(x),"\n"); println("(f(x) is ",f(x)); The println function is just like print, except it outputs a newline after the displaying the last argument. Thus, the two calls above produce the same output. When a string is printed, the quote marks are not displayed. Likewise, when a symbol is printed, the colon is not displayed. The inspect function is discussed in more detail in ../ch10, but, in short, prints out the unevaluated version of its argument followed by its evaluated argument: sway> inspect(f(x)); f(x) is 3 INTEGER: 3 The inspect function always prints to stdout, regardless of the current output port. There are three built-in pretty printing functions: pp, ppFlat, and ppObject. They print reasonable representations of all Sway objects to the current output port. The difference between pp and ppFlat is that ppFlat coalesces all contiguous white space (including tabs and newlines) into a single space, thus printing the representation on a single line. The ppObject function is used for printing Sway functions in object form. Given the function: function f(x) { var y = x + 1; y * y; } the pp function outputs: sway> pp(f); function f(x) { var y = x + 1; y * y; } FUNCTION: while ppObject outputs: sway> ppObject(f); : context: prior: :null filter: :null parameters: (x) code: { var y = x + 1; y * y } name: f FUNCTION: The fmt function can be used to format numbers and strings if the default formatting is not acceptable. It uses the C programming language formatting scheme, taking a formatting specification as a string, and the item to be formatted. The function returns a string. For example, sway>"<" + fmt("%6d",3) + ">"; STRING: "< 3>" sway>"<" + fmt("%-6d",3) + ">"; STRING: "<3 >" A format specification begins with '%' and usually followed by a number representing the width (in number of characters) of the resulting string. If the width is positive, the item is right justified in the resulting string. If the width is negative, the item is left justified. After any width specification is a character specifying the type of the item to be formatted: 'd' for integer, 'f' for string, and 's' for string. The format specification is quite a bit more sophisticated than shown here. You can read more on a Linux system by typing the command 'man 3 printf' at the system prompt. The eof? function can be used to test whether the last read was successful or not. The function is NOT used to test if the next read is successful. Here is a typical use of eof? in tokenizing a file: t = readToken(); while (eof? () == :false) { store(t); t = readToken(); } Sometimes, it is necessary to read one character too many from the input. This happens in cases like advancing past whitespace in the input. Here is a typical whitespace-clearing loop: ch = readChar(); while (space? (ch)) { ch = readChar(); } //last character read wasn't whitespace //so push it back to be read again later pushBack(ch); The pushBack function takes a string as its sole argument, but only pushes back the first character of the string; subsequent characters in the string are ignored. ← Recursion · Arrays and Lists → ← Recursion · The Sway Reference Manual · Arrays and Lists →
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Background music, often referred to as elevator music (for the common practice of playing this genre in elevators) or Muzak (a trademarked name of a company famous for supplying this music), refers to various styles of music or soundscapes primarily intended to be passively listened to. It is not meant to be the main focus of an audience, but rather to supplement that which is meant to be focused upon. Music that is played at a low volume and is not the main focus of an audience is also referred to as background music. Traditional examples of background music include music played at various social gatherings and music played in certain retail venues I object to background music no matter how good it is. Composers want people to listen to their music, they don't want them doing something else while their music is on. I'd like to get the guy who sold all those big businessmen the idea of putting music in the elevators, for he was really clever. What on earth good does it do anybody to hear those four or eight bars while going up a few flights. Aaron Copland, quoted in Classic Essays on Twentieth-Century Music, ISBN 0028645812. The barbarians are inside the gate. They're playing Muzak in Jenners. The full content of a letter to The Scotsman newspaper demonstrating contempt for the genre. source Wikipedia has an article about: Background music Background music has taken a step forward from its roots and is now used as part of a complete branding exercise in consumer environments. Sound branding uses background music to evoke moods within consumers to enable brands to connect emotionally with their customers. I wrote an introductory article here: http://www.melodypods.com/music-branding/sound-branding-background-foreground-music.html Background Music for Videos
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Central Auckland is the central business district and central suburbs of Auckland, located on the Auckland isthmus between the Waitemata and Manukau harbours. With its range of accommodation, attractions, restaurants, bars and transport links, it’s the part of Auckland, New Zealand's biggest city, where most visitors base themselves and spend the most time. The Auckland isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350. The central business district (CBD) on the shore of the Waitemata Harbour is where the first European settlement of Auckland began in 1840. It was the capital of New Zealand from 1841 to 1865, when Wellington became the capital, and the Old Government House still stands, now part of the University of Auckland. Central Auckland is the part of wider Auckland that was known as "Auckland City" and governed by the Auckland City Council until 2010, when the region-wide Auckland Council replaced it. The Britomart Transport Centre on the corner of Queen St and Customs St near the waterfront in the CBD is the final arrival/departure point for the Auckland Transport (AT) train network that links Central Auckland with South Auckland and West Auckland. It is the main information centre for public transport, where you will find free bus, train and ferry schedules. Timetables can also be downloaded from the AT website. The ferry terminal is across Quay St from Britomart. Ferries run to several places on the North Shore, West Auckland (upper Waitematā Harbour) and East Auckland. Uber is available throughout central Auckland and most of the rest of Auckland. Local ride-sharing service Zoomy is available in much of central Auckland. Electric scooters are available from 5AM to 11PM, and can be used with their respective apps: Flamingo, Beam, and Neuron. Neuron scooters are larger, faster (up to 25 km/h) and more stable, and usually have a helmet attached, which the app urges the user to wear. Flamingo has the easiest app onboarding process. -36.8514174.76631 Auckland Art Gallery, corner Kitchener and Wellesley Sts, ☏ +64 9 307-7700. Daily 10AM-5PM, closed 25 Dec. The largest collection of national and international art in New Zealand, housed in a landmark building on the edge of Albert Park in the heart of Auckland. Regularly hosts touring international exhibitions and offers a calendar of talks, performances, film screenings and children's activities to complement its exhibition programme. Has a shop and café. Free entry for New Zealand residents, for international adults $20; charges for some special exhibitions. (updated Feb 2019) -36.86174.7752 Auckland Domain, Park Rd, Grafton. A large park (75 ha) on an extinct volcano. It has the War Memorial Museum on its highest point and also the historically important winter gardens with impressive flower bed displays, tropical plants and statues (free). There are scenic views of the Waitemata Harbour and islands of the Hauraki Gulf from in front of the museum. (updated Oct 2017) -36.8603174.7778363 Auckland War Memorial Museum, Auckland Domain, Parnell (bus 781 from Newmarket), ☏ +64 9 309-0443. 10AM-5PM. Despite the name, this is not primarily a war museum – it is a general museum and one of the best in New Zealand. It stands in an imposing position in Auckland Domain. It includes excellent displays of Māori and other Polynesian peoples' arts and crafts, the geography of the Auckland region, and daily Māori cultural performances (ground floor). The top floor records names in stone, sobering tombs and lists of war events and their locations. There's a planetarium and a cafe. The museum was constructed in the 1920s as a memorial to those who fought and died in wars. The cenotaph in the grounds below the museum entrance is the focal point for annual ANZAC Day remembrance services. Overseas adult $25, overseas child 6-14 years $10; NZ residents donation invited; Auckland residents free with MyMuseum card or proof of residency. (updated Feb 2019) -36.862353174.7192784 Auckland Zoo, Motions Rd, Western Springs (bus route 18 from Victoria Street), ☏ +64 9 360-3800, [email protected]. 1 Sep-30 Apr 9:30AM–5:30PM (last admissions at 16:15), but Fridays open until 8PM; 1 May–31 Aug 9:30AM-5PM; closed 25 Dec. The zoo has the largest collection of native and exotic animals in New Zealand, with 120 animal species, over 750 animals and a number of different habitats such as the Rainforest and Pridelands (an African savannah) set in 17 hectares. Adults (15 years+) $28, children 4–14 $12, seniors and students with ID $23, family rates available. -36.8596174.7845 Holy Trinity Cathedral, 446 Parnell Rd, Parnell. Viewing daily 10AM-3PM, main services Su 10AM, 5PM. Large modern Anglican cathedral that opened in 1965 and can seat 1100 people. Next to it is St Mary's Church, the largest wooden Gothic church in the world, built in 1886 and moved to the present site in 1982. (updated Jan 2019) -36.845833174.8172226 Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium, 23 Tamaki Drive, Orakei (TāmakiLink bus from Britomart). It's on the scenic Tamaki Drive and is the home of Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World. It includes a trip through a transparent tunnel while the fish and sharks swim all around you, and tanks of rays with feeding-time talks. -36.84016174.768787 The Lighthouse / Tū Whenua-a-Kura, Queens Wharf. A sculpture by Michael Parekowhai in the form of a 1950s house, which sits on the end of the wharf. You can't enter the house, but you can look in the windows at the lighting display inspired by the southern skies and a stainless steel sculpture of Captain James Cook. The artwork was installed in 2017. It can be viewed any time, but it may be best to avoid days when cruise ships are alongside. Free. (updated Mar 2020) -36.8673174.7288 MOTAT (Museum of Transport and Technology), Great North Rd, Western Springs (bus route 18 from Victoria Street; 10 minutes walk from the Zoo). Daily 10AM-5PM, closed for one week in March. An interactive technology museum with over 300,000 items, divided among two campuses: one showcasing aviation artifacts, and the other (larger) one on general science and technology, with a focus on communications (history of the telegraph, for example) and transportation. Look out for the WWII Avro Lancaster Bomber and the Solent Flying Boat in the Sir Keith Park Memorial Aviation Collection. Adult $19, child $10, child under 5 free. (updated Jan 2020) -36.877174.7649 Mount Eden / Maungawhau, 250 Mt Eden Rd (vehicle entrance). The highest natural point in Auckland at 196 m above sea level, this volcanic peak provides 360-degree views from beside the 50-metre deep crater at its summit. There are numerous pedestrian entrances from surrounding streets to the hill's walkways. (updated Jun 2015) -36.8423174.763210 New Zealand Maritime Museum, corner Quay and Hobson Sts, Viaduct Harbour, ☏ +64 9 373-0800. Many interesting exhibits chronicle New Zealand's maritime history, including actual yachts from the America's Cup and interactive displays and machines. There is an Auckland harbour cruise on an old-style cargo scow that takes about 1 hour and costs extra (adult $25). You can also see the "ship in a bottle" exhibit, and meet the volunteers working on the models. Adult $20, Auckland residents free. (updated Jan 2017) -36.9174.78305611 One Tree Hill / Maungakiekie, 670 Manukau Rd (main entrance). The second highest peak in the city at 182 m above sea level, this volcanic cone offers panoramic views of the city. An obelisk on the summit marks the grave of Sir John Logan Campbell, a founding father of Auckland city. The summit has not had a solitary tree, for which it was known, since 2000. Terraces where the structures of a fortified Maori village (pa) once stood are still visible on the slopes. The peak is surrounded by One Tree Hill Domain and Cornwall Park, the largest parkland on the Auckland isthmus, where you can see cattle and sheep grazing within a major city. There is a children's playground near the Stardome (see below). (updated Jun 2015) -36.848333174.76222212 Sky Tower, corner Victoria and Federal Sts. Daily 9AM–10PM. At 328 m, this is the tallest free-standing tower in the Southern Hemisphere, offering views of up to 80 km away and fine dining in the Orbit revolving restaurant. $29. (updated Oct 2017) -36.8502174.76113 St Matthew's Church, 132 Hobson St (corner of Wellesley St). Services Su 10AM, sometimes open for viewing on other days. Anglican church. The fine neo-Gothic stone church building opened in 1905. (updated Jan 2020) -36.905978174.77673614 Stardome Observatory & Planetarium, 670 Manukau Rd, One Tree Hill Domain. All these homes have at least some gardens that the public can wander through. -36.8901174.7247715 Alberton, 100 Mt Albert Rd, Mt Albert (entrance from Kerr-Taylor Ave). W-Su 10:30AM-4:30PM. An 18-room mansion started in 1863. It was the centre of social life for its area during the late 19th century. Admission charge. -36.86263174.7836216 Ewelme Cottage, 14 Ayr St, Parnell (walking distance from Parnell shops). Su 10:30AM–4:30PM. Built in 1863–64 as a home for a vicar's family. Much smaller than Alberton and Highwic. Admission charge. -36.8718174.77517 Highwic, 40 Gillies Ave (entrance from Mortimer Pass) (walking distance from Newmarket). W-Su 10:30AM-4:30PM. Home for a very large family (21 children, although the older ones would have left before the youngest was born) built from 1862. Admission charge. -36.9145174.76318 Pah Homestead / Wallace Arts Centre, 72A Hillsborough Rd, Hillsborough. Tu–F 10AM-3PM, Sa Su 10AM-5PM. An art gallery with a very substantial collection in a mansion built 1877-79. A collection of New Zealand art is displayed as the Wallace Arts Centre. The large Monte Cecilia Park surrounds the house and was once its grounds. donation. (updated Jan 2020) -36.8312174.74551 Auckland Bridge Climb, 105 Curran St Extension, Westhaven Marina, toll-free: 0800 286-4958. If you have a head for heights, you can walk up the arch of the Harbour Bridge. Bungy jumps from the bridge are also available. Adult $130, child $90, check for promotional discounts. (updated Dec 2021) -36.85083174.855372 Auckland Sea Kayaks, St Heliers Central Boat Ramp, 384 Tamaki Dr, ☏ +64 21 192-4939, toll-free: 0800 999-089, [email protected]. Sea kayaking tours including to the islands of Rangitoto, Motutapu, Motuihe and Motukorea (Browns Island). Auckland is a unique sea kayaking location. Tours suitable for all experience levels. Tours launch at St Heliers - free pickup from downtown. -36.8422174.76253 Auckland Whale & Dolphin Safari, Viaduct Harbour Basin (at the western end (left as you are looking at the harbour) of downtown Quay St.; on arrival by foot, look for their boat just past the Voyager Maritime Museum on the right immediately after the large KZ1 yacht), toll-free: 0508 365-744, [email protected]. Daily, times vary seasonally. Explore the beautiful Hauraki Gulf Marine Park during a 4.5-hour marine eco-safari on a purpose-built vessel, the Dolphin Explorer. They have years of experience and guarantee that you will see marine mammals – or your next trip is free. Adult $129, child $89. (updated Dec 2021) -36.875174.7454 Eden Park, Kingsland. New Zealand's top sports stadium, which mainly hosts the unofficial national winter and summer sports of rugby union and cricket. Watch the national rugby team, the All Blacks, beat all comers here (as of the end of 2021, they have not lost a game here since 1994). Event tickets often include free train travel to and from the park – be sure to get off the train at Kingsland Station (not Mt Eden Station). (updated Dec 2021) Explore NZ, Viaduct Harbour Basin, ☏ +64 9 359-5987, fax: +64 9 358-3137, [email protected]. Waitemata Harbour sailboat cruises on a boat from the Pride of Auckland fleet. Also offer a 2-hr Sailing Experience on an original America's Cup yacht. Other activities are available. Manukau coastal walks between Onehunga and Blockhouse Bay. The track is 9 km long in total, but meets the roads in many places, so you can easily do just part of it. It includes areas of native forest. Odyssey Sensory Maze, 291-297 Queen St (inside Sky World Entertainment Centre, on the Lower Basement level), ☏ +64 9 365-1145. Su–Th 10AM–9PM, F Sa 10AM–10PM. Indoor maze with several rooms, each with a unique theme, and allowing for a different sensory experience: guess the smell/sound/object (by touch); find your way out of a room full of mirrors; swim through a balloon pit etc. $17–$22. (updated Feb 2020) -36.786742174.8601155 Rangitoto Island (take ferry from downtown). A dormant volcano island that stands prominently near the entrance to the Waitemata Harbour. Climb to the summit for fantastic views of the harbour and Auckland city. Take a picnic or have a swim. There is a guided tour that will take you most of the way up the volcano (on a very bumpy road in a tractor trailer) for about $30. There are no shops on the island, so buy any food and drink you need before you go. Toilets are available at the harbour. (updated Apr 2015) Rent skates in Okahu Bay and take a scenic skate along Tamaki Drive. Sky Jump. A cable-controlled base jump from a height of 192 m on the Sky Tower. Also the Sky Walk, a walk around a 1.2 m walkway with no hand rails. (updated Jan 2018) -36.8407174.7566 Wynyard Loop tram. Sundays and public holidays 10AM-4PM. A short tram loop. Operating hours and length of loop in operation depend on the redevelopment in progress in the area. $2. (updated Jan 2018) There are a number of sometimes-crowded family beaches with a good range of shops lining the shore along Tamaki Drive in the upmarket suburbs of Mission Bay and St Heliers. Swimming is safe. -36.8474174.83147 Mission Bay Beach is Auckland's equivalent of Los Angeles' Venice Beach or Santa Monica, and is extremely popular on a hot summer's day. To its east, -36.8502174.84458 Kohimarama and St Heliers beaches are usually less crowded. -36.8441174.86329 Ladies Bay, to the east of St Heliers, is a nudist-friendly beach, but is frequented by regular beachgoers too, and is accessible by a 5 min walk down from the cliff-top road. -36.8507174.767510 Albert Park (next to Auckland Art Gallery). A CBD park laid out in the 1880s, with flower gardens, specimen trees, a floral clock, sculptures, artworks and two field guns from 1879. (updated Dec 2021) -36.8554174.76111 Myers Park. A park that can be used as route between Queen St and K Rd (passing through St Kevin's Arcade). Has a children's playground. (updated Jan 2017) La Cigale French Market, 69 St Georges Bay Rd, Parnell. Sa 8AM-1:30PM, Su 9AM-1:30PM. The emphasis is on seasonal fruit and vegetables (organic or spray-free whenever possible), artisan baked bread, cheese, confectioneries, oils, spices and home made preserves and jams. -36.84775174.76651 Pauanesia, 35 High St. Daily. Collaborates with local designers, artisans, jewellers and ceramic studios to create unique home textiles, accessories, bags, jewellery and stationery that celebrate New Zealand nature and lifestyle. (updated Dec 2015) -36.84844174.754572 Victoria Park Market, Victoria St West (walking distance from the CBD). Daily. Cafés from 7AM, shops from 10AM. It used to have lots of craft stalls, then was renovated and reopened in 2013. (updated Jul 2021) -36.84988174.763633 The Warehouse, 21 Elliott Street (inside Atrium on Elliott Shopping Centre). Daily 8AM–8PM. Value chain store for household goods, clothing and a small selection of food. (updated Aug 2015) -36.870901174.7763014 Westfield Newmarket, 277 Broadway (Near Newmarket railway station and on green Inner Link bus route). Sa - W 9AM - 7PM, Th F 9AM - 9PM (Countdown daily 7AM - 10PM). Large 3 floor shopping mall, which opened in 2019 with David Jones and Farmers department stores and a Countdown supermarket. (updated Jan 2020) -36.85034174.764455 Smith & Caughey's, 253-261 Queen Street. Traditional department store, mainly selling upmarket clothes, established in 1880. The main store on Queen Street is in a heritage building, completed in 1929, with a smaller second store in Newmarket. In December there is an animated Christmas window display. (updated Jul 2021) Britomart Precinct on the waterfront in the city centre is home to an array of popular and diverse bars and eateries: Agents + Merchants, Cafe Hanoi, Tyler St Garage, Ebisu, Britomart Country Club, Mexico to name a few. Viaduct Harbour provides upmarket dining, starting at $30 for mains. Some of the establishments there have a reputation for sub-par food and service for the high price. For kosher food, the Auckland Jewish Community Centre, which includes the Auckland Hebrew Congregation, has a kosher shop located on Greys Ave in the CBD (next to the Duxton Hotel) and is open every day except Mondays, Saturdays and Jewish festivals. It stocks a large range of kosher products. There are some good cheap food courts offering a variety of usually Asian foods. For downtown food halls, try next to the Queens' Arcade at the bottom of Queen St (slightly hidden entrance), or the Metro award-winning one at the bottom of Albert St. The Ponsonby International food court has the cheapest eats in this somewhat pricey neighbourhood with the Mexican stall a standout among the Asian stalls. -36.8453174.77291 Countdown Auckland City, 76 Quay St. Daily 24 hours. (updated Aug 2015) -36.84859174.764452 Countdown Auckland Metro, 19-25 Victoria St (just off Queen St). Small central supermarket. (updated Aug 2015) -36.84651174.765893 New World Metro Queen Street, 125 Queen St. Daily 8AM–10PM. Small central supermarket. (updated Aug 2015) -36.8485174.75124 New World Victoria Park, 2 College Hill. Daily 7AM–midnight. Large, fairly central supermarket. (updated Aug 2015) -36.85778174.75855 Hare Krishna Food For Life, 286 Karangahape Rd. Closes at 7PM. Vegetarian meals, especially curries. $8.50–15. (updated Sep 2015) -36.8509174.765346 No.1 Pancake, Lorne St (just off Wellesley St). Korean pancakes. $4.50. -36.86589174.761087 Al Volo Pizzeria, 27 Mt Eden Rd, ☏ +64 9 302-2500. Tu-Th 5-9:30PM, F Sa 5-10:30PM. Limited seating, but you can order from the Corner Bar across the street. No delivery. $15-25. Burger Fuel, Parnell Rd, and Dominion Rd (Mt Eden). Delicious gourmet burgers. Fatimas, Ponsonby Rd in Ponsonby; and Anzac St in Takapuna. Excellent kebabs and pitas, a step above typical post-clubbing fare. $10–15. -36.85592174.762488 Fujisan, 474 Queen St, ☏ +64 9 357-0866. M-F 11AM–11PM, Sa 5–11PM. Cozy and delicious Japanese restaurant near the upper end of Queen St. Try the Teriyaki beef set. $14-40. (updated Jan 2019) Ima Cuisine, 53 Fort St. M–Sa 7AM–3PM, Tu–Sa 5:30–10PM. Levantine meals from an Israeli chef. (updated Jun 2021) Mexicali Fresh, 137 Quay St, Princes Wharf, ☏ +64 9 307-2419. Fast Mexican food on Auckland's waterfront. Mouthwatering but not for the health-conscious. $13.50. Mezze Bar, 9 Durham St East. Serves tapas and other dishes. Often busy but worth the wait. Moto Sushi Bar, 305 Parnell Rd, Parnell Village. -36.8523174.75149 Nishiki, Robata-Yaki Bar, 100 Wellington St, Freemans Bay, ☏ +64 9 376-7104. Tu-Su 6-11PM. Great Japanese restaurant. Requires reservation for all days of the week. Great value for money. $10-25. Richmond Rd Cafe, 318 Richmond Rd, Grey Lynn (walking distance from Ponsonby Rd). Excellent, laid back, but very high standard café. Enjoy their great variety of food (their breakfasts are particularly good), their outstanding coffee or their delicious sweet selection, while soaking up the sun on the balcony. Although not the most central, it is a favourite with the locals, and is therefore regularly busy (particularly during the weekend). Suitable for small business meetings, family breakfasts, or can even be used as a good quiet working space during the day. $16–24. Valentine's Restaurant. Traditional buffet restaurants in many locations around Auckland. One Tree Grill Restaurant, 9-11 Pah Rd (Greenwoods Corner), Epsom (near One Tree Hill), ☏ +64 9 625-6407. Enjoy outstanding, down-to-earth dining at this iconic restaurant, consistently rated in the top restaurants in Auckland. It specialises in contemporary New Zealand cuisine and offers an outstanding cellared wine list. One Tree Grill offers a refreshing change from the hustle and bustle of inner city dining. Since 1996, it has been a staple part of the Auckland restaurant scene, having evolved from their small 40-seat suburban beginnings to the modern, up market restaurant it is today. Enjoy the best of Pacific Rim cuisine in a stylish setting. Outstanding cellared wines, innovative cuisine, thoroughly professional service – it offers a complete dining experience where it's the little things that make the difference. Mains average $40. SkyCity entertainment complex, corner Federal & Victoria St, has a dozen restaurants for all tastes and budgets, including the authentic Spanish Tapas bar Bellota, the fine dining dine by Peter Gordon and the revolving restaurant Orbit. SPQR, 150 Ponsonby Rd, ☏ +64 9 360-1710. Modern Italian cuisine, dimly lit, loud music, great atmosphere, you may feel like you are in New York. Mains $30–40. There's a concentration of bars in the Viaduct area near the waterfront. Tyler St Garage, Britomart precinct. Galbraiths Alehouse, 2 Mt Eden Rd, Eden Terrace. A brewery and pub, with a great selection of traditional beer and wine. The Occidental, 6 Vulcan Lane, CBD (just off Queen St). A popular place with the after-work crowd. Serves traditional Belgian beers alongside Belgian cuisine, including mussels and frites. Shadows Bar, 8 Alfred St (University of Auckland campus). Student bar with decent prices. Cassette Number 9, Vulcan Ln. A bar and club featuring different music nights. SkyCity, corner of Federal & Victoria Sts. Entertainment complex with a dozen bars & cafes including a Spanish tapas bar, Bellota. -36.84413174.76951 The Brit (formerly Northern Steamship), 122 Quay St. Gastropub. Mains $17-30, beer starts at $5 for a can of Lion Brown. (updated Jun 2020) Bar Tabac, 6 Mills Ln. In a rustic heritage building in the back streets of downtown Auckland. Co-owned by musician Neil Finn of Crowded House. -36.85814174.758881 BK Hostel, 3 Mercury Ln, ☏ +64 9 307-0052. Just 4 beds in the dorm rooms. Nice atmosphere, kitchen and laundry. Dorm/single/twin/triple rooms from $22/$44/$56/$90. (updated Aug 2015) -36.85087174.76512 Choice Backpackers, Wellesley St W (cnr of Wellesley and Albert Sts, across post office), ☏ +64 9 374-4237. Easygoing, friendly, cheap. Dorms from $18, doubles $52. -36.84571174.766473 Queen Street Backpackers, 4 Fort St, City Centre, ☏ +64 9 373-3471, fax: +64 9 358-2412, [email protected]. Shared rooms starting from $25 to private rooms for $65. -36.85816174.751614 Verandahs Backpacker Lodge, 6 Hopetoun St, Freemans Bay (just off Ponsonby Rd), ☏ +64 9 360-4180, fax: +64 9 360-9465, [email protected]. $26 dormitory, $70 double. -36.8769174.74845 Eden Park Bed & Breakfast, 20 Bellwood Ave, Mt Eden, ☏ +64 9 6305721, [email protected]. A luxury inn in an historic Edwardian villa. Single from $145. (updated Mar 2015) Heritage Auckland, 35 Hobson St, ☏ +64 9 379-8553, toll-free: 0800 368-888, [email protected]. Four-star plus hotel with restaurant and bar. Serviced apartments available. From $144. Quest Auckland, 363 Queen St, ☏ +64 9 300-2200. Close to Aotea Centre, the Town Hall, restaurants and shopping. 70 studios, one and two-bedroom serviced apartments all with kitchen and laundry facilities. One of a number in the Quest Serviced Apartments chain in Auckland. $145 and up (2 people). -36.85293174.760816 Grand Millennium (formerley Rendezvous Hotel), 71 Mayoral Drive, cnr Vincent St, ☏ +64 9 366 3000. A grand 4-star plus hotel built in 1989 with 452 guest rooms and suites, a bar, Straits Cafe, and Katsura Japanese restaurant. The lower-priced rooms when discounted are very reasonably priced for a hotel of its rating. From $110 (winter Sunday). (updated Jan 2017) Auckland Waterfront Apartments, Princes Wharf, ☏ +64 21 972004, [email protected]. Luxury 1-, 2- & 3-bedroom serviced apartments with harbour views. Braemar, 7 Parliament St, ☏ +64 9 377 5463, fax: +64 9 377-3056. Beautifully renovated 1901 Edwardian townhouse. From $225 (double). -36.84785174.764947 CityLife Auckland, 171 Queen St, ☏ +64 9 379-9222, fax: +64 9 379-9223, [email protected]. From $206. -36.85745174.763448 Cordis, Auckland, 83 Symonds St, ☏ +64 9 379 5132, fax: +64 9 377-9367. Five-star luxury hotel, formerly called the Langham. Price varies by season. -36.8499174.7639 Crowne Plaza Auckland, 128 Albert St, ☏ +64 9 302-1111, [email protected]. Four-star plus hotel with 352 guest rooms and suites. From $204. -36.8398174.765810 Hilton Auckland, Princes Wharf, 147 Quay St, ☏ +64 9 978-2000. A modern waterfront building with great views over the harbour. Quite close to the ferry terminals and a short walk to the Wynyard area. From $409. (updated Apr 2015) -36.84812174.7705411 Pullman Auckland, corner Waterloo Quadrant & Princes St, ☏ +64 9 353 1000, fax: +64 9 353 1000, [email protected]. Five-star hotel in the CBD with 340 rooms and self-contained apartments, free Wi-Fi, health club and spa, restaurant. From $300. -36.8436174.763312 Sebel Auckland Viaduct Harbour, 85–89 Customs St W, Viaduct Harbour, ☏ +64 9 978-4000. Apartment hotel in the business and dining precinct at Viaduct Harbour. From $299. Sebel Quay West Auckland, 8 Albert St, ☏ +64 9 309-6000. A luxury apartment hotel in the CBD featuring balconies with harbour & city views. From $250. Skycity Grand Hotel, 88 Federal St. Five-star luxury hotel. From $239. Auckland is generally a fairly safe place. Be careful in these areas: Karangahape Road (K Rd): There are a lot of pubs and clubs here, and care should be taken late at night. Queen Street: During the day, this is a respectable shopping area, and after dark, there are usually still a large number of pedestrians and traffic until the early hours of the morning so the area it is relatively safe. On Friday and Saturday nights, there are typically many heavily intoxicated people wandering up and down the street. Some may seem intimidating, but they are usually more interested in getting to their next drinking destination than anything else. An increasing number of homeless people sleep around this area, but they are unlikely to bother you except a plea for loose change. Fort Street: Once the centre of Auckland's red light district. Fort Street is now considered backpackers street with 3 major backpackers' hostels calling it home. During the day you can drink at one of Fort Streets many cafes and dance the night away in one of Fort Streets many bars. High Street/Vulcan Lane: During the day, this is an elegant and upmarket shopping area. At night, it gets quieter, but on weekends, there will be a large young crowd at the various bars and clubs along the street, and is usually quite safe. Police regularly patrol this street on weekends for disorderly drunk youths. Viaduct Harbour: Many bars are located here, and care should be taken late at night as intoxication levels rise. There are many internet cafes in the CBD with prices ranging from $1 per half an hour to $5 per hour. Free internet is available from the public library (limited 100MB per IP address per day). There is also free Wi-Fi in the Skycity food courts. There are 40 HotSpots that offer Wi-Fi connectivity, most notably Esquires cafe (inside Skycity Queen St, Middle Queen St, Lower Queen St, Nelson St), Starbucks (Victoria St, K' Rd, Lower Queen St) and other cafes around Auckland. Midcity Internet Cafe, 54 Wellesley St, opposite the ASB Bank (corner of Albert and Wellesley Streets). Open 24/7 and probably the best internet cafe in the city with the fastest and most reliable computers and network. Rates are $3 per hour, or $4 for a card with 2 hours access or $6 for 4 hours, which expires within 24 hours. A $5 refundable deposit is required for cards. Other notable cafes include HTC Internet Cafe at 63 Wakefield St.
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Status quo bias: What is the SQB and how does it influence our decision-making? The status quo bias (SQB) is a tendency for people to choose the default option when faced with making a decision (Nebel, 2015). Another way to think of it is of doing nothing or trying to maintain the current situation (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). A great example of the second aspect is the New Coke case study (Nebel, 2015). In this study people’s decision was influenced by the SQB enough that Coca-Cola had to bring back a lesser product to appease the community (Nebel, 2015). There are a few theories that try to explain the influence of SQB on decision making. These are that SQB is a combination of rational decision making accompanied by transition cost or uncertainty, cognitive uncertainty, psychological commitment (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988), the endowment effect (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005), and loss-aversion (Ritov & Baron, 1992). Our decision making is influenced by SQB in less theoretical ways as well. It influences people through choice overload and attention capturing leading people to choose the default option (Dean, Kibris, & Masatlioglu, 2014). Overall, around 40-50% of the time do[grammar?] decisions fall prey to the effects of the SQB (Kahneman, Knetsch & Thaler, 1991, 1991; Mohamed, Hauber, Johnson, Meddis & Wagner, 2008). There are some ways to overcome the SQB. These are, the changed brain activation (Fleming, Thomas & Dolan, 2010), the reversal test or the double reversal test (Bostrom & Ord, 2006), and even being aware (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012)[grammar?]. To understand SQB it is important to understand why and how it happens by looking into the basics of decision making. Decision making has the theory of rational choice theory, which explains that people are rational and make their decisions by selecting their most preferred option (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). Through this theory it would be possible to predict a person’s decision once you know their preference (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). However, if the outcome is unknown then the options are assessed and the decision is made by judging the highest expected utility (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). This decision-making process is reliant on basic assumptions or heuristics, which help to streamline the process to make complex decisions easier and faster (Das & Teng, 1999). Theoretically then people should be making the best decision in every circumstance. It should also be possible for an outsider to weigh up each option and correctly guess which option the person would make. However, this is not the case because although these heuristics and assumptions are useful, they are not always helpful when making decisions. They also introduce biases that can lead to errors when making the decision (Das & Teng, 1999). This is how we encounter problems when making decisions or pick the less optimal decision (one that does not fully benefit the person). These biases result from three main heuristics: representativeness, availability, adjustment, and anchoring (Das & Teng, 1999). This is where the SQB comes in, it is a bias adopted when making decisions. 1 ______ help to streamline the process of decision making 2 Heuristics have a downside, which is that: SQB is a tendency to prefer something because it is the norm or default (Nebel, 2015). It can also be thought of as doing nothing, or maintaining the current position (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). A main outcome of the SQB is that people are reluctant to take action to change the state of the norm that leads to inaction (Ritov & Baron, 1992). This causes many issues since people tend to be more affected by the SQB when faced with a difficult decision causing them to stick with the current norm (Fleming, et al., 2010). However, the default option tends to be the worst choice out of them all (Fleming, et al., 2010). For example, when a person is presented with a situation that through action or inaction would result in an equally bad outcome the person chooses the inaction path (Ritov & Baron, 1992). This continued effect of the SQB even happens when the outcomes that are presented have both good and bad outcomes (Ritov & Baron, 1992). A few theories try to explain why the SQB motivates people to make the decision to stay with the current norm or choice. There are some theories that explain the bases of SQB as well as explaining how it influences decision making. One theory is that the SQB effect is a combination of rational decision making accompanied by transition cost or uncertainty, so it is affected by what the cost to change would be or affected by the fact that the cost is unknown (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988) which can be considered scary. Another aspect is cognitive uncertainty, whether or not the person is sure of the information that is available (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). Finally, there is psychological commitment (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). These psychological commitments are ideas such as sunken costs, regret avoidance, and striving for consistency (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). The combination of the three aspects affect the motives to stay with the status quo when making a decision. Another theory that interacts with SQB is the endowment effect (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005). This is when an option has more value to the decision maker because it is already owned (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005). An experiment on university students was conducted that sorted participants into three groups, buyers, sellers, and choosers (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005). The sellers were the ones who owned and had to sell the mugs (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005). The sellers placed more value onto the mugs because they owned them which translated into the average cost being $7.12 (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005). While the buyer and chooser groups saw the value of the mugs to be a lot less at an average cost of $2.87 and $3.12 (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005). Linking this back to the SQB, it is possible to see that since the current option is already owned (or in effect), it has more value than any other choice giving a strength to the decision to remain with the status quo or be affected by the SQB. In other words, there is a motivation to keep what you have and not lose it. This motivation to not lose what you have extends into the next theory that links the SQB with loss-aversion (Ritov & Baron, 1992). Since people are loss averse, they weigh decisions up in expected gain or losses but the losses are weighed more heavily (Ritov & Baron, 1992). It’s obvious that someone will not pick a decision if it has minimal gains and high losses but the SQB combined with this loss-aversion theory find that people are unlikely to make a change even if the expected gains are slightly higher than the expected loss (Ritov & Baron, 1992). The SQB can be seen as a type of loss-aversion as changing from the current option and perhaps people do not want to deal with the loss of that option. 1 Preference for something because it is the norm or default choice is an example of: 2 One theory states that status quo bias is a combination of: 3 When an option has more value to the decision maker because it is already owned is the base of the ___________ effect: 4 According to loss-aversion _______ is weighed more heavily than _______. The SQB has an interesting influence on decision making because it is a preference to default to the norm. Researchers have investigated this preference to follow the status quo has been observed in many areas, such as, financial investments, urban planning, power services, and law reforms (Nebel, 2015). The influences of SQB become stronger the more options there are (Kahneman, et al., 1991; Dean, et al., 2014). Which is thought to be caused by a kind of choice overload (Dean, et al., 2014). Therefore, even a seemingly smaller decisions, like what to buy, are influenced by the SQB (Fleming, et al., 2010). A study found that 72% of consumers only look at one package when they go to buy laundry detergent form the supermarket (Dean, et al., 2014). Figure 1 displays the vast amount of choice. The bias is strong due to the options, as there are always multiple brands of the same item. It is easier to default to the status quo and buy the same washing liquid, soap, or chocolate that is always brought. The SQB has been thought to motivate and influence decision making through choice overload and attention capturing (Dean, et al., 2014). The same laundry detergent is always brought because there are too many options and it captures the attention since it is the default option (Dean, et al., 2014). Another aspect on why it motivates and influences our decision making is similar to the theory above that uses transition cost or uncertainty, cognitive uncertainty, and psychological commitment (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988) and also the theory of loss-aversion (Ritov & Baron, 1992). That is, that people are motivated to rule out some alternative options and stay with the status quo due to potential losses or the possibility of regretting their choice (Dean, et al., 2014). This also links into the endowment effect, which is favouring what one already possesses making that option more valuable (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005) or in other words not losing what one already possesses and regretting the change. Thinking back to the supermarket how many times have people tried a new product only to regret the decision and default back to their norm option. This could be due to a number of things, lacking in taste or quality, but it still reinforces sticking with the status quo. The SQB does have a strong influence on our decision making. A study conducted by Suri, Sheppes, Schwarts, and Gross (2013) used electric shocks to test for the effect of SQB in patient inertia. The first experiment was on whether or not participants would choose to reduce the waiting time of the shock (Suri, Sheppes, Schwartz & Gross, 2013). There was a significant difference between the group that had free choice to shorten the shock or do nothing and the group that was forced to make a decision (Suri, et al., 2013). The first group was testing the SQB with the default option being not pressing the button to shorten the shocks (Suri, et al., 2013). Only 40.7% of time was the time shortened (Suri, et al., 2013). This experiment is interesting as it shows the strong effect and influence that the SQB has on decision making as many participants chose to wait for the shock. The SQB influenced decision making by having no choice be made. The same study also looked into whether or not participants would choose to reduced the chances of receiving a shock (Suri, et al., 2013). In this experiment the status quo was not pressing the button (Suri, et al., 2013). The group that had the status quo presented to them pressed the button only 52.1% of the time (Suri, et al., 2013). This is a drastic reduction when compared to the group that was not presented with the status quo, as they pushed the button and reduced the chance of the shock 85.3% of the time (Suri, et al., 2013). This demonstrates that the SQB’s influence over decision making is strong enough that participants would choose to have an increased chance of a shock over reducing it (Suri, et al., 2013). Although the percentage of people who went against the SQB in this experiment could be considered relatively high at around 40-50% it is still a significant finding and consistent with other findings (Suri, et al., 2013). Which found around the same percentage of people going against the SQB (Kahneman, et al., 1991; Mohamed, et al., 2008)[grammar?]. Meaning that there was still 50-60% of participants that had their decision making influenced directly by the SQB (Kahneman, et al., 1991; Mohamed, et al., 2008). This high percentage of people choosing the status quo by default is a concerning outcome for people’s decision making and lives. The SQB is a problem because many times staying with the status quo tends to have the worst outcome (Fleming, et al., 2010). A study that demonstrates this on electrical power choices (Kahneman, et al., 1991). It found that when users when given the option of different plans with varying reliability and rates they tended to prefer the status quo (Kahneman, et al., 1991). Of the high reliability group 60.2 percent chose the preference for their current group (Kahneman, et al., 1991). This is not a problem for this group as they had very good power service. However, of the low reliability group 58.3 percent chose their first preference to be for their current power system, only 5.8 percent chose the more reliable option that would increase rates by 30 percent (Kahneman, et al., 1991). This experiment demonstrates the problem of staying within the status quo is often the worse option. This is especially a problem for the low reliability group as they are missing out on better service. Maybe this is not a huge problem in this circumstance as it is a fairly old example and also had a cost increase to the decision but what if the decision is to choose better health plans or retirement funds. The impact of blindly going with the status quo can sometimes have huge quality of life repercussions and that is why it is such a huge problem for decision making. 1 The status quo bias can affect: 2 The status quo bias percentage of effect on influencing decisions is around: 3 The choice made under the effect of the status quo bias tends to be: Just like the example of Coca-Cola introducing New Cola and it being rejected (Nebel, 2015), there are many other real-world examples of the SQB affecting people’s judgement. In health the SQB can affect what medications people use (Mohamed, et al., 2008). A survey conducted on 509 asthma patients asked whether or not they would be willing to change their medication to another medication or stay on their current one (Mohamed et al., 2008). 56% choose to keep using their current medication (Mohamed et al., 2008). When participants were given three choices, two different medications, and the their current, 55% choose to keep using their current medication (Mohamed et al., 2008). Unlike the Coca-Cola example this one has a more negative implication. Since picking the option that conforms to the SQB is often the worst outcome (Fleming, et al., 2010) it is possible that many people are missing out on medications that could be more cost effective, works faster, and more effectively. This can even be extended beyond medications. For example, how many people are picking to stay with their current treatment, remedies or even doctors when they are not the best course of action simply because it is the norm. The SQB can also be seen in politics when implementing reforms if the losses and benefits are unknown (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). A good example of this is in trade liberalisation (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). There is a consensus amongst economists that there are huge benefits to trade liberalisation (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). However, amongst politicians it is one of the most contested issues, only being accepted during cases of political regime change or in times of economic crisis (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). There are some instances where countries were able to go against the SQB to implement trade liberalisation and gain the benefits (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). In the 1960s was Taiwan and south Korea, in the 1970s was Chile, and in the 1980s was Turkey (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). In these counties the reform was generally implement against the wishes of business, who afterwards become the reforms biggest defender (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991). This case is a great example of how uncertainty (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988) and a difficult decision (Fleming, et al., 2010) can cause the SQB to take effect. Although these cases are fairly old, they are still relevant to current politics. Consider policies or reforms that were put off being implemented so the current status quo could be maintained. Perhaps debates about what to implement into law would change if people were more aware of how the SQB is preventing them from seeing the best options. A study examined the U.S equity mutual fund market and how money invested into a fund depended upon previous investments into that same fund (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2005). This study examined the growth of funds from 1993 to 2001 containing 20,193 yearly fund observations from 383 different fund families (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2005). The results found that the SQB caused more people to choose a fund they have chosen previously (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2005). This happened again even in cases where staying with the same option was worse off than changing (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2005). Once again, the SQB has led to choosing the worst option (Fleming, et al., 2010). This study also found that the number of choices available increased the SQB effect (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2005). This strengthens previous research that has found the same effect (Kahneman, et al., 1991). One aspect of overcoming the SQB is that the brain structure changes when people choose to go against this bias (Fleming, et al., 2010). When rejecting the default decision an increase in activity appears in the subthalamic nucleus, as well as, the inferior frontal cortex influence on the subthalamic nucleus (Fleming, et al., 2010). This was found out by getting participants to make a decision while undergoing an fMRI which showed that blood oxygen level-dependent signals increased in these areas of the brain when the participants went against the SQB during a difficult, but not easy decision (Fleming, et al., 2010). Although this research suggests what area of the brain is used when overcoming the SQB it does little to change how people can implement real world aspects to overcome this bias. As no one is able to have an fMRI every time they make decisions. A more practical way to reduce the influence the SQB has on decision making is to use a process or test to see if the person's decision is being clouded. The reversal test and double reversal test can be used (Bostrom & Ord, 2006). The test however, is only thought to be useful during irrational SQB (Clark, 2016). Which reduces the practical application of this test. The reversal test is used when the proposed change is thought to have a negative outcome then the person should think from the opposite direction to the original (Bostrom & Ord, 2006). If this new option thought from the opposite direction also has a negative outcome then it becomes the person's responsibility to explain why both situations are negative (Bostrom & Ord, 2006). If they cannot then they may be under the influence of the SQB (Bostrom & Ord, 2006). The double reversal test requires the thought that increasing or decreasing a parameter would both have a negative effect (Bostrom & Ord, 2006). Therefore, one would need to think both of adding something to the situation or taking it away. For example, consider a natural factor is about to affect the neighbourhood, is it acceptable to stop it from happening? When the natural factor leaves would it be acceptable to replace it with a man-made influence (Bostrom & Ord, 2006)? This thought process is good at reducing the influence of the SQB because it requires the person to consider multiple facets of their decision. However, these perspectives require a lot of effort and looks at it from a group perspective. It would be hard to use these internally as one may not be aware their decision is being influenced by the SQB (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012). For an individual the best way to reduce the SQB influence on decision making is to try to frame their thinking away from potential losses and instead towards potential gains (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012). As well as taking notice that their decisions are influenced by biases (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012). However, this can be very hard as it requires the person to know their decision is being influenced by the SQB and to also put in energy or resources into changing this (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012). Though, this does not seem like much it is better than being unaware and making poor choices due to a basic bias. SQB influences and motivates decision making through some unique ways that aren’t always noticeable (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012). Since a few different theories like the combination of rational decision making accompanied by transition cost or uncertainty, cognitive uncertainty, psychological commitment (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988), the endowment effect (Masatlioglu & Ok, 2005), and loss-aversion (Ritov & Baron, 1992) try to explain the SQB it’s effect is still an uncertain aspect. However, there is a consensus that SQB occurs around 50-60% (Kahneman, et al., 1991; Mohamed, et al., 2008). Also, that SQB negatively influences decision making because often times the decision chosen or stuck with has the worst overall outcome out of all of them (Fleming, et al., 2010). There is also a consensus that the SQB influences decisions in a wide spectrum of areas, such as, soft drink preference (Nebel, 2015), what one buys from the supermarket (Dean, et al., 2014), when making health decisions (Mohamed et al., 2008), implementing reforms (Fernandez & Rodrik, 1991), and also what someone will invest in (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2005). However, not all is hopeless as the best ways to stop the SQB effect are using tests in groups like the reversal test and double reversal test (Bostrom & Ord, 2006; Clark, 2016). As well as individually making sure one is aware and knowledgeable about what common bias influence decision making (Eidelman & Crandall, 2012). Status quo bias (Wikipedia) Decision-making (Wikipedia) Loss-aversion: Why is the motivation to avoid loss stronger than the motivation to seek gain and what are the consequences? (Book chapter 2018) Bostrom, N., & Ord, T. (2006). The Reversal Test: Eliminating Status Quo Bias in Applied Ethics. Ethics, 116, 656-679. https://doi:10.1086/505233 Clarke, S. (2016). The reversal test, status quo bias, and opposition to human cognitive enhancement. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 46, 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2016.1176982 Das, T., & Teng, B. (1999). Cognitive biases and strategic decision processes: an integrative perspective. Journal Of Management Studies, 36, 757-778. https://doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00157 Dean, M., Kibris, O., & Masatlioglu, Y. (2014). Limited attention and status quo bias. https://doi:10.2139/ssrn.2519242 Eidelman, S., & Crandall, C. (2012). Bias in Favor of the Status Quo. Social And Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 270-281. https://doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00427.x Fernandez, R., & Rodrik, D. (1991). Resistance to reform: status quo bias in the presence of individual-specific uncertainty. American Economic Review, 81, 1146-1155. Fleming, S., Thomas, C., & Dolan, R. (2010). Overcoming status quo bias in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 6005-6009. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910380107 Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J., & Thaler, R. (1991). Anomalies: the endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal Of Economic Perspectives, 5, 193-206. https://doi:10.1257/jep.5.1.193 Kempf, A., & Ruenzi, S. (2005). Status quo bias and the number of alternatives: an empirical illustration from the mutual fund industry. https://doi:10.2139/ssrn.820905 Masatlioglu, Y., & Ok, E. (2005). Rational choice with status quo bias. Journal Of Economic Theory, 121, 1-29. https://doi:10.1016/j.jet.2004.03.007 Mohamed, A., Hauber, A., Johnson, F., Meddis, D., & Wagner, S. (2008). Status-quo bias in stated-choice studies: is it real?. Value In Health, 11, A567-A568. https://doi:10.1016/s1098-3015(10)66867-2 Nebel, J. (2015). Status quo bias, rationality, and conservatism about value. Ethics, 125, 449-476. https://doi.org/10.1086/678482 Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (1992). Status-quo and omission biases. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5. https://doi:10.1007/bf00208786 Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988). Status quo bias in decision making. Journal Of Risk And Uncertainty, 1, 7-59. https://doi:10.1007/bf00055564 Suri, G., Sheppes, G., Schwartz, C., & Gross, J. (2013). Patient inertia and the status quo bias: when an inferior option is preferred. Psychological Science, 24, 1763-1769. https://doi:10.1177/0956797613479976 An example of the status quo bias in effect (YouTube) A brief explanation of the status quo bias in economics (YouTube) How the Status Quo Bias Affects Your Decisions (Very well mind page)
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This is offered as a checklist from which you, the event organiser, can select points that should be raised in staff planning meetings and used for ‘ticking off’ as part of your thorough preparation. Not all items listed will be part of all events of course! A number of items may appear more than once or may be noted in one section but you may wish to consider them for another section of the event plan. Items are not necessarily in the order they would be considered or in order of importance. You will select the relevant checkpoints as this is an organic collection of checkpoints and will change as others are added or some are modified! Preliminary research and feasibility study, including SWOT analysis Event goals Setting up the project management group (e.g. the event, define event project & scope, feasibility study, planning needs, staffing, site, monitoring, quality control, planning schedules) Economic impact Budget: economic analysis; pricing; contingencies; break-even point; sources of funding; account codes & prefixes; cash-flow analysis; money needed onsite; Site selection: facilities; location; access to accommodation; shops and transport Event theme & branding Analyse venue in terms of consumer needs Flow charts of planning decisions and actions Operational policies and procedures manual Logistics Employment law relevant to workers on the event day Staffing and recruitment of staff, training, job descriptions, accreditation Employee contracts Volunteers: their roles and training Uniforms, caps or shirts for staff Consideration of any outsourcing Guest list and invitations Publicity and media Action Plans for individuals or groups Legal compliance, including permits and licences and compliance from toilets to health rules to power cables Projections of attendance & participation Community consultation e.g. traffic, on possible noise Prizes, awards and lucky tickets or lucky seats Sponsorship Seating capacities and for whom and location Fences & perimeters Signage & advertising Ticketing Concessions, passes Naming rights Services: power; water, gas; emergency generator; lighting; refrigeration Decorations, posters and signs Photography Maps and plans Sale points and merchandising Stalls with their operation and location Media: contacts; pre-event articles; features to publicise; use of social media; media persons at the event (space, facilities, location, food and drink, interim updates, power; interviews; event follow-up) Special needs: wheelchair access; ramps; location of wheelchair viewing sites; toilets for disabled; parking for disabled) Exhibition space ATM machines Hospitality – for whom and location of hospitality sites Noise levels Ground announcer and the provision of key scripts for the announcer (e.g. sponsors, event happenings; schedule, lost children, lost & found) Opening ceremony Marketing strategy and marketing plan Forming a marketing team IMC approach may be appropriate (the definitions vary somewhat but IMC or Integrated Marketing Communications may be a plan that links all promotion modes and has contacts and communications consistent in their relation to your brand with consistent meanings expressed and reinforced) Sponsorship: determining likely sponsors; obtaining sponsorship; providing for sponsor publicity before/at/after the event Promotional materials Utilise the organisation’s branches or sport club affiliates Signage Clothing with sponsor or event organisation name or insignia Ambush marketing prevention Use of a celebrity for event endorsement or opening the event Media launch of the event Trademarks, copyright materials and logos checked Direct mail Local media, national media Merchandising Onsite photocopying & printing Marketing to enhance participant, spectator, visitor, reader/viewer experiences Marketing to place (or establish) the event in the annual programme Site maps including site-flow maps Clear delineation of duties Operations manual Rehearsals Published programme Stage and/or designated areas Cultural protocols to be observed Insurance Functional areas Temperature control, provision for rain and adverse weather Admission, queue prevention & access for wheelchairs and baby prams Pass-out system Risk Management policy and processes in place and checked on the event day: risk assessment; hazard analysis; security plans; police; emergency services contacts; locations of emergency facilities; first aid services; child safety; crisis response preparedness; smoking and/or drugs ban; access for emergency vehicles; duty of care; occupational health and safety; playing surfaces; crowd control; marshals; training in health and safety for staff; childcare Food and Catering: food storage onsite; alcohol provision, access and regulation; caterers; food stalls; waste and recycling; food handling; cleaning; food preparation & service. Lost property site and information about found objects Lost children & meeting points Sanitation and toilets: location; coping with emergencies; toilets for the disabled; signs showing toilet locations; portable toilet removal Waste and recycling: bins; contracts; disposal. Storage Spectator comfort and visibility of event Clearly designated seating Entrances & exits Parking and transport, including disabled persons parking and access to site Public address system Lighting Special provision for participants checked: changing rooms; hot water; showers; support staff facilities; space; food & drink; after-match function; school-age participants could be congratulated by a known sport or media personality; awards; first-aid; stewards Data collection to assist post-event analysis Evaluation in terms of plans, event goals, budget Venue evaluation in terms of suitability and ease of functions Clearing, cleaning and dismantling – was this smoothly done? Cleaning and clearance of waste Employee satisfaction Participant/spectator satisfaction De-briefing meetings of staff Sponsorship evaluation Thanks to volunteers or a function for them What improvements will be made for next time?
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Afro Samurai is a Japanese-American anime series premiered in 2007. It follows a eponymous samurai (Samuel L. Jackson) on a quest to kill the gunslinger and avenge his father. Justice: With this headband on my forehead, I will rule this world as God himself! Assassin Leader:I took this job cause I thought you were a legend. A myth. A bedtime story used to frightened little kids. But you're real. A demon who would challenge a god. But why? You ain't looking to make this world a better place. Why you gotta kill my men? Why you gotta kill me? Why you doing this for? [collapses and dies] Afro Samurai: Nothing personal. It's just revenge. [to young Afro after killing his father] Justice: It's unfortunate you had to see this, boy. This moment will always haunt you. Challenge me when you are ready to duel a god. Justice: And I thought you loved your pappy. Thug: When you fight to kill...you finish the job Justice: Are you ready to die like your pappy? Brother 1: Can you dig it? Empty 7 thugs: Yeah! Brother 1: Then let's get busy! [Thugs charge towards Afro Droid] Justice: This is it, kiddo. Here's where you go down! Ninja Ninja: Add one more body to the body toll. May God rest this poor bastard's soul. Justice: Those headbands can make a man crazy. Ivanov: I am second to no man. Ninja Ninja: Watch it! He abouts to bust a two-sword move on you! Ninja Ninja: Is that a mother fuckin' RPG?! You got a mother fuckin' RPG?! A RPG in a mother fuckin' back pack?! Afro Samurai: You will only die again, my friend. [To the stalker that is following them up the mountain] Ninja Ninja: Hey, hey, hey, w- Can't you give a brother a break, yo? Can't you see the man's down? What about honor, and- and-and fairness, and shit?! Ninja Ninja: Afro, don't fight this fucker! [assassin cocks his crossbow] He got arrows and grenades 'n' shit! You ain't got no chance, dude! [The Afro Droid has just fired off a phallic-looking laser weapon and missed, falling over dead.] Ninja Ninja: I think he blew his load. Sword Master: Become unpredictable, strike from your subconscious mind, let your moves flow out of your individual essence. Even the most masterful opponent will fall from a strike that has no history or reference. The moves created from your own individual unique essence may surprise even you. Justice: What took you so long kid? I got tired of waiting, so I was just thinking of calling and leaving you a voice mail. I've watched ya. I saw you kill your childhood sword buddy. I even chuckled when you shed that imaginary friend of yours. You've grown into a fine killer. But you're still vulnerable. Like your daddy you're soft on the inside. He couldn't handle the constant blood on his hands from the Headband Wars. He actually wanted to just hide the number one headband and seal that legend from the world. But all he did was stir up a hornet's nest of lust for power. People just kept killing each other. Death raged on for them headbands. Them headbands make a man crazy. Not a single loser who put that dumbass piece of cloth on his head reached number one, they just kept dying over each other. With no one taking the world by the reigns, a tornado of chaos of killing spun out of control. Don't you know that absolute power leads to ultimate peace? Power ain't nothing if you don't use it. I call it a sin not to rule the world if you've been blessed with the strength. The world is lost. All this chaos and pain, it's time for someone to take control. It's time for a man to use absolute power for the cause of ultimate peace. It's time for a man to rid the world of conflict and allow all men and women, young and old to live in tranquility. It is time for man to become god where god has failed. First I took the head of the most powerful samurai in the world. A man feared and respected for his sublime skills; your daddy. Then when fate lead me here, to this sacred place, a great ancient secret was revealed to me; Obtaining the number one headband just ain't enough boy. You think it's mere coincidence you don't have a father? Friend? Or master? All of them were sacrificed. You stand before me now for the same reason; Destiny designed me to possess all the headbands. Now you get it. You don't just gotta have the one; you gotta have 'em all. Then and only then will ultimate power be bestowed by a power beyond the mystery of human understanding. I think your daddy knew. I think the only reason he accepted my challenge was to prevent me from learning this truth. Now, here, secluded in this holy place, I will defeat you and take both headbands into my possession. You're here to hand me the number two headband Afro Samurai, so I may rule the world. I will...be God! Justice: [after supposedly being killed by Afro] Is that it? And I thought you loved your pappy. I thought all those souls you sent to Heaven behind you...mattered. But only now you see...your little anger is just a sea spray of blood in the endless ocean of this world's killing. It's got no end. And no beginning. Just the strong and the dead. Only cursed ones like you and I can stomach this truth. Afro Samurai : I have come for my father...and the Number One Headband. Sio: [Unimpressed] What a surprise. But what can you possibly do with your body so... utterly destroyed? [Jinno rushes past Sio and punches Afro hard in the gut, causing Afro to fall to the ground] Sio: We're going to torture you. Death will come slowly. Sio: [To Rokutaro Clone] Kill him...kill him...kill him once and for all! [Laughs maniacally] [Jinno thinks about the friendship he and Afro had and the good times they shared when they where younger while Jinno watches Afro being strangled to death] Jinno: [Struggling to talk] A..Afro. Ninja Ninja : Kill him Afro! That ain't your real father! That's it! Finish it! Do it! Afro: I...cannot kill my father. Ninja Ninja : Well, then this is the end...of Afro. [After Afro seemingly died] Sio: Did you that Jinno? We did it! We brought him to justice and it was we...we who killed him. [Turns to Jinno happily] Look! Look my dear brother! [Jinno starts grunting in sorrow] Sio: [Concerned] Jinno? Jinno. [Sio gasps as she sees Jinno's hands clenching in anger] Jinno: A...Afro...[Rips the half of his Kuma mask off revealing his whole true face] Afroooooo!!! Sio: [Gasps] [Rokutaro Clone was about to finish Afro off while Jinno draws his swords and stops the attack] Jinno: [Angrily] What have you done?! What have you done to Afro?! Sio: [Whispers] Why? Sio: Jinno! Why are you protecting Afro?! He's dead now! It's no use! [Jinno run's in and battles the Clone] Sio: Have you forgetting what Afro did to us?! To you. [Jinno continues to battle until he got his right arm cut off and pushed to the ground] Sio: Jinno! Jinno: [In his mind while getting up] Afro...my...dearest...brother! Jinno: I must...protect the Sword Master's dojo. Must...protect everyone....including my brother...Afro. Samuel L. Jackson - Afro Samurai, Ninja Ninja Kelly Hu - Okiku Yuri Lowenthal - Jinno/Kuma Lucy Liu - Sio Greg Eagles - Rokutaro: Afro's Father, Brother #6 Ron Perlman - Justice Jeff Bennett - Foo, Hachiro Steven Blum - Assassins S. Scott Bullock - Dharman TC Carson - Sword Master, Brother #4 Grey Delisle - Oyuki, Woman John DiMaggio - Brother #2, Giant, Ivanov, Patron #2 John Kassir - Soshun Phil LaMarr - Brother #1, Brother #3, Brother #5, Kuro, Teen Afro Samurai Jason Marsden - Sasuke Liam O'Brien - Kihachi, Patron #4 Crystal Scales - Young Afro Samurai Dwight Schultz - Assassin #1, Patron #1, Ronin Tara Strong - Jiro, Otsuru Fred Tatasciore - Juzo, Patron #5, Shuzo James Arnold Taylor - Yashichi Dave Wittenberg - Assassin, Matasaburo, Patron #3, Pun Wikipedia has an article about: Afro Samurai Official Website (Japanese) Official Website (English) Afro Samurai quotes at the Internet Movie Database Afro Samurai: Resurrection quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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(for other interesting reports not covered in this list, see this. Extremely useful overview is provided on pp. 41-56 and 213-222 of Rupert Sheldrake's The Sense of Being Stared At (Hutchinson; 1st edition (May 1, 2003)). See also the SPR overview of experimental parapsychology, prior to reading the below texts) Dodds (1946). Telepathy and Clairvoyance in Classical Antiquity. Lang (1909). The maid of France; being the story of the life and death of Jeanne d'Arc. (see also the quick overview from FWH Myers) Prince (1928/1963). Noted Witnesses for Psychic Occurrences: Men of Science: Clairvoyantly Witnesses a Fire in Progress at Three Hundred Miles Distance - Emanuel Swedenborg. Barth (1853). Adolph Didier's Clairvoyance. Townshend (1854). The Indisputable Clairvoyance of M. Adolphe Didier. West & Barrington (2004). Didier in the Zoist. (overview of the feats of Adolphe Didier's brother, Alexis) Gauld (1996). Notes on the career of the somnambule Léonie. (discusses the career of, and heterogeneous, but very notable, results obtained in the career of the somnambule Léonie - see for fascinating results with this subject the paper "On Telepathic Hypnotism, and its relation to other forms of Hypnotic Suggestion" by Frederic W. H. Myers. Gurney overviewed a couple of corroborating cases for that particular phenomenon - see the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research V (1888), pp. 221-223) Richet, C. (1884). La suggestion mentale et le calcul des probabilites. [Mental suggestion and probability calculation] Revue Philosophique de la France et de I'Etranger, 18, 609-674. (the set up seems to have been similar to poker: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101042688133;view=1up;seq=634 as for overview, see the following commentary - Note on Charles Richet’s "La Suggestion Mentale et le Calcul des Probabilités" (1884) (Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 543–548, 2008): http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=CA882F7E79C364A6F0E2E2A8DED9CAC6?doi=10.1.1.616.4966&rep=rep1&type=pdf The statistical methods of this paper and its significance in using such methods were praised by historian of science Ian Hacking - see Hacking (1988). Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design, which noted, on p. 441. that "[the noted statistician F. Y. Edgeworth] does conclude that the probability that Richet's phenomena were obtained by chance is very small, 0.00004, and so the reliability of the phenomena not being due to chance "may fairly be regarded as physical certainty" and "the conclusion may be regarded as safe." After this, with some sagacity, he con- cludes his 1885 paper with the words: "Such is the evidence which the calculus of probabilities affords as to the existence of an agency other than mere chance. The calculus is silent as to the nature of that agency- whether it is more likely to be vulgar illusion or extraordinary law. That is a question to be decided, not by formulae and figures, but by general philosophy and common sense." This warn- ing may be compared with a rather celebrated assertion by R. A. Fisher on the logic of significance testing. He speaks of a "logical disjunction" being the basis of a test of significance. Either something very uncommon has occurred by chance, or a hypothesis of "no effect" must be rejected. Fisher explicitly introduced these observations in connection with "the studies known as para- psychology. "37" Alvarado provided a summary of this text as follows: "'Richet went on to report certain experiments of his own that he evaluated statistically – a novel approach at the time. (JB Rhine, the American scientist who contributed much to parapsychology as a statistical science in the 1930s, credited Richet as the first to use ‘the mathematics of chance’ in evaluating results of telepathy tests.6) His tests consisted of guessing tasks that employed playing cards and photographs of statues, antique objects, paintings, and the like, also motor automatisms, the movements involved in table turning and the dowsing rod. By statistical analysis of the guesses Richet aimed to demonstrate that the ‘thought of an individual is transmitted without the help of exterior gestures to the thought of an individual located close to him’.7 Discussing the quantitative aspect of his work, he wrote: The method that I have adopted is that of probabilities; it poses the problem thus: Given an arbitrary designation whose probability is known; does the probability of this designation change by the fact of mental suggestion? To this question our experiments allow us to reply affirmatively: For playing cards, the answer by chance should be 458, and it was 510 with suggestion on 1833 tests. For photographs and pictures, the probable number was 42, and the acquired number was 67 on 218 tests. For experiments with the dowsing rod, the probable number was 18, and the real number was 44 on 98 tests. For experiments called spiritistic, the probable number was 3, but the real number was 17 on 124 tests. The results acquired by the calculation of serial probability are more conclusive still.8 Richet found it ‘completely implausible’ that these results could have occurred by chance in around 300 experiments.9 Following Pascal, he wrote: ‘If it was necessary to opt for the reality or not reality of mental suggestion, I would let luck decide; but I would give two chances to the hypothesis that suggestion exists, and one chance only to the opposite hypothesis’.10 Turning to the characteristics of telepathy, Richet described the phenomenon as ‘capricious, wandering, uncertain’.11 The process, he believed, showed various degrees of sensitivity. He also noted displacement and declines in participant responses. Satisfactory results were acquired with adult participants who were ‘in good health, not hypnotized, nor hypnotizable...’,12 although two successful participants proved to be highly sensitive to hypnotism. The majority of participants were non-psychic, among them Richet himself and his friends. Five of the participants in the table tilting tests were childhood friends of Richet, two of whom were said to be mediums. Richet went to on highlight studies carried out by other researchers, among them card guessing thought-transference experiments conducted by members of the Society for Psychical Research that on one occasion achieved five successive hits.13 He pointed out that with just one chance in 52 to select the target card from a pack of cards. The odds of getting five right in a row is one in 16,680,235, making chance highly unlikely as an explanation. Turning to possible theories, Richet suggested that telepathy might be an unconscious process, also that ‘the vibration of the thought of an individual influences the vibration of the thought of a nearby individual’,14 an idea which, however, would find little favour among psi researchers today. ": As noted in "Phantasms of the Living" by Gurney, Myers, and Podmore: "In the Revue Philosophique for December, 1884, M. Ch. Richet, the well-known savant and editor of the Revue Scientifique, published a paper, entitled “La Suggestion Mentale et le Calcul des Probabilités,” in the first part of which an account is given of some experiments with cards precisely similar in plan to those above described. A card being drawn at random out of a pack, the “agent” fixed his attention on it, and the “percipient” endeavoured to name it. But M. Richet’s method contained this important novelty—that though the success, as judged by the results of any particular series of trials, seemed slight (showing that he was not experimenting with what we should consider “good subjects”), he made the trials on a sufficiently extended scale to bring out the fact that the right guesses were on the whole, though not strikingly, above the number that pure accident would account for, and that their total was considerably above that number. This observation involves a new and striking application of the calculus of probabilities. Advantage is taken of the fact that the larger the number of trials made under conditions where success is purely accidental, the more nearly will the total number of successes attained conform to the figure which the formula of probabilities gives. For instance, if some one draws a card at random out of a full pack, and before it has been looked at by anyone present I make a guess at its suit, my chance of being right is, of course, 1 in 4. Similarly, if the process is repeated 52 times, the most probable number of successes, according to the strict calculus of probabilities, is 13; in 520 trials the most probable number of successes is 130. Now, if we consider only a short series of 52 guesses, I may be accidentally right many more times than 13 or many less times. But if the series be {i-32} prolonged—if 520 guesses be allowed instead of 52—the actual number of successes will vary from the probable number within much smaller limits; and if we suppose an indefinite prolongation, the proportional divergence between the actual and the probable number will become infinitely small. This being so, it is clear that if, in a very short series of trials, we find a considerable difference between the actual number of successes and the probable number, there is no reason for regarding this difference as anything but purely accidental; but if we find a similar difference in a very long series, we are justified in surmising that some condition beyond mere accident has been at work. If cards be drawn in succession from a pack, and I guess the suit rightly in 3 out of 4 trials, I shall be foolish to be surprised; but if I guess the suit rightly in 3,000 out of 4,000 trials, I shall be equally foolish not to be surprised. Now M. Richet continued his trials until he had obtained a considerable total; and the results were such as at any rate to suggest that accident had not ruled undisturbed—that a guiding condition had been introduced, which affected in the right direction a certain small percentage of the guesses made. That condition, if it existed, could be nothing else than the fact that, prior to the guess being made, a person in the neighbourhood of the guesser had concentrated his attention on the card drawn. Hence the results, so far as they go, make for the reality of the faculty of “mental suggestion.” The faculty, if present, was clearly only slightly developed; whence the necessity of experimenting on a very large scale before its genuine influence on the numbers could be even surmised. Out of 2,927 trials at guessing the suit of a card, drawn at random, and steadily looked at by another person, the actual number of successes was 789; the most probable number, had pure accident ruled, was 732. The total was made up of thirty-nine series of different lengths, in which eleven persons took part, M. Richet himself being in some cases the guesser, and in others the person who looked at the card. He observed that when a large number of trials were made at one sitting, the aptitude of both persons concerned seemed to be affected; it became harder for the “agent” to visualise, and the proportion of successes on the guesser’s part decreased. If we agree to reject from the above total all the series in which over 100 trials were consecutively made, the numbers become more striking.1 Out of {i-33} 1,833 trials, he then got 510 successes, the most probable number being only 458; that is to say, the actual number exceeds the most probable number by about 1/10. Clearly no definite conclusion could be based on such figures as the above. They at most contained a hint for more extended trials, but a hint, fortunately, which can be easily followed up. We are often asked by acquaintances what they can do to aid the progress of psychical research. These experiments suggest a most convenient answer; for they can be repeated, and a valuable contribution made to the great aggregate, by any two persons who have a pack of cards and a little perseverance.1 Up to the time that I write, we have received, in all, the results of 17 batches of trials in the guessing of suits. In 11 of the batches one person acted as agent and another as percipient throughout: the other 6 batches are the collective results of trials made by as many groups of friends. The total number of trials was 17,653, and the total number of successes was 4,760; which exceeds by 347 the number which was the most probable if chance alone acted. The probability afforded by this result for the action of a cause other than chance is ·999,999,98[☼]—or practical certainty.2 I need hardly say that there has been here no selection of results; all who undertook the trials were specially requested to send in their report, whatever the degree of success or unsuccess; and we have no reason to suppose that this direction has been ignored. It is thus an additional point of interest that in only one of the batches did the result fall below the number which was the most probable one for mere chance to give. And if we take only those batches, 10 in number, in which a couple of experimenters made as many as 1,000 trials and over, the probability of a cause other than chance which the group of results yields is estimated by one method to be ·999,999,999,96, and by another to be ·999,999,999,999,2. ": http://www.esalen.org/ctr-archive/book-phantasms.html#i-c2-7) Gurney, Myers, & Podmore (1886). Phantasms of the Living. (a defense of Phantasms of the Living is here (removed by others but archived here: http://archive.is/aQvaq, scroll down to section "Phantasms of the Living", but prior to this section, qualify the statement in that article that "J.B. Rhine, in his book Extra-Sensory Perception, called this a "most fascinating" set of data, but noted that replications had not taken place" with the information in Gauld's "Notes on the career of the somnambule Léonie", on p. 143) see also Williams (2011). Review and appraisal of Phantasms of the Living, for relevant analysis. For follow-up work, see Podmore (1894). Apparitions and Thought Transference. , Podmore (1909). Telepathic hallucinations: the new view of ghosts, and Sidgwick (1923). Phantasms of the Living, pt. II) Usher & Burt (1910). Quelques expériences de Transmission de la Pensée à grande distance Coover (1917). Experiments in Psychical Research at Leland Stanford Junior University. (Rao & Palmer note, at the end of the 1987 Brain & Mind Sciences debate, "On to Hansel's specific points. Coover's results are in fact highly significant, if analyzed fairly (Thouless 1935; see also Coover 1939)." - Rao & Palmer are candid by referencing the skeptic Coover's attempted rebuttal of Thouless, however, Utts, in her 1991 article Replication and Meta-analysis in Parapsychology noted (p. 365), "One of the first American researchers to use statistical methods in parapsychology was John Edgar Coover, who was the Thomas Welton Stanford Psychical Research Fellow in the Psychology Department at Stanford University from 1912 to 1937 (Dommeyer, 1975). In 1917, Coover published a large volume summarizing his work (Coover, 1917). Coover believed that his results were consistent with chance, but others have argued that Coover's definition of significance was too strict (Dommeyer, 1975). For example, in one evaluation of his telepathy experiments, Coover found a two-tailed p-value of 0.0062. He concluded, "Since this value, then, lies within the field of chance deviation, although the probability of its occurrence by chance is fairly low, it cannot be accepted as a decisive indication of some cause beyond chance which operated in favor of success in guessing" (Coover, 1917, page 82). On the next page, he made it explicit that he would require a p-value of 0.0000221 to declare that something other than chance was operating." Whateley Carington's overview of Early ESP Experiments and his book on telepathy contain some important commentary on this series and shows that there were serious pre-Rhine replications from which evidence could be adduced regardless of the researcher's prejudice - see especially his commentary on Troland, Usher and Burt, etc. : https://archive.org/stream/telepathy032278mbp#page/n33/mode/2up) Verrall (1918). Report on a Series of Experiments in "Guessing." (a dispute over whether or not these results could be explained by unconscious hyperaesthesia occurred in JSPR Volume 47. See also Sidgwick (1924). Report on Further Experiments in Thought-Transference Carried Out by Gilbert Murray, LL.D., LITT.D., Sidgwick (1924). Appendix II to Mrs. Sidgwick's Paper on Professor Murray's Experiments on Thought-Transference, Thouless (1925). Letter Regarding Murray's Experiments in Telepathy, and Dodds (1972). Gilbert Murray's Last Experiments) Bender (1938). The Case of Ilga K: Report of a Phenomenon of Unusual Perception. (on the face of it, the results with this girl are absolute, incontrovertible evidence of telepathy. However, some experimenters found that hyperaesthesia could account for some of the results. In this paper, Bender argues that it cannot account for many of the results with her. He wrote a later paper on this - I don't have access to it - Bender, Hans (1940): Zur Nachuntersuchung des Falles Ilga K. In: Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie und Charakterkunde 58,5/6, S. 317-342 , which can be located here, but not read: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015082019657). Schouten & Kelley (1978). On the Experiments of Brugmans, Heymans, and Weinberg. (In this experiment first presented in 1921, the selected subject, Van Dam, sat in a cubicle and make his selection of the target symbol, which the sender one floor above had randomly chosen, by reaching out and tapping at the appropriate symbol on a checker board. This paper demonstrates that C.E.M. Hansel misrepresented the Brugmans experiment, it also rebuts the critiques of Gardner Murphy and Samuel Soal. There was, later, a dispute about this experiment in the Zetetic Scholar Vol. 6, where John Beloff presented this experiment as one of the 7 items he believed provided convincing evidence for psi) Pagenstecher (1922). Past Events Seership: A Study In Psychometry. (psychometry is a form of extra-sensory perception characterized by the claimed ability to make relevant associations from an object of unknown history by making physical contact with that object. This study replicates results in The Soul of things: Or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries, and an overview of psychometry mentioning this and many other studies can be found in MAry Rose Barrington's 2016 SPR article on the subject. These results were further corroborated by Dr. J. Hettinger in his text The Ultra-Perceptive Faculty, summarized by G.N.M. Tyrell. Eric Dingwall criticized this later study by Hettinger, and further criticism was given by the skeptic Christopher Scott (Scott, C. (1949), 'Experimental object-reading: a critical review of the work of Dr J. Hettinger', Proc. S.P.R., 48, 16-50), but it is interesting in light of earlier results, and as such is suggestive for further research. John Beloff, in Parapsychology: A Concise History, pp. 97-98, wrote of the featured work: "Another German physician who discovered an outstanding clairvoyant subject was Gustav Pagenstecher. He had settled in Mexico city where he was a surgeon at the American Hospital. His subject, Maria Reyes de Zierold, knon in the literature as 'Señora de Z.' had been a patient of his, and her peculiar ability came to light only after he had hynotized her in an attempt to cure her of her insomnia! She excelled in what, in spiritualist parlance, is known as 'psychometry': an object of unknown provenance is held in the hand and the psychic attempts to produce relevant associations. Of course, if the object in question is a sealed letter, such 'psychometrizing' may approximate to a straightforward clairvoyant reading. Prince visited Pagenstecher in 1920 and carried out a study of this case. It proved a turning-point in his outlook. For example, he gave her a letter he had taken from an old file which she held between her hands while giving her associations. Subsequent association revealed that no less that 35 of 38 statements she had made concerning the author of the letter (a clergyman) proved to be literally correct.") Dingwall (1922). An Experiment With the Polish Medium Stephan Ossowiecki. (In this account of the experiment, published in the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, after ruling out any possibility of access to the contents of the envelope by normal means, Dingwall concluded, "The supernormal character of the incident seems to me quite clear and decisive." Regarding this experiment conjuring expert Harry Price, in Fifty Years of Psychical Research, pp. 41-42, the following: "It is a relief to turn from rather clever conjuring tricks to the really abnormal cognizance of the contents of a sealed package, a feat accomplished during my attendance at the Second International Congress for Psychical Research, held at Warsaw in August and September, 1923) by the Polish engineer, Stefan Ossowiecki. Dr. E. J. Dingwall, then research officer of the (British) S.P.R., also attended the Congress and took with him a sealed package, consisting of coloured opaque envelopes, in which were a message in French, a date, and crude drawings of a bottle and a flag. By merely holding the package, Ossowiecki correctly visualized the flag and the bottle, the colours of the envelopes, and the numerals of the date, though not in the order as written. Because he had himself prepared the drawing, etc., and in order to eliminate the possibility of telepathy, Dingwall did not attend the experiment, the result of which was cheered by those present, Baron Schrenck-Notzing rushing up to the medium and crying "Merci, merci, au nom de la science!" Most of the skepticism regarding Ossowiecki is countered by Weaver on pp. 64-69 of the 2002 EJP article Poland: Home of Mediums. Weaver noted that the test of Dingwall was overlooked by critics, and supersedes their objections. Weaver wrote a text on Ossowiecki with Barrington and Stevenson entitled The World In A Grain of Sand: The Clairvoyance of Stefan Ossowiecki (McFarland & Company, Inc., 2005) He was not omniscient, but did prove psi under controlled conditions, and as we can see from Appendix I of the aforementioned book on him, skeptical claims with regards to the work done with him by Poniatowski are misleading. Most of this work produced valid information (see especially experiments 9, 10, and 13, 14, and 15, highlighted in the text. Most of his hits in the work with him were successful - Appendix II is devoted to this. See also Besterman (1933). An Experiment in "Clairvoyance" With M. Stefan Ossowiecki. (Whereas the Dingwall paper is more proof oriented, this is more process-oriented. Stevenson, Weaver, and Barrington noted (p. 66) that Besterman's "choice of target was more process oriented than was Dingwall's, in that he sought answers to two questions, firstly, whether the medium, despite not knowing any English, perceived the meaning associated with the drawing of a bottle of ink with the words "Swan Ink" written on it; i.e., would he show any apprehension of the black swan trademark associated with those words, or would he show any apprehension of "swan" or "bird". Secondly, Besterman folded the paper so that one of these words was folded over on itself, while the other was not; a psychic operating by clairvoyance might be expected to have clearer sight of the unfolded word, on the principle that if you hold up to the light a paper on which a word is written and then folded over on itself, you would normally have great difficulty in deciphering the word." Hansel's dismissal of this experiment is refuted by text from the report - "I minutely examined the envelopes and found that with the exception of considerable wear and tear on the outer envelope, they were all intact. The private marks which I had made and which would have been inevitably disturbed on any attempt to open the envelopes, were all in order. I have no hesitation in saying that none of the envelopes was opened. I am also satisfied that no effort was made [...] to render the contents transparent by chemical means. The same is true of X-ray and similar methods."). Warcollier (1922). La télépathie, recherches expérimentales. - (later published, along with other articles, as Mind to Mind - the theoretical contributions of this book are summarized here. My research has suggested that a conclusive analysis of this text may be found in ESP over distance: A survey of experiments published in English (K Osis - Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1965). However, I need to obtain that text before providing further commentary). Osty (1923). Supernormal Faculties in Man: An Experimental Study. (Rhine, in ESP, p. 15, notes the importance of this book as an extension of earlier SPR case collection work. See also this review of early cases in psychometry, and the following 2005 review of the text itself. Alan Gaud, in Mediumship & Survival, noted that ". It would take an immense mass of erroneous material to outweigh Osty’s more remarkable cases, and a great deal of misrecording and misverification to undermine them. They receive some support from comparable findings by others (e.g. Pagenstecher, 117; Prince, 125c, 125e). And they have some curious and fascinating features. Consider, for example, the case I have just quoted. Can one possibly attribute the ‘hits’ to telepathy? The sensitive gave (as often happened) a sort of conspectus or précis of the subject’s life. One can hardly suppose that the subject herself was revolving such a précis in her mind and thus broadcasting it to the world. Nor can one plausibly suppose that the sensitive quickly scanned the memory-store of her distant subject and was immediately able to extract therefrom the series of general facts required—especially when one adds that in many cases this sort of conspectus was apparently continued into the future. Clairvoyance is not a possible explanation—it is not stated that the main facts of the subject’s life were anywhere recorded in physical form. It seems to me that what we have here does not (in most instances) suggest a telepathic cognizing of the subject’s memory-store; it suggests rather the direct acquisition (whatever that may mean) of propositional knowledge about the subject. If I understand Osty’s somewhat vague remarks aright, this is the sort of conclusion towards which he too is driven. He points out that the visions and images which pass before the minds of his sensitives cannot be regarded as perceptions of distant persons, scenes, etc. They are often symbolic in form; and the same piece of information can present itself to the same sensitive in numerous different guises. It is as though what the sensitive grasps is on a conceptual level, a level of propositional or factual knowledge, which she then translates into the language of sensory imagery (cf. 162b; also 44d and 44e, pp. 617–618). I am not sure that this sort of knowledge-acquisition fits into the conventional categories of ESP at all. The knowledge is, one may note, knowledge primarily about people and thus differs markedly from the ‘knowledge’ which it is hoped that e.g. subjects in card-guessing experiments will display.") Gradenwitz (1924). Experimental Telepathy (also here). (Scientific American 130, 304 - 305. Upton Sinclair noted, in "Mental Radio" (given below), "As this book is going to the printer, my attention is called to the fact that Dr. Carl Bruck of Berlin has published a book entitled "Experimentelle Telepathie," in which he reports a series of tests closely resembling those here described. The main difference is that he used hypnotized subjects, four different young men, as the recipients of his telepathic messages. He made drawings at home, and locked them in a large portfolio, which he placed in an adjoining room from the subject, two or three yards distant through a wall. He himself sat in front of the hypnotized subject, and concentrated upon "sending" one of the drawings. Under these conditions, in a total of 111 experiments, one-third were successful. The Berlin correspondent of the "Scientific American" reported these tests in the issue of May, 1924, where those interested may read the details, and inspect twelve of the drawings. The tests were conducted in the presence of various physicians and scientists; and I am interested in a recent comment on the matter by a German physician living in Mexico City: "Bruck's work has gone almost wholly unnoticed."") Estabrooks (1927). A Contribution to Experimental Telepathy. (cited as evidential in light of Whateley Carington's commentary: https://archive.org/stream/telepathy032278mbp#page/n37/mode/2up see also Carington's overview of past evidential studies in JSPR Volume 30 pp. 298-308) Rhine (1934). Telepathy and clairvoyance in the normal and trance states of a medium (in Character and Personality, 3, 91-111) (Tests with Eileen Garrett. As Harry Price notes above, in his 1939 overview of ESP work, Soal's results with Garrett were less impressive than Rhine's. Dean Radin commented on this as follows: "I found in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research (1938-1939), "A repetition of Dr. J. B Rhine's work with Mrs. Eileen Garrett," by S. G. Soal. Soal reports that the total number of trials was 12,425, of which 7,425 were in a telepathy mode with 1,535 hits, and 5,000 in a clairvoyance mode with 980 hits. The former gives an overall p = value of 0.07 and the latter p = 0.76. Thus, Soal was correct that overall this is not a very impressive performance. In that same article Soal reports Rhine's (1934) experiments with Garrett. He reports for telepathy 625 trials (336 hits) for a wildly successful outcome, and for clairvoyance 3,525 trials and 888 hits, again for results more than 7 sigma from chance. Later publications have both Soal and Rhine puzzling over the differences in their results. Both were keenly aware of critiques about sensory leakage and other cues, misrecorded data, and etc. These loopholes were reportedly closed, so Rhine's spectacular results did not appear to be due to obvious errors.") Sinclair (1930). Mental Radio. (attempts to attack this piece by people like Martin Gardner are refuted by consideration of the article of Walter Franklin Prince in an addendum to that text. Regarding Mcdougall's less than spectacular results in this case, WF Prince has relevant commentary. Harry Price, in his aforementioned chapter from Fifty Years of Psychical Research entitled The Story of ESP, stated, "Other tests carried out in the United States were those staged by the Scientific American in 1933 and 1934, with readers as percipients. Results were negative." Hopefully someone interested in process oriented work will make a review of both the Sinclair and Scientific American work and reveal the causes of the discrepancy. Critics have also misrepresented the Wilkins and Sherman experiment Thoughts Through Space (Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads, 2004. Originally published in 1951 by C & R Anthony, Inc). Radin, in Entangled Minds (Pocket Books, 2006), on pp. 70-72, wrote a corrective summary, "Just before the Second World War erupted, Sir Herbert Wilkins and Harold Sherman conducted a remarkable long-distance experiment in clairvoyance. Wilkins was an Australian photographer and naturalist who gained fame for exploring the world in aeroplanes and submarines. Sherman was a popular author and playwright with a long-term interest in psychic phenomena. The experiment was sparked by the loss of a Russian plane somewhere in the Arctic off the coast of Canada. Given Wilkins knowledge of the Arctic and his piloting skills, he was asked by the Russian government to see if he could find the missing plane. He agreed, and Wilkins and Sherman decided to use this opportunity to see if Sherman could "tune in" to Wilkins at a distance. On a daily basis, Sherman used clairvoyance to "see" what was happening to Wilkins and his team. Wilkins, in turn, kept a daily log of each day's events, which was later compared against Sherman's perceptions. Intercontinental communication was sporadic at best in 1938, and communication with Wilkins, who was usually flying a small plane off the coast of Alaska, was impossible. Weeks would often pass from the time when Wilkins wrote his daily reports to when they were received in New York City. To ensure that the experiment was conducted fairly, each day Sherman deposited copies of his nightly impressions to third-party witnesses, all of whom later attested that the recordings were in their hands before Wilkins's [sic] log was received. As an example of the similarities in their reports, on November 30, 1938, Wilkins and his team were in Aklavik, in the Canadian Northwest Territories. This was the middle of nowhere, in the middle of the winter, above the Arctic Circle. Within the small settlement of Aklavik, at one point Wilkins and his men were invited to attend a party at the local hospital. They did so, and later that evening two of his crew went to the basement where they were surprised to find Ping-Pong tables. They played Ping-Pong with some nurses and had a grand time. That evening in New York City, some 3000 miles away, Sherman recorded his nightly clairvoyant vision as follows: "I received a strong impression of 'Ping-Pong balls,' for some reason, and found myself writing: "sudden flash of Ping-Pong - is there table in town where people play? Can't account for this unusual impression. ..." Wilkins later noted, after reading Sherman's impressions of this day, that "[Sherman] would have hardly guessed that we would be playing Ping-Pong in the Arctic." Dozens of such correspondences are described in their book.") (Of the Warcollier and Sinclair items, Adrian Parker noted, in his Compendium of Evidence for Psi, "these would be deficient by modern standards, which require additional controls especially concerning the random selection of target. However, since they usually allow the reader to make an assessment of the complete series from which targets have been represented, it must be said some of the results are extremely impressive and the conditions for success described there may be instructive for process research." However, Parker notes that "those of Whatley Carington can be considered the most controlled and some of these do appear to fulfill the modern safeguards and requirements". He cites the experiment given below.) Carington (1941). Experiments on the paranormal cognition of drawings. (C.D. Broad and R.H. Thouless were very critical of Whately Carington's word association tests with Gladys Osborne Leonard. However, as Broad noted in his introduction to this work, this experiment, conducted after the word-association tests, was vetted both by Thouless and himself, and Broad had very positive comments about it.) Rhine & Pratt (1954). A Review of the Pearce-Pratt Distance Series of ESP Tests. (Rhine, on p. 85 of ESP, describes this experiment as follows: "Pratt picks up, in a room in the Physics Building of Duke University, every minute during the running period a card taken from a cut and shuffled pack that lies on the table before him, and puts it face down on top of a book. He does not look at its face. At the beginning of the same minute, Pearce, in the Duke Library, over 100 yards away, tries to perceive the card then "exposed" by Pratt. He has succeeded, magnificently, in doing so." The type of test is "Pure clairvoyance. Mr. Pratt handled (did not look at) cards at B, afterwards at A Mr. Pearce got his surprising results at C. Both made independent sealed reports to me." Of the Pearce-Pratt experiment, Palmer noted that "Pratt, however, was more successful in obtaining the blueprints [of the area in which the experiment took place] and they discredited Hansel's theory [of fraud in this experiment] (Stevenson, 1967)." (John Palmer. "Extrasensory Perception: Research Findings". In Advances in Parapsychological Research Volume 2: Extrasensory Perception. Editors: Stanley Krippner, Mary Lou Carlson, Montague Ullman, Robert O. Becker ISBN: 978-1-4615-9094-1 (Print) 978-1-4615-9092-7. pp. 59-243, on p. 66)) Pratt & Woodruff (1939). Size of stimulus symbols in extrasensory perception. (see also Pratt (1976). New Evidence Supporting the ESP Interpretation of the Pratt-Woodruff experiment - Hansel does not cite this later item in "the Search for Psychic Power" (1989), though it is the last item mentioned by Gerd Hövelmann in his overview of relevant literature Palmer noted that "The overall results, although not dramatic, were highly significant. In this case, Hansel's villain was the experimenter (Woodruff) who controlled the deck of target cards. One of the control features supposedly introduced into this series was that this experimenter should not know the order of the key cards hung in a row by the subject on the opposite side of the screen, so that he could not cheat by occasionally matching a target card to the corresponding key card contrary to the subject's call. However, Hansel discovered that one could determine the location of at least some key cards by noting their order on the preceding run (which was revealed during the scoring of that run). This assumes that the subject did a poor job of rearranging the key cards between runs, thus allowing the experimenter to keep track of them. Hansel also found that for himself it was easiest to keep track of the cards that occupied the end positions on the previous run (E-cards), and he concluded that the misplacement of target cards should be concentrated on these key cards. Hansel then went a step further and actually demonstrated that in the case of the highest scoring subject in the series, the significance indeed was attributable to an excess of hits on the E-cards. This effect also was found to a lesser but still significant degree in the combined results of the four other subjects whose overall scores were independently significant (Medhurst and Scott, 1974). Pratt argued that parapsychological interpretations could account for this finding (Pratt and Woodruff, 1961; Pratt, 1974a), and he succeeded in providing evidence for such an explanation in a later paper (Pratt, 1977). He suggested that subjects might score best on the E-cards simply because these cards were most salient to them, as a result of their positions on the previous run. As we will see later (see section 4.1.1.) such salience effects have been found in other ESP data. He reasoned that if the E-cards were salient to the subject, he would be more likely to remember to change their locations on the next run than he would if these E-cards were not salient. Pratt in fact found, at least with the highest scoring subject, that there were significantly more hits on the E-cards when their locations had been shifted than when they had not been shifted." (John Palmer. "Extrasensory Perception: Research Findings". In Advances in Parapsychological Research Volume 2: Extrasensory Perception. Editors: Stanley Krippner, Mary Lou Carlson, Montague Ullman, Robert O. Becker ISBN: 978-1-4615-9094-1 (Print) 978-1-4615-9092-7. pp. 59-243, on pp. 66-67.) Pratt and his colleagues in ESP-60 also noted that: "The E did not look at the backs of the cards but at the fast-moving pointer. The pace was too rapid (average, about 25 trials per 20 seconds) to permit shifting the focus of acute vision required for identifying cards by cues.") Pratt (1973). Decade of Research With a Selected ESP Subject: An Overview and Reappraisal of the work with Pavel Stepanek. (Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 30, Sept. 1973, which notes egregious misrepresentations by CEM Hansel - a preceding dispute on work with Stepanek can be found in the Journal Nature beginning with Pratt, J. G., Stevenson, I., Roll, W. G., Meinsma, G. L., Keil, H. H. J., & Jacobson, N. (1968). Identification of concealed randomized objects through acquired response habits of stimulus and word association. Nature, 220, 89-91., and then Hansel (1969). ESP: Deficiencies of Experimental Method, Nature, 221, 1171-1172., followed by Stevenson and Pratt's (1970). Correspondence: Identification of Concealed Randomized Objects. Nature, 225, 394. Palmer in his aforementioned 1978 article "Extrasensory Perception: Research Findings" (on pp. 61-62) noted the significance of this work - that "The second outstanding subject is a library information clerk in Czechoslovakia by the name of Pavel Stepanek (Pratt, 1973). Stepanek, who was discovered by the Czech parapsychologist Milan Ryzl, has been tested over a period of more than 10 years. He probably has retained his card-guessing abilities longer than any other subject in the history of parapsychology, although his ability has seemed to decline since 1968. Stepanek has been able to succeed on only one type of test, one which involves guessing which side of a green-and-white card is facing upward inside a cardboard envelope. Although he was able to succeed at guessing the correct color early in his career, his success has always been combined with a strong tendency to base his calls on visual cues from the envelopes. The significance of his later results derived in large part from the continuation of these secondary scoring patterns when the envelopes were concealed in progressively larger containers that shielded the inner containers from Stepanek's view. We will discuss this "focusing effect" in greater detail toward the end of the chapter. Stepanek has succeeded with tests conducted by a number of investigators, including a neutral scientist not previously associated with parapsychology (Blom and Pratt, 1968)." As regards Martin Gardner's attacks on this work, see Kiel (1990). How a Skeptic Misrepresents the Research with Stepanek, also see in the Journal of Parapsychology vol. 54, 1990 correspondence, Ryzl Accuses Martin Gardner of Attempted Bribery.). Targ & Puthoff (1974). Information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding. (I will wait several years before appraising any of this because more literature might come out. I will merely begin by stating that on the first part of this paper, Hansen, in his aforementioned 1992 article CSICOP and the Skeptics: An Overview, p. 47n25, stated: "Randi’s antics should have come as no surprise to members of CSICOP because he has engaged in similar behavior in relation to psi research. Krippner (1977), Rao (1984), Targ and Puthoff (1977, pp. 182-186), and Tart (1982b) have all documented glaring errors of Randi. Dennis Stillings has demonstrated that “Randi is capable of gross distortion of facts” (Truzzi, 1987, p. 89). Randi has been quoted as saying, “I always have an out” with regard to his $10,000 challenge (Rawlins, 1981, p. 89). Puthoff and Targ (1977) documented a number of mistakes. In a published, handwritten, signed letter, Randi replied offering $1,000 if any claimed error could be demonstrated (see Fuller, 1979). Fuller proved Randi wrong. In a rejoinder to Puthoff and Targ (1977), Randi reversed himself (for a clear example, see point number 15 in Randi, 1982, p. 223). Randi should have paid the $1,000, but he never did." however, a critical contradiction showing that Geller would cheat when he could comes from David Marks - see David Marks. (1986). Investigating the paranormal. Nature 320: 121-124. It is difficult to proceed further pending an appraisal of relevant source literature. I will provide an overview of the relevant ones, in lieu of an appraisal: See first Marks' 1978 paper "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments" and Tart's paper of the same name (Nature. Vol. 284. No. 5752. p 19 1. March 13 1980 , then see further exchange Tart, Puthoff, & Targ (1980). Information transfer in Remote Viewing Experiments, Marks (1981). Sensory cues Invalidate Remote Viewing Experiments, Puthoff & Targ (1981). Rebuttal of Criticisms of Remote Viewing Experiments, and the following paper which does not cite the Targ 1981 paper Marks (1986). Remote Viewing Exposed. (for rebuttal to this paper, see pp. 210-212 of the aforementioned thesis Is Physicalism "Really" True?, a concluding excerpt states, "Though seriously flawed, the Marks/Kamman analysis was an important contribution to remote viewing research. Even before this objection became known some experimenters had recognized the problem and were taking care to check their raw data for inadvertent clues prior to judging. But once the Marks/Kamman critique was published, those safeguards quickly became standard procedure for all responsibly done remote viewing research." In CHILD, I. L. (1987). Criticism in experimental parapsychology, 1975–1985. In S. Krippner (Ed. ), Advances in Parapsychological Research 5 (pp. 190–224). Jefferson, NC: McFarland, on p. 209, we find that "inaccuracies in Marks and Kamman's account of these [remote viewing] experiments are described in a review by T. Rockwell (1981)"[FOOTNOTE:Rockwell, T. (1981). [Review of The psychology of the psychic]. Parapsychology Review, 12(2), 25-28.]) The reader can look at aforementioned thesis "Is Physicalism really True", Palmer's 1985 paper An Evaluative Report on the Current Status of Parapsychology, and this: https://s3.amazonaws.com/cttart/articles/april2013articles/Remote+Viewing-+Examination+of+the+Marks+and+Kamman+Cueing+Artifacts+Hypothesis.pdf, on Price and remote viewing. Regarding Puthoff & Targ (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distance: Historical perspective and recent research, the reader can make use of the thesis "Is Physicalism Really True", then John Palmer's 1985 article in evaluating Hammid series. For what it is worth, Russell Targ noted, in response to Internet attacks, [1]: Remote viewing is not "pseudoscience." Please immediately drop that inaccurate and insulting term that you have scattered throughout my Wikipedia bio-page. Wikipedia's definition: "Pseudoscience is a claim, belief or practice which is presented as scientific, but does not adhere to a valid scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status. The term pseudoscience is often considered inherently pejorative, because it suggests something is being inaccurately or even deceptively portrayed as science." There are a number of reasons that editors at Wikipedia should not characterize remote viewing as pseudoscience, when it is not characterized that way by the informed scientific community. 1 — In order to publish our findings in the 1976 Proceedings of the IEEE, we had to meet with Robert W. Lucky, managing editor, and his board. The editor proposed to us that we show him how to conduct a remote viewing experiment. If it was successful, he would publish our paper. The editor was also head of electro-optics at Bell Telephone Laboratory. We gave a talk at his lab. He then chose some engineers to be the "psychics" for each of five days. Each day he hid himself at a randomly chosen location in the nearby town. After the agreed-upon five trials, the editor read the five transcripts and successfully matched each of the five correctly to his hiding places. This was significant at 0.008 (one in 5!, 5-factorial). As a result, he published our paper on "Information Transmission Over Kilometer Distances". 2 — In our 23 year program for the government at SRI, we had to carry out "demonstration of ability" tasks for the Director of CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency, NASA, and Commanding General of the Army Intelligence Command. (The names are available upon request.) For the CIA we were able to accurately describe and draw a giant gantry crane rolling on eight wheels over a large building, and draw the 60 foot gores, "slices" of a sphere, under construction in northern Russia. The sphere was entirely accurate, although its existence was unknown at the time. The description was so accurate that it became the subject of a Congressional hearing of the House Committee on Intelligence. They were afraid of a security leak. No leak was found, and we were told to "press on." 3 — Remote viewing is easily replicated and has been demonstrated all over the world. It has been the subject of several Ph.D. dissertations in the US and abroad. Princeton University had a 25 year program investigating remote viewing with more than 450 trials. Prof. Robert Jahn also published a lengthy and highly significant (p = 10-10 or 1 in ten billion) experimental investigation of remote viewing in the 1982 Proc. IEEE. 4 — The kind of tasks that kept us in business for twenty-three years include: SRI psychics found a downed Russian bomber in Africa; reported on the health of American hostages in Iran; described Soviet weapons factories in Siberia; located a kidnapped US general in Italy; and accurately forecasted the failure of a Chinese atomic-bomb test three days before it occurred, etc. When San Francisco heiress Patricia Hearst was abducted from her home in Berkeley, a psychic with the SRI team was the first to identify the kidnapper by name and then accurately describe and locate the kidnap car. I was at the Berkeley police station and witnessed this event. 5 — Jessica Utts is a statistics Professor at the University of California, Irvine, and is president of the American Statistical Association. In writing for her part of a 1995 evaluation of our work for the CIA, she wrote: "Using the standards applied to any other area of science, it is concluded that psychic functioning has been well established. The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted. Remote viewing has been conceptually replicated across a number of laboratories, by various experimenters, and in different cultures. This is a robust effect that, were it not such an unusual domain, would no longer be questioned by science as a real phenomenon. It is unlikely that methodological flaws could account for its remarkable consistency." 6 — Whether you believe some, all, or none of the above, it should be clear that hundreds of people were involved in a 23 year, multi-million dollar operational program at SRI, the CIA, DIA and two dozen intelligence officers at the army base at Ft. Meade. Regardless of the personal opinion of a Wikipedia editor, it is not logically coherent to trivialize this whole remote viewing undertaking as some kind of "pseudoscience." Besides me, there is a parade of Ph.D. physicists, psychologists, and heads of government agencies who think our work was valuable, though puzzling. - Russell Targ, May 12, 2014 follow-up work from SRI experiments is described in Targ (1994). Remote viewing replication evaluated by concept analysis (on this,
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This is a Wikiversity Learning by doing unit that encourages participants to Learn Linux. If you are new to Linux, find an older discarded machine and try it out. People throw away perfectly good computers all the time just because they are virus-infected or no longer run the latest and greatest non-free OS. Debian runs on all sorts of computers from tiny laptops to giant servers. It's easy to install on both modern machines and presumably "obsolete" older ones. "Each new release of Debian generally supports a larger number of computer architectures." See the documentation for the stable release Ryan Murray of Debian operates the build daemon for the i386 release at "Lenny". Using the debian-50x-i386-netinst.iso works fine on something like a Dell® laptop or an older Compaq® desktop PC. The Network install method is good because it allows you to get up and running quickly, provided you have a reasonably fast connection and a dedicated hard disk. Accepting the defaults works for the typical user. The net-install CD detects hardware quickly and thoroughly and presents you with reasonable options. NOTE: Installing Linux begins by creating a bootable disk unless you have one or can purchase one. It's important to understand the community-driven nature of Debian. Debian's default answer for participating in their "Configuring popularity contest" is but it's a good idea to change that default to . (opinion, of course) Knowing your Debian version: lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Debian Description: Debian GNU/Linux 9.4 (stretch) Release: 9.4 Codename: stretch Linux Ubuntu Trisquel w:Debian Wikipedia: Debian version history
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[1]: Scandium (Sc) Yttrium (Y) Lanthanum (La) Cerium (Ce) Praseodymium (Pr) Neodymium (Nd) Promethium (Pm) Samarium (Sm) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Terbium (Tb) Dysprosium (Dy) Holmium (Ho) Erbium (Er) Thulium (Tm) Ytterbium (Yb) Lutetium (Lu) Rare earth metals are a group of 15 chemically similar elements known as lanthanides that are grouped separately from the periodic table. Rare earth metals are generally found in high concentrations in the earth's crust. Humans use these in many advanced technological devices, such as magnets, superconductors, electronic polishers, flints for lighters, refining catalysts, and hybrid car components. They are also used as active ions in luminescent materials Rare earth metals or rare earth elements is a set of 17 elements that exhibit similar characteristics. The name of the elements are very misleading because the metals are somewhat easy to find. They are not that rare at all, besides one of them. The only thing rare about these elements is that they are spread thin across the globe. This means that there are no big ore mines of rare earth metals, but instead a fine sprinkling all across the globe. These metals are all heavier than iron which is quite a feat. Rare earth metal prices fluctuate and are sold on a private market making their pricings ambiguous. Scandium has the atomic number 21. It is a silver-white metal. When exposed to air it can develop a faint yellow or pink color. it is most abundant in the stars. It can react with acids rapidly. Scandium was first discovered by Lars Frederick Nilson in 1876 while he was studying the rare earth metals. It is now used in aluminum-scandium alloys in the aerospace industry as well as sports equipment (i.e. golf irons, bicycle frames). It is also used in mercury vapor lamps. Yttrium was first discovered in 1787 by Carl Arrhenius in a mine near Ytterby, Sweden and was first named ytterbite and later to gadolinite, but with further analysis of the metal by multiple scientists it was discovered to be an impure form of the metal. Friedwich Wohler was the first to obtain the Yttrium metal in 1828 by heating anhydrous yttrium(III) chloride with potassium. Yttrium is a soft, silver metal. It usually exists as Y3+. Yttrium is often used in making alloys. And recently has seen great potential in superconductors as well as lasers. Like other rare earth elements is reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot. The solid metal does not react with Oxygen in the air, but in its powdered form it can react explosively at higher temperatures. It is fairly common on earth, and is even largely present in rocks that have been brought back from the moon. Yttrium has been seen to have toxic effects on rats in laboratories, though not much testing has been done on humans. It is often treated with caution. Lanthanum is number 39 in the periodic table. It was first discovered in 1839 by Carl G. Mosander. It can be seen a silver-white metal that is soft enough to be cut by a knife. It most commonly exists as La3+. It is ductile and malleable and will easily rust when exposed to air as it will immediately oxidize. It is commonly used in nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries for hybrid cars. It is also used in making night vision goggles, flame lighter flints, and lenses for high quality cameras and telescopes. Cerium is number 58 in the periodic table. It is a soft and gray metal. It is also reactive, ductile, and malleable. it can rust when exposed to moist air. It was first discovered in 1803 in Sweden by Jöns J. Berzelius and Wilhelm von Hisinger and in that same year was also discovered by Martin Klaproth in Germany. Cerium is used in carbon-arc lighting. Cerium oxide is used in catalytic converters in cars to reduce CO emissions. Flammacerium is used to treat and prevent infection on extensive burn wounds. Praseodymium is number 59 in the periodic table. it is a silver-white metal. It is soft and malleable and only slightly toxic. It commonly exists as Pr3+ and it's salts usually are a pale green color. It was first identified in 1885 by Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is used in the high-intensity permanent magnets necessary for hybrid cars and wind turbines. It is also used when making specialty glass goggles for welders and glass blowers. Neodymium is number 60 on the periodic table and has an atomic weight of 144.24 g/mol. It is a silver/white metal that is soft and bright. It has a melting point of 1289K and a boiling point of 3343 K. It existed mostly as Nd3+. Its salts usually are a pale purple color. It was first identified by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 when he realized that his earlier discovery of a metal called didymium was actually a mixture of two different elements which were then named neodymium and praseodymium. It is used for NIB magnets used in many electronics and cigarette lighter flints. Promethium is number 61 on the periodic table. It is the only element of the rare earth metals to be radioactive and is very harmful. It's salt forms luminate a pale blue or green when in the dark. Samarium is number 62 on the periodic table. It has an atomic weight of 150.4 g/mol. It was first discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1853 in Geneva, Switzerland when he found lines in the mineral spectra that he had been studying. It is hard and silver metal. In temperatures that are higher that 150oC it will ignite in air, otherwise it is stable in normal temperatures. It usually exists as Sm3+ and its salts usually have a pale yellow color. It is used in an alloy magnet that is used in headphones, small motors, and pickups for electric guitars and is also used to as an absorber for nuclear reactors. Radioactive 152Sm is also used in treating cancer. Europium is number 63 on the periodic table. It's atomic weight is 151.96 g/mol. It is slightly toxic but its metal dust is a fire and explosive hazard. It has a melting point of 1095 K and a boiling point of 1873 K. It is found as a soft and ductile silver/white metal. It immediately oxidized when exposed to air. It is considered the most reactive of the rare earth metals and will ignite in temperature of 150-180oC. It is used in phosphors in anti-forgery marks on Euro bank notes. The discovery of Europium is accredited to Eugène-Antole Demarçay who, in 1886, had identified spectroscopic lines in Samarium using his own specially developed spectroscope, which was specifically made to study the rare earth metals. Though his results were originally disputed he later proved his findings in 1901 when he was able to isolate europium. Gadolinium is number 64 on the periodic table. Its atomic weight is 157.25 g/mol. It has a melting point of 1587 K and a boiling point of 3533 K. It was first found by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1880 when he recorded spectroscopic lines in an oxide preparation which had been taken from samarskite. His findings were later confirmed by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. It is a silver/white metal. It is also ductile and malleable. In moist air it will tarnish. It can usually be found as Gd3+. Terbium is number 65 on the periodic table. It has an atomic weight of 158.9 g/mol. It has a boiling point of 3493 K and a melting point of 1633 K. It is a grayish metal that is malleable and ductile. It is also soft, enough to cut with a knife. It exists as Tb3+ and when excited will emit a green luminescence. It was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843 when, hoping to discover yet another element, he used ammonium hydroxide to precipitate fractions of different basicity from yttria. This produced two different substances which he learned contained the new elements erbium and terbium. It is used in color phosphors in trichromatic lighting and TV and also makes the green colors on Blackberry phones. Dysprosium is number 66 on the periodic table. It has a boiling point of 2833 K and a melting point of 1410 K. Its atomic weight is 162.50 g/mol. It is a silver/white metal that is soft and bright. In room temperature it will slowly tarnish. When in acids it will dissolve. It has the highest magnetic strength of all the elements. It usually can be found as Dy3+. It was first discovered in 1886 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran when he separated dysprosium oxide from holmium oxide using a time-consuming and intricate procedure. It is used in the cement in control rods in nuclear reactors. It is also used in compact and hard discs. Holmium is number 67 on the periodic table. It has a atomic weight of 164.9 g/mol. It's boiling point is 2973 K. It has a melting point of 1743 K. It is slightly toxic. It is a malleable, ductile, and soft silver metal. When it is heated or exposed to moist air it will oxidize to a yellowish oxide. It is usually found as Ho3+ and it's compounds are usually a brown/yellow color. Like Dysprosium, it has the highest magnetic strength and as such it can be used as a flux concentrator for high magnetic fields. It is also used in lasors used for non-invasive medical procedures in treating cancers and kidney stones. Its isotopes are used to color glass and cubic zirconias red and yellow. Erbium is number 68 on the periodic table. It has an atomic weight of 167.26 g/mol. It is a moderately toxic silver-white metal. It is also soft and malleable. It tarnishes slowly when exposed to air. It can also r==eact with water and will dissolve in acids. It can most commonly be found as Er3+. Erbium salts are usually found to be a pinkish color. It was first discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843 by using ammonium hydroxide to precipitate fractions with different basicity of yttria. From there he found 2 different substances with each contained a new element, erbium and terbium. Erbium is used in amplifiers and lasers and photgraphic filters. Thulium is number 69 on the periodic table. Its atomic weight is 168.9 g/mol. It is a non-toxic gray metal that is soft and malleable. When exposed in air the metal will slowly tarnish. When reacted with water it will form hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It exists mostly as Tm3+. It is one of the least abundant elements. It was first discovered in its oxide form in Uppsala, Sweden in 1879 by Per Teodor Cleve while working with the metal Erbia. Ytterbium is number 70 on the periodic table. It has an atomic weight of 173.04 g/mol. It is a ductile and malleable silvery metal. When exposed to air it will immediately tarnish. It was first discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1878. He managed to extract an unknown powder, which was named ytterbium oxide, after heating erbium nitrate until decomposition. It is used in alloys used for stainless steel. Its compounds are also commonly used as catalysts in organic chemistry reaction. Lutetium is number 71 on the periodic table. Its atomic weight is 174.97 g/mol. It has a boiling point of 3663 K and a melting point of 1933 K. It is a non toxic silver/white metal. It is the hardest and the densest of the lanthanides. 177Lu is used for cancer therapy and 176Lu is used to determine the age of meteorites. Rare earth metals, November 14th, 2012. Chemicool Periodic Table "Yttrium." Chemistry Explained. Advameg, Inc. 2012. http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/T-Z/Yttrium.html#b
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File:SMB1 World 36-1 p1.png The World 36-1, also known as The Minus World is a hidden world which is the result of a glitch in the Warp Zone in World 1-2. Of all the secrets in the game, perhaps the most enigmatic is this famed Minus World, as well as it is one of the biggest glitches found in the game. The reason why it's called Minus World it's actually because is the product of a glitch. It's not essentially a whole World, it's basically World blank, which consists of only one standard underwater never-ending level. For obvious reasons, this World has been removed from the game's re-releases. The entrance to the enigmatic glitchy World is at the ending of the World 1-2, between the first and second green pipes. File:SMB1 Map 1-2 p3.png File:Super Mario Bros. Minus World.png This is a glitch world. In the NES, Virtual Console, and Game Boy Advance versions, this is a never-ending underwater world. When you reach the end of this "level", you are taken to the start of the level. There are no powerups and the only way to end the level is to die or run out of time. When you die, you are taken to the start or middle of 36-1. In the Famicom Disk System version, this is a three-level world with some strange quirks. The game ends after the third world as though you completed the game at world 8. The Minus World is only available in the NES, Famicom Disk System, Virtual Console, and Game Boy Advance versions. In Super Mario All-Stars, you can still go through the wall but the pipes take you where they normally would. In Super Mario Bros. Deluxe, you can't even go through the wall. To access this glitch, become either Super Mario or Fire Mario. Go to the end of World 1-2 and stand on top of the pipe. Go all the way to the right, and then one square left. Knock the brick above you, and the one to the left of it, out. There should now be the wall with one brick attached and a gap. Walk to the edge of the pipe without falling off. Now for the tricky part: crouch, then while crouching, jump and hold right so the brick attached to the wall pushes you down in the air slightly. When done right, you will go through the wall. Do not move; you will slide through the wall automatically. Once you are through the wall, enter the first pipe (beware the piranha plant!). Do not walk all the way to the right or the area reverts to the normal warp area when "Welcome to Warp Zone!" appears (the middle pipe takes you to world 5, and the leftmost pipe also takes you to the Minus World). This was removed in Vs. Super Mario Bros. File:SMB1 World 36-1 entering.jpg If you wish to access this glitched World, you need to go to World 1-2, at the very end of the still-underground part of the level, shown on the image above. Do not enter the pipe that leads back to the surface. Instead, stand on the pipe and break the second and third ceiling blocks next to the pipe. It is important to leave the block directly next to the pipe intact at all times. Then stand on the far left edge of the pipe and continue facing left. Here's the tricky part: you must make Mario jump up while crouching and to the right while still facing left. If you hit the remaining block at the proper angle without destroying it, Mario will pass through it and begin walking through the brick wall. When you enter the Warp Zone room, drop into the first pipe on the far left, and you'll be whisked away to the Minus World. File:SMB1 World 36-1 level.jpg The main reason why this glitch happens is because of a camera glitch. When Mario goes through the wall, what he's doing is going before the camera loads the level. Thus, when Mario access the Warp Zone before the camera, those Warp Pipes do not lead where they were intended in the first place. The first and the last pipe lead to the non-codified exit of World 36-1, while the pipe in the middle will actually lead you to World 5 without problems. And if you walk well to the right, the game will be able to load the Warp Zone properly and you'll have your Warp Zone back to normal. The Body of World blank, Level 1 Because it is a glitch, there's no way out of this never-ending water stage. It continually loops until you lose all your lives or until time runs out. It will ultimately end with a Game Over. File:SMB1 Map 2-2 p1.pngFile:SMB1 Map 2-2 p2.pngFile:SMB1 Map 2-2 p3.png
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Dame Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland DBE CStJ (9 July 1901 – 21 May 2000) was an English writer, and one of the most successful authors of romance novels of all time, specialising in historical love themes. The right diet directs sexual energy into the parts that matter. The Observer (London, Jan. 11, 1981) I have always found women difficult. I don't really understand them. To begin with, few women tell the truth. The Isthmus Years, ch. 1 (1942) France is the only place where you can make love in the afternoon without people hammering on your door. The Guardian (London, Dec. 24, 1984)[1] The great majority of people in England and America are modest, decent and pure-minded and the amount of virgins in the world today is stupendous. Interview in Wendy Leigh's Speaking Frankly (1978) Barbara Cartland, witch and hag. Too much make-up, fascist bag. Tony Slattery, Whose Line is it Anyway? Series 5, Episode 3 (1993) Wikipedia has an article about: Barbara Cartland Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Barbara Cartland Official website
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Mr. Forbush and the Penguins (also known as Cry of the Penguins) is a 1971 British film about a womanizing biologist who studies life in a colony of penguins. Directed by Arne Sucksdorff, Alfred Viola and Roy Boulting. Written by Anthony Shaffer, based on a novel by Graham Billings. A Tip-Top Adventure At The Bottom Of The World! (taglines) [to the predatory skuas] Retribution is near my fine feathered friends. Make no mistake about that. [as he attacks the skuas with a catapult] You've asked for it, now you'll get it! Now it's your turn! You hear me? Go on, get out! GET OUT! ALL OF YOU! Die, damn you! Die! DO YOU HEAR ME? DIE! DIE! [after waiting for days and no penguins in sight] Well, if they're so strapped to the life force that they have to find their way back here to this refrigerated graveyard every year, that's their bad luck. God, I wish they'd get here and get it over. Oh, blast you all, wherever you are! [as he spots the first lone penguin waddling down a snowy hillside] Most revered and welcome bird! I greet you! [writing to Tara after a Navy chopper scares away all the penguins] The wretched birds have been scattered over this benighted landsacpe like bits of black pepper. They've used up so much of their courage already. Will they be able to find enough to come back? I wonder? I'm afraid. [In his final taped message to Tara] They'll be back again next year, struggling over the same barren stretch of ice to breed the next generation. And so it will go on, as long as there are penguins and skuas and the will to survive. And what have I learned from it all? That every living creature depends in some way on every other. Humans too. I'm not the same to myself anymore, Tara. Will I seem the same to you, and you to me? [Richard is stocking up on food for the expedition] Food-Store Clerk: May I put you down for a few jars of our best beluga caviar? Richard: Yes! You may indeed. Food-Store Clerk: Thank you, sir. It should keep beautifully under all that ice! Tringham: [in a flashback; voiceover] The skuas say in effect to the penguins, 'We'll keep the other skuas off in return for a fair share of your eggs and chicks.' In this way nature ensures the survival of a sufficient number of penguin chicks. A providence no to be despised by the thinking scientist. Richard: [making radio contact with Scott Base or the first time] HELLO? THIS IS ZED-L-Y-R CAPE ROYDS CALLING ZED-L-Q SCOTT BASE. HOW DO YOU READ ME? OVER... Scott Base Radio Operator: I'm reading you fine, Mr. Forbush. Only, mind my ears. Over. Richard: MIND YOUR WHAT? OVER. Scott Base Radio Operator: My ears, Bushy. You don't have to shout. Over. Richard: Oh, sorry. Over. Scott Base Radio Operator: Settled in yet? Just like home? Richard: There are certain primordial differences. Scott Base Radio Operator: Bet you're missing your electric blanket. Richard: [laughs] That is the least of my regrets as far as bed is concerned. Scott Base Radio Operator: Have the penguins shown up yet? Richard: No, not a sign of them. Perhaps they won't show up this year. Perhaps they decided to spend the summer on Miami Beach instead. Scott Base Radio Operator: Don't worry. They'll be there... A Tip-Top Adventure At The Bottom Of The World! Can survival in the Antarctic Wilderness change a man? ...the zaniest bunch of birds on the South Pole! John Hurt as Richard Forbush Hayley Mills as Tara St. John Luke Dudley Sutton as Starshot Tony Britton as George Dewport Thorley Walters as Mr. Forbush Sr. Judy Campbell as Mrs. Forbush Joss Ackland as The Leader Nicholas Pennell as Julien Avril Angers as Fanny Cyril Luckham as Tringham Sally Geeson as Jackie Brian Oulton as Food-Store Clerk John Comer as Police Sergeant Wikipedia has an article about: Mr. Forbush and the Penguins Mr. Forbush and the Penguins quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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In 1775, as the threat of war loomed over the American colonies, the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to plan for the defense against impending aggression from the British Crown. Understanding the vital importance of reliable channels of communication and intelligence during a war, a committee led by Benjamin Franklin was established to evaluate the possibility of developing a formal postal system. A month later the post service was established with Benjamin Franklin as the founding Postmaster General. While post offices did exist in early years of the postal service, it took until 1788 for the newly formed nation to authorize the postal service to expand the system. In 1780, there were only 75 post offices. Shortly thereafter, the volume of post offices expanded rapidly. While the volume of mail delivered continued to expand through the conclusion of the twentieth century, the post office as a structural component of the postal service peaked in 1901. This paper offers a lifecycle analysis of the post office as a lens through which to view the United States Postal Service. This analysis is couched within the historical and political context within which the post office grew and matured. While federal (though it wasn’t technically federal at this point since the United States had not yet been established) involvement in mail delivery began in 1775 under the Post Office Department, mail delivery within the colonies significantly predates this. It began informally. Messages were communicated throughout the colonies by friends and merchants, as well as American Indians. Most mail however was carried over the Atlantic to and from Europe, which is what led the British Crown to establish the first official mail service in 1639. At this time taverns and coffee houses were used as post offices. Early growth of the postal system occurred in fits and starts through prodding from the British Crown. But eventually a postal system began to emerge with regular routes and dedicated post offices. To the credit of Alexander Spotswood, postmaster general for America beginning in 1737, a 31 year old Benjamin Franklin was given an appointment in the postal system as postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737. Franklin worked vigilantly to improve the postal system and in 1753 he was appointed by the Crown as joint postmaster general for America, a position he held until dismissed for acting in league with the colonies as the Revolutionary War drew near. During his tenure as postmaster general, significant improvements were made to the system. Routes were surveyed and operated on scheduled times. Post offices were inspected. Delivery routes were re-organized. After Franklin’s dismissal, William Goddard established the Constitutional Post as a replacement service for colonial mail delivery and he based it on subscriptions. Goddard’s service grew quickly and by 1775, when the Second Continental Congress met, his private postal service was quite successful with 30 dedicated Post Offices in operation. On July 25, 1775, shortly after the earliest skirmishes of the Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress authorized establishment of the Post Office Department in recognition of the critical need for reliable conduits for intelligence. Benjamin Franklin, already a veteran of the postal business, was named its first postmaster general. William Goddard was appointed surveyor for the department. Early efforts of the department were dominated by military communications. By 1783, with the war ended and Ebenezer Hazard at the helm, efforts were refocused on system expansion. New westward routes were established and stagecoach companies were contracted to deliver mail. In 1788, the Post Office was granted authority by Congress “to establish Post Offices and Post Roads.” This led to a rapid expansion of post offices and mail delivery as a whole. As the country grew so did the Post Office Department. States and territories continued pressing for new routes and even faster delivery. In 1789, shortly after the authority of the Post Office Department was expanded, revenue for the department was a meager $7,510. By 1860, just one year before the Civil War, revenue had swelled to $8.5M. This was not without cost however. Expenses for the department often outstripped revenue. The magnitude of growth in the Post Office Department in its early years seem substantial, except when compared to the growth that occurred later later in the life of the department. In 1930, revenue for the department was just over $800M, an order of magnitude greater than existed in the 1860s. Seven decades later, revenue for the department (by now renamed the United States Postal Service) was another two orders of magnitude greater than revenue in 1930 with income peaking out at nearly $75 billion. There are a great many factors that have influenced the postal service over the course of its history. As a public or quasi-public agency (depending on the time), it has always been heavily influenced by policy in Washington DC. Considering the longevity of the postal service, it has also had to adapt to a great deal of technological innovation. The following represent significant dates or eras that bore significant impact on the postal service: 1788 - the postal service is granted authorization to establish post offices and postal roads, which dramatically expands service options. 1800s - the geographic scale of the United States expanded rapidly as states and territories were added. 1823 - Congress declared waterways to be post roads. Steamboats were regularly used for mail delivery. 1832 - just three years after the locomotive completed its first run in the US, the Post Office Department adopts rail as a mode for mail delivery. 1847 - first postal stamp issued Winter of 1860-61 - the Confederate Post Office Department was established to serve the Confederate states. Summer of 1861 - the Pony Express (which had been privately established a year earlier) was adopted as a mail route for enhanced delivery to the Pacific coast. Fall of 1861 - the transcontinental telegraph line was completed, which precipitated the decline and discontinuation of the Pony Express just months after it was commenced. 1863 - Congress establishes free city mail delivery. This is the first time personal addressed were required on an envelope. 1872 - the Post Office Department was established by congress as an executive department. 1902 - free rural mail delivery became a permanent service. This precipitated a significant decline in the post office as a vehicle for mail delivery. 1910 - delivery of mail by rail peaked when more than 10,000 trains moved the mail. Trains were equipped with mail cars capable of sorting, storing and distributing the mail. 1918 - schedule airmail service began 1930-60 (approx.) - road and automotive technologies begin improving dramatically, thereby enhancing the efficiency and speed of mail delivery. 1971 - delivery of mail by rail was finally discontinued and Post Office Department renamed United States Postal Service 1994 - USPS launched an internet website...the beginning of the end for standard mail delivery. The post office as a technology played an integral role in the early development of the Post Office Department. The earliest post offices were merely taverns and coffee houses where mail would be left for individuals to collect. As mail volumes increased the need grew for a more formal delivery mechanism. Taverns and coffee houses weren’t capable of handling, sorting or distributing large volumes of mail. Post offices had been developed in England prior to this point, but the first official post offices in the US were established in 1692 by Thomas Neale. Interestingly, Neale never actually visited America. He managed the system from England. In 1789, when the federal government was first formed, there were 75 post offices in the United States. In their first year of office, Congress granted the still young Post Office Department authority to establish post offices (and postal roads). That authority, coupled with an increasing demand for mail and an expanding American geography, precipitated a rapid expansion in the number of post offices. By 1830, just four decades after the postal service was permitted to establish post offices, the number of post offices had expanded to almost 9000. The graph below charts the early growth of the post office as a technology. The number of post offices expanded steadily in US until 1860s when the country devolved into civil war. During that period post office growth stalled and even declined. After the war was over, steady growth resumed. That growth continued until 1901 when it peaked and began a dramatic decline. In recent years the volume of post offices has continued to decline, albeit at a reduced pace. The function more as nodes within the mail system as opposed to origin or terminations (though they do still serve that capacity on a limited scale). The decline of the post office was caused by permanent implementation of free rural mail delivery at the turn of the century. As a technology, the post office was important because it served as the point of origin and termination for mail within the postal system. Any person wishing to send a letter would be responsible for conveying that letter to the post office. There were no mailboxes and there was no door-to-door delivery in the early system. Similarly, if a person received mail they would be responsible for collecting it themselves (or arranging for another to collect it). An entertaining exception to this rule occurred in the 1830’s at the Post Office in Springfield, IL where a young Abraham Lincoln was appointed postmaster. As was his custom, if an addressee did not collect his/her mail, Lincoln would delivery the letter personally. In addition to serving as a point of transfer for mail into and out of the system, it also served as a sorting house. The mail from any given day was inevitably bound for a variety of destinations. Postal staff were responsible for sorting that mail by destination and assigning it to a route. When the destination of a letter was relatively distant, mail would be directed through intermediate post office hubs. Because mail was collected by addressees, there was a need for post offices to be accessible. This led to a substantial multiplication in post offices across the country. As is noted above, a shift in service caused a reverse in the growth of the post office. This shift in service was the adoption of free rural mail delivery. This diminished the need for post offices because the need for access to a post office diminished. If a resident could expect mail to be delivered to their door, there was no longer a need for a nearby post office. The other rationale for fewer post offices was a matter of internal efficiency. It was more economical to sort and distribute mail from a single central post office than from two post offices. As a result of these new service dynamics, there are fewer than half the post offices than there were at its peak in 1901. As is true is some regard for most technologies, the deployment of the post office can be described as an S-curve with a birth phase, a growth phase and a maturity phase. The equation for this S-curve is below. S(t) = K/(exp(-b*(t - t0)) where: S(t) = status measure (# of post offices) t = time (year) t0 = inflection point/time when 1⁄2 K is achieved (year) b = coefficient K =saturation point (maximum # of post offices) Depending on the age of the technology and the phase it is in, the process for developing a fitted curve may vary. For a technology still growing, K will not be known, though it can be estimated. If the technology is very young, it may not have even passed its inflection point, which further complicates the process of developing a good curve fit. In the case of the post office, however, the maximum volume of post offices was achieved in 1901, which makes K and t0 easy to ascertain. In order to determine the final coefficient ‘b’, it is necessary to develop a best fit curve. There are many approaches to solving this problem. One of the easiest ways to develop a best fit curve is by transforming the s-curve function to a linear equation and using the built-in functionality within Microsoft Excel. Below is the linear equation: y = b*x + c where: y = LN(# of Post Offices/(K - # of Post Offices)) x = year Because this s-curve is designed to model the birth, growth and maturity of a system, the available post office data has been cut at its peak. Including the decline of the post office would diminish the appropriateness of a s-curve in modeling the lifecycle of the post office. Since 1901 represent the peak year for the post office, that is the final year included in the life-cycle analysis. For the sake of comparison, below is a graph of an idealized life-cycle curve. Important qualities of the curve include symmetry around t0. T0 is at 50% saturation and is also at the midpoint in time. Depending on the context of the technology, this curve can occur over a shorter or longer span of time. Applying the s-curve to the post-office produces the following results: An visual analysis of the data suggests that the life-cycle model does a reasonably good job of representing the life-cycle of the post office. A statistical analysis finds an R2 value of 0.93, which is strong but could be better. There are a couple important consideration when reviewing the data. First, the Civil War clearly interrupts the growth pattern of the post office. After war is over, growth resumes as life-cycle model suggests it should. If the war years were removed from the analysis, we would inevitably find a better relationship between the actual data and the model. The other important observation is that, from the perspective of the model, the history of the post office is that of a life abbreviated. It doesn’t appear to fully enter maturity as we would expect it to. Visually, it appears to be just leaving the growth phase when it abruptly peaks and begins diminishing. The reason for this of course is the policy of free-rural delivery, which was implemented at the turn of the century and was discussed earlier. Because 65% of the population lived in rural areas and because of the sheer scale of rural area, this was a substantial change in service. Furthermore, because the shift occurred entirely within the postal service (and because the postal service monopolized mail delivery) the transition from post offices to direct delivery was abrupt. If the technology would have matured as the model suggests it should, its growth would have gradually slowed before declining (assuming it declines eventually). For the sake of analysis, the following chart assumes the Civil War never happened. It also assumes free rural delivery was never established as a policy. To do so, the years of 1861-1865 were removed from the data. Additionally, K is estimated to be higher than the actual peek. The estimated K is that which produced the greatest R2. The estimated K value for this modified data set is 85,000 and the R2 is .96, which is marginally better than the original fit. All historical information in this wikibook was drawn from Pub. 100 by the United States Postal Service. All data on the number of post offices as well as income and expenses of the USPS were drawn from the document title “Pieces of mail Handled, Number of Post Offices, Income, and Expenses Since 1789.” Pub. 100 - The United States Postal Service: An American History 1775-2006. Government Relations, United States Postal Service. 2006. http://about.usps.com/publications/pub100.pdf. “Pieces of Mail Handled, Number of Post Offices, Income, and Expenses Since 1789.” United States Postal Service. 2012. http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/pieces-of-mail-since-1789.pdf.
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In literary theory, a text is any object that can be read, a work of literature, a street sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles of clothing. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message. This set of symbols is considered in terms of the informative message's content, rather than in terms of its physical form or medium in which it is represented. The student is to read history actively and not passively; to esteem his own life the text, and books the commentary. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “History,” Essays: First Series, Complete Works (1883), p. 13 Experience of the world may be looked upon as a kind of text, to which reflection and knowledge form the commentary. Where there is great deal of reflection and intellectual knowledge, and very little experience, the result is like those books which have on each page two lines of text to forty lines of commentary. A great deal of experience with little reflection and scant knowledge gives us books ... where there are no notes and much that is unintelligible. Arthur Schopenhauer, Counsels and Maxims, T. Saunders, trans., § 8 Book Language Wikipedia has an article about: Text (literary theory)
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Wayland, a town in the MetroWest region of Massachusetts, is a residential suburb with mostly families as residents. It's very close to Boston, where there are a lot of activities and fine dining, as well as the Natick Mall, located in Natick, Massachusetts and one of the country's biggest and most luxurious malls. Wayland was the first settlement of the Sudbury plantation, established in 1638, and incorporated in 1639. Among the 60 original men, women, and children, were 15 Puritan families who had traveled in the ship Confidence from England. Bringing with them the English pattern of farming, with collective fields and grazing along with individual lots, they named their town Sudbury after the town in Suffolk, where their pastor Edmund Brown and some of their company had lived. The original settlement was clustered one half mile northwest of where the town center is now located. Wayland and Sudbury residents established the Sudbury Valley Trust in 1953 in part to protect these lands. Today Wayland is in the top 5 communities in the state in conservation acreage. The first US census in 1790 showed that East Sudbury was a farming community of 801 people in 112 houses. Today’s Boston Post Road ran through it on the way to Albany. Travelers stopped at the Corner Tavern where Old Connecticut Path split off down to Hartford, near today’s Old Coach Grill. The Pequod Inn stood at the intersection of the Post Road and the roads north to western Sudbury and Concord. Baldwin ’s tavern was near the four arch bridge over the river. The First Parish Church was built in 1815, complete with a bell by Paul Revere. In 1835, the men attending a town meeting voted to change the name East Sudbury to Wayland, to honor Rev. Francis Wayland, President of Brown University, who was a friend of Judge Edward Mellen (whose law offices are found in the Wayland Historic District in a small white house at the intersection of Boston Post Road and Old Sudbury Road). Logan International Airport is the closest airport to Wayland and has many flights every day from anywhere you can think of. Once at Logan, take the Mass Pike West for only about 25min until getting off at the Wayland exit. I-90 is the main highway accessible in the town. Take Exit 117 to Route 30 eastbound to access Wayland. Two additional routes, MA-30 and US-20, run through the main commercial areas of the town (Cochituate and Wayland Center, respectively, connecting the town with the retail centers of Framingham, Natick and Marlborough to the west, and Boston’s inner suburbs to the east. You can take the MBTA Worcester commuter rail line west to Natick, and then grab an Uber or Lyft to take you into Wayland. You can also take Amtrak to South Station in Boston and then take the Mass Pike West to the Wayland exit. The T goes to Riverside, the last station on the green line, which takes you to I-95 so it is easily accessible to Wayland residents. Wayland is mostly bustling with people traveling by car and bicycle. It is a small enough town for everything to be accessible by car or bike alone. The war memorial at the town building. Wayland Public Library, which has been argued to be Massachusetts' first public library. North Cemetery, resting place of Lydia Maria Child, a famous radical abolitionist. The Sudbury Militia passes through the town each year, re-enacting the march to Concord on 19 Apr 1775. They even begin their march at precisely the same time of day as the Militia did 200 years ago. [dead link] Lake Cochituate. The Lake Cochituate watershed includes Beaver Dam Brook and Course Brook to the South that feed into South Pond from as far away as Ashland and Sherborn; Pegan Brook, now known as Pegan Cove, which also feeds South Pond; and Snake Brook that flows into the connector between North and Middle Ponds. Ultimately Lake Cochituate drains through Cochituate Brook where it is joined by an un-named tributary before flowing into the Sudbury River. A great place to explore the wonders of New England’s natural beauty. Hannah Williams Playground [formerly dead link]. A favorite of all families, safe and tons of fun for kids. Wayland Town Pool, 258 Old Connecticut Path. Located on Old Connecticut Path, this newly renovated facility is a great place to bring kids and family. Reasonably priced passes are available to residents with slightly higher ones for non residents. The pool is open most days from 9AM-6PM with varying hours on Weekends. Swim classes are also available to members who sign up, cost is dependent on lessons. Overall a great place to get exercise and to have fun. Cochituate ball field. A safe well kept large open space open to the public at all times. Often used for town recreational activities, this field is a popular destination for kids and others looking to spend time outdoors. Located in the heart of Cochituate, it is in walking distance of many town stores and fixtures. It is equipped with two full baseball diamonds as well as two full hardtop basketball courts. A place to bring children on a hot summer day or an autumn afternoon. Wayland town beach. Located on Lake Cochituate, Wayland’s Town Beach is open to residents who must purchase beach tags.It is also home to the local Scout Troop (Troop 1 Cochituate) and to the Wayland-Weston Rowing teams. This well groomed beach is a great place to spend a day with family or friends. Located near Cochituate State Park, this is a prime spot to observe New England nature and wildlife. Day passes are available through the town Recreation department. Elizabeth Lee Boutique, 234 Boston Post Rd, ☏ +1 508-358-7788. An adorable woman's clothing boutique The Natick Collection, 1245 Worcester St, ☏ +1 508 655-4800. As mentioned previously above Corner Stone Cafe, 236 Boston Post Rd, ☏ +1 508-398-7755. Great breakfast or great pizza. Liberty's Pizza, 116 Main St, ☏ +1 508-655-3417. Founded in 1965, this small family-owned establishment features a traditional simple Italian menu which includes pizza subs, salads, and as an assortment of other dishes. They offer a local delivery service. It has been voted number one pizzeria by The Readers Choice Awards every year (since 2000). They do not accept Credit or Debit cards, cash only. Einsteins Bagels, 44 Main St, ☏ +1 508 655-6420. A great breakfast or lunch spot the supplies all kinds of bagels, wraps, and salads Starbucks Coffee, 44 Main St, ☏ +1 508 655-1109. A quaint Starbucks with the best coffee around. JJ McKays, 171 Commonwealth Rd (inside the Cochituate Village Shopping plaza), ☏ +1 508 651-3758. This traditional Irish pub features a variety of American cuisine such as burgers and sandwiches, as well as salads, seafood, poultry and meat entrees, pasta, soups, chowders and a selection of vegetarian, chicken and shrimp stir fries. It is known for its egg rolls. Free Wi-Fi. Prime Bar, 131 Boston Post Rd, ☏ +1 508 358-2400. A new steak restaurant in town, with a variety of high quality food. Mels Cafe, 310 Commonwealth Rd, ☏ +1 508 653-7777. The ultimate breakfast spot for sports teams, friends, and family. Great prices and family owned. The Villa, 124 East Plain St, ☏ +1 508 653-8570. Another Wayland family owned gem with tons of dinner and lunch options at low prices. Whole Foods Market, 317 Boston Post Rd, ☏ +1 508 358-7700. Popular chain of health food stores. Its high priced goods are mainly bought by the wealthier population on North Wayland. Donelans, 177 Commonwealth Rd (Cochituate Village), ☏ +1 508 653-5881. This family-run store supplies fresh groceries to most of Cochituate. Founded in 1948 in Littleton, MA by John E. Donelan, Donelan's opened its sixth store here in the summer of 1995. Wayland Pizza House. A small pizzeria located in North Wayland, right off Boston Post Rd. This fine priced establishment offers thick crust pizza, calzones, and other traditional dishes. It’s a great place to grab a quick slice of pizza or sub. The Coach Grill, 55 Boston Post Rd, ☏ +1 508 358-5900. Once known as The Red Coach Grill, which opened in 1935, it is now owned by Back Bay Restaurant Group. The Coach Grill reigns as the classic steakhouse of the suburbs. Its laid-back atmosphere, attentive service and first rate steaks make it a popular destination for customers looking for a fancy night out. Right outside of Wayland is the Natick Collection, one of the US's biggest shopping malls at 1245 Worcester Street, Natick MA. You can also take the T at riverside (off of I-95) into Boston and visit the harbor and all of the lovely shops and dining available in the city.
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Oakland County is in Southeast Michigan. 42.6875-83.2341671 Auburn Hills 42.546667-83.2113892 Birmingham 42.583611-83.2455563 Bloomfield Hills 42.733611-83.4188894 Clarkston 42.485278-83.3769445 Farmington Hills and Farmington 42.460556-83.1347226 Ferndale 42.52-83.3038897 Franklin 42.480556-83.4755568 Novi 42.646111-83.29259 Pontiac 42.680556-83.13388910 Rochester 42.658056-83.14972211 Rochester Hills 42.488889-83.14277812 Royal Oak 42.473333-83.22166713 Southfield 42.580278-83.14305614 Troy 42.702453-83.40251715 Waterford Oakland County is diverse in its types of communities. These range from blue-collar to elite communities. It is ranked as one of the richest counties in the United States with over 1 million people. English is the predominant language in and around Oakland county, and there are no strange dialects unique to this area. There are many interstate highways leading in and through the county. Charter plane service is provided by Oakland County International Airport and commercial services are provided by Detroit Metropolitan Airport in Wayne County and Bishop International Airport in Genesee County. Oakland Country is huge! Do not depend on public transportation. A car is needed and if you do not have one, rent one. Also there is limited bus services provided by SMART. There are plenty of malls and concert venues located throughout Oakland County. If shopping is your thing then head to Somerset Collection. This is a rather upscale mall; be prepared to spend and walk a lot. Somerset Collection is located on Big Beaver (16 Mile Road) and Crooks. North of Somerset in Auburn Hills is Great Lakes Crossing. This outlet mall offers a lot of shopping, a theatre, an aquarium, and plenty of dining. Great Lakes Crossing can be accessed via I-75 exits 83 and 84. Woodward Dream Cruise. A car fanatic's paradise, this is an informal drive along Woodward Avenue from Ferndale to Pontiac, where anything imaginable can be seen, from Vipers to vintage cruisers to tricked-out garbage trucks. Happens every August at the height of summer. The Detroit Zoo. The Detroit Zoo has 125 acres of naturalistic habitats for more than 2,000 animals from anteaters to zebras and features award-winning attractions such as the National Amphibian Conservation Center, Great Apes of Harambee and Arctic Ring of Life. The Polk Penguin Conservation Center is the largest facility for penguins in the world. Michigan Renaissance Festival. Inside turreted gates, visitors enjoy the sights and sounds of a 17-acre village, complete with building reproductions of Renaissance shops, taverns and a magnificent castle. Continuous entertainment takes place on the streets and on 17 themed stages; featuring full-contact armored jousting, comedy and theater shows, music, games, and people-powered rides. Fabulous food and more than 300 artisans displaying their works. There are many places to eat in Oakland County, however if you are into the non-franchise type restaurants try Oakland Grill. It is in Oakland Mall which is on the corner of I-75 and 14 mile Rd. The service is top notch, the food is excellent and the atmosphere is warm and inviting. Sagebrush Cantina. In Lake Orion on Broadway, this charming restaurant has great atmosphere, amazing food and fantastic service. Vinsetta Garaga. On Woodward in Berkley, just north of the Detroit Zoo. Fantastic restaurant owned by the same people who own the Clarkston Union. The food is delicious, service is amazing and the atmosphere is top notch. If the club/bar scene is your thing then head to downtown Pontiac. Tiki Bob's Cantina, Tonic, Sevin, and Clutch Cargos are some of the popular destinations. There are lots of bars. If you like the more classy atmosphere go to Downtown Birmingham for Blue Martini or Royal Oak. There are many breweries peppered throughout Oakland County, such as Griffin Claw in Birmingham, Rochester Mills Beer Co. in Rochester, Royal Oak Brewery in Royal Oak, Witch's Hat in South Lyon, and The Woodward Avenue Brewers (stylized The WAB) in Ferndale. Almost the entirety of Oakland County is safe, but take precautions when travelling on the southwest border near 8 Mile Road as it can get a little seedy, and there may be drig deals going on. Parts of Pontiac can be a little dodgy as well. Exercise common sense and be aware of surroundings at all times. Detroit is pretty neat
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Proof: Assume that Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is an arbitrary fixed control volume. Then u n = 0 {\displaystyle u_{n}=0} and the derivative can be taken inside the integral to give ∫ Ω ∂ ∂ t ( ρ η ) dV ≥ − ∫ ∂ Ω ρ η ( v ⋅ n ) dA − ∫ ∂ Ω q ⋅ n T dA + ∫ Ω ρ s T dV . {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(\rho ~\eta )~{\text{dV}}\geq -\int _{\partial \Omega }\rho ~\eta ~(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {n} )~{\text{dA}}-\int _{\partial \Omega }{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot \mathbf {n} }{T}}~{\text{dA}}+\int _{\Omega }{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~{\text{dV}}~.} Using the divergence theorem, we get ∫ Ω ∂ ∂ t ( ρ η ) dV ≥ − ∫ Ω ∇ ⋅ ( ρ η v ) dV − ∫ Ω ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) dV + ∫ Ω ρ s T dV . {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(\rho ~\eta )~{\text{dV}}\geq -\int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\rho ~\eta ~\mathbf {v} )~{\text{dV}}-\int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)~{\text{dV}}+\int _{\Omega }{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~{\text{dV}}~.} Since Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is arbitrary, we must have ∂ ∂ t ( ρ η ) ≥ − ∇ ⋅ ( ρ η v ) − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(\rho ~\eta )\geq -{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\rho ~\eta ~\mathbf {v} )-{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~.} Expanding out ∂ ρ ∂ t η + ρ ∂ η ∂ t ≥ − ∇ ( ρ η ) ⋅ v − ρ η ( ∇ ⋅ v ) − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}~\eta +\rho ~{\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial t}}\geq -{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}(\rho _{\eta })\cdot \mathbf {v} -\rho ~\eta ~({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} )-{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}} or, ∂ ρ ∂ t η + ρ ∂ η ∂ t ≥ − η ∇ ρ ⋅ v − ρ ∇ η ⋅ v − ρ η ( ∇ ⋅ v ) − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}~\eta +\rho ~{\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial t}}\geq -\eta ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\rho \cdot \mathbf {v} -\rho ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\eta \cdot \mathbf {v} -\rho ~\eta ~({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} )-{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}} or, ( ∂ ρ ∂ t + ∇ ρ ⋅ v + ρ ∇ ⋅ v ) η + ρ ( ∂ η ∂ t + ∇ η ⋅ v ) ≥ − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\rho \cdot \mathbf {v} +\rho ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)~\eta +\rho ~\left({\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\eta \cdot \mathbf {v} \right)\geq -{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~.} Now, the material time derivatives of ρ {\displaystyle \rho } and η {\displaystyle \eta } are given by ρ ̇ = ∂ ρ ∂ t + ∇ ρ ⋅ v ; η ̇ = ∂ η ∂ t + ∇ η ⋅ v . {\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\rho \cdot \mathbf {v} ~;~~{\dot {\eta }}={\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\eta \cdot \mathbf {v} ~.} Therefore, ( ρ ̇ + ρ ∇ ⋅ v ) η + ρ η ̇ ≥ − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T . {\displaystyle \left({\dot {\rho }}+\rho ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)~\eta +\rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq -{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~.} From the conservation of mass ρ ̇ + ρ ∇ ⋅ v = 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}+\rho ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} =0} . Hence, ρ η ̇ ≥ − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T . {\displaystyle {\rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq -{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~.}} Proof: Using the identity ∇ ⋅ ( φ v ) = φ ∇ ⋅ v + v ⋅ ∇ φ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\varphi ~\mathbf {v} )=\varphi ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} +\mathbf {v} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\varphi } in the Clausius-Duhem inequality, we get ρ η ̇ ≥ − ∇ ⋅ ( q T ) + ρ s T or ρ η ̇ ≥ − 1 T ∇ ⋅ q − q ⋅ ∇ ( 1 T ) + ρ s T . {\displaystyle \rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq -{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \left({\cfrac {\mathbf {q} }{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}\qquad {\text{or}}\qquad \rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq -{\cfrac {1}{T}}~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {q} -\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\cfrac {1}{T}}\right)+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}~.} Now, using index notation with respect to a Cartesian basis e j {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{j}} , ∇ ( 1 T ) = ∂ ∂ x j ( T − 1 ) e j = − ( T − 2 ) ∂ T ∂ x j e j = − 1 T 2 ∇ T . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\cfrac {1}{T}}\right)={\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}\left(T^{-1}\right)~\mathbf {e} _{j}=-\left(T^{-2}\right)~{\frac {\partial T}{\partial x_{j}}}~\mathbf {e} _{j}=-{\cfrac {1}{T^{2}}}~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T~.} Hence, ρ η ̇ ≥ − 1 T ∇ ⋅ q + 1 T 2 q ⋅ ∇ T + ρ s T or ρ η ̇ ≥ − 1 T ( ∇ ⋅ q − ρ s ) + 1 T 2 q ⋅ ∇ T . {\displaystyle \rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq -{\cfrac {1}{T}}~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {q} +{\cfrac {1}{T^{2}}}~\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T+{\cfrac {\rho ~s}{T}}\qquad {\text{or}}\qquad \rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq -{\cfrac {1}{T}}\left({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {q} -\rho ~s\right)+{\cfrac {1}{T^{2}}}~\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T~.} Recall the balance of energy ρ e ̇ − σ : ∇ v + ∇ ⋅ q − ρ s = 0 ⟹ ρ e ̇ − σ : ∇ v = − ( ∇ ⋅ q − ρ s ) . {\displaystyle \rho ~{\dot {e}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} +{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {q} -\rho ~s=0\qquad \implies \qquad \rho ~{\dot {e}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} =-({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {q} -\rho ~s)~.} Therefore, ρ η ̇ ≥ 1 T ( ρ e ̇ − σ : ∇ v ) + 1 T 2 q ⋅ ∇ T ⟹ ρ η ̇ T ≥ ρ e ̇ − σ : ∇ v + q ⋅ ∇ T T . {\displaystyle \rho ~{\dot {\eta }}\geq {\cfrac {1}{T}}\left(\rho ~{\dot {e}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \right)+{\cfrac {1}{T^{2}}}~\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T\qquad \implies \qquad \rho ~{\dot {\eta }}~T\geq \rho ~{\dot {e}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} +{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}~.} Rearranging, ρ ( e ̇ − T η ̇ ) − σ : ∇ v ≤ − q ⋅ ∇ T T . {\displaystyle {\rho ~({\dot {e}}-T~{\dot {\eta }})-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}~.}} ← Balance of energy Nonlinear finite elements Objectivity of constitutive relations → ← Balance of energy Nonlinear finite elements Objectivity of constitutive relations →
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William John Evans (August 16, 1929 – September 15, 1980) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He was one of the most famous jazz pianists of the 20th century. His use of impressionistic harmony, his inventive interpretation of traditional jazz repertoire and his syncopated and polyrhythmic melodic lines influenced a generation of pianists. I went through a lot of mental pains and anguish about choosing between jazz and classical. I realized that where I functioned was where I should be, and where I functioned was in jazz, so that was it. http://www.billevanswebpages.com/billquotes.html. Music should enrich the soul; it should teach spirituality by showing a person a portion of himself that he would not discover otherwise. It's easy to rediscover part of yourself, but through art you can be shown part of yourself you never knew existed. That's the real mission of art. The artist has to find something within himself that's universal and which he can put into terms that are communicable to other people. The magic of it is that art can communicate to a person without his realizing it... enrichment, that's the function of music. http://www.billevanswebpages.com/billquotes.html. I always like people who have developed long and hard, particularly through introspection and a lot of dedication. I think that what they arrive at is usually...deeper and more beautiful...than the person who seems to have that ability and fluidity from the beginning. I say this because it's a good message to give to young talents who feel as I used to. You hear musicians playing with great fluidity and complete conception early on, and you don't have that ability. I didn't. I had to know what I was doing. And ultimately it turned out that these people weren't able to carry their thing very far. I found myself being more attracted to artists who have developed through the years and become better and deeper musicians. I believe in things that are developed through hard work. As quoted in 'Metaphors for the Musician' by Randy Halberstadt. ©2001 Sher Music. As the painter needs his framework of parchment, the improvising musical group needs its framework in time. Kind of blue liner notes. [Bill Evans talking about Miles Davis's change of style to jazz fusion] I would like to hear more of the consummate melodic master, but I feel that big business and his record company have had a corrupting influence on his material. The rock and pop thing certainly draws a wider audience. It happens more and more these days, that unqualified people with executive positions try to tell musicians what is good and what is bad music. It’s tempting for the musician to prejudice his own views when recording opportunities are so infrequent but I for one am determined to resist the temptation. http://jazztimes.com/articles/20128-miles-davis-and-bill-evans-miles-and-bill-in-black-white. I am interested in other keyboard sounds, but basically I'm an acoustic pianist. I’ve been happy to use the Fender-Rhodes to add a little colour to certain performances but only as an adjunct [...] It's hard for people to recognize individuals on an electric piano. Because it is an electric instrument, it's hard for a personality to come through. Interview with Chris Albertson, The Jazz Set, 1971. I don't think too much about the electronic thing, except that it's kind of fun to have it as an alternate voice. Like, I've used the Fender- Rhodes piano on a couple of records. I don't really look on it as a piano— merely an alternate keyboard instrument, that offers a certain kind of sound that’s appropriate sometimes. I find that it’s kind of a refreshing auxiliary to the piano— but I don't need it, you know. I guess it’s for other people to judge how effective it’s been on my records; I enjoyed it, anyway. I don't enjoy spending a lot of time with the electric piano. I mean, if I play it for a period of time, then I quickly tire of it, and I want to get back to the acoustic piano. Interview with Les Tomkins, 1972. It just doesn’t attract me. I’m of a certain period, a certain evolution. I hear music differently [...] I mean, for me, comparing electric bass to acoustic bass is sacrilege. http://jazztimes.com/articles/20128-miles-davis-and-bill-evans-miles-and-bill-in-black-white. Wikipedia has an article about: Bill Evans Bill Evans entry at the Jazz Discography Project The Bill Evans Webpages Bill Evans Quotes | JazzQuotations.com
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It would not be fair to say all I have said in praise of the old Victorian middle-class, without admitting that it did sometimes produce pretty hollow and pompous imposture. A solemn friend of my grandfather used to go for walks on Sunday carrying a prayer-book, without the least intention of going to church. And he calmly defended it by saying, with uplifted hand, “I do it, Chessie, as an example to others.” The man who did that was obviously a Dickens character. And I am disposed to think that, in being a Dickens character, he was in many ways rather preferable to many modern characters. Few modern men, however false, would dare to be so brazen. And I am not sure he was not really a more genuine fellow than the modern man who says vaguely that he has doubts or hates sermons, when he only wants to go and play golf. Hypocrisy itself was more sincere. Anyhow, it was more courageous. I remember him assuring me quite eagerly of the hopeful thoughts aroused in him by the optimistic official prophecies of the book called Looking Backwards a rather ironical title, seeing that the one thing forbidden to such futurists was Looking Backwards. And the whole philosophy, afterwards sublimated by the genius of Mr. Wells, was the duty of Looking Forwards. My uncle, much more than my father, was this scrupulously sanguine sort of man; and the last man in the world to hold any brief for the good old times. But he was also a quite transparently truthful man; and I remember him telling me, with that wrinkle of worry in his brow, which confessed his subconscious and sensitive anxiety, “I’m bound to confess that commercial morality has got steadily worse through my lifetime.” Of course I admit, or rather I boast, that in anything like sympathy with any such Utopia, such individuals were in advance of the times. But I boast much more that, in the great modern growth of high finance, they were behind the times. The class as a whole was, indeed, dangerously deaf and blind upon the former question of economic exploitation; but it was relatively more vigilant and sensitive upon the latter question of financial decency. It never occurred to these people that anybody could possibly admire a man for being what we call “daring” in speculation, any more than a woman for being what we call “daring” in dress. There was something of the same atmospheric change in both cases. The absence of social ambition had a great deal to do with it. When the restrictions really were stuffy and stupid, they were largely those of ignorance; but this was nothing like so evil and ruinous as the ignorance of the real wrongs and rights of the working classes. Heaven knows, it is even possible that in some cases the reader knows, that I am no admirer of the complacent commercial prosperity of England in the nineteenth century. At the best it was an individualism that ended by destroying individuality; an industrialism which has done nothing except poison the very meaning of the word industry. At the worst it turned at last into a vulgar victory of sweating and swindling. I am only pointing out a particular point about a particular group or class, now extinct; that if they were ignorant of, or often indifferent to the sweating, they were really indignant at the swindling. In the same way, few will accuse me of Puritanism; but I think it due to the Puritan tradition to say that certain notions of social sobriety did have something to do with delaying the full triumph of flashy finance and the mere antics of avarice. Anyhow, there has been a change from a middle-class that trusted a business man to look after money because he was dull and careful, to one that trusts a business man to get more money because he is dashing and worldly. It has not always asked itself for whom he would get more money, or whose money he would get. Such, so far as I know it, was the social landscape in which I first found myself; and such were the people among whom I was born. I am sorry if the landscape or the people appear disappointingly respectable and even reasonable, and deficient in all those unpleasant qualities that make a biography really popular. I regret that I have no gloomy and savage father to offer to the public gaze as the true cause of all my tragic heritage; no pale-faced and partially poisoned mother whose suicidal instincts have cursed me with the temptations of the artistic temperament. I regret that there was nothing in the range of our family much more racy than a remote and mildly impecunious uncle; and that I cannot do my duty as a true modern, by cursing everybody who made me whatever I am. I am not clear about what that is; but I am pretty sure that most of it is my own fault. A man does not generally manage to forget his wedding-day; especially such a highly comic wedding-day as mine. For the family remembers against me a number of now familiar legends, about the missing of trains, the losing of luggage, and other things counted yet more eccentric. It is alleged against me, and with perfect truth, that I stopped on the way to drink a glass of milk in one shop and to buy a revolver with cartridges in another. Some have seen these as singular wedding-presents for a bridegroom to give to himself; and if the bride had known less of him, I suppose she might have fancied that he was a suicide or a murderer or, worst of all, a teetotaller. They seemed to me the most natural things in the world. I did not buy the pistol to murder myself or my wife; I never was really modern. I bought it because it was the great adventure of my youth, with a general notion of protecting her from the pirates doubtless infesting the Norfolk Broads, to which we were bound; where, after all, there are still a suspiciously large number of families with Danish names. I shall not be annoyed if it is called childish; but obviously it was rather a reminiscence of boyhood, and not of childhood. But the ritual consumption of the glass of milk really was a reminiscence of childhood. I stopped at that particular dairy because I had always drunk a glass of milk there when walking with my mother in my infancy. From this general memory about memory I draw a certain inference. What was wonderful about childhood is that anything in it was a wonder. It was not merely a world full of miracles; it was a miraculous world. What gives me this shock is almost anything I really recall; not the things I should think most worth recalling. This is where it differs from the other great thrill of the past, all that is connected with first love and the romantic passion; for that, though equally poignant, comes always to a point; and is narrow like a rapier piercing the heart, whereas the other was more like a hundred windows opened on all sides of the head. My father might have reminded people of Mr. Pickwick, except that he was always bearded and never bald; he wore spectacles and had all the Pickwickian evenness of temper and pleasure in the humours of travel. He was rather quiet than otherwise, but his quietude covered a great fertility of notions; and he certainly liked taking a rise out of people. I remember, to give one example of a hundred such inventions, how he gravely instructed some grave ladies in the names of flowers; dwelling especially on the rustic names given in certain localities. “The country people call them Sailors’ Pen-knives,” he would say in an offhand manner, after affecting to provide them with the full scientific name, or, “They call them Bakers’ Bootlaces down in Lincolnshire, I believe”; and it is a fine example of human simplicity to note how far he found he could safely go in such instructive discourse. They followed him without revulsion when he said lightly, “Merely a sprig of wild bigamy.” It was only when he added that there was a local variety known as Bishop’s Bigamy, that the full depravity of his character began to dawn on their minds. It was possibly this aspect of his unfailing amiability that is responsible for an entry I find in an ancient minute-book, of mock trials conducted by himself and his brothers; that Edward Chesterton was tried for the crime of Aggravation. But the same sort of invention created for children the permanent anticipation of what is profoundly called a Surprise. And it is this side of the business that is relevant here. His versatility both as an experimentalist and a handy man, in all such matters, was amazing. His den or study was piled high with the stratified layers of about ten or twelve creative amusements; water-colour painting and modelling and photography and stained glass and fretwork and magic lanterns and mediaeval illumination. I have inherited, or I hope imitated, his habit of drawing; but in every other way I am emphatically an unhandy man. There had been some talk of his studying art professionally in his youth; but the family business was obviously safer; and his life followed the lines of a certain contented and ungrasping prudence, which was extraordinarily typical of him and all his blood and generation. He never dreamed of turning any of these plastic talents to any mercenary account, or of using them for anything but his own private pleasure and ours. To us he appeared to be indeed the Man with the Golden Key, a magician opening the gates of goblin castles or the sepulchres of dead heroes; and there was no incongruity in calling his lantern a magic-lantern. But all this time he was known to the world, and even the next-door neighbours, as a very reliable and capable though rather unambitious business man. It was a very good first lesson in what is also the last lesson of life; that in everything that matters, the inside is much larger than the outside. On the whole I am glad that he was never an artist. It might have stood in his way in becoming an amateur. It might have spoilt his career; his private career. He could never have made a vulgar success of all the thousand things he did so successfully. English in so many things, the Chestertons were supremely English in their natural turn for hobbies. It is an element in this sort of old English business man which divides him most sharply from the American business man, and to some extent from the new English business man, who is copying the American. When the American begins to suggest that “salesmanship can be an art,” he means that an artist ought to put all his art into his salesmanship. The old-fashioned Englishman, like my father, sold houses for his living but filled his own house with his life. If half a day is to take a man out of himself, or make a new man of him, it is better done by some sharp competitive excitement like sport. But a hobby is not half a day but half a life-time. It would be truer to accuse the hobbyist of living a double life. And hobbies, especially such hobbies as the toy theatre, have a character that runs parallel to practical professional effort, and is not merely a reaction from it. It is not merely taking exercise; it is doing work. It is not merely exercising the body instead of the mind, an excellent but now largely a recognised thing. It is exercising the rest of the mind; now an almost neglected thing. I cannot do much, by the standard of my nursery days. But I have learned to love seeing things done; not the handle that ultimately causes them to be done, but the hand that does them. If my father had been some common millionaire owning a thousand mills that made cotton, or a million machines that made cocoa, how much smaller he would have seemed. And this experience has made me profoundly sceptical of all the modern talk about the necessary dullness of domesticity; and the degrading drudgery that only has to make puddings and pies. Only to make things! There is no greater thing to be said of God Himself than that He makes things. The manufacturer cannot even manufacture things; he can only pay to have them manufactured. And (in the same way) I am now incurably afflicted with a faint smile, when I hear a crowd of frivolous people, who could not make anything to save their lives, talking about the inevitable narrowness and stuffiness of the Victorian home. We managed to make a good many things in our Victorian home which people now buy at insane prices from Art and Craft Shops; the sort of shops that have quite as much craft as art. All the things that happened in the house, or were in any sense done on the premises, linger in my imagination like a legend; and as much as any, those connected with the kitchen or the pantry. Toffee still tastes nicer to me than the most expensive chocolates which Quaker millionaires sell by the million; and mostly because we made toffee for ourselves. No. 999 in the vast library-catalogue of the books I have never written (all of them so much more brilliant and convincing than the books that I have written) is the story of a successful city man who seemed to have a dark secret in his life; and who was eventually discovered by the detectives still playing with dolls or tin soldiers or some undignified antic of infancy. I may say with all modesty that I am that man, in everything except his solidity of repute and his successful commercial career. It was perhaps even more true, in that sense, of my father before me; but I for one have never left off playing, and I wish there were more time to play. I wish we did not have to fritter away on frivolous things, like lectures and literature, the time we might have given to serious, solid and constructive work like cutting out cardboard figures and pasting coloured tinsel upon them. But the real child does not confuse fact and fiction. He simply likes fiction. He acts it, because he cannot as yet write it or even read it; but he never allows his moral sanity to be clouded by it. To him no two things could possibly be more totally contrary than playing at robbers and stealing sweets. No possible amount of playing at robbers would ever bring him an inch nearer to thinking it is really right to rob. I saw the distinction perfectly clearly when I was a child; I wish I saw it half as clearly now. I played at being a robber for hours together at the end of the garden; but it never had anything to do with the temptation I had to sneak a new paint-box out of my father’s room. I was not being anything false; I was simply writing before I could write.
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Green Book film is based on the true story of African American classical and jazz pianist Don Shirley and American bouncer Frank Vallelonga. Vallelonga Frank Vallelonga is also known as “Tony Lip”. The film about an African-American classical pianist and a working-class Italian-American bouncer who becomes his driver on a tour of venues through the 1960s American South. The film is named after The Negro Motorist Green Book, a mid-20th century guidebook for African-American travelers written by Victor Hugo Green, to help them find motels and restaurants that would accept them. Directed by Peter Farrelly. Written by Nick Vallelonga, Brian Hayes Currie and Peter Farrelly. Inspired by a True Friendship The world is full of lonely people afraid to make the first move. You know, my father used to say, whatever you do, do it 100%. When you work, work. When you laugh, laugh. When you eat, eat like it's your last meal. [Eating KFC in Kentucky] Mmm. I think this is the best Kentucky Fried Chicken I ever had. But I guess it's fresher down here, right? It's like what your friend the President said, "Ask not... Your country, what you could do for it. Ask what you do for yourself." Y'know? Yes, I live in a castle, Tony! Alone. And rich white people pay me to play piano for them because it makes them feel cultured. But as soon as I step off that stage, I go right back to being just another negro to them. Because that is their true culture. And I suffer that side alone, because I'm not accepted by my own people 'cause I'm not like them, either. So if I'm not black enough and if I'm not white enough and if I'm not man enough then tell me, Tony, what am I!? You never win with violence, Tony. You only win when you maintain your dignity. Don Shirley: I am not a medical doctor. I'm a musician. I'm about to embark on a concert tour in the Deep South. What other experience do you have? Tony Lip: Public relations. Tony Lip: You know, when you first hired me, my wife went out and bought one of your records. The one about the orphans? Don Shirley: Orphans? Tony Lip: Yeah. Cover had a bunch of kids sittin' around a campfire? Don Shirley: Orpheus. Tony Lip: ...Yeah. Don Shirley: Orpheus in the Underworld. It's based on a French opera. And those weren't children on the cover, those were demons in the bowels of Hell. Tony Lip: No shit! They must've been naughty kids! Dr. Don Shirley: I’ve been looking for you. Tony Lip: Yeah, sorry. The guys were having a little game. Dr. Don Shirley: Next time you need extra money, just ask me. Tony Lip: It’s more fun winning it. Dr. Don Shirley: And what if you lost? Tony Lip: Craps and cards. I don’t lose, Doc. I don’t lose. Dr. Don Shirley: So stooping down in the gravel pitching dice for pocket change makes you a winner? Tony Lip: What are you giving me shit for? Everybody was doing it. Dr. Don Shirley: They didn’t have a choice whether to be inside or out. You did. Now, wipe off your knees. You have dirt on them. Don Shirley: Before we pull out, Tony, we need to have a talk. Tony Lip: Yeah? Don Shirley: Oleg told me what you did. Tony Lip: What'd I do? Don Shirley: You stole a jade stone from the store. Tony Lip: No I didn't. Don Shirley: He watched you do it. Tony Lip: I didn't steal no stone. Don Shirley: You picked it up and put it in your pocket. Tony Lip: I picked up a rock off of the ground. I didn't steal it from a box. Don Shirley: Now why would you pick up a rock off the ground? Tony Lip: I don't know. Cause it ain't stealing. It's just a regular rock. Don Shirley: And why would you want a regular rock? Tony Lip: To have. For luck, maybe. Don Shirley: A lucky rock. Tony Lip: Yeah. Don Shirley: Let me see it. [Don holds out his hand; reluctantly Tony hands him the rock] Mm-hmm. Take it back and pay for it. Tony Lip: [swears in Italian] I told you that Kraut was a snake. Rats me out for something I didn't even do! Don Shirley: Pay for the stone, Tony; you'll feel better. Tony Lip: I feel fine! And I ain't paying for no regular rock I found in the dirt. [starts to drive] Don Shirley: Do not drive, Mr. Vallelonga. [Tony stops] Put it back. [after a brief pause, Tony reluctantly goes to the box, puts the stone back, and goes back to the car] Don Shirley: Feel better? Tony Lip: No. Don Shirley: If you like, Tony, I'd happily buy you the stone. Tony Lip: Don't bother. You took all the fun out of it. Don Shirley: What on God's green earth are you doing? Tony Lip: A letter. Don Shirley: Looks more like a piecemeal ransom note. May I? "Dear Dolores"... D-E-A-R. [taps paper] This is an animal. "I'm meeting all the highly leading citizens of the town. People that use big words, all of them. But you know me, I get by. I'm a good bullshitter." Two Ts in bullshitter. "As I'm writing this letter, I'm eating potato chips, and I'm starting to get thirsty. I washed my socks and dried them on the TV. I should have... brung... the iron..." You know this is pathetic, right? Don Shirley: Could you put out the cigarette, please? Tony Lip: Why? Don Shirley: I can't breathe back here. Tony Lip: What are you talkin' about? Smoke's going down my lungs. I'm doin' all the work here. Tony Lip: Ain't they supposed to be following us? Don Shirley: They have the itinerary. As long as they get to the show on time, I'm not worried about it, and neither should you. Tony Lip: I ain't worried about nothin'... In fact, when you see me worried? You'll know. Don Shirley: Tony... Tony Lip: You'll know if I'm worried... Don Shirley: How 'bout some quiet time? Hmm? Tony Lip: [Shrugging] Sure. [Chuckles] It's amazing you said that. "How 'bout some quiet time?" Dolores, my wife, used to say that all the time... Well, not all the time but, y'know, she says it when, when I come home from work sometime, you know, she been with the kids all day and she'll say, "Tony? How 'bout some quiet time?" Exactly like how you said it! I mean, it's amazing... Don Shirley: Tony! I'm sorry about last night. Tony Lip: ...Don't worry 'bout it. I been working nightclubs in New York City my whole life. I know it's a... complicated world. Tony Lip: I dunno. Personally I think if you stuck to the classic stuff it would've been a big mistake. Don Shirley: A mistake? Performing the music I trained my entire life to play? Tony Lip: Trained? What are you, a seal? People love what you do! Anyone can sound like Beethoven or Joe Pan or them other guys you said. But your music, what you do? Only you can do that! Don Shirley: Thank you, Tony. But not everyone can play Chopin. Not like I can. Don Shirley: So where did this "Tony the Lip" moniker come from? Tony Lip: [laughs] It's not "Tony the Lip", it's "Tony Lip". One word. I got it when I was a kid 'cause my friends said I was the best bullshit artist in the Bronx. [Chuckles] Don Shirley: [Horrified] Why are you smiling? Tony Lip: What do you mean? Don Shirley: It doesn't bother you that your friends – the people closest to you – consider you a liar? Tony Lip: Who said liar? I said bullshit artist! Don Shirley: And what's the difference? Tony Lip: 'Cause I don't lie! Ever! I'm just good at talkin' people into... y'know, doin' things they don't wanna do... By bullshittin' 'em. [Grins] Don Shirley: And you're proud of that? Tony Lip: Well, it got me this job. Tony Lip: You know, if this got out, it would kill your career. Don Shirley: OK Tony, I need you to stop it with the phony altruism and concern for my career. Tony Lip: The hell's that mean? Don Shirley: You were only thinking about yourself back there because you know if I miss a show it'd come out of your pocketbook. Tony Lip: Of course I don't want you to miss a show, you ungrateful bastard! You think I'm doing this for my health? Tonight I saved your ass! So show a little appreciation, maybe! Besides, I told you never to go nowhere without me! Don Shirley: ...I assumed you'd want this to be the exception. Tony Lip: [Surveying the snow] This could get bad, Doc. Don Shirley: Yes. It's a shame we don't have something to protect us on our journey. Oh, I know. Why don't you put your lucky rock up on the dash, Tony? Come on, Tony, we need all the help we can get. [Tony puts the stone on the dash] Don Shirley: Thank you. I feel safer already. Tony Lip: You're a real prick, you know that? Louie Venere: I got to admit... Lip's letters? They're not bad. Rudy Vallelonga: Well, it's in the family. They say our great-great-great-grandfather helped Da Vinci with the Sixteen Chapel. Johnny Venere: You mean Michaelangelo. Rudy Vallelonga: ...Right. Johnny Venere: What does Michaelangelo have to do with writing letters? Rudy Vallelonga: I'm just sayin'. We're an arty family. Tony Lip: You know, Doc, something's been eating at me this whole trip. Don Shirley: Hmm? Tony Lip: That Titsburgh was a major disappointment. I didn't notice any difference at all. Did you? Don Shirley: Good night, Tony. Dolores: Hello. Don Shirley: You must be Dolores. Dolores: Welcome! Don Shirley: Buon natale. Thank you for sharing your husband with me. Dolores: Thank you for helping him with the letters. Viggo Mortensen – Frank "Tony Lip" Vallelonga Mahershala Ali – "Doc" Don Shirley Linda Cardellini – Dolores Vallelonga Dimeter Marinov – Oleg Mike Hatton – George Iqbal Theba – Amit Sebastian Maniscalco – Johnny Venere P.J. Byrne – Record Executive Producer Montrel Miller – Birmingham Hotel Waiter Tom Virtue – Morgan Anderson Wikipedia has an article about: Green Book (film) Green Book (film) quotes at the Internet Movie Database Official website Template:Check For Best Green Movie Book Short Quotes With Images
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Dobruja (Dobrogea) is a region in south-eastern Romania, between the Danube and the Black Sea. It consists of the counties of Constanta and Tulcea. 44.17333328.6383331 Constanţa 43.95095428.6012252 Costinesti 44.24638928.6227783 Mamaia 43.81722228.5827784 Mangalia Medgidia 43.82666728.5888895 Saturn 44.88546829.4574286 Sfântu Gheorghe 45.15944429.6527787 Sulina 45.1928.88 Tulcea 43.98823228.609589 Tuzla 43.75222228.57111110 Vama Veche Adamclisi - home to one of Romania's largest and most impressive antique monuments, the Tropaeum Traiani [dead link], built around 109 AD on the orders of the Roman emperor Trajan to commemorate his wars against the Dacians. Danube Delta Istria - the relatively well preserved ruins of the Greek colony of Histria [dead link], the first urban settlement in today's Romania (founded around 650 BC), are near this village. 45.2128.3558331 Măcin Mountains National Park - the oldest mountain range in Romania, the highest peak is 467 m, and it is a staging post for migratory birds. Northern Dobruja is a region with a very rich past, being under the occupation of, first, the Dacian tribes, then the Greeks, then the Romans, then the Byzantines, then the Romanians, of the Ottomans and again the Romanians. For that reason, there is a very diverse region in sense of religious, ethnical and cultural matters, being inhabited by Romanians, Tatars, Aromanians, Greeks and Muslims. Even not very frequented by international tourists it is a well known destination within Romanians, being visited by millions of people every year, especially in the summer. It is also important to know that it offers access to Black Sea to Romania so it has a very strong economy, Constanta being the engine of that economy. Constanta port is one of the biggest in Europe and is also a fluvial port, having direct access to Danube-Black Sea canal. The largest airport in the region is the Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport (CND IATA), 25 km north-west of Constanta. There are regular flights to London and Istanbul and in summer also to Paris, Milan, Brussels, Tallinn, Cluj-Napoca, Oradea, Timișoara and Satu Mare as well as charter flights to other destinations. There is also another airport [dead link] near Tulcea with no regular flights scheduled. There are 7 - 8 daily trains from Bucharest to Constanta (some of them leave from Bucharest's Obor train station, not from Gara de Nord). The journey from Bucharest to Constanta takes about 1h 30 min. In summer, there are direct trains to Constanta from most regions in Romania (from cities like Cluj, Oradea, Brasov, Timisoara, Iasi, and others). The only direct train from Bucharest to Tulcea leaves from Bucharest Obor train station. Check train timetables online. The Bucharest—Constanta motorway has considerably improved travel times by car to this region. Buses and minibuses from Bucharest to Constanta and the Black Sea resorts are very frequent; check online for timetables. There are also buses from Istanbul to Constanta. In summer there are direct buses from various cities in Romania, and across the border to the resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and to Varna. The roads in Northern Dobruja are generally better then in the rest of Romania. That and the fact that the region is formed only by two counties make the journeys around Dobruja quite easy. Even so, the main road transportation hub is Constanta so if you are traveling between Constanta to another city there shouldn’t be any problem by getting there, but if you are traveling between two other cities (example from Tulcea to Cernavodă) it may not be so easy. The buses are quite cheap and you can find routes between most of the cities and all major tourist attractions. Except for the line between Constanta and Cernavodă, the rest of the railway are not electrified. There are daily trains from Constanta to Tulcea, Cernavodă and Mangalia and their number is increasing in the summer, but they are more expensive then a bus and take about the same time like one to arrive at destination. The delays should be take into account. The level of comfort depends by train types (the ones with longer journeys and fewer stops are generally better) and by the rail company. Constanta is the oldest continually inhabited city in Romania (since the 6th century BC). You can find there Greek and Roman ruins, including the largest Roman mosaic ever found. Just 40 km(25 miles) north from Constanta there are the ruins of the oldest attested city in Romania, Histria, dating back to 7th century BC. Dobruja was part for 5 centuries of the Ottoman Empire so you can still find here the largest concentration of Muslims and Greeks. That’s why there are many Greek Orthodox churches and there are still remaining a few mosques (like the Constanta mosque, the only one in the world made entire by concrete and build by king Carol I of Romania in the 19th century as a gift to the Muslim community). In the north of the region there is located the Danube Delta, the only delta in the world that is an UNESCO World Heritage Site and that covers almost a third of Northern Dobruja (including the Razim lagoon, one of the biggest in Europe). You can find there 360 species of birds, 45 species of freshwater fish plus many species of saltwater fish and larger animals ( like stags, foxes, boars, wild horses, jackals etc.) In the western part of the territory there are Dobruja mountains, which are the oldest in Romania and where are large wine plantations. Dolphin show in Constanta. There are many seaside resorts in Constanta county, which are easily accessible and are right for most type of tastes and travel budgets.The beaches are wide in most of them and there white sands are unique in Europe. Many beaches are served by bars, restaurants made even clubs. While the prices are generally fare at the beginning and at the end of the summer season, in August they can be three or even four times bigger then are you expecting to be. That and the fact that beaches can get very crowded especially at the afternoon are a reason to visit the resorts in June or at the beginning of September. Water sports are available in bigger resorts and range from scuba diving to water skiing. You can have a cruise with a sailing vessel, that can take from a few hours to one day. One of the best wines in Romania are from North Dobruja. Even so, there are little chances to find good wine in very touristic areas of seaside resorts so you should ask for exclusive locals (where good wines are generally served) or for wine cellars (which are almost always located in the proximity of Danube). Beside wines, like in other parts of Romania, traditionally soft drinks like pălincă or țuică ca-n be easily found. Beer is generally of good quality, but, as you should aspect from very touristic region, beer brands are quite limited, especially draft beers. Like in many crowded touristic places, you should be aware of pickpocketing. Keep your objects in your front pockets and watch up your purse. Even so the risk is not so big in smaller towns or in less crowded places. If you are at the beach don’t leave your objects unattended and ask somebody near you to keep an eye on them. Scams are also something that you should be aware of. Nightclubs are places where drugs are very present so keep constantly an eye on your drink. These are problems that happen only at places frequented by youth in large cities. In the countryside, this is not a problem. Topless is tolerated on most of the beaches; the number of women practicing it is incredible. Naturism, on the other way, is tolerated on just some beaches on the entire coast, and also practiced on the beaches near Sulina and Sfântul Gheorghe, on the mouth of the Danube. On those beaches, naturism is (theoretically) forbidden, but if no other people get offended, there shouldn't by a problem. Most people walk in bathing suits; even some bars and restaurants allow access in bathing suits. Dobruja is an multicultural and multiethnical region so be careful when speaking about one ethnical group traditions or religion or when comparing two groups. Danube Delta UNESCO World Heritage Site- 36,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) of wetlands formed by tens of diversely ecosystems. Southern Dobruja Bulgarian part of Dobruja Bucharest Romania’s financial and cultural central Brăila One of the biggest ports on the Danube with a multicultural background.
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Chapter 2 begins the messages to the seven churches. Chapters 2 and 3 are the "things that are" division of Revelation. God sees and addresses the conditions that existed within the seven churches at that time. However, there is also an element of future application: Modern churches will be able to see the same conditions within themselves. If God told an early church not to do something, modern churches will do well to assume He has not changed His mind! Please notice that there is not one word from John within the seven messages. God’s message for the churches is enveloped in love and stamped with corrective and constructive criticism. He begins by commending the churches for their virtuous qualities (e.g. works, patience, faith, perseverance, service, & love- rf. v. 2-3 9, 13, & 19). God then corrects that which causes Him displeasure, such as forsaking their first love (v.4), wrong confession (v. 9), holding to false doctrines (v 14), and following false teachers (v 20). This correction is followed by a call for repentance (e.g. v. 5, 16, & 21-22). Fourth, God cautions the churches of the cost and consequences of continuing in their wrongful ways (v. 5, 16, & 22-23). Indeed, John has transcribed God's voice word-for-word. This illustrates an important point: When God speaks, people will do well not to reword His message. Such rewording could lose some nuance of meaning. 1 To the angel of the church of Ephesus write: These things says He that holds the seven stars in His right hand, who walks in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks. Commentary: The city of Ephesus was an important commercial and religious center in John's time. It was John's headquarters before his exile, and he returned there after his release. Ephesus was the "mother" church that established the other six churches who received these messages. The line "To the angel of the church of Ephesus write" is a good argument for the stars representing earthly church leaders. Actual angels would not need a written letter, for they have the ability to directly know God's will. Ephesus was a port city which was situated at the estuary of the River Cayster. It was the chief city of the region and one of the most important business and cultural centers in the empire outside of Rome. Although in John’s time it was on the coast, it is now several miles inland due to natural changes in the coastline. Its ruins have been extensively explored and excavated. Paul, Peter, and John all spent time there, with John being in the position of leadership at the time of his exile. This is a letter of warning to the city of Ephesus because of the city's connection with emperor worship and with other powerful religious cults. Within the city of Ephesus, there were at least two temples dedicated to Augustus, the first Roman Emperor to be worshiped. The connections between the Ephesus in the Book of Revelation and emperor worship are also further strengthened if one believes that the Book of Revelation was recorded during the reign of Domitian. Under Domitian, Ephesus was named a guardian of the imperial cult and likely had statues of or temples dedicated to Domitian or his brother and predecessor, Titus. In addition to being a seat of emperor worship, Ephesus also was home to other well established and popular religious cults such as the cult of Artemis/Diana, which was centered around the impressive temple dedicated to the goddess. 2 I know your works, and your labour, and your patience, and how you cannot bear them which are evil. And you have tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and have found them liars, 3 and have persevered, and have patience, and for my name's sake have laboured, and have not fainted. Commentary: The church is commended for its doctrinal soundness, refusal of corrupting influences, perseverance and endurance in the face of persecution, and for the fact that they have worked the Lord's will with proper motive and without turning back (fainting). There is alor of imagery to Christ's power in this verse. This verse not only shows that God is the one to hold the world together and is all powerful, but it also shows that one can find comfort in him. In this verse, the writer is most likey referring to a coming of Jesus and judgement. 4 Nevertheless, I have somewhat against you, because you have left your first love. 5 Remember, therefore, from whence you are fallen, and repent, and do the first works, or else I will come to you quickly, and will remove your candlestick out of its place, except you repent. Commentary: The church is sharply rebuked because they have fallen into complacence. Although the Ephesians had centered their activities around God, they relegated Him to a substandard position in their lives, not making their love for God their number one priority. The love they once had was waning.When the church at Ephesus was young, it actively evangelized the country, establishing daughter churches and gaining converts. Now they are "resting on their laurels", doing good work, but not doing the fervent work the Lord wanted. He warns that He will set them aside (but not completely reject them) unless they return to the Will of the Lord. It seems the warning was not heeded, for despite efforts to save it, the famous port of Ephesus gradually silted up and the city was left high and dry, cut off from the main source of its wealth. All that remains of Ephesus today are its ruins. 6 But this you have, that you hate the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate. Commentary: The Nicolaitans were early Christian-pagan syncretists, false teachers that crept into the church, who disguised themselves as followers of Christ – who professed to be His ministers and servants – but who led the people astray. They would create long prayers that would be performed publicly. Peter wrote of them that they “despise authority. They are presumptuous, self-willed, and like brutish beasts speak evil of the things they do not understand. They are spots and blemishes in the churches, carousing in their own deceptions while they feast with you". Even though the Nicolaitans had committed a horrible sin, it is known that Jesus does not hate the sinner, only the sin. Jesus taught his disciples to watch out for false teachers and prophesies. He declared the teachings of the Nicolaitans as corrupt and immoral. 7 He that has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To him that overcomes will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God. Commentary: "He that has an ear, let him hear" comes from a command from the Gospels (Matthew 11:15, Mark 4:9, Luke 9:8) and is repeated later in Revelation 13:9 means that everyone reading or hearing this message should strive to understand it and take action to come into compliance with God's wishes. It is also a reminder that the author wrote this book from visions of the Lord meaning that these visions are interpreted. Those with the ability to understand these dreams are to report what the spirit is telling them. Though this letter is to the Ephesians, it is a personal command and promise rather than corporate. The reward of listening to the Lord is eating from the tree of life (Genesis 3:22 and Revelation 22:2). The paradise of God is also mentioned in Luke 23:43. It can be interpreted of a New Jerusalem or a place like that in the Garden of Eden, a perfect living with God. 8 And to the angel of the church in Smyrna write: These things says the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive. Commentary: Also on the coast, about forty miles to the north of Ephesus, was the city of Smyrna, the “glory of Asia.” It still exists today, though it is now called Izmir. Like Ephesus, Smyrna had the double advantage of being located on a major highway and having an excellent port. Rich farmland surrounded the city, and it was a natural terminal for a busy inland trade route. The city had been destroyed by the Lydians in 627 B.C. and was little more than a village for three centuries. But in the third century B.C., Smyrna began to revive as a business and cultural center, and by the end of the first century, it had made so much progress that it rivaled Ephesus in importance. Smyrna, therefore, was known as the city that had died and come back to life. So Jesus’ opening words were especially significant for the church there. The city’s leadership was consistently loyal to Rome. This loyalty had initially been inspired by the threat of Antiochus the Great of Syria at the beginning of the second century B.C. This threat made Rome a very desirable friend and ally. As a token of Smyrna’s loyalty, a temple was erected in the city to “the goddess Rome” in 195 B.C. Over two hundred years later, in 26 A.D., construction was begun on another temple for the worship of the Roman emperor, who at the time was Tiberius. The city was famous as a center of learning, particularly in the fields of science and medicine. Again we have proof that the speaker is none other than Jesus Christ. Being eternal and immutable, neither the Father nor the Holy Spirit ever suffered death. Only the Son, as the human manifestation of the Godhead, can make that claim. He suffered His earthly body to die in order to redeem mankind from sin, and now He has returned to His rightful place in the Godhead. 9 I know your works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but you are rich,) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan. Commentary: The church at Smyrna was experiencing problems with Jewish converts who had not fully understood the doctrine of salvation by grace, and the nature of Christ's all-sufficient atonement. As a result, they were still bound to a legalistic form of religion and they insisted that it was necessary for converts to Christianity follow the laws of Moses. This is contrary to the Gospel because it puts works into the salvation picture, thus negating Christ's finished work of redemption, for, as Paul says, "by grace are ye saved through faith, and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast" (Eph 2:8-9). The church was also undergoing severe persecution. This hostility caused the Christians to lose all of their possessions to the Jews. Despite losing all of their earthly things, they still remained rich because they remained unwavering in their faith. 10 Fear none of those things which you shall suffer. Behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that you may be tried, and you shall have tribulation ten days. Be faithful unto death, and I will give you a crown of life. Commentary: Smyrna was known for its architecture, especially its beautiful temples and its public buildings, which formed a ring around the top of Mount Pagos, like a crown. It is in reference to this “crown of Smyrna” that Jesus says, “Be faithful unto death, and I will give you a crown of life.” The crown might also refer to the laurel wreath which Olympic champions would wear. One of Smyrna’s claims to fame was its hosting of such games. In addition to these games, Smyrna is also known to be the home of the ancient Greek poet, Homer. The emblem which the city used to represent itself was a wreath. Clearly, there would have been many images going through the original readers’ minds. . This wreath may also be connected to the wreath of thorns that Jesus wore at his crucifixion. Jesus gives no condemnation to the church at Smyrna, but encourages them to continue as they are no matter how bad things get. He warns them that they have a rough road ahead, but promises them it will be of short duration. Again, a reward is promised for faithful service. A note on the use of “10 days.” This is not a literal prediction. It is known that the persecutions in Smyrna lasted much longer than this. Ten is used in Revelation, as well as elsewhere, to represent completion. By using ten here, John is telling the people of Smyrna that there will be an end. By using days instead of months or years, he probably means that the time of suffering will be short. 11 He that has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. He that overcomes shall not be hurt by the second death. Commentary: The second death is eternal destruction in the lake of fire, reserved for the unbelievers (Revelation 20:14,15). The implication is that the believers at Smyrna might suffer and even die at the hands of men, but if they kept their faith, their reward would be certain. 12 And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write: These things says He which has the sharp sword with two edges. Commentary: Pergamos, or Pergamum, was about a hundred miles north of Ephesus, in the region known as Mysia. It was situated about fifteen miles inland. There is still a small town on the site today, though over the years the name has changed slightly and it is now called Bergama. Pergamos’ time of glory had been in the third and second centuries B.C., when it was the capital of a small independent kingdom. In the second century, at the instigation of King Eumenes II (197-159 B.C. ), a library was built which was second only to that of Alexandria, in northern Egypt. There was also a famous school of sculpture. The city’s affluence was tied to a number of flourishing industries, including agriculture, wool products, silver, and parchment, which was invented there. It became a part of the Roman province of Asia when King Attalus III, probably sensing the inevitability of Roman domination, bequeathed the kingdom to Rome in 133 B.C. Jesus says, “These things says he who has the sharp two-edged sword” (2:12). The sharp, two-edged sword is apparently a figurative way of referring to the power of words, for in the previous chapter, John describes Jesus as having a sharp, two-edged sword coming out of his mouth (1:16), and later on in this chapter, Jesus himself refers to the sword of his mouth (2:16). This is a fitting introduction for a city which was famous for its parchment and its library. The sharp sword with two edges is the Word of God. In this case, it refers not just to the Scriptures, but also to the power of God to judge and to punish. The church will be threatened with judgment in the next verses. 13 I know your works, and where you dwell, even where Satan's seat is, and you hold fast My name, and have not denied My faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was My faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwells. Commentary: Jesus' words: “I know... where you dwell, where Satan’s throne is” are a reference to the “throne of Zeus” which was located on the top of a hill overlooking the city. Zeus, as the chief of the gods, was a particular symbol of paganism, and the city was a major center for pagan cults. In addition to Zeus, there were temples dedicated to Athena (goddess of wisdom), Apollo (god of prophecy, music and poetry), and Asklepios (god of healing). It also became the site of the first temple erected for the worship of Caesar in 29 B.C., during the reign of Augustus. Some of these temples employed “priestesses,” who were actually prostitutes, as a part of their worship. The church at Pergamos, therefore, was in an especially precarious position among the early churches. Pergamos (Roman Pergamum) was a veritable melting pot of pagan religions and emperor worship. We are not told who Antipas was, but he apparently was killed by the unbelievers. Jesus commends the church for holding firm in the face of the Satanic influences and, it seems, in the face of physical violence as well. 14 But I have a few things against you, because you have there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit fornication. Commentary: The author alludes to the diviner Balaam of Numbers 22.5-24.25. Balaam is further mentioned in Numbers 31:16. Balaam led the Israelites to compromise their faith in Christianity and engage in sins such as sexual relations with outsiders and idolatry. The phrase "to eat things sacrifices to idols" could refer to either participating in ritual banquets or simply partaking of food that had been sacrificed in a pagan temple. This food could have been unknowingly purchased in the market by the Christians of Pergamum. The phrase "commit fornication" is probably not meant to be taken literally. This is likely a metaphor that refers not to sexual infidelity, but spiritual or religious infidelity. 15 So have you also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate. Commentary: Again we meet the Nicolaitans, whose doctrine was not that much different from the followers of Balaam. It will be useful to repeat here the commentary of Verse 6: The Nicolaitans were early Christian-pagan syncretists, false teachers that crept into the church, who disguised themselves as followers of Christ – who professed to be His ministers and servants – but who led the people astray. Peter wrote of them that they “despise authority. They are presumptuous, self-willed, and like brutish beasts speak evil of the things they do not understand. They are spots and blemishes in the churches, carousing in their own deceptions while they feast with you". 16 Repent, or else I will come to you quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth. Commentary: The entire church is warned to repent of these sins and stop tolerating the false teachers, or else Christ Himself will judge and punish them. The church must discipline itself and not tolerate false teaching and immorality within. The sword of his mouth is a reference back to Rev. 1.16 where John sees Christ with seven stars in his right hand and the "two-edged sword in his mouth" and also a reference to Rev. 19.15 where the sword has the power to "strike down the nations." 17 He that has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To him that overcomes will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and on the stone a new name written, which no one knows except he who receives it. Commentary: An unusually cryptic verse, but the meaning is simple: Those who manage to hold fast to the true faith and do not fall victim to the heresies will be sustained (given the manna or bread of life) and a name in the Book of Life which assures them a place in God's Kingdom. Jesus said, "Your fathers ate the manna in the wilderness, and are dead. This is the bread which comes down from heaven, that one may eat of it and not die" (Jn 6:49-50). (See also the commentary on 3:12.) 18 And to the angel of the church in Thyatira write: These things says the Son of God, who has His eyes like to a flame of fire, and His feet are like fine brass. Commentary: About eighty miles to the north of Ephesus and about fifty miles inland lay the city of Thyatira, known today as Akhisar. The city had been founded by Seleucus I in the early third century and was therefore a “son of Seleucus.” It was not a city of great importance, but it was a commercial center, and there were a number of trade guilds. It was also a garrison town. The Thyatirans were expert metalworkers who were known for their work with alloys, with which they made helmets, swords, armor, and no doubt other useful implements of a more domestic nature. Jesus’ opening words to the city, as the "son of Seleucus" which was also famous for its metalwork, will have immediately caught the church’s attention. Thyatira was the hometown of Lydia, Paul's first convert in Macedonia (Acts 16:14). The city was dominated by a dye and cloth industry, and was famed for a purple dye much prized in those times. The fire and brass references are an indication that judgment will be given to this church. Again, Christ directly states His identity as the speaker. 19 I know your works, and love, and service, and faith, and your patience. And as to your works, the last are more than the first. Commentary: "The last are more than the first" is not made clear. Possibly Jesus was commending the church for an improvement in their works over time, or it may have meant something specific that the church itself would have understood. 20 Notwithstanding, I have a few things against you, because you suffer that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed to idols. 21 And I gave her space to repent of her fornication, and she repented not. 22 Behold, I will cast her into a sickbed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds, 23a and I will kill her children with death. Commentary: A self-proclaimed prophetess at Thyatira was leading the church into false doctrine and immorality. Jesus calls her "Jezebel" in reference to the Old Testament Jezebel (I Kings 16, II Kings 9), who was a queen who promoted the worship of Baal. This woman is referred to as Jezebel because her actions were the same as those of that earlier false teacher. Jesus implies that He gave her some sign or warning, which she has ignored. He warns that He intends to punish her, and that He will visit trouble upon those who tolerate her, unless they repent. Her "children" are Jezebel's "disciples", those who continue to follow and believe her. The phrase "commit adultery with her" in verse 22 likely refers not to literally having sexual relations with her, but instead to engaging in idolatry with her. 23b And all the churches shall know that I am He which searches the minds and hearts, and I will give to every one of you according to your works. Commentary: The implication seems to be that the punishment of "Jezebel" and her followers will be obvious to the churches, and will serve as a reminder that God cannot be deceived. He knows not only the deeds, but also the motives behind them, and He will judge everyone with perfect justice. This passage can be illustrated in modern times by the Catholic belief in mortal and venial sins. In Catholicism, sins are of two types: mortal--a sin (like murder, suicide, etc.) that is judged more harshly if not confessed and repented before death--and venial--the more basic sins (like lying, impure actions/thoughts, etc.). This passage reflects the Catholic belief that God judges according to our works and sins, not just based on one's belief in salvation. 24 But to you I say, and to the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and who have not known the depths of Satan (as they say), I will put upon you no other burden. 25 But what you have, hold fast till I come. Commentary: There was a remnant among the church who had not accepted the false teachings, and who had resisted the tolerance of them. To these, Jesus says He will ask nothing more. He tells them to stay firm in their convictions and wait for His return. 26 And he that overcomes, and keeps my works to the end, to him will I give power over the nations, 27 and "he shall rule them with a rod of iron, as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to pieces," [Ps 2:9] even as I received of my Father. 28 And I will give him the morning star. 29 He that has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. Commentary: The obedient believer will be given a place of authority in the Millennial Kingdom (Revelation 12:5, 19:15, 20:4). In Revelation 22:16, Jesus refers to himself as the morning star. Therefore, all whomever remains unmoving to temptation, the Lord will allow them to be partakers in His glory and power. ← Chapter 1 · Chapter 3 → ← Chapter 1 · Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/Revelation · Chapter 3 → Witherington, Ben. Revelation. Witherington, Ben. Revelation.
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Wednesday, June 14, 2006 Abu Bakar Bashir, 68, the accused spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah a militant islamic organisation with links to Al-Qaeda has been released from an Indonesian prison after serving his 25 month sentence. Bashir was convicted for conspiracy, in connection with the 2002 Bali bombing. Bashir was accused of playing a pivotal role in planning the attack which killed 202 people, 88 of whom were from Australia. The Judges ruled that he was not involved in the attacks, but had approved of it. Bashir has denied having links to JI or any other militant organisation and has denied all charges against him. He has also condemned the Bali bombing as a "brutal act". As Bashir was released from Cipinang prison in Jakarta, he was greeted by hundreds of supporters who yelled, "God is great". Bashir gave a brief address to his supporters, thanking Allah for his freedom, vowing to uphold "Islamic sharia (law)" and said Indonesia needed to the law and was shrouded "in darkness". The Australian government has expressed its disappointment at the release of Mr Bashir. Speaking before the Australian House of Representatives, Prime Minister John Howard said "I want them (the Indonesian government) to understand from me, on behalf of the Government, how extremely disappointed, even distressed, millions of Australians will be at the release of Abu Bakar Bashir," he said. "Many Australians will see that particular outcome, although a product of the Indonesian justice system, as an extremely disappointing result." Australia's foreign minister, Alexander Downer assured the families of those killed in the attacks that the government shares their pain. "We ... accept the decisions of the Indonesian courts, but we are deeply disappointed with that release today and we share the pain with those families that suffered so much as a result of the Bali bombing," Mr Downer said. The United States has also expressed dismay at Bashir's release. Speaking in Jakarta, US embassy spokesman Max Kwak said, "we were deeply disappointed that a person convicted of a sinister conspiracy was given such a short prison sentence". Muhammad Hikam, an Indonesian politician claimed Bashir would have got a longer term if Indonesia was given access to Riduan Isamuddin Hambali by the United States who have him imprisoned. Hambali is believed to be mastermind of the Bali bombings and is alleged to have links to Bashir. Abu Bakar Bashir "Out of jail, Indonesian radical urges Islamic unity" — Reuters South Africa, June 14, 2006 "Cleric linked to Bali bombings released" — CBC, June 14, 2006 Sandra O'Malley. "Distress at Bashir release" — news.com.au, June 14, 2006 Nancy-Amelia Collins. "Militant Indonesian Cleric Released From Prison" — Voice of America, June 14, 2006 "Militant Bali bombing cleric is released from Jakarta jail" — The Scotsman, June 14, 2006
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Irvinestown is a small town historically in County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland; these counties have been abolished so it's now within Fermanagh and Omagh District. In 2011 it had a population of 2267, so it's the largest settlement along the north shore of Lower Lough Erne. Originally it was called Necarne - take your pick from Na Caorthann, the rowans, or Na Cairn the heap of stones. In 1618 during the Plantations it passed to a fellow called Lowther, who called it Lowtherstown. In 1667 it was sold to the Irvine family, but not until early 19th century did the village adopt their name. Irvinestown is on A32 ten miles north of Enniskillen and 17 miles southwest of Omagh. From Belfast or Dublin take the bus to Enniskillen and change. Ulsterbus 194 (a-j) runs every hour or so from Enniskillen to South West Hospital, Ballinamallard and Irvinestown (30 min), continuing to Lisnarick and Kesh. One bus a day extends to Pettigo on the border. You need wheels in this scattered district. 54.472-7.6411 Garden of the Celtic Saints is a collection of religious outdoor sculptures opposite Devenish Parish Church. 54.464-7.6352 Necarne Castle (Castle Irvine), Irvinestown BT94 1GG. 24 hrs. This 19th century hall is long derelict, leaving only a facade. You can stroll the grounds, dogs on leads welcome. Events such as show-jumping are sometimes held here. Free. (updated Apr 2021) 54.4778-7.732223 Castle Archdale, Enniskillen BT94 1PP. Lakeside country park. The outbuildings are all that survive of the 18th century mansion, with scraps of the earlier castle northeast. There's a tearoom and information centre. During World War II this was an RAF base for Flying Boats patrolling the Atlantic. The concrete maintenance areas have been turned into a caravan park and campsite, see Sleep. (updated Apr 2021) 54.49-7.7354 White Island has the remains of a 12th century monastery church, with stone figures that were originally free-standing but that have been set into the walls. Boat trips visit from Archdale, and they may also call at Abbey Davey's Island hugging the shore which likewise has a 12th century church ruin. The lower lough has some 154 islands to fossick around. 54.506-7.8695 Caldragh graveyard on Boa Island has three stone figures from of pagan deities from around 500 AD. Two are by their original location, and the Lustymore figure has been moved from that islet. Caldragh is reached off A47 which traverses Boa Island, thereby avoiding crossing in and out of the Republic for a few yards - the border touches the lough at the outlet of Termon River. The island is named for Badhbh a Celtic war goddess, not boas which St Patrick supposedly banished along with the Irish cobras, mambas and kraits. A couple of miles further east is the ferry to Lusty Beg island resort, see Sleep. 54.557-7.7426 Drummoney Falls only cascade a few feet, but it's a pleasant woodland setting with glorious autumn colours. 54.585-7.6947 Drumskinny Stone Circle is from 2000 BC. It's by the junction of Montaighroe Rd and Drumskinny Rd. Bawnacre Leisure Centre is on Castle Rd south side of town. Golf: Springhill Country Club is in Trillick 12 miles east of town. There's also a course at Manor House Marine. Irvinestown Truck Festival is a charity fundraiser held in July. The next is probably 16-18 July 2021, tbc. Lady of the Lady Festival is a community summer event which includes Truckfest. The next is probably 9-18 July 2021, tbc. Spar is on Dromore Rd northeast side of town. It's open M-Sa 06:30-23:00, Su 08:00-22:00. Molly's, 18 Main St BT94 1GJ, ☏ +44 28 6862 8777. Good food and service. (updated Apr 2021) Town Chippy, 6 Pound St BT94 1HE, ☏ +44 28 6862 1605. M-Sa 12:00-22:30, Su 17:00-22:00. Gets mixed reviews. (updated Apr 2021) Also along the main strip are Mozzarella Fella's, Lily House Chinese, and two kebab shops. Necarne Arms is at the foot of main street next to Mahon's Hotel. 54.471327-7.6332911 Mahon's Hotel, 12 Mill St BT94 1GS, ☏ +44 28 6862 1656. Friendly reliable place does good food. (updated Apr 2021) Castle View Cottage, Castle Irvine Rd BT94 1EB, ☏ +44 28 6862 8553. This cottage by Necarne Castle is available for self-catering. (updated Apr 2021) Necarne Manor is also by the castle. It didn't open in 2020. Castle Archdale has a campsite (2-person tent £25) and touring pitches (£30). 54.429-7.6832 Manor House Marine, Killadeas BT94 1NY, ☏ +44 28 6862 8100. Self-catering cottages by the lough and marina. They also hire boats for day-trips or extended cruises. Room £150 / night. (updated Apr 2021) 54.509-7.8313 Lusty Beg Island Resort, Boa Island BT93 8AD, ☏ +44 28 6863 3300. This upscale resort hotel is on a private island reached by ferry from Boa Island. It remains closed ufn in 2021. (updated Apr 2021) As of April 2021, Irvinestown has 4G with EE, O2 and Vodafone, and a mobile signal from Three. Omagh has the Ulster American Folk Park. Enniskillen is on the navigable river between Upper and Lower Lough Erne. Castle Coole is a grand stately mansion. Donegal Town is the first sizable place you reach in the Republic, on the Wild Atlantic Way.
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Harlowton is in Russell Country, Montana, and is the and the county seat of Wheatland County. Harlowton is surrounded by the Crazy, Little Belt and Big Snowy Mountains, which are a part of the Lewis and Clark National Forest. Harlowton is located at the intersection of US Highway 12, US Highway 191 and State Highway 3; about an hour-and-a-half northwest of Billings and 2 hours east of Helena. As a small town, there is no public transportation. Harlowton Milwaukee Depot Museum, 307 Central Ave S, ☏ +1 406-632-4443, [email protected]. Showcases the history of the Harlowton railroad and the growth of the town. (updated Dec 2020) Judith Gap Wind Farm & Energy Centre (Blade Park), 1030 US Highway 191, Judith Gap (12 miles N of Harlowton on US 191/MT 3), ☏ +1 406-632-4540, [email protected]. Spring/Summer: M-F 8AM-5PM. Montana's largest wind farm which is, at times, the highest producing facility in the U.S. Visitor kiosks are located at the Wind Farm entrance called Blade Park. (updated Dec 2020) Wheatland County Court House, 201 A Ave NW. Of special interest are the pioneer bronze sculpture, entitled "And They Called the Land Montana", and the Veteran's Honor Wall located in front of the court house. (updated Dec 2020) Upper Musselshell Museum, 11 Central Ave S & 36 Central Ave S, ☏ +1 406-632-5519, [email protected]. Local museum featuring local artefacts as well as collections of fossils and bones, a 2000-year-old buffalo skull and a new Plains Indian exhibit. Located in two sandstone buildings, constructed prior to 1909, in downtown Harlowton. (updated Dec 2020) The National Forest offers plenty of acreage for recreational activities such as camping, sightseeing, hunting, OHV riding, and snowmobiling. Fishing access sites are located along the Musselshell River or at nearby Deadman's Basin or Martinsdale Reservoir. There are three parks located within Harlowton: Chief Joseph Park, Deer Park, and Fischer Park. The old Milwaukee Railroad trackbed has been converted into the "Smoking Boomer" trail. Loco Creek Grill, 1304 Highway St E, ☏ +1 406-632-4103. (updated Dec 2020) The Graves Hotel, 106 Central Avenue S, ☏ +1 406-632-5798, [email protected]. (updated Dec 2020) Gally's Brewing Co, 30 Central Ave S (The Montana Building), ☏ +1 406-632-5838. Taproom: F 4-9, Sa noon-9, Su noon-6. (updated Dec 2020) Corral Motel, 1307 US-12, ☏ +1 406-632-4331. (updated Dec 2020) Country Side Inn, 309 3rd St NE, ☏ +1 406-632-4119, toll-free: +1-800-632-4120, [email protected].
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Bartenders use a wide variety of ingredients when preparing drinks for their customers. Mixed drinks can be quite complicated to prepare and may use many different components in a single drink. Most bar drinks contain some type of alcohol. Fermented beverages, such as beer or wine, are served at a wide variety of bars. In the United States, beer and wine only alcoholic beverage permits are much easier to obtain than permits allowing distilled beverages like spirits and liqueurs. In addition to beer and wine, other common fermented beverages include cider (called hard cider in the U.S.), malt beverages (usually referring to clear malt-based beverages with fruity or other "fun" flavors that appeal to younger drinkers), mead, sake (commonly served in Asia and places that serve Asian food), and vermouth (a type of wine used in many cocktails). Common spirits include absinthe, brandy, gin, rum, tequila, vodka, and a variety of whiskies. Less common and regional spirits are available, too. Liqueurs are sweetened alcohols with flavors like chocolate, coffee, melons, oranges, other fruit and berries. Nuts and herbs are other popular flavors. Of course, some people prefer non-alcoholic beverages, and most mixed drinks can be made without alcohol (so called "virgin" drinks). Most bars offer drink staples like sodas and coffee, and larger bars may offer iced or hot tea and bottled water. Many will provide juice or milk upon request. Bars serving younger crowds also may serve energy drinks upon request or mix them into other drinks for a caffeine "kick". Mixers are an important part of most mixed drinks, whether alcoholic or not. As mentioned, caffeinated beverages like coffee, tea, and energy drinks are sometimes added to drinks to counteract the suppressant effect of alcohol. Syrups, like simple syrup, add sweetness, and some, like grenadine, also add pleasant color to the drinks. Other syrups, like sour mix and sweetened lime juice add both a sweet and a sour taste to drinks. Bitters impart a bitter taste to drinks. Bitters are an important flavor in many cocktails, and are a required ingredient in true cocktails according to purists. Other mixers include a variety of carbonated mixers (including carbonated and tonic waters, and also citrus, cola, ginger, or sarsaparilla flavored sodas), juices (including tomato and vegetable juices, tropical-flavored juices, and other fruit and berry juices), dairy products (like milk, half and half, heavy cream, or ice cream), and even hot or savory sauces. Ice is an important part of many drinks, whether blended or on the rocks. The final ingredient is the garnish. Many drinks include inedible garnishes like straws or little paper umbrellas or plastic animals. Other garnishes, like citrus peel twists, are not really edible, but the same fruit can be quartered or sliced, and then it becomes an edible part of the drink experience. Other edible garnishes include tropical fruits like pineapple and coconut, cherries, and vegetables like carrot or celery sticks, green olives, or cocktail onions. Even spices and seasonings like cinnamon, cocoa powder, mint sprigs and leaves, salt, and sugar can be used to enhance a drink. All of these ingredients are served to the customer in some type of drinkware. Preprepared mixes are now available so that consumers can make margaritas or mudslides at home. Chain restaurants may use a mix, also, for consistent taste from one restaurant to another.
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Magnetohydrodynamics is a physics lecture. You are free to take this quiz based on magnetohydrodynamics at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{charge ontology}} and {{physics resources}} template. 1 Yes or No, The Mitsubishi experimental boat Yamato 1 with magnetohydrodynamic drive is now on display in front of the Maritime Museum in Kobe, Japan. 2 Complete the text: 3 Yes or No, In magnetostatics and magnetodynamics, Gauss's law for magnetism and Maxwell–Faraday equation reduce to the Bianchi identity. 4 True or False, A dominant group for magnetohydrodynamics differs from a control group in that it rules the treatment of the control group. 5 Yes or No, A branch of science concerned with forces acting on or exerted by fluids (especially liquids) is called hydrodynamics. 6 Which of the following is likely to be in a control group for assessing magnetohydrodynamics? 7 Yes or No, The study of the interaction of electrically conducting fluids with magnetic fields is called magnetohydrodynamics. 8 True or False, Pure magnetohydrodynamics involves no doing apart from itself. 9 Yes or No, The fraction of a given part or the whole of a stellar surface covered by magnetic field is called the magnetic filling factor. 10 Evidence that demonstrates that a model or idea for magnetohydrodynamics versus a control group is feasible is called a 11 Yes or No, Is the current magnetohydrodynamics within the conceptual circle of electrohydrodynamics? 12 Complete the text: 13 True or False, A control group may be used for magnetohydrodynamics to demonstrate no effect or a standard effect versus a novel effort applied to a treatment group. 14 Yes or No, The Magnetic Reynolds number is a dimensionless group that gives an estimate of the effects of magnetic advection to magnetic diffusion. 15 True or False, The purpose of a treatment group for magnetohydrodynamics is to describe natural processes or phenomena for the first time relative to a control group. Magnetohydrodynamics may not have to include mass or gravity. Astronomy/Quiz Green astronomy/Quiz Physics/Quiz Planetary science/Quiz Radiation astrochemistry/Quiz Radiation astrogeography/Quiz Radiation astrohistory/Quiz Radiation astronomy/Quiz Theoretical radiation astronomy/Quiz International Astronomical Union NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED NASA's National Space Science Data Center The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer SIMBAD Astronomical Database SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate Spacecraft Query at NASA.
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Ragtime is a musical with a book by Terrence McNally, lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, and music by Stephen Flaherty. The music includes marches, catwalks, gosepel and ragtime and the production is mostly sung-through. "And although the newspapers called the shooting the Crime of the Century, Goldman knew it was only 1906" "...and there were 94 years to go!" "Wheee..." "But what of the people who stay where they're put, Planted like flowers with roots underfoot? I know some of those people have hearts that would rather Go journeying on the sea." Mother "There was a time Our happiness seemed never-ending I was so sure That where we were heading was right Life was a road So certain and straight and unbending Our little road With never a cross road in sight Back in the days When we spoke in civilized voices Women in white And sturdy young men at the oar Back in the days When I let you make all my choices... We can never go back to before " "Two men finding, for a moment, in the darkness, They're the same." Father and Tateh "You and your music, singing deep within me, making nice to me, saying something so new. Play that melody, your sweet melody, calling my heart to you." Sarah "He wanted to say, I am sick of the injustices. He wanted to say, give me something to believe! In my sould I am your brother, we are bound to one another, angered by the darkness in light, and the lies we perceive." Emma "And her words rang out like arrows and they pierced him. He felt flushed and overheated as a boy as she filled and overwhelmed him with a fierce and sudden joy!" Mother's Younger Brother "This is not the America he came here for. None of us did. None of us!" "In the gutters of the city I have tried to find some meaning In the arms of fallen women In the thought of suicide Like a firework, unexploded, Wanting life but never knowing how..." "And say to those who blame us for the way we chose to fight That sometimes there are battles that are more than black or white And Icould not put down my sword when justice was my right." "There are people out there Unafraid of revealing That they might have a feeling Or they might have been wrong There are people out there Unafraid to feel sorrow Unafraid of tomorrow Unafraid to be weak.. Unafraid to be strong!" "With guns and dynamite, you are destroying everything I have fought for, sir." "Your situation is hopeless. And you will be responsible for the death of these young men." "You can't change your demands. You are betraying us. You said we would all go free or we all would die!" "Then they will see me come out with my hands raised, and no further harm will come to any man from Coalhouse Walker, Jr." Encyclopedic article on Ragtime (musical) at Wikipedia
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Rhonda Byrne (née Izon; born 1951, Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian television writer and producer. Her New Thought book The Secret (based on a film she produced of the same name) is based on the law of attraction. She wrote several sequels to the book, including The Power, The Magic and Hero, as well as other books that relate to The Secret. Remember that your thoughts are the primary cause of everything. P. 30 If you are feeling good , it is because you are thinking good thoughts. P. 32 There is a truth deep down inside of you that has been waiting for you to discover it, and that truth is this: you deserve all good things life has to offer P. 41 Ask once, believe you have received, and all you have to do to receive is feel good. P. 53 Be grateful for what you have now. As you begin to think about all the things in your life you are grateful for, you will be amazed at the never ending thoughts that come back to you of more things to be grateful for. You have to make a start, and then the law of attraction will receive those grateful thoughts and give you more just like them. P. 78 Instead of focusing on the world's problems, give your attention and energy to trust, love, abundance, education and peace. P. 153 The truth is that the universe has been answering you all of your life, but you cannot receive the answers unless you are awake. P. 172 Your power is in your thoughts, so stay awake. In other words, remember to remember. P. 175 Official site Wikipedia has an article about: Rhonda Byrne
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Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Proteins are vital in living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological pathways of cells. The term "proteomics" was coined to make an analogy with genomics, the study of the genes. The proteome of an organism is the set of proteins produced by it during its life, and its genome is its set of genes. The proteome of a cell under a particular stimulation is the set of proteins in it. The word "proteome" derives from "proteins" and "genome", since proteins are expressed by the genome. Proteomics is often considered the next step in the study of biological systems, after genomics. It is much more complicated than genomics, mostly because while an organism's genome is rather constant, a proteome differs from cell to cell and constantly changes through its biochemical interactions with the genome and the environment. One organism has radically different protein expression in different parts of its body, different stages of its life cycle and different environmental conditions. Another major difficulty is the complexity of proteins relative to nucleic acids. Scientists are very interested in proteomics because it gives a much better understanding of an organism than genomics. First, the level of transcription of a gene gives only a rough estimate of its level of expression into a protein. An mRNA produced in abundance may be degraded rapidly or translated inefficiently, resulting in a small amount of protein. Second, many proteins experience post-translational modifications that profoundly affect their activities; for example some proteins are not active until they become phosphorylated. Methods such as phosphoproteomics and glycoproteomics are used to study post-translational modifications. Third, many transcripts give rise to more than one protein, through alternative splicing or alternative post-translational modifications. Finally, many proteins form complexes with other proteins or RNA molecules, and only function in the presence of these other molecules. Since proteins play a central role in the life of an organism, proteomics is instrumental in discovery of biomarkers, such as markers that indicate a particular disease. With the completion of a rough draft of the human genome, many researchers are looking at how genes and proteins interact to form other proteins. A surprising finding of the Human Genome Project is that there are far fewer protein-coding genes in the human genome than proteins in the human proteome (20,000 to 25,000 genes vs. about 1,000,000 proteins). The human body may contain more than 2 million proteins, each having different functions. The protein diversity is thought to be due to alternative splicing and post-translational modification of proteins. The discrepancy implies that protein diversity cannot be fully characterized by gene expression analysis, thus proteomics is useful for characterizing cells and tissues. To catalog all human proteins, their functions and interactions is a great challenge for scientists. An international collaboration with these goals is co-ordinated by the Human Proteome Organization. Topic:Proteomics Proteomics w: Proteomics Carnegie Mellon engineering researchers automate analysis of protein patterns May 2008 Researchers work on developing a lab on a chip for speedier proteomic research... May 2007 SIMAP databse Protein Shader
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Monday, March 16, 2009 Maldives Related articles 10 June 2018: New study of endangered whale shark youth shows vital habitat similarities 11 November 2015: Maldives President Abdulla Yameen lifts state of emergency 14 August 2015: Malaysia: 'Most' debris found on Maldives islands not 'plane material' 13 August 2015: More suspected plane debris washes ashore on Maldives island 12 August 2015: Malaysia says debris found in Maldives could be from MH370 Location of Maldives Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Mohamed Nasheed, the leader of the Maldives, has announced that the country will become carbon-neutral within a decade by completely switching to renewable energy sources. "We aim to become carbon-neutral in a decade," he said. "Climate change threatens us all. Countries need to pull together to de-carbonize the world economy. We know cutting greenhouse gas emissions is possible and the Maldives is willing to play its part," Nasheed said, adding that he hopes his plan will serve as a blueprint for other countries. "We understand more than perhaps anyone what would happen to us if we didn't do anything about it or if the rest of the world doesn't find the imagination to confront this problem," Nasheed told Newshour in a telephone interview from the Maldives' capital of Male. "So basically, we don't want to sit around and blame others, but we want to do whatever we can, and hopefully, if we can become carbon-neutral, and when we come up with the plan, we hope that these plans also will serve as a blueprint for other nations to follow. We think we can do it, we feel that everyone should be engaged in it, and we don't think that this is an issue that should be taken lightly." Nasheed's plan calls for half of a square kilometre (0.19 square miles) of solar panels and 155 wind turbines, each generating 1.5 megawatts. The electricity will power vehicles as well. Boats and automobiles with gasoline engines would be slowly replaced with electric versions. The plan will cost an estimated US$1.1 billion. The economy of the Maldives, reliant mainly on tourism and fishing, is worth $800 million a year. Environmentalist Mark Lynas said that the plan could pay for itself in a decade, due to savings on oil imports. "It's going to cost a lot of money but it will also save a lot of money from not having to import oil," Lynas said. "The point of doing it is that it is something the Maldives can lead the world in. No rich country has the excuse that it is too expensive and we can't do anything," Lynas said to the news agency Reuters. "The Maldives could just give up. Its people could declare themselves climate change refugees and ask for sanctuary elsewhere. But the new government is taking a stand and asked us to give them a plan for a near zero-carbon economy," said Chris Goodall, the British climate change expert who led the development of the carbon-neutral plan. "We don't want to pretend that this plan is going to be easy to implement. There will be hiccups, and electricity supply will occasionally be disrupted. But we think that building a near-zero-carbon Maldives is a realistic challenge. Get it right and we will show the apathetic developed world that action is possible, and at reasonable cost." The Maldives are located in the Indian ocean and are among the lowest-lying islands on the planet, with none of them rising more than six feet (1.8 metres) above sea level, making them particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels associated with global warming. Wikipedia has more about this subject: The Maldives "Carbon-neutral goal for Maldives" — BBC News Online, March 15, 2009 Olivia Lang. "Maldives vows to be first carbon-neutral nation" — Reuters, March 15, 2009 Duncan Clark. "Maldives first to go carbon neutral" — The Observer, March 15, 2009
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Nucleic Acids are long linear polymers that are called DNA, RNA. these polymers carry genetic information that passed from generations after generations. They are composed of three main parts: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Sugars and Phosphates groups play as structure of the backbone, while bases carries genetic components, which characterized the differences of nucleic acids. There are 2 types of bases: purines and pyrimidines, and these bases determine whether the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. Nucleic acids are composed of smaller subunits called nucleotides. A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphoryl group by esterlinkage. When it is in the form of RNA the bases are called adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, and uridylate. In the form of DNA the bases are called deoxyadenylate, deoxyguanylate, deoxycytidylate, and thymidylate. A nucleoside is a monomer, just the bases attached to a sugar without the phosphate groups. In this state the bases in RNA are called adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine. In this state in DNA the bases are called deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry. The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. As you noticed in the deoxyribose sugar, it does not contain a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon. This absence of the hydroxyl group allows greater stability because the absence of hydroxyl group allows the 2' carbon to resist hydrolysis. This is one of the reasons why the hereditary material is stored in the DNA and not RNA. However, the net negative charge of the phosphate group must be stabilized by metal ions, such as magnesium or manganese. In the molecular bonding of the deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) and ribonucleotide(RNA), phosphodiester bond is a strong covalent bond between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring. The phosphate group contains a negative charge as it bonds to a 3' carbon in one ring and a 5' carbon in another ring. The phosphodiester is formed when a single phosphate or two phosphates break away and catalyze the reaction by DNA polymerase. dATP would dissociate one phosphates in order to form a phosphodiester bond with a deoxyribose sugar from a nucleotide during the process of DNA elongation. (DNA)n + dATP <------> (DNA) n+1 + Ppi Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks a cyclic nucleotide phosphate due to incorrect hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds. Phosphodiesterase will be an important clinical significance in repairing DNA sequences. Carbohydrates are comprised of monosaccharide units which create sugars ranging from simplest of sugars such as glucose (chemical formula: C6H12O6) to the more complex polysaccharides such as starch. Single nucleotide monomeric units consist of one sugar molecule connected to 1) a heterocyclic nitrogen containing organic base, and 2) a Phosphate group that connects the sugar component of different nucleotides together. The organic base is usually attached to Carbon 1' of the sugar, while the Phosphate group is connected to Carbon 5' of the sugar. When strung together, the phosphate of the neighboring nucleotide attaches to Carbon 3' of the sugar. Monosaccharides consist of aldehyde or ketone groups with hydroxyl groups as substituents. Sugars that contain an aldehyde group are called aldoses, and the sugars that contain a ketone group are called ketoses. Sugars that are non-super imposable mirror images of each other are called enantiomers. Sugars that are stereoisomers but mirror images of each other are called diastereoisomers. If sugars that are stereoisomers but differ in configuration at a single chiral center are called epimers. Sugars can be open-chain form or ring form. To form a six-membered hemiacetal ring, the carbon in the aldehyde group (C-1) attaches to the oxygen atom in the C-5 hydroxyl group. The six membered cyclic hemiacetal is called pyranose because it is similar to the structure of a pyran. To form a five-membered ring, the C-2 of ketone group attackes the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group on C-6. The five membered cyclic hemiacetal is called furanose because it is similar to the structure of a furan. When a furanose or pyranose ring is formed, a new stereocenter is formed, and this new chiral carbon is called the anomeric carbon. This carbon can have one of two configurations, it is either in the S conformation (the hydroxyl group is pointing up), and it is referred to as the alpha carbon, or it is in the R conformation (the hydroxyl group is pointing down) and it is referred to as the B configuration. These two conformations are diastereomers, not enantiomers, and the α and β forms are called anomers. A reducing sugar is one that can react because they have a relatively reactive hemiacetal group at C-1 position. Examples include: glucose, fructose, lactose, and maltose. The anomeric carbon in all of these molecules is free to react. A non-reducing sugar is one that does not react, such as sucrose. The acetal group at the C-1 position makes the sugar non-reactive. Their structures are modified, so that they do not have free aldehyde or ketone groups to react. In sucrose, neither of the monosaccharides in the disaccharide can easily change into an aldehyde or ketone, making it nonreactive, this non-reducing. The glycosidic bond in the disaccharide hinders the molecule from being reactive. The anomeric carbon is not free to react. In order to determine whether or not a sugar is reducing, a Fehling's or Tollen's test is performed. In the Fehling's test a brick red precipitate is the positive result, and in the Tollen's test a silver mirror is the positive result. In contrast, when a sugar is oxidized, the aldehyde or ketone carbonyl becomes a carboxyl group. It is called an O-glycosic bond if the anomeric carbon is attached to an oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group. It is called an N-glycosidic bond if the anomeric bond is attached to a nitrogen atom of a amine group. Glycosidic bonds are also what form the bridges between monosaccharides. If monosaccharides are joined by O-glycosidic bonds, they are called oligosaccharides. The difference in having an -OH group attached to Carbon 2' of the sugar is the difference between DNA and RNA. In RNA, the carbon 2' contains an -OH group, whereas in the carbon 2' of DNA, there is just a hydrogen attached. The sugar in RNA, or "ribonucleic acid" is "ribose" while the sugar for DNA or "DEOXIribonucleic acid" is "deoxiribose." DEOXI- is used to represent the lack of oxygen from the -OH group on Carbon 2' of ribose. ||| Importance of sugar in glycoproteins Sugar attached proteins called glycoproteins is another important component of the cell. Sugar components are oriented toward the watery cell exterior of glycoproteins. These sugar components serve as an identifier like cellular address labels. When signaling molecules pass through bodily fluids they encounter certain patterns of sugars, which either gives them access or dismissal. Therefore, the glyoproteins act as a regulator or gatekeeper in cells. In addition they help direct the formation of organs and tissue by forming correct cells together. Sugar coatings also help cells move through blood vessels by providing traction by latching on cell surface receptors. Davis, Alison. "The Chemistry of Health." 'NIGMS August 2006: 36-42. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/coh.pdf Typically, deoxyribonucleic acid is depicted as the nucleic acid that serves as the template for the development of an organism or a double helix. DNA, unlike RNA, lacks a hydroxyl (-OH) group at the 2' carbon. Since there is no hydroxyl group, DNA can only form phosphodiester linkages with other nucleic acids at the 3' carbon to the 5' carbon of another nucleic acid. Due to the lack of the hydroxyl group, DNA is more resistant to hydrolysis than RNA is. The lack of the partially negative hydroxyl group also favors DNA over RNA in stability. There is always a negative charge associated with the phosphodiester bridges that join two nucleotides which will repel the hydroxyl group in RNA, making it less stable than DNA. The structure of ribose in RNA The structure of deoxyribose in DNA Deoxyribose is an aldopentose, meaning that it is a monosaccharide which contains five carbon atoms, and also contains an aldehyde functional group in its linear structure. Essentially, the deoxy sugar is just a pentose sugar ribose, with the hydroxyl group at position 2 replaced with a hydrogen instead. Another name for the deoxyribose is deoxyribofuranose, which is derived from the fact that it is a five membered ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. 2-deoxyribose, as well as ribose, derivatives are important in biological processes. The most important of these derivatives involve a phosphate group attached at the 5-position of the ring. The mono-, di-, and triphosophate phosphates hold great imporance, as does the 3-5 cyclic monophosphate form purines and pyrimidines form an important class of compounds with ribose and deoxyribose through the formation of diphosphate dimers called coenzymes. Nucleosides are formed when purines and pyrimidines are coupled with a ribose sugar. Common nucleosides typically have a phosphate group attached at the 5-carbon and a base attached at the 1-carbon. Phosphorylated nucleosides are called nucleotides. Nitrogenous bases can be added or react with the hemiacetal of the deoxyribose. Common bases added on are adenine and guanine (purine derivatives), and thymine, uracil, and cytosine (pyrimidine derivatives). When adenine is coupled with ribose, it is referred to as adenosine and when it is coupled with deoxyribose, it is referred to as deoxyadenosine. The 5'-triphosphate derivative of adenosine, also known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is vital for the transportation of energy molecules in the cell. 2-deoxyribose and ribose nucleotides are usually found as an unbranched 5'-3' polymer. The 3'-carbon of one monomer is attached to the 5'-carbon of another monomer, which is then attached to the 3'-carbon of another monomer, and can continue on for many millions of monomer units. These long polymer chains contain very different physical properties than those of small molecules, and so these polymers make up another division known as macromolecules. The backbone of the polymer is the sugar-phosphate-sugar chain that is created by the 3'-5'-3'-carbon bonds, which is independent of which base is attached to the sugars. Chromosomes also contain the polymer chain of the 5'-3' of 2'-deoxyribose nucleotides. Each monomer is one of the aforementioned nucleotides, which are deoxy-adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. These are often referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short. In ribonucleic acid, or RNA, the thymine is replaced with uracil. DNA found in chromosomes form long helical structures which contain two molecules that run anti-parallel to each other with the backbones facing in and are held together by the hydrogen bonds formed between the complementary nucelotide bases (Adenine and Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine), which are lying between the helical backbones. The absence of the 2'-hydroxyl group in DNA allows the backbone to be more flexible and to assume the full conformation of the long double-helix structure, which in turn allows for coiling and, therefore, DNA is able to fit longer molecules into smaller volume spaces of a cell nucleus. RNA, on the other hand, are known to form relatively short double-helix structures. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Phosphate http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Nitrogenous_Bases/Pyrimidines http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Nitrogenous_Bases/Purines/Adenine http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Nitrogenous_Bases/Purines/Guanine Ribose primarily occurs as D-ribose. It is an aldopentose, a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms that has an aldehyde functional group at one end. Typically, this species exists in the cyclic form. Ribose composes the backbone for RNA and relates to deoxyribose, as found in DNA, by removal of the hydroxy group on the 2' Carbon. Ribose is less resistant to hydrolysis and will cause tension in RNA due to the negative charge of the phosphodiester bridge and the hydroxyl group on the 2' Carbon. The hydroxyl group has the capability to attack the phosphodiesr bond that typically links it to another ribose, thereby forming a cyclic form of the sugar. An example of this is cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP). Aside of being the backbone for RNA and DNA, D-ribose is also important in the creation of ATP that all cells require to stay alive. It is currently used in medicinal practice to increase muscle energy and improve exercise performance. People that experiences Fibromyalglia and chronic fatigue syndrome that took a supplement of D-ribose improved their conditions dramatically. D-ribose supplements improved their conditions because it helps the patients produce more ATP in the body, because their body cannot produce a sufficient amount of ATP needed. D-ribose has an important role in improving heart function for patients that suffer symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF). Ischaemia, which is sudden decrease of blood supply, reduces myocardial ATP level. The addition of D-ribose will replenish the ATP level because it shortens the time it takes to create and restore ATP levels. Therefore the patient will be able to last longer during exercising before experiencing left chest pain, because the body is getting adequate amount of myocardial ATP. It also aided in regulating blood circulation in the heart by normalizing and readjusting blood flow through the left ventricle and atrium to accommodate the sudden change in blood supply. As a result patients suffering from CHF has an improved quality of life after taking D-ribose supplements because they are able to do more physical activity and return to a near normal lifestyle. D-Ribose supplement is also important to athletes as well because it quickly replenishes ATP levels in muscle to help increase stamina and aid in strength building. D-ribose shorten the time it takes to create ATP because it directly enter the pentose phosphate pathway to create ribose-5-phosphate without having to go through the glucose-6-phospohate dehydrogense and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, both of which require rate-limiting enzymes to form. The rate-limiting enzyme will slow down the creation of ATP, therefore by bypassing those pathways ATP will be produced at a higher rate. Hence, it restores ATP that was loss during exercise faster. Summary of the roles: 1. Provide a backbone for DNA and RNA 2. Restores ATP in the body 3. Improve muscle stamina 4. Regulate blood circulation in the heart. D-ribose is a molecule that is naturally produced by the human body and is not found in food sources. However riboflavin, a component of d-ribose that helps aid in the production of d-ribose, is found in a plethora of food. Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 is found in found in eggs, milk products, nuts, vegetable, beef, and other proteins. However, these should be kept in areas where it is dimly lit because light can damage riboflavin. Aside from helping form d-ribose, riboflavin also helps fight off free radicals that can be damaging to cell. Hence it is also a form of antioxidant for the body. Free radicals can damage cells and increase aging and contribute to health conditions, such as heart disease and cancer, therefore riboflavin aids in the reduction of free radicals found in one’s body. Another function of riboflavin is that it helps produce red blood cell and convert B6 vitamin into a form the body can use. Another function of riboflavin is that it helps skin develop properly. Summary of roles: 1. Helps form ribose that is then converted to d-ribose 2. Acts as an antioxidants 3. Helps produce red blood cells. 4. Convert B6 vitamin into a form the body can use. 5. Helps develop skin properly. 1. http://eurjhf.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/5/615.long 2. http://www.super-smart.eu/en--Sports-Endurance--D-Ribose--0477 3. http://www.livestrong.com/article/492628-natural-sources-of-d-ribose/ 4. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/vitamin-b2-000334.htm 5. http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-957-RIBOFLAVIN%20(VITAMIN%20B2).aspx?activeIngredientId=957&activeIngredientName=RIBOFLAVIN%20(VITAMIN%20B2) A DNA nucleotide is composed of 3 main units: a 5-carbon monosaccharide (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. While the monosaccharide and phosphate group alternate in sequence and form the backbone of the DNA double helix, the nitrogenous bases may differ in every adjoining nucleotide. The four nitrogenous bases present in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). In RNA, the only differing nitrogenous base is uracil (U) (which replaces thymine in DNA and differs thymine only by the missing methyl group at carbon 5 of the pyrimidine ring). Of the nitrogenous bases, adenine and guanine are purines, which are aromatic compounds attached to an imidazole group, while cytosine and thymine and uracil compose a set of pyrimidines, which are one ring-aromatic compounds. Nitrogenous bases, being hydrophobic, tend to face inwards of the double helix, pointing away from the surrounding aqueous environment. If the phosphate backbones were faced inside of the double helix, then there will be too many charges clustered together such that the double helix would be an unlikely product. Bonds between linking nitrogenous bases of two DNA strands are Hydrogen bonds with 3 H-bonds connecting cytosine and guanine and 2 H-bonds connecting adenine and thymine, while the bonds between the stacking of DNA are kept in close contact via van der waals interactions. The aromaticity of the nitrogenous bases accounts for the DNA absorbance peak at 260nm. == What is a Purine? == The name was invented by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884. A purine is a nucleotide (a nucleoside + phosphate group) that is amine based and planar, aromatic, and heterocyclic. The structure of purine is that of a cyclohexane(pyrimidine group) and cyclopentane(imidazole group) attached to one another; the Nitrogen atoms are at positions 1,3,7,9. Adenine(A) and Guanine(G) are examples of purines which are involved in the construction of the backbone of the DNA and RNA. They are also a part of the structures for Adenosine disphosphate (ADP), triphosphate(ATP), and other enzymes. Purines form bonds with pentoses exclusively through the 9th Nitrogen atom. One derivative form of purine, adenine (A), is also commonly known as 6-amino purine. The 6-amino purine molecule contains an amine group attached to the carbon atom at position 6 double bonded to the nitrogen atom at position 1 and single-bonded the carbon atom at position 5. Another derivative form of purine, guanine (G), is also known as 2-amino-6-oxy purine. The 2-amino-6-oxy purine contains an amine group attached to the carbon atom at position 2 double bonded to the nitrogen atom on position 3 and single-bonded to the nitrogen atom on position 1. Guanine also has a carbonyl group at position 6 hence the 6-oxy. Food is responsible for approximately 30% of uric acid in the blood. Regular diets could affect the level of uric acid. Some food will increase the blood acidity even if the content in purine is low. tea, coffee, soda, nuts, dairy products, vegetables, cereal, fruits, preserve foods, sweets spinach, avocado, beef, turkey, lamb, oyster, fish, peanuts, sausages, ducks, chickens kidney, liver, heart, caviar, scallops, lobster, sardines, Thai fish sauce A diet high in purines can lead to gout, a form of arthritis with symptoms of severe pain, redness, and swelling. Uric acid is a product formed from the breakdown of purines. Uric acid builds up in one's joints, causing the inflammation and resultant pain. This causes retardation or heart attacks due to high level of succinyladenosine in urine. Currently, there is no treatment. A recessive disorder which causes too much production of purines, which results in gout or other developmental effects. Treatments could include low purines in daily diet. Purines are biochemically significant in a myriad of biomolecules besides DNA and RNA, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. Although purine has not been found naturally in nature, it can be produced through organic synthesis. Purines can also be used as neurotransmitters, acting upon purinergic receptors (i.e., adenosine activates adensoine receptors) Many organisms utilize metabolic pathways in order to synthesize and break down purines. Biologically, purines are synthesized as nucleosides, which are bases attached to ribose. Purines can be created artificially, too, and not just through vivo synthesis in purine metabolism. When formamide is heated in an open vessel at 170°C for 28 hours, purine is obtained. 1. Obtain a sample of formamide 2. Heat in an open vessel with a condenser for 28 hours in an oil bath at 170-190°C 3. Remove excess formamide through vacuum distillation 4. Reflux the residue with methanol 5. Filter the methanol solvent and remove by vacuum distillation Adenine(A) is one of the four bases that make up nucleic acids. It is a purine base that complementarily binds to Thymine (T) in DNA and Uracil (U) in RNA. This bond is formed by two hydrogen bonds, which help stabilize the nucleic acid structures. Different structures of adenine mainly result from tautomerization of adenine, which allows the molecule to be available in isomeric forms in chemical equilibrium. The molecular formula of adenine is C5H5N5 . An adenine molecule bound to a deoxyribose, a sugar, is known as deoxyadenosine. An adenine bound to ribose, also a sugar, is known as adenosine, a key component in Adenosine Triphosphate. When adenosine attaches to three phosphate groups, a nucleotide, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed. Adenosine triphosphate is an important source of energy that is used in many cellular mechanisms, primarily in the transfer of energy in chemical reactions. The phosphate of ATP can detach, resulting in a release of energy. In addition to ATP, adenosine also plays a key role in other organic molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), both molecules of which are involved in metabolism. Also, adenine can be found in tea, vitamin B12, and several other coenzymes. In the human body, adenine is synthesized in the liver. Biological systems tend to preserve energy, so usually adenine is achieved through the diet, the body degrading nucleic acid chains to obtain individual bases and reconstructing them through mitosis. The vitamin folic acid is important for adenine synthesis. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached todeoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between reactions. In older literature, adenine was sometimes called Vitamin B4. However it is no longer considered a true vitamin (see Vitamin B). Some think that, at the origin of life on Earth, the first adenine was formed by the polymerizing of 5 hydrogen cyanide (HCN) molecules. Adenine is one of the byproducts of the Purine metabolism, where inosine monophosphate (IMP) is synthesized with a pre-existing ribose through a complex process involving atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, in addition to the formate ions transferred from coenzyme tetrahydrofolate. ]== Tautomerization == Tautomers are isomers related by changing the positions of attachment of a single hydrogen and a single double bond, in a three-atom system, such as the keto- and enol tautomers of a ketone. Like, keto-enol tautomers, Adenine, as well as Cytosine, Guanine, Tyrosine, and Uracil may go through tautomerization, interchanging from the amino to the imino functionality by intermolecular proton transfer. File:Http://i.imgur.com/l0lfQ.gif Uracil File:Http://i.imgur.com/yTNRT.gif Cystein File:Http://i.imgur.com/1hwJR.gif Guanine File:Http://i.imgur.com/WGmXH.gif Thymine http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-233827562.html http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Sugars/Deoxyribose_Sugar http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Sugars/Ribose http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Phosphate Guanine is among the five nucleobases that is found in DNA and RNA. The formula of guanine is C5H5N5O, and is a planar and bicyclic molecule. Guanine has two forms, keto and enol forms. The keto form is the major form. Guanine, like adenine, is a derivative of purine and binds to cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds. The amino group in the cytosine is the hydrogen donor and the C2 carbonyl and the N3 amine are the hydrogen-bond acceptors. In Guanine, the group at C6 acts as the hydrogen accepter, and the group at N1 and the amino group at C2 act as the hydrogen donors. The related nucleoside containing guanine and ribose is called guanosine and guanine bound to deoxyribose sugar is called deoxyguanosine. Guanine is capable of being hydrolyzed by strong acids to form ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and glycine. Guanine oxidizes more readily than adenine, another purine-derivative nitrogenous base in nucleic acids. Guanine has a high melting point of 350°C due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the oxo and amino groups in the crystal of the molecule. Also because of this intermolecular bonding, guanine is relatively insoluble in water as well as in weak acids and bases. From the image on the left, it can be seen that Guanine and Cytosine bond together through noncovalent hydrogen bonding at three distinct sites. Since Cytosin to Guanine has 3 H-bonds and Adenine to Thymine has 2 H-bonds, a higher CG content leads to higher melting point when compare with AT content. An interesting note is that Watson and Crick first hypothesized that Guanine and Cytosine bonded together through hydrogen bonding at two distinct sites. Guanine may go through tautomerization, interchanging from the keto to the enol functionality by intermolecular proton transfer. Guanine is also the name of the white amorphous substance found in fish scales. It serves as an additive to various products such as shampoos, metallic paints, and simulated pearls and plastics providing a pearly iridescent effect. Also, it adds a shimmering luster to eye shadow and nail polish. This pearly luster is produced by the crystalline form of guanine which are rhombic platelets composed of multiple transparent layers that have a high index of refraction that partially reflects and transmits light from layer to layer. To provide this effect, it can be applied by spraying, painting, or dipping. Crick, Francis H. (Aril 1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids". Nature 171: pp. 737-738. Lubert Stryer. New York: W.H. Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. Purine consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines and pyrimidines make up of two groups of nitrogenous bases. The name was invented by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884. Below are the DNA bases. DNA Bases Hypoxanthine (6-Hydroxypurine) is a naturally occurring purine derivative and deaminated form of adenine. It is an intermediate in the purine catabolism reaction and is occasionally found as a constituent in the anticodon of tRNA as the nucleosidic base inosine. It is also utilized as a nitrogen source in bacteria and parasite cultures for energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. Hypoxanthine exists as an intermediate in the biodegradation of AMP (adenosine monophosphate). It is first converted to xanthine with xanthine oxidase before it is excreted as urate. A deleterious reaction that can occur is a spontaneous deamination of adenine to form hypoxanthine. This is a mutagenic process because the result is a pairing of hypoxanthine with cytosine rather than thymine, due to hypoxanthine’s guanine-like form. This could lead to an error in DNA transcription and replication. Berg, et al. Biochemistry, 6th Ed. 2007. Xanthine is a purine base that's an antecedent of uric acid and is generally found in muscle tissue, blood, urine and some plants. It is a water insoluble toxic yellowish white powder and acids that's soluble in caustic soda; it sublimes when heated. It is involved in purine degradation and is converted from hypoxanthine and converted to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Some of its derivatives are widely known as mild stimulants, which include caffeine, a sleep-inhibiting methylated xanthine found in coffee, and theobromine, a bitter alkaloid found in cacao. There is a genetic disease of xanthine metabolism, xanthinuria, due to deficiency of an enzyme, xanthine oxidase. Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder where individuals are unable to convert xanthine into uric acid because of the lack of enzyme xanthine oxidase resulting in an accumulation of xanthine. Symptoms include renal failure and kidney stones. There is currently no treatment available to cure this disease. Xanthine derivatives are collectively known as xanthines, which are a group of alkaloids used as stimulants and bronchodilators. As a result of widespread side effects, many of these derivatives have been treated as second-rate asthma treatment medication. Berg, et al. Biochemistry, 6th Ed. 2007. Theobromine (xantheose) is a xanthine derivative and bitter alkaloid commonly found in cacao plants. Its name is derived from the name of the genus of the cacao tree. It doesn’t contain bromine, as its name might indicate. It shares a similar structure to that of another well-known purine and xanthine derivative known as caffeine, except it contains one more methyl group. It was first discovered in the cacao plant in 1841, isolated in 1878, and synthesized from xanthine by Hermann Emil Fischer shortly thereafter. In its pure form, it is a water-insoluble, crystalline white powder that has a milder effect than caffeine. Since dark chocolate has higher concentrations of theobromine than milk chocolate, its beneficial effects are better attained from the less diluted dark chocolate. Theobromine is known as a diuretic, which promotes the removal of excess fluids accumulated in the body from edema, or the flushing of excess salts through the increase production of urine. It is also widely used as a vasodilator, which widens blood vessels and improves blood flow. This, in turn, helps reduce blood pressure, although it is reputed that flavanols have a bigger role in promoting that effect. A 2004 patent on the future use of theobromine for cancer prevention was granted due to recent research that revealed anti-carcinogenic activity. Theobromine has a weaker effect on the human central nervous system than caffeine because of its weaker inhibition effects on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and its antagonism of adenosine receptors. As for its effect on the heart, theobromine stimulates it to a much greater degree than caffeine. It is cited as being involved in contributing to chocolate’s role as an aphrodisiac. Since theobromine is a myocardial stimulator, it increases the heartbeat. As stated above it also dilates blood vessels and reduces blood pressure by enlarging the vessels. It is possible that theobromine might be able to treat cardiac failure since it has properties which allowing draining. Ingesting too much theobromine could lead to some adverse effects. Since it is a diuretic, it will increase the amount of urine produced in the person. It could also possible cause nausea, restlessness, sleeplessness, and anxiety. A helpful hint in responsible pet-keeping is to not feed dogs or cats cacao containing products. This is because they metabolize theobromine much more slowly than humans. Complications that arise from doing such an action is succumbing your pet to theobromine poisoning, which causes digestive issues, dehydration, excitability, and a slow heart rate. Larger quantities of theobromine can result in epileptic-like seizures and even death. A pyrimidine is a 6-membered heterocyclic organic compound made up of 4 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3. It is one of three isomers of diazine, the other two being pyridazine (1,2-diazine), and pyrazine (1,4-diazine). Pyrimidines are aromatic and planar. The nucleobases Cytosine(C), Uracil(U), and Thymine(T) are all examples of pyrimidines; each with different chemical groups. Pyrimidines can attach to a phosphate sugar group such as a ribonucleotide(which have a hydroxy group positioned axially at carbon-2) or deoxyribonucleotide(which have a hydrogen atom at C-2) through a glycosidic linkage at the 1st Nitrogen to form a nucleotide, the monomeric building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Correct mistake: 2. It needs carbonyl phosphate synthetase, which is located in the cytoplasm. 1. Unlike in purine, the ring is synthesized first then conjugated after. 2. It needs carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, which is located in the cytoplasm. 3. It also needs an enzyme in order for the reaction to work, but the enzyme should be controlled in 2 steps: controlled level at where the reaction occurs & transcriptions must be reduced the pyrimidine nucleotides which produces the feedback inhibition level also must be controlled 4. The ring then closes. 5. The C-C bond is formed when the ring oxidizes. Pyrimidine has similar properties to that of pyridines. One similarity is that as the number of nitrogen atoms in the ring increase, the ring pi electrons become less energetic and, as a result, electrophilic aromatic substitution gets more difficult while nucleophilic aromatic substitution gets easier. One example is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse reaction. Reduction in resonance stabilization of pyrimidines leads to the addition and ring cleavage reactions, and not substitutions. An example of this is in the Dimroth arrangement. Pyrimidines are less basic than pyridines and the N-alkylation and N-oxidation are more difficult in pyrimidines as well. Cytosine is part of the pyrimidine family, and it is one of the 5 nucleotide bases found in both DNA and RNA. The molecular formula of cytosine is C4H5N3O. Cytosine consists of a heterocyclic aromatic ring, an amine group at C4, and a keto group at C2. Cytosine binds with ribose to form the nucleoside cytidine and with deoxyribose to form deoxycytidine. The molecule is of planar geometry and cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with Guanine in the DNA double helix. The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine in RNA, which consists of cytosine and ribose. In DNA, it is called deoxycytidine, which consists of cytosine and deoxyribose. The nucleotide of cytosine in DNA is deoxycytidylate which consists of a cytosine, ribose and phosphate. In 1894, Cytosine was discovered by the hydrolysis of the calf thymus tissue. The first structure for cytosine was published in 1903 and the structure was validated when it was synthesized that same year. (The Columbia Encyclopedia) From the image on the left, it can be seen that Guanine and Cytosine bond together through noncovalent hydrogen bonding at three distinct sites. An interesting note is that Watson and Crick first hypothesized that Guanine and Cytosine bonded together through hydrogen bonding at two distinct sites. Cytosine is found in DNA and RNA or as a part of a nucleotide. When the nucleoside cytidine binds with three phosphate groups, it forms cytidine triphosphate (CTP). This molecule can act as a co-factor to enzymes and it aids in transferring a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to prepare the ATP to be used in chemical reaction. In DNA and RNA, cytosine binds with guanine through 3 hydrogen bonds. However, this unit is unstable and can change into uracil. This process is called spontaneous deamination. This can possibly lead to a point mutation if DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase does not repair it by cleaving uracil in DNA. Cytosine may go through tautomerization, interchanging from the amino to the imino functionality by intermolecular proton transfer. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128144534000194 https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=physicsuiterwaal Crick, Francis H. (Aril 1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids". Nature 171: pp. 737-738. Lubert Stryer. New York: W.H. CYTOSINE. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Uracil is among the five nucleobases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine,but is only found in RNA. It is a naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative with the molecular formula C4H4N2O2. Uracil is planar and unsaturated and has the ability to absorb light. Uracil is found in RNA and binds to adenine via 2 hydrogen bonds, but is replaced by thymine in DNA. Methylation of Uracil produces thymine. Uracil can pair with any of the base pairs depending on arrangement. Despite this, it readily pairs with adenine because the methyl group is repelled into a fixed position. In the uracil and adenine bond, uracil is the hydrogen bond acceptor and the adenine is the donor. When attached to a ribose sugar, the compound is called uridine, a nucleoside. Then, phosphate attaches to uridine to form uridine 5'-monophosphate. Nucleotides are formed through a series of phosphoribosyltransferase reactions. This produces substrates, aspartate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Uracil, like other bases, undergoes tautomerization. The keto tautomer is referred to as the lactam structure, while the imidic acid tautomer is referred to as the lactim structure. With the lactam structure being the major form of uracil, both tauotemric forms are present under conditions where pH=7. Uracil is a weak acid. Uracil is capable of undergoing reactions such as oxidation, nitration, and alkylation. It can also react with elemental halogens because of the presence of more than one strongly electron donating group. A useful property of uracil is that in the presence of PhOH/NaOCl, it can be visualized in the blue region of UV light. As stated above, uracil can partake in synthesis, binding with ribose sugars and phosphates to form very useful molecules like uridine, urindine monophosphate (UMP), urindine diphosphate (UDP), urindine triphosphate (UTP). Uracil is a nucleotide that was discovered in the 1900s by the hydrolysis of yeast(Brown 1994). Uracil is an important component in helping enzymes to carry out different reactions and the making of polysaccharides (New World Encyclopedia). Because Uracil helps enzymes carry out different reactions in cells, it is important in the drug industry because it helps with delivering drugs throughout the body. Even though it is useful in helping the delivery of drugs in the body, it can increase the risk of cancer when the body is missing the nutrient folate (The Individualist). Uracil is naturally occurring however, it could also be synthesized in the laboratory by mixing water with cytosine. This reaction will produce two compounds which are uracil and ammonia(Wikipedia). Uracil may go through tautomerization, interchanging from the keto to the enol functionality by intermolecular proton transfer due to rich electrons ring. New World Encyclopedia. Uracil. "http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org./entry/Uracil." 17 November 2008. Wikipedia. Uracil. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil." 17 November 2008. Brown, D.J. Heterocyclic Compounds: Thy Pyrimidines. Vol 52. New York: Interscience, 1994. The Individualist. Uracil. "http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Uracil." 17 November 2008. 5th carbon, hence the other name of thymine, 5-methyluracil. Uracil takes its place in RNA, which also binds to adenine. Thymine is a single ring planar molecule. Thymine combined with deoxyribose yields deoxythymidine while Thymine with ribose makes thymidine. Thymine binds with deoxyribose to form the nucleoside deoxythymidine, which is the same thing as thymidine. This compound can be phosphorylated with one, two, or three phosphoric acid groups creating thymidine mono-, di-, or triphosphate, respectively. Thymine is a part of one of the most common mutations of DNA, which involves two adjacent thymines or cytosines. In the presence of UV light, this may form thymine dimers, causing "kinks" in the DNA molecule, interfering with normal function. Uses of thymine include cancer treatment where it serves as a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Substitution of this compound to thymine (in DNA) and uracil (in RNA) allows inhibition of DNA synthesis in actively-dividing cells. Thymine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound as a pyrimidine nucleobase. Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds (those containingcarbon) that contain a ring structure containing atoms in addition to carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen, as part of the ring. Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. As the name implies, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the fifth carbon. In DNA, thymine(T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds to support in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. Thymine jointed with deoxyribose creates the nucleoside deoxythymidine, which is identical with the term thymidine. Thymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two, or three phosphoric acid groups, creating TMP, TDP or TTP (thymidine mono- di- or triphosphate) correspondingly. One of the common mutations of DNA involves two neighboring thymine or cytosine, which in existence of ultraviolet light may form thymine dimers, causing "kinks" in the DNA molecule that constrain normal function. Thymine could also be a goal for actions of 5-fu in cancer treatment. 5-fu can be a metabolic analog of Thymine (in DNA synthesis) or Uracil (in RNA synthesis). Replacement of this analog inhibits DNA synthesis in actively dividing cells. Thymine may go through tautaumerization, interchanging from the keto to the enol functionality by intermolecular proton transfer. Al Mahroos, M., et al. “Effect of sunscreen application on UV-induced thymine dimers.” Arch Dermatol 138: 1480-5, 2002. Ribonucleotide reductase (or RNR) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. These deoxyribonucleotides can then be utilized by the cell in DNA replication. Additionally, because of the role RNR plays in the formation of deoxyribonucleotides, RNRs are responsible for regulating the rate of DNA synthesis within the cell. Class I: Class I RNRs consist two subgroups (Ia, Ib, and Ic) which differ only slightly in primary structure; however, both subgroups are common in that they contain two different dimeric subunits (R1 and R2) and require oxygen in order to form a stable radical. Class Ic RNRs are the most recently discovered, first found in Chlamydia trachomatis. Evidence also suggests its existence in archaea and eubacteria. The sequence of class Ic RNRs shows that residues in the PCET pathway and active site for nucleotide reductase are similar between the three subgroups. Class II: Class II RNRs form thiyl radicals with the help of adenosylcobalamin – which fulfills the role of the R2 subunit as a radical generator – and utilize thioredoxin or glutaredoxin as electron donors. Therefore, class II RNRs are made up of only one subunit and present as monomers or dimmers and neither require nor are inhibited by the presence of oxygen. Class III: Class III RNRs, like Class I RNRs, are made up of two dimeric protein subunits (NrdG and NrdD); however, unlike in Class I RNRs which require R2 continuously to generate radicals, the small NrdG is only required during the activation of NrdD. The mechanism of Class III RNRs uses formate as an electron donor and generates an oxygen-sensitive glycyl radical, thus rendering the enzymes inactive in the presence of oxygen. Despite the differences in structure and electron donor, all three classes of RNR proceed via a free radical mechanism. Ultimately RNR catalyzes a reaction which results in the replacement of the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose with a hydrogen atom resulting in a deoxyribose moiety. Although the Class I RNR’s (Ia, Ib, and Ic) have comparable structures and pathways, the metallocofactors necessarily involved in the activity of RNRs to catalyze the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides differ remarkably. The mechanisms which generate these cofactors, both in vitro and in vivo, and examining how damaged cofactors are repaired show the significance of each subgroup’s dependence on different cofactors. Studies of the pathways and activation of these metallocofactors have helped our understanding of how biology prevents mismetallation from occurring and configures cluster formation in high yields. All three class I RNR share a common catalytic mechanism in which the metal cofactor is involved directly or indirectly in the oxidation of the conserved cysteine in the active site of alpha to thiol radical S•). Class I RNR oxidation occurs by the Y• in Ia and Ib. Class IA: Class IA RNR requires a FeIIIFeIII-Y• cofactor. It is localized in β2 at the end of a hydrophobic channel, the supposed access route for O2 cluster assembly. In studies of E. coli, the in vivo process showed that incubation of apo-β2 of E. coli with FeII, O2, and reductant, resulted in self-assembly of the FeIIIFeIII-Y• cofactor. This process likely requires at minimum a single small protein or molecule to deliver FeII to apo-β2 and to deliver the extra reducing equivalent required to reduce O2 to H2O. This is also plausible because Ia RNRN binds MnII more tightly than FeII, thus requiring some type of chaperone protein to ensure proper metallation. Class IB: Class IB RNR is active with both FeIIIFeIII-Y• and MnIIIMnIII-Y• cofactors. The enzymes can form active FeIIIFeIII-Y• cofactors in vitro, but only the MnIIIMnIII-Y• cofactor was found to be relevant in vivo. The mechanism of this formation has been proposed to occur via oxidation of a MnIIMnII center by a flavoprotein known as NrdI, an oxidant created by reduction of O2. In E.Coli, studies have found that the manganese cofactor is induced when iron is at premature levels in the cell, pointing to the significance of manganese in this and other organisms. There is also an extent of organism-dependent variation in metal homeo-stasis to be considered which may help explain why some organisms rely on either cofactor more frequently. Class IC: Class IC RNR is unique from Class Ia and Ib RNRs due to its proposed bimetallocofactor, MnIVFeIII. The class Ic RNRs store a one-electron oxidizing equivalent in its metal cluster. In vitro self-assembly of Ic is similar to Ia and Ib in that it reacts with O2 and a reductant to form its respective MnIVFeIII cofactor; however, it differs in that it can also react with 2 equivalents of H2 O2 to form the active cofactor. The class Ic RNR has been isolated from its native organism in vivo, complicating its assembly as the two different metals have similar affinities for the protein. In vitro studies in C. trachomatis have shown the necessity of regulating levels of the metals, along with the order of addition. There exists problems with proper metal loading within the three subunits of Class I RNR. In the class Ia RNR, it requires a FeIIIFeIII-Y• cofactor, but the protein tends to bind MnII more tightly than FeII. In e.coli, correct metallation of NrdB relies on the necessity of free MnII and FeII present, while iron chaperones are also present to overcome the preference to bind MnII. The issue in class Ib RNR is that it may bind to either FeIIIFeIII-Y• and MnIIIMnIII-Y• cofactors, but only the manganese cofactor was found to be relevant in vivo. Ib binding is dependent on the preference of individual organisms and the concentrations of each metal that they possess inherently. The class Ic RNR complicates metallocofactor assembly since it requires two different metals with similar affinities for the same protein. Regulation of both levels of the metal is important in order to prevent mismetallation and its success depends on the presence of both types of metals. In C. trachomatis, the absence of MnII or at a lower than required rate may lead to diiron cluster formation instead. Thus if these levels are not regulation, low activity and improper metallation occurs. In general, if there is trouble regulating the levels of any of the required metals in each class I RNR, this leads to low activity and improper metallation and ultimately DNA synthesis is affected. Certain general principles and challenges exist when studying the metllocofactor formation with different metals and levels of complexity, as summarized below. Physiological expression conditions are taken into account in studies of metalloenzymes to confirm if the form of protein studied in vitro is the same as its active form in vivo. Class I RNRs can control the concentration of the active metal cofactors through biosynthetic and repeair pathways. Cofactors of metal proteins are generated by specific biosynthetic pathways. The proteins involved in the biosynthetic pathway are often associated with the operon of the metalloprotein of interest, and certain factors can be analyzed by comparing genomic sequences. To facilitate the exchange of ligands and protein factors, metals are transferred in their reduced state. There exists a variety of protein factors which include: metal insertase or chaperone to deliver the metal to the active site, specific redox proteins which control the oxidation state of the metal, and GTPases or ATPases which aid in the folding and unfolding processes to allow the metal to be inserted in the active site. Due to biological redundancy that affect pathway factors, multiple deletions of genes are required in order to identify phenotypes within a gene deletion experiment. A hierarchy of metal delivery to proteins and its regulation is inferred but not completely understood. Compartmentalization (e.g. periplasm vs cytosol in prokaryotes) and affinities of proteins to bind certain metals preferentially are two likely factors that contribute to prevent mismetatallion at the cellular level. Several proteins have not been isolated from their native source and form heterologous expression systems and leading to mismetallation. Since the optimum level of activity is not fully known, incorrect clusters corresponding to low activity may not be recognized. Certain oxidants can cause damage to the metal clusters (e.g. NO and O2) and specific pathways are used in their repair. During changes of oxidaion states, protons are typically required for this metal oxidation. Ligands to metal binding can reorganize easily and rearrangement of the carboxylate ligands are critical to the cluster assembly process. One of the biggest complications is that the metal required for activity is often not the metal that has the highest affinity for binding to a specific protein. The Irving-Williams series (MnII < FeII < CoII < NiII < CuII > ZnII) best describes the relative affinities of proteins for divalent metals, in addition to the dependence on the particular protein coordination environment where the binding takes place. For the latter metals in the series, chaperone proteins exist to aid their movement to the active sites, while intracellularly they are likely to exist as "free" metals at a low concentration. These chaperone proteins also have another function beside delivery, which is to help maintain low levels of free concentration of these metals to prevent mismetallation and binding between other proteins that require MnII and FeII. Compartmentalization can overcome a protein's binding preference, as certain activities occur in different parts of the cell which have and require varying amounts of a metal. In cyanobacteria, it was found that MnII dependent perisplasmic protein must fold in the cytosol where MnII exists freely in a higher amount than ZuII, CuI, and CuII. There are several techniques used in the laboratory that are used to monitor the activity of the RNR metallocofactors. This contributes to identifying accurate
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Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi, based on the Oz novels L. Frank Baum. It is a prequel to Baum's 1900 introductory novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and indirectly to the 1939 MGM film, The Wizard of Oz. I don't want to be a good man... I want to be a great one. I haven't accomplished anything yet! Please! Oz? That's my name. Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkel Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs. But everyone calls me Oz. Did those crows just say we're gonna die? How hard can it be to kill a Wicked Witch? I have everything I ever wanted. Aren't you the Great Man we've been waiting for? I am on no one's side, You know that I simply want peace that's all I ever wanted and the wizard can do that. He's a good man. You're capable of more than you know... The shield allows a good-hearted person to pass. You can't give me that. You took what mattered most to me: My father. I don't need them. Bubbles are just for show. Oz: Where... Where am I exactly? Theodora: Where do you think you are? Oz: I have no idea. It's... It's like no place I've ever seen. Theodora: You're in Oz. Oz: [to Theodora] Where's your broom? Theodora: You don't know much about witches, do you? Oz: May I have this dance, milady? [Theodora looks startled] Now you're gonna tell me no one's ever asked you to dance before. Theodora: [sadly] No one ever has. Oz: [smiles] Then it's high time you learned. Theodora: Isn't he wonderful? Didn't I say he would come? Evanora: [angrily] You dare escort that... oaf in here and and allow him to climb on the hallow throne? Theodora: And why not? He is the wizard. Evanora: The wizard, or so he says. Did it not ever occur to you that he might be an impostor in league with the Wicked Witch and sent here to kill us? Theodora: Wicked Witch? Evanora: Oh, I'm not the one who is underestimating her cleverness. [pauses] Or maybe it is you that I am underestimating. [Theodora looks at her in surprise] Have you finally joined her side, sister? Theodora: I am on no one's side. You know that. I simply want peace, that's all I ever wanted and the wizard can do that. He's a good man. Evanora: What do you know about goodness? Deep down you are wicked. Theodora: [furiously] I'M NOT WICKED! [In her rage, she shoots a fireball at a vase and blows it to bits. Theodora recoils at what she's done] Evanora: That temper really is wasted on you, isn't it? China Girl: But... I wanna go with you. Oz: What, on a witch hunt? Nah, you're just a little girl. China Girl: I'm not as delicate as I look! [kicks Oz in the leg] Oz: [smirks] That didn't hurt. China Girl: [stubbornly] I'm coming with you! Oz: Listen, we have one rule in show business - never work with kids or animals... [points at Finley] ...And I'm already working with this thing. [Finley growls at him angrily] Relax. [back to China Girl] The answer is no. [China Girl starts crying, hoping to get sympathy] No, no. Don't-don't do that. Theodora: [tricked by Evanora into thinking Oz has "betrayed" her for Glinda] He said we would rule Oz, together... He said I would be his Queen. Evanora: Did he? [takes Theodora's hand, meets her eyes] Are you... quite sure it wasn't you who said that to him? Oz: [traveling by bubble to Glinda's kingdom] These things go kind of fast, huh? [notices the bubble around the castle] Hey, is-is that a wall? Glinda: Of sorts. It repels our enemies; it protects us from harm. Oz: But we're headed straight for it. Glinda: [cheerfully] Yes, we are. Oz: [nervously] And going very fast. How do you, uh...? Does this thing have any brakes? [panicking] I'm going too fast! I'm gonna die! Glinda: [calmly] You needn't worry, Wizard. It's a magic wall, and all good-hearted souls get [realization dawns on her] to pass through. Oz: I'M GONNA DIE!!! Oz: [whispering to Glinda, as her city celebrates his arrival] You know, I should tell you. I might not actually be a wizard... Glinda: Yes, I know. Oz: Oh? Glinda: Well, at least not any kind of wizard we were expecting. Oz: Uh, you could tell? Glinda: Yes. I can also tell you're weak, selfish, slightly egotistical, and a fibber. Oz: I see. Anything you don't know about me? Glinda: Whether or not you'll save my people. Oz: Ah, no, I just told you I'm not the wizard. Glinda: But they don't know that. If you can make them believe, then you're wizard enough. (sadly) These are desperate times, after all. Can you make them believe? Oz: [nervously] Um... Will I... still get that gold? Glinda: [surprised] Ah... [nods her head yes] Oz: [to the crowd] Good people of Oz. Your wizard is here! [Theodora watches Oz and Glinda greeting the people in Evanora's crystal ball] Evanora: What's the matter, sister? Theodora: [jealously] Look at how happy they all are. Do you think she'll be his Queen? Evanora: Well, of course she'll be his Queen. You can't compete with Glinda's charms - no one can. [Theodora cries, her tears leaving burn scars on her face] Theodora: Sister, it hurts! Evanora: Such is a broken heart- your precious wizard did that to you. Theodora: [turns to her] Make it stop. Evanora: Would you like me to? [Theodora pauses; cut to Evanora offering her an enchanted green apple] One bite is all it takes. One bite, and your world will change forever. One bite, and your heart will become impenetrable. One bite, and you and I will finally share the throne. [seeing Theodora's hesitation] Unless you'd rather see Oz and Glinda there? [Theodora grabs the apple and takes a bite. Immediately, the candles go out and a cold wind blows through the room] Theodora: [stares up at her sister in realisation] ...You're the wicked one - not Glinda! [Evanora smirks, victorious] Sister, you lied to me! Evanora: It's nice, isn't it? How clear everything becomes. Theodora: [suddenly begins convulsing with pain and gasping for breath; tearing off her cloak and necklace, she staggers across the room] What is happening to me?! Evanora: [chuckling] Oh. It's just your heart withering away. Fear not, Theodora, for soon you will feel nothing at all, except beautiful... Wickedness. [Theodora stumbles across the room, hallucinating about Oz laughing, and collapses behind a table; the fire blazes high. Evanora steps cautiously towards her] Sister...? [she shrieks and recoils as Theodora's hand, now clawed and green-skinned, shoots up and grabs the table, her nails gouging the stone surface. Evanora appears startled as Theodora -still unseen- stands up, casting a menacing silhouette on the wall] Oh, sister... You're hideous. [smiles weakly] I can cast a simple enchantment, and have you looking just the way you were before- Theodora: NO! This is who I am now! [flips her wide-brimmed red hat inside out, revealing a black witch's hat] I want him to see me like this! I want him to know that he was the one who made me this way! [cackles madly] Evanora: [to herself] Oh, dear... Theodora: [After arriving in Glinda's kingdom, in her new form] There's so much good here... It sickens me. [She jumps in front of the Tinkers. They recoil in fright] Still think your wizard can save you? FROM THE LIKES OF ME?! [levitates over to the Quadlings] SPEAK UP... or I will tear out your tongue! Oz: [to Glinda] Now, who's that? Theodora: [spins around, swoops toward Oz and Glinda] Don't you recognize me, Wizard? Have I changed so much? Oz: [shocked] Theodora? Theodora: [bows mockingly] May I have this dance? [moves her fingers around to levitate Oz up in the air and make him dance like a puppet] Oz: Hey! Hey! Whoa! I get it! You're a little upset! [Theodora continues to make Oz dance, laughing vengefully] Glinda: Theodora, stop! You'll hurt him! [Irritated, Theodora uses her powers to throw Oz into a wall. She walks up to him as he is recovering] Oz: Theodora... What happened to you?! Theodora: You happened to me! [she conjures up a fireball and is about to throw it at Oz, but Glinda uses her wand to extinguish it] Glinda: This isn't you, it's your sister. She's worked her magic on you. I'd hoped you'd be able to see through her... [points her wand warily at Theodora, who slowly walks towards her and Oz] Theodora: Oh, Glinda... So naïve. Just like your father. That's why it was so easy for my sister to kill him. Glinda: [sadly] She only killed a man... Not what he believed in. Female Quadling: [brandishes her broomstick at Theodora] Begone witch, before the Wizard makes mush of you! [the Tinkers, Quadlings and Munchkins yell agreement, ordering Theodora to leave] Theodora: [sarcastically] Ohh... how sweet. You all believe in him! [bitterly] Well, so did I, once. [to Glinda] And as for you, my pretty one... [lifts Glinda's chin with her nail and chuckles coldly] When I return with my sister and her army, the Yellow Brick Road will be red with the blood of every tinker, farmer, and Munchkin in your kingdom. Glinda: [firmly] You underestimate us, Theodora. We are a strong and united people... And now, the Wizard is here to lead us. Theodora: [turns to face Glinda's people] And as for your Wizard... he will be the first to die, and you will all see that he is nothing but a deceitful, selfish, and extremely mortal man! Give me that! [magically summons the female Quadling's broom; as soon as it touches her hand, it turns black] It was a broom that you wanted... Wasn't it, Wizard? [flies away on the broom laughing viciously] Oz: Glinda, I've got it! Glinda: What have you got? Oz: I've got a way out of this mess. [puts a book down on her desk] Glinda: What is this? Oz: A battle plan. [Glinda picks up and starts flipping through the book: Mastering Magic] It's all in there: Illusion, misdirects, slight of hand... Look, I know I'm not the wizard you were expecting, but I might just be the wizard you need. Glinda: You said you were just a conman. Oz: Precisely. Glinda: Nothing but a trickster? Oz: Yes. Glinda: A terrible cheat? Oz: The best there is. Glinda: Carnival magician's going to put on a show. Oz: I'll put on the show of a lifetime, the likes of which the land of Oz has never seen! Magic. Mystery. PRESTIDIGITATION! It'll be my greatest trick yet. Oz: This is all very impressive, but you still haven't told me how you plan to get this thing into the Emerald City. Glinda: Relax. I know someone. Oz: What do you mean you know someone? [Glinda winks at the munchkin standing behind Oz.] Knuck: Hello Wizard. Oz: Well, well, well. If it isn't old Sourpuss. Knuck: My name is Knuck! Glinda: Now you two be nice to each other. Knuck: Let's move it, Wizard! Oz: Can you give me a break? Knuck: I'll break yo' nose! Glinda: Would you stop that? A con man couldn’t have done all this. You’re much more than that. Oz: Then I’ve got you fooled too. Glinda: The only person you’ve got fooled is yourself. Theodora: [Laughing] OUT OF MY WAY! [flies into the city centre on her broom, causing the citizens to jump aside in fright; she lands in front of Glinda, stares at her for a moment, then kneels so that they are eye-to-eye] Give up, Glinda. Why do you continue to resist? Glinda: Because I believe in the Wizard. Theodora: [her face darkens with hatred and rage] So did I, once. Behold. [she stands up, pointing to Oz's balloon full of stolen gold, rising over the city] LOOK! Your Wizard! [Glinda stares at the balloon in disbelief] Citizen #1: Where is he going? Citizen #2: [sadly] He's abandoning us! Citizen #3: [sadly] How could he? [Knuck, the Master Tinker and Finley all watch in disappointment. Suddenly, an enraged Theodora conjures a red fireball and hurls it at the balloon] Glinda: No! [The balloon is hit by the fireball and explodes in a burst of flame, raining gold coins over the center of the square. The crowd reacts with horror as the burning balloon crashes down on the heap of gold] China Girl: No! [starts to cry] Evanora: [mockingly] Ohh... Not so Great and Powerful, after all. [Theodora stares impassively at the bonfire as Glinda and the citizens cry quietly. As the Winkees begin to move the crowds back, Finley flies over to the wreckage and retrieves Oz's smoking top hat; he clutches it and begins to cry. A Winkee guard walks over to him] Winkee: Hey- [Finley looks up, and the Winkee pulls back the brim of his helmet to reveal Oz, grinning] Hello, Monkey. Finley: Oz! [beams, hugs him] I thought you were dead- Oz: Shhh... You were crying pretty hard- was that for me? Finley: Oh... no, some of the smoke got in my eyes! Oz: [laughs, unconvinced] Oh, right. Finley: Wow, you fooled everybody - That was your greatest trick yet! Oz: [grins] That was just the opening act! Evanora: [to the Citizens] Let this be the final word! [Oz and Finley glance nervously in her direction as she and Theodora step forward on either side of Glinda] Your prophecy is dead. Like the king who spoke it, and the wizard who tried to fulfill it! All dead! Oz: [to Finley] It's showtime. [leads him towards the projection-booth carriage, where the Master Tinker and Knuck are gesturing for them] Theodora: [to the Citizens] And they will be joined in death, by Glinda the Good! [The citizens watch sadly as Theodora and Evanora close on Glinda] Farewell. Evanora: Say hello to your daddy for me. [she and Theodora conjure green lightning and red flames, respectively, and begin charging up their magical energies for the killing blow] Glinda: The dreams of the people live on. [Just as Theodora and Evanora are about to strike, all the torches around the square are instantly extinguished] Oz: [as Theodora is fleeing Emerald City] Theodora! [Theodora stops] I know your wickedness is not your doing, and should you ever find the goodness within you, you are welcome to return. Theodora: [pauses, as if considering] NEVER!! [she flies away, cackling madly] Glinda: Well done, Tinker. Your machine works beautifully! Master Tinker: That's just workmanship. What you displayed was true courage. Glinda: For the record, I knew you’d had it in you all along. Oz: Greatness? Glinda: Much better than that: Goodness. Alphabetized by author Watching our hero fill the clown-sized shoes of prophecy is only as unbearable as its creators' inability to make their tale distinct. But enlivening detail is absent from most of Oz the Great and Powerful, a film that is largely distinguished by the fact that it's not quite as flavorless as it could have been (especially when compared to Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland) ... Yet when a film positions itself in the shadow of a beloved fantasy classic, passable isn't good enough. "Oz" never goes anywhere you don't expect it to. ... Oz the Great and Powerful was apparently made by a committee whose honorary speaker just happens to be the director of Drag Me to Hell. Simon Abrams, in review of Oz The Great And Powerful (7 March 2013) Raimi has kept hold of his irreverent sense of mischief. Telling the story of the faux wizard’s journey to stewardship of Oz, the new film somehow manages to be eye-wateringly vast and endlessly light on its feet. How refreshing it is to enjoy something we never knew we wanted. ... It transpires that, like Monty Python’s Brian, this Oz meets the description of a saviour, long prophesied in myth, who will lead the magic kingdom to safety and prosperity. Oz’s sleepy eyes sparkle at the prospect of access to a hoard of gold. But dangers await him. ... Yes, the picture feels a little like a cynical money-trap for the cinematic shoulder season. But Raimi really makes it fly. It’s all because (you knew something like this was coming) of the wonderful, wonderful things he does. Donald Clarke, in review in The Irish Times (8 March 2013) Now that I'm a parent, I realize that Oz is the father figure ... He's not a bad man but not someone who can solve all his children's problems for them, either. All he can really do is appreciate them for who they are, so that they learn to appreciate themselves. ... As much as I enjoyed Sam Raimi's new movie, which is breezy and bright in myriad dimensions, I doubt his story will exert a ... hold on the popular imagination for generations to come. ... we're no longer watching Dorothy, an innocent abroad. Instead, we have James Franco's Oscar Diggs ("Oz" for short), a charismatic charlatan and a two-bit showman with an eye for the ladies — any lady, really; wiccans welcome! If there's a throne and a treasure trove at the end of the rainbow, maybe he'll stick around the next morning. He's not all heel, though. At least he has the decency to be embarrassed that he's not the magical savior everyone seems to be expecting. He says he aspires to greatness, even if he never seems likely to stretch for it. ... The new "Oz" falls short of the 1939 "Oz" in charm and innocence and certainly in songs (there is only one, a brief, jokey number from the Munchkins). But as family entertainment, it's hard to fault such a rapturous spectacle and astute, suspenseful piece of storytelling. Tom Charity, in "Review: 'Oz the Great and Powerful' is more than good enough" att CNN.com (9 March 2013) No movie ever can, or will, replace 1939’s The Wizard Of Oz, but taken on its own terms, this eye-filling fantasy is an entertaining riff on how the Wizard of that immortal film found his way to Oz. Like the stage musical Wicked, it assumes that its audience knows the story told in The Wizard of Oz. ... The production pays homage to the 1939 movie by opening in black & white, in the old-fashioned Academy screen ratio, then expanding and turning into vivid color once the magician named Oz (short for Oscar) arrives in the faraway land that bears his name. I was a bit skeptical about the casting of James Franco in this role, as a small-time carnival magician, but he is thoroughly engaging as a struggling con man and charmer. ... Is this an Oz for the ages? That’s not for me to predict, but I do think it gives audiences of 2013 a satisfying big-screen experience. It doesn’t eclipse The Wizard of Oz, but it fills the bill as a modern-day companion piece. Leonard Maltin, review of Oz The Great And Powerful at IndieWire (8 March 2013) James Franco has turned much of his adult life into performance art that feels equal parts sincere and con game, and it would seem he'd be well cast as Oscar Diggs, a small-time illusionist and unabashed serial liar working the dusty back roads of Kansas in 1905. The problem is, Franco's a lot more believable playing slimy than sincere, and the part requires him to do both. It's a steady but less-than-captivating performance. ... Much of Oz the Great and Powerful centers on Oscar's transformation from me-first slickster to the Wizard of Oz, aka Man Behind the Curtain. With Oscar relying heavily on the inventions of Thomas Edison, his hero back on Earth, to pull off his biggest trick ever, Oz the Great and Powerful finally breaks free of its beautiful but artificial trappings and becomes a story with heart in the final act. Thing is, we know Oz and its wizard and those witches and the Munchkins are destined for a far greater adventure a little ways down the Yellow Brick Road. The landscape won't be as amazingly gorgeous and the witches won't be able to fly about and hurl fireballs with the ferocity they display here, but it will be a much more magical adventure all the same. Richard Roeper, in review of Oz The Great And Powerful (6 March 2013) Woody Woodpecker: Wakey, Wakey. Here's Woody!!! Woody Woodpecker: Guess who! (laughing) James Franco - Oscar Diggs / Wizard of Oz Mila Kunis - Theodora / The Wicked Witch of the West Rachel Weisz - Evanora / The Wicked Witch of the East Michelle Williams - Glinda the Good Witch / Annie Zach Braff - the voice of Finley the Flying Monkey / Frank, Oscar's circus assistant Joey King - the voice of China Girl/Girl In Wheelchair Tim Holmes - the Strongman Bill Cobbs - Master Tinkerer Tony Cox - Knuck the Fanfare Player Abigail Spencer - May Bruce Campbell - a Winkie guard Eric Bauza - Woody Woodpecker Wikipedia has an article about: Oz the Great and Powerful Official website Oz the Great and Powerful quotes at the Internet Movie Database Oz the Great and Powerful at Mojo Oz the Great and Powerful at Rotten Tomatoes Production Blog
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Durmitor National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site listed national park in Montenegro. The park consists of two connected parts - Tara river valley (or canyon) and Durmitor mountain range, with the tallest mountain, Babatov Kuk, rising 2523 meters above sea level. Car is definitely the best way to get to Durmitor, as the public transportation is limited in Montenegro. You can use the M-3 (E762) road going from Bosnia and passing though another scenic location, Piva river valley. From Podgorica, use the road M-6 to Žabljak. From Sebia, use the road M-6 in the opposite direction, going though Prijepolje and Pljevlja. This road uses the Tara River Bridge, one of the park highlights. There are no fees to enter the park. Nor permits are needed, you can even enter with you car without any hassle. OpenStreetMaps have a very good map data of Durmitor national park. Mapy.cz seems to implement this data the best for hiking, because they provide information about height and elevation profiles. Don't forget to download Montenegro maps for offline use, as the cell signal may be weak in the mountains. There are numerous roads in Durmitor national park navigable by car. M-6 and M-3 are two lanes highways in good shape. When going from Žabljak to Plužine, you do not have go all the way south to their crossing, but you can use the road through Sedlo pass, which is paved, but a bit narrow. If you driving outside the main highways, watch for cyclists and sheep. Durmitor is popular among cyclists , as mark bikepaths are plentiful. The ascents are however very steep or long, so bike might be useful only for experienced bikers. 43.150532219.29508391 Most na Tari (Đurđevića Tara Bridge). 170 metres tall road bridge above Tara river canyon, offering epic views (updated Oct 2018) 43.098489219.05099142 Sedlo pass. The mountain pass on the R16 (also called P14) road is easily reachable by car or bike, lying at 1900 meters above sea level. The road there is very scenic in both ways, and you can start many hikes from here, with the tallest mountain of Durmitor, Babotov Kuk, being only 4.9 km far by walking. The parking here is marked as paid at OpenStreetMaps, but there is no one to collect any fee. (updated Oct 2018) Zipline. You can cross Tara river on zipline next to the Tara Bridge. There are three or more companies offering this, just ask around the bridge and haggle the prices (can I get a discount?). The zipline staff speak English. There is a market near the Tara bridge, selling some traditional products, such as local honey or Rakija. There are numerous accommodation options in Durmitor, as this is one of the main Montenegro tourist destinations. Campsites are plentiful, especially around Žabljak, but there are also numerous hotels, often newly build. 43.10290519.01634171 Torba. A useful camp near the pass on M-16 road passing thought the park. (updated Oct 2018) 43.143866719.11583172 Kod Boće. A good campsite near Žabljak, on the trail towards Sedlo pass. They do registration here.
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A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single collection or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to comprise a written constitution. The problem in any constitutional change is the great care put to solve the problems of the past instead of grasping those of the future. (fr) Le défaut inhérent à tout changement constitutionnel tient au grand soin mis à régler les problèmes du passé au lieu de saisir ceux de l’avenir. Olivier Duhamel, Droit constitutionnel 2: Les Démocraties (3rd ed.). Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2000, p. 105 A constitution, as Solon said, is good for a certain people and for a certain time. It shouldn’t be mummified. (fr) Une constitution, comme disait Solon, est bonne pour un peuple et pour un temps. Il ne faut pas la momifier. Charles de Gaulle, quoted in Alain Peyrefitte: C’était De Gaulle. Paris: Gallimard, 2002, p. 250 A constitution is made of a spirit, institutions, and a practice. (fr) Une constitution, c’est un esprit, des institutions, une pratique. Charles de Gaulle, Press Conference on 31 January 1964, Élysée Palace, Paris The principles of a free constitution are irrecoverably lost, when the legislative power is nominated by the executive. Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1838), chapter 3, third paragraph, p. 33. If a written constitution is not in close accord with the way the society itself is constituted, it will be irrelevant to the everyday life of the people. A constitution will be a failure if it is no more than a beautiful portrait of an ugly society. But it must be more than an accurate depiction of how the society is constituted. A good constitution provides guidance and structure for the improvement of the society. A good constitution is designed to make the political society better than it is and the citizens better persons. It must be enough like the institutions and the people to be relevant to the working of the society, but it should also have what might be called formative features, a capacity to make us better if we live according to its provisions and adhere to its institutional arrangements. Robert Goldwin, Why Blacks, Women, and Jews Are Not Mentioned in the Constitution, and Other Unorthodox Views (January 1990), AEI Press Constitutions should consist only of general provisions; the reason is that they must necessarily be permanent, and that they cannot calculate for the possible change of things. Alexander Hamilton, Speech in the United States Senate (June 28, 1788), reported in Henry Cabot Lodge, ed., The works of Alexander Hamilton: Volume 2 (1904), p. 80. Constitutions are intended to preserve practical and substantial rights, not to maintain theories. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Davis v. Mills, 194 U.S. 451, 457 (1904). Now and then, an extraordinary case may turn up, but constitutional law, like other mortal contrivances, has to take some chances, and in the great majority of instances, no doubt, justice will be done. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Blinn v. Nelson, 222 U.S. 1, 7 (1911). By reducing too the faculty of borrowing within it's natural limits, it would bridle the spirit of war, to which too free a course has been procured by the inattention of money -lenders to this law of nature, that succeeding generations are not responsible for the preceding. On similar ground it may be proved that no society can make a perpetual Constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs always to the living generation. They may manage it then, and what proceeds from it, as they please, during their usufruct. They are masters too of their own persons, and consequently may govern them as they please. But persons and property make the sum of the objects of government. The constitution and the laws of their predecessors extinguished then in their natural course with those who gave them being. This could preserve that being till it ceased to be itself, and no longer. Every constitution then, and every law, naturally expires at the end of 19 years. Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison (September 6, 1789); reported in Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Memoirs, Correspondence and Private Papers of Thomas Jefferson (1829), volume 3, p. 31. Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment. I knew that age well; I belonged to it and labored with it. It deserved well of its country. It was very like the present but without the experience of the present; and forty years of experience in government is worth a century of book-reading; and this they would say themselves were they to rise from the dead. Thomas Jefferson, letter to H. Tompkinson (AKA Samuel Kercheval) (12 July 1816). I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and constitutions. I think moderate imperfections had better be borne with; because, when once known, we accommodate ourselves to them, and find practical means of correcting their ill effects. But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times. We might as well require a man to wear still the coat which fitted him when a boy, as civilized society to remain ever under the regimen of their barbarous ancestors. Thomas Jefferson, letter to H. Tompkinson (AKA Samuel Kercheval) (12 July 1816). I was always for the liberties of the people for putting water to quench fire, or for putting banks to prevent inundation. John Lambert on the Instrument of Government (1653), England’s first constitution, in Diary of Thomas Burton, 4: Member in the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell from 1656 to 1659, Volume 3, p. 63. Henry Colburn, 1828 Once a would-be authoritarian makes it to power, democracies face a second critical test: Will the autocratic leader subvert democratic institutions or be constrained by them? Institutions alone are not enough to rein in elected autocrats. Constitutions must be defended—by political parties and organized citizens, but also by democratic norms. Without robust norms, constitutional checks and balances do not serve as the bulwarks of democracy we imagine them to be. Institutions become political weapons, wielded forcefully by those who control them against those who do not. This is how elected autocrats subvert democracy—packing and “weaponizing” the courts and other neutral agencies, buying off the media and the private sector (or bullying them into silence), and rewriting the rules of politics to tilt the playing field against opponents. The tragic paradox of the electoral route to authoritarianism is that democracy’s assassins use the very institutions of democracy—gradually, subtly, and even legally—to kill it. Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt (2018) How Democracies Die. New York: Crown. A constitution should be short and obscure. Attributed to Napoleon; reported in John Holland Rose, The Life of Napoleon I (1901), "Œuvres," volume iii, p. 428. Constitution of the United States Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution of May 3, 1791, Poland Wikipedia has an article about: Constitutions Look up constitutions in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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In cell biology, pluripotency is defined as "the potential of a cell to develop into more than one type of mature cell, depending on environment". So if a cell is pluripotent, it has the potential to transform itself into a lung cell, heart cell, etc. Pluripotency describes a cellular state of specific cells within the early embryo . Stem cells represent a category of unspecialized cells that possess the unique capability of developing and maturing into a variety of specific types of cells with various functions. Through the maturation and cell division processes, stem cells can specialize, grow, and replace unhealthy cells within living organisms. After cell replication, these cells have the ability to either mature and specialize in function, or remain an unspecialized stem cell, which preserves the cell’s potential to specialize as it is needed in the body. Not only are these cells able to specialize in function, but they are also capable of joining together to replace damaged tissues. The two types of stem cells scientists are currently studying are: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. In 1981, scientists first discovered methods to derive embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos, and in 1998, scientists made further developments and developed methods to derive and harvest stem cells from human embryos. Since stem cells are capable of self- replication, they offer great potential for treatment of diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. The use of these cells for treatment of certain diseases is called reparative medicine, and is currently a topic of much debate in present society and culture. Stem cells also offer the potential for use in screening new drugs as well as the study of how and why certain birth defects develop. Stem cell therapy offers a great deal of insight into medicine as well as human growth and development, and research is currently underway in order to find methods to fully implement all the advancements these cells could provide to modern medicine. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cells and to grow indefinitely. They have two properties: Self-renewal: The ability to undergo cell division indefinitely while maintaining their undifferentiated state. Stem cells are capable of doing so due to having active telomerase. Potency: The ability to differentiate into specialized cell types in response to a signal. Skin cells, heart cells, and neurons all have the same genome, but are all different cells. This is due to differentiation and different RNA/protein combinations. Stem cells are often classified into one of two categories: embryonic stem cells, or adult stem cells. Totipotency is defined as a cell's ability to transform into all cell types of the organism. Both oocyte (the female germ cell involved in reproduction. This is an immature ovum) and zygote (this is the initial cell created after tow gamete cells are merged by means of sexual reproduction) do not possess the potential to be totipotent. However, the fertilized egg becomes equipotent blastomeres from its specialized cell type with a limited fate. Blastomeres are a type of cell created by cleavage of the zygote after fertilization . What researchers have found through a series of transplantation experiments 1. Maternal proteins and RNAs are taken into the oocyte and deposited there 2. Those maternal proteins and RNAs have the capability to reset the epigentic state of somatic chromatin 3. They also serve to turn the oocyte into totipotent blastomeres after fertilization 4. So far, it has not been achieved to make totipotent cell lines in vitro. 5. This may be impossible due to the fact that in vivo, that is within living body, the transient nature of the totipotent is extremely different. The pre-embryonic stage of embryonic development offers blastomeres that are not actually self-renewin but they are generated by means of cleavage Slowly, a restriction in development potency become apparent as cleavage of the early embryo approaches to the 16-cell stage. Then the cells undergo two different lineages, the trophoblast lineage and the inner cell mass. The question is how the cell differentiation begins. Differentiation begins as blastomeres flatten and as they strengthen cell-to-cell contact. This process is called compaction. Embryonic stem cells are cells that are derived from embryos that have typically been harvested from eggs through in-vitro fertilization. Embryonic stem cells are known as pluripotent, or having the ability to differentiate into every cell line within the organism. The embryos are 3–5 days old and consist of collections of hollow balls of cells that are called blastocysts. In order to produce these blastocytsts, the embryonic stem cells must be harvested. The process of growing these stem cells is called cell culture, and is performed in the laboratory. The inner cell mass of human embryonic stem cells are placed onto a culture dish that has been coated with a medium that provides an adhesive surface to which the inner cell masses can stick. This medium is called a feeder layer, and is oftentimes composed of mouse skin cells. The human embryonic stem cells are then allowed to divide, spread, and attach to the medium of the culture dish in order to create a colony of embryonic stem cells. If the stem cell colony grows, divides and survives, the cells are plated onto new, clean culture dishes many times for the duration of many months in order to yield millions of embryonic stem cells, which is called a stem cell line. A sign that a stem cell line has developed successfully is if the cells have remained unspecialized for the duration of at least six months. If this is the case, the stem cell line can then be used for further testing and experimentation. Throughout the harvesting process the embryonic stem cell colony must undergo a process called characterization, which involves a series of tests performed by scientists to see whether or not the cells have in fact developed correctly. One such test involves harvesting and examining the stem cell colony for many months in order to verify that the cells are healthy and capable of successful renewal. These cells are also analyzed to make sure they remain unspecialized. A way to test whether or not the cells have specialized is to test for the presence of transcription factors that are produced by unspecialized cells. Two examples of these transcription factors are Nanog and Oct4. The presence of these transcription factors indicate the cells have remained unspecialized and that they are capable of self replication and renewal. Another test performed on embryonic stem cell cultures involves freezing, thawing and re-plating the cells to see whether or not they are capable of self renewal and re-growth. An important test to examine whether or not the cells are functioning properly involves injecting a collection of embryonic stem cells into a mouse with a suppressed immune system followed by tests that indicate the formation of teratomas, which are benign tumors. If the injected stem cells successfully form a teratoma, scientists can be confident that the cells are capable of growth and differentiation, since teratomas contain various specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are harvested from a blastocyst, which is an early stage in embryonic development(approximately four to five days in humans) that consists of 100-150 cells. ESC give rise to all three primary germ layers during development: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm; which means they can develop into more than 200 specialized cell types. They can grow indefinitely under the right conditions due having active telomerase. Telomerase is inactive in adult cells, and as a result, cannot grow indefinitely. Embryonic stem cells have proven to be usable in different situations: Embryonic development: Understanding ESC aids scientists in further understanding embryonic development. Drug testing: Certain cells cannot be cultured because they will die if removed from an organ or tissue. For example, in designing drugs for the heart, scientists cannot culture heart cells because once the heart cells are removed, they die. However, ESC can be cultured, and the ones that are differentiated into heart cells can be sustained in a culture to be used to test the drug. Regenerative Medicine: This is not something ESC are currently being used for, but something that scientists are striving towards. The theory, or goal, is to be able to remove the nuclei in an embryonic stem cell, insert a patient's DNA into the cell, and have it differentiate according to the patient's needs. For example, Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, and in theory, by adding back new neurons, it should be able to cure Parkinson's. Paralysis: In addition, those who suffer from paralysis and unmovable body parts could regenerate body motor control through the study of stem cell research. Leukemia: Patients suffering from Leukemia who may be in need of bone marrow transplant or cord blood transfusion can benefit from these stem cell researches. These products could be reproduced without having the need to constantly find a matchable donor. Although this may not treat the disease, it can diminish the symptoms greatly. The purpose of harvesting embryonic stem cells is to create a colony of self replicating cells that have the potential to specialize into specific cells of interest that can be used to treat diseases.While they are being grown, the cells remain unspecialized but once they are allowed to clump together under certain specific conditions, they begin to form various specialized cells and tissues. The challenge scientists are currently facing is figuring out how to control the specialization to create specific cells of interest as opposed to spontaneous specialization that can result in the formation of various cells that carry unwanted specific functions. One such way to control specialization is by subjecting the colonies of embryonic stem cells to changes in chemical composition within the culture medium, changing the surface of the culture dish, or inserting specific genes into the culture to change the composition of the harvested cells. By transplanting the successfully specialized embryonic stem cells into humans, scientists can formulate treatments for certain diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease, diabetes, spinal cord injury, heart disease as well as vision and hearing loss. Adipocytes are cells specialized for energy storage and so when the balance of energy intake versus expenditure is shifted so that more energy is taken in than is burned, the process of adipogenesis begins. This process involves adipocyte hyperplasia, the excessive recruitment of stem cells to become adipocytes, thereby increasing the number of adipocytes. In order to accomplish this, pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) become preadipocytes then are further developed into mature adipocytes. The pluripotent MSCs located in the vascular stroma of adipose tissue and bone marrow first become preadipocytes, a process initiated by bone morphogenic proteins BMP4 or BMP2, then after several rounds of mitotic clonal expansion, they become adipocytes. While this process is activated by the BMP factors, other factors such as Hh provide inhibitory signals if the process becomes unnecessary. For stem cells, transcription factors are important to their functioning and can be categorized into three central groups; 1. ones affecting development and its hierarchy (Developmental Core Module), 2. ones controlling cell growth and homeostasis (Cell Growth Module), and 3. ones that control signaling pathways of the other two groups (Signaling Module). These three groups mostly function independently, though there is some interaction present. The best understood of transcription factors controlling cell pluripotency is Oct4 which is an octamer class protein that specifically recognizes the sequence ATGCAAAT. Oct4 is unique apart from the other transcription factors in that it is crucial for epigenetic reprogramming (differentiation of cells during development). If it is inhibited or silenced in any way, ESCs will instantly stop self-renewing and differentiation into trophoblast-like cells. Oct4 will interact with many cofactors in the form of transcription factors. These cofactors tend to interact with DNA and include Sall4, Sp1, Hdac2, Nanog, Dax1, Nac1, Tcfp2l1, and Essrb. Their interactions do not form one protein nexus but multiple complexes all with different composition of proteins. This differing of composition and complexes may be the reason for different states of pluripotency. Sox2 is another transcription factor involved in development and cell pluripotency. It has an expression pattern that is, to some extent, similar to Oct4. However, when inhibited or silenced, this will mainly affect the later stages of embryogenesis. Sox2 silencing will only affect a small portion its target genes and will lead to trophoblast-like cells. This is mainly because Sox2 loss can affect the amount of Oct4 levels in the cells which is the main reason for the creation of the trophoblast-like cells. Nanog is also a member in the core developmental module and is a homeodomain-containing DNA-binding factor that is not associated with the normal ones. Nanog expression alone is able to help keep cell pluripotency in extreme conditions where factors are missing. It has been shown in studies to have a role of starting cell pluripotency rather than maintaining it. Nanog has cofactor proteins it interacts with which includes Smad1, Small3, Nr0b1, Nac1, Essrb, Zfp281, Hdac2, and Sp1. This is the gene network that controls and maintains the growth and proliferation of pluripotent stem cells. The proto-oncogene c-Myc is one member of this group is associated with activating transcription and opening chromatin. Its expression allows ESCs to self-renew even in extreme conditions. If it is inhibited ESCs will shut off their self-renewing mechanism. c-Myc also controls transcription of genes from multiple unconnecting functions such as cellular metabolism, control of cell cycle, and manufacture of protein. It has an inhibition factor also and will prevent the expression of Gata6 which is a prodifferentiation factor. It also has been found to overlap with functions from genes of the developmental module such as Tip60 and p400. It has also seen to function in some cases of cancer growth. c-Myc expression is regulated by the transcription factor Ronin (Thap11) which is part of a family of proteins containing an N-terminal THAP domain. It is well conserved between mice and humans which means its sequence and target sequence is very similar for both mammals. Ronin inhibition will led to cell apoptosis while overexpression will lead to an abundance of mESCs. There are several signaling pathways that will directly promote self-renewal and/or preserve pluripotency by blocking or signaling normal differentiation prompts. Lif (Leukemia inhibitory factor) stimulates the self-renewal of mESCs. It does not directly increase the growth rate of mESCs but rather increases the probability that the cells with self-renew rather than differentiate. The Lif-signaling effect is controlled by a heterodimeric complex that is made of a Lif receptor (LifR) chain and the protein gp130. It has been shown to signal three pathways which are the Jak/Stat3, the PI3K-Akt, and Mapk pathways. Of the three, only the Jak/Stat3 pathway completely depends on Lif for its signal. The other two pathways require multiple signals from multiple sources in other to start the process. Signaling of the Jak/Stat3 pathway and PI3K pathways will promote expression of Klf4 and Tcf3 which lead to the creation of greater transcription of Sox2 and Nanog which as stated earlier are involved in differentiation of stem cells and development of the body. For the Mapk pathway, its signaling will lead to less amounts of Tbx3 which will cause a decrease of transcriptional activity. FgfR1 (Fibroblast growth factor signaling) is the most ample receptor of ESCs in the body. It is involved in signaling the Jak/Stat, phophoinositide phospholipase C-y, PI3K, and Erk pathways. A similar protein, Fgf2 is important for the maintenance of hESC. For example, in mouse feeder cell cultures a hot amount of Fgf2 is required to maintain its self-renewal and prevent differentiation. Wnt signaling is very important during embryonic development and controls differentiation of stem cells. Its can induce expression of mesodermal and endodermal markers that, for mESCs, includes Barchyury, Flk1, Foxa2, Lxh1, and Afp. Wnt signaling also maintains cell stem pluripotency by controlling the expression of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog which are all transcription complexes involved in maintaining pluripotency and development. It should be noted that every cell has a unique chromatin structure. Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. In pluripotent cells, heterochromaitc-associated foci seems to be more spaciously distributed. The associated histones are usually hyperacetylated. There exists chromatin-modifying enzymes that play a role with the transcriptional modules. They do so by controlling genes that encode key enzymes capable of covalently modifying proteins. For instance, the transcription of the H3K9 methyltransferase SetDB1 is controlled by Oct4. It is known that histone labels characteristic of this enzyme. When this happens, the following things occur; 1. Polycomb group proteins are introduced 2. Polycomb group proteins trigger subsequent events which involve methylation of H3K27 residues 3. Then further additional chromatin-associated modifications are enabled. The largest potential source of blastocysts for stem cell research is from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. The process of IVF requires the retrieval of a woman's eggs via a surgical procedure after undergoing an intensive regimen of "fertility drugs," which stimulate her ovaries to produce multiple mature eggs. When IVF is used for reproductive purposes, doctors typically fertilize all of the donated eggs in order to maximize their chance of producing a viable blastocyst that can be implanted in the womb. Because not all the fertilized eggs are implanted, this has resulted in a large bank of "excess" blastocysts that are currently stored in freezers around the country. The blastocysts stored in IVF clinics could prove to be a major source of embryonic stem cells for use in medical research. However, because most of these blastocysts were created before the advent of stem cell research, most donors were not asked for their permission to use these left-over blastocysts for research. The IVF technique could potentially also be used to produce blastocysts specifically for research purposes. This would facilitate the isolation of stem cells with specific genetic traits necessary for the study of particular diseases. For example, it may be possible to study the origins of an inherited disease like cystic fibrosis using stem cells made from egg and sperm donors who have this disease. The creation of stem cells specifically for research using IVF is, however, ethically problematic for some people because it involves intentionally creating a blastocyst that will never develop into a human being. The process called nuclear transfer offers another potential way to produce embryonic stem cells. In animals, nuclear transfer has been accomplished by inserting the nucleus of an already differentiated adult cell-for example, a skin cell-into a donated egg that has had its nucleus removed. This egg, which now contains the genetic material of the skin cell, is then stimulated to form a blastocyst from which embryonic stem cells can be derived. The stem cells that are created in this way are therefore copies or "clones" of the original adult cell because their nuclear DNA matches that of the adult cell.As of the summer of 2006, nuclear transfer has not been successful in the production of human embryonic stem cells, but progress in animal research suggests that scientists may be able to use this technique to develop human stem cells in the future. Scientists believe that if they are able to use nuclear transfer to derive human stem cells, it could allow them to study the development and progression of specific diseases by creating stem cells containing the genes responsible for certain disorders. In the future, scientists may also be able to create "personalized" stem cells that contain only the DNA of a specific patient. The embryonic stem cells created by nuclear transfer would be genetically matched to a person needing a transplant, making it far less likely that the patient's body would reject the new cells than it would be with traditional tissue transplant procedures. Although using nuclear transfer to produce stem cells is not the same as reproductive cloning, some are concerned about the potential misapplication of the technique for reproductive cloning purposes. Other ethical considerations include egg donation, which requires informed consent, and the possible destruction of blastocysts. Adult stem cells are known as mesenchymal stem cells. Just like embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewal and specialization, but unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells are typically found in tissues surrounded by other specialized cells. This makes the stem cell only multipotent; it can only differentiate into certain cell lines as opposed to pluripotent embryonic stem cells which can differentiate into almost any cell line. The role of adult stem cells is to replenish damaged cells within tissues and organs when needed. Adult blood-forming stem cells from bone marrow have been used for transplants, and current research is underway to determine whether or not differentiation of stem cells found in the brain and heart can be controlled and used for various other forms of transplantation. Adult stem cells are found in areas called “stem cell niches” in various organs and tissues. These cells remain dormant until there is a need for them, which could include a requirement for new cells to replace damaged tissue due to injury or disease. Like embryonic stem cells, scientists are developing methods to extract these adult stem cells, harvest them in colonies, and manipulate them to create colonies of specialized cells that can be used for treatments of certain diseases. The challenge arises because once extracted from the human body, these cells have limited capacities to grow and reproduce. A way scientists identify adult stem cells is first by extracting cells from a living organism. Next, the cells are labeled in a cell culture and transplanted back into a different organism. If the cells reproduce in the organism, scientists can verify the presence of properly functioning stem cells. Scientists have been conducting research to identify various differentiation pathways, which are the processes by which adult stem cells differentiate and convert into highly specialized cells with specific functions. Different types of adult stem cells include the following: Hematopoietic stem cells: develop into bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells Neural stem cells: develop into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes Skin stem cells: develop into epidermal stem cells and hair follicles Adult stem cells are found in developed organisms and have the ability to divide and create another cell like itself, or create a cell more differentiated than itself. They have a few differences from embryonic stem cells, which include: They cannot grow indefinitely due to having inactive telomerase. Some can actually only double once in their cellular life span. Adult stem cells have a limited ability do differentiate, unlike ESC. They exist in much smaller quantities than ESC do. There exists about 1 adult stem cell for every 10,000-15,000 cells in an adult human. There also exists less ethical issues regarding adult stem cells because they are extracted from adults who are able to make their own decisions and give consent. Potential exists for adult stem cells and regenerative properties, such as: Healing organs: In the event of a heart attack, heart cells die and are replaced by scar tissue. Adult stem cells have been used to partially heal the scar tissue in animals by removing the damaged heart tissue, culturing adult stem cells in a petri dish, and putting them back in the damaged heart. Organ regeneration: In 1999, Dr. Anthony Atala, Urologist and Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, was studying patients with a bladder defect. He took a small piece of bladder, removed the stem cells, and actually grew it into a new bladder. He discovered that he could stick them back in the original patient, and seven years later, the patients were either better, or like normal. The bladder he was able to create was functional enough to keep the patients healthy and alive. CD34+ cells contain the protein CD34. CD34 protein is a glycoprotein found on human cell surfaces and functions as an adhesive for cells to interact. It could also have a function in attaching stem cells to bone marrow or connective tissue cells. The protein is expressed early in hematopoietic cells. Another function is that it is needed for T cells to enter lymph nodes. CD34+ cells are commonly found in as hematopoietic stem cells in umbilical cords and bone marrow. To isolate CD34+ cells from blood samples, immunomagnetic or immunofluorescent techniques are used. These hematopoietic stem cells can be purified for research or clinical use in bone marrow transplant, by using antibodies. These cells can differentiate into different blood cells. CD34+ cells can be injected into patients to treat diseases such as Liver Cirrhosis, Peripheral Vascular disease, and spinal cord injury. Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs are adult somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to a state similar to embryonic stem cells. Although iPSCs are theoretically pluripotent cells, it remains unknown if they differ at all from embryonic stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells were first produced in 2006 from mouse cells and human cells followed in 2007. iPSCs are produced through a transfection which is process of introducing nucleic acids into a cell. In the case of iPSCs, this done through retroviruses. Other methods do exist in the production of iPSCs such as the use of adenoviruses and plasmids. Adenoviruses differ from retroviruses because it does not incorporate its own genetic information into the adult cell. Adenoviruses are used to transport the necessary transcription factors into the DNA of the adult cells. Adenoviruses present some benefits such as the fact that they avoid any potential for mutagenesis that may stem from the insertion as well as the fact that adenoviruses only need to be present for a small period of time to reprogram the adult cell. Plasmids can also be used to reprogram the adult cell and in this method, two plasmids are required to carry the necessary transcription factors. The main benefit of using plasmids is the simple fact that viruses do not have to used. Two main problems exist for the use of plasmids though and they are the fact that plasmids demonstrate low efficiency as well as the fact that plasmids have a continued risk of insertional mutagenesis and use cancer-promoting genes during reprogramming. IPSCs have been created successfully by fusing EGCs (embryotic germ cells) or ESCs (embryotic stem cells) with somatic cells. Somatic cell nuclei can be reprogrammed by EGCs and mESCs after they are fused with thymic lymphocytes. After reprogramming, the procedure leads to tetraploid cells that resemble EGCs where the female cells have their inactive X chromosomes became active again. These tetraploids can then be injected into blastocyst to form chimeric embryos. Specifically for humans, this can, in the future, be used for both bone marrow cells and brains cells in the central nervous system that have been isolated. These cells can then be fused with mESCs in culture to create artificial cells that are similar to real ones in morphology and characteristics. iPSCs can be also be obtained through reprogramming somatic cells (body cells of an organism) into pluripotent stem cells. This procedure is performed by the use of transcription factors which are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences. The four transcription factors that are used in mouse fibroblasts via retroviral infection are Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. For humans, different combinations of transcription factors have been used which includes Nanog, Lin28, or Nr5a2. The exogenous expression of the transcription factors is followed by selection in a mESC (mouse embryotic stem cell) agent to finally lead to the iPSCs. The resulting iPSCs have characteristics of normal ESCs (embryotic stem cells) such as reactivation of both X chromosomes in female cells, expression of endogenous pluripotency indicators, and the ability to create chimeric animals. The molecular events are still poorly understood, but how reprogramming occurs can be investigated. During reprogramming, epigenetic marks are expansively altered. Studies have shown that iPSCs clones to be impossible to tell apart from ESCs though there are still small differences that need to be tested before they can be used in regenerative medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cells promise the almost infinite possibilities of embryonic stem cells without the nagging moral implications of the destruction of human embryos, and for this reason offers a promising place for research for regenerative medicine. iPSCs also hold the promise of other benefits over other types of stem cells. The main one being the fact that iPSCs can be developed from a patients own cells which mean that any treatments derived from the iPSCs should avoid any immunogenic responses. Even with the enormous possibilities of iPSCs in a clinical setting, a major concern hovers over the future which is the fact that iPSCs have an increased tendency to form tumors. From experiments, it was discovered that iPSCs injected into mice formed teratomas which are tumors with tissue or organ components inside. Moving toward the future, research is focused on not only coming up with potential treatments using iPSCs but on producing methods with higher efficiency as well as decreased occurrences of tumors using recombinant proteins. Both embryonic and adult stem cells have the potential to provide both treatments for various diseases as well as insight into human growth and development. One specific area of stem cell therapy is the use of these cells to treat people with type I diabetes. Type I diabetics are unable to produce insulin in the pancreas. Current research is underway to determine whether or not embryonic stem cells can be selectively specialized to give rise to insulin producing colonies that can be transplanted into diabetic patients. In order for such a procedure to be successful, stem cells must be capable of reproducing and generating enough of the tissue/cells of interest. They must also be able to survive in the recipient host, function properly, and maintain the capability to reproduce, while leaving the recipient unharmed. All of these requirements must be met without the recipient rejecting the cells, which is a challenge researchers are presently trying to overcome. Human stem cells could also be used to test new drugs. New medications could be tested for safety on differentiated cells generated from human pluripotent cell lines. Cancer cell lines for example are used to screen potential anti-tumor drugs. Using stem cells scientists are also developing new ways to grow brain cells in the laboratory that could be used to treat patients with Parkinsons disease. Among the various approaches one is to grow stem cells into brain cells and transplant them into patients. If stem cells can be cultivated to become dopamine-producing nerve cells, researchers believe that they could replace the lost cells. By using stem cells one could observe the specailization of specific cells such as nerve and muscle cells. By observing this process some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are due to problems that occur somewhere in this process of specialization. Another potential application of stem cells is making cells and tissues for medical therapies. Cancer cells have the ability to divide indefinitely and spread to different parts of the body during metastasis. Embryonic stem cells can self-renew and, through differentiation to somatic cells, provide the building blocks of the human body. Embryonic stem cells offer tremendous opportunities for regenerative medicine and serve as an excellent model system to study early human development. There is much ethical controversy regarding embryonic stem cell research. The number one being how ESC are harvested because once ESC are retrieved, the blastocyst dies. There is no way to harvest them without destroying the embryo. This brings to the table the question of when does life begin? There are many different beliefs as to when life begins, whether it be scientific, religious, etc., and so it is difficult to set a definition that everyone can agree upon. Most of the blastocysts that are used for stem cell research come over from excess invitro fertilization. People who have fertility issues and decide to have invitro fertilization. This is where sperm and an egg are combined in a test tube, which results with a number of embryos, some of which are implanted in the mother. The left over embryos are then frozen for a variety of reasons; whether the first implantation doesn't take, or the couple decides to have a second child later on. Some decide to discard the embryos, but a vast majority are left frozen in labs. Another controversial question that arises is that whether it is alright to use the frozen embryos for ESC. Political controversy in research arises as well: late '90s: The first embryonic stem cell line was created. 2001: Bush outlaws the creation and studying of more embryonic stem cell lines with the use of federal money. There were 21 distinct ESC lines at the time. 2009: Obama creates the National Institute of Health (NIH) panel that will approve whether or not federal funding can be used to study certain stem cell lines. Established guidelines state that the stem cells must come from embryos that were created through invitro fertilization but were frozen and not going to be used anymore. Parents must provide consent for their frozen embryos to be used for stem cell research, and once approved by the NIH federal money can be used to study them. However, federal money cannot be used to create new stem cell lines. They must be created through private funding, and once they are created, federal funding can be used to study it. An issue of the overall safety of the use of stem cells exists as well. Researchers do not necessarily know what will happen when stem cells are inserted into a person, they know what they WANT to happen, but cannot guarantee what will. Scientists have yet to be able to precisely control what cells an embryonic stem cell will differentiate into. http://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-P/Pluripotency.html “Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming” From Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 81 737-765, by Marion Dejosez and Thomas P. Zwakav http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp Takahasi, Kazutoshi, and Shinya Yamanaka. "Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors." Cell 126 (2006): 663-76. Invalid tag; name "tak" defined multiple times with different content “Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming” From Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 81 737-765, by Marion Dejosez and Thomas P. Zwaka ^ Blastomere Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 Feb. 2012. Oliver Dreesen and Ali Brivanlou.Stem Cell Reviews and Reports,Humana Press Inc. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052110-115718?url_ver=Z39.88-2003r_id=ori:rid:crossref.orgr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed Dejosez, Marion, and Thomas P. Zwaka. "Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming." Annual Review of Biochemistry 81 (2012): 737-65. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin “Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming” From Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 81 737-765, by Marion Dejosez and Thomas P. Zwaka http://dels-old.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/types-of-stem-cells.shtml#invitro Bellin, Milena, Maria Marchetto, Fred Gage, and Christine Mummery. "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The New Patient?" Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13 (2012): 713-26.
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Introduction This is an experimental learning initiative designed to support, enhance and document the learning journey of BEd students studying a second year unit of Society and Environment (Introduction). [This site is unofficial. There will be an official wiki housed within the university's online learning platform.] Task description: For this assignment you evaluate fieldwork planning for society and environment curriculum that you will have developed collaboratively as part of the learning sequence for this unit. It is expected that the planning will relate to key disciplines such as history and geography as well as the interdisciplinary areas of civics and citizenship education. Thus, Assignment 2 consists of: 1. A copy of an artefact selected by your team to illustrate some aspect of the fieldsite selected as the basis of the assignment. fieldwork plans for children’s learning as developed during the semester; 2. An individual written evaluation of your team’s fieldwork plans and planning documents (1200 words in length) 3. References 4. Appendix (consisting of selected copies of your team’s shared fieldwork plans for children’s learning as developed during the semester along with feedback received in the online forum. Paste each of the sections indicated above into your assignment template. Evaluate your fieldwork planning and communication of it, in relation to the literature for the unit as well as any comment received on relevant sections of MyLO. You may draw upon insights from Assignment 1 also. During the semester on campus and online students will be designated to teams for the purpose ESH260 Unit Outline Version: 04-11 14 of fieldwork planning. Each team will develop fieldwork plans and artefact/s to upload to in a designated section of MyLO. Planning artefacts developed by each team may be uploaded for comment as they evolve through the unit. This information has the potential to be valuable for everyone working in this unit.Each member of the team is responsible for keeping their own records of any artefact developed and posted to MyLO as well as any comments posted to this site as feedback from peers. Further guidance will be offered at web conferences and other discussion sessions such as face to face and discussion board feedback. 1. Synthesis of ideas from wide-ranging and appropriate inquiry; 2. Justification of fieldwork planning and pedagogical and curricular decision making; 3. Evaluation of society and environment pedagogies and curricula; 4. Communication: academic, English writing conventions, terminology and referencing (APA guidelines). Wiki space Learning how to use your group wiki space. Commencing the collaboration that will form the basis of your individual assignments. Looking at other groups' wiki spaces to see different ways of using the space. Assessment task Analyse the assessment task and the grading criteria. Brainstorm it. Create series of thematic headings. Fieldwork Planning K/W/L brainstorm (What do we Know already/Want to know/need to Learn) A look at planning templates UBD Reynolds p.39 Marsh P 229 What is the place of "policies and procedures" in AT2? Shape of the Australian Curriculum: History, May 2009, National Curriculum Board http://www.acara.edu.au/verve/_resources/Australian_Curriculum_-_History.pdf Queensland Essential Learnings - History Yr 5 http://www.qsa.qld.edu.au/downloads/early_middle/qcar_el_sose_yr5.pdf Understanding learning aims Sharing criteria Feedback Self assessment Questioning Constructivist learning theories suggest that students actively construct their own knowledge. In considering the merit of developing a wiki page within the subject we could apply Elder and Paul's critical thinking process - in which case we would critically assess: goals and purpose of the wiki page in the unit questions that lead to the proposal information, data and experience gleaned inferences and conclusions made concepts and ideas evoked assumptions implications and consequences viewpoints and perspectives. And in assessing the answers to these questions we would query the: clarity; accuracy; precision; relevance; depth; breadth; logic; fairness. My mind map on Society and Environment A tutor's journey Suggested tutorial format Overview of learning objectives for the tutorial Unpack the lecture - students discuss their understandings What are our big questions? Technical concepts Self and peer assessment of work to date Self assessment of confidence and uncertainty with the lecture/tutorial content End of tutorial students' review Learning how to learn, University of Cambridge Faculty of Education, 2002 accessed from http://www.learntolearn.ac.uk/ Reynolds, R. (2011) Teaching studies of society and environment in the primary school. Oxford ( Learning how to learn, University of Cambridge Faculty of Education, 2002 accessed from http://www.learntolearn.ac.uk/
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Friday, July 1, 2005 In the wake of a United States Supreme Court ruling in Kelo v. New London on eminent domain last week, a California man has proposed that Justice David Souter's New Hampshire home be seized by the state and a hotel be built on the site. Logan Darrow Clements faxed a letter to town officials in Weare, New Hampshire June 28, 2005 that justified the action as such: "The justification for such an eminent domain action is that our hotel will better serve the public interest as it will bring in economic development and higher tax revenue to Weare." Justice Souter, who was in the majority ruling in the Kelo case, has lived at the farmhouse in Weare since he was 11 years old. Clements indicated that it was necessary to build on that location because "it is a unique site being the home of someone largely responsible for destroying property rights for all Americans." The action has given rise to a great deal of support nationwide, as many are writing to the councilors of the small town of Weare to voice their approval for the proposal. The proposal for the "Lost Liberty Hotel", as it is to be called, features a number of components which seem to focus on the libertarian leanings of its designer. A dining room, called the "Just Desserts Cafe" and a museum based on the "loss of freedom in America" are two such components. Instead of a Bible provided by the Gideons (a standard item placed in most American hotel rooms), each guest will receive a free copy of Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged. Dan Whitcomb. "Man to try to seize home of Supreme Court justice" — Reuters via Washington Post, June 29, 2005 Ron Strom. "Supreme Court Justice faces boot from home?" — WorldNetDaily, June 28, 2005 Bob Ellis. "Tidal Wave of Support for Souter "Lost Liberty Hotel"" — Dakota Voice, June 29, 2005 AP. "Proposal: Replace Souter's home with 'Lost Liberty Hotel'" — The Boston Globe, June 29, 2005 Logan Darrow Clements. "Press Release" — Freestar Media, LLC, June 28, 2005 Public domain Public domain false false
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John Pombe Joseph Magufuli (born 29 October 1959 - 17 March 2021) is the President of Tanzania, in office since 2015. While reiterating Tanzania's support to the right of the Saharawi people to self-determination, please accept, Your Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration President of the United Republic of Tanzania Dr. John Pombe Joseph Magufuli has reaffirmed the support of his country to the right of the Saharawi people to self-determination said in a letter President of Republic, Secretary General of the Polisario Front, on the occasion the celebrations in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of proclamation of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, quoted on AllAfrica, "Tanzania: President of Tanzania Reiterates Support to Right of the Saharawi People to Self-Determination", February 28, 2016. Dr Magufuli has so far shown a no-nonsense approach in taming corruption, laziness and the business-as-usual syndrome among public servants. This has endeared him to most Tanzanians. Whereas in the October polls he received only 58.46 per cent of the votes cast, the survey commissioned shows that if elections were to be held today, Dr Magufuli would win by a resounding 70 percent. The Citizen (newspaper), quoted Daily Maverick, "Tanzania: Hundred days later, what has Magufuli done? ", February 14, 2016. Those criticising the president have nothing better to do. It is for the president to decide which meetings he wants to attend and which he wants to delegate to the vice-president or the prime minister who can also serve the purpose Head of Political Science and Public Administration Department at the University of Dar es Salaam, Dr Benson Bana, faulted those criticising Dr Magufuli, stressing that the president is setting the nation in order (referring to how Magufuli does not attend meetings), quoted on Daily News, "Magufuli backed on foreign trips", February 3, 2015. We are following the policies carried out by the new government. President Magufuli has the support of Tanzanian people. He is also very popular in other African countries. Now we see the optimism in Tanzania and this is very positive. Turkish Ambassador to Tanzania, H.E Yasemin Eralp on President John Magufuli while talking about relationships with Tanzania and Turkey Interview with the Turkish Ambassador to Tanzania Wikipedia has an article about: John Magufuli Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:John Magufuli
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Gerald Allan "Jerry" Cohen (April 14, 1941 – August 5, 2009) was a Canadian Marxist political philosopher. I never believed, as many Marxists professed to do, that normative principles were irrelevant to the socialist movement, that, since the movement was of oppressed people fighting for their own liberation, there was no room or need for specifically moral inspiration in it. I thought no such thing partly for the plain reason that I observed enormous selfless dedication among the active communists who surrounded me in my childhood, and partly for the more sophisticated reason that the self-interest of any oppressed producer would tell him to stay at home, rather than to risk his neck in a revolution whose success or failure would be anyhow unaffected by his participation in it. Revolutionary workers and, a fortiori, bourgeois fellow-travellers without a particular material interest in socialism, must perforce be morally inspired. G. A. Cohen, Self-ownership, Freedom, and Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 3 The circumstances of the camping trip are multiply special: many features distinguish it from the circumstances of life in a modern society. One may therefore not infer, from the fact that camping trips of the sort that I have described are feasible and desirable, that society-wide socialism is equally feasible and equally desirable. There are too many major differences between the contexts for that inference to carry any conviction. What we urgently need to know is precisely what are the differences that matter, and how can socialists address them? Because of its contrasts with life in the large, the camping trip model serves well as a reference point for purported demonstrations that socialism across society is not feasible and/or desirable, since it seems eminently feasible and desirable on the trip. I. The Camping Trip I believe that certain inequalities that cannot be forbidden in the name of socialist equality of opportunity should nevertheless be forbidden, in the name of community. But is it an injustice to forbid the transactions that generate those inequalities? Do the relevant prohibitions merely define the terms within which justice will operate, or do they sometimes (justifiably?) contradict justice? I do not know the answer to that question. II. The Trip's Principles I continue to find appealing the sentiment of a left-wing song that I learned in my childhood, which begins as follows: "If we should consider each other, a neighbor, a friend, or a brother, it could be a wonderful, wonderful world, it could be a wonderful world." III. Is the Ideal Desirable? Whereas many socialists have recently put their faith in market socialism, nineteenth-century socialists were, by contrast, for the most part opposed to market organization of economic life. The mainstream socialist pioneers favored something that they thought would be far superior, to wit, comprehensive central planning, which, it was hoped, could realize the socialist ideal of a truly sharing society. And the pioneers' successors were encouraged by what they interpreted as victories of planning, such as the industrialization of the Soviet Union and the early institution of educational and medical provision in the People's Republic of China. But central planning, at least as practiced in the past, is, we now know, a poor recipe for economic success, at any rate once a society has provided itself with the essentials of a modern productive system. IV. Is the Ideal Feasible? Market socialism does not fully satisfy socialist standards of distributive justice, but it scores far better by those standards than market capitalism does, and is therefore an eminently worthwhile project, from a socialist point of view. IV. Is the Ideal Feasible? The technology for using base motives to productive economic effect is reasonably well understood. Indeed, the history of the twentieth century encourages the thought that the easiest way to generate productivity in a modern society is by nourishing the motives of which I spoke earlier, namely, those of greed and fear. But we should never forget that greed and fear are repugnant motives. Who would propose running a society on the basis of such motives, and thereby promoting the psychology to which they belong, if they were not known to be effective, if they did not have the instrumental value which is the only value that they have? IV. Is the Ideal Feasible? Certain contemporary overenthusiastic market socialists tend, contrariwise, to forget that the market is intrinsically repugnant, because they are blinded by their belated discovery of the market's instrumental value. It is the genius of the market that it (1) recruits low-grade motives to (2) desirable ends; but (3) it also produces undesirable effects, including significant unjust inequality. In a balanced view, all three sides of that proposition must be kept in focus, but many market socialists now self-deceptively overlook (1) and (3). Both (1) and (2) were kept in focus by the pioneering eighteenth-century writer Bernard Mandeville, whose market-praising Fable of the Bees was subtitled Private Vices, Public Benefits. Many contemporary celebrants of the market play down the truth in the first part of that subtitle. IV. Is the Ideal Feasible? The natural tendency of the market is to increase the scope of the social relations that it covers, because entrepreneurs see opportunities at the edge to turn what is not yet a commodity into one. Left to itself, the capitalist dynamic is self-sustaining, and socialists therefore need the power of organized politics to oppose it: their capitalist opponents, who go with the grain of the system, need that power less (which is not to say that they lack it!). V. Coda Every market, even a socialist market, is a system of predation. Our attempt to get beyond predation has thus far failed. I do not think the right conclusion is to give up. V. Coda Wikipedia has an article about: Gerald Cohen
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David Andrew Gemmell (1 August 1948 – 28 July 2006) was a bestselling British author of heroic fantasy. A former journalist and newspaper editor, Gemmell had his first work of fiction published in 1984. He went on to write over thirty novels. Best known for his debut, Legend, Gemmell's works display violence, yet also explore themes of honour, loyalty and redemption. With over one million copies sold, his work continues to sell worldwide. "Well lad, this is what you have chosen. Are you pleased with yourself?" “I am alive," said Bane. “And eight men are dead," said Landis. “Eight souls cast out of the world. More mothers to grieve, more children to know sorrow. Is this a life you want for yourself?” “No it is not," Bane told him. “But we do what we must.” “Not true! We do what we choose. And we face the consequences." Ch. 5 Aye, it is hard when those we love leave the world. No denying it. When healers yearn to kill then hope begins to die ... Evil cannot be overcome by evil. Ch. 2 Kings are chosen by the Source, so it is said ... Therefore those who fight for the king can be said to be godly. Is that not cause enough? Ch. 2 I do not mock men who have faith. It gives them comfort, and oft times leads them to help others. Yet I have also seen great evils done in the name of the Source. And never have I witnessed a miracle. Until I do I shall remain sceptical. Ch. 2 Well, who decides who has won or lost? It's not like Avondale any more. That was easy. We charged. They ran. We captured their cannon. Now, that was a victory. Now, we just charge each other, kill each other, and argue about who won. Ch. 3 The nature of a coward is to avoid death. If such a man courts peril there can be only two reasons. Either he is not a coward at all — or there is no danger. Ch. 4 I think that for the coward every day carries a kind of death. Ch. 4 It never ceases to surprise me how few friends the doomed have. One moment they are surrounded by smiling faces, the next they are utterly friendless. Ch. 4 Steal a loaf of bread and they hang you, steal a land and they'll make you king. Ch. 5 'He didn't want to come, Dweller. He didn't want to get involved. It should have been me who died.' 'Of course he wanted to come. Why else was he here? You didn't force him, Draig. He came because you were his brother and he loved you. He could have left at any time once the pursuit began. He made his own choices. Just as you did. Just as I knew you would.' Ch. 6 No need for confusion, my dear Mulgrave [...] Beautiful wine and sour vinegar come from exactly the same source. Curiously if one leaves a bottle of wine open for long enough it will become vinegar. Happily in this house wine never survives long enough to go bad. Ch. 7 ...[A]ll duels followed a pattern. They began with heat and fury, then settled into a contest of wills. With two equally matched opponents there would come a time when the worm of doubt entered the equation. The truly skilled recognized such moments, and fed them. It was at this time that the endgame would begin. Ch. 7 As men we are all cursed by the violence in our natures. Men like the Moidart — aye, and Winterbourne — revel in that nature. We do not. We struggle to overcome it. Ch. 7 'Makes no sense to me,' said Huntsekker. 'You don't know who is at your door, but you know the thoughts of a man twenty miles away.' ‘Life is a mystery,’ said Powdermill, with a gold-toothed grin. 'It is that, right enough,' agreed Huntsekker. Ch. 8 I don't pray, Master Ring. I act. Ch. 8 You think evil corrupts men by saying come with me and I will turn you into a merciless killer, and damn your soul for eternity? Who would agree to such a bargain? Evil corrupts, Bael, by promising us what we want, and telling us that it is good. Evil talks of the end justifying the means. It speaks of distant goals — aye, and of golden ages. It seduces, Bael. It does not threaten. Not at first. Ch. 13 ‘Is the war coming to Eldacre, my lord?’ asked Ramus, as he settled into the chair. 'I fear it is. A more stupid and wasteful business there never was. Fields will not be planted, food will run low, tax revenues will dry up — save from the makers of swords and munitions.' Ch. 15 Our ancestors have fought wars since time. And won them. More than that, we have built societies and held them together. We are the rulers, Gaise. We are the mighty. Remember that tomorrow. Ch. 17 ‘We don’t have time for theological debates, or philosophical discussion on the nature of evil,’ he said. ‘Men have been killing each other for centuries without need to blame skulls or relics.' Fear is like a fire in your belly. Controlled, it warms you and keeps you alive. Uncontrolled, it burns and destroys you. Ch. 1 "One day you'll find a love, and then we can talk on equal terms. I do not mean that to sound patronizing. You are bright and intelligent. You have courage and wit. But sometimes, it is like trying to describe colors to a blind man. Love, as I hope you will find, has great power. Even death cannot destroy it. And I still love her." ibid "I thought you were the best," she chided. "Fathers always seem that way," he said dryly. "But no. With bow or knife I am superb. But with the sword? only excellent." "And so modest. Is there anything at which you do not excel?" ibid "I don't understand how any man would wish to pursue such a away of life.Causing pain, being hurt, risking death — and for what? so that a crowd of fat-bellied merchants can see blood flow." Ch. 2 "Most men mock what they can never aspire to." Ch. 3 You kol-isha think you know everything. You think the world was created for your pleasure, but you do not understand the land.You sit there and you breathe and you feel the cold earth beneath you,and you notice nothing. And why? Because you live your lives in cities of stone, building walls to keep at bay the spirit of the land. You see nothing. You hear nothing. You feel nothing. ibid Constantly at war, the tribesmen fought one another with pitiless ferocity, and only the very strong survived to manhood. ibid The onset of fear makes the simplest actions complex and difficult. ibid "You have suffered many wounds." [...] "It shows how many skilled swordsmen there are." ibid Yes, love [...] can heal the wounds of hatred. Love can eradicate lust and greed. Through love a man of evil can come to find repentance and redemption. For the Source abandons no man. Ch. 6 This bow I held had killed many men, and it had power, dread power, in its ebony stock. ibid For the lion to to prosper the deer must die. All the world is combat. ibid We sit here safe, within a circle of swords held by other men. ibid War is for men, for honor and glory. Ch. 7 "A methodical people," pulsed the voice of Kesa Khan. "They call themselves civilized because they can build tall castles and pitch their tents with geometric precision, but from here you can see the reality. Ants build in the same way. Are they civilized?" Ch. 13 Majon rubbed his tired eyes. 'You mock politics,' he said softly. 'You sneer at diplomacy. But how do you think we hold the world at peace? I'll tell you, Sieben. Men like me travel to places like this, and we're fed those horse-turd cakes of yours. And we smile, and we say how nourishing they are ... We do this not for gain, but for peace and prosperity. ... Druss is a hero; he can enjoy the luxury of living his own life and speaking his own truths. Diplomats cannot. Now will you help me to convince him?' Sieben rose. 'No, ambassador, I will not. You are wrong in this - though I give you the benefit of the doubt as to your motives.' He walked to the door and turned. 'Perhaps you've been eating those cakes too long. Perhaps you have acquired a taste for them.' Ch. 2 War. What was it about the prospect of some bloody enterprises that reduced men to the level of animals? Ch. 1 A problem shared is a problem doubled. Ch. 1 A friend in need is a friend to be avoided. Ch. 1 It's a funny thing about weaknesses....Most people will tell you they know their weaknesses. When asked, they'll tell you, 'Well for one thing, I'm overgenerous.' ... that's what innkeepers are for. Ch. 1 "Why do they do it?" whispered Horeb. "Their eyes, you mean?" said Rek. "Yes. How can a man put out his own eyes?" "Damned if I know. They say it aids their visions." "Sounds about as sensible as cutting off your staff in order to aid your sex life." Ch. 1 By nature of definition only the coward is capable of the highest heroism. Ch. 4 ...the baresark loses all fear; his method is all-out attack, and invariably he takes his opponent with him even if he falls. Ch. 6 Live or die, a man and a woman need love. There is a need in the race. We need to share. To belong. Perhaps you will die before the year is out. But remember this: to have may be taken from you, to have had never. it is far better to have tasted love before dying than to die alone. Ch. 6 [F]ear is a great ally. Ch. 7 When your life has been spent in one war after another for forty-five years, you have to be pretty handy to survive. Ch. 7 A man with wife and daughters has no place losing his temper. Ch. 7 A man cannot spend his life worrying about the unexpected. Ch. 7 [A]ll men die. ... A man needs many things in his life to make it bearable. A good woman. Sons and daughters. Comradeship. Warmth. Food and shelter. but above all these things, he needs to be able to know that he is a man. And what is a man? He is someone who rises when life has knocked him down. Someone who raises his fist to heaven when a storm has ruined his crop — and then plants again. And again. A man remains unbroken by the savage twists of fate. That man may never win. But when he sees himself reflected, he can be proud of what he sees. For low he may be in the scheme of things: peasant, serf, or dispossessed. But he is unconquerable. And what is death? an end to trouble. An end to strife and fear. ... Bear this in mind when you decide your future. Ch. 7 Each man has a breaking point, no matter how strong his spirit. Somewhere, deep inside him, there is a flaw that only the fickle cruelty of fate can find. Ch. 7 A man's strength is ultimately born of his knowledge of his own weakness ... Ch. 7 How do you decide a battle is lost? Numbers, strategic advantage, positioning? It's all worth a sparrow's fart. It comes down to men who are willing. The largest army will founder if its men are less willing to die than to win. Ch. 9 I don't give a damn, laddie. Until the actual moment, when they cut me down, I shall still be looking to win. And the gods of war are fickle at best. Ch. 9 We are not made for life at all, old horse. It is made for us. We live it. We leave it. Ch. 9 No one can take away the freedom of a man's soul. Ch. 9 Liberty is only valued when it is threatened, therefore it is the threat that highlights the value. We should be grateful to the Nadir, since they heighten the value of our liberty. Ch. 9 I'm not laughing at you. [...] I'm laughing at the whole stupid business. We face the biggest threat in our history and they give me a helmet too big,and you a helmet too small, and tell us we can't exchange them. It's too much. Really. Ch. 9 A man must know his limitations. Ch. 10 None of us can choose the manner of our passing. Ch. 10 Everyone makes mistakes. Everyone fails at something. Ch. 10 Bow to nothing, son. I make mistakes as well as any man. If you think me wrong, be so good as to damn well say so. Ch. 10 Be at peace, my friend. One thing I have learnt about Death is that his bark is worse than his bite. Ch. 11 This world has few redeeming features, and one is the capacity for people to love one another with great, enduring passion. Ch. 12 There is only one way to survive in war, and that is by being willing to die. You will find soon that swordsmen can be downed by untutored savages who would slice their fingers if asked to carve meat. And why? because the savage is willing. Worse, he may be a baresark. Ch. 12 I am not going to talk about patriotism, duty, liberty, and the defense of freedom — because that's all dung to a soldier. Ch. 12 The point is [...] that you never know whether you've lost until you've lost. Ch. 15 A man should be free to do what he wants to do, as long as it doesn't hurt others. Ch. 15 “I understand why some men become soldiers: to protect the nation and all that. But a whole race of people living to be soldiers seems ... unhealthy. Does that sound right?” “Indeed it sounds right. But the northern steppes make poor farmland. Mainly they breed goats and ponies. Any luxuries they desire, they must steal.” ibid All beauty is sad. For it fades. Ch. 16 [H]e who fears to lose will never win. Ch. 17 All men have talents. Some build, some paint, some write, some fight. For me it is different. Ch. 17 You may think life is sweet now, but when death is a heartbeat away then life becomes unbearably desirable. And when you survive, everything you do will be enhanced and filled with greater joy: the sunlight, the breeze, a good wine, a woman's lips, a child's laughter. Ch. 18 Life is nothing unless death has been faced down. Ch. 18 Some of you are probably thinking that you may panic and run. You will not! Others are worried about dying. Some of you will. But all men die. No one ever gets out of this life alive. Ch. 18 The very odd thing about sagas [...] is that they very rarely mention dry mouths and full bladders. Ch. 22 In any broth, the scum always rises to the top. Ch. 22 Some people are born ugly. It's not their fault, and I for one have never held it against a man that he is ugly. but others — and I count myself among them — are born with handsome features. That's a gift that should not be lightly taken away. Ch. 23 I don't know yet whether I fully believe in fate, but certain things do happen in a man's life that he cannot explain. Ch. 23 This enterprise was doomed, but we do what we can and do what we must. So a young farmer with wife and children decides to go home. Good! He shows a sense that you and I will never understand. They will sing songs about us, but he will ensure that there are people to sing them. He plants. We destroy. Ch. 23 Only a fool loves war. Or a man who has never seen it. The trouble is that the survivors forget about the horrors and remember only the battle lust. They pass on that memory, and other men hunger for it. Ch. 24 While men compete in war, there will be warriors. While there are warriors, there will be princes among warriors. Among the princes will be kings, and among the kings an emperor. Ch. 28 It would be a fine thing if war could be conducted as a game where no lives were lost. At the end of a battle combatants could meet [...] and drink and talk. Ch. 28 Man alone, it seems, lives all his life in the knowledge of death. And yet there is more to life than merely waiting for death. For life to have meaning, there must be a purpose. A man must pass something on — otherwise he is useless. Ch. 29 Your men are brave men, And you have won. I can live with that, Earl of Bronze — a poor man would I be if I could not. Ch. 31 I am a stranger. You do not need to lie to me or pretend. Only with friends do you need masks. Ch. 2 It is easier with strangers, for they touch your life but for an instant. You will not disappoint them, for you owe them nothing; neither do they expect anything. Friends you can hurt, for they expect everything. Ch. 2 Death haunts everyone and never fails. Ch. 2 The world would be a sad place without mysteries. Ch. 2 Too many people go through life without pausing to enjoy what they have. Ch. 2 We all have scars [...] Better by far for them to be worn on the outside. Ch. 3 Nothing in life is sure, my son. Except the promise of death. Ch. 4 Nothing in life is easy, Arvan. But it's what I'm trained for. To lead an army. To bring death and destruction on my enemies [...] A man must stand against evil wherever he finds it and he must use all his talents. Ch. 6 It is not hard to change when your biggest problem is whether the weeds prosper in a vegetable patch. Ch. 7 When responsibility is thrust upon you, can you run from it? No—you have never and you never will. That is what makes you as you are. That is why men follow you, though they hate your blood. They trust you. Ch. 8 I am not a hero; I am a soldier. When the battle is lost, I retreat and regroup; when the war is over, I lay down my sword. No last dashing charge; no futile last stand! Ch. 8 No matter how impossible this war, I shall fight to win. Whatever I have to do, I will do. Ch. 8 Evil is never truly strong, for it is born of fear. Why did he fall so easily? Because he tested your strength and saw the possibility of death [...] had he possessed true courage, he would have fought back. Instead he froze — and died. Ch. 8 Most wars are fought for greed, but we are luckier here—we fight for our lives and the lives of the people we love. Ch. 9 Rubbish! ... No man fights for dirt and grass. No, nor mountains. Those mountains were here before the fall and they will be here when the world topples again. Ch. 9 "I am not going to kill a man because he won't let us rob him." "Then go back to your mother and send for a man who wants to win." Ch. 9 Evil lives in a pit. If you want to fight it, you must climb down into the slime to do so. White cloaks show the dirt more thank black, and silver tarnishes. Ch. 10 All things in the world are created for man, yet all have two purposes. The waters run that we might drink of them, but they are also symbols of the futility of man. They reflect our lives in rushing beauty, birthed in the purity of the mountains. As babes they babble and run, gushing and growing as they mature into strong young rivers. Then they widen and slow until at least they meander, like old men, to join with the sea. Ch. 12 I never worshipped anything but my sword and my wits; now I suffer for it. But I can take it, for am I not a man? ... It is not hard to be a legend, Tenaka. It is what follows when you have to live like one. Ch. 12 What is life if a man cannot count on his friends when he has gone mad? Ch. 12 ... a man can overcome his background, even as he can overcome a skilled opponent. Ch. 13 Look around you: see the people as they touch and show their love. But don't watch coldly, like an observer. Don't hover outside life—take part in it. There are people waiting to love you. It is not something you should turn down lightly. Ch. 13 And now I am going to tell you a great truth, and if you are wise, you will take it to your heart. All men are stupid. They are full of fear and insecurity—it makes them weak. Always the other man seems stronger, more confident, more capable. It is a lie of the worst kind, for we lie to ourselves ... How do you know? You do not! You listened to the voice of your inadequacy, and because you believed, you are in my power. If I draw my sword, you are dead! Ch. 13 But from now on act the part. You will be amazed at the number of people you fool. Don't share your doubts! Life is a game, Scaler. Play it like that. Ch. 13 I remember a tutor who told me that all the world's hunters have eyes that faced front: lions, hawks, wolves, men ... He said man was no different from the tiger. We are nature's killers, and we have great appetites for it ... Listen, Rayvan, the beast is in all of us. We do our best in life, but often we are mean, or petty, or needlessly cruel. We don't mean to be, but that's the way we are. Ch. 14 Most of the heroes we remember—we remember only because they won. To win you must be ruthless. Single-minded ... which was why he had no friends—just admirers. Ch. 14 "I underestimated you, woman." ... "The cry of men down the ages." Ch. 15 "You are getting too old for this." "A man is as old as he feels, woman!" "And how old do you feel?" "About ninety." Ch. 15 "Foolish: It's all foolish. Life is a farce— a stupid, sickening farce played out by fools." Ch. 16 One hundred only, Lord Earl. But judge us not by our number. Rather, watch the numbers of dead we leave behind. Ch. 16 "I had a teacher ... He said there were three kinds of people in life: winners, losers and fighters. Winners made him sick with their arrogance, losers made him sick with their whining, and fighters made him sick with their stupidity." "In which category did he put himself?" "He said he had tried all three and nothing suited him." "Well, at least he tried. That's all a man can do, Lake. And we shall try." Ch. 18 "We don't seem to be overflowing with luck." "You make your own. I put no faith in gods, Lake. Never have. If they exist, they care very little—if at all—about ordinary mortals. I put my faith in me, and do you know why? Because I have never lost!" Ch. 18 A man makes mistakes, but he lives by them. Foolish it may be on occassion. But in the main it is the only way to live. We are what we say only so long as our words are iron. Ch. 19 All things are possible, ... Except the passing of regret. Ch. 20 "We irritated him, he told me. Why did he get himself killed for us?" "Because he was a hero. And that is what heroes do. You understand?" Ch. 20 "I don't think I would be too comfortable with many of his compliments ... He's a butcher!" "More than that, my friend ... he is a warmaster. And that makes him a master butcher." Ch. 21 It is a rare man who notices a handsome woman. Ch. 22 ...love is in the eyes, and one woman knows when another woman is in love. Ch. 22 Men! What do they know? They never grow up. Ch. 22 "... But men don't come in just two groups, one of gold and the other of lead. They are a mix of both." "And what about women?" "Pure gold, my girl," Rayvan answered with a chuckle. Ch. 22 "How do you do it? How do you stay so strong?" "I fake it." Ch. 22 Life is sad enough, Magir. Laughter is a thing to be treasured. Ch. 22 Your face may be gone, but you know who you are. Ch. 23 What do you mean, why? Is it not obvious? What is life but a betrayal? We start out young, full of hope. The sun is good; the world awaits us. But every passing year shows how small you are, how insignificant against the power of the seasons. Then you age. Your strength fails, and the world laughs at you through the jeers of younger men. And you die. Alone. Unfulfilled. But sometimes ... sometimes there will come a man who is not insignificant. He can change the world, rob the seasons of their power. He is the sun. Ch. 23 I think maybe it is better to believe than not to believe. But I couldn't tell you why. Ch. 24 Come back and stand with us, lad. We will all go down together—that's what makes us who we are. Ch. 24 'By my lights, my son, you are a young man. [...] there should be love in your life. Am I at fault in my thinking?' 'Not at fault, Senior Brother. I loved once, and in truth I could love again. But the pain of loss was too much for me. I would rather live alone than suffer for it.' 'Then you are here to hide, Charreos, and it is not a good reason. The gift of life is too great to waste in such a fashion...' Ch. 1 I was on top of the mountain. But there was nothing there. Just clouds. And I found that you can't live on that mountain. But when it throws you off — oh, how you long for it! I would kill to climb it again. I would sell my soul. It is so stupid. [...] I took the standard. And now I can't even become a farmer again. The mountain won't let me. Ch. 1 '... No, I should have died at Bel-Azzar. Nothing has gone right since then.' 'Death comes soon enough to all men. Don't wish for it.' Ch. 1 Gentlemen, you are in sorry condition. But war will render you yet more sorry. The soldier will fight in mud and hail, snow and ice, drought and flood. It is rare that a warrior gets to fight in comfort. Ch. 1 [...] In real war an officer may have only one chance at succeeding. Consider each problem. Ch. 1 'Why must I have the Piglet?' 'Because you are the best.' 'I do not understand.' 'Teach him.' 'And who teaches me?' ' As an officer, my lord, you will have many men under your command and not all will be gifted. You must learn to use each man to his best advantage ...' Ch. 1 'I have no wish to argue, Father. Yet it must be said that the monks exist here in peace and security only because of the swords of the defenders. I do not belittle your views — I wish all men shared them. But they do not. ... if all men and women lived as you and I, there would be no children, and no humanity. What then would be the Will of the Source?' Ch. 2 'Do not expect help.' 'One should always hope.' 'Then hope for a handsome savage with kindly ways.' Ch. 2 'Love is for fools. It is a surging of blood in the loins ... there is no mystery, and no magic. Find someone else, my boy.' Ch. 2 A warrior has only one true friend: himself. So he feeds his body well; he trains it; works on it. Where he lacks skill, he practises. Where he lacks knowledge, he studies. But above all he must believe. He must believe in the strength of will, of purpose, of heart and soul. Ch. 3 Do not speak badly of yourself, for the warrior that is inside you hears your words and is lessened by them. You are strong and you are brave. There is a nobility of spirit within you. Let it grow — you will do well enough. Ch. 3 'A man should not risk his life for beauty alone, Kiall, for that fades. You might as well risk it for a rose. Think on it.' Ch. 4 Never let anger, or outrage, or fear affect you. That is easy advice to give, but hard to follow. Men will bait you, they will laugh at you, they will jeer. But it is just noise, Kiall. They will hurt the people you love. They will do anything to make you angry or emotional. But the only way you can make them suffer is to win. And to do that you must remain cool. Ch. 4 Hold on to your dreams, Kiall. They are more important than you realise. Ch. 5 Whore's lives don't make pretty tales. ibid Blood always aids blood, my friend. Ch. 6 There are many forms of cowardice, Chareos. One man can face a score of enemies with a sword, but not a sickness which paralyses him. Another can face death with a smile, yet fear the years of hardship and toil which are living. Are you a coward? Ch. 6 Every man has his own reason for every deed. Usually it is selfish. Ch. 10 'Where will you go from here?' he asked. Chellin shrugged. 'Who knows? North again. Maybe not. I'm tired of this life, Kiall. I may head south, to Drenai land. Buy a farm, raise a family.' 'And have raiders descend on you to steal your daughters?' Chellin nodded and sighed. 'Yes. Like all dreams, it doesn't bear close examination [...]' Ch. 10 Evil will never be countered while good men do nothing. Ch. 10 ‘Win or lose, we achieve nothing in the world that we understand [...]’ ‘But then the world does not matter.’ ‘Indeed it does not [...] It is good to understand that.’ Ch. 10 A man can be aroused to anger as easily as he is aroused to rut. The two emotions are closely linked. Anger and lust. So the warrior is aroused in battle and fights to dominate. Ch. 11 Never be glad that another man has died. Not ever. [...] It never ends. Never ... ever ... be glad to kill. Ch. 11 “Look around you - this [land] is cold, inhospitable. Only the strong survive. Here there are no green fields, no verdant pastures. A warrior is old by the time he is thirty. We have no energy to spend on pretty words.” Ch. 12 We are full of dreams [...] We long for the unattainable. We believe in the nonsense of fables. There is no pure love; there is lust and there is need. ibid Self-preservation is a paramount desire in all of us. Good and evil are interchangeable. When the wolves pull down a fawn I don't doubt the doe would consider it an evil act. For the wolves it is a necessity, and they would see the arrival of fresh meat as good. Ch. 5 "Why am I taking seduction advice from a man whose idea of foreplay is to slam coins on the table and shout: 'Who wants to ride the big horse?'" "Because he knows best, Tinker." Ch. 6 "What I did understand from the rebirth process was that the rebirth reproduced a physical duplicate of the original. But this is my point. It is physical. What truly makes a man who he is? Is it the strength of his arms, or the courage of his soul? You have your own soul, Harad. You are not Druss. Live your own life." Ch. 8 We all of us carry the seed of evil in our hearts and souls ... Even the purest, even the most holy. It is part of the human condition, born in us. We cannot root it out. All that we can do — at best — is to prevent it from germinating. Ch. 10 It is the curse of absolute power, Olek. There is no one to admonish you, no laws save those you make. We like to believe there is something special, even alien, about evil. We like to think that tyrants are different from the rest of us. That they are somehow inhuman. They are not. They are merely unchained, unfettered; free to do as they please. Ch. 10 In my experience all women deserve someone better. Ch. 10 We are closest to life when we are vying with death ... The blood runs hot, the air smells sweet, the sky becomes an unbearably beautiful blue. Battle is intoxicating. That is why the ghastly vileness of war has always been so popular. Ch. 11 We like to think of life as a constant ... Yet it can be ended in a heartbeat." Ch. 14 "A lovers' spat," he said. "You know how it is. Boy meets girl, girl wants boy dead. An everyday story, really." Ch. 14 All legends have a base in fact. Ch. 14 It is a merchant's nature to quibble over coins. It is how we become rich and buy satin shirts. The problems of who governs this area is one for another day. Ch. 18 Plan for the worst, expect the best. Ch. 19 Winning is not everything, Stavut. Men like to think it is. Sometimes it is more important to stand against evil than to worry about beating it ... Evil will always have the worst weapons. Evil will gather the greatest armies. They will burn, and plunder, and kill. But that's not the worst of it. They will try to make us believe that the only way to destroy them is to become like them. That is the true vileness of evil. It is contagious. Ch. 21 "No golden age to discover now," he whispered. "No end to disease and starvation. No, bright sparkling cities reaching the clouds ... All that I have lived for is gone now. I am so tired." "Then think on this, priest: You stopped the Eternal from finding greater weapons. Your actions here have led to her death. The world is free again." "Free? Of one tyrant perhaps. You think there will be no others?" "No, I do not. But I know there will always be men to stand against them. You grieve because of a pure magic lost. That magic was corrupted by evil. This is how evil thrives. We find an herb that cures disease, and someone will make a poison from it. We forge iron to make a better plow, and someone will make a sharper sword. There can be no power that evil will not corrupt." Ch. 21 Wikipedia has an article about: David Gemmell
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WikiJSci WikiSci WikiScience Wikiscience Wikijournal of Science Wikiversity Journal of Science WikiJournal Science Wikipedia Science Wikipedia science journal STEM Science Mathematics Engineering Technology Free to publish Open access Open-access Non-profit online journal Public peer review WikiJournal of Science An open access journal with no publication costs – About www.WikiJSci.org ISSN: 2470-6345 Frequency: Continuous Since: December 2017 Funding: Wikimedia Foundation Publisher: WikiJournal User Group On social media RSS feed Facebook Twitter Mailing list Contact & Contribute The WikiJournal of Science is set up such that anyone can contribute. Minor edits, such as formatting, copyediting and minor wording edits may be done by anyone. Edits that change the meaning of the article require peer review, and should instead be added at the article's Discussion page before triggering a new round of academic peer review. 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Melanie Stefan From: 24 November 2017 Additionally: social media manager Fields: computational biology, biochemistry, neurobiology, statistics Melanie Stefan is an Edinburgh-Zhejiang lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, whose research group focuses on using computational tools to understand learning and memory. Jack Nunn From: 24 November 2017 Additionally: social media manager Fields: participatory research, public health genomics Jack Nunn is a researcher in the Department of Public Health at La Trobe University. His research is in creating and evaluating equitable and ethical ways for people to participate in all aspects of research and science. Jack is currently a PhD candidate exploring genomics research and ways of involving people. Jack is the founder and Director of the not-for-profit education organisation 'Science for All'. Sridhar Gutam From: 24 November 2017 Fields: plant physiology, agricultural science, horticultural science Guy Vandegrift From: 5 November 2017 Fields: physics, engineering, mathematics Guy Vandegrift teaches physics and astronomy at the Lake Campus of Wright State University, and is currently working to develop Quizbank. Thijs van Vlijmen From: 6 March 2018 Fields: cell biology, protein science Dr. Thijs van Vlijmen completed his Ph.D. at Utrecht University in the Department of Cell Biology in the University Medical Center Utrecht in 2008. After that he started working at Springer Science+Business Media as a publishing editor. He is currently Associate Editorial Director for Australia and New Zealand at Taylor & Francis. Kelee Pacion From: 21 April 2018 Additionally: social media manager Fields: Instructional design, science communication, scientific research, education, science policy Kelee Pacion is the Biology and Environmental Sciences Librarian at Princeton University. Her interests are science communication, information literacy, and education. Edmund Palermo From: 21 April 2018 Fields: polymer, biomaterial, biomimetics Ed Palermo is an Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY). His interests are in polymer science and biomaterials. Tina Qin From: 21 April 2018 Fields: e-Science, scholarly communication, cheminformatics Tina Qin is the science and engineering librarian and lecturer at Department of Chemistry at Vanderbilt University. She is particular interested in e-Science, scholarly communication and chemical informatics. Loren Cobb From: 21 April 2018 Fields: applied mathematics, simulation, statistics, sociology, Economics, political science, computer science Paula Diaconescu From: 21 April 2018 Fields: inorganic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, catalysis, polymer Paula Diaconescu is a Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research group focuses on switchable catalysis, a new area of chemistry inspired by nature’s sensory processes. Switchable catalysts use external triggers in order to toggle between multiple species with different reactivity. Andrew Leung From: 21 April 2018 Fields: climatology, atmospheric sciences, aviation Andrew Leung is a climatologist working at Environment and Climate Change Canada. He is a contributor to Wikipedia and many of its sister projects. José Lages From: 21 April 2018 Fields: theoretical physics José Lages is an Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France. His recent researches focus on Chaos in Quantum Physics, Chaos in Astrophysics, and Complex Networks. He co-invented the Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities obtained from the statistical analysis of Wikipedia articles network for different language editions. Thais C. Morata From: 20 May 2018 Fields: public health, occupational health, hearing science, communication studies, communication disorder Thais Morata is a Research Audiologist at the US NIOSH and coordinator of the NORA Manufacturing Sector Council. She created the Safe-in-Sound Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention AwardsTM, is a founding associate editor for the International Journal of Audiology, and a founding editor of the Cochrane Work Review Group. She co-instructs several graduate classes and promotes the Wiki Edu platform. Jonathan Holland From: 20 May 2018 Fields: mathematical analysis, differential geometry, general relativity, twistor theory Vinod Scaria From: 20 May 2018 Fields: genomics, genome informatics, RNA Edward Baker From: 31 January 2019 Fields: taxonomy, zoological nomenclature, biodiversity informatics, bioacoustics Ed Baker is an orthopterist and bioacoustician at the University of York, and Scientific Associate of the Natural History Museum, London. Scott Thomson From: 19 June 2019 Fields: zoology, paleontology, taxonomy, zoological nomenclature, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, turtle, conservation science Herpetologist, taxonomist and paleontologist with a major interest in nomenclature and the development of good science through best practices, good publishing methods and teaching as well as a multidisciplinary approach. Mad Ball From: 11 December 2019 Fields: open science, citizen science, participatory research, genetics, biotechnology, health research Trained in biotech, now highly interdisciplinary focus on empowering individuals & community to take an active role in leading and contributing to research about themselves. Jeff Lundeen From: 28 January 2020 Fields: physics, metrology, optics, quantum information, Quantum metrology, photonics, fundamental science Jeff Lundeen is the Canada Research Chair in Quantum Photonics. He heads an experimental laboratory at the University of Ottawa that uses photons to study the unique characteristics of quantum physics, to carry information for quantum computing, and to build quantum-enhanced sensing and measurement devices. Rosemary Redfield From: 3 May 2020 Fields: microbiology, genetics, evolution 30 years as faculty at University of British Columbia (research, teaching) - Publications. Yulia Sevryugina From: 16 August 2020 Fields: metascience, data science, cheminformatics, information science, crystallography, inorganic chemistry, chemical education Research career in chemistry: coordination chemistry, small molecule crystallography, medicinal, and boron chemistry. As faculty at TCU, I was leading a research group in the the development of dopamine targeting drugs. Currently, at the University of Michigan, my research interests are in data science and scientometrics as related to chemistry and biomedical research. Moritz Schubotz From: 16 August 2020 Fields: computer science, digital library Moritz Schubotz and his group research on Mathematical Information Retrieval at the Department of Mathematics at FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure. His main interests are: research, teaching, building research infrastructure, establish a FAIR scholary practice. Christos Noutsos Fields: genomics, botany, bioinformatics Jenny Lenkowski Fields: developmental biologist, neurobiologist Hemachander Subramanian Fields: theoretical biology, systems biology, computational biology Gorla Praveen Fields: electronics, information and communications technology, telecommunication, wireless network, software-defined radio, wireless localization Jessica Polka Fields: academic publishing, cell biology, synthetic biology Konrad Förstner From: 20 May 2018 to 20 March 2019 Fields: bioinformatics, microbiology, Infection biology, open science, systems biology Joanna Argasinska From: 5 November 2017 Fields: molecular biology Dan Graur Fields: molecular evolution, Genome evolution, phylogenetics, bioinformatics Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh Fields: plant physiology, agriculture, response to external stimulus Tony Ross-Hellauer Fields: open science, research infrastructure, peer review, information ethics, FAIR data, science policy, academic integrity, Open Access, philosophy of technology Michael Umbricht Fields: astronomy, history of science, science outreach Emanuele Natale Fields: theory of algorithms, collective animal behaviour, machine learning Jong Bhak Fields: bioinformatics, genomics, geromics
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Gympie is a mid-sized town (pop. 16,454) just north of the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. Road connection to Gympie is via the Bruce Highway (M1); it is about 150km north of Brisbane. Rail connect is via QR's North Coast railway line, which is served by daily Citytrain services to Brisbane and Traveltrain services for long distances. Cars are the main way to get around. The countryside is spectacular with an abundance of curves, gradients and bridges. Steep slopes portray a patchwork of pineapples, macadamia nuts and other crops. The Mary Valley features rolling green pastures and many beautiful forests. The valley includes the villages and towns of Dagun, Amamoor, Kandanga and Imbil. Other attractions include: Gympie Pyramid - a terraced structure that some believe to be the work of an ancient civilization (but more likely the work of early Italian or Swiss immigrants) - located on the outskirts of Gympie. The Big Pineapple - one of the famed Big things in Australia Gold mining sites - Gympie is called "The Town that Saved Queensland", but for its memorabilia, gold mining still continues to play a part in the town's fortunes. The Deep Creek, a gully just near the Mary River, is a profitable spot for gold panning. Historic buildings - Gympie's city centre features a number of 19th-century buildings tracing to the founding days of the gold rush. -26.188192152.6601061 Gympie Regional Gallery, 39 Nash St, ☏ +61 7 5481 0733. (updated Sep 2021) The annual country music muster, which attracts thousands of fans and musicians. The Heart of Gold International Short Film Festival. Mary St offers a post office and a wide array of bars, cafes, banks and stores. It has a quaint country town feel to it. Beefy's Gympie, 98 River Rd, ☏ +61 404 597 925. Pie shop. (updated Sep 2021) Mary River Motor Inn, Bruce Highway, ☏ +61 7 5482 9977. (updated Sep 2021) Kilkivan
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Final Fantasy X-2 is a role-playing game developed by Square Enix in 2003. Published by Sony Computer Entertainment America for the Playstation 2. Where’s the impostor? (opening line) I don't like your plan. It sucks. Disasterriffic... I gave in, I accepted, I believed. I allowed it to be true. I thought I'd able to go through with it without ever doubting myself. But I...It hurt so much. [robotically] "We had no choice." [normally] Always "we had no choice." Those are our magic words. We repeat them to ourselves again and again. But you know... The magic never worked! The only thing we're left with is regret. My body just started dancing by itself. I didn't know what was going on. I was... frightened. And then, while I was dancing, something happened...... It all began when I saw this sphere of you. At least, it looked like you. I couldn't say for sure. So this is my life now. We travel from place to place, and the days just seem to fly by. But sometimes, I find myself stopping. I'm listening for your whistle. Here comes the real Yuna! The Gullwings are sphere hunters, and sphere hunters are...well...this! We fly all over Spira. I'm really enjoying myself. There's a connection. Everything is connected. I can feel it. I don't want friends to die...or fade away. I don't want battles where we have to lose in order to win. Nooj, I know that what you say is what you mean to do. Give me your resolve. Believe in Yuna. So much has happened! And I'm sure it's only the beginning. Through the smiles, tears...through the anger, and the laughter that follows. I know that I will keep changing. This is my story. It will be a good one. It all began when I saw this sphere of you. Who the heck is Lenne?! The Eternal Calm. I can feel it crumbling from beneath our feet. You're back. Gullwings! Let's go! Sorry Dona, but the sphere is ours. Y.R.P. In position. It’s showtime, girls. (opening line) Hey, give it back already ! Having fun ? Disasterrific !!! I'm not listening ! Oh, poopie! Oui pimmo! [You bully!] Hey, I got an idea! We could be "Your Friendly Neighborhood Gullwings"! [possible reference to Spiderman] Snake? Snake?! SNAKE! [Possible reference to the Metal Gear Solid line spoken by allies after the protagonist, Solid Snake, dies.] This is so much like two years ago. I was holding back my tears the whole way. Think you can keep up? (opening line) I could've danced all night. How about "kick... its... ass." Too bad. I was just about to tell you. What now? The three of them were candidates for the Crimson Squad. And I was the recorder assigned to their team. Note: In Chapter 4, Paine refers to Gippal, Baralai and Nooj. So notice why Gippal looked startled and said "You--- !" when he first looked at Paine outside the Djose Temple in Chapter 1... Effortless! I hate this dressphere Note: Said upon spherechanging or equipping Paine with the Songstress Dressphere What the hell is this?! Said after obtaining the Mascot dressphere. Another flawless victory. Don't forget that notoriety can be a bad thing. You'll get less respect points. Ex-summoners come in all flavors. Note: This was said when the Gullwings encountered Issaru in the Chamber of the Fayth in Zanarkand. Issaru was hiding, and quizing the Gullwings (his "job") before they figured him out and got him to leave. Don't think it's just a game. Your life's on the line. Note: Said upon spherechanging into the Lady Luck Dressphere IF YOU'RE GONNA BRING IT THEN BRING IT Note: Said upon spherechanging into the Berserker Dressphere You. It's what's for dinner. Note: When casting Flare magic Dancing Yuna? I want to see! Who is the leader?! I AM! I give the orders around here! Yuna, keep an eye on Rikku. "Disasterrific" is not a word ! Say "disastrous" like the rest of Spira ! Disasterrific ? I am on my way ! Come in !... COME IN !!!!!!!! Party! Ahahah! Party! Ahahah!" I... I like Yuna's back. In a discussion with Barkeep. Is it Gullwing time? Who cares? !Just pick a hole and DIIIVEEE!!! So, where to, ladies? Crid ib ! (Al Bhed for "shut up" !) I know everything. I'm just a kid. Hero. Summoner. Doormat. Gullwings go Lalalalala Gullwings fight LaLaLaLaLaLa. The probability of winning is slim at best. My last mission with the Gullwings. But we can still use it as a dressphere. Wow ! A shoopuf ! Wanna check the CommSpheres ? Inconceivable! Greetings, friends! An important sphere is hidden in Kilika Temple. A sphere documenting the true history of Spira. We are here today to demand that New Yevon make the contents of that sphere public. Yet, as always, the voice seeking truth goes ignored. My friends, I ask you: why? Because New Yevon wants to hide the truth! Just as the temples did before them! I tell you now, this has gone on long enough! My friends, stand with me, and together we will bring the truth back to the people. (opening speech) Take care of things topside. A pleasure, Lady Yuna. I am Baralai, Praetor of New Yevon. The world is changing, and there many who are finding it difficult to keep up. New Yevon wishes to help those who feel lost in the winds of change. Okay, let's do some interviews. Bring it! (opening line) You. Are. Hired. Don't know why a superstar like you would wanna go play in the sand. Never been this close to a celebrity before. After Yuna replies, he says "I could get used to this" We made quite the couple. [to Rikku] Well, if it isn't Cid's girl. How ya been? Boys? Want in on this number? Then show me your moves! (opening line as Fake Yuna) Where are you groping? (when cracking Leblanc's back on blue during the massage scene) Umm, not quite. (when pressing Leblanc's back on "green" during the massage scene) That's nice.... (when pressing Leblanc's back on "yellow" during the massage scene) Ohhhh ! There !!! (when pressing Leblanc's back on "pink" during the massage scene) Er, Leblanc! Remember that name well, loves. Laugh while you can! I am the MIGHTY Leblanc! My Noojie-Woojie... It's obvious to the trained eye. That's sphere's just a dud. Perfect for the Dullwings. It'll be a thousand years before you can take on the MIGHTY Leblanc! The power of love conquers all! Trema: Only one... who renounces everything... posesses the strength... to transcend anything. Trema:Lady Yuna, you are the paragon of pastlessness! Garik Ronso: Garik know Yuna save Spira, but Ronso not saved yet. Garik Ronso: High Summoner Yuna, it is Garik's honor. Kimahri: Yuna look well. Kimahri glad. Kimahri: Elder's job difficult. Kimahri troubled. O'aka XXIII: Do O'aka a favor, and pretend ye never saw him. O'aka XXIII: O'aka, at your service! Rin: Lady Yuna's Calm has given the people of Spira time to relax and enjoy the finer things in life. Tromell: With Lord Seymour gone, we Guado are hardly different from the dead. Tromell: Oh! High Summoner Yuna... Forgive me for the grief I have caused you. Wakka: I'm gonna be a father soon! Gotta have a little more presence, ya' know? Lulu: You're the high summoner who defeated Sin. There are people who would use that, Yuna. Clasko: Ya know, all I want to do is ride on a chocobo. Faster than the wind! Ormi: Shows over! Bwahahaha! (opening line) Logos: You're too slow, little girl. (opening line) Barkeep: Mish Yoona, what can I do for yoo? (repeated line) Barkeep: Shee yoo shoon ? Barkeep: Shleep tight. Shinra's Bestiary entry for Ultima Weapon:*Whatever you do, don't call it Atma. Barkeep: Shesh got a nice backshide, yesh? Barkeep referring to Yuna Tobli's assistant: The master is having a feshtibbible. Shinging and danshing and shelebebration ? Shuyin: Lenne... We disappeared together, but when I awoke... I was alone. I looked for you for... so long. While I searched I realised something. Spira hasn't really changed at all. Everyone's still fighting over nothing, and still dying like they used to. A thousand years have passed, and they can't leave the hatred behind. But I'm through waiting, I'll fix it. This world continues to fail us, and what's worse I failed to protect you. Vegnagun will make that ALL go away. [clenches fist, and moves towards Yuna] And we'll fade again... TOGETHER. Help me do it, Lenne... Shuyin: You are NOT Lenne! [squares up, to fight.] Shuyin: A thousand years... and this moment is all we get?! [as they prepare to use the No Love Lost attack] Leblanc: Let's get 'em, boys! Ormi: Our practice is finally paying off! Logos: Practice? What practice? Brother: [over radio] What's your status? Rikku: Disasterrific! Brother: "Disasterrific" is not a word! Say "disastrous" like the rest of Spira! [...] [after falling down an elevator shaft not long after the previous quote] Brother: [over radio, hysterically] What happened? Is Yuna okay?! Yuna: Things are, ow...disasterrific. Brother: Disasterrific?! I am on my way! Rikku: [staring up in disbelief] What about me?! Trema: You are the paragon...of pastlessness. Yuna: You’re wrong. Although I’ve wished to be stronger, and I’ve wanted to change...I realized that losing my past would be losing myself. Trema: [laughing] Tell me, High Summoner Yuna, where is the loss in that? Brother: Dancing Yuna? I want to see! Yuna: It'll cost you! Brother: One moment... Paine: She's kidding. Brother: [shocked] What? No dance?! Gippal: [really close to Yuna's face] Never been this close to a celebrity before. Yuna: That's nice. Gippal: I could get used to this. Yuna: Let's not. [Big ugly fiend called "Sanctuary Keeper" shows up.] Rikku: Think we need a password? Paine: How about "Kick...its...ass." Paine: Minus-four respect points Rikku. Rikku: How many are left? Paine: 47. Rikku: That's not a lot, is it? Yuna: Oh, poopie. Rikku: Yunie, don't say things like that. Yuna: Hey, I was just copying you! Brother: Yuna, what's all the noise? Yuna: Just taking a little dip. Brother: Y meddma teb! (A little dip!) Code, uh...pink! I'll be there right now! [A punch is heard in the background, followed by moaning.] Yuna: Brother? Buddy: Don't worry, I knocked him out. Brother: This is Brother! Rikku: Be quiet! This is a covert operation. Over and out. Brother: Rikku! How dare you speak to your leader like that! Rikku: Ooh! Shut up, already! [In Bikanel Desert, watching Yuna run off.] Paine: I was wrong. She doesn't get dragged into trouble. Rikku: She jumps in head first. Rikku: Poor girl. She's led such a sheltered life. Paine: Maybe she's getting old. Yuna: [hearing that] Who's getting old?! Ormi: [tries to imitate Nooj] Leblanc, there is nothing to worry about. Logos: Not even close. Ormi: Let's see you try it. Logos: [clears throat, then puts on raspy voice] Leblanc, there is nothing to worry about. Ormi: [laughs] Look who's talking. Shuyin: I finally found you. Yuna: [hesitant] Is that...really you? Shuyin: It is me. Shuyin. Yuna: [turns around, facing away from him] But I'm not Lenne... Shuyin: I didn't understand. We died together, but when I awoke...I was alone. I looked for you, for... so long... Bit while I searched I realised something. Spira hasn't really changed at all. People are still fighting over nothing, still dying like they used to. A thousand years have passed, and I can't leave the hatred behind. [clenches fist, and moves towards Yuna] Vegnagun will make that all go away. And, then, we'll fade away...together. Help me do it, Lenne... [Now directly behind her, he touches her arm.] Yuna: Don't touch me- [Shuyin pulls her arm back, and, turning her around, pulls her into a hug. Yuna's outfit glows, and pyreflies fly around them. Gently, they break apart, and, as thought, not spoken:] Who's feelings are these? Lenne's? [She looks up at Shuyin, and he pulls her to him as she thinks:] Mine? Brother: I...I like Yuna's back. Barkeep: Mish Yuna has nice backshide, yesh? Maechan: There may still be a way to reunite with those who have gone. Yuna: What?! Paine: Watch what you say. Maechan: Forgive me. Consider it the ramblings of an old man. Shuyin: A thousand years...and this moment is all we get...? Lenne: This moment's enough. I don't need anything else. Buddy: Fiends are pouring out of the temples! Rikku: Which ones? Brother: Only all of them! Yuna: Are you real? Tidus: I think so. [Pauses] Do I pass? Yuna: [nods] You're back. Tidus: I am back. I'm home! [embaces Yuna] Yuna: Yes, home. [puts her arms around Tidus] [start of a batlle] Rikku: What time? Yuna: Show time! Rikku: These aren't your everyday "bang-bang" kind of bullets! When switching to Gun Mage Dressphere Rikku: So, I chop things up and we win? I think I can handle that! When switching to Warrior Dressphere Rikku: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Rikku! When switching to Samurai Dressphere Rikku: Welcome to your doom, staring ME! When switching to Songstress Dressphere Yuna: Prepare for a phantasmagoric panopoly of magical power! Your abilities will be mine! When switching to Gun Mage Dressphere Yuna: As I bear the darkness into battle, my suffering becomes my strength. When switching to Dark Knight Dressphere Yuna: You can't run or hide so why bother? nooooooo When switching to Gunner Dressphere Paine: I hate this dress sphere. Paine: Don’t... say... a word. (First time in Mascot dressphere) Yuna: It's hot in here! (First time in Mascot dressphere) Rikku: Aw, I wanted to be a Cactuar! (First time in Mascot dressphere) Rikku: Activate super-mega-ultra assault mode! (Occasionally when switched to special Machina Maw dressphere) Paine: You have picked your last fight. (Occasionally when switched to special Full Throttle dressphere) Yuna: A power too great to be bridled can only be set free. (Occasionally when switched to special Flora Fallal dressphere) Paine: Turned on? After party wins battle Rikku: I don't get paid enough for this! Additional dialogue This includes dialogue exclusive to the International + Last Mission and HD Remaster versions of the game. Almighty Shinra: I play for keeps! When entering battle Almighty Shinra: I think I'll give this fighting thing a try! When entering battle Almighty Shinra: I've just been toying with you up to now. When using Clione Almighty Shinra: Prepare to meet your doom! When using Clione Almighty Shinra: Time for an experiment. Almighty Shinra: This should achieve the desired result. Almighty Shinra: Try again in another 1000 years. After he wins battle Auron: You! Away! Auron: No mercy! Auron: This is for the fallen! Auron: Pray. Now! Auron: No time to waste. Let's go. Auron: That's how it's done. Baralai: Suffer! When using Looming Glacier Baralai: It's not over! When using Drill Shot Buddy: Need some maintenance? When using a healing item Elma: Haaaaaaaa!! Elma: Yaa! Gippal: Dodge this! When using Bullseye Leblanc: This is goodbye now. Logos: Parting in such sweet sorrow. Lucil: Splendid. After being defeated Lulu: Let's end this. Lulu: Can you handle this? Lulu: Magic has no limits! Nooj: Death is happiness. When using Lightfall Nooj: This puppet show is over! When using Lightfall Nooj: Pray later. When using Lightfall Nooj: Let me end your pain. Nooj: No time for farewells. Nooj: See you on the Farplane. Seymour: Death awaits you! Seymour: Accept your fate! Seymour: Do you not want to heal Spira's sorrow? Seymour: So, you too seek freedom from this painful life? Seymour: Let death carry you off into peaceful slumber. Seymour: Die a gracious death! Shuyin: Begone! Shuyin: Vanish with the rest of Spira! Shuyin: All this ugliness must end! Shuyin: One thousand years of agony! Tidus: Eenie meenie miney mo! When using Blitz Ace Tidus: Slice and dice! When using Blitz Ace Tidus: I've been saving this one for you! When using Spiral Cut Trema: Know your place! Trema: The unenlightened shall fall. Trema: I know nothing of defeat. Trema: Now, prostrate before me! Trema: Ha sa te ka na e, ku ta ma e. When casting Meteor, first time Trema: Release your past and tower above all. When casting Meteor, second time Trema: Be flung unto the Farplane! When casting Ultima Yuna: Gimme a Y! Rikku: Gimme an R! Paine: Gimme a break. Rikku: I'm gonna kick you in the spleen! Paine: Spleen? Rikku: Dr. P is in the house!! Paine: Stop that! Yuna: Duck Soup! Paine: Duck what? Rikku: Let's finish this, lickety split. Yuna: Think we can break our record? Paine: Let's just win. Yuna: Ready? Rikku: Let's kick some tail! Paine: You're on. Paine: Leblanc never stood a chance against this thing. Rikku: Well, we've got a leg up on her. Yuna: Save the jokes for later. Yuna: It's so big. Rikku: Woohoo! No more climbing! Paine: Could you please focus? Paine: Come get some! Yuna: Paine gets all the good lines... Yuna: Bring it! Rikku: She's certainly getting into this. Paine: She's trying. Yuna: Don't get careless! Paine: Who? Me? Paine: Sorry we had to win. Rikku: I'm not. Paine: I think I'll take a break. Rikku: WHAT? Yuna: Hey. We need you. Yuna: You're going down! Paine: That's the spirit! Paine: All yours, Yuna. Yuna: Where are YOU going? Paine: Easy. Yuna: You think so? Rikku: Less talk! More fight! Paine: My heart's racing. Rikku: Paine's into this kind of stuff. Yuna: That's... odd. Rikku: I bet Paine's not tired. Paine: What's it to you? Rikku: Do you think this'll be hard? Paine: Only one way to find out. Yuna: Well, what are we waiting for? Paine: Guess I'll take a break. Rikku: What?! Yuna: Hey! We need you! Rikku: I could do this blindfolded. Paine: Go ahead. Rikku: Heheh. Yuna: This'll only take... two rounds. Rikku: Gimme one! Yuna: Bring it! Rikku: She's sure getting into this. Paine: She's trying. Rikku: Hey! A little healing over here! Paine: Heal yourself! Rikku: Can we rest yet?! Can we rest yet?! Can we rest yet?! Paine: Shut up! Yuna: What's the password? Rikku: How about "Don't screw up"?! Rikku: Yup. That was nuts. Yuna: You think?! Wikipedia has an article about: Final Fantasy X-2 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317510/quotes http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/ps2/file/562386/27214 http://www.eternal-legend.com/ffx2/script/bmedia.shtml ̇̽httpː//www.studyisland.com
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File:LOZ Oos Horon Gate.PNG File:LOZ Oos Maku Tree Asleep.PNG File:LOZ Oos Gnarled Key.PNG Heading east across the village will bring you to the blocked path, which can now be cleared with the Wooden Sword. The sign by the gate says to show courage. Swing your sword in front of the gates, and you will be allowed to pass. You'll arrive at the Maku Tree, a large, wise oak. However, he's asleep! You'll need to swing the sword again to pop the snot bubble of sap gushing out his nose. The noise will wake the tree and allow you to deliver the message from Impa. The Maku Tree sees the chaos that has come because of Onox, including the scattering of the eight Essences of Nature, which has weakened him. He's shriveled to a much smaller size without the forces of nature to enrich his body. The Maku Tree asks you to save Din and gives you the File:Zelda Oracles Gnarled Key.PNG Gnarled Key. This key is special, and only fits one particular lock. Fortunately, the Maku Tree knows where it is. He tells you to go to a giant root in the middle of the lake. What could be there? File:LOZ Oos Keystone.PNG With the Gnarled Key, go to the giant root up by the lake as the Maku Tree said. It doesn't look like much, but there's a very peculiar keystone next to it. Go up to it and use the Gnarled Key. Suddenly, the root rises up to reveal a large tree! And inside it is the entrance to the first dungeon: Gnarled Root Dungeon. File:LegendOfZelda-OracleOfSeasons-GnarledRootDungeon.png File:LOZ OracleGnarled Root Dungeon (2).PNG The first dungeon in the game is very simple. There isn't much to it, but you may find it to be somewhat of a challenge. Note that the layout of this first dungeon is very similar to the layout of the first dungeon in Legend of Zelda 1. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Push Block.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Sage.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot First Key.PNG As you enter the first room, head north into the next one. Once you enter, the doors will shut and you will find four peculiar blocks. The one on your top-right is movable. Push it to open up the doors. Head north again to find a sage (in the same style as The Legend of Zelda 1). He will mention that you need to relight unlit torches. Remember that. You can't light any now, but there is an item in the dungeon that can. Head back into the block room and resolve the puzzle, then head east. In this room are four Stalfos. Kill them all to get a File:Zelda Oracles Small Key.png Small Key. With it, you can open one locked door in the dungeon. In fact, there's one nearby. Head into the block room again. This time, you don't have to mess with the puzzle. Instead, head west and unlock the door. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Dungeon Map.PNG In the next room are four more Stalfos. Kill them to open up the doors, and make a chest appear, which holds the File:Zelda Oracles Dungeon Map.png Dungeon Map. The map (viewable by pressing Select) will now show all the rooms in this dungeon. Darkened rooms haven't been visited yet. Now, you can keep track of your progress. There is also another helpful item in the dungeon. It's the companion to the Dungeon Map, but it's in another room. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Mine Cart.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Door Block.PNG Head on north to the next room. Here, you'll face four Zols. They're not very strong. Slashing will split them into two smaller blobs called Gels, which you can kill easily. When they're all gone, you'll open up a door. However, it's only the door you came through. You can't head left, and the door ahead is shut, too, but there's a mine cart ahead. Run over to it, and hop in. You'll be taken for a ride down the tracks. The door ahead will open to let you through, and you'll ride a small track through the next room. Several Keese are in here, but you can get rid of them with your sword if they bother you. The mine cart will go through another door, where the tracks will end. Now, you have two options: one, head up the stairs or two, head left. If you head left, there are a couple of Moblins. These enemies throw boomerangs at you if they see you, but a couple hits will get rid of them. With them gone, there is a block nearby. Push it, and the door will open. Be careful heading towards it. Two spike traps will come after you. Lure them out, and wait for them to get out of your way. Beware; this isn't the last you'll see of them. In the next room, there is a block puzzle. It seems confusing, but there are 4 simple steps to solve it: File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Gasha Seed.PNG At the end of the puzzle, go up the stairs. You'll find a treasure chest waiting for you. Inside is a File:Zelda Oracles Gasha Seed.png Gasha Seed. With the puzzle done, head out. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Upper Level.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Compass.PNG If you head up the stairs, you'll find a path to the right. It will take you into the last room, but in a different place. Go open the chest at the end of the path. You'll get the File:Zelda Oracles Compass.png Compass, the Dungeon Map's companion. This handy item will help you find keys hidden in the dungeon. Listen for a noise (four beeps) to find out if an object is hidden in the room. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Flip Switch.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Bombs.PNG There is also a lever up here. It can switch the tracks below. Hit it with your sword to move it. The track will switch over to a new path. Then, hop back in the mine cart. This time, you'll travel into a new room and pass by a treasure chest. When the mine cart comes to a stop, go back and open the chest. The reward? Ten File:Zelda Oracles Bomb.png Bombs. You'll need them later. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Spike Danger.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot 2nd Key.PNG Head right... and you'll hear four beeps. That's the Compass telling you there's a key hidden here. Close by are some stairs. Go up them and head right again to find more stairs leading down a path. Here, you will encounter the Spinning Blade Trap, also known as a Chaser. It will chase after you if you come near it. Try to run past it before it gets too close. At the end of the path is a switch. Step on it to reveal a chest with another File:Zelda Oracles Small Key.png Small Key. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Blast Open.PNG Once you get the key, go back the way you came, but don't take the stairs back down. Instead, head left to find a crack in the wall. Now, equip your bombs. Place one by the crack and let it go off. You'll blow open an entrance to another room. The next room teaches you about spike traps. Make your way through carefully. Traps have freedom to go up and down or left and right if they can. There are places where you can dodge the traps if they get too close. LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Slow.PNG Blue traps are slow. LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Medium.PNG Green traps move at medium-speed. LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Spike Spin.PNG Red traps cause trouble. LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Fast.PNG Yellow is very fast, and some blues come in pairs. When you make it past all the traps, you'll reach a locked door. Open it, and get ready: here comes a mini-boss. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Goryia Bros Attack..PNG The mini-boss is the Goriya Brothers. The two of them share a boomerang that they throw at you. It's tricky to avoid, but can't go very far. It doesn't take much to defeat the brothers. Focus on one, and keep attacking him. The two are bound by fate, so when one dies, so does the other. When you've defeated them, a warp point and fairy will appear. Use the fairy to restore your health. Then, go into the next room. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Staircase.PNG File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Seed Satchel.PNG This room has several traps and a wall blocking a staircase. However, the block in the left corner of the wall can be pushed aside (in the same style as The Legend of Zelda 1). When you venture down the staircase, you'll find a reward waiting for you: the File:Zeldaoracles Seed Satchel.gif Seed Satchel. It can carry the many different seeds you'll acquire, and there's one kind already inside. The Seed Satchel has 20 File:Zeldaoracles Ember Seed.gif Ember Seeds in it. Ember Seeds set things ablaze, and these are just what you need to light torches. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Light Torches.PNG File:LOZ Oos Gnarled Root Boss Key.PNG Equip the Seed Satchel and head back to the miniboss room. You can push the blocks out of your way to get out. From there, step into the warp point. You'll return to the room where the mine cart was when you found it. Now, you have the means to light the torches, using the Ember Seeds. This will open the door. If you run out of Ember Seeds, don't worry. You can find more Ember Seeds by cutting grass outside the dungeon. Inside are a few Moblins. Defeat them to make a chest appear. Inside is the File:Zelda Oracles Boss Key.png Boss Key. This key can open the big locked door to a dungeon boss's lair. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Near End.PNG From here, go back to where you got the Dungeon Map. Light the torches there, and a new path will open. Now, you'll navigate a maze full of Floormasters. Don't let them grab you. File:LOZ Oos GnarledRoot Ring.PNG File:LOZ Oos Gnarled Root Boss Lair.PNG Inside the maze is a chest, and it holds a ring. You can appraise it later, and it will be the File:Zelda Oracles Ring 41.pngDiscovery Ring (n.41) (this ring lets you detect hidden Soft Soil patches). When you fend off the Floormasters and make it through the maze, you'll reach the lair of the boss. Be on your guard, and go in... When you enter the lair, a large dragon will appear: Aquamentus, the boss of the dungeon. He was also the boss of the first dungeon in Legend of Zelda 1. The dragon will spit out three fireballs and try to ram you. However, he has one big weakness: the horn on his head. Slash away at Aquamentus's horn, and the dragon will fall in defeat. File:LOZ Oos Gnarled Root Fertile Soil.PNG The reward for slaying Aquamentus is a File:Zelda Oracles Heart Container.png Heart Container. Grab it, and your health will be fully restored, and another heart will be added to it. With the defeat of Aquamentus, go into the room to the right. Inside, you'll obtain the File:Zelda Oracles Fertile Soil.PNG Fertile Soil, the first Essence of Nature. "Seeds scattered across bountiful lands are nourished in this Fertile Soil!"
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Hobbs is a city of 39,000 people (2019) in Southeast New Mexico. 32.6875-103.2169441 Lea County Regional Airport (HOB IATA). Hobbs Airport is served by United Express with non-stop service from Houston-Intercontinental Airport. (updated Nov 2019) 32.7579-103.1841 Western Heritage Museum & Lea County Cowboy Hall of Fame (at New Mexico Junior College), ☏ +1 575-492-2678, [email protected]. (updated Jan 2022) 32.7549-103.18281 Zia Park Casino, Hotel, and Racetrack, 3901 W Millen Dr, toll-free: +1-888-ZIA-PARK (942-7275). (updated Jan 2018) Pacific Rim, 1309 W Joe Harvey Blvd, ☏ +1 575 392-0030. The creme de la creme of Hobbs. Pan Asian Fusion cuisine. Somewhat pricey. Comfort Suites, 2708 West Scenic Dr, ☏ +1 575 492-1000. Free continental breakfast with fresh waffles, free wifi, indoor heated pool, and exercise room. Motel 6 Hobbs, NM - Event Center, 5220 Lovington Hwy, ☏ +1 575-391-0282. Indoor pool & spa, fitness room, 32-inch TV in all rooms with full cable & HBO. 32.699977-103.122691 Desert Hills, 129 S Marland Pl.
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