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' This program asks the user for a Fahrenheit temperature, ' converts the given temperature to Celsius, ' and displays the results. ' ' References: ' https://www.mathsisfun.com/temperature-conversion.html ' https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming DECLARE SUB Main DECLARE FUNCTION GetFahrenheit DECLARE FUNCTION CalculateCelsius(Fahrenheit) DECLARE SUB DisplayResult(Fahrenheit, Celsius) Main SUB Main DIM Fahrenheit DIM Celsius Fahrenheit = GetFahrenheit Celsius = CalculateCelsius(Fahrenheit) DisplayResult Fahrenheit, Celsius END SUB FUNCTION GetFahrenheit() DIM Fahrenheit PRINT "Enter Fahrenheit temperature:" INPUT Fahrenheit GetFahrenheit = Fahrenheit END FUNCTION FUNCTION CalculateCelsius(Fahrenheit) DIM Celsius Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9 CalculateCelsius = Celsius END FUNCTION SUB DisplayResult(Fahrenheit, Celsius) PRINT STR$(Fahrenheit) + "° Fahrenheit is " + STR$(Celsius) + "° Celsius" END SUB Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own BASIC compiler / interpreter / IDE. repl.it Wikibooks: BASIC Programming ← Block Programming Fundamentals/Functions C →
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Friday, December 16, 2005 Moderate flooding has hit the province of Nakhon Sri Thammarat in southern Thailand. Moderate to heavy rain persists in the area, further exacerbating the flooding conditions. The northeast monsoon has intensified the flow of rainfall-laden air from the Gulf of Thailand. Torrential rains have been plaguing the nine southernmost provinces of the country for nearly two weeks and further downpours are forecast for later this week. Thung Song District in Nakhon Sri Thammarat province is experiencing waist-high floodwaters in downtown shopping areas. Transportation has ground to a halt in affected areas. In Songkhla Province, the government has called for steps to be taken to prevent further flooding of the commerial district of Hat Yai. Rail tracks have been lifted in some areas to permit flood waters to leave the city, and the Thai Navy has been ordered to take part in relief efforts. In Muang District of Nakhon Sri Thammarat, many roads have been closed and sandbags are being deployed to help affected businesses. Schools throughout the province have been closed because of flooding conditions. Other provinces, including Phattalung, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Trang, Sukhothai and Satun have experienced similar problems with high tides and heavy rain paralysing much of the region. The Meteorological Department of the Thailand Ministry of Information and Communication Technology issued a weather advisory concerning the flooding, "People in the lower South and navigators in the Gulf of Thailand should exercise caution and small boats should stay from December 15 until December 18." It is reported that this has left some tourists stranded on smaller resort islands in the Gulf of Thailand. Across the border in Malaysia, three are reported to have died and over 10,000 been evacuated as a result of the flooding. Thai News Agency. "Thaksin orders maximum flood response to save Hat Yai's key commercial zone" — MCOT, December 19, 2005 "Flooding in southern Thailand leaves 14 dead" — Bangkok Post, December 19, 2005 "Southern flood claims 27 lives, thousands stranded" — The Nation (Thailand), December 19, 2005 "Three die, thousands evacuated in Malaysian floods" — Bangkok Post, December 19, 2005 "Thailand floods death toll rises" — BBC News Online, December 19, 2005 Thai News Agency. "More storms, flooding forecast as new tropical depression hits Gulf of Thailand" — MCOT, December 19, 2005
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Lake Providence is a town of 3,400 people (2019) in the far northeastern corner of Northern Louisiana. It is the parish seat of East Carroll Parish and is one of the major production centers of both Louisiana's historical and modern cotton industry. Lake Providence is far removed from the rest of Louisiana. Heavily rural and agricultural based, the city is far from any kind of amenities found in larger cities. The closest large cities with name brand stores and amenities are Monroe and Vicksburg, Mississippi. The only method into this town, US Highway 65 runs north to south through town. Also accessible from the west by Louisiana Highway 134. 32.81823-91.2089221 Louisiana State Cotton Museum, 7162 US 65 North, ☏ +1 318-559-2041. Tu-Sa 10AM to 4PM, closed Su M. Dedicated to the largest agricultural industry in Louisiana during the 19th and early 20th centuries, the museum highlights the story of the people, equipment, and machinery used to process cotton inside of a refurbished gin. Various buildings on site showcase the lifestyles of the people who once lived and worked on these cotton plantations and farms. (updated Aug 2018) 32.773265-91.179441 Economy Inn of Lake Providence, 9634 US-65 (2 miles south of downtown Lake Providence on Highway 65), ☏ +1 318-559-3801. $60 and up nightly for a single room.
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For other places with the same name, see Coventry (disambiguation). Coventry is a large city in the West Midlands region of England, part of the United Kingdom. It has a population of just over 365,000 (2018), making it the eleventh-largest city in the country. Locally, the city is known as 'The Three Spired City', because of the church and cathedral spires that form the most striking aspect of the city's landscape. Coventry is perhaps best known for its association with the 11th century legend of Lady Godiva and for its two cathedrals, one of which is preserved as ruins after heavy bombing in the Second World War. Although an old city, visitors should not expect much in the way of old-world charm. Extensive rebuilding of the city following the war in the 1940s and 1950s replaced much of its pre-war appeal with questionable concrete structures and a highly pedestrianised city centre, enveloped by a partially-elevated ring road. The area that Coventry now occupies has been inhabited for over 1,000 years. The city is known for its association with Lady Godiva, who rode naked through the city streets in order to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation imposed by her husband on his tenants. Lore has it that the term 'Peeping Tom' is derived from this tale, describing a man named Tom who did not cover his eyes as she rode through the streets. Coventry has been an economically important city in the past, being a hub for the cloth trade in the Middle Ages and for the burgeoning automotive industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The city's industrial prowess helped Britain's war efforts in the early 20th century; it also however made it an obvious target in the Second World War. A series of German bombing raids from 1940-42 (the Coventry Blitz) destroyed much of the city's infrastructure, although the single night of bombing in November 1940 dealt the largest damage, killing more than 500 people. In the succeeding decades after the war, most of the old medieval dwellings were not rebuilt, being replaced instead by more modern constructions, often brutalist concrete structures. Subsequent to these, Coventry has undergone extensive remodelling most notably within the city centre, making it more pedestrian-friendly. Major regeneration projects have attempted to make the city a more attractive place, such as the Phoenix Initiative (completed in 2004) which was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize. In common with most of the UK, Coventry experiences cool winters and mild summers with moderate annual rainfall. Winter temperatures seldom drop below -10°C (14°F) and the summer months rarely exceed 30°C (86°F). Moderate but occasionally disruptive snowfall is possible in January or February. Coventry is near the centre of the UK motorway network. The M6 passes the north of the city. The M1 is easily accessible via the A45 towards London and the M69 northbound. The M40 is accessed along the A46. To enjoy the drive into Coventry approach along the A46, exiting at Kenilworth. Drive through central Kenilworth and past the Abbey Fields park before turning right towards Coventry. The broad tree-lined Kenilworth Road offers a beautiful boulevard into the city. The city also provides a Park and Ride facility, see National Park and Ride Directory. You can reach Coventry from London using Megabus which starts at roughly £13 return, but it arrives in Cannon Park, near Tesco, not the city centre. National Express has buses arrive at Pool Meadow Bus Station (see listing below), which can be cheaper at some times, though on average, Megabus proposes more options that are almost as cheap as the cheapest, yet less common National Express's equivalents. One possible problem visitors to Coventry City centre may encounter is the infamous Coventry ring road. It can be very confusing to first time users, with its single on/off ramps. Speed is limited to 40 mph, but don't be surprised to see cars pass by at [sometimes] much higher speeds, racing to get off at the next junction! If you plan to come to Coventry (and want to visit the city centre), it's advisable to have someone who understands the ring road drive you around first. 52.400872-1.5140531 Coventry. on the main London Euston to Birmingham rail route. There are usually three trains to and from London Euston station every hour from platform 1. The journey takes about an hour and (as of December 2019) costs from £30 for an adult off peak return. Significantly cheaper advance single tickets (in each direction) may be found if booking far enough in advance, and Megatrain also offer tickets on a few of the emptier of these trains (generally Monday-Thursday only) for as little as £2.50 return, again if booked far enough in advance. Alternatively London Midland offer an hourly service to and from Euston that takes about 1 hour 45 minutes, but has cheaper off peak and super off peak tickets compared to those valid on Avanti trains; Trains to central Birmingham are even more frequent, with a 25-minute journey time. Birmingham International, serving the NEC and Birmingham Airport, is 10 minutes away, on the line to Birmingham. Direct trains also serve Bournemouth (via Leamington) to the south, and Liverpool, Manchester and Scotland to the north. (updated Dec 2019) 52.453889-1.7480562 Birmingham Airport (BHX IATA). This is closer to Coventry than to central Birmingham. Take the free monorail to Birmingham International railway station for frequent trains to Coventry. Driving should not take much over 30 min, or a taxi might be £20. (updated Dec 2019) Coventry Airport (CVT IATA) has no commercial flights. As of 2021 it's still in use for private aviation but may close altogether, as there are proposals to turn the area into factory space. 52.4134-1.5121 Coventry Canal. Starts just outside the ring road, to the north of the city centre. After five miles it connects with the Oxford Canal at Hawkesbury Junction, then the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal at Marston Junction, just outside Bedworth. It next meets the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal at Fazeley Junction, near Tamworth. Finally, it joins the Trent and Mersey Canal at Fradley, 38 miles from Coventry and near Lichfield. Operating a boat in the canal requires a licence from the Canal and River trust. Boats are available for hire from various providers on the canal network. (updated May 2020) There are a plethora of buses serving Coventry, all run by National Express, although first time users or those unfamiliar with city bus transport can find the sheer number of different routes intimidating. Cost within the city boundaries is standardised at £2.10 per journey, apart from single journeys within the ring road, which are £1. Daysaver tickets for unlimited travel within the Coventry area for one day are £4 for adults and £3.10 for those under 16. If you plan on travelling frequently by bus, travelcards are available. Adult Coventry Faresaver allows unlimited travel at any time around Coventry. 1 week costs £13.00 (available only from participating agents) and 4 weeks costs £45.25. Adult Coventry Off-Peak Faresaver are valid in the Coventry area all day Saturdays, Sundays and Bank Holidays. Travel on weekdays (M-F) is limited to between 9:30AM and 3:30PM, and from 6PM onwards. 1 week costs £9.50 (available only from participating agents) 52.4104-1.5073 Pool Meadow Bus Station (not far from the cathedral; adjacent to the Transport Museum). Served by local and national routes. (updated May 2020) Coventry's city centre is not very car-friendly. With the pedestrianisation of large tracts of the central business district, travelling in the confusing patchwork of roads winding around the pedestrian quarters can be very frustrating. The ringroad surrounding the city centre is a very quick method of getting around, but its frantic pace and multiple sudden exits make it notoriously difficult for visitors. There is ongoing construction work outside the town hall and Herbert Art Gallery which will further restrict accessibility by car, narrowing the road down from two lanes to one. In contrast, the city's suburbs are much better suited for car transport, although as expected in a city, rush hours tend to be very busy. Many firms operate within Coventry. Black cabs can be flagged down on the street but private hire taxis must be booked. Popular firms include: Allens Taxis, ☏ +44 2476 555 555. Operating since 1938. (updated Dec 2017) Central Taxis, ☏ +44 24 7633 3333. Offers student rates. (updated Dec 2017) Yellow Taxis Coventry, ☏ +44 2476 100 100. Like black cabs, but yellow. (updated Dec 2017) Central Coventry is fairly flat, and good for cycling. Cyclists may use the ring road, but are best advised not to do so - quieter side roads are available for the same journeys. 52.408333-1.5069442 Coventry Cathedral, Cathedral Quarter. The mediaeval Gothic Cathedral of St Michael was built as the parish church in the late 14th to early 15th century, but largely destroyed by the Luftwaffe on the night of 14 November 1940 in an incendiary bombing raid - only the tower, spire and outer walls remain. A new cathedral was built 1956-1962 next to the old (which now forms a memorial) to a design by Basil Spence. The new cathedral is noted for its striking post-war modern design, the large tapestry of Christ enthroned, its innovative stained glass windows and various items of sculpture. These include (on the façade) the striking St Michael's Victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein. Archaeological digs have uncovered the remains of the original monastic settlement founded by Lord Leofric in 1043, these have been incorporated into the priory gardens and an interpretive centre exhibits some notable finds. Free. 52.37272-1.4965713 Lunt Roman Fort, Coventry Road, Baginton, ☏ +44 24 7630-3567. Based in the nearby village of Baginton, this is a partial reconstruction of a Roman fort that stood on the site from c. 60 - 80 CE, erected in response to Boudicca's revolt. Exhibits include a museum of Roman period life (based on finds excavated at the site between 1965 and 1973), a model of the fort and occasional full costume re-enactments of Roman military manoeuvres. Adults £2, concessions £1. 52.408-1.516324 Spon Street, Central Coventry. A historic street that was once part of an important trade route from London to Shrewsbury and Holyhead. In the 18th century it was one of the world's major centres of watchmaking. Since the end of the Second World War the street has halved in length due to the construction of the city's ring-road. Some historic buildings that survived the Coventry Blitz were relocated here in the 1960s. Today the street is home to 26 shops and forms a large concentration of the city's medieval structures. 52.4077-1.50785 St Mary's Guildhall, Bayley Lane, ☏ +44 24 7683-3328, [email protected]. March–October: Su-Th 10AM-4PM. A medieval guildhall built in the 14th century across the way from the Cathedral ruins. A notable visitor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who stayed here when she was detained in Coventry in 1569. The room she was traditionally thought to have stayed in is open. Also includes Godiva Café, a café-restaurant, open 11AM-4PM year-round. 52.40714-1.508046 Coventry City Council Building, Earl St, CV1 5RR, ☏ +44 8085 834 333. Grade II listed with statues. (updated Dec 2021) 52.4096-1.5127 Belgrade Theatre, Belgrade Square, ☏ +44 24 7655-3055, [email protected]. Box office: M-Sa 10:30AM-5:30PM. A live performance venue with a 1,158 seating capacity. It was the first civic theatre to be built after the Second World War and is now a Grade II listed building. 52.379955-1.5613768 Warwick Arts Centre, University of Warwick campus, ☏ +44 24 7652-4524, [email protected]. M-Sa 8:30AM-11PM, Su 2-11PM. On the University of Warwick campus, it is the second largest arts complex in the UK, with regular leading theatre, film, music, comedy tours, dance events and more. There are also two bars, a café, and a bookshop with over 30,000 titles. 52.4108-1.50929 Coventry Transport Museum, Millenium Place, Hales Street, ☏ +44 24 7623-4270. 10AM-5PM (last admission 4:30PM). A museum hosting the largest collection of British road transport in the world with over 230 cars and commercial vehicles, 250 cycles and 90 motorcycles. Closed 24–26 December and 1 January. Adult £14, concession £10.50, junior (5 to 16 years) £7, special prices for families, free for Coventry residents. 52.407159-1.50609810 Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Jordan Well, ☏ +44 24 7683-2386. Moderately large local museum with exhibits on local and natural history. Has exhibits related to Lady Godiva and the Coventry Blitz, among other things. 52.3739-1.479711 Midland Air Museum, Coventry Road, Baginton, ☏ +44 24 7630-3567. Star exhibits include the Avro Vulcan bomber and a heritage centre dedicated to the work of Coventry-born Sir Frank Whittle, the pioneer of the jet engine. Adult £7.75, concession £7.25, child £4, under 5 free. (updated May 2020) 52.4192-1.560612 Allesley Park, Allesley Hall Drive, Allesley Park, ☏ +44 24 7667 6580. A large park in the western suburbs which opened as a deer park in the 13th century. It has been awarded a Green Flag award, certifying its excellent credentials as a park. Facilities include a golf and crazy golf course, a children's play area and a walled garden. Free; golf: adults £7.50, senior and junior £3.50, crazy golf: £2.40. 52.412-1.40913 Coombe Country Park, Brinklow Road, Binley, [email protected]. 7:30AM-dusk, depending on time of year. A 500-acre site on the eastern extremities of Coventry, about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the city centre. It contains woodland, gardens, scenic walks, birdwatching opportunities and a reasonably priced café, and is worth the trip out. Free entry (£3.40 for parking). 52.4135-1.5414 Lake View Park, Lake View Road, Coundon. A scenic park used for wildlife conservation. Despite its name there is no lake in the park, although the river Sherbourne flows through it. Free. 52.3901-1.5231115 War Memorial Park, Kenilworth Road. 24 hours day, all year-round, visitor centre: 9AM-4PM. A park which opened in 1921 as a tribute to the city's fallen soldiers of the First World War. Receives over 400,000 visitors per year. Contains many sporting facilities including tennis courts, football pitches and a bowls green, as well as a cenotaph, themed gardens, an aviary, a children's play area and two cafés. Free entry, sports facilities: see website. 52.406732-1.51820516 SkyDome Arena, Croft Road, ☏ +44 24 7663-0674, [email protected]. A multipurpose centre for public ice-skating, ice dancing and home to the Coventry Blaze and Coventry Phoenix ice hockey teams. Also houses a multiplex cinema. 52.3925-1.4016717 Brandon Stadium (Coventry Stadium), Rugby Road, Brandon, ☏ +44 24 7654-2395, [email protected]. A small stadium in the nearby village of Brandon, Warwickshire, hosting motorcycle speedway (the Coventry Bees) and greyhound racing. 52.448056-1.49555618 The Ricoh Arena, Phoenix Way, Foleshill, ☏ +44 84 4873 6500. A multi-purpose venue hosting sporting events, music concerts and business exhibitions. Home to the football club Coventry City and the rugby union side Wasps, the latter of which now owns the stadium. 52.406111-1.52583319 The Butts Park Arena, Butts Rd, ☏ +44 24 7623-1001, [email protected]. A small stadium home to Coventry Rugby Football Club, Coventry Bears Rugby League, and the Coventry Jets American Football team. £14 adults, £10 concessions. 52.3964-1.4320 The Ivor Preece Field, 105 Rugby Road, Binley Woods, ☏ +44 24 7654-1070. A very small stadium (250 seats) home to Broadstreet Rugby Football Club. Christmas Lights Switch-On, city centre. This annual event is usually around mid-November, and features a line-up of music acts, presenters, fireworks, etc. There is also a parade, with businesses and schools providing floats that travel through the City Centre streets. 52.408-1.510421 Lady Godiva Statue, Broadgate. A statue, by William Reid Dick, commemorating the legend that Lady Godiva rode nude on horseback through the city in the 11th century to protest excessive taxes imposed by her husband, Leofric. 52.410299-1.50872822 Whittle Arch, Millennium Place, Hales Street (adjacent to the transport museum). An impressive pair of arches spanning 60 m across Hales Street. They were built as part of a regeneration scheme in the area and named after the Coventry-born jet engine pioneer Sir Frank Whittle. Coventry Canal Art Trail, Coventry Canal, ☏ +44 24 7683-2720. A set of 39 pieces of art inspired by local history and contemporary culture that make up a 5-mile outdoor gallery. As there are several pubs along the route that can be used to relax, the trail does not have to be done non-stop. Free. Watch football at Coventry City FC. The "Sky Blues" were promoted in 2020 and now play in the Championship, the second tier of English soccer. Since 2021 they're back at Coventry Building Society Stadium (aka Ricoh Arena, see above) after a couple of spells ground-sharing elsewhere. (updated Aug 2021) Wasps RFC, Ricoh Arena. This rugby union side moved from the London area to the Ricoh Arena, which they now own outright, in 2014. Members of the Aviva Premiership, Wasps have been six times English champions and twice European club champions. 52.390132-1.5231131 Godiva Festival, War Memorial Park. A music festival that lasts for three days, commonly taking place in early July. Free. UK City of Culture 2021 is Coventry, with a programme of arts and culture throughout the year. UK Asian Film Festival is hosted by Coventry in June 2021. The canal basin hosts a four-day festival in Nov 2021. There are plenty of opportunities to learn in Coventry. The Herbert Art Gallery and Museum runs classes for adults in vocational subjects and sometimes in unusual topics. Classes in skills such as maths, English, and computing along with British qualifications such as NVQs are run in the city's central library. For slightly younger learners there are four further education colleges in the city: Henley College Coventry and City College Coventry (both in the north-east of the city), Hereward College (in the west) and Coventry University College (in the city centre). Coventry is home to two universities: 52.380081-1.56193123 University of Warwick. Established in 1965. A highly regarded institution that is consistently ranked as one of the top 10 universities in the UK. It is on a 290-ha campus in the southern suburbs of the city and takes its name from the neighbouring town of Warwick. (updated Dec 2019) 52.40805-1.50624 Coventry University. Established in 1992 and located in buildings across the city centre, headquartered around University Square. Traditionally strong in engineering and design, the university's reputation has grown to one of the best modern universities in the country. (updated Dec 2019) Coventry has a variety of shopping complexes in and around the area. These range from retail parks, to the pedestrian Coventry City Centre -one of the first of its kind. Shopping in Coventry mainly consists of the high street chain stores, although there are independent record shops and clothes shops dotted about here and there and there is also the large indoor Coventry Market, which are well worth the visit. 52.40813-1.514291 The Lower Precinct, Lower Precinct, CV1 1NQ, ☏ +44 24 7663-4710, [email protected]. M-Sa 9AM-5:30PM, Su 10AM-5PM. The lower precinct was completed in the 1950s as part of the redevelopment plan of Coventry after heavy wartime bombing. It is home to a variety of retail shops across two floors, ranging from Next to T.J.Hughes, as well as a coffee bar, the Caffe Nero. Also has a tiled mural by Gordon Cullen, depicting the history of the City and its post-war regeneration. West Orchards, Smithford Way, CV1 1QX (Aim for junction 9 on the ring road, the centre is clearly marked on road signs from then on. ), ☏ +44 24 7623-1133, [email protected]. A large indoor shopping centre with more than 40 retail shops largely dedicated to clothing and accessories. There is parking for 650 cars with electric charging outlets on the fifth floor, and a food court that seats more than 700. Although popular all-year-round, it can get particularly busy during the festive season. Parking costs from £1 for 1 hour to £6 for 5 hours. Coventry Market, Queen Victoria Road, CV1 3HT, ☏ +44 24 7622-4927. Full of independent traders manning the 170 stalls that occupy this rotunda. The traders are mainly dedicated to selling fresh food, of which the fruit and vegetables are always high quality. The staff are friendly and personable, providing the market with a more human element which contrasts with the hustle and bustle found elswhere. Coventry Farmers' Market, Broadgate. 9AM-3PM. Held on the third Friday of every month, the Farmers' Market brings a bit of rural flavour into the city centre. There is usually a good range of produce on offer, as well as hot and cold takeaway snacks. Some of the items for sale can be a bit expensive however. Coventry is host to a range of award-winning eateries. From cafés to restaurants, and from Thai to Italian, all can be found here. Indian cuisine is well-represented, with a large variety in quality. Most of the restaurants and establishments are in the city centre, but there may be a few surprises in the suburban areas if you are willing to look and travel out. Chi Bar, 13 High Street, CV1 5RE, ☏ +44 24 7655-9898. A tiny place offering Chinese, Japanese and Korean food. There is limited seating inside given the small floor space. The meals with pork are particularly popular, and the milk tea is well worth a try. Conroy's in the Park, War Memorial Park, ☏ +44 24 7622-8448. Daily 9AM-4PM. Locally-owned, offering a relaxed atmosphere and coffee and refreshments at low prices. Snax in the City, 20 Hertford Street, CV1 1LF, ☏ +44 24 7655-5958. M-F 9AM-4PM, Sa 9AM-5PM Su 11AM-4PM. A city centre greasy spoon café with big portions. Pleasantly staffed, they offer a wide choice of hot and cold meals for either eating-in or taking out. The value of the food is the strongest aspect; in respect of this, some of the food may appear distinctly average. Bombay Joe's, 277 Walsgrave Rd, CV2 4BA, ☏ +44 24 7644-5697. Th-Su 5PM-11PM, F Sa 5:30PM-midnight. Highly rated amongst Coventrians, offering a range of Indian and Bangladeshi cuisine. Look beyond its location in the less prosperous part of Coventry and you will find a rich culinary experience. Their chairs are also rather comfortable. Turmeric Gold, 166 Medieval Spon Street, CV1 3BB, ☏ +44 24 7622-6603. Th-Su 5:30PM-11PM, F Sa 5:30PM-12:15AM. Stylishly-themed Indian restaurant within in a medieval building. Waiting times for food may sometimes be long, but the quality of the food makes up for it. Zorbaz, 87-89 Radford Road, CV6 3BP, ☏ +44 24 7659-2112. M-Th 6:30PM-midnight, F Sa 6:30PM-2AM. Excellent Greek restaurant, and the prices reflect this. Visit at the right time and you might hear a musician playing Greek songs and see the waiters treat you to some Greek dancing. Habibi, 142 Far Gosford Street, CV1 5DY,, ☏ +44 24 7622-0669. M-Th 4PM-midnight, F Sa 2PM-1AM, Su 4PM-11PM. Better Lebanese food will not be found in Coventry. The atmosphere and the staff are equally inviting. One downside is the service being a bit on the slow side. Sky Dome Complex, Croft Road, Coventry. A flagship mixed-use urban entertainment complex, featuring: Multiplex cinema [1] JJ's Lava/Ignite. Large City Centre club in Skydome complex Kasbah, Primrose Hill Street, CV1 5LY (taxi may be your best bet due to downmarket locality, but walkable from bus station), ☏ +44 24 7655-4473, [email protected]. Formerly the Colosseum. Dingy indie rock club which attracts some fairly well known live acts Coventry's bar scene is mostly concentrated along reconstructed medieval Spon Street on the western edge of the city centre. This includes the adjacent Skydome complex which includes popular nightclubs. 52.40821-1.5178581 The Old Windmill, Spon Street. Cosy traditional English pub with good crowds and numerous cask ales. (updated May 2020) In the centre of the city you will find the usual pub chains as well as some bars close to Millennium Place. 52.407-1.508682 The Earl of Mercia, Earl St, CV1 5RE (Opposite Coventry City Council), ☏ +44 2476 433 990. JD Wetherspoon (updated Dec 2021) 52.40905-1.509473 The Flying Standard, 2–10 Trinity Street, CV1 1FL, ☏ +44 24 7655-5723. Su–Th 9AM–midnight; F Sa 9AM-1AM. Franchise of the ubiquitous Wetherspoons chain is set in a spectacular timbered building 52.40777-1.508784 Golden Cross, 8 Hay Ln, CV1 5RF (Near Coventry Cathedral). One of the oldest pubs in Coventry and one of the longest-established alcohol-serving venues in England, first mentioned as an inn in 1661, although subsequently greatly modified. Good food and beer. (updated May 2020) Flamingo, Priory Place. bar & grill The Yard, a gay club in the Bull Yard. Inspire Towards the eastern side of the city centre close to the University campus buildings can be found another concentration of pubs and bars that are popular with students centred close to Jordan Well and Gosford Street. 52.40662-1.503455 The Oak Inn, 119 Gosford St, CV1 5DL, ☏ +44 2476 227 951. (updated Dec 2021) 52.40657-1.503996 The Phoenix, 122 Gosford St, CV1 5DL, ☏ +44 2476 520 387. (updated Dec 2021) There is a limited gay scene in Coventry: the city is not very gay-friendly and lacks any real gay nightlife. For a much better scene, head out to Birmingham's Gay Village. 52.40697-1.471247 The Biggin Hall, 214 Binley Rd, CV3 1HG, ☏ +44 2476 442 109. (updated Dec 2021) 52.41105-1.475448 Rose & Crown, 262 Walsgrave Rd, CV2 4BN, ☏ +442476455193. 11AM-11PM. (updated Dec 2021) For a more sedate experience, try Craven Street, set amongst Victorian-era watchmaker's cottages in the suburb of Chapelfields, has several traditional pubs. 52.40599-1.53389 The Chestnut Tree, Craven St, CV5 8DT, ☏ +44 2476 714 940. (updated Dec 2021) 52.40961-1.507171 Britannia Hotel (Britannia Hotel Coventry), Fairfax Street, Coventry, CV1 5RP, ☏ +44 871 221 0191, fax: +44 871 222 7709, [email protected]. In city centre, adjacent to the cathedral. Pets allowed at £25 per pet per stay. 52.38919-1.490132 Hotel ibis Coventry South, Leaf Lane, Whitley Business park, CV3 4BJ (East of A444), ☏ +44 2476 639 922. Quiet motel in woodland £53. (updated Dec 2021) 52.41052-1.51483 Premier Inn, Belgrade Plaza, Bond Street, CV1 4AH, ☏ +44 871 527 8272, fax: +44 871 527 8273. Highly rated and convenient for the Belgrade Theatre. Parking available at additional cost. 52.40527-1.521594 Ramada Coventry, The Butts, CV1 3GG, ☏ +44 24 7623-8110. Within walking distance of Coventry city centre. 52.44531-1.541395 Royal Court Hotel, Tamworth Road, Keresley, Coventry, CV7 8JG, ☏ +44 871 222 0096, fax: +44 871 222 7710, [email protected]. Grade II-listed building approximately 3 miles from city centre. 210 rooms, some having countryside views. Access to the adjoining Spindles Coventry Health Club & Gym is an additional £10 per person per stay. 52.415-1.4086 Coombe Abbey, Brinklow Road CV3 2AB, ☏ +44 02476 450450. Mid-range hotel in great setting in the abbey grounds. (updated Aug 2020) 52.455-1.4287 Barnacle Hall, Shilton Lane, Coventry CV7 9LH, ☏ +44 2476 612629. B&B in 16th C farmhouse with 3 rooms a few miles north of the city. Assistance dogs only, no credit cards. (updated Aug 2020) As of Aug 2021, Coventry has 5G from Three and 4G from the other UK carriers. Free public Wi-Fi is available at all Coventry public libraries as well as the railway station. Like the rest of the UK, in emergencies you should call 999 or 112 with ambulance, fire and police services available. For a city of its size, Coventry has a rather low crime rate, particularly in the city centre. This can be attributed to its well-lit pedestrian sections. Take general precautions as you would in any other city in the United Kingdom. Take a short trip into the attractive Warwickshire countryside to: Kenilworth, a quiet and pleasant town home to Kenilworth Castle 6 miles (9 km) south of Coventry Royal Leamington Spa, an affluent spa town 11 miles (18 km) away Warwick, a classic example of a rural English town home to the eponymous 11th century castle, just 12 miles (20 km) away Rugby, the purported birthplace of rugby football, 14 miles (22 km) to the east Head north-west into the metropolitan West Midlands county to: Solihull, an attractive town home to some of the West Midlands' richest citizens no more than 14 miles (22 km) away Birmingham, the United Kingdom's second largest city and the West Midlands region's travel and economic hub only 23 miles (37 km) away. Wolverhampton, a former industrial city and the gateway to the Shropshire countryside just over 33 miles (53 km) away.
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What is politics? Explain in detail. What is a nation-state? Define its elements. Discuss the contributions of many different political theorists. Compare and describe the different social contract theories. What is Democracy and a Republic? Compare and contrast authoritarianism and totalitarianism. Give examples of each. using examples in Kenya define politics. What is military politics? Define the term ideology. Classic Liberalism vs. Modern Liberalism Outline the main tenets of Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Anarchism, etc. Culture vs. Politics Discuss the contributions of Feminism Identify world altering political events. Actors vs. Ideas Identify the different civilizations that attempted world conquest. Why? Discuss the American Revolution Discuss the Russian Bolshevik Revolution Discuss both World War I and II Discuss the governing bodies of modern nation-states. What is the United Nations? Globalization, the savior or destroyer? Terrorism and its effect on politics. Can there really be Democracy in Iraq? The effect of economics in world politics. What is Capitalism? This class will be instructed through reading materials, discussion and formal lecture. Please be aware that this class will require that you attend periodic live on-line voice lectures. After these lectures, students will be allowed to vocally debate and ask questions. These lectures will be once a week, and instructions on how and when to attend these lectures will be e-mailed to you upon enrollment. There will be 4 writing component projects that will be considered exams through out the semester. This will require students to critically think about the various elements of their unit of study. Final Exam will be comprehensive and consist of Multiple Choice, True/Flase and Matching. Lecture exams = 80% Final exam = 20% Grade scale: 90-100 = A; 80-89 = B; 70-79 = C; 60-69 = D; below 60 = F Students are required to attend the once a week live online lecture. Most of the information needed to fulfill the exams will be discussed in these lecutres. Students will be allowed to miss 1 lecture session, thereafter the student will be dropped from this class. The professor of this course gives the effort to teach for free, students must give the effort to attend. If you have enrolled, please put you name below: Naroz Ali Awan Konulu Zachjones4 Cshelton alexbaldwin alaou madka Commandersa 14:48, 31 March 2006 (UTC) Wutasumi Ikron21 Mirwan24 harpreet singh Political Science Comparative Politics Political Philosophy
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In General Chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent electron bonds where two lobes of one involved electron orbital overlap two lobes of the other involved electron orbital. What this means is, when two atoms are sufficiently close and when they each have one electron that is not being shared, the two electron orbits can essentially "overlap" causing a new bond between the atoms. Any atom capable of forming more than one electron can form pi bonds, so it is relatively common to find pi bonds in molecules containing two or more nitrogen or carbon atoms, but one would never find (in nature) pi bonding between hydrogens, halogens or other atoms which prefer to share only one electron. The Greek letter π in the name refers to p orbitals, since the orbital symmetry of the pi bond is the same as that of the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals most often engage in this sort of bonding, however, d orbitals can also engage in the formation of pi bonds. Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds (σ bonds) because pi bond orbitals extend further from the positive charge of the atomic nucleus, which therefore requires additional energy. From the perspective of quantum mechanics, this bond weakness is explained by significantly less overlap between what were previously p orbitals due to the parallel orientation of the orbitals. The pi bond by itself is weaker than a sigma bond, but pi bonds are only found in combination with sigma bonds, so the combination of the two bonds is 'stronger (and shorter in length) than either bond would be by itself. Atoms with double bonds or triple bonds as found in nature always have one sigma-type bond and the rest pi-type bonds. Pi bonds result from parallel orbital overlap: the two combined orbitals meet lengthwise and create more diffuse bonds than the sigma bonds. No commonly-occurring natural substance has more than three bonds to another atom, and if there are three bonds it is safe to assume that the three bonds consist of one sigma bond and two pi bonds. It is important to note that atoms will not generally form more bonds than predicted by their place in the Periodic Table of Elements. Electrons in pi bonds are also often referred to as "pi electrons".
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Ernest Brammah Smith (March 20, 1868 – June 23, 1942) was the author of a series of stories about Kai Lung, a Chinese storyteller, and was also the creator of the blind detective Max Carrados. He wrote under the pseudonym Ernest Bramah. It is a mark of insincerity of purpose to spend one's time in looking for the sacred Emperor in the low-class tea-shops. The Transmutation of Ling When struck by a thunderbolt it is unnecessary to consult the Book of Dates as to the precise meaning of the omen. The Transmutation of Ling Although there exist many thousand subjects for elegant conversation, there are persons who cannot meet a cripple without talking about feet. The Transmutation of Ling When Ling was communicating to any person the signs by which messengers might find him, he was compelled to add, "the neighbourhood in which this contemptible person resides is that officially known as 'the mean quarter favoured by the lower class of those who murder by treachery'," and for this reason he was not always treated with the regard to which his attainments entitled him, or which he would have unquestionably received had he been able to describe himself as of "the partly-drained and uninfected area reserved to Mandarins and their friends." The Transmutation of Ling Before hastening to secure a possible reward of five taels by dragging an unobservant person away from a falling building, examine well his features lest you find, when too late, that it is one to whom you are indebted for double that amount. The Confession of Kai Lung In his countenance this person read an expression of no-encouragement towards his venture. The Confession of Kai Lung Should a person on returning from the city discover his house to be in flames, let him examine well the change which he has received from the chair-carrier before it is too late; for evil never travels alone. The Career of the Charitable Quen-Ki-Tong At the mention of the name and offence of this degraded being a great sound went up from the entire multitude – a universal cry of execration, not greatly dissimilar from that which may be frequently heard in the crowded Temple of Impartiality when the one whose duty it is to take up, at a venture, the folded papers, announces that the sublime Emperor, or some mandarin of exalted rank, has been so fortunate as to hold the winning number in the Annual State Lottery. The Vision of Yin, the Son of Yat Huang Alas! It is well written, "The road to eminence lies through the cheap and exceedingly uninviting eating-houses." The Ill-Regulated Destiny of Kin Yen, the Picture-Maker At this display the elder and less attractive of the maidens fled, uttering loud and continuous cries of apprehension in order to conceal the direction of her flight. The Encountering of Six within a Wood "It is well said: 'He who lacks a single tael sees many bargains,'" replied Sun Wei, a refined bitterness weighing the import of his words. "Truly this person's friends in the Upper Air are a never-failing lantern behind his back." The Story of Ning, the Captive God, and the Dreams that Mark his Race Do not adjust your sandals while passing through a melon-field, nor yet arrange your hat beneath an orange-tree. The Story of Lao Ting and the Luminous Insect After secretly observing the unstudied grace of her movements, the most celebrated picture-maker of the province burned the implements of his craft, and began life anew as a trainer of performing elephants. The Story of Chang Tao, Melodious Vision and the Dragon The one-legged never stumble. The Story of Hien and the Chief Examiner There are few situations in life that cannot be honourably settled, and without loss of time, either by suicide, a bag of gold, or by thrusting a despised antagonist over the edge of a precipice upon a dark night. The Story of Hien and the Chief Examiner However entrancing it is to wander unchecked through a garden of bright images, are we not enticing your mind from another subject of almost equal importance? The Story of Hien and the Chief Examiner Note: this is cited in Dorothy Sayers' Strong Poison. One learns to itch where one can scratch. The Story of Wong Choi and the Merchant Teen King's Thumb However deep you dig a well it affords no refuge in the time of flood. The Story of Tong So, the Averter of Calamities "Excellence," besought Kai Lung, not without misgivings,"how many warriors, each having some actual existence, are there in your never-failing band?" "For all purposes save those of attack and defence there are fifteen score of the best and bravest, as their pay-sheets well attest," was the confident response. "In a strictly literal sense, however, there are no more than can be seen on a mist-enshrouded day with a resolutely closed eye." The Meeting by the Way with the Warrior of Chi-u and What Emerged Therefrom" He who has failed three times sets up as an instructor. The Story of Lin Ho and the Treasure of Fang-Tso He is capable of any crime, from reviling the Classics to diverting water courses. The Story of Lin Ho and the Treasure of Fang-Tso Eat in the dark the bargain that you purchased in the dusk. The Story of Kin Wen and the Miraculous Tusk One may ride upon a tiger's back but it is fatal to dismount. The Story of Kin Wen and the Miraculous Tusk Better a dish of husks to the accompaniment of a muted lute than to be satiated with stewed shark's fin and rich spiced wine of which the cost is frequently mentioned by the provider. The Story of the Poet Lao Ping, Chun Shin's Daughter Fa, and the Fighting Crickets "When an alluring woman comes in at the door," warningly traced the austere Kien-fi on the margin of his well-known essay, "discretion may be found up the chimney". It is incredible that beneath this ever-timely reminder an obscure disciple should have added the words: "The wiser the sage, the more profound the folly." The Story of the Poet Lao Ping, Chun Shin's Daughter Fa, and the Fighting Crickets Ernest Bramah's China, then, is the fantastic bogus China of convention, not the real historical thing at all. He wrote of it in a prose so perfectly conceived that it becomes a miracle of style. As Hilaire Belloc once observed, the sly humor and philosophy of Bramah's stories is a trick he achieves by pretending to adapt the flavor of Chinese literary conventions into the English. But the thing I love most about the tales is their irony and the brilliance of their wit. Lin Carter Discoveries in Fantasy (London, 1974) pp. 5-6. Bramah's books fall into two very unequal categories. Some, fortunately the smaller part, record the adventures of the blind detective, Max Carrados. These are competent, mediocre books. The rest are parodic in nature: they pass themselves off as translations from the Chinese, and their boundless perfection achieved the unconditional praise of Hilaire Belloc in 1922. Their names: The Wallet of Kai Lung (1900), Kai Lung's Golden Hours (1922), Kai Lung Unrolls His Mat (1928), The Mirror of Kong Ho (1931), The Moon of Much Gladness (1936). Jorge Luis Borges, "The Total Library" Encyclopedic article on Ernest Bramah at Wikipedia Works related to Author:Ernest Bramah at Wikisource Bibliography of Bramah's works Works by Ernest Bramah at Project Gutenberg
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Thomas H. Murray is a bioethicist who has done research about a variety of topics, including ethics in science, care of children, occupational health, genetics, and ethics in sports. He served as the president of the Hastings Center from 1999-2012. Throughout his career, which currently spans over 40 years, he has produced a large number of published works and currently works as a visiting professor at the National University of Singapore. This page focuses on his work on professional ethics in sports, which concerns doping and other biomedical technologies. Thomas H. Murray earned a Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Princeton University in 1976. His experiences conducting psychological studies during this time inspired him to pursue ethics, as he would later recount in an interview with Kinesophy: I was involved in research that deceived undergraduate students into thinking they might be witnessing an emergency, and then recorded whether and how swiftly they sought help. Many of the research subjects were severely rattled by the experience... I came to believe that whatever knowledge we might gain from the study wasn’t enough to justify what we made them go through. I began asking questions about the ethics of such research. Ultimately that led to post-doc fellowships at Yale to study ethics, and then to The Hastings Center. Murray first joined the Hastings Center in 1979, where he worked on the ethics of non-therapeutic drug use. This was the beginning of his research on performance-enhancing drugs in sports. In 1987, he came to the Case Western Reserve University where he because a Susan E. Watson Professor of Bioethics. In 1999, he became the President and CEO of The Hastings Center, a leading organization in the field of bioethics. He stepped down from his position in 2012, and is now a visiting professor at the National University of Singapore. Dr. Murray is the author or editor of more than 250 publications. These publications cover a wide range of topics, including occupational health, genetics, ethics in sports, parenthood, the healthcare industry and scientific research, and more. His wide range and deep analysis of many topics has given him a reputation as a pioneer in the field of bioethics throughout the course of his career. Many books are included in his publications. His first book about ethics in sports was Performance-Enhancing Technologies in Sports: Ethical, Conceptual, and Scientific Issues, published in 2009. His second book about ethics in sports is Good Sport: Why Our Games Matter – and How Doping Undermines Them. It was published in 2018 and is his most recent book. Murray also served on the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC). The NBAC was a U.S. governmental organization which existed from 1995-2001 to advise the President on bioethics issues. In particular, the NBAC investigated the ethics of human cloning via transfer of genetic material from an existing human being to an egg. The NBAC's findings would later be referenced by regulators and researchers around the world. Serious athletes know that fierce competition can create an environment where performance enhancing drugs, are common. These enhancements, such as anabolic steroids and human growth hormones, increase athlete's muscle mass and strength. Athletes alter their bodies by dieting, exercising, and undergoing cosmetic surgeries to hasten recovery from injuries. And while some athletes may decide to use performance enhancing drugs, it may be a grey area whether this is acceptable behavior or cheating. Murray has strongly opposed doping and illustrates why performance enhancing drugs are unethical in sports. In the 2012 publication, Ethical Consideration in Anti-doping Analysis, Murray contrasts the positive and normative scenarios of the competitive sports environment. The positive scenario is that some athletes will dope, and everyone else must either accept the disadvantage, drop out, or give in and take whatever drug they believe their competitor is using. The normative scenario, or what he argues should be, is an environment where drug-free athletes can participate in sports with confidence that their competition is doing the same. In 2018, Murray published what he called, “A decades-long journey to understand the ethics of performance-enhancing drug use in sports,” in his book Good Sport. Murray explains how sport has a mixed relationship with the technologies that improve performance. For example, golf banned balls that fly straighter and swim banned certain suits that increased speed. But the core value that bind together all sports, he insists, is the respect for natural talent and the dedication required to perfect it. Doping distorts the connection between natural talents, the dedication to perfect those talents, and success in sports. To Murray, this is good enough reason to ban doping all together. In an interview, Dr. Murray explored further ethical dilemmas with sports doping, like how we distinguish acceptable enhancements from violations and the root cause of why athletes decide to dope. According to Murray, the ethical decision rests upon the meaning of the activity. A surgeon, for example, is encouraged to take a new, low-risk drug that can steady their hand because his hob is to heal patients, not display virtuosity. Sports is completely different, he explains, because sport is the virtuous perfection of natural talents. After years of working closely with and studying athletes, Murray said the main reason they decide to dope is pressure from their peers, coaches, and officials. Murray further expressed the need to hold these people accountable, for they are the ones that are encouraging and enabling the athlete to dope. A recent development on the ethical boundaries of sports that most interested Murray was the movement to finally go after what he calls the "doping ecosystem" instead of laying all the blame on the athletes themselves. Murray’s work, specifically in sports ethics, offers insight into professional ethics in general. In 2015, a joint consensus statement released by Murray and other experts and convened by Safe Kids Worldwide, the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, and the Andrews Institute for Orthopedics and Sports Medicine discussed the short- and long-term effects of concussions of youth sports-related concussions. Concussions tend to damage the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, which are also the last areas of the brain to develop. Damage to these areas increases the risk of slower brain function. In 2013, a 5-year longitudinal study analyzing brain function in Mixed-Martial Arts (MMA) fighters and boxers identified a positive correlation between consistent blows to the head and years fighting with standardized brain volume, processing time, and psychomotor speed skills. This provides insight into the ethics of promoting contact sports such as ice hockey and American football, sports which are rife with concussions, at young ages. The brain of a minor is not fully developed, so the athlete may not fully understand the inherent risks and consequences of the issue. Murray states in an interview: “An isolated, informed adult weighing the advantages and disadvantages and choosing to take a risk can argue plausibly that her choice should be respected.” However, in this case, the person is not an isolated, informed adult. The person is an unisolated (maybe influenced and pressured by family or socio-economic circumstances) minor. Murray also discusses the professional ethics of sports doping. There is still much unknown about the mental effects of doping. Advocates of sports doping center their argument on personal liberty. However, Murray refutes this claim based on the potential impact on one’s reasoning, which, in turn, restricts liberty. Murray uses Aristotle’s term eudaimonia, or the good life, which aims to perfect a person’s natural physical and intellectual attributes. Murray’s “...Aristotelian objection is that we should not use unnatural means – drugs – to perfect natural excellences – athletic ability.” Murray, T. (2020). Thomas H Murray. Researchgate. Hickey, G. (2020, February 01) Performance Enhancing Drugs and the Value of Sports with Dr. Thomas Murray. Kinesophy. Murray, T. (2007). Summary of Professional Activities. The Hastings Center. The Hastings Center. (2011, March 03). PRESS RELEASE: 03.24.11 Thomas H. Murray to Step Down as President of The Hastings Center. The Hastings Center. The Hastings Center. (2021). Posts by Author - Thomas Murray. The Hastings Center. Murray, T. (2001, March 28). Statement of Thomas H. Murray, Ph.D. Commissioner, National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Murray, T. (2017, May 22). Ripples: What to Expect When You Serve on a Bioethics Commission. Goals and Practice of Public Bioethics: Reflections on National Bioethics Commissions. (Vol. 47, no.3, pp.S54‐S56). Hastings Center Report. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.723 BBC. (2014). Ethics - Sporting Ethics: Body Modification. Murray, T. 2012. Ethical considerations in anti-doping analysis. Murray, T. 2018. Good sport. Murray, T. (2021, January 14). Performance enhancing drugs and the value of sports with Dr. Thomas Murray. Carmen, A et. al (2015) Mind the gaps—advancing research into short-term and long-term neuropsychological outcomes of youth sports-related concussions Bernick & Banks (2013, June 04) What boxing tells us about repetitive head trauma and the brain Rigozzi, Kaufmann, & Malinverni (2003) Doping and Fundamental Rights of Athletes: Comments in the Wake of the Adoption of the World Anti-Doping Code Stanford Encyclopedia of Ethics (2018 June, 15) Aristotle's Ethics Murray T. (1983 August) The Coercive Power of Drugs in Sports
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Saturday, September 6, 2014 Related news NATO on Wikinews US, UK, NATO to withdraw troops from Afghanistan Hungarian state-owned enterprise acquires Hirtenberger Defence Group Kurds announce deal with Assad's government as Turkey invades Syria's northeast Truck bomb kills at least 80 in Afghan capital city center Same-sex spouse of Luxembourg's Prime Minister poses with other spouses of world leaders in Brussels photo op Putin calls US troops in Poland 'a threat' Suicide bombing in Afghanistan kills six US NATO members Collaborate! Newsroom Style Guide - how to write Content Guide - what to write Leaders from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) member states met in Wales over Thursday to Friday in a summit addressing the organisation's role in Afghanistan and new threats from Russia and the Islamic State. Since the 2010 NATO summit in Lisbon, Portugal countries involved in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), NATO's military operation in Afghanistan, have been committed to full transition of security responsibilities to Afghan forces by the end of 2014. This would mark the end of ISAF's 13 year mission in Afghanistan, with troops changing to a training and assistance role. Plans had originally intended for Afghanistan's new President, or President-elect, to attend this year's summit, but due to the political situation and ongoing election process it is still unknown who will replace outgoing President Hamid Karzai. Bismullah Khan Muhammadi, the country's defence minister, instead attended the summit in the absence of a President. This political stalemate has put at risk NATO plans for a continuing military presence in the country, with troops expected to pull out at the end of the year without new security agreements being signed, signature not possible without a new President in place. NATO members have urged Afghanistan's presidential candidates to reach an agreement, with officials indicating that if no agreement can be reached by the end of the month, then troops would begin to leave. On Thursday, NATO leaders pledged support for Ukraine at a meeting with the country's President, Petro Poroshenko, in the face of recent moves from Russia. On their website, NATO outlined four areas where the alliance would provide support for Ukraine, "rehabilitation for injured troops, cyber defence, logistics, and command and control and communications", with assistance expected to have a monetary value of about 15 million euros (about US$19 million). On Friday, peace talks in Minsk, Belarus resulted in a ceasefire agreement between Ukraine and rebel forces, whom NATO has accused Russia of supporting in their bid for separation of eastern regions of Ukraine. The UK said sanctions being prepared are likely to go ahead, regardless of the outcome of these talks, until it is seen that Russia is acting upon them. On Friday morning, a meeting of ten countries chaired by the UK and US agreed to jointly working to combat the threat posed by the Islamic State in the Middle East. John Kerry, US Secretary of State, stated after the meeting that the group should aim to make firm plans and raise support from within the region affected before the UN General Assembly annual meeting later this month. Philip Hammond, UK Foreign Secretary, also said it was clear that regional support was needed, adding "with a new and inclusive Government of Iraq leading the efforts". It was also announced NATO would help a non-sectarian Iraqi government, on request, to build defence capabilities in Iraq to help fight the Islamic State, as well as coordinating the humanitarian airlift of supplies. Plans for a Readiness Action Plan were agreed at the summit. Speaking on Monday before the summit, NATO's secretary general, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, described this as a response to "Russia's aggressive behaviour", but outlined how he hoped it would increase the responsiveness of the alliance to face any security challenge. These plans aim to allow reinforcements to reach any NATO member state within 48 hours, in what Rasmussen described as a "spearhead" of the preexisting Response Force. This requires logistical, and headquarters facilities to be set up in Eastern European countries, the ones most under threat from an attack by Russia, or the Islamic State. These plans are also to be rehearsed through joint military exercises. "Australia and Afghanistan to be represented at NATO summit" — Wikinews, September 2, 2014 "Russia accused of supporting Ukrainian rebels' advance" — Wikinews, September 2, 2014 Patrick Wintour. "US forms 'core coalition' to fight Isis militants in Iraq" — The Guardian, September 5, 2014 "Foreign Secretary hails deeper international commitment to tackle ISIL" — UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, September 5, 2014 "Nato agrees on new 'spearhead' force amid Ukraine crisis" — BBC News Online, September 5, 2014 "Ukraine and pro-Russia rebels sign ceasefire deal" — BBC News Online, September 5, 2014 "NATO leaders pledge support to Ukraine at Wales Summit" — NATO, September 4, 2014 Ben Farmer. "Nato troops for Afghanistan at risk without new president this month" — Telegraph Media Group, September 4, 2014 "FACT SHEET: Wales Summit – NATO’s Changing Role in Afghanistan" — White House Office of the Press Secretary, September 4, 2014 "Pre-Summit Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at Residence Palace, Brussels" — NATO, September 1, 2014
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Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), most commonly known as Steve Irwin, was the owner and manager of the Australia Zoo at Beerwah, Queensland, Australia. He was best known for the unconventional nature documentary series The Crocodile Hunter. I've probably saved thousands of people's lives with my educational message on snake bites, how to get in around venomous anything. Yeah, I'm a thrill seeker, but crikey, education's the most important thing. Online interview at Scientific American online (sciam.com) (26 March 2001) I think my path would have always gone back to or delivered me to wildlife. I think wildlife is just like a magnet, and it's something that I can't help. If something ever happens to me, people are gonna be like 'we knew a croc would get him!' Biography for Steve Irwin (II) in The Internet Movie Database Born a wildlife warrior, die a wildlife warrior. Radio interview on Radio Alice (KLLC 97.3) I have a deep-seated respect for parrots. As gifted as I am with all other wildlife, parrots have this uncanny desire to kill me. I'm not sure why, but they're like my kryptonite! I'm very embarrassing to look at. You know why? Here's why I'm embarrassing: 'cause there's a little bit of me in everybody... I'm like the boy that never grew up. I'm very, very passionate about what I do. I mean, I love what I do....and people are like "God, give this guy a valium or something, you know? Can't he have a bad day?" I've got the Terri factor, mate. I've got this wife that is so incredibly intelligent and strong that I reckon, between us, we'll get through it. from "Enough Rope With Andrew Denton" on ABC, 2003 Crikey means gee whiz, wow! Crikey, mate. You're far safer dealing with crocodiles and western diamondback rattlesnakes than the executives and the producers and all those sharks in the big MGM building. from "Enough Rope With Andrew Denton" on ABC, 2004 I have a message for my fans. Whatever you want to do in this world, it is achievable. The most important thing that I've found, that perhaps you could use, is be passionate and enthusiastic in the direction that you choose in life, and you'll be a winner. from Crikey! What an Adventure on Animal Planet, 2007nb I don't know, man; don't worry about it. from "Broad Street Scientific," 2012 edition, quoted posthumously And [Steve] came up on Croc One, and we sat down and had a talk. And he said, "Look, this is what I want to do and I want you to teach me about it." And I said, "Look, Steve, you do realize that people think you're an absolute moron." And he went, "Yeah." And I said, "Are you?" And he said, "Jamie, do you watch my shows?" And I went, "Not really." And he said, "Do you watch any of them?" And I said, "Yeah, a couple." And he said, "Why do you watch?" I said, "To see what you're gonna do wrong." He said, "Gotcha! The moment I've got you whipped in to see whether I'm gonna do anything wrong, I can tell you anything. And you're gonna remember it." As recounted by Dr. Jamie Seymour, associate professor, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine. In an interview with Destin Sandlin, YouTube channel SmarterEveryDay, June 16, 2014. Wikipedia has an article about: Steve Irwin
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Red vs. Blue: Recreation is the seventh season of the action comedy science fiction machinima web series Red vs. Blue created by Rooster Teeth Productions premiered on June 9, 2009, and concluded on October 26, 2009. Set three days after the Red vs. Blue: Relocate mini-series, the Red team are back plotting against the Blue team, which currently consists of only one person, Caboose. New episodes were released every Monday at 9:00 CST. [Watching the reds plan to attack blue base] pornhub.com Church: Sigh, great, I'm sure this will all end well. [Walking to blue base] You know, I can't believe those idiots are responsible for my death. TWICE. It's embarrassing is what it is. Caboose: FIRE! That's bad. Bad fire! BAD FIRE GO AWAY. Church: If I was killed by an alien, or a monster, or some sorority blow job massacre, that I could handle. [Looking over blue base] Caboose: Please stop burning! Nothing else burn! Church: And look at this, this is my legacy? I mean what did I do with my life to deserve this. Caboose: I mean it! [Fire keeps spreading] Church: Sigh, this has all gone so wrong. Tex: Well, what are you going to do about it Church? Church: Do? What can I do Tex, I'm dead. Gone. Tex: Oh come on Church. They say your never COMPLETELY dead if someone still remembers you. Church: Yeah, but look who's left to remember me. Him? Caboose: [comes out running on fire] Oh God, now I'm burning. That's much worse than other things burning! Church: Sure feels like being dead. Like all the way dead. Like someone encased me in cement and fired me into the sun dead. Caboose: Why does it keep chasing me?! [falls into a lake] Ahh, that's nice. Church: It's just a long way back for us. Tex: Okay, so then we're done? Caboose: [Walking into the base] Okay, let's try that again. But with less fire on me this time! Church: No. No we're not done. Tex: Well then if we're not done, let's get started. Church: Hey, have I ever mentioned how helpful you are to me? I mean you're so full of fucking wisdom. What would I ever do without you? Tex: Heh, I try my best. And you have no one to blame but yourself. Sarge: Attention Blue Team! This is the Red Team! We are here to destroy you! Your long reign of being the shittiest team around is about to come to a sudden cataclysmic end! We will give you a few moments to soak in the horror of this anouncement, and then return for your reaction. Be right back! Sarge: [Walking down hill to where Simmons and Grif are standing] Hehe. All right, that ought to scare the bejesus out of them. Simmons: Actually sir, since it's just one of them over there. Grif: And the one is an idiot. Simmons: I don't really see the point in the psychological warfare. Sarge: You're right Simmons! It's not really accurate to refer to one person as a team. What's better? Blue person? Blue man? Bluetonian? Simmons: What I meant was... Sarge: Bluetard. Simmons: [Short Pause] What I meant was, I don't see the point in announcing to him that we're going to attack. Why don't we just do it? Sarge: There's an order to this, Simmons! We can't abandon protocol just because we have an advantage! We have to give him a chance to see the errors of his Blue ways! To lay down his arms and meet us as his fellow men at the table of peace, where we can work together towards a better world... a world that's better because we poisoned his food at that table and stabbed him in the eye with a fork and taken all his stuff. Simmons: ...Dibs on the computers! Sarge: Noted. Now watch that base. Tell me if anything changes! Simmons: Yes sir! And sir? Sarge: Yes Simmons? Simmons: I just wanna say, I'm glad I was here to see you on your day of victory. It's been a long time coming. Sarge: Yes it has, hasn't it? My skills as a leader have really taken us far. It must have been quite an honor to serve with me. ...ahhh. Okay! Glad we had this talk. Simmons: Are you glad I'm here too Sarge? Sarge: Of course I am. Simmons: I knew it! I just knew... Sarge: The squad's kill death ratio is the most important measurement when evaluating sergeants! If you had died, that would have hurt my numbers. Simmons: [Beginning to cry] Glad I could help. [Walking up the hill that Sarge went down] Sarge: It's critical to keep a little pattern in our stats! That way if we're far enough ahead, I can stab Grif in the face and still stay in the lead. Grif: You know, I'm standing right here. Sarge: Right where I want you! Within face-stabbing range. [Turns on radio for Lopez] Lopez! How are those vehicle repairs coming? Lopez: [Spanish] Coming? The jeep is destroyed. It can't be fixed. Sarge: Got an ETA? Lopez: [Spanish] Yes. Never. Sarge: As long as I get it ASAP. Cause I need it PDQ! Lopez: [Spanish] In that case, never minus one. Sarge: Lopez you're a regular RFR! 'Really Fast Robot'. Grif! Make a note in the acronym journal! Simmons status report! Simmons: Still just one Blue sir! Sarge: Lopez, status report! Lopez: [Spanish] You already talked to me, jackass! Sarge: [Running up the hill again] Hey Blue! Don't think we forgotten about yah! Still gonna kill yah any second! Count on it! [Running down the hill back to Simmons and Grif again] Simmons: [Walking down hill with Sarge] Grif: Sarge have you thought this invasion all the way through? Sarge: Of course I have! We beat the Blues! We win. You suck. That's the whole way through. Grif: Ehh, and who do we fight then? Sarge: We fight! With other Blues! Grif: But what if no more Blues come? I mean they haven't sent reinforcements yet. What if they never do? Simmons: Why would you want more Blues? Grif: Well, we have this new base and all this new equipment. Who else are we going to test it on. Simmons: Who cares?! The war would be over! Grif: Oh, great! Sarge: You're suggesting we don't attack them?! Grif, that's borderline traitorism! Simmons: I think the word you're looking for is 'treason' sir. Girf: Never mind Sarge, I was wrong. If the war's over and we win, well that's just great! Sarge: Of course it would be! Grif: I mean no more early runs, no more training excersises. Why would we need to do any of that stuff right? We won! Sarge: Riiight. Grif: And all this new equipment, we could just let fall into dis-repair. I mean we don't need it. We won't even need to test it, because we're winning. We're about to make it all obsolete. Sarge: Huuuuuh. Grif: And just think about this Sarge! No more boring staff meetings! Ever! Sarge: Uh huh. [Runs up the hill again] Hey Blue! There's going to be a slight delay in your destruction. Hang tight! [To Grif and Simmons] Maybe I should call our new Command. They'll tell us what we should do. Grif: [Sarcastically] Ya, the old one was so great, the new one's got to be even better! Sarge: [Turns on radio for Command] Command. Come in Command! This is Blood Gulch Outpost... Wait! I mean... Simmons, what's the name of this place again? [Simmons tells him, Sarge asks Command about Blue Team, Caboose shows up and is told to go away, and also Simmons asks Caboose what he's working on and Caboose refuses to tell him] Sarge: Hello? Hello! Hello? They hung up on me. Simmons: Why? Sarge: They said they didn't even have record of a Blue team. Nothing on Blues at all in their computer system. Simmons: Oh. Ohhhh. Sarge: What? Simmons: We deleted them remember? From Command computers. We wiped them out. Sarge: We did? Simmons: Ya, don't you remember? Sarge: Ohhh. Right. [Past, Command HQ] Sarge: Simmons, execute the hypotenuse initiative, and delete the Blues. Simmons: [presses a switch] Done! The Blues now never existed. I also upgraded your pay scales while I was at it. Sarge: Well deserved. Grif: Ya! We win. Sarge: [Cocks shotgun and shoots Grif] Grif: Blargh! I am dead, but that's okay, I don't deserve to enjoy victory. My life has meant nothing. Sarge: What a great day! Simmons, transform into motorcycle mode. Simmons: [Sounding like a robot] You got it sir. [Transforming into a motorcycle] Choop choop choop choop choop! Beep! Beep! Sarge: Let's get out of here. [Gets on motorcycle-Simmons and drives outside] Yee-haw!! [Present, Outpost 17-B: Valhalla] Grif: That's not what happened! Sarge: Of course it is. Grif: Then how am I still alive?! Sarge: I ask myself that question every day. [Short pause] Moto-Simmons! Run him over. Sarge: Where's Simmons? Grif: Simmons? If you wanted Simmons, then why didn't you yell like a lunatic for Simmons? Sarge: Damn it, Grif! Your duty is to watch Simmons, so that I know where to find him. Simmons watches Donut, and Donut watches me. Grif: Yeah well, who watches me? Sarge: Nobody. Sarge: Where is he? Grif: He's downstairs working on your holographic simulatron-or whatever you call it. Sarge: Excellent work Private Grif! Grif: Wow! Thanks, sir. Sarge: I'd recommend you to a shinny metal! Grif: Okay, you're being sarcastic right now aren't you? Sarge: Oh absolutely! Wait was your question sarcastic? Grif: Who knows? Probably? Unless-wait are you being sarcastic right now by asking that? Sarge: Hmm. Maybe we should drop this conversation. Grif: Hey! Where's Donut? Sarge: Simmons! Where is he? Simmons: How would I know? Sarge: Watchin' Donut's one of yer duties! Grif: Ooh, Hoo, Hoo! Busted! Simmons: Eh, who cares? Sarge: He won't give you any info. He'll die before he reveals anything. You hear that Donut? You'll die before you talk! We all know that, keep up the good work. Grif: Hey, Sarge, maybe there's a ransom. Sarge: Good thinkin'! What do you want, Blue? Caboose: What do I want? Do you have any cookies? Sarge: Yer demands! Ya have ta give us yer demands! Caboose: I demand cookies! Sarge: You're just toyin' with us! Yer evil Blue ways have no bounds! Grif: Yeah! Caboose: Well at least I don't go around-knocking on people's non-doors-promising cookies, and then NOT GIVING THEM COOKIES! (Runs back inside) Caboose: (Popping out) I'm leaving! (Goes back in) Sarge: Hey, be careful with the new gun, it hasn't passed any real world testing yet. Simmons: It hasn't passed any fake world testing. It's passed zero tests. Sarge: Which means the enemy can't possibly know about it. We've got the initiative. Simmons:(Quietly) Yay. We got something. Big dummy. Sarge: We'll be back as soon as we help the Blue, and then we'll kill him. Caboose: Guys, I really appreciate this. Sarge: Look Grif, sand. Grif: Yeah, we're on a beach. Sarge: Donut said there was sand. That means we're on the right track Grif: Know what else he told us? The coordinates to where we're going. Sarge: Another clue! Grif: That's not a clue. There's no mystery. We're driving there. Sarge: Come on, let's get going before the trail gets cold. Caboose: I have to use the bathroom again Donut: Lopez, Simmons has been gone a long time. Lopez: (Spanish) I don't care. Donut: If Simmons blows up Blue Base, Sarge is gonna be really mad. Lopez: (Spanish) Yes, he is stupid like that. Donut: I'm worried about him. Lopez: (Spanish) Yes, that's because you are stupid like that. Donut: I think I'm gonna go over there and check on him. Lopez: (Spanish) Whatever. Sarge: YEEHAW! (crash) I told you not to take jumps bigger than my 'yeehaw's! Makes me look bad. Grif: Okay, this looks like it. Sarge: Be careful, Grif. We don't want to get spotted. Intercom: Halt. Do not go any further. Caboose: I think we’ve been spotted. Sarge: Watch it, Grif! Intercom: You are attempting to access a restricted area, and you have entered a mine field. The Warthog ceases movement. Grif: A what? Intercom: A mine field. You idiot. Caboose: Your field? Who says this is your field—You can’t own a field! Grif: Caboose, not his field! A mine field! Sarge: You know, the American culture said the Earth doesn’t belong to us. We belong to it. Grif: Guys, he means explosives! Caboose, Sarge: Ohhh. An explosion goes off. Sarge: Oh! Simmons: What the hell is all this stuff? Donut: Oh, there you are! Did you blow up the base yet? Simmons: Look at this mess, Donut! It's like he's wrecked the place! Donut: Oh, yeah. That's Caboose's project! Simmons: This is what he's been working on? Donut: He's trying to rebuild a body for that blue buddy of his. Uh, looks like a piece is missing though. Simmons: For the dead guy? (scoff) Give me a break. No wonder no one ever wins this war. We're all doing stuff like building lame robots. (Simmons turns around to find Lopez standing behind him) Simmons: Oh, hey Lopez! Uh, I didn't mean you. I meant other-- robots. Donut: That was kind of racist. Simmons: Hey, that's not true. I have lots of mechanical friends! Intercom: J-Just give me that microphone. Do not under any circumstances move. You have entered an active minefield. Caboose: Does thinking count as moving? Because if it does, I think I might have mo- OP! I did it again. Grif: Shut up, Caboose! Caboose: Well, I don't want to get exploded. Sarge: How do we get out of here? Intercom: We will guide you out. Sarge: Great! We'll just wait for you to come out here then. Intercom: What? No, fuck that! Listen, we're not coming out there. Okay? Hang tight. We're gonna pull up the schematics. We'll be right back. Don't move. Sarge: Grif! What were you thinking, driving us straight into a mine field? Grif: Me?! You were in the passenger seat! That makes you the navigator! Sarge: What are you talking about? Grif: Everybody knows that! You're in charge of directions! Sarge: No, the shotgun seat is reserved as a position of respect... and for people who carry shotguns. (lifts shotgun) See? (makes gun cock sound) Quid pro quo. Now Grif, here's the plan: you walk in front of us, very slowly. Grif: No! Sarge: If you hear anything that sounds like a small metallic click or it feels like your legs are being blown up, just say "Found one!" Grif: No! Caboose: Uh-oh! I think I just thought about something again. Sarge: Both of you shut up! I need to think a way out of this mess. Grif: You mean the mess you navigated us into? Sarge: How 'bout I come over there and navigate my fist through your forehead?! Grif: Okay, bring it. Just stroll on over here across the minefield and beat me to death. Sarge: Maybe I will. Grif: Bring it! Intercom: Look, we can hear you talking. Do not move, okay? Seriously. Sarge: (growls) Caboose: It's not my fault. I'm not moving. I'm not even thinking about moving. Grif: Sarge, since we may not make it out of this, maybe there's a few things I should tell you. You know, since you can't reach me. Sarge: [warningly] Grif... Grif: Like the reason I never listen to you. Or never follow your orders. And why I don't think anything you say is ever important. Sarge: (growls angrily) GRRRRIIOOU!!! Grif: But I want you to understand, Sarge. It's not because I'm lazy. It's because I don't like you. Or respect you. In any way. I have no positive feelings towards you. (Sarge cocks shotgun) Grif: Now I imagine it can be pretty hard to be an ineffective leader with no respect... (Sarge shoots shotgun, nothing happens) Grif: ...who doesn't understand that his primary weapon has an effective range much shorter than most weapons, but I think since we're gonna die anyway, you deserve to know that. Intercom: All right, I'm back. Ready? We're gonna guide you out of there. Grif: [laughs nervously] You know I was kidding, right? Simmons: Hey Lopez, wait up! Hey, man. I need some explosives. (Lopez stares in silence) Simmons: To blow up blue base? You know, did Sarge give you the key to the weapon locker? Lopez: (Spanish) Yes. Simmons: Okay, I need about 50 kilos of plastic explosives. Technically, five should do it, but I really want to blow the fuck out of that thing. Can you go get it for me? Lopez: (Spanish) I will look into that. Simmons: Uh, I need it right now? Lopez: (Spanish) Yes. I'll get right on it. Look at me go. Simmons: Hmm, you don't seem to be moving. Lopez: (Spanish) Yes. Simmons: This is about that robot comment, isn't it? Lopez: (Spanish) Maybe. Intercom: Okay gentlemen. Here's how we're going to do this: we'll guide the two guys in front out, and you in the jeep, just follow them. Grif: Okay. Caboose: I-I'm scared. Intercom: All right! Start by taking two steps forward, and then turn to your right. Sarge: A step ain't exactly a standard measurement, buddy! Intercom: Just a step. Sarge: Yeah, I get it! But what's a step? Like this? (Sarge steps forward slowly and moves back) Sarge: ...or this? (Sarge lunges forward. A mine explodes and Sarge jumps back.) Sarge: Whoa! Intercom: Just a step!! Sarge: Okay, no problem, just a step! Intercom: All right. Now, walk four steps to your right. Sarge: You mean our right? Intercom: Yes. Caboose: Um, our our right or your our right? Intercom: There is no my your right! Sarge: Wh- is left north to you? Or is it-- wh- on the compass, which way? Caboose: Uhh, what about-- Intercom: Just walk to your right! (Sarge and Caboose walk to their left.) Intercom: No! (Mine explodes) Caboose, Sarge: Sorry! Grif: You know what? I just can't take this anymore. Fuck it. (Grif starts driving. Caboose and Sarge start running.) Intercom: Yeah, uh, fuck it! Just run. (Explosions) Sarge: Son of a- (Single explosion) Donut: Man, Caboose can sure make a mess for just one person. Although, I guess he was trying to make another person, which technically would make this a mess for two people. I think Caboose would be a great dad. I wonder if I should have a kid. I never really thought I wanted one, but as I get older, I start to think maybe something is missing. [A mysterious figure in white armor enters] Donut: Aw, I hope I didn't wait too long. I've been so focused on my career and having a good time, maybe it's too late for me. Oh, great. Now I sound like my mother. [Turns and sees the white soldier] Oh, hi there. You scared me. I didn't know anyone was over here at Blue Base. [Beat] Strong silent type, huh? That's cool. Don't mind me. I'm just keeping the base a little tidy. Yeah, a clean base is a deadly base. That's what Sarge always says. Sarge is our commander. You'll get a Sarge over here I'm sure. But he won't be like our Sarge. He'll be blue. [The camera pans around to reveal that the white soldier is actually the Meta] Meta: [Snarls] Donut: Man, the rest of the guys will be so happy to have someone to fight. They're gonna be so relieved to see you. What did you say your name was? Meta: [Snarls] Donut: Hmm... foreign, huh? Love the accent. Really works for you. I should probably move this. [Crouches down to move the body as the Meta fires his magnum at him] Oh, don't worry, buddy, I already checked their weapons. All good, but thanks for helping. Meta: [Snarls] Donut: [Pants] This thing's heavy. Maybe if I grab the legs... [The Meta runs forward and hits the body with his Brute Shot] Donut: Well, that was helpful. Thanks! Where'd you get that kickass broom? Meta: [Snarls and advances on Donut] Donut: Uh, do you hear that? Simmons: Hey, Donut! Are you in there? Lopez built you a motorcycle! I broke it! Donut: Hey! Yeah! Simmons! I'm inside the Blue Base! Guess what? Blue Team got a new soldier! Simmons: What!? They sent another team member? Why would they do that? That doesn't make any sense. [Sees the Meta] OH FUCK! [Runs off] Welcome to the neighborhood! See you later! [Outpost 17-B: Valhalla] Lopez: [Humming while fixing the Mongoose that Simmons broke] Simmons: [Running towards Lopez] Lopez! Lopez: No! Acabo de fijar eso. Esta es el mio! Caption: No! I just fixed this. This one is mine. Stay away! Simmons: He's here! He's here! Lopez: Quien? Caption: Who? Simmons: The bad guy! The guy who wants to kill us! Lopez: Le necesitos ser mas especifo que ese. Caption: You're going to have to be more specific than that. [Meta shot a rocket and hit the side of Red Base] Simmons: The Meta! He's here! Lopez: Que? Aqui? Pense que el le muerto. Caption: What? Here? I thought he was dead. Simmons: Oh geez! Look out! [He and Lopez duck a rocket that went over their heads] Son of a bitch! Lopez: Madre de dios! Caption: Son of a bitch! Simmons: Lopez! We need some big guns. Lopez: OK. Te que buena hacer. Caption: OK. That I can do. Simmons: I'll grab the rocket launcher. [Picks up rocket launcher while Lopez goes inside the base] Just grab whatever you can Lopez. I'm trained to handle this weapon. [Stands near the Mongoose that Lopez was fixing] Lopez? Anybody? The Meta: [Growls and runs up and stops in front of the back entrance of Red Base] Simmons: Alright you bastard! Prepare to get 'Simmonsized'. [Fires a rocket, which hits the Mongoose, which flies over the Meta and lands to the side of the base. Simmons and the Meta both watch it as it flies through the air] Well fuck me. The Meta: [Growls and loads his Brute shot and aims it at Simmons, but Lopez shoots him two times with a Missle Pod and the Meta flees, turning invisible] Lopez: [Walks outside the base, carrying the Missle Pod] ¿Usted dijos "Simmonsized"? Caption: Did you seriously just say "Simmonsized"? Simmons: Lopez! Lopez: Cierre la cogida. Usted rompio motocicleta. Caption: Shut the fuck up. You broke my motorcycle again. Simmons: Hey Lopez, turn off your ears for a second. Lopez: Que? No puedo hacer eso. Caption: What? Simmons: Okay. Are they off? Lopez: Sí. Estan apagado. Ese es puedo contestarle. Caption: Yeah, they're off. That's why I can answer you. Simmons: Okay, good. (in a whisper) If there's no room, we'll just leave Lopez. He's pretty much expendable, and they won't be able to get any info out of him anyway. Donut: I feel bad about it though. He's been so loyal. Simmons: So what? He's a robot. He has to be loyal. Dogs are loyal too, but that doesn't mean you can't eat them when you're stranded in an arctic outpost and command can't get rations through because of a seasonal blizzard. Donut: That seems like a very specific example. Simmons: (quickly) I don't wanna talk about it. Hey Lopez, you can turn your ears back on now. Lopez: CLICK. Oh, puedo oír otra vez. Un que milagro. Caption: CLICK. Oh, I can hear again. What a fucking miracle. Epsilon Church: Uh oh. Caboose: What? What happened? Epsilon Church: Crap. Instead of turning on my long-term memory, I think I just shut off my short-term memory. Caboose: Oh... is that bad? Epsilon Church: Huh? Is what bad? Caboose: Your memory thing getting shut off. Epsilon Church: Who shut off my memory? Caboose: You did. Epsilon Church: I did what? Caboose: Shut off your memory. Epsilon Church: Why do you want me to shut off my memory? Caboose: No, it's already shut off. Epsilon Church: What is? Caboose: Your memory. Epsilon Church: Yeah, what about it? Tucker: Wow, well this is a drastic improvement. Donut: And I'll handle your rears! Simmons: Ok, change of plans. I'll be last, Lopez, you still go out in front. Lopez: Porsa questo. caption: Of course I'm in front. Simmons: Donut, you be in the middle. Donut: It'll be a Donut sandwich! Mmmm mmmm! Simmons: Dammit Donut! You could ruin anything! Caboose: Hey, Church? are you doing that? Church: Doing what? (looks at the floating box) oh cool! am I? oh look! I am! thats awesome! Tucker: What the fuck? when did you get telekinesis? Caboose: You have teleportesis?! can you hear what i'm thinking right now? Church: What?! no! Tucker: My guess would be nothing. Caboose: Oh my god! Tucker has it too! Church: Hey alien dude! How'd you like me now! Tucker: W-T-fuck! Why'd you do that? I think that's taking advantage of your deity's status, dude. Church: Well, what good is being a god if you can't smite some people? Have some fun? Epsilon Church: I am not a THING! My name is Leonard Church, and you will fear my laser face!! Donut: Oh my God! He just shot Lopez! (Washington shoots Donut) Simmons: Donut? Donut: ...Hey, Simmons? I think he shot me too... ugh. (Donut collapses) Simmons: Donut!! NO!! Donut! Donut are you alright? C'mon breath Donut, breath! (To Washington) Why would you do that?! Chairman: Agent Washington, when you find these blue soldiers that you're talking about, what makes you think that they are just going to give you the Epsilon unit? Washington: Heh, for as long as I can remember, I've been lied to, taken advantage of, shot in the back, and left for dead. And now, I have a way out of all of this. What in the hell makes you think that I'm going to ask for it? Wikipedia has an article about: Red vs. Blue: Recreation
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Measuring stuttering is notoriously difficult. You can measure several aspects of stuttering: Frequency of disfluencies. I.e., disfluencies per hundred words or syllables. The "average" stutterer is dysfluent on 10 percent of words. People who don't stutter are disfluent on about 2% of words. Duration of disfluencies. The "average" disfluency lasts about 1 second. Speaking rate, or word per minute. The average speaking rate for people who don't stutter is 167 words per minute (Darley, 1940). The average speaking rate for stutterers is 123 words per minute. The average stutterer speaks about 25% slower than the average non-stutterer. Types of disfluencies. Wendell Johnson developed eight categories of disfluencies in 1959. The first three are common to both stutterers and non-stutterers. The last five are stuttering disfluencies. Interjections ("uh," "er"). Revisions ("I was - I am going"). Incomplete phrases. Part-word repetitions ("ba-ba-ba-baseball"). Word repetitions. Phrase repetitions ("I was I was going"). Broken words ("I was g - (pause) - oing home"). Prolonged sounds. Psychological effects. The preferred test questionnaire for measuring stuttering is the "Stuttering Severity Instrument for Children and Adults," 3rd edition, by Glyndon Riley. A study by Young in 1961 found that ordinary listeners judged stuttering to be "severe" when there were part-word repetitions, prolongations, broken words, and a new category, "undue stress or tension." But many speech samples were judged "severe" with relatively few of these disfluencies, suggesting that there are yet more, unidentified types of stuttering disfluencies. There are many electronic instruments that can measure aspects of stuttering. See "Instrumentation For The Assessment And Treatment Of Stuttering", by Klaas Bakker (1996) and "Automatic Recognition of Dysfluencies" (Howell, 1997). Differences between judges. Different people listening to the same tape will hear different numbers of disfluencies, even if they are trained speech pathologists. Counting normal disfluencies. Everyone has normal disfluencies. Does having lots of normal disfluencies make a person a stutterer? Or is stuttering something different? Should normal disfluencies be counted as stuttering? Children vs. adults. Children stutter in different ways than adults: some disfluencies are normal for children but are abnormal in adults. Hidden stuttering. Some stutterers can substitute words and appear to never stutter. Speaking conditions. Some stutterers can read out loud perfectly fluently. Others stutter most severely when reading. Some stutterers are most fluent in conversation. Others are most disfluent. Some are most fluent in stressful situations, on telephones, etc., while others are the opposite. You can't judge how severely a person stutters from a single speaking situation. Internal or psychological stuttering is difficult to quantify. For many stutterers the internal effects of stuttering are greater than their physical symptoms. Several stuttering therapies focus on improving the self-esteem and overall communication skills of stutterers, with little or no attention to improving physical fluency. Different people stutter in different ways, and each person has multiple ways of stuttering. There is no single behavior common to all stuttering. Be skeptical when anyone claims that a therapy reduced stuttering 85%, etc. Ask how stuttering was measured, under what conditions, etc.
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Play media Play media Artist: The Blues Brothers Title: Everybody Needs Somebody To Love Link: Song Lyrics: Interesting words are highlighted with bold letters Everybody Needs Somebody To Love Everybody needs somebody Everybody needs somebody to love (someone to love) Sweetheart to miss (sweetheart to miss) Sugar to kiss (sugar to kiss) I need you you you I need you you you I need you you you In the morning I need you you you When my soul's on fire Sometimes I feel I feel a little sad inside When my baby mistreats me I never never never have a place to hide I need you Sometimes I feel I feel a little sad inside When my baby mistreats me I never never never have a place to hide I need you you you I need you you you I need you you you I need you you you I need you You know people when you do find that somebody Hold that woman, hold that man Love him, please him, squeeze her, please her, Hold, squeeze and please that person, give 'em all your love Signify your feelings with every gentle caress Because it's so important to have that special somebody to hold, kiss, miss, squeeze and please Everybody needs somebody Everybody needs somebody to love Someone to love Sweetheart to miss Sugar to kiss I need you you you I need you you you I need you you you... 1 2 What time is it? 3 Max's ... 4 Anna's ... 5 What time does Max start work Exercise 1
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Bob Hearts Abishola (2019–present) is an American television sitcom aired on CBS. The series was set in Detroit. It stars Billy Gardell and Folake Olowofoyeku as the respective title characters, with Christine Ebersole, Matt Jones, Maribeth Monroe, Shola Adewusi, Barry Shabaka Henley, Travis Wolfe Jr., Vernee Watson, Bayo Akinfemi, Anthony Okungbowa, and Gina Yashere in supporting roles. [Bob and Abishola are on the bus.] Bob: This is nice. I thought there'd be more weirdos... Abishola: You are the weirdo. Kemi: My son called. His wife is pregnant! Abishola: Congratulations. Kemi: That makes 5 grandchildren. My sister only has 2. I win again! Abishola: Mmm Hmm. Kemi: When we take our next family photo, she will be humiliated! Abishola: I'm not going to do that. Dottie: Oh, why? Abishola: You don't pay me enough to commit murder. Bob: You look beautiful today. Abishola: Thank you, Bob. Bob: It's weird how this bench has kind of become our bench. Abishola: Actually the plaque on the back says it's in loving memory of Stanley Webber. Billy Gardell - Robert "Bob" Wheeler Folake Olowofoyeku - Abishola Bolatito Doyinsola Oluwatoyin Adebambo Christine Ebersole - Dorothy "Dottie" Wheeler Matt Jones - Douglas Wheeler Maribeth Monroe - Christina Wheeler Shola Adewusi - Oluwatoyin "Olu" Ifedayo Olatunji Barry Shabaka Henley - Babatunde "Tunde" Olatunji Travis Wolfe Jr. - Dele Babatunde Adebambo Vernee Watson - Gloria Tyler Gina Yashere - Kemi Bayo Akinfemi - Goodwin Aderibigbe Olayiwola Anthony Okungbowa - Kofo Olanipekun Bob Hearts Abishola quotes at the Internet Movie Database Wikipedia has an article about: Bob Hearts Abishola
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Kenesaw Mountain Landis (November 20, 1866 – November 25, 1944) was an American federal judge from 1905 to 1920, the year in which he was appointed the first commissioner of Major League Baseball. In that capacity, he was instrumental in restoring baseball's integrity in the wake of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal; he banned the eight culprits of the Scandal (including Shoeless Joe Jackson) from baseball for life. Landis would serve as commissioner until his death in 1944. Why should God wish to take a thoroughbred like Matty so soon, and leave some others down here that could well be spared? Lamenting on the death of the famously virtuous former N.Y. Giants pitcher Christy Mathewson in 1925. Quoted in Christopher Hodge Evans, William R. Herzog, The Faith of Fifty Million: Baseball, Religion, and American Culture (Westminster John Knox Press, 2002, ISBN 0664223052), p. 77. [1] What about the Satchel Paiges of the future? Will they be playing in the big leagues? The question becomes more pressing yearly. It has been tossed into old Judge Landis' lap more than once. And the spectacularly adroit manner in which this articulate apostle of Lincoln tosses it out the window is a source of much marvel. Joe Williams of the New York World Telegram, quoted in Robert Bailey Thomas, The Old Farmer's Almanac 1998: Calculated on a New and Improved Plan for the Year of Our Lord 1998 (Yankee Pub., 1995), p. 82. [2] Wikipedia has an article about: Kenesaw Mountain Landis
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In the previous chapters we have learnt all the letters of original Penti, the velars, the palatals, the retroflexes, the dentals, the labials and the semi vowels in addition to the vowel carriers and ਸ and ਹ. Here we will learn the letters of the eighth row (ਨਵੀਨ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi. This group of letters is called the Neo group because the letters have been added to Gurmukhi to represent sounds borrowed from Persian and other foreign languages. The Neo group consists of the following letters ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼ These are called ਸ਼ - susse pair bindi, ਖ਼ - khukhe pair bindi, ਗ਼ - gugge pair bindi, ਜ਼ - jujje pair bindi , ਫ਼ - phuphe pair bindi and ਲ਼ - lulle pair bindi. ਸ਼ is pronounced as /sh/, ਖ਼ as /khh/, ਗ਼ as /ghh/, ਜ਼ as /jhh/ , ਫ਼ as /phh/ and ਲ਼ as /lh/. ਸ਼ - sasse pair bindi This is how words shark and shore are written in Gurmukhi ਸ਼ਾ + ਰ + ਕ = ਸ਼ਾਰਕ = shark ਸ਼ੋ + ਰ = ਸ਼ੋਰ = shore ਖ਼ - khakke pair bindi This sound is not found in English. However here are some Punjabi examples ਖ਼ + ਤ = ਖ਼ਤ = letter ਤ + ਖ਼ + ਤ = ਤਖ਼ਤ = throne ਖ਼ + ਰ + ਗੋ + ਸ਼ = ਖ਼ਰਗੋਸ਼ = rabbit ਸ਼ਾ + ਖ਼ = ਸ਼ਾਖ਼ = branch ਗ਼ - gagge pair bindi This sound is also not found in English. However here are some Punjabi examples ਗ਼ + ਮ + ਲਾ = ਗ਼ਮਲਾ = flower pot ਜ਼ - jajje pair bindi This sound is equivalent to /z/. Here are some examples ਜ਼ਿ + ਪ = ਜ਼ਿਪ = zip ਜੈ + ਬ + ਰਾ = ਜ਼ੈਬਰਾ = zebra ਫ਼ - fufe pair bindi As in ਫ਼ਾ + ਰ + ਸੀ = ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ = faarsi(persian) ਲ਼ - lulle pair bindi Some of these letters merely represent the sounds borrowed from foreign languages but the use of others is lexically significant for that changes the word meanings. For example ਗਲ = talk and ਗਲ਼ = decompose ਸੇਰ = a unit of measurement and ਸ਼ੇਰ = lion 1. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi ਸ਼ੈੱਡ ਸ਼ਾਉਟ ਐਸ਼ ਗੱਸ਼ Solutions Shed Shout Ash Gush 2. Write these English words in Gurmukhi Shop Shoe Rush Blush Push Solutions ਸ਼ੌ + ਪ = ਸ਼ੌਪ ਸ਼ੂ ਰੱ + ਸ਼ = ਰੱਸ਼ ਬ + ਲੱ + ਸ਼ = ਬਲੱਸ਼ ਪੁ + ਸ਼ = ਪੁਸ਼ In this lesson we have learnt the five letters of the second row of Gurmukhi script. These letter are ਸ਼ susse pair bindi, ਖ਼ khukhe pair bindi, ਗ਼ gugge pair bindi, ਜ਼ jujje pair bindi , ਫ਼ phuphe pair bindi and ਲ਼ lulle pair bindi. We have now learnt the complete Gurmukhi alphabet: ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼
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Radovan Karadžić (Serbian Cyrillic: Радован Караџић) (born June 19, 1945) is a former Serbian politician, poet, political doctor, psychiatrist, and war criminal. He was convicted for war crimes and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague. This, what you are doing, is not good. This is the path that you want to take Bosnia and Herzegovina on, the same highway of hell and death that Slovenia and Croatia went on. Don't think that you won't take Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and the Muslim people maybe into extinction. Because the Muslim people cannot defend themselves if there is war here. Radovan Karadžić speaking at the Bosnian parliament, on the night of 14–15 October 1991, in a charged atmosphere in a debate whether to declare the republic "sovereign", which would mean that republic's laws would take precedence over Yugoslav ones. (The term "Muslim people" refers to the people known as Bosniaks. [1]) Variant translation: "You want to take Bosnia and Herzegovina down the same highway to hell and suffering that Slovenia and Croatia are travelling. Do not think that you will not lead Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and do not think that you will not perhaps lead the Muslim people into annihilation, because the Muslims cannot defend themselves if there is war – How will you prevent everyone from being killed in Bosnia and Herzegovina?" There is no doubt that the United States and Germany had their own interests in igniting wars in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia. Radovan Karadžić speaking in May 2011 during a magazine interview given from Scheveningen Prison, The Hague. — "Radovan Karadzic: The other side to the Bosnian story", Politics First (May 2011). Who are they for a whole nation to suffer for them, both in the Republika Srpska and in Serbia, because a certain Mladic has decided that he does not want to surrender and go to court? Or Karadzic? And then they say: "I love the Serbian people." The hell they love us. They are pushing us into ever deeper problems. Milorad Dodik, as quoted in "BOSNIAN SERBS SUPPORT TRIALS OF MLADIC, KARADZIC" (27 July 2007), RFE/RL Newsline In one of his many public statements, the leader of the Bosnian Serbs, Montenegrin Radovan Karadžić, said the Serbs in the past period, when everyone was on their side, had been subjected to "genocidal extermination" whereas now, over the last year, when so many are against them, they are suffering the least. Of all the innumerable absurdities and untruths that have been uttered, this statement truly takes the cake. For more than forty years Bosnia was inhabited by Bosnians, and we did not distinguish between Serbs, Muslim, and Croats, or at least such distinctions were not paramount in their mutual relations. Throughout that period, to the best of the Yugoslav and world public's knowledge, there were no detention camps for Serbs in Bosnia, no brothels for Serbs women, no Serbian children had their throat cut. (...) But according to Karadzic, the Serbs were somehow unhappy then. And now, in war, with so many dead, (...) now, according to their leader, the time has come when they are suffering the least. (...) Ethnically pure states are an impossibility in today's world, and it is ridiculous to try to create and maintain such a state, even when there is just one nation. Mirjana Markovic, in her newspaper column, on 20 January 1993, cited in Night and Day: A Diary, 1995, pp. 17-18 People are not little stones, or keys in someone's pocket, that can be moved from one place to another just like that.... Therefore, we cannot precisely arrange for only Serbs to stay in one part of the country while removing others painlessly. I do not know how Mr. Krajišnik and Mr. Karadžić will explain that to the world. That is genocide. Ratko Mladić, as quoted in "Bosnia's 'Accidental' Genocide" (30 September 2006), by Edina Becirevic, Bosnian Institute, United Kingdom Encyclopedic article on Radovan Karadžić at Wikipedia Media related to Radovan Karadžić at Wikimedia Commons
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Chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone: The Boy Who Lived| Chapter 2 → Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow. Mr and Mrs Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hold with such nonsense. Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large moustache. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over garden fences, spying on the neighbours. The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere. Vernon Dursley notices strange events on his way to work: a cat on Privet Drive appears to be reading a map, and people wearing colourful robes are wandering the streets. Mr Dursley attempts to ignore these oddities, but during his lunch break, he sees more such curiously-clad people. He overhears some mentioning the Potters and their son, Harry; one even stops Mr Dursley, telling him that he must be overjoyed that "You Know Who" is gone. All this reminds Vernon that the Dursleys have a shameful secret, and why they pretend the Potters never existed. Arriving home, Mr Dursley hears TV news reports about unforeseen shooting stars and owls flying during the daytime. Previously unwilling to discuss the Potters with his wife, Petunia, he finally verifies that their nephew's name is Harry. Vernon Dursley sleeps uneasily. Late that night, a mysterious figure appears in Privet Drive. Albus Dumbledore, a wizard, uses an object called a Put-Outer to extinguish all the street lamps. Dumbledore addresses the cat, who transforms into a witch named Professor McGonagall. They discuss how recent celebrations have left "Muggles" inquisitive. Dumbledore confirms that James and Lily Potter were murdered the night before (October 31) by the Dark wizard, Lord Voldemort. He also tried to kill their one-year-old son, Harry, who is somehow involved in causing the Dark Lord's demise. Voldemort is often also referred to as "You-Know-Who" by those fearing to speak his name. Harry, according to Dumbledore, is being brought to Privet Drive by someone named Hagrid. Soon after, the gigantic Hagrid arrives on a flying motorbike with a snugly wrapped baby tucked into his arm. Dumbledore places the infant on Number Four's doorstep with a letter addressed to Petunia Dursley. McGonagall despairs that baby Harry, an instant celebrity, must spend his childhood with such people. Hagrid re-mounts his motorcycle, McGonagall transforms back into a cat, and Dumbledore re-illuminates the streetlights; all three quietly depart. Harry Potter enters the story when he is brought to the most seemingly normal family in all Britain—the Dursleys. Not only are they "normal", they are apparently also quite mundane, boring, and averse to anything even remotely out-of-the-ordinary in their dull, routine lives, though there may be a particular reason for some of their behaviour. Only gradually do readers become aware that a magical world populated by witches and wizards secretly co-exists alongside non-magical humans, known as "Muggles". The odd characters wandering the streets dressed in rather outlandish clothing are the first hint to this hidden society. Little is revealed about what has recently happened, though it has created some noticeable activity that has spilled over into the Muggle world. The scar on baby Harry's forehead will clearly be a lasting reminder that sinister events must have occurred, resulting in the infant being orphaned. Dumbledore's, McGonagall's, and Hagrid's actions lead us to believe that Harry is far more special than a mere orphan needing a home, though little is explained here. And while Professor Dumbledore does leave a letter with the infant, presumably explaining everything to the Dursleys, whatever information it contains is withheld, for now, from readers. We, like Harry, will gradually discover what has transpired and learn about this remarkable hidden world in small bits, though this chapter's title, "The Boy Who Lived", in addition to baby Harry's scar, indicates he must have had some near-fatal experience. Judging by Vernon Dursley's behaviour, he may already know more about this hidden world than readers are initially led to believe. The conversation between Minerva McGonagall and Albus Dumbledore in this chapter is designed to bring several points of information to the reader without having to explicitly state them. One of the basic tenets of writing is "show, don't tell," which can make it difficult to illuminate backstory that is necessary to understanding. In particular, we need to know of the existence of Voldemort, and of his downfall, and this is communicated to us by this conversation. We also need to know that there is a reason for Dumbledore's placing Harry with his relatives, and the conversation is also tailored to inform us that there is a reason, but that it is not to be divulged just yet. Additionally, this conversation establishes the character of both McGonagall and Dumbledore, and the relationship between them, as director and trusted aide. The student could well profit by study of this one short interaction and all that it tells us. Other commentators have noted that the author is very strong in what is called the "set-up and pay-off": creating a situation, then suddenly resolving it. Sometimes the set-up and pay-off are contained in a single chapter, other times they span multiple chapters or even multiple books. This chapter, in fact, is one example of a set-up (the list of strange things that occur in the vicinity of the Dursleys, and the discovery that they are connected to the Dursley family) and pay-off (revelation of the reason for the events and the arrival of the infant Harry). Students are encouraged to examine the work for set-ups and pay-offs, and determine how they enhance the "holding power" of the book and of the series as a whole. We will note that while the set-up and pay-off is a staple of writing for the film industry, the Harry Potter films are not as rich in this as the books; we believe this is because of the amount of material that must be elided from a novel to fit into two hours of film. In order to keep the necessary story elements, some of the less-important set-up events had to be dropped. We will learn about the Wizarding world through Harry's eyes: in the entire series there are only five chapters, including this one, that are written apart from his point-of-view. These chapters are at each book's beginning, and provides us information that is still unknown to Harry. The other chapters are: Chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, and Chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. These are the only times readers are privy to information that Harry is not. Generally, we see events only when and how Harry experiences them. Evidence indicates that Harry was born on 31 July, 1980, and orphaned on 31 October, 1981 — Hallowe'en night — when he is one year and three months old. Critics point out a lack of "trick-or-treating" and similar festivities on Privet Drive that night, but it should be mentioned that we never actually see Privet Drive on the 31st; it is the 1st of November when Vernon Dursley leaves for work, and later that same night when Dumbledore, McGonagall, and Hagrid arrive. Evidence also suggests that there is a day between when Harry's parents died, and his arrival at Privet Drive; Harry is orphaned on 31 October, 1981, and the story opens with Vernon Dursley leaving for work on the morning of 1 November. This has sparked speculation amongst readers; is there an accident of dates, or is the "missing day" a purposeful addition by the author? It was believed by many readers that the occurrences during that day would be important, possibly even pivotal, to events in the seventh book. There is also a contradiction: 1 November, 1981 was, in reality, a Sunday, and the book states that that day is a Tuesday. There are similar minor internal conflicts throughout the series. These errors or oversights do not detract from the sweep of the story, so while they may be mentioned, they are provided more as a curiosity than as something for the readers to concern themselves with. Readers should also note the TV news reports about flying owls being spotted during daylight. This is an early reference to the Wizarding world's owl postal system. Voldemort's death likely prompted a huge flurry of wizard mail being carried by owls which was noticed by Muggles. Why would the Dursleys consider being related to the Potters a "shameful secret"? Who are the robed people Mr. Dursley sees in the streets? What might a "Muggle" be? What exactly is the cat on Privet Drive? Who might "You-Know-Who" be? Why isn't this person referred to by a given name? Why does Dumbledore believe the celebrations may be premature? How did Harry's parents die? Why is Harry left with the Dursleys rather than a Wizard family? Why does McGonagall seem concerned about Harry being raised by the Dursleys? The framework that is echoed throughout the series is established here: the contrast between the magical Wizarding realm and the more mundane Muggle world. By contrasting these two worlds, Muggle and Magic, an ongoing theme is seen throughout the series - prejudice, suspicion, and intolerance of anything or anyone different from ourselves. Vernon and his wife, Petunia, represent the great divide that exists between the magical and non-magical realms. Their constant fear, disdain, and hostility toward Harry's world shows how most Muggles would likely react if they knew wizards existed, though these two very different populations do occasionally collide. And as will be seen shortly, these fears and prejudices also exists within wizard society. Albus Dumbledore is the antithesis of Vernon Dursley, and each man becomes the figurehead for his respective world. Whereas Dumbledore, a powerful Wizard, is eccentric, unpredictable, and colourful, the blustery Muggle, Vernon, is conventional, regimented, and bland. The specific events resulting in Harry's being orphaned, rather than revealed in this chapter, are gradually uncovered throughout the series. They are included here by way of reference. After partially hearing a prophecy connecting him to Harry Potter, a Dark wizard, Lord Voldemort, tipped off by an informer, located Harry's wizard parents, Lily and James Potter. Voldemort attacked the Potters' house in Godric's Hollow, a tiny village, killing James before Lily and Harry could escape. Lily was also killed, her desperate pleas to spare her son's life mercilessly ignored. Voldemort then cast a lethal curse at Harry that ricocheted off the toddler, fatally striking Voldemort instead. During Harry's first year at Hogwarts, he encounters the disembodied Voldemort, who states that Harry's mother need not have died. It was Lily's sacrificial attempt to save Harry that created an ancient and protective magic, causing the deadly curse to rebound off Harry onto Voldemort. This act formed an as yet unknown connection between attacker and victim, and left a lightning-bolt shaped scar on Harry's forehead. We will find out during the course of the books that this connection included a transfer of some of Voldemort's powers to Harry, such as the ability to speak Parseltongue, and additionally allowed Harry to feel Voldemort's emotions, know when Voldemort is close and, eventually, jump inside Voldemort's mind. The protection that Lily gave her son — which Albus Dumbledore later explains as her love for Harry — destroyed Voldemort's physical body and would have killed him completely had it not been for the Dark magic he previously used to splinter his soul into shards called Horcruxes. Voldemort's downfall renders Harry into a celebrated figure in the Wizarding world, hailed as a hero and the only person known to have survived the Killing curse. It is entirely possible that, due to the Fidelius charm that was meant to protect the Potters from Voldemort still being active, Hagrid would have been unable to find their house until one of those privy to the secret of the Potters' location arrived on the scene. We can safely assume that Sirius Black, as one of James' closest friends, would have been one of them. Sirius does say in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban that he "saw the bodies and the house's destruction", so he must have been let into the secret by Peter Pettigrew (who we will meet in the third book), probably at James Potter's direct request. It has been conjectured that Hagrid was unable to enter the house's remains to recover Harry, and it may have been Black who actually removed Harry from the wreckage and passed him to Hagrid to carry back to Little Whinging. Hagrid does say, however, in Chapter 4, that he took Harry from the wreckage, so we have to assume that either Hagrid was also privy to the secret, or else the Fidelius charm ends automatically when the secret it is designed to protect (in this case, James and Lily's whereabouts) is no longer operative. We could speculate as to which it is, but given that the house is apparently visible to all wizards by the seventh book, it is most likely that the charm expired either upon Lily's death, even though baby Harry was left alive; or upon removal of Harry from the house. There is no little bit of debate about the expression "house was almost destroyed" used in this chapter, and the similar terms "destruction," "wreckage," "rubble," and "debris" used to describe the Potter house after the events of 31 October. We have since discovered that the destruction was confined to Harry's nursery where Lily was killed and Harry was sleeping. We will find later that curses, if they miss, cause destruction; but the Killing Curse does not affect objects, only people, and so does not leave wreckage if it hits its target. On the other two occasions when a killing curse rebounds, in the Forbidden Forest and in the Great Hall during the series' final battle, there were no explosions or damage to anything outside Voldemort. It has been pointed out that these two cases were different, in the first as Voldemort did not actually get struck by the full force of the rebound, and in both cases because the wand Voldemort was using was not truly his own. Some weight is given the theory that the destruction occurred at the time the spell rebounded by Voldemort's recollections of that event, where he remembers having to flee the "rubble" of the failed attack, but as he had just been killed by his own spell, it is possible that the rubble in question was purely in the remains of his own mind. There was some speculation, before the release of the seventh book, that the house could have been damaged in Voldemort's encounter with James. Voldemort's memories of that event reveal that the "duel" with James did not damage anything in the house. Likewise, Voldemort's dispatching of Lily did not result in any damage to the house, so any damage that occurred must have been either when Voldemort tried to kill Harry, or afterwards. Thus, following Voldemort's attack on Harry, there would remain a standing house (possibly with a large hole in the second story), and three dead bodies. Added to this, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Voldemort regained his original wand, and we are led to conclude that someone had accompanied Voldemort, witnessed his downfall, recovered his wand (and perhaps concealed his body), and probably damaged the house. This may have been an act of revenge or frustration, but whoever did this left Harry unscathed, perhaps fearing that whatever felled Voldemort could also kill anyone attacking Harry. As it is Pettigrew who restores Voldemort's wand to him, it is a safe assumption that Pettigrew was the unknown third party. From Pettigrew's personality as revealed in later books, we can safely expect that, if he followed Voldemort into the house and found his corpse, he would be too scared to do anything except get out of there as quickly as possible, which would include blasting a hole through the wall to escape proximity to Harry. That Voldemort, in his memory of that night as viewed in the seventh book, does not recall Pettigrew accompanying him is inconclusive. Voldemort generally pays little attention to his minions unless they have failed him or were merely in his way. Hagrid having seen the wreckage, and having taken Harry out of the house himself, indicates that Hagrid was trusted enough to be privy to the secret of the Potters' whereabouts. While this is never mentioned, it is possible that Hagrid is already "Keeper of the Keys and Grounds" at Hogwarts at that point. We will later discover that, when Harry enters Hogwarts, Hagrid is about 60 years old; so, when James and Lily entered Hogwarts, he would have been about 40, and likely would have held that job already for several years — it is possible Dumbledore started him assisting the then incumbent in that position when he was expelled from Hogwarts, in his third year at age 14. Harry trusts Hagrid, within the limits of his understanding of Hagrid's abilities; it is not a great stretch to believe that James trusted him as much. In passing it is mentioned that Dumbledore has a peculiar watch, which shows planets and a couple of hands, and retrieves some information from it, though the reader is never informed of what or how. It will turn out that, contrary to what a beginning reader might have had suspected, this information is of no particular relevance to the plot; but to include such unimportant details from behind the surface is rather effective to bring the reader into the story's atmosphere. (The famous "cats of the Queen Beruthiel" of Tolkien fame come to mind.) Coincidentally, the description of this watch closely resembles the watch of Master Hora from Momo by Michael Ende (a novel which, coincidentally, features so-called "Grey Gentlemen" who suck meaningful life out of mankind, and a man referred to by his enemies as "the So-called", after which his name is implied but not said out of fear), so it may well be a nod by the author to her colleague. In Ende's book, this watch is used to inquire about the rare "star hours" (German expression for "great moments"). Also of note: The flying motorbike Hagrid arrives on actually belongs to Harry's godfather, Sirius Black, who was falsely implicated in and later imprisoned for the Potters', Peter Pettigrew's, and twelve Muggle bystanders' deaths. Though mentioned here, Sirius will remain no more than a name until his appearance in book 3. One of the characteristics of this series of books that makes it interesting is the connections throughout the series; seemingly insignificant characters or objects appearing in one book that are then referred to in another. These indicate that the entire seven-book arc had been to a large extent planned out before pen first hit paper. In the interests of highlighting these areas where connections are made throughout the story arc, many chapters will contain a Connections section like this one, in which those characters and items that connect from earlier books, to later books, or within the same book can be detailed. This first chapter of the story, of course, sets up the entire story arc, with its mentions of the evil Voldemort, our hero Harry who survived his attack, his relatives the Dursleys, and the Wizarding world. However, the following specific items, which reappear later in our story, should be specifically mentioned: Sirius Black will reappear as the putative villain of the third story in the series, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. He will then play roles in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Sirius Black's flying motorcycle will appear again in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, where it will carry Harry away from Privet Drive. It will eventually crash, and the wreckage will be transferred to Arthur Weasley's home, where he will attempt to reconstruct it. The "Put-outer" will appear again in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Alastor Moody will use it to extinguish street lights as the Advance Guard takes Harry into Headquarters. Renamed a Deluminator, it will be bequeathed to Ron in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Ron will discover that apart from its effects on lights, it also has the ability to pick up conversations in which its owner is named, and transport its owner to the conversation's location. It will be used to help Ron and Harry escape from Malfoy Manor in that book also. McGonagall's changing shape from human to cat and back will be revisited in in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, where we learn that this is a very difficult bit of magic called the Animagus transform. This transformation will have additional connections and ramifications, which will be discussed in that chapter. We will find in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that Petunia had applied for admission to Hogwarts and been declined. This rejection very likely formed a large part of her attitude towards magic, including her denial of Harry's magic coupled with a surprising amount of awareness of the magical world. It is mentioned that Dumbledore's nose looked like it had been broken "at least twice". We will find out that one of those times likely occurred at his younger sister's funeral, and the damage was done by his brother. The story will not be revealed until the final book in the series.
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Prehistoric Women is a 1967 film about a man who is transported to a kingdom of savage women. Directed and written by Michael Carreras. Behold a savage world where men are slaves to desire... and women are their demanding masters! (taglines) [to David] I did not save you for others, strange one. You're mine. Mine alone. Think on this. You see! Already you want to impose your will. You want to dominate me. I'd be a fool to let any man do that again. My body hungers. Bring food and drink to my chambers. Blonde Slave Girl #1: We are not beasts of the field. We are women! David: What is it? Jakara: It is the sign of the sacred white rhino. It guards the entry to the land of the Pu'naka. Wait, walla! David: Well, we haven't gone this far to be turned back by a primitive tree carving! Jakara: But, here, the devils of darkness are all about us! David: The devils of what? Jakara: The spirits of the past - that protect their holy shrine, from the desecration of the lure of the ice. Warrior: You are on the hallowed hunting grounds of the Pu'naka. No hunting is allowed here! David: I only came to end the suffering of this wounded beast. Warrior: Your presence has disturbed the spirit of the white rhinoceros! David: Are there no men here to help you? Saria: But you said you had come to help us. David: But your men? Saria: They are no longer - men. Kari: Let the dancing continue. Amyak: Permit me, my Queen, to speak. Kari: Speak, slave. Amyak: The women are tired. And when the heart is heavy the feet are not light. Let there be no more dancing. Kari: You heard my command. Dance! Amyak: Poor Saria, she's too young to have suffered so. Blonde Slave Girl #2: Then let this be your lesson. Many more of us will have to suffer, if you persist in this senseless search for freedom. There is no escape! Kari: Why do you hesitate? David: It will take me a little time to... Kari: You must learn that each command must be obeyed at once. - - Come. Kari: You refuse me? David: What else can you expect? Your heartless cruelty is sickening! Kari: You'd have me otherwise? David: What makes you so cruel? Kari: Cruelty has made me cruel. Kari: I was once their slave. Before the devils came, we dark ones were in bondage to the fair ones. You would have pitied me then. A meek, cringing creature. You would have pitied me; but, you would not have wanted me. David: I don't want you now! Kari: Has the woman always been subservient to a man to be wanted? David: No. Kari: Do you suggest we should be equal? David: Yes. Kari: Then I will be your equality. Share my throne and my kingdom with you. Kari: You will want me - and on my terms! David: Never! Kari: I am Queen here - I will not be denied! David: You will never rule me. Kari: Then like the others, you will become my slave. Saria: No! I release you from your promise. Kari: What promise? David: There is no promise. Kari: He has fulfilled your desires only because I made him promise that he would. Beaten into submission ... turned into slaves ... man at the mercy of a Kingdom of Prehistoric Women! Savage Struggle! Primitive Passions! Deadly Jealousy! Behold a savage world where men are slaves to desire... and women are their demanding masters! Martine Beswick — Queen Kari Michael Latimer — David Marchent Carol White — Gido Steven Berkoff — John Edina Ronay — Saria/Sarah Stephanie Randall — Amyak Alexandra Stevenson — Luri Yvonne Horner — First Amazon Sydney Bromley — Ullo Frank Hayden — Arja Robert Raglan — Colonel Hammond Mary Hignett — Mrs. Hammond Louis Mahoney — Head Boy Bari Jonson — High Priest Danny Daniels — Jakara Wikipedia has an article about: Prehistoric Women (1967 film) Prehistoric Women quotes at the Internet Movie Database Prehistoric Women at Rotten Tomatoes Prehistoric Women at Allmovie
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Tokyo Disney Resort (東京ディズニーリゾート) in Chiba, Urayasu, Japan, was the first Disney theme park resort to open outside of the United States. It is the second most annually-visited theme park complex in the world, behind Walt Disney World. It is noteworthy that it is not owned by Disney but by the Oriental Land Co., Ltd. "To all who come to this happy place, welcome. Here you will discover enchanted lands of fantasy and adventure, yesterday and tomorrow. May Tokyo Disneyland be an eternal source of joy, laughter, inspiration, and imagination to the peoples of the world. And may this magical kingdom be an enduring symbol of the spirit of cooperation and friendship between the great nations of Japan and the United States of America." — E. Cardon Walker, 15 April 1983 "Welcome one and all to a world where imagination and adventure set sail. Tokyo DisneySea is dedicated to the spirit of exploration that lives in each of us. Here we chart a course for adventure, romance, discovery and fun, and journey to exotic and fanciful ports of call. May Tokyo DisneySea inspire the hearts and minds of all of us who share the water planet, Earth." — Michael Eisner, 4 September 2001 Tokyo Disney Resort consists of two theme parks. Tokyo Disneyland (東京ディズニーランド), a "Magic Kingdom" park just like all the others, was the first Disney theme park to be built on non-U.S. territory. The park opened in April 1983 (but had been finished for a few months and the company waited for better weather) and was an instant success. Tokyo Disneyland's sister park Tokyo DisneySea (東京ディズニーシー), which opened in September 2001, is an ocean-themed park exclusive to Japan. With 17.3 million visits in 2014, Tokyo Disneyland is the second most visited theme park in the world behind Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom; DisneySea follows in fourth place with 14.1 million visits. Tokyo Disney Resort also includes the Ikspiari (イクスピアリ) shopping and entertainment complex. Tokyo Disney Resort is something different from all the other Disney parks. People are more friendly, but you notice all the time that you are in the largest city on Earth when you are wandering, amazed at the fantastic shows and rides in both parks, as it is very crowded and you can expect huge queues even for the smallest attraction on a normal day. This is no Walt Disney World; in other words, it is small and can be easily tackled in about two or three days, maybe more. Still, whatever effort you place into coming here is well worth it if you like Disney stuff. Japanese is the primary language spoken here. However, assistance for English speakers is also widely available, because of the presence of American and other foreign cast members. Chinese and Korean are also spoken to a lesser extent. Still, English is not very widely spoken in Japan, even here. Do not expect all cast members (ride attendants) to speak English. Most communication when getting on and off rides is done by finger symbols, which seem to be standardised across all attractions. Maps are available in Japanese, English, Korean, and Chinese. (The English map will work fine.) All the maps do a very good job of letting you know how to get around. The Japanese maps, however, are a little bit more informative. They include highlights on some of the special events going on in the park, including special food menus and merchandise, most of which can be had for only a limited amount of time. They also sort the restaurants, shops and shows into different categories. If you know katakana, hiragana, and a little bit of kanji, this might also be a helpful resource. Nearly any park attendant should have maps available if you lose your map or forget to pick one up. Some rides like the Jungle Cruise are rendered almost meaningless to non-Japanese speakers. You can try and laugh along to avoid embarrassment if you like. Some other attractions, like MicroAdventure! (known as "Honey, I Shrunk The Audience" at Disney's American parks) have English translations with headphones in the back row: make sure you get to the front of the queue or you may miss out on yours. Special stage shows may be entirely in Japanese, entirely in English, or in a mixture of both. It is difficult to ascertain what language a show will be in or whether translations are provided before you get to see it. Signs in English outside a show are no guarantee that it will be in English or that translations will be provided. Most international visitors would probably land at Narita International Airport (NRT IATA). If you have a Mickey Mouse urge right upon landing, there are buses operated by Airport Limousine, albeit infrequent, that will bring you to Tokyo Disney Resort in 60-90 min at a cost of ¥2400 (children ¥1200). The alternative by rail is to take the Narita Express to Tokyo and transfer to the JR Keiyo Line. The ride takes 90–100 minutes and costs ¥2570 or can be boarded free with the Japan Rail Pass. The cheapest way is to take the Keisei Narita Sky Access to Higashi Matsudo, then transfer to JR Musashino Line and alight at Maihama. The total journey time is about 70 minutes and costs about ¥1250. Tokyo International Airport (HND IATA), also known as Haneda Airport, is the closest airport to Tokyo Disney Resort and mainly serves domestic flights. Haneda also has a few international flights to Seoul-Gimpo, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Beijing, Taipei and Hong Kong. There are more buses [1], also operated by Airport Limousine, that run to the resort 3 to 5 times per hour. The one-way cost is ¥810 (children ¥405) and the ride takes 50-70 min. The rail alternative from Haneda is cheaper than the bus, but you will need to take three trains: Keikyu Express Line (from Haneda Airport to Shinagawa) or the Tokyo Monorail (from Haneda Airport to Hamamatsucho), JR Yamanote Line (from Shinagawa/Hamamatsucho to Tokyo), and finally JR Keiyo Line (from Tokyo to Maihama). This costs ¥690 via Keikyu, or ¥760 via the Tokyo Monorail, and will take about 1 hour. Map of JR East Railway Lines in Greater Tokyo [2] As with virtually all of the rest of Japan, the most practical way of getting to Tokyo Disney Resort is by train. Tokyo Station is the western terminus of the JR Keiyo Line, and Maihama (舞浜), which is adjacent to the park, is the sixth stop east. The ride costs ¥210 and takes about 15 min on an express train. As you exit JR Maihama Station, the Tokyo Disney Resort Welcome Center is immediately to your left. If you will be staying at one of the Disney Hotels or the Tokyo Disney Resort Official Hotels (see Sleep below), this is where you check in, and your luggage will be shipped straight to your room for free while you enjoy the parks. The Welcome Center is also the place to purchase park tickets, the Resort Gateway Station of the Disney Resort Line monorail (see Get around below) is above the center, and the entrance to Ikspiari is nearby. From the Tokyo/Yokohama region, follow the coast of Tokyo Bay to Chiba, exit at the Urayasu ramp and then go out at Route 357, go straight on the road about 1 km, and make a U-turn at Mihama Rittai Road (美浜立体道路). There are signs in both Japanese and English from the freeway and surrounding roads. Tokyo Disney Resort has ample parking spaces, but be forewarned that parking fees are astronomical. If you want more information about the car park and the circumstances of the surrounding streets, you can contact the Tokyo Disney Resort information line at 81-045-683-3011. Parking at the two theme parks is ¥2,000 for passenger cars, ¥4,500 for buses, and ¥500 for motorcycles. Parking at Ikspiari is ¥500 for the first hour and ¥250 for every additional half-hour. A purchase of ¥1,500 or more at one Ikspiari shop/restaurant will give one hour of free parking (up to 6 hours with total purchases of ¥30,000); seeing a movie at AMC Ikspiari will give three hours of free parking. The three Disney Hotels charge a per-night fee for the use of their parking facilities, costing ¥2,000 for the first night and ¥2,000 for every additional night. Most visitors will have little reason to travel to Tokyo Disney Resort by bus, due to the more convenient JR Keiyo Line. However, some hotels around Tokyo Disney Resort have free transportation service to the resort. Long-distance bus services come here from all over Japan, but the Shinkansen is much easier to use by non-native speakers of Japanese or persons who do not understand the language and also much faster. Ticket prices seem decent by Japanese standards, but visiting Tokyo Disney Resort is really about as equally expensive as visiting any of the other Disney theme parks around the world. Children aged 3 and under are admitted free. 1-Day Passport: You can enter Tokyo Disneyland or Tokyo DisneySea all day long with this ticket but not both. Adult (18+) ¥6,200 Junior (12-17) ¥5,300 Child (4-11) ¥4,100 Senior (60+) ¥5,500 Multi Day Passport: You can enter one park on the first day, the other park on the second day, and then you may move between the two parks (called "park-hopping") on subsequent days. If you find that you need to upgrade your ticket, you can do so simply by paying the difference; this may be done at the Welcome Center, the park ticket windows, or the hotels. These are perhaps the most economical value possible, as the price per day actually decreases with each day. Starlight Passport: You can use this ticket in one of the two parks from 15:00 on Saturdays, Sundays, and National Holidays. Adult (18+) ¥4,900 Junior (12-17) ¥4,300 Child (4-11) ¥3,400 After 6 Passport: You can use this ticket in one of the two parks from 18:00 on weekdays. It is sold from 17:00 for ¥3300 (all ages). A car is not required for get around the Tokyo Disney Resort. The resort has a well-developed transit system of buses and monorails. As with the rest of Japan, expect the transportation to be punctual. The four-station Disney Resort Line monorail, with its spacious interiors and Mickey Mouse-shaped windows and pull straps, travels in a counterclockwise circle around the two theme parks. The stops are, in order, Resort Gateway Station (between JR Maihama Station and Ikspiari), Tokyo Disneyland, Bayside Station (gateway to the Tokyo Disney Resort Official Hotels), and Tokyo DisneySea. The fares are listed in the chart below; children age 5 and under ride free. Suica and PASMO farecards can also be used. If you are going straight to the parks from Maihama Station, it is probably easier and faster (and best of all, free) to just walk from the station. There is an elevated walkway, about 1,090 ft (330 m) long, linking the station with the Tokyo Disneyland entrance. To get to Tokyo DisneySea, it is about a fifteen minute walk in the opposite direction. Simply walk along the wide tree-lined footpath in front of Ikspiari, then turn right and follow the monorail line after you pass under it, and enter via the pedestrian entrance to the bus dropoff area. The Disney Resort Cruiser is a free bus service. From Bayside Station on the Disney Resort Line, service is to the each of the six Tokyo Disney Resort Official Hotels. From Disney Ambassador Hotel, service is to both theme parks. Tokyo Disney Resort is mostly for doing, not seeing. But of course, you can see the same Disney characters, a castle, mountains, and live performances as at other Disney Parks. The seaside does make this park a bit different from the others. And, the people-watching is great. If you can, it is a good idea to get a map ahead of time and plan out what rides and attractions you would like to get to first. Like any other large amusement park, Tokyo Disney Resort can be quite crowded. Even on weekdays, there can be a large number of people in the park and if you want to maximize your experience, it's best to have at least an idea of what you would like to do before you get there. It may even get you on one or two more attractions. If a physical map cannot be had ahead of time, the park website is just as good, if not better. The two theme parks, Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, complement each other. The two major symbols, Cinderella Castle at Disneyland and Mount Prometheus at DisneySea, are exactly the same height, and from Ikspiari you can see them both. Before you reach the ticket counters, your bag will be inspected by a clerk, but you do not need to show your ID card. Generally, the check is very brief and not at all thorough. At the ticket counter, you will not need to show any ID either. While not everyone speaks English fluently, most employees understand enough to get you the basics. You will receive a receipt, your passport (ticket) and a map. Tokyo Disney Resort uses a time-saving tool called FastPass, available only for the most popular rides. Simply insert your ticket into a machine at the ride, and you'll get a FastPass ticket with a return time printed on it. If you return to the ride during the time on the FastPass (usually a time frame of an hour), you will have a shorter wait for the ride. You can have only one FastPass at a time, you can't FastPass another ride until two hours after you received your last FastPass. It's a good idea to always get your next FastPass when it becomes available. If you wish to use FastPass, you need to do so as early as possible. Even on regular working days most attractions have given away all FastPasses for the day around noon. They cover the machines afterward and then you will have no choice but to stand in the long lines. Visit the Screening Room [dead link] on Tokyo Disney Resort's website for a collection of short videos showing all of the attractions in both parks. Tokyo Disneyland [dead link] is a "Magic Kingdom" park just like all the others. Fans of Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom may be a little bit disappointed, as the layout is nearly identical, right down to Cinderella Castle. The seven theme lands of Tokyo Disneyland are, starting from the main entrance and going clockwise around Cinderella Castle, World Bazaar (it's known as Main Street, USA everywhere else; and this version is covered by a Victorian-style iron-and-glass canopy), Adventureland, Westernland, Critter Country, Fantasyland, Toontown, and Tomorrowland. With just a solitary exception, the attractions are essentially the same as those found everywhere else. Western River Railroad (Adventureland). Tokyo Disneyland's railroad makes a sightseeing trip around Adventureland, Westernland, and Critter Country. It cannot be used to travel from one area of the park to another. The Castle. Cinderella Castle at the center of Disneyland is icon and dominating feature of the resort. This is a 51-meter-tall fairy tale castle. While the cynic will notice the stark plastic construction, the castle's fascination cannot be denied by anybody who grew up with Disney style comics. (updated Apr 2017) Tokyo DisneySea [dead link], which opened in 2001, is an ocean-themed park exclusive to Japan. Like Tokyo Disneyland, it is arranged in a circle around a central landmark, in this case Mount Prometheus, an artificial volcano that "erupts" intermittently. There are a couple of rides that have a water spray, but you shouldn't expect to get too wet. Starting from the main entrance and going clockwise around Mount Prometheus, the seven theme "ports of call" are Mediterranean Harbor (a reproduction of Venice), American Waterfront (a reproduction of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States), Port Discovery (a science-themed area), Lost River Delta (a reproduction of a tropical rain forest), Arabian Coast (based on Disney's Aladdin), Mermaid Lagoon (based on Disney's The Little Mermaid) and Mysterious Island (based on the books of Jules Verne). Aside from the Tower of Terror (which can also be found at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Disney's California Adventure, and Walt Disney Studios Paris) in American Waterfront and the Indiana Jones Adventure (which can also be found at the original Disneyland in California) in Lost River Delta, all of the attractions in DisneySea are unique to Japan. Tokyo Disney Resort is a Disney merchandise fan's paradise. Of course, there are plenty of gift shops found within the two parks, but additional selections may be found in Ikspiari and the nearby Bon Voyage store. The World Bazaar, Tokyo Disneyland's entrance area, is anchored by the Grand Emporium, which can be seen to your right immediately after you have entered the park. This is the largest store in the park with over 3,000 different types of merchandise. The largest store in Tokyo DisneySea is Emporio which anchors Mediterranean Harbor. Other notable shops are McDuck's Department Store in American Waterfront; and The Sleepy Whale Shoppe, Mermaid Treasures, and Kiss de Girl Fashions, three interconnecting shops in Mermaid Lagoon. Ikspiari, pronounced like "experience" without the last syllable, is Japan's answer to Walt Disney World's Downtown Disney, with more than 140 stores and restaurants, and a 16-screen movie theatre. It's no surprise that there is a Disney Store here, by the way. Bon Voyage, shaped like a giant suitcase and hatbox and conveniently located on the elevated walkway linking JR Maihama Station with Tokyo Disneyland's entrance, is the answer to the World of Disney stores in Florida and California, which essentially are Disney Stores on steroids. Inside, you'll find the grandest selection of Disney merchandise available under one roof anywhere in Japan. Major credit cards are accepted nearly everywhere. Remember that American cards allow only a one charge purchase, meaning that a ¥10,000 purchase will be charged once, instead of ¥5,000 now and ¥5,000 next month. (This system allows the Japanese to keep their interest low.) Employees will ask you (sometimes) if you want to be charged once. Say yes and the transaction will go smoothly, but say no and you will double your time at the counter. If you haven't brought enough money, there is one ATM at each park entrance (at the information desk). But only Japanese cards will work in these ATMs. At Ikspiari, there is an international ATM on level 2F near "Local Motion". You will have no trouble finding food at Tokyo Disney Resort. There are many places to eat throughout the two parks and Ikspiari, and all are listed on the maps. However, the food descriptions are either not 100% accurate or there is something lost in the translation. Also, understand that portion sizes are different in Japan so a large drink that you ordered may look like a small to you. This combined with the increase in cost normally expected at an amusement park may hit your pocket book harder than expected. If you are arriving by car/bus you may consider having a cooler in the car and having a picnic. If you decide to eat in the park, scout out the restaurants before you intend on eating. This will give you a better idea of their menus and the fastest way to get there when it is time to eat. Tokyo Disneyland Restaurants [3] [dead link] Tokyo DisneySea Restaurants [4] [dead link] Most dining opportunities in the two theme parks are counter service restaurants, most of which serve Western, Japanese, or Chinese cuisine. If you really want to save cash, though, your best bet may be to stick to the many snack carts scattered all throughout the parks. Table service restaurants are also found in the parks but are far less common than counter service restaurants. The finest in-park table service can perhaps be found on board the SS Columbia, the fake ocean liner in Tokyo DisneySea's American Waterfront. The Crystal Palace, on the World Bazaar/Adventureland walkway, is the only buffet in Tokyo Disneyland. Its Tokyo DisneySea counterpart is the Sailing Day Buffet, located in the "cargo terminal" adjacent to the SS Columbia. Tokyo Disneyland has one buffeteria (Queen of Hearts Banquet Hall in Fantasyland), and Tokyo DisneySea has three (Cafe Portofino in Mediterreanean Harbor, Horizon Bay in Port Discovery, and Vulcania in Mysterious Island). Tokyo Disney Resort's restaurants do not accept reservations per se. A Priority Seating booking is essentially a restaurant FastPass. When you make a Priority Seating booking, you will receive a designated time to return to the restaurant, and you will then be seated with a minimal wait. Waiting times may vary, especially during peak periods. Priority Seating bookings will be held for no more than 15 min past your designated time frame for a restaurant in either of the two theme parks and no more than 10 min for a restaurant in any one of the three Disney Hotels. Also, capacity is limited and bookings tend to fill up early, and that there may be times when Priority Seating bookings are not available. Priority Seating can be booked in person at each applied restaurant, or through the Tokyo Disney Resort Reservation Center at +81-45-683-3333. If you know how to read Japanese, you can also make Priority Seating reservations online using the resort's Japanese website. Priority Seating is accepted at the following in-park restaurants: Blue Bayou Restaurant (Adventureland) Eastside Cafe (World Bazaar) Restaurant Hokusai (World Bazaar) Magellan's (Mediterranean Harbor) Restaurant Sakura (American Waterfront) Ristorante di Canaletto (Mediterranean Harbor) Sailing Day Buffet (American Waterfront) SS Columbia Dining Room (American Waterfront) Ikspiari has a broad range of dining options, one of which is Japan's only Rainforest Cafe. Most drinks are soft drinks. Coca-Cola and Kirin sponsor attractions, and are the main soft drinks to be found. Mets (Kirin's "diet" brand) beverages may also be found, in a few limited cases. Alcoholic beverages are available at 16 restaurants in Tokyo DisneySea. [5] [dead link] Under Japanese law, persons under 20 and those who plan to drive a car are prohibited from consuming alcohol. Tokyo Disney Resort's combined reservations number is +81-045-683-3333, and is open 09:00-21:00. Online reservations and contact information are available at official websites. There are nine hotels within the resort, all rather expensive. 35.633139.8881 Disney Ambassador Hotel (adjacent to Ikspiari). This hotel is themed to the Art Deco era of the 1930s. ¥28,000-300,000. 35.636861139.878252 Tokyo Disneyland Hotel (outside the Tokyo Disneyland entrance). An opulent Victorian-style hotel with the best view of Tokyo Disneyland on the side. ¥33,000-500,000. 35.627139.8883 Tokyo DisneySea Hotel MiraCosta (within the Mediterranean Harbor area of Tokyo DisneySea). An Italian-style hotel complete with rooms overlooking Mediterranean Harbor. ¥33,000-500,000. These hotels are accessed by taking the free Disney Resort Cruiser bus service from Bayside Station on the Disney Resort Line monorail (see Get around above). 35.627214139.8734324 Hilton Tokyo Bay, 1-8 Maihama Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-47-355-5000, fax: +81-47-355-5019. Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00n. 35.626111139.8760835 Hotel Okura Tokyo Bay, 1-8 Maihama Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-47-355-3333, fax: +81-47-355-3366. 35.626145139.8754626 Sheraton Grande Tokyo Bay Hotel, 1-9 Maihama Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-47-355-5555. 802 spacious guest rooms each with own balcony. A nice hotel overall. 35.631683139.8737837 Tokyo Bay Maihama Hotel First Resort (formerly Sunroute Plaza Tokyo), 1-6 Maihama Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-47-355-1111. 35.630721139.8738758 Tokyo Bay Maihama Hotel, 1-34 Maihama Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-47-355-1222, fax: +81-47-355-6777. Because of the excellent connection to Tokyo Station, you do not necessarily need to stay in an on-site hotel. Cheaper accommodations off-site do exist, and arriving at the park when it opens is still easily possible. The Tokyo Disney Resort Partner Hotels Program is made up of five hotels located in the Shin-Urayasu area right next to the resort. All of these hotels are located within 1-2 km of JR Shin-Urayasu Station, from which Maihama is the first stop in the direction of Tokyo Station. For some it may be easier to get the complimentary shuttle service that runs frequently to and from the Disneyland park entrance. 35.647226139.9197329 Hotel Emion Tokyo Bay (ホテル エミオン 東京ベイ), 1-1-1 Hinode Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-047-304-2727. 35.636214139.92425810 Mitsui Garden Hotel Prana Tokyo Bay (三井ガーデンホテル プラナ東京ベイ), Akemi 6-2-1, ☏ +81-047-382-3331. 35.650845139.91276611 Oriental Hotel Tokyo Bay (オリエンタルホテル東京ベイ), 1-8-2 Mihama, ☏ +81-047-350-8111. Palm & Fountain Terrace Hotel, 7-1-1 Meikai Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-047-353-1234. 35.650008139.91158612 Urayasu Brighton Hotel Tokyo Bay, 1-9 Mihama Urayasu-shi, ☏ +81-047-355-7777. There are 15 designated Good Neighbor Hotels [dead link] around Tokyo and Chiba that offer free shuttle bus transfers to and from Tokyo Disney Resort. Kasai Rinkai Koen (Sea Life Park) [7] is the first stop from Maihama in the direction of Tokyo Station. Essentially, this is Japan's answer to SeaWorld with an aquarium and a Ferris wheel. The ferris wheel is the biggest in Japan (117 m/385 ft). Makuhari Messe Messe is the German word for "trade fair", and that is just what to expect at this international convention center. You can get here from JR Kaihin-Makuhari Station, which is the sixth stop from Maihama in the direction of Soga Station. Sanrio Puroland An indoor theme park centered around Hello Kitty and her friendsand a must for little princesses. You will need to take three trains to get here from Tokyo Station: JR Chuo Line (from Tokyo to Shinjuku), Keio Main Line (from Shinjuku to Chofu), and finally Keio Sagamihara Line (from Chofu to Keio Tama Center). It costs ¥710, including the trip from Maihama to Tokyo, and takes about 180 min. Universal Studios Japan LEGOLand Japan Walt Disney World in Florida. The original Disneyland in California. Disneyland Resort Paris. Hong Kong Disneyland.
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Orange Is the New Black (2013-19) is an American comedy-drama series, created by Jenji Kohan and released on Netflix, about a woman in her thirties who is sentenced to 15 months in prison after she is convicted of a decade-old crime of transporting money for her drug dealing girlfriend. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, about her experiences in prison. Larry Bloom: [about Piper] I mean, she told me how she traveled after college. But she failed to mention the lesbian lover who ran an international drug smuggling ring. Imagine my surprise. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: Look at you, blondie. What'd you do? Piper Chapman: Aren't you not supposed to ask that question? I read that you're not supposed to ask that. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: You read that? What, you studied for prison? Sam Healy: [to Piper] No one's gonna mess with you here unless you let them. This isn't Oz. Women fight with gossip and rumors. Yoga Jones: Do you know what a mandala is? Piper Chapman: Um, those are those round Buddhist art things. Yoga Jones: The Tibetan monks make them out of dyed sand, laid out into big, beautiful designs. And when they're done, after days or weeks of work they wipe it all away. Piper Chapman: Wow. That's, that's a lot. Yoga Jones: Try to look at your experience here as a mandala, Chapman. Work hard to make something as meaningful and beautiful as you can. And when you're done, pack it in and know it was all temporary. You have to remember that. It's all temporary. Larry Bloom: This is all just an adventure, with liver and Yoga Jones and, and, and racism. Lorna Morello: We should've warned you about Red. Piper Chapman: Well, I just didn't expect to be punished while I was getting punished. Daya Diaz: What's the matter, you don't wanna hit me again? Aleida Diaz: From here on out, this place will hit you for me. Galina "Red" Reznikov: Might not look like it, but there's rules in this place. The most important of which is, the second you're perceived as weak, you already are. Rosa "Miss Rosa" Cisneros: Thank God I got cancer. No one fucks with cancer. Galina "Red" Reznikov: And the penguin goes, "He's not an eggplant, he's retarded"! George "Pornstache" Mendez: [on Sophia] Cyborg pussy. Bet it's fucking perfect. Piper Chapman: I'm not your wife. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: I threw my pie for you. Sam Healy: Lesbians can be very dangerous. It's the testosterone. Piper Chapman: What are you doing? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: It's an art piece representing the futility of blue collar labor in a technological age. And vaginas. Piper Chapman: In the morning when I wake up, there are these few seconds before I realize where I am. And then I do realize, and I can't breathe. And I want to cry and throw shit and kill myself. When does that end? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: I'll let you know. Piper Chapman: Is SHU really that bad? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: It's just like the Hamptons, only fucking horrible. Alex Vause: Piper loves tequila. What? Afraid I'll tell them the pork chop story? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: Now this is fucking weird. I have a pork chop story, too. You go first. Piper Chapman: I have been here for less than two weeks. I have been starved out, felt up, teased, stalked, threatened, and called Taylor Swift. And now, you. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: You and that Pope's bitch are running the place. Sister Jane Ingalls: I like to think of myself as more of the Pope's homie. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: God's angry that there's an abomination in the church, and if we don't get rid of "it," it's just gonna keep on happening. George "Pornstache" Mendez: All right, you listen to me. You are not an agent of God, okay? God can do so much better than you. You must know that, right? Jesus Christ, how did you survive infancy? Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: My auntie helped my mama-- George "Pornstache" Mendez: That's a rhetorical question! Do you not understand what a fucking rhetorical question is? Sophia Burset: You knew? This whole time? Sister Janes Ingalls: I figured it out when you thought Stations of the Cross meant Christian radio. Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson: So there I am, topless, sitting on this bulldozer, like, in a construction site. So I'm sitting there, barbecue sauce on my titties, and I'm like, "What the fuck? Again?" And then I look down and I see there's this dude down on the ground with his head by, like, the tire. And when I look closer, I see that the dude is wearing my shirt, barbeque sauce all over his face, and he's dead. That's when I knew it was time to make a change. Thank you. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: Almost the exact same thing happened to me, but it was tuna salad. Galina "Red" Reznikov: Those Spanish probably won't even eat her, just cut her throat and drink her blood, or something else superstitious. All I wanted was to eat the chicken that is smarter than other chickens and to absorb its power. And make a nice Kiev. Joe Caputo: Forgive me for questioning the no doubt pristine reputation of Prison Poon, but how do we know for sure that it came out of here? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: No such fucking word as 'knifes'. Lorna Morello: No? Then what does Tony do to Bernardo in West Side Story? I'll tell you. He knifes him. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Well, aren't you the plot spoiler. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: You can only vote within your race or your group. Just pretend it's the 1950s. It makes it easier to understand. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Chapman is a Judas Iscariot cozied on up to the High Priest Healy. And he throws out my vote. My votes that were bestowed upon me from my Lord and gives her all the silver?! Alex Vause: So in this analogy, you're Jesus Christ? Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: I've been betrayed. Piper Chapman: Are you planning a vacation? Sam Healy: If I were, it would be somewhere you drink rum out of a mini volcano. Poussey Washington: We are all just in here because we took the wrong turn going to church. Galina "Red" Reznikov: I don't do that shit. George "Pornstache" Mendez: This shit, that shit, blue shit, bat shit, it doesn't matter what you do. It's the doing that makes you dirty. Alex Vause: So Wanda Bell? You might remember her as the blood-sucking dragon cunt? She works up front, eats souls for fun? George "Pornstache" Mendez: Nobody else gets through this gate? No suspicious delivery guy? No shady-looking mook in a fucking tampon truck? Eliqua Maxwell: There's creepy linens dude, and the dry goods lady, the vegetable people... sounds like a horror movie, doesn't it? The vegetable people? Like a giant celery serial killer carrying a machete, or broccoli lighting shit up with a flame thrower... who's a smoothie now, bitches? Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: ... and you're not invited because they don't allow gay people on the rapture bus! Alex Vause: There's a bus? Are all the seats already taken by Appalacian meth-heads? George "Pornstache" Mendez: No Thanksgiving suicides! Chapman, what are we not to do on this day of thanks? Piper Chapman: Commit suicide? George "Pornstache" Mendez: Exactly. Piper Chapman: Wake up, Healy! Girls like me? We don't fuck ignorant, pretentious old men with weird lesbian obsessions. We go for tall, hot girls, and we fucking love it. So that leaves you on the outside, living your sad, sad little life. Sister Jane Ingalls: You never stay focused on a member of the opposite sex for too long. That's how I watch every Russell Crowe movie. Joe Caputo: Christ, he's probably got the Obamas on the phone by now. Piper Chapman: What's your name again? Dina: Dina. Piper Chapman: Dina. That's a pretty name. You know, I could tell you a lot of things that would scare you, Dina. I could tell you that I'm gonna make you my prison bitch, I could tell you that I'm gonna make you my house mouse, that I will have sex with you even if we don't have an emotional connection. That I'm gonna do to you what the spring does with the cherry trees, but in a prison way. Pablo Neruda. But why bother? You're too tough, right? Yeah, I know how easy it is to convince yourself you're something that you're not. You could do that on the outside. You can just keep moving. Keep yourself so busy you don't have to face who you really are. But you're weak. Dina: Back the fuck off me. Piper Chapman: I'm like you, Dina. I'm weak, too. I can't get through this without somebody to touch, without somebody to love. Is that because sex numbs the pain? Or is it because I'm some evil fuck-monster? I don't know. But I do know, I was somebody before I came in here. I was somebody with a life that I chose for myself. And now, now it's just about getting through the day without crying. And I'm scared. I'm still scared. I'm scared that I'm not myself in here, and I'm scared that I am. Other people aren't the scariest part of prison, Dina, it's coming face-to-face with who you really are. Because once you're behind these walls, there's nowhere to run, even if you could run. The truth catches up with you in here, Dina. And it's the truth that's gonna make you her bitch. Poussey Washington: Man. You're cold. Piper Chapman: Bitches gots to learn. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: There used to be a sign that said 'CAUTION! WET FLOOR! Really told people what was going on. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: Can I ask you one more question? Piper Chapman: Yeah, of course. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: How come everyone calls me 'Crazy Eyes'? George "Pornstache" Mendez: They think I'm so tall my feelings don't get hurt. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: Sometimes the feelings inside me get messy like dirt. And I like to clean things. Pretend the dirt is the feelings. This floor is my mind. That is called coping. And the COs don't care 'cause they like things clean. And that is called symbiosis. Erica "Yoga" Jones: I used to grow marijuana out in California, Humboldt County. One acre, nothing crazy. Just enough to keep me going. Janae Watson: Goin', like, baked? Erica "Yoga" Jones: Like, pay the rent. I mean, I smoked it once in a while. But mostly I was just a good old-fashioned drunk, like my parents raised me to be. Janae Watson: So the Feds shut you down. Erica "Yoga" Jones: Actually, it was the deer. Janae Watson: The who, now? Erica "Yoga" Jones: Oh, yeah, deer love weed. [chuckles] Fucks them right up, too. They start jumping around all over the place. Then they come back for more. And the kicker is, you can't keep them out. I tried everything. Soap shavings, fox pee, which they sell at the Home Depot for $120 a gallon. Janae Watson: Seems like you could have just built a fence. Erica "Yoga" Jones: No, a deer can jump an eight-foot barb wire fence with a smile on its face, like Donald O'Connor. Janae Watson: Get to the meat already. Erica "Yoga" Jones: I got a hunting rifle and stayed up all night, four, five times a week. And finally, one night I see them rustling around the edge of my property, where I was growing the quality shit, this hybrid plant called AK-47, which the fake prescription people eat up like peanuts. I was pissed. Janae Watson: And drunk? Erica "Yoga" Jones: Oh, honey, that goes without saying. Janae Watson: So what happened? Erica "Yoga" Jones: I shot him. Janae Watson: And? Erica "Yoga" Jones: And it wasn't a deer. It was an eight-year-old kid from the farm next door who was running away from home because his dad took away his Nintendo. A kid. Janae Watson: Shit. Erica "Yoga" Jones: And they buried him on their property, in a box. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Do you realize that you almost ruined my life? I mean, do you? You made the Almighty God into a joke, and a joke ain't nothing to me. A joke didn't write me letters up in here, and a joke didn't give me hope so I could do my time and make something out of it. What do you believe in? Piper Chapman: Well, I've always thought that agnostic was sort of a cop-out. But you know, if I had to label it, I'd say that I'm a secular humanist. Which is not to say I'm not spiritual - Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: You're not religious, okay? Just stop. Stop. You believe in Hussein Obama? Electric cars and Shakespeare books and do you go out to eat at restaurants? I don't have any of that, okay? All I have is Him. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: She disrespected me. Now I'm gonna have to kill her. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: [to Red] None of this is how it's supposed to go. You're tougher than woodpecker lips. You'll be okay. Sam Healy: Another holiday. Can you believe this? Natalie "Fig" Figueroa: I can, because I have eyes. And a calendar. Healy, if you ever call an inmate's family again with your lesbian witch hunt shit, I will destroy you, your mail order bride will leave you, and you will never work again. Get some fucking therapy, man. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: [to Chapman] You're the devil, and I'm the angel of God. I mean, look at my dress! Midwest Inmate: Ain't no mountains in the Midwest, dumbass. There's plains and corn and a shit ton of white people who don't vote in their best interest. Piper Chapman: I was a demanding poochie. Piper Chapman: He's a hit man? Oh I thought he was a rapist. I'm so relieved! Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: According to this aptitude test, I should be a professional athlete, a park ranger or a correctional officer. Galina "Red" Reznikov: You're a good son. Not great, but pretty good. Vasily Reznikov: I'll take it. Poussey Washington: Man, I thought special guests meant like Mo'Nique or Wesley Snipes or somethin'. Not some cigarette-hawkin' fuck-nut reminding us that the only people who want to hire felons are already hated by everybody else. Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes: Nah, see, they ain't so bad. See, people can decide for theyselves if they wanna smoke. The real evil are them companies killin' us without consent. Monsanto. Rio Tinto. Big Pharma, BP, Halliburton. I been readin' there's some dark shit goin' down. Not that any of 'em motherfuckers ever wanna hire us. But the real criminals, they don't bother with us small-timers. Natalie "Fig" Figueroa: [to Taystee] Why is it so hard for you people to understand? You're like babies. "Where's my present?" "Pay attention to me", "Give me things", " "Fix the heat", "Build a gym". I'm not your goddamn mommy. Grow up! Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: Sometimes people just don't want to play with you, and that's okay. Lorna Morello: What kind of woman doesn't want to pick her own date? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: One that doesn't get excited about the wedding industrial complex and society's bullshit need to infantilize grown women. Yvonne "Vee" Parker: [to Crazy Eyes about Piper] At the end of the day, you are a garden rose and that bitch is a weed. Brook Soso: You tried to sell me for a blanket? Piper Chapman: Well, when you put it that way-- Brook Soso: You are sick, you know that? You are seriously fucked up. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: You know, she's right, Chapman. You're a horrible person. Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson: Yo, the Spanish bitches are sitting on too many freakin' pillows, making it hard to see and shit. [She throws popcorn at Flaca] Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales: Cállate, choncha. (Shut up, fatass.) Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson: What did you call me?! [Flaca sticks the middle finger at her while other people are shushing at her] Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Hey, what y'all playing? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Nothing. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: A game as old as time. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Oh yeah? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: Exclusion. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Cool. How d'you play it? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: I was arrogant. It's a classic story of hubris. I'm like Icarus whose wings melted before he could fuck the sun. Sam Healy: Behind every strong man is a strong cunt-faced bitch monster. Flaca: It's like getting into a bath but the water is like warm chocolate pudding. And the Smiths are playing 'There is a Light that Never Goes Out'. There's warm lighting all over and there are like five dudes massaging you. Maritza: And you have a pizza. Flaca: She's right. And you also have a pizza. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Cause if I'm Hillary Clinton, then y'all must be some sister-wife, tweaker, Slurpee-drinking, fourth-grade reading level, daddy-on-Cops trailer trash nothing. Polly Harper: You show up at my house like fucking Squiggy with a hard-on. Maybe next time you decide some deranged declaration of love to an emotional zombie with a blocked milk duct and a husband who recently purchased an Aleutian hunting spear, you could consider calling first? Larry Bloom: Okay, look, Polly, I'm spiraling out okay? I am. I, I , I... You know, you have this idea of what your life is... Polly Harper: No, I can't do this, Larry! Larry Bloom: Okay. Polly Harper: I'm serious. It's just stupid. Larry Bloom: I know. Polly Harper: I mean, yes we were friends before we even started dating Pete and Piper. And yes, you drove me to the hospital when I was in labor and handled all the paperwork and the nurses. And yes, you were the only one there for me when my husband checked out of fatherhood so he could go on a month-long mission of self-exploration, and you're funny, but also boring in all the right ways, and... What the hell am I saying? Just fuck me. Sam Healy: The doctor recommends a bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. Miss Rosa: Who doesn't love a surgery with 'ooph' in it? Miss Rosa: I always pictured myself going out in a blaze of glory. Hail of gunfire, screech of tires. But this kind of death, this slow, invisible disappearing into nothing, it's terrifying. Sophia Burset: My father had a lung transplant that didn't take. We hadn't spoken since I transitioned. He was a real hard-ass. But in the end, he started asking for me. He even used my new name, Sophia. People get soft, you know, when they dying. If I could've seen him, I don't know...may have felt like closure. But we don't get a lot of that in this life now, do we? Piper Chapman: Yes, I am white! We have established that. And I got furlough, too. I guess white privilege wins again. And as a speaker for the entire white race, I would like to say I am sorry that you guys got the raw deal, but I love my fucking grandmother. And, yeah yeah, she may be a whitey, too but she's a fucking person and she's sick and she needs me! So shut the fuck up! It's not my problem. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: You know, another layer of icing on a shit cake doesn't make it taste good. Piper Chapman: Larry, when was the last time you got to cum in a real live vagina instead of your hand? George "Pornstache" Mendez: MENDEZ IS BACK, BITCHES! Lorna Morello: Do you hate me? Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: No, I don't hate you. Well, it is getting clearer every second that you're totally bat-shit crazy, but you're a beautiful, sweet girl. Fuck this guy. So many people are gonna love you. Lorna Morello: No. No, nobody's gonna love me. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: I do. Yvonne "Vee" Parker: A tunnel, Red? That is so Bugs Bunny. Joe Caputo: You ever seen an image that sears itself into your brain? Like the movie about the hiker guy, where he cuts off his own arm with a Swiss Army knife? Yeah, the sound, the tendons! Fuck! I wish I never watched that part. You know what tops that for me? You know what image I can't unsee, it's still stuck in there, flickering at least once a day, making me want to lose my lunch? George "Pornstache" Mendez: No, sir. Joe Caputo: Your bare ass, Mendez. Your pimply, white ass, bouncing up and down between the brooms and the mops, ramming into that poor girl. A girl you were supposed to protect and keep safe. Your ass, it haunts me. George "Pornstache" Mendez: I'm sorry to hear that, sir. Joe Caputo: I've been doing this kind of work 25 years. And it's guys like you that give the whole profession a bad name. If it was up to me, you'd never set foot on this property again. But considering the DOC didn't press charges, it was your word against mine... until now. George "Pornstache" Mendez: Well, I've been doing my job, sir. Just gave out 15 shots this morning. Joe Caputo: You got her pregnant. George "Pornstache" Mendez: No. Joe Caputo: Sadly for her, yes. That poor girl is carrying around a sadistic little mustachioed shit inside her. George "Pornstache" Mendez: Whoa. Joe Caputo: Mendez, you're fucking fired. Joe Caputo: Mmm, this shameful sexual violation is really working out for you, isn't it? Natalie "Fig" Figueroa: I am just happy that we have helped to start a dialogue. Poussey Washington: Let me ask you something. You come back to prison on accident or 'cause outside you're too weak for anybody to take serious? What, you got some kids think you hot shit? Big deal. You're like a pedophile without the sex. Bet the real players laugh in your face. Bet you let 'em fuck you for free, too. Poussey Washington: [to Healy] Did it ever occur to you that we don't wanna get in touch with our feelings? That actually feeling our feelings might make it impossible to survive in here? Piper Chapman: I'm talking about Alex. She should be under witness protection. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: What do you care? I mean, didn't she screw you over in Chicago? That's kind of how you two relate, isn't it? It's like Spy vs. Spy, but sexual. Father Lane: Are you not happy being a nun? Sister Jane Ingalls: No! I love being a nun. If I seem prideful, it's only because I love the work I do and because I'm really good at it. Father Lane: By your own estimation. There is a page in your book I'd like to read for you. "I have never heard Christ clearly in my heart. Either my heart's hard of hearing, or Christ can be a bit of a mumbler, and so I've learned to trust in my own moral instincts". Sister Jane Ingalls: It's a joke. I'm comparing my marriage to Christ to a typical marriage. Father Lane: "But it wasn't my moral instincts that led me to Nicaragua in the summer of '88. It was a young freedom fighter named Carlos. Sister Jane Ingalls: Okay - Father Lane: "With rock-hard abs under his jungle fatigues, Carlos was revolutionary in more ways than one and overthrowing the Sandinistas was not his only objective" - Sister Jane Ingalls: Okay, now, that chapter's there for the mommy book-club crowd. They need a little beefcake with their politics! Galina "Red" Reznikov: You want to assassinate someone, vision is a basic requirement. It's like step one, pick a person to kill. Step two, kill that person! Freida: We tell her it's a warning shot. Don't fuck with Red. Galina "Red" Reznikov: Or a 79 year old woman will shank someone you never met. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: No offense, but, uh, men being in charge has never done me any good. Sam Healy: Well, are you eating free cookies? Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Yes. Sam Healy: You should think about that before you get ideas. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: How's this whole "agenda" thing work? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: I got a lot of those. Specify. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: The gay agenda to take over the world? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Okay. First of all, keep your voice down. This shit is top secret. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Are you gonna let all the men die out? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Oh, fuck, no, we need slaves. You know, bookkeeping, janitorial, fetch and carry, that kind of shit. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Yeah, what about for sex? 'Cause I know I like how they smell kind of funky and they're big and they have dicks and all that. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Well, maybe, but when you're done, you gotta toss 'em away like trash. I mean, the whole point of this is chicks digging each other and being in charge. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Let's say I wanna join, right? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Okay, let's say that. Shh. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Would I have to do anything disgusting against the word of God? You know? I'm talking about eating pussy, if you catch my drift. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Yeah, I hear you. And that is a big part of it, I'm not gonna lie. But since you have these religious convictions, eh, we can probably give you an exemption. I mean, we're not unreasonable. Galina "Red" Reznikov: This place is getting to me. Yvonne "Vee" Parker: Oh, yeah. You just tried to strangle me with plastic wrap so that you can sell mascara in jail. Nicole "Nicky" Nichols: [to Piper] You know, 'cause if it really is to stay here in this shithole so you can get occasional visits from your demented girlfriend, I mean, then, man, it sounds like you're living the dream. But if you want my advice, then get out of your own goddamn drama for a minute, you know? And, maybe, spend some of that energy praying that your roommate makes it out of medical with all her brain cells intact. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: [to Brook] You know, I can take care of myself, Ching Chong China doll! Leanne Taylor: She's Japanese-Scottish, you ignorant dumbass. Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren: I am not crazy. I am unique. Sam Healy: You know what you get when you try around here? Not much. Yvonne "Vee" Parker: You break my heart. Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson: Might be true...if you had one. Miss Rosa: [after killing Vee] Always so rude, that one. Sister Jane Ingalls: How you doing, Red? Galina "Red" Reznikov: Strangest thing. Ever since the assault I speak with this Russian accent. Joe Caputo: Now, what'd you hear? Berdie Rogers: That you got caught in a shit-storm, but you put up a sturdy umbrella. Joe Caputo: Yeah, well, it's starting to leak. Now I'm doing Madame Shit-Storm's job, along with doing my old job, which the powers-that-be have yet to fill. [sighs] I'm doin' two jobs. Berdie Rogers: Do you resent that the administration hired me before finding a replacement for your old job? Joe Caputo: Are you analyzin' me? Berdie Rogers: No. I just don't want any shade without having been given a shot. Joe Caputo: My beef's not with you. Berdie Rogers: What'd you hear about me? Joe Caputo: That you're smart and you're qualified and you said yes. Berdie Rogers: Does my saying yes maybe cancel out the smart part? Joe Caputo: How's this? Welcome to Litchfield, where your services are needed in both the counseling and hair removal arenas. These are complicated ladies in a complicated place. Piper Chapman: Crackheads, Wookiees. You know, you gotta let 'em win. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: You ever read a book called Freakonomics? Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: No. What's it about, bearded ladies and midgets? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Close. It's about economic theory, cause and effect. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Sounds boring. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Mmm. It's actually a pretty good read. They have this chapter in it, "Where Have All the Criminals Gone?" Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Over there in that field. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: [chuckles] You know, in the 1990s, crime fell spectacularly, and this book attributes that to the passing of Roe v. Wade. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: The Darkness of '73. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: The exact opposite, actually. I mean, the abortions that occurred after Roe v. Wade? These were children that weren't wanted. Children who, if their mothers had been forced to have them, would've grown up poor and neglected and abused, the three most important ingredients when one is making a felon. But they were never born. So, 20 years later, when they would've been of prime crime age, they weren't there. And the crime rate [scoffs] Dropped dramatically. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: What's your point? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Well, my point is that you were a meth-head, white-trash piece of shit, and your children, had they been born, would have been meth-head, white-trash pieces of shit. So by terminating those pregnancies, you spared society the scourge of your offspring. I mean, when you think about it, it's a blessing. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Never thought about it that way. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Well, maybe you should, hmm? Maybe you should stop punishing yourself. I mean, what does a good mother do? A good mother does what's best for her children. And maybe what was best for your children was wipin' 'em out before they had to lead miserable fucking lives. [Red has come to Healy's office] Galina "Red" Reznikov: I need to add my lawyer to my visitation list. Sam Healy: You having problems with your case? Galina "Red" Reznikov: No. And please take my husband off my list. Sam Healy: [gesturing to the seat in front of him] Why don't you have a seat, Red? Galina "Red" Reznikov: I won't be staying. But thank you. Sam Healy: Please... Sit. [annoyed, she does so] You want to tell me what's going on? Galina "Red" Reznikov: I married a pillow. Soft, lumpy, and always lying behind my back. Sam Healy: Words like "always" are absolutes. And using them is a way to reinforce what we wanna believe. When speaking emotionally, absolutes can be dangerous. Galina "Red" Reznikov: Good advice. Thank you. Please add my lawyer and remove my husband. Sam Healy: You know, Red... Marriage is a two-way street. Galina "Red" Reznikov: And you can't swim without getting wet. See, I can say cliches too. Ha! Sam Healy: You owe it to your younger self to explore those things that made you wanna marry this man in the first place. You may find that they're still there. Galina "Red" Reznikov: I owe my younger self 23 years of wild sex with multiple partners. But I'll settle for my name back. Sam Healy: You made a lifelong commitment. That's sacred. Galina "Red" Reznikov: You don't know my story, Healy, and you don't know what he's done. [In Russian] Cocksucker. Sam Healy: [in a sharp tone, startling her] Hey! Language! [angrily] I know what that word means, and it's not okay to refer to your husband, or any other man that way. [as she stares at him in shock, he rises from his seat] You know, you huff in here... Like some put-upon martyr... Like a smile would break your face, trivialising a man's emotions. What is that? Some kind of a Russian thing or something? Galina "Red" Reznikov: What the hell does that -? Sam Healy: Hey! Language! Again! That's the last time I'm gonna warn you, Mrs. Reznikov. [comes round to the front of his desk] You forget where you are... Just like you forget that your husband has a stake in this too? Just because he made some mistakes doesn't mean you can run off and go sleep in your mother's room at the first sign of white caps on the ocean! Maria Ruiz: You'll call each other up maybe meet for drinks, make more plans but then cancel them, push them off, you're suddenly really busy. But the truth is you're avoiding each other because it only took that one drink for you to realize you don't have anything in common and all you got was a reminder of the time you spent in this fucking hellhole. We're not a family. We're a band-aid and once you rip it off, all we are to each other is scars. Berdie Rogers: Look, Vause, I get it. I get the anger. When a country has more inmates than teachers or engineers, we are living in a fucked up society. Prison is bullshit. Alex Vause: [chuckling] Then why work in one? Berdie Rogers: Because I think there are people here with potential that's being squandered - and I wanna make a - Alex Vause: Oh, you wanna make a difference? Yeah, I get it. You're one of the good guys. But guess what. We all think we're good guys. I used to work for a drug dealer who wouldn't hesitate to put a bullet in your head if you crossed him, or if you stopped being useful to him, but in his mind, he's still a good guy. [laughing] Heroin Robin Hood because he cut out the Mexican cartels and passed on the savings to the consumer, and he never cut his shit with brick dust. And you're not just another shill taking a paycheck from an evil system of oppression, 'cause you're fighting it from the inside with drama class. Fine. Whatever you need to tell yourself to get by. But excuse me if I don't want to spend my precious time catering to the delusion that you're making a difference. I have my own quilt of lies to sew. Berdie Rogers: That is a great speech. Now, I would love to hear you give it again in drama class. [Lorna and Chang are doing a scene together in Berdie's improv class] Lorna Morello: Oh, Frankie? [makes motions] You have a phone call, Frankie! Would you...like to...take the phone? [Chang shrugs] Take the phone... Chang: That's not a phone. Lorna Morello: What is it? Chang: It's a dog. Lorna Morello: No, it's not... Berdie Rogers: Agree to the situation, go with it... Lorna Morello: But she is clear---alright, dog, my mistake, and here...is the phone! Chang: That's not a phone either. Lorna Morello: What is it? Chang: A DICK! [everyone cracks up] [Piper and Alex argue in drama class] Piper Chapman: ... because it is... so .. good to see you... customer ...Would you maybe like another piece of fruit... it's a persimmon. Black Cindy: Uh-Uh That's a dick [everybody laughs]. Alex Vause: You know i have a thing for soft fruits. Black Cindy: Bow-Chicka-Bow-Bow. [everybody cheers and claps] Nicky Nichols: There is no white light for me. If we don't get this stuff out of here, it's gonna find its way back to me, or me to it, you know? I'm like a bloodhound for oblivion. [Red is translating a conversation between Healy and his wife, Katya] Galina "Red" Reznikov: [in Russian] All he wants is for you to be happy. Sam Healy: I don't know why, but we've lost the feeling we had in the beginning. [Red translates] Katya Healy: [in broken English] We never have real feeling at beginning, because you're not the man you say to me on Internet. You catfish. Sam Healy: [confused] Catfish? [He looks to Red, but she doesn't understand either] Katya Healy: [in Russian] I thought he was a real psychologist. I thought we'd go to the museums, the opera. I thought he'd be funny. He seemed funny online when he could edit himself. Galina "Red" Reznikov: [unimpressed] Mmmm... [Healy looks at her for a translation] Um... You're not a real psychologist. You don't go to the opera and you're not funny. Katya Healy: [in Russian] He yells at me. Galina "Red" Reznikov: And you yell. Katya Healy: And drool. Every morning, the sheets are soaked like a small child has peed the bed, but from his face. Galina "Red" Reznikov: [in English] It's... [sighs] It doesn't translate. Sam Healy: Look, I have not been perfect. But there's nothing wrong between us that we can't work through together. Katya Healy:[in English] No, it is too late. I deserve better man than you, Sam. Galina "Red" Reznikov: [fed up] Oh, give me a fucking break. Deserve? Deserve!? You're a mail-order bride. Katya Healy: I'm not a mail-order bride. Galina "Red" Reznikov: [in Russian] Whatever. You "made an arrangement," and he's holding up his end of it. And you're the type who wants the world to be perfect, but you're not willing to lift a finger to help it along. He's not the man you thought he'd be because the man you thought he'd be doesn't exist. This is what a good man looks like. [loudly, in English] So what if he drools a small pond? He takes care of you, doesn't he? He takes care of your mother, and he's handsome, and he's good. And at least he's fucking trying, which is a lot more than I can say for you! [Big Boo is getting a makeover from Sophia and Lorna to trick a pastor into thinking she's renouncing her homosexuality] Sophia Burset: Okay, all finished. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Show me my big beautiful self. Lorna Morello: [putting the finishing touches on her makeup] Okay, almost there. Just hold on, all right? Carrie "Big Boo Black: All right. Lorna Morello: There... We... Go... Oh, I love this part. This is like that TV show where they gave those ladies the... the plastic surgery makeover, and then all their problems just went away after. [Pennsatucky rolls her eyes in irritation] Sophia Burset: Okay, here we go... [she turns the chair to the mirror. She smiles, while Lorna screams in delight. However, a haunted expression comes over Big Boo's face] Lorna Morello: [screaming] I'm so sorry, I can't help it. I just love makeovers, and you look so pretty. Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett: Boo, you look fucking weird. [they look at her in annoyance] What, she does. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: [her eyes filling with tears] No, um... I look like my mother. Tracy: What the fuck happened to you to make you so angry? Carrie "Big Boo" Black: Oh, I wish I had some sob story that would explain everything. Well, sorry to disappoint you, sugar. Ain't no dramatic origin story here. Just a big old dyke who refuses to apologize for it. Piper Chapman: The thermal fuse blew. Jack Pearson: And you can fix that by yourself, honey? Piper Chapman: Well, I sure can if I concentrate extra hard with my lady brain. Alex Vause: [watching Piper climb up her bunk] Need a little help there? Piper Chapman: Nope. I've got it, thank you. I called you my girlfriend. Alex Vause: What? To who? Piper Chapman: To my parents, and my brother, and my brother's wife. Alex Vause: [lets out a long exhale] That's a bold move, Chapman. Piper Chapman: I know. I didn't even mean to say it, but it just... It just came out. And now... Now I can't stop thinking about it. Alex Vause: [sarcastically] Do you wanna pass me a note and have me circle yes or no? Piper Chapman: [embarrassed] I'm not asking you to be my girlfriend... Alex Vause: Oh no? Piper Chapman: No, definitely not! I just thought... I thought that it was weird. Alex Vause: Totally weird. [pauses] You know, the Quran is turning out to be more interesting than I would've guessed. Technically, I'm not supposed to be touching it, but I did wash my hands. So, I decided that Allah would be cool with it. Piper Chapman: Will you be my girlfriend? Alex Vause: [bursts out laughing] Yeah. Piper Chapman: Yes!? Alex Vause: Yes, you idiot! Piper Chapman: [to the rest of the cell] She said yes. [cut to reveal that only Anita and Sister Jane are in the cell, looking obviously disinterested] Anita DeMarco: Good for you, hun. Sister Jane Ingalls: Mazel tov. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: I have been her daughter for 42 years. Now don't you think she could have taken some of that time to work on accepting me for who I am, rather than mourning every fucking thing that I am not? Mr. Black: I understand that whatever this is, is important to you, but it's a costume, that's all. The rest of us, we get up, put on a suit and a tie, we go to work. You think that's how I wanted to dress five days a week? But no one gets the privilege of being themselves all the time, Carrie. No one. Now, if you want to go in there and upset her, I'm not gonna stop you. But you need to decide whether your costume is worth what it's costing you. Carrie "Big Boo" Black: I have had to fight for this all my life, Dad. All my life. Strangers, girlfriends, fuck, even my own parents all asking me to be something that I am not. Do you have any idea what that feels like? Like, your whole fucking existence is being denied, like "Whoa, you'd be better off if you were invisible"? Yeah. I refuse to be invisible, Daddy. Not for you, not for Mom, not for anybody. Dayanara: I hear they’re setting up a call center. Flaca: With my sexy voice, I’ll be making mad commissions. Gloria: Commissions? Right. You get 10% of nothing on every nothing you nothing. Maritza: What if it turns out to be, like, picking up trash on the side of the road? Flaca: They don't pay that much for dummy work. Nah, whatever it is, it's gonna take skills and smarts. Aleida Diaz: Yeah, what're you gonna wow them with? Your eyeliner skills, or your smarts about how many words rhyme with bleak in emo songs? [laughs] Flaca: Fuck you and your stupid sad face. We didn't take your baby away, okay? Aleida Diaz: Yeah? You should shut up about shit you don't know about. Flaca: You should shut up, you know. At least I got ambition. [speaking Spanish] You little kiss ass. Aleida Diaz: Ambition? That what you call your ADD? Oh, look, something shiny over there! Flaca: Selfish bitch. You wanna work out your shit on me? Fine. Let's go. I can take it. Gloria: Whoa! [speaking English] You, go scrub some pans. Flaca: What? Gross. She started this shit! Gloria: Now! Flaca: I'm so done with this depressing-ass place. Gloria [to Norma]: Fine, you can keep the honey, but it's for eating only. I see you anointing anything with this, it's gonna be the last sweet thing in your life. Flaca: [speaking English] A test? Shit, I fucking suck at taking tests! I get all itchy and anxious. I can't think straight. Blanca: [speaking Spanish] That's just an excuse for being stupid. Flaca: I believe people are basically moral. Agree. Blanca: You're supposed to answer honest. Flaca: I do believe that. Blanca: [speaking Spanish] You're sitting with a bunch of criminals. Flaca: [speaking English] You gotta think deeper than that. People wanna be good. They really do, deep down. But they just fuck up. Morello: My mother always said that silence can be the loudest thing. But she never shut the fuck up. [chuckles nervously] Piper Chapman: It's a prison phenomenon. It's like when you think you've seen everyone, you suddenly notice that there's a girl with a port wine birthmark on her face that has been working with you in electrical since you got here and you'd never seen her before. Alex Vause: No, that phenomenon is called self-absorbed. Delia Powell: You seem upset. Dayanara: I'm pregnant in prison, lady. Were you really expecting for me to be all happy and glowy? Delia Powell: No, no. I just... I thought... I thought we would talk a little bit more. Dayanara: What is there to say? I don't feel anything for this baby. Delia Powell: It's hard to have love for something that's camping out on your bladder. I remember watching my ass turn into my Aunt Louise's. It was not a good look. But, um, I also remember having these really vivid dreams. Dayanara: None of this is what dreams are made of. It was just a mistake. So, if you're trying to prove something by taking that on, God bless. ... You got a paper? I'll sign it over right now. You'll get your do-over baby, and I'll have a chance to start a new life where I just gotta worry about me. Delia Powell: You can't sign the paper until you've had the baby. Dayanara: [chuckles] Oh, I get it now. Delia Powell: Is there somebody in here that you could talk to? You know, a professional or something? Dayanara: [chuckles] My counselor is an old white man who tries to connect by saying "Hola" in the hallway. [sighs] And lucky for you, my mom is all up for the deal. I talk to her sometimes, mmm, when she's not being a total bitch. Go team. Gloria: Oh. Look who decided to grace us with her presence. Throw an apron on, we'll talk punishment later. Flaca: I got the job. It's supposed to start in a few minutes. I just wanted to come let you know. Gloria: Come? How considerate of you... to show your front when you're turning your back on your family. Flaca: I earned it, Gloria. You should be proud of me. Maria: Because of that test? I heard some of the questions on that test. It's not even about anything. Flaca: They were obviously about something, and I got 'em right. Blanca took it, too, and she didn't get picked. Gloria: Oh. So now you're better than us? What, you're chosen? Oh, watch out, Norma, Flaca is moving in on your territory. [laughs] Flaca: That's right, I am better. Better than all you bitches. Maybe I got C's in high school because my personality is too complex for mainstream academics. Some people are born for greatness. Maria: How nice that prison could help you realize your full potential. Flaca: Fuck you. [speaking Spanish] Fucking nobodies. Flaca's mother: [speaking Spanish] Marisol, turn that down, I can't think. Flaca: How much thinking you gotta do with that shit? Go straight, then turn. Joe Caputo: I read over that test. Where did you come up with that? Danny Pearson: Oh, I just, uh, pulled that off the Internet. Joe Caputo: Some kind of new assessment technique? Danny Pearson: Um, it was, like, a... personality quiz or something. I don't even know. We didn't even read 'em. Jones just pulled 40 out of a pile randomly and those were the winners. Joe Caputo: That's your system? Random selection? Danny Pearson: My system is to make the ladies think that there is a system so they don't hate us for not getting the job, they're mad at themselves for not having what it takes. Joe Caputo: But you reviewed the files of the women you selected, right? I mean, made sure there were no risks in that job placement? Danny Pearson: We'll have COs on post. We've had a lot of success with this model. Joe Caputo: I have to tell you that our model for not allowing violent criminals to work with sharp tools or arsonists in the kitchen hasn't been so bad either. Danny Pearson: You're right. No, I totally get it. You're right. I think what we'll do is we'll send you the list, and then if there are any red flags, you can send those back to us and we'll adjust accordingly. Good thinking, Caputo. Thanks a lot. I feel really lucky you're here. [Piper has stepped out of the shower, and passes Stella, who is combing her hair, stark naked] Stella Carlin: Hey, boss lady. Piper Chapman: Hey! Um... [awkwardly trying to avert her gaze] You look comfortable. Stella Carlin: I like to air dry. Sensitive skin. And these towels are the fucking worst. Piper Chapman: Oh yeah, they're the worst. Stella Carlin: How does it feel being a magnate? Piper Chapman: No, I'm not really... Stella Carlin: Today'd panty smuggler, tomorrow's Fortune 500. Sisters are doing it for themselves. Piper Chapman: You're too young to know that song! Stella Carlin: [confused] What song? Piper Chapman: Never mind. Stella Carlin: So, how's your first shipment doing? Piper Chapman: We'll know soon. Stella Carlin: You must be psyched. Piper Chapman: It's really nice how supportive you are. Stella Carlin: [smiles] Whatever. [By this point, Piper has changed her mind, and decided to get a good look at Stella instead, so she awkwardly tries to prolong the conversation] Piper Chapman: I was thinking, and I... I think you'd actually be a really great... person
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Mewat is a historical region of Haryana and Rajasthan states in northwestern India. The loose boundaries of Mewat are not precisely determined but generally include Hathin tehsil and Nuh district of Haryana, Alwar (Tijara, Kishangarh, Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh tehsils and Aravalli hills tract) and Bharatpur districts (Pahari, Nagar and Kaman tehsils) of Rajasthan, and Chhata Tehsil of Mathura district in Uttar Pradesh. The region roughly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of Matsya, founded in the 5th century BCE. Mewati dialect, a slight variant of the Haryanvi and Rajasthani dialects of Hindi, is spoken in rural areas of the region. Mewati Gharana is a distinctive style of Indian classical music. Particularly the Delhi Sultanate was hardly a functioning empire... In the Mewat region south of Delhi, the Shudras led the unrelenting resistance against the Sultans, waging a guerilla operation from hide-outs in the forest. Sultans Nasiruddin and Balban had to clear away the forest before they could hunt down and forcibly convert a substantial part of this population.... K.S. Lal, Epigraphica Indica, J. Ramayya, E. Hultzsch, K. Rama Sastri; Quoted from Elst, Koenraad (2001). p. 402-404 In 1256 Ulugh Khan Balban carried on devastating warfare in Sirmur, and ‘so many of the rebellious Hindus were killed that numbers cannot be computed or described.’ Ranthambhor was attacked in 1259 and ‘many of its valiant fighting men were sent to hell.’ In the punitive expedition to Mewat (1260) ‘numberless Hindus perished under the merciless swords of the soldiers of Islam.’ In the same year 12,000 men, women and children were put to the sword in Hariyana. K.S. Lal. Indian Muslims: Who Are They (1990) It was at this place that he [Ilyas] first came into contact with the Mewatis... These uncouth and illiterate people had converted to Islam on a mass scale as a result of the efforts of the well-known sufi Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia and his descendants, But in practical life they were far from Islam... They kept their Hindu names,... they celebrated all the Hindu festivals and made sacrifices to the pre-Islamic gods and goddesses... In 1921 new problems arose when Arya Samaj preachers resolved to reconvert the Indian Muslim to their ancestral religion. Thanks to the religious and cultural poverty of the Meos, the large-scale activities of the Aryan missionaries met with great success. The solution of this problem was to impart to them religious education so that they did not yield to any malign influence... The only solution to this problem, as the Maulana saw it, lay in separating them from their milieu... They changed their way of dressing and grew beards, shaking off one by one almost all their pre-Islamic customs that they had retained after their conversion... Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, Tabligh Movement, Al Risala Books, The Islamic Centre, Nizamuddin, New Delhi, Second Reprint, 1994 p. 5-12 A dislike for Hinduised garments was created and people began to dress themselves according to the specifications of the Shariat. Bracelets got removed from the arms and rings from the ears of men... Describing the changes in the Mewat region that came as a result of the efforts of Maulana Ilyas and the Tabligh workers. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, Life and Mission of Maulana Mohammad Ilyas, Lucknow, 1983, p. 40. Quoted in Shail Mayaram, Resisting Regimes: Myth, Memory and the Shaping of a Muslim Identity, OUP, Delhi, 1997, p.226; and in Time for stock taking, whither Sangh Parivar? Edited by Goel, S. R. (1997). Another tablighi, Muhammad Abdul Shakur, was more vituperative against the prevalence of Hindu customs among the Muslims. He raved against the barbarous (wahshiana) dress of the Hindus like dhoti, ghaghra and angia and advocated wearing of “kurta, amama, kurti, pyjama and orhni (or long Chadar)”. He attacked Hindu marriage customs practised by Muslims and warned women against participating in marriages with their faces uncovered. He insisted on women observing parda and was shocked to find that even after a thousand years of their conversion during the expeditions of Mahmud of Ghazni, Indian Muslims were living like Hindus. In the end he exhorted the senior Mewati Muslims thus: “Oh Muslims, the older people of Mewat, I appeal to you in a friendly way, doing my tablighi duty, to give up all idolatrous and illegal (mushrikana) ways of the Hindus... Islam has laid down rules for all social and cultural conduct... follow them.” Lal, K. S. (1992). Chapter 8 Ulugh Khan Balban marched with a large force on a campaign in the region of Ranthambhor, Mewat and Siwalik. He made a proclamation that a soldier who brought a live captive would be rewarded with two silver tankahs and one who brought the head of a dead one would get one silver tankah. Soon three to four hundred living and dead were brought to his presence. Minhaj; Elliot and Dowson, II, 348, 367, 371, 380-81, Farishtah, I, 73. Farishtah, I. 73. As quoted from Lal, K. S. (1994). Chapter 5 Wikipedia has an article about: Mewat
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Wednesday, May 18, 2005 Tropical Storm Adrian, the first named storm of the 2005 Pacific hurricane season, formed 440 miles (710 km) southwest of Guatemala and El Salvador on Tuesday. The storm is expected to track northeast towards Central America. The government of El Salvador has upgraded the tropical storm watch to a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch for all of El Salvador. A tropical storm watch remains in effect for the entire Pacific coast of Guatemala. The government of Honduras has issued a tropical storm watch for the Pacific coast of Honduras, including the Gulf of Fonseca. As of 11 am Pacific Time on Thursday, it was moving northeast at 9 mph (15 km/h) with maximum sustained wind speeds of 75 mph (120 km/h), with gusts at higher speeds. It is expected to strengthen slightly, possibly becoming a minimal hurricane at landfall. The current location of the center of the storm is 12.6° N, 90.6° W; about 120 miles (195 km) southwest of San Salvador, El Salvador. Additional strengthening is expected over the next 24 hours. Outer rain-bands containing gusty winds and locally heavy rainfall are already affecting the coastal areas of Guatemala, and should begin affecting El Salvador tonight. Rainfall accumulation of 6 to 10 inches, with isolated higher amounts of up to 20 inches in the mountains, can be expected in association with Adrian. This system also has the potential to produce torrential rainfall over other portions of Central America during the next few days, triggering flash flooding and mudslides. Storm surge flooding of 2 to 4 feet above normal tide level is possible near and to the east of where the center makes landfall. Meteorologists expect the storm to be in the Caribbean by Friday. "Public Advisory on Tropical Storm Adrian" — National Hurricane Center, May 18, 2005 Associated Press. "Tropical Storm Adrian in Pacific, heading for Caribbean" — Tuscaloosa News, May 18, 2005 "Experts Predict 70 Percent Above Normal Hurricane Activity" — Insurance Journal, May 18, 2005
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Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire. The town dates back to the 4th century BC when it was an Iron age hill fort. By Anglo Saxon times it had grown to be a major market town. In 1529 Henry VIII declared the town the town as the county town of Buckinghamshire although, it is thought the decision was more to gain favour with Thomas Boleyn (father of Anne Boleyn) who was owner of Aylesbury Manor. 1603/4 saw the population decimated by plague. The town played a significant role in the Civil War when it was a stronghold for Parliamentarian forces (1642 was the Battle of Aylesbury, won by the Parliamentarians). Other "claims to fame": A stronghold for the Parliamentarian forces in the English Civil War (1642 say the Battle of Aylesbury - won by Parliamentarians). Nearby Great Hampden has resulted in John Hampden becoming something of a "local hero" The Aylesbury duck - breed of domesticated duck bred for meat and appearance although only one breed remains active today. Great Train Robbery (1963) culprits were tried in Aylesbury Crown Court (1964) Home to Stoke Mandeville Hospital, which includes one of the world's leading centres for research, treatment, and rehabilitation of spinal injuries. The hospital is even more notable as the birthplace of the Paralympic Games. The UK's National Centre for Disability Sport is located next to the hospital, including an athletics stadium, indoor arenas for court sports and bowls, tennis courts, and a 25-metre swimming pool. In 2005 the town was selected to be one of 6 "Cycling Demonstration Towns" receiving significant funding to develop cycling and cycle infrastructure in and around the town. As a result of this the town is well served by local cycle routes. The town lies on the A41 London to Birkenhead road, running to Tring, Berkhamsted, Hemel Hempstead, Kings Langley, Watford and London to the SE and to Bicester and the M40 motorway to the NW. The A418 connects the town to Oxford to the W and to Leighton Buzzard to the NE. The A413 connects the town to Amersham and West London to the SE. The A4010 connects the town to High Wycombe 51.813903-0.8151031 Railway Station, Station Way West, Aylesbury HP20 1RU. Regular train from London Marylebone (MYB) to Aylesbury (AYS), via Amersham (AMR) or High Wycombe (HWY). Operated by Chiltern Railways. National Rail Enquiries provides time tables and bookings. (updated May 2017) The National Byway cycle route passes 5 miles to the NW of the town. 51.7345-0.9182 National Cycle Route 57. Passes 8 miles S of the town. cycle route runs Farmington, Gloucestershire near Northleach to Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire (updated Jun 2017) Regional Cycle Route 30 and local cycle routes leave the town to the SE connecting to most other towns to the SE including Tring, Berkhamstead, Amersham, Great Missenden, etc. The Ridgeway Footpath (87 miles) running from Overton Hill in Avebury to Ivinghoe Beacon near Tring passes 5 miles SE of Aylesbury through Wendover. Walking and cycling are both popular ways for exploring nearby hinterland. There has been substantial investment in a cycle route network Aylesbury is a fairly small town with some parts of the centre being pedestrianised, thus making it an ideal place to walk around. Local and county wide bus service operated by Arriva Bus Aylesbury Vale, beautiful winding hills around the town 51.816667-0.81251 John Hampden statue, Market Square, Aylesbury (Opposite statue of Benjamin Disraeli (8m away)). Local lad turned great Parliamentarian leader during the English Civil War. (updated May 2017) 51.8172-0.81512 Buckinghamshire County Museum, Church St, Aylesbury, HP20 2QP, ☏ +44 1296 331441, [email protected]. (updated May 2017) Market Square 51.8173-0.81513 Roald Dahl Children's Gallery, Church St, Aylesbury HP20 2QP, ☏ +44 1296 331441. Child (4-18 yrs), concessions £4.95; Under 4s Free; Adult £6.95; Family/group ticket £20.00. 51.766-0.92164 St Tiggywinkles, Aston Road, Haddenham, HP17 8AF, ☏ +44 1844 292292, [email protected]. Animal welfare hospital for wild animals. Adult £5.10; Children (4-17) £3.20; Under 4's & over 65's free. (updated May 2017) 51.840801-0.926295 Waddesdon Manor, Waddesdon, near Aylesbury, HP18 0JH (6 miles west of Aylesbury), ☏ +44 1296 653226, [email protected]. The Rothschild's château-like manor house with French-style formal gardens. 51.865-0.9296 Buckinghamshire Railway Centre, Station Rd, Quainton HP22 4BY (Free shuttle bus from Aylesbury Vale Parkway), ☏ +44 1296 655720, [email protected]. Some days are "Special Events", some "Steaming Days" and some "Static Viewing Days" - check before visiting if you e.g. want steam train rides. (updated May 2017) Visit Butler's Cross on a sunny day to see a view of the town from a hill. Grand Union Canal - hire a narrowboat for a day or two to cruise. 51.8206-0.789591 Aylesbury Canal Society (Day Boat Hire), Circus Field Basin, Stocklake, Aylesbury HP20 1AP, [email protected]. Apr-Oct. Also provides visitor moorings, slipway, wet dock. Per day: M-Th £100, F £110, Sa Su Bank Hols £120. (updated May 2017) Take in a play at the beautiful Waterside Theatre, opened in 2010. Friars' Club, [email protected]. Famous venue for music, bands like The Clash and Jimmy Hendrix. Also appeared in A Clockwork Orange. (updated May 2017) A historic market town, Aylesbury has a daily market in the town centre. Products include fruit, vegetables, clothes, horticulture and media. Every so often on the weekend a French Market operates, bringing with it cheeses, bread and various other French delicacies. 51.816-0.80021 Tesco (Supermarket), Tring Rd, Aylesbury HP20 1PQ, ☏ +44 345 677 9013. M 6AM-midnight; Tu-Sa 24 hr; Su 10AM-4PM. Petrol station (different hours), ATMs, pharmacy (different hours) (updated May 2017) 51.81458-0.81432 Morrissons (Supermarket), Station Way West, Aylesbury HP20 2HX, ☏ +44 1296 392055. M-Sa 7AM-10PM; Su 10AM-4PM. Cafe & pharmacy (different hours). ATMs (updated May 2017) Restaurants are dotted around the town centre, ranging from fast food to à la carte styles. 51.81755-0.814081 Desire (Indian Restaurant), 40 Kingsbury Square, Aylesbury HP20 2JE, ☏ +44 1296 482888. Daily 6PM-11:30PM. (updated May 2017) 51.81845-0.813132 Peking Inn (Chinese Restaurant & Take-away), Cambridge Place, Aylesbury HP20 2LQ, ☏ +44 1296 421211. Restaurant: M-Sa 5:30PM-1010AM-4PM; Su noon-10PM. Take-away: M-Th 5-11PM; F Sa noon-2PM & 5-11:30PM; Su noon-11PM. (updated May 2017) 51.81655-0.813153 The Works (Restaurant), 7-9 Market Square, Aylesbury HP20 1TA, ☏ +44 1296 437289, [email protected]. M-Th 9AM-10PM; F Sa 9AM-11PM; Su 10AM-10PM. (updated May 2017) 51.81606-0.813984 Just Baguettes (Sandwich Shop), 8/10 Bourbon St, Aylesbury HP20 2RR, ☏ +44 1296 399555, [email protected]. (updated May 2017) 51.81616-0.806275 Bucks Balti House (Restaurant, Take-away & Delivery), 120 High St, Aylesbury HP20 1RB 120 High Street, Aylesbury, Bucks, HP20 1RB, ☏ +44 1296 337900. Daily 5:30-11PM. (updated May 2017) The main late night venue's are situated around the cinema area, and also Kingsbury Square. Aylesbury also has a number of excellent pubs selling locally brewed beer including 51.8221-0.8211 The Hop Pole (Pub), 83 Bicester Rd, Aylesbury HP19 9AZ, ☏ +44 1296 482129. M 4PM-10PM; Tu-Th noon-2:30PM, 4:30PM-11PM; F Sa noon-midnight; Su noon-10:30PM. 51.81634-0.813572 The Kings Head (Pub & Food), Market Square, Aylesbury HP20 2RW (at the Kings Head), ☏ +44 1296 718812, [email protected]. Pub: M-Sa 11AM-11PM; Su noon-10:30PM. Food: M & Tu 11:30AM-3PM; W & Th 11:30AM-3PM & 5PM-9PM; F & Sa 11:30AM-9PM; Su 12:00-6PM. (updated May 2017) 51.799-0.723 The Bell, London Rd, Aston Clinton HP22 5HP (4 miles ESE of Aylesbury), ☏ +44 1296 632777, [email protected]. Pub: M-Sa 8AM-11PM; Su 8AM-10:30PM. Food: M-Sa 8AM-10PM; Su 8AM-9:30PM. Pub, Food & Accommodation. (updated May 2017) 51.81681-0.814594 Temple Street Wine Bar, 7 Temple St, Aylesbury HP20 2RN, ☏ +44 1296 337228, [email protected]. M-Sa noon-2:30PM (last food orders 2PM) & from 5PM. (updated May 2017) Town centre has many small B&Bs. 51.82767-0.814881 Premier Inn, Buckingham Rd, Aylesbury HP19 9QL, ☏ +44 871 527 8036 (premium). Free Wi-Fi. From £41. (updated May 2017) 51.8092-0.7692 Holiday Inn, New Road, Weston Turville HP22 5QT (21⁄2 miles ESE of Aylesbury), ☏ +44 871 942 9002 (premium). Check-in: From 2PM. Free Wi-Fi. Indoor swimming pool (updated May 2017) 51.83105-0.813933 Best Western Garden Court, Buckingham Rd, Aylesbury HP19 0FY, ☏ +44 0844 387 6252 (premium). Free Wi-Fi. No pets. (updated May 2017) 51.8117-0.79244 House Forty One (B&B), 41 King Edward Avenue, Aylesbury HP21 7JE, ☏ +44 1296 483153, [email protected]. From £85 (double), £65 (single occupancy). (updated May 2017) 51.819-1.055 The Pointer, 27 Church St, Brill HP18 9RT, ☏ +44 1844 238339. Named for the family not the dog, but it suits the country style of this pub with rooms. Good dining. (updated Jul 2020) 51.805-0.8466 Hartwell House, Oxford Road, Stone HP17 8NR, ☏ +44 1296 747444. Grand historic hotel owned by National Trust, it's Jacobean with Georgian facade. No children under 6. B&B double £350. (updated Jul 2020) Lots of self-catering is also available for short or long stays. 51.845-0.9257 Five Arrows, High St, Waddesdon HP18 0JE, ☏ +44 1296 651727. When Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild built Waddesdon Manor from 1874, it was so elaborate that he first needed to build a manor house to accommodate the architects and craft builders. That's nowadays this upscale hotel in retro-Tudor style with a bit of chateau thrown in. (updated Jul 2020) 51.81738-0.811431 Post Office, 25 - 29 High St, Aylesbury HP20 1SH. M-Sa 9AM-5:30; Su 10AM-4PM. (updated May 2017) Buckingham Wendover Tring Amersham Leighton Buzzard Bicester Thame High Wycombe
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The Night Sky Live CONCAM installations were very expensive which caused some observatories to seek lower cost alternatives. This projects describes one such low cost alternative installed at the Ladd Observatory. The camera is located in an urban environment where there are many street lights and other sources of light pollution. The camera is very sensitive and will produce overexposed images of the full moon. The camera can not be used during the daytime for this reason. It is important to mount the camera in a location where there is no direct artificial light which could wash out the details of dim astronomical sources such as meteors. The camera was mounted adjacent to the observatory dome, but great care was taken to prevent the dome from appearing in the field of view of the camera. Light from the sky (street light scattered from clouds) would reflect off the dome and degrade the image quality. This would also cause problems with the auto-contrast adjustment feature of the camera control software. The camera system used here is a commercial off-the-shelf product manufactured by Santa Barbara Instrument Group. It includes a weatherproof housing with a window that is heated to prevent condensation. The window is an optical filter that transmits light from 630 - 1000 nm (red to near infrared) and is used to block light pollution. Inside is an ST-402ME digital imaging camera which uses a monochrome 16 bit per pixel Kodak KAF-0402ME CCD chip with 9 micron pixel size. The camera body is mated to a Computar fisheye lens that gives a wide-angle view of the sky. It has a 2.6mm focal length and a 1.6 focal ratio. The field of view is about 140 x 90 degrees. The camera described here is no longer manufactured; it has been replaced by the SBIG AllSky 340 Cameras. In 2017 the list price for this new model was US$ 2,500. The camera is connected to a personal computer running Microsoft Windows with the CCDSoft camera control software from Software Bisque. A Visual Basic script turns the camera on at dusk and begins taking images every 10 seconds until dawn. The raw images are saved in the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) format for later analysis. During a typical night this results in some 3,000 to 4,000 images, depending on the length of the night which varies by season. The total amount of uncompressed data is about 2 to 3 GB per night. Every 5 minutes the latest image is auto-contrast adjusted to compensate for a wide range of sky brichtness conditions. It is then converted to a compressed JPEG file which is immediately uploaded to a web server along with a text file containing the time-stamp and other information about the image. An Internet bot called Mu301Bot then copies one image per night to Wikiversity using the pywikibot Python library and scripts. Maintenance of the camera is minimal. The top cover of the weather resistant enclosure has a slight tilt. When it rains the drops slide off to remove dust and pollen from the window that the camera views the sky through. No hardware repairs have been needed. The software occasionally must be restarted due to memory leaks or lack of disk space. The quality of the images has slowly degraded over the course of a decade. A number of defective pixels which are brighter than others can now be seen in the images. The sky camera mounted near the dome on the roof of the observatory The sky brightness meter (white cylinder) and sky camera (grey box) Gully-Santiago, Michael (December 2006). "The McDonald Observatory Skycam Project". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting. 38. p. 1108. Bibcode:2006AAS...20915403G. Unfortunately its $100,000 price tag makes similar systems largely inaccessible to most observatories.
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National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation is a 1989 film about the Griswold family's plans for a big family Christmas that predictably turn into a big disaster. It is the third installment in the National Lampoon Griswold saga. Directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik. Written by John Hughes. Yule crack up! Taglines Well I'm gonna park the cars and get the luggage, and well, I'll be outside for the season. [as an entourage of suits - led by Clark's boss - passes by single file] Merry Christmas. Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, kiss my ass. Kiss his ass. Kiss your ass. Happy Hanukkah. [the newel post is wobbly so Clark cuts it off with a chain saw] Fixed the newel post. LOTTA SAP in here. [Spits then gives an a-ok sign] Looks great! Little full, Lotta sap!! The most enduring traditions of the season are best enjoyed in the warm embrace of kith and kin. Thith tree is a thymbol of the thspirit of the Grithwold family Chrithmath. I dedicate this house to the Griswold Family Christmas. Can't see the line, can you Russ? [Handing Christmas lights to Russ] Unravel these. We need to check every bulb. [Pulls out a huge tangle of lights] Oop. Little knot here, you can work on that. [Hands it to Russ] Hey! If any of you are looking for any last-minute gift ideas for me, I have one. I'd like Frank Shirley, my boss, right here tonight. I want him brought from his happy holiday slumber over there on Melody Lane with all the other rich people, and I want him brought right here! With a big ribbon on his head! And I want to look him straight in the eye, and I want to tell him what a cheap, lying, no-good, rotten, four-flushing, low-life, snake-licking, dirt-eating, inbred, overstuffed, ignorant, bloodsucking, dog-kissing, brainless, dickless, hopeless, heartless, fat-assed, bug-eyed, stiff-legged, spotty-lipped, worm-headed sack of monkey shit he is! HALLELUJAH! HOLY SHIT! Where's the Tylenol? Dad, you taught me everything I know about exterior illumination. Going for a new amateur recreational saucer sled land speed record, Clark W. Griswold, Jr. Remember, don't try this at home kids; I am a professional. Later dudes. Let 'er rip. Hang ten! [last lines] I did it. If that thing had nine lives, he just spent 'em all. Whoo! Tha right there is a RV, I got it off my buddy and I sold him my house for that right there vehicle. I don't know if I oughta go sailin' down no hill with nothin' between the ground and my brain but a piece of government plastic. [Todd the neighbor stares in horror at Eddie draining the RV toilet into the sewer drain] Merry Christmas! Shitter was full! [walks in with a bound and gagged Mr. Shirley tied with a big red ribbon] Ho ho ho, Merry Christmas, Clark. [to Mr. Shirley] You about ready to do some kissing? Clark, I'd like to try to fumigate this here chair, it's a good quality item. If you don't mind my askin', how much did she set you back? He's cute ain't he? Only problem is, he's got a little bit a Mississippi leg hound in 'im. If the mood catches him right, he'll grab your leg and just go to town. You don't want him around if you're wearing short pants, if you know what I mean. Word of warning though, if he does lay into ya, it's best to just let 'im finish. Over here? Well this is nothin...but if this gets dented then my hair just ain't gonna look right. [After finding out that Clark is getting to be a member of the Jelly of the Month Club instead of getting his bonus] Clark, that's the gift that keeps on giving the whole year. Audrey Griswold: Would it be indecent to ask the grandparents to stay at a hotel? Ellen Griswold: I don't know what to say, except it's Christmas and we're all in misery. Ellen Griswold: Welcome to our home - what's left of it. Art: Hurry up, Clark. I'm freezing my baguettes off. Aunt Bethany: Is Rusty still in the Navy? Mr. Shirley: Put it over there with the others, Greazeball. Mr. Shirley: [Picks up the phone receiver] Get me somebody. Anybody. And get me somebody while I'm waiting. Uncle Lewis: Hey Gris! If you're not doing anything constructive, run into the living room and get my stogies! Clark Sr.: It's a beaut Clark. It's a beaut. Clark: Let's burn some dust here, eat my rubber! (chuckles to himself) Rusty Griswold: Dad, I think what you mean is "burn rubber" and "eat my dust". Clark: Whatever Russ, whatever. Eat my road grit, Liver Lips! Ellen: Clark, Audrey's frozen from the waist down. Clark: That's all part of the experience, honey. Todd Chester: (mockingly) Hey Griswold. Where do you think you're gonna put a tree that big? Clark: Bend over and I'll show you. Todd Chester: (angrily) You've got a lot of nerve talking to me like that, Griswold. Clark: I wasn't talking to you. [looking at his wife, Margo] Ellen: You set standards that no family activity can live up to. Clark: When have I ever done that? Ellen: Birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, funerals, holidays, vacations, graduations... [Clark is looking at lingerie, as a voluptuous saleswoman approaches] Mary: Can I show you something? Clark: Oh, I was just smelling - smiling. I was just blouse - browsing. Mary: For your wife? For your girlfriend? Clark: Uh... huh? What happened? I, uh, heh heh. [Mops his forehead with a pair of panties] Well, I guess it just wouldn't... [Realizes what he'd done and puts the panties back] Oh hee hee, it wouldn't be the Christmas shopping season if the stores were any less hooter than they - HOTTER than they are. Whew. It is warm in here, isn't it? Mary: You have your coat on. Clark: Yes, oh do I? How'd that happen? Mary: Because it's cold out? Clark: Yes, Yes, it is a bit nipply out. I mean 'nippy out.' [Laughs] What am I saying, nipple? Ah, there is a nip in the air, though. Clark: 'Tis the season to be merry. Mary: That's my name. Clark: No shit. [While eating dinner, Uncle Lewis smokes a cigar and drops it. A flame engulfs in the living room for a split second. Clark notices it and walks into the living room] Clark: Lewis?? [Tears up when he sees that his Christmas tree has been burnt into a crisp] MY TREE! Uncle Lewis: So What's the matter with you? Clark: Look what you've done to my tree!!! [Notices that Lewis is on fire in the back of his clothes] LEWIS! [Uses a curtain, grabs Lewis and pats his back to put out the fire] [Others come in and look at the destroyed tree] Art: It was an ugly tree anyway. Uncle Lewis: At least it's out of its misery! Russ: Dad's gonna flip out. Ellen: No, nobody's gonna flip out. We're gonna have a wonderful Christmas. Aunt Bethany: Is your house on fire, Clark? Clark Griswold: No, Aunt Bethany, those are the Christmas lights. Aunt Bethany: Don't throw me down, Clark. Clark Griswold: I'll try not to, Aunt Bethany. Ellen: Oh Aunt Bethany, you shouldn't have done that. Aunt Bethany: Oh dear, did I break wind? Uncle Lewis: Jesus, did the room clear out, Bethany? Hell, No, she means presents. You shouldn't have brought presents! Uncle Lewis: Hey Gris, Bethany and I figured out the perfect gift for you. Clark: Aw, you didn't have to get me anything. Uncle Lewis: Dammit, Bethany, he guessed it. Aunt Bethany: This house is bigger than your old one. Is Rusty still in the Navy? Ellen: Aunt Bethany, why don't you go with Frances and Cathrine into the living room and say hello to everybody. Aunt Bethany: Hello, everybody? Ellen: Just in the living room... Aunt Bethany: I should say it? Ellen: You should say it. Aunt Bethany: Hello, everybody! Ellen: Hello, everybody. Russ: Dad. Clark: Yeah. Russ: This box is meowing. Clark: Let me see. [Clark takes the present, shakes it, and a cat wildly meows] Clark: She wrapped up her damn cat! Ellen: Well, take it to the kitchen and open it up. Clark: Then we'll have a cat running around the house. Ellen: We can't leave it in the box. Russ: Why would someone put a cat in a box? Ellen: She gets confused, Rusty. She's old. She and Uncle Louis don't have much money, so she takes things from around the house, wraps them up, and gives them away as presents. Russ: [Mock enthusiasm] Great! Can't wait to see what I got. Eddie: [comes in with another of Aunt Bethany's gifts] This one here, it's leakin'. [Ellen touches the liquid coming out with her finger and Eddie lick it] It's lime! Ellen: That would be her Jell-O mold. Eddie: You surprised to see us, Clark? Clark: Surprised Eddie?... If I woke up tomorrow with my head sewn to the carpet, I wouldn't be more surprised than I am now. Clark: Can I refill your eggnog for you? Get you something to eat? Drive you out to the middle of nowhere, leave you for dead? Eddie: Naw, I'm doing just fine, Clark. Ellen: What are you looking at? Clark: Oh, the silent majesty of a winter's morn... the clean, cool chill of the holiday air... an asshole in his bathrobe, emptying a chemical toilet into my sewer... [Eddie, in the driveway, is draining the RV's toilet] Eddie: [yells] Shitter was full! Clark: Ah, yeah. You checked our shitters, honey? Ellen: Clark, please. He doesn't know any better. Clark: He oughta know it's illegal. That's a storm sewer. If it fills with gas, I pity the person who lights a match within ten yards of it. Ruby Sue: Rocky bit my thumb. Him's nervous because Christmas is almost here. Clark: Nervous or excited? Ruby Sue: Shitting bricks. Clark: You shouldn't use that word. Ruby Sue: Sorry. Shitting rocks. [Describing the metal plate in his head] Eddie: Well, they replaced it with a plastic one 'cause every time Katherine revved up the microwave, I'd piss my pants and forget who I was for a half-hour or so. And it ain't real sturdy so... I don't know if I oughta go sailin' down no hill with nothin' between the ground and my brains but a piece of government plastic. Clark: Do you really think it matters, Eddie? Eddie: [gesturing over the left side of his head] Well, you see, the plate runs underneath my part here, and the other side... [bangs his right side] Nothing. But here, if this gets dented, then my hair just ain't gonna look right. Clark: Yeah, I know the feeling. Eddie: [talking about Snots, Eddie's dog] If you scratch his belly, Clark, he'll love you till the day you die. Clark: I really shouldn't, Eddie, my hands are all chapped. Todd: Well, obviously something had to break the window, SOMETHING had to hit the stereo! Margo: And why is the carpet all wet, Todd? Todd: I don't KNOW, Margo. Margo: You just march over there and slug that creep in the face. Todd: I can't just attack someone. Margo: All right then, if you're not man enough to put an end to this shit, then I am! Audrey: Do you sleep with your brother? Do you know how sick and twisted that is? Ellen: Well, I'm sleeping with your father. Don't be so dramatic. Audrey: I have nightmares about what he does in his bed alone when I'm not lying right next to him. Clark: Since this is Aunt Bethany's 80th Christmas, I think she should lead us in the saying of Grace. Aunt Bethany: What dear? Nora: Grace! Aunt Bethany: Grace? Ohhh...She passed away thirty years ago... Uncle Lewis: They want you to say grace.... [Bethany looks confused. Lewis emphasizes his words] The BLESS-ING!!! Aunt Bethany: Oh. [everyone at the table folds their hands in prayer and reverently bows their heads] Aunt Bethany: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, [Clark makes a confused face towards Aunt Bethany] and to the republic for which it stands - one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Clark: [Annoyed] Amen. Aunt Bethany: What's that sound? [everybody looks up, and returns to activities, then Clark starts hearing it] Do you hear it!? It's a funny, squeaking sound. Uncle Lewis: You couldn't hear a dump truck driving through a nitroglycerin plant! [after Clark fails at lighting all the exterior Christmas lights at the "lighting ceremony" in front of the entire family] Art: [sarcastically] Beautiful, Clark. Frances: Talk about spending your money away. I hope you kids see what a silly waste of resources this was. Audrey Griswold: He worked really hard, Grandma. Art: So do washing machines. Clark: Russ, we checked every bulb, didn't we? Rusty: Sure, Dad. Clark: Hmm... Maybe we ought to just go up there and check... Rusty: Oh, woo. Look at the time. I gotta get to bed. I still gotta brush my teeth, feed the hog, still got some homework to do, still got those bills to pay, wash the car... Clark: [a squirrel is loose in the house] We can't let it get out of the living room. Where's Eddie? He usually eats these goddamn things. Catherine: Oh, not recently, Clark. He read that squirrels were high in cholesterol. Clark: Thank You, Catherine. [As Clark is trying to catch the loose squirrel] Clark: I'll try and trap it. Russ! Russ: Right here, dad Clark: Oh, there you are. Go get the hammer. Ellen: Clark, what do you need a hammer for? Clark: I'm gonna catch it in the coat... And smack it with the hammer. [Frances Smith faints on the floor] Clark Sr: I'm going in with him. Clark Sr: (extreme close up) SQUUUIIIIRRRREEELLLL!!!!!!!!!!!!! (everyone screams and runs) Uncle Lewis: Hey Gris, if you're not doing anything constructive, run into the living room and get my stogies. Clark: Is there anything else I can do for you, Uncle Lewis? Ellen: He's an old man. This may be his last Christmas. Clark: If he keeps it up, it will be his last Christmas. Clark: Hey, kids, I heard on the news that an airline pilot spotted Santa's sleigh on its way in from New York City. [the kids sit up excitedly] Eddie: [after a pause] You serious, Clark? Clark: I simply solved the problem. We needed a coffin... Er, a tree. There are no lots open on Christmas Eve. Lewis burned down my tree so I replaced it as best I could. Voilà. Ellen: Are you okay? Art: The little lights aren't twinkling. Clark: I know, Art. And thanks for noticing. [Snots is choking under the table making it shake] Clark: Uh, Eddie? What's wrong with the dog? [Snots gags again, table shakes] Eddie: (Looks under table) Oh, he's just yakkin' on a bone. [Snot coughs up the bone] Eddie: He got it up. He's alright, now. Clark: Our holidays were always such a mess. Clark Sr.: Oh, yeah. Clark: How'd you get through it? Clark Sr.: I had a lot of help from Jack Daniels. Ruby Sue: Uncle Clark, are you sure you ain't Santa Claus? Clark: I'm sure... I can't even afford to be an elf. Clark: Where do you think you're going? Nobody's leaving. Nobody's walking out on this fun, old-fashioned family Christmas. No, no! We're all in this together. This is a full-blown, four-alarm holiday emergency here. We're gonna press on, and we're gonna have the hap, hap, happiest Christmas since Bing Crosby tap-danced with Danny fucking Kaye. [Ellen gives him a glare for his language] And when Santa squeezes his fat white ass down that chimney tonight, he's gonna find the jolliest bunch of assholes this side of the nuthouse! Art: You're goofy. Clark: Don't piss me off, Art. Ellen: Clark, it's over. Clark: Not according to Santa's watch, it isn't. Clark, Sr.: Now, come on, son. Clark: Stay out of this, Dad. Ellen: Clark, I think it's best if everyone just goes home... before things get worse. Clark: Worse?! How could they get any worse? Take a look around you, Ellen! We're at the threshold of Hell!! Clark: My cousin-in-law, whose heart is bigger than his brain... Eddie: I appreciate that, Clark. Clark: ...is innocent. Clark: [yells] RUSS! Russ: Right here, Dad. [Clark has just lost his tree and found out he had been stiffed on his Christmas bonus. He stalks outside the house, with his chainsaw.] Audrey: Uh oh, he's got that crazy look in his eye. Russ: I told you we should've gone to Hawaii! Ellen: CLARK, TURN THAT THING OFF AND GET IN THE HOUSE! Russ: I'll go talk to him. [He walks up to Clark] You know, Dad, I've been thinking...[Clark turns and stares crazily at Russ, his running chainsaw pointed in Russ' direction]...Good talk, Dad! Clark: I think you've made a terrible mistake. SWAT officer: I told you to freeze, mister! Clark: May we BLINK? Yule crack up! There's No Place Like Home For A Holiday! National Lampoon's Vacation National Lampoon's European Vacation Animal House Van Wilder Funny Farm Chevy Chase - Clark Wilhelm "Sparky" Griswold, Jr. Beverly D'Angelo - Ellen Griswold Juliette Lewis - Audrey Griswold Johnny Galecki - Russell 'Rusty/Russ' Griswold John Randolph - Clark Wilhelm Griswold, Sr. Diane Ladd - Nora Griswold E.G. Marshall - Art Smith Doris Roberts - Frances Smith Randy Quaid - Cousin Edward "Eddie" Johnson Miriam Flynn - Cousin Catherine Johnson Cody Burger - Cousin Rocky Johnson Ellen Hamilton Latzen - Cousin Ruby Sue Johnson William Hickey - Uncle Lewis Mae Questel - Aunt Bethany (final role) Nicholas Guest - Todd Chester Julia Louis-Dreyfus - Margo Chester Brian Doyle-Murray - Mr. Frank Shirley Wikipedia has an article about: National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation Christmas Vacation quotes at the Internet Movie Database National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation at Rotten Tomatoes National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation Fan Site
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Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Vasilevsky (September 30, 1895 – December 5, 1977) was a Soviet military commander, promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1943. He was the Soviet Chief of the General Staff and Deputy Minister of Defense during World War II, as well as Minister of Defense from 1949 to 1953. As the Chief of the General Staff, Vasilevsky was responsible for the planning and coordination of almost all decisive Soviet offensives, from the Stalingrad counteroffensive to the assault on East Prussia and Königsberg. In July 1945, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Soviet forces in the Far East, executing Operation August Storm and subsequently accepting Japan's surrender. After the war, he became the Soviet Defense Minister, a position he held until Stalin's death in 1953. After his death, he was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in recognition of his past service and contributions to his nation. According to one account, his chief of staff reported to him on looting and damage. 'Comrade Marshall,' he said, 'the soldiers are not behaving themselves. They break furniture, mirrors and dishes. What are your instructions in this connection?' Vasilevsky, perhaps the most intelligent and cultivated of all Soviet commanders, was apparently silent for a few moments. 'I don't give a fuck,' he said eventually. 'It is now time for our soldiers to issue their own justice.' Berlin, The Downfall 1945, Antony Beevor, Penguin (2007), p. 33 : ISBN 9780141032399 Agraneko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17 p. 22. I did not decide to become an officer to start a military career. I still wanted to be an agronomist and work in some remote corner of Russia after the war. I could not suppose that my country would change, and I would. Quoted in "The matter of my whole life" - by Marshal A.M. Vasilevsky - Moscow, Politizdat, 1978. Why I should be in Romania in the name of unknown to me goal. There was a time when I led soldiers to battle, thinking I was doing my duty as a Russian patriot. However, I understood that we have been cheated, that people needed peace. The old army and Soviet Union are not compatible, therefore, my military career had to end. With no remorse, I could go back to my favorite occupation, working in the field. Quoted in "The matter of my whole life" - by Marshal A.M. Vasilevsky - Moscow, Politizdat, 1978 - Page 30. Conditions to the north of us, in the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts zone of action, and our offensive on Kharkov demands that we not lose time and we commit all forces so that we can draw off as many divisions as possible from Kharkov. And even if we do not draw them off, at least we will not give Manstein the ability to take any of his units from our part of the front. If we attract one or two German tank divisions - it will be the best contribution to the defeat of the enemy in the south. To Vasily Chuikov. Quoted in "Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War" - Page 228 - by David M. Glantz - History - 1989. By seizing the formerly little-known Height 102.0 – the Mamayev Hill - the Red Army fought its way to the fascists' den – Berlin. We are proud to say that our victory in Stalingrad radically changed the whole situation in the Second World War. And this victory meant that our Motherland had withstood one of the most difficult tests in its history. Quoted in "The Voice of Russia," Copyright 2002. A man who knew his job as he spent a long time commanding a regiment and who earned great respect from everybody. Georgy Zhukov. It was my view that the catastrophe. . . . could have been avoided if Vasilevsky had taken the position he should have. He could have taken a different position. . . . but he didn't do that, and as a result, in my view, he had a hand in the destruction of thousands of Red Army fighters in the Kharkov campaign. Nikita Khrushchev. Wikipedia has an article about: Aleksandr Vasilevsky
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Latest essay: MyOpenMath/Pulling loose threads Latest lesson: Phasor algebra See special:permalink/1863356 for a wikitext version of this quiz. %[[File:Quizbankqb_{{SUBPAGENAME}}.pdf|thumb|See[[:File:Quizbankqb_{{SUBPAGENAME}}.pdf]]]] %CurrentID: {{REVISIONID}} %PDF: '''[[:File:Quizbankqb_{{SUBPAGENAME}}.pdf]]'''%Required images: [[file:Wikiversity-logo-en.svg|45px]] %This code creates both the question and answer key using \newcommand\mytest %%% EDIT QUIZ INFO HERE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newcommand{\quizname}{QB/AstroLunarphasesSimple} \newcommand{\quiztype}{conceptual}%[[Category:QB/conceptual]] %%%%% PREAMBLE%%%%%%%%%%%% \newif\ifkey %estabkishes Boolean ifkey to turn on and off endnotes \documentclass[11pt]{exam} \RequirePackage{amssymb, amsfonts, amsmath, latexsym, verbatim, xspace, setspace,datetime} \RequirePackage{tikz, pgflibraryplotmarks, hyperref} \usepackage[left=.5in, right=.5in, bottom=.5in, top=.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{endnotes, multicol,textgreek} % \usepackage{graphicx} % \singlespacing %OR \onehalfspacing OR \doublespacing \parindent 0ex % Turns off paragraph indentation \hypersetup{ colorlinks=true, urlcolor=blue} % BEGIN DOCUMENT \begin{document} \title{AstroLunarphasesSimple} \author{The LaTex code that creates this quiz is released to the Public Domain\\ Attribution for each question is documented in the Appendix} \maketitle \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth]{666px-Wikiversity-logo-en.png} \\Latex markup at\\ \footnotesize{ \url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}} \end{center} \begin{frame}{} \begin{multicols}{3} \tableofcontents \end{multicols} \end{frame} \pagebreak\section{Quiz} \keytrue \printanswers \begin{questions}\keytrue \question At midnight a new moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice western horizon \choice eastern horizon \choice overhead \CorrectChoice below the horizon \end{choices} \question At midnight a full moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice below the horizon \CorrectChoice overhead \choice eastern horizon \choice western horizon \end{choices} \question At 6pm a third quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice overhead \choice eastern horizon \choice western horizon \CorrectChoice below the horizon \end{choices} \question At 6am a 1st quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice eastern horizon \choice western horizon \choice overhead \CorrectChoice below the horizon \end{choices} \question At noon a full moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice western horizon \CorrectChoice below the horizon \choice eastern horizon \choice overhead \end{choices} \question At 6pm a full moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice western horizon \choice overhead \choice below the horizon \CorrectChoice eastern horizon \end{choices} \question At 6pm a 1st quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice below the horizon \CorrectChoice overhead \choice western horizon \choice eastern horizon \end{choices} \question At 6am a full moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice overhead \CorrectChoice western horizon \choice below the horizon \choice eastern horizon \end{choices} \question At noon a third quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice overhead \CorrectChoice western horizon \choice below the horizon \choice eastern horizon \end{choices} \question At noon a 1st quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice western horizon \CorrectChoice eastern horizon \choice overhead \choice below the horizon \end{choices} \question At noon a new moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice below the horizon \CorrectChoice overhead \choice western horizon \choice eastern horizon \end{choices} \question At 6pm a new moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice eastern horizon \CorrectChoice western horizon \choice overhead \choice below the horizon \end{choices} \question At 6am a third quarter moon would be\ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \CorrectChoice overhead \choice eastern horizon \choice western horizon \choice below the horizon \end{choices} \question At midnight a third quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice below the horizon \CorrectChoice eastern horizon \choice western horizon \choice overhead \end{choices} \question At midnight a 1st quarter moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice below the horizon \choice overhead \choice eastern horizon \CorrectChoice western horizon \end{choices} \question At 6am a new moon would be \ifkey\endnote{ placed in Public Domain by Guy Vandegrift: {\url{https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/special:permalink/1863356}}}\fi \begin{choices} \choice overhead \choice western horizon \CorrectChoice eastern horizon \choice below the horizon \end{choices} \end{questions} \newpage \section{Attribution} \theendnotes \end{document}
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The verb forms uhlla, thangara and thaamasikara in the above Thanju and Paalu passages are present participial adjective forms. The phrases containing these forms are equivalent to a relative clause in English: Hotel le thaamasikara puhlleiahl means 'the boys. who stay in a hotel' or 'the boys staying in a hotel'. In Braahmik there is no relative clause, threre are only participial adjectival phrases that precede the head noun. Participial adjectives can be formed from the present and past tense bases by just adding the suffix -a. The future 3 rd p n form itself serves as the future adjectival participle, but that form is very rarely used in Braahmik. A few verbs like iru 'to be', poo 'to go' or aa 'to be, become' have these forms formed irregularly. They are listed below : Irukara, irundha, irukum, poora / poohara, poona, poohum and aara / aahara, aana, aahum Dilli ki poora vandi means 'the Delhi bound train' Poona varsham means 'last year, the year that went by' Naan poona varsham Madras le irundha poodhu means 'when I was in Madras last year' The participial adjectives are the same for all genders and numbers. Padikara paian, padikara paszangahl, padikara pohnnu all mean 'student(s)'. Padicha manushan, padicha pohnnu mean 'the educated man, the educated girl' For the future tense, instead of using the form ending in -um, the construction made up of the infinitive of a verb plus the present adjectival participle poora is used: Nie padicha paadam 3 (muuhn) aavadhu, nie padika poora paadam 4 (naal) aavadhu means 'the lesson you studied is the 3 rd, the lesson you are going to study is the 4 th'.
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Julia Gillard (born 29 September 1961) was the 27th Prime Minister of Australia and led the Australian Labor Party, serving from 24 June 2010 to 27 June 2013. She previously served as the 13th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia and the deputy leader of the Labor Party, from 2007 to 2010. She is the first woman in Australia to have held the offices of deputy prime minister, leader of the Labor Party and prime minister. I don't support the idea of a big Australia with arbitrary targets of, say, a 40 million-strong Australia or a 36 million-strong Australia. We need to stop, take a breath and develop policies for a sustainable Australia... I support a population that our environment, our water, our soil, our roads and freeways, our busses, our trains and our services can sustain. "Gillard rejects 'big Australia'", in The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 June 2010 Now I understand for Mr Downer and other members of the chattering classes in the Liberal Party: they might think what qualifies you to know about national security, is you sit in a minister's office typing press releases all of your lives, with the greatest risk to your personal safety being a papercut – Mr Downer might think that's appropriate; well I do not. Response to criticism by former Liberal Foreign Minister Alexander Downer "Julia Gillard slams Downer over security", in ABC News, 30 July 2010 What I believe, what the Labor Party believes, is that marriage is between a man and a woman. 2010 Australian federal election press conference, 2 August 2010 "Julia Gillard on gay marriage", on ABC News, 2 August 2010 There will be no carbon tax under the government I lead. 2010 Australian federal election ALP policy announcement, 16 August 2010 "PM says no carbon tax under her govt", on Ten News, 16 August 2010 I suggest Australians rush to their kitchens and check that their spoons aren't bent after that performance. Following a "death stare" and rebuke by the Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Julie Bishop, in Question Time, c. February 2011 "PM labels Opposition's carbon tax rollback plan as 'reckless'", in PM (ABC), 26 February 2011 I know the Leader of the Opposition [Tony Abbott] has an unhealthy kind of obsession with the so-called "faceless men in the Labor Party"; what he really should be obsessed about is the useless men sitting behind him. In Question Time, c. March 2012 "Labor cleans up after aftermath", in Insiders (ABC), 4 March 2012 Will the misogynists and the nut jobs on the internet continue to circulate them? Yes, they will. And it wouldn't matter what I said and it wouldn't matter what documents were produced and it wouldn't matter what anybody else said, they will pursue this claim for motivations of their own which are malicious and not in any way associated with the facts. In a press conference where she addressed accusations of impropriety during her tenure as a Slater & Gordon lawyer "Prime Minister Gillard responds to accusations", in 7.30 (ABC), 23 August 2012 Here he [Abbott] is, trying to fudge one way and fudge the other; This morning he went out and accused me of a crime. Back it up or shut up. In Question Time, 29 November 2012 It's a cute project to work on. Explaining why she was knitting a toy kangaroo for Prince William, Duke of Cambridge's expected baby. Evening Standard, Tue 25 June 2013. p. 5 We cannot have the government or the Labor party go to the next election with a person leading the party and a person floating around as the potential alternative leader. Anybody who enters the ballot tonight should do it on the following conditions: that if you win you're Labor leader, that if you lose you retire from politics. Calling for a vote of confidence "Australia politics: Gillard, Rudd in leadership vote", in BBC News website, 26 June 2013 There's been a lot of analysis about the so-called gender wars . . . me playing the so-called gender card because heavens knows no-one noticed I was a woman until I raised it, but against that background, I do want to say about all of these issues, the reaction to being the first female Prime Minister does not explain everything about my Prime Ministership, nor does it explain nothing about my Prime Ministership. I've been a little bit bemused by those colleagues in the newspaper who have admitted that I have suffered more pressure as a result of my gender than other Prime Ministers in the past but then concluded that it had zero effect on my political position or the political position of the Labor Party. It doesn't explain everything . . . it explains some things. And it is for the nation to think in a sophisticated way about those shades of grey. What I am absolutely confident of is it will be easier for the next woman and the woman after that and the woman after that - and I'm proud of that. Resignation Press Conference after leadership ballot "Australia's Prime Minister Julia Gillard Defeated In Shock Leadership Challenge by Kevin Rudd", in Huffington Post, 26 June 2013 Hindsight can give you insights about what went wrong. But only faith, reason and bravery can propel you forward. In an op-ed to the Guardian Australia, following the Second Rudd Government's defeat at the 2013 federal election. "Julia Gillard writes on power, purpose and Labor’s future", in Guardian Australia, 14 September 2013 During a debate moved by then-Leader of the Opposition Tony Abbott on 9 October 2012 to remove then-Speaker Peter Slipper for alleged sexist comments, Gillard delivered a speech rebuking Abbott's own attitude towards her (transcript) I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. I will not. And the Government will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. Not now, not ever. The Leader of the Opposition says that people who hold sexist views and who are misogynists are not appropriate for high office. Well, I hope the Leader of the Opposition has got a piece of paper and he is writing out his resignation, because if he wants to know what misogyny looks like in modern Australia he does not need a motion in the House of Representatives; he needs a mirror. I was very offended personally when the Leader of the Opposition, as Minister of Health, said, and I quote, “Abortion is the easy way out.” I was very personally offended by those comments. You said that in March 2004, I suggest you check the records. I was also very offended on behalf of the women of Australia when in the course of the carbon pricing campaign the Leader of the Opposition said, 'What the housewives of Australia need to understand as they do the ironing.' Thank you for that painting of women's roles in modern Australia! I was offended when the Leader of the Opposition went outside the front of the parliament and stood next to a sign that said 'Ditch the witch'. I was offended when the Leader of the Opposition stood next to a sign that described me as a man's bitch. I was offended by those things. Misogyny, sexism, every day from this Leader of the Opposition. Every day, in every way, across the time the Leader of the Opposition has sat in that chair and I have sat in this chair, that is all we have heard from him. I indicate to the Leader of the Opposition that the government is not dying of shame—my father did not die of shame. What the Leader of the Opposition should be ashamed of is his performance in this parliament and the sexism he brings with it. The Leader of the Opposition says, 'Do something'; well he could do something himself if he wanted to deal with sexism in this parliament. He could change his behaviour, he could apologise for all his past statements and he could apologise for standing next to signs describing me as a witch and a bitch—terminology now objected to by the frontbench of the opposition. He could change standards himself if he sought to do so. But we will see none of that from the Leader of the Opposition, because on these questions he is incapable of change. He is capable of double standards but incapable of change. Good sense, common sense and proper process are what should rule this parliament. That is what I believe is the path forward for this parliament, not the kinds of double standards and political game playing imposed by the Leader of the Opposition, who is now looking at his watch because, apparently, a woman has spoken for too long [loud protests from the Opposition benches]—I have had him yell at me to shut up in the past! Gillard, Rudd and various key Labor Party officials involved in the Rudd and Gillard Governments (2007–13) participated in the 2015 Australian television, The Killing Season, which analyses the events of the Rudd-Gillard years. The first episode of the series focussed on Rudd and Gillard as leader and deputy leader, respectively, and their successes in power, as well as early signs of leadership instability (Episode One, ABC). It's a big emotional thing to do, to challenge the leadership of your political party. There is nothing pleasant about it, there's nothing fun about it. It's quite a horrible gut-wrenching process. Tactics hadn't gone [Rudd's] way – I had taken a view about something else forming the issue of the day – and after the tactics meeting broke up he very physically stepped into my space, and it was quite a bullying encounter. It was a menacing, angry, performance. Gillard recalls a tactics meeting held during the Rudd Opposition years; she was the Manager of Opposition Business in the House at the time. I thought that, that side of [Rudd's] character – the very anxious, 'I must be in the media, I must shine in Parliament today' – would fall away when he became Labor leader and there was no more fighting for the spotlight; the spotlight was well and truly on him. The second episode of the series documented the events leading up to the leadership challenge in June 2010 (Episode Two, ABC). The sense of regret that we didn't need to be here. The sense of friendship lost, something very special lost, the team ability of the two of us. That was sitting very heavily on me. Gillard recalls what was most troubling to her during the 2010 Labor Party leadership turmoil. I was seriously worried about his psychological state, I thought he wasn't coping, and he wasn't showing any signs of finding a way back to coping ... At that point, if you'd asked him to make a huge decision as Prime Minister on that day, yes, I would have been concerned about his capacity. My sense of him at that point was that he was spent in a physical and psychological sense. Recalling Rudd's psychological status in January 2010, following the December 2009 Climate Change Summit, in Copenhagen. Kevin was very fragile in the face of criticism including the implied criticism that comes with bad polls or bad news stories. In terms of the big decisions before the Government, he was incapable of making them. He, as a seasoned politician from the TV cameras could turn it on, but his demeanour behind closed doors was absolutely miserable, irritated. If I was going to summarise it: personally miserable, politically paralysed. It is not normal for a Deputy Prime Minister to end up running a Prime Minister's diary, chairing staff meetings. It's not normal for a Deputy Prime Minister to be trying to manage so that quality speeches are given. I don't think it would have been possible ... You always have choices, yes, but I don't think there was any way of stuffing the genie back into the bottle. Responding to the claim that she would have been able to call off her leadership challenge against Rudd, following their final meeting on the night of 23 June 2010. The third and final episode of the series focussed on the immediate aftermath of the 2010 leadership spill, Gillard's term as Prime Minister, and Rudd's challenges to the leadership (Episode Three, ABC). I always had this long shadow from the way in which I became Prime Minister, and active steps were taken basically every day of my prime ministership to have that shadow become darker and darker, not lighter and lighter. I was very conscience that if you put even your toe on this very sticky piece of paper, then you would be caught on it. On her initial decision not to disclose details of her final meeting with Rudd, prior to challenging him for the Labor Party leadership in June 2010. There is nothing that should lead you to expect bastardry of that magnitude. Hard things happen; a hard thing happened to Malcolm Turnbull, a hard thing happened to Bob Hawke, a hard thing happened Kim Beazley, a hard thing happened to Kevin Rudd, a hard thing happened to me. You can still make choices on how you conduct yourself. Referring to leaks against Gillard allegedly made by Rudd during the 2010 election campaign. I really don’t know why this wasn’t a career ending moment for Tony Abbott. Sexism is no better than racism. In response to Opposition leader Abbott standing in front of signs labelling Gillard a "witch" and a "bitch". When there was bad behaviour – and Kevin consistently danced right out on that line of bad behaviour – I couldn’t do that much to discipline him because the nature of minority government is kind of everybody’s got their hand on the grenade and anybody could pull the pin. It did seem to me that tomorrow you could wake up to anything, and that there just are no rules anymore. It was inconceivable to me that the kind of anti-Labor work that Kevin had been involved in – the destabilisation, the leaking – would be rewarded by the leadership. I could hear the forces massing. I was very keen to make sure that I got our big reforms done before those forces could reach a critical point. You've got to gather yourself, you've got to give the speech, go see the Governor-General, do all of that. And then you get to have a few drinks with friends, so that's not that hard. Gillard lists the events which followed her loss to Rudd in the June 2013 Labor Party leadership spill I don’t see what alternate reality was possible other than the one’s we lived through. So I think people are really wistfully hoping for something that was never going to be. In response to suggestions that Rudd and Gillard were better as a team, as opposed to rivals. "There was no cataclysmic moment of revelation, but as I moved into my 20's, doubts grew and then overwhelmed." ... I suspect there was nothing original about my journey, but it led me to a quiet, but firm belief: that this mortal world, is it. And, our measure as human beings, is entirely defined by what we do within it. 'Because it's there' could never be enough of an explanation for entering politics. ... My focus on work comes from my own childhood and my own personal experience. My parents, particularly Dad, taught me through word and deed that the world does not owe you a living. That you should expect throughout your life to be required to earn what you intend to spend. Wikipedia has an article about: Julia Gillard Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Julia Gillard
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Given that the voltage source is defined by V s ( t ) = c o s ( t ) {\displaystyle V_{s}(t)=cos(t)} and the current source is defined by I s ( t ) = 2 s i n ( t − π 3 ) {\displaystyle I_{s}(t)=2sin(t-{\frac {\pi }{3}})} , find all other voltages, currents and check power. Knowns: V s , R 1 , R 2 , L , C , I s {\displaystyle V_{s},R_{1},R_{2},L,C,I_{s}} Unknowns: v 1 , v 2 , v C , v L , i 1 , i 2 , i C , i L {\displaystyle v_{1},v_{2},v_{C},v_{L},i_{1},i_{2},i_{C},i_{L}} Equations: v 1 = R 1 ∗ i 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}=R_{1}*i_{1}} v 2 = R 2 ∗ i 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}=R_{2}*i_{2}} i C = C ∗ d d t v C {\displaystyle i_{C}=C*{d \over dt}v_{C}} v L = L ∗ d d t i L {\displaystyle v_{L}=L*{d \over dt}i_{L}} i 1 + I s − i 2 − i C = 0 {\displaystyle i_{1}+I_{s}-i_{2}-i_{C}=0} i c − I s − i L = 0 {\displaystyle i_{c}-I_{s}-i_{L}=0} v 1 + v 2 − V s = 0 {\displaystyle v_{1}+v_{2}-V_{s}=0} v C + v L − v 2 = 0 {\displaystyle v_{C}+v_{L}-v_{2}=0} numeric solution calculated in the phasor domain attempt at a Laplace solution simulation at circuitlab
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Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on a fatally flawed character or system, that is, a flaw ultimately results in death or destruction. Scholars divide the plays into periods. A first-period tragedy (from 1590-1594) is Titus Andronicus. Shakespeare's greatest tragedies come from his second and third periods. Romeo and Juliet is an example of a second-period tragedy, as is Julius Caesar. In the third period, Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra. Titus Andronicus, about a Roman king whose daughter is raped, is full of violence and comedy. Romeo and Juliet is about teenage romance and how it can be stopped by feuding families. Julius Caesar is an historical tragedy concerning the ethics and consequences of political assassination. Hamlet is about a tortured young prince who is obliged to kill his uncle to avenge his father's death. Othello is about a Moor who is deceived by the machinations of his servant Iago, and his love for Desdemona. King Lear is about a king who divides his kingdom between three daughters, two of whom turn on him and the third, who truly loves him, is unrecognized. This is considered to be Shakespeare's darkest tragedy and was not performed for many years. Antony and Cleopatra is about two great lovers and nobility is an important theme in it. So are the relations between two very different cultures: Egypt and Rome. Macbeth, set in Scotland, is about an ambitious Thane who murders the King in order to ascend to the throne. Titus Andronicus Script Titus Andronicus Study Guide Romeo and Juliet Script Romeo and Juliet Study Guide Julius Caesar Script Julius Caesar Study Guide Hamlet Script Othello Script Timon of Athens Script Timon of Athens Study Guide King Lear Script King Lear Study Guide Macbeth Script Antony and Cleopatra Script Antony and Cleopatra Study Guide Coriolanus Script Coriolanus Study Guide
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In light of a major station redevelopment initiative, Union Station Redevelopment Corporation (USRC), the non-profit organization that manages operations at Union Station in Washington, D.C., utilized a team from George Mason University’s Transportation Policy, Operations, and Logistics (TPOL) graduate program to evaluate international examples of rail station redevelopment projects. The purpose of the evaluation was to discover lessons on effective planning, financing and construction that might be applied to the redevelopment of Union Station. The research focused on four rail station redevelopment projects that incorporate a multimodal focus, utilization of public-private partnerships (P3s) and broader cultural or economic factors that catalyzed political and financial support for the projects. The four projects were Atocha Railway Station in Spain, Poznán Glówny Railway Station in Poland, St. Pancras International Station in England, and Southern Cross Railway Station in Australia. The Atocha redevelopment project was part of a national initiative to significantly expand access and connectivity to high-speed rail (HSR) service in Spain and to the broader European Union (EU). The project created a dedicated HSR hub with four major rail lines. The new terminal construction cost was $265.8 million USD. The Poznán Glówny redevelopment project was designed to create a modern, multimodal transportation hub that would leverage unused land to revitalize the neighborhood and improve access for a major sporting event in 2012. Heavy utilization of P3s in construction and as part of long-term sustainability measures were key aspects of the project. The project’s total cost was $186 million USD. The St. Pancras redevelopment project was a key capacity access and economic redevelopment project. St. Pancras is a HSR connector for London to the Eurostar through the Channel Tunnel. The redevelopment project was a strategic component of a much larger economic development project that heavily incorporated P3s. The entire project’s redevelopment cost was slightly north of $1.2 billion USD. The Southern Cross redevelopment project sought to improve rail access prior to the 2006 Commonwealth Games and lay the groundwork for significant P3 economic development and management. The rail station redevelopment was plagued with a number of process, political and financial outcomes that demonstrate the benefits and risks of P3 involvement. The financial settlement to contractors alone was nearly 60 percent of the initial projected cost of the station project and while design flaws resulted in limitations to accessibility and the retention of exhaust fumes, the economic benefits from the project are manifest. Rail station redevelopment projects rely heavily on government funding. Unlike aviation, highways and shipping, passenger rail struggles to cover operating and infrastructure costs. While European passenger rail fares better, new high-speed rail lines are struggling to attract unsubsidized ridership and under fare pressure from low-cost airlines. Several of the rail station redevelopment projects profiled utilized P3s, seeking to accelerate construction timelines while maximizing private-sector efficiency and revenue streams. Each case study analysis includes a description of ownership and identifies planned or achieved finance structures. The role of P3s is addressed from the standpoint of advantages and disadvantages. Each project’s perceived economic, community and cultural benefits and sustainability features are also documented. The role of external economic and cultural activities in creating a political framework favorable to the project is also addressed. The findings are mixed: given the minimal return-on-investment (ROI) from the projects, political support required to secure government investment was obtained as a result of amplifying project value based on cultural (Poznán Glówny, Southern Cross) or broader economic (St. Pancras, Atocha) strategies. Union Station is a heavily utilized multi-modal rail hub with well over 100,000 visitors daily. The station serves traffic from Amtrak passenger rail, commuter rail (Virginia Railway Express, Maryland Area Regional Commuter), Metro rail, and charter and city buses. In addition to its role as a regional transportation hub, Union Station's proximity to the U.S. Capitol complex results in significant utilization by tourists. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, the station is visited by over 30 million people annually, many simply to take advantage of its restaurants. Currently, the station is undergoing repairs, major interior renovations, and other significant changes to improve access to trains, metro lines and buses. The USRC tasked the practicum team with evaluating international examples of rail station redevelopment focusing on how to finance and build a multi-modal, transit oriented, station that includes heavy and light rail. Additional parameters included that the team review a minimum of four station projects and that projects were within the last ten years. Key aspects of the projects included: description of financial structures and ownership, economic and community benefits and sustainability efforts that were incorporated into the design. Each of the four stations reviewed includes heavy or light-rail components and is currently underway or completed within the last 10 years. The projects incorporated P3s, which are considered important for broader economic or cultural development strategies and incorporated multi-modal and sustainability features similar to Union Station. The information presented in this paper is drawn from relevant literature, analyses, and current planning, design and construction efforts from four international multimodal train stations. After an initial screening of more than 20 stations, the research team narrowed the scope to the seven stations that most closely met the project criteria (Atocha, Madrid, Spain; Central Station, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Poznań Główny, Poznań, Poland; Southern Cross, Melbourne, Australia; St. Pancras Station, London, England; Union Station, Toronto, Canada; and Zurich Hardbrücke, Zurich, Switzerland). After meeting with USRC, the team received approval to move forward with the research on the seven stations. After a second stage of review eliminated three additional stations due to lack of data, the final four stations selected are Atocha, Poznań Główny, Southern Cross, and St. Pancras. While the key focus of the report is centered on the four case studies, an overview of key concepts and practices includes examples from many of the projects examined. The Atocha Railway Station, located in Madrid, services commuter, intercity and regional trains coming from the south (Alta Velocidad Española or AVE high-speed rail). The railway station was originally built in 1851 but was mostly destroyed by a fire. The station reopened 30 years later. with several remodeling efforts in the mid 1980s and early 1990s, the station has had several facelifts to include retail, dining and a botanical garden. On March 11, 2004, Atocha was struck by a terrorist attack. A memorial now stands in the station to remember the victims from the 2004 bombings. The station’s redevelopment focuses on an airport-style process for arrivals and departures. The new building is designed to separate the arrival and departure areas entirely. The station operates at 80 percent capacity and serves 16 million passengers per year. There are a total of 13 platforms and 24 tracks at the station. It is the largest station in Madrid and is to be considered the hub for the high-speed rail system – attributed to its geographical location in the center of the country. The ongoing and projected Atocha Railway Station and high-speed rail expansion include the following deliverables: Madrid-Badajoz line towards Lisbon Madrid-Alicante-Murcia and Valladolid-Burgos-Vitoria high-speed lines Enlargement of Madrid’s Atocha station, and a new tunnel for high-speed use connecting Madrid’s Atocha and Chamartín stations Construction of the third and fourth tracks on the high-speed section between Torrejón de Velasco and Madrid High-speed Valladolid-Galicia line The main objectives for these development projects are to increase rail capacity and connect southern high-speed rail networks to Madrid. Also, construction of Atocha’s new terminal will allow the station to handle increased capacity levels from the rail expansion across the country. The Atocha expansion is one of the largest multimodal railway projects in the world. The project includes modifications to the railway station along with the addition of new high-speed rail tracks (both an expansion and new construction). Spain’s high-speed rail lines, which are slated to reach every major city, will be developed to 10 times the original railway network size. The country’s rail expansion also allows 90 percent of its citizens to be within 30 miles (50 km) of a railway station. Figure 1: Spain’s high-speed rail expansion Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons The Atocha station and rail lines are owned by the Spanish government. An execution plan approved in 2005 by the Council of Ministers identified the development of Spain’s high-speed rail network as their top priority through the Strategic Planning of Infrastructure and Transport (PEIT), along with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport. These initiatives helped lay the groundwork for substantial future investments in high-speed rail across Spain. Existing maintenance, construction and operations are overseen by Spain’s rail infrastructure administrator, Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviariasor (ADIF). Renfe, a company overseen by ADIF, operates Spains passenger and freight rail network. In 2009 the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and Transport secured funding through the European Investment Bank (EIB) for the expansion of Madrid’s Atocha Railway Station, also known as “Madrid Puerta de Atocha”. The first phase of Atocha’s project timeline spans from 2010 to 2015 with a final project completion date of 2025. Existing funding for both the railway station and high-speed rail expansion has been secured by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and Transport and incorporated as part of the EIB’s commitment to invest 5 billion euros into the development and expansion of Spain’s high-speed rail network. The Atocha Chamartin high-speed rail funding through the EIB was issued in 2012. As part of the project deliverables, Atocha’s new rail terminal is estimated to cost €251 million ($265.8 million USD). Phase one of the entire railway expansion is estimated at €624.4 million ($661 million USD). The project’s total rail and terminal expansion is scheduled to be complete by 2025. The EIB has issued a total budget of €5 billion ($5.29 billion USD) for the entire project. Concerns have been raised regarding railway stations with slower development. Stops such as Guadalajara, Camp de Tarragona – which require millions of dollars for construction – may lack the necessary passenger volume to recoup costs. Even with reduced passenger fare rates, a decrease in anticipated development within certain areas of the country might call into question the scope of the rail expansion. The design and expansion of the Atocha station is integrally related to the development of high-speed rail networks in Spain. This driving force behind Atocha’s expansion is one reason why the station is expected to see an increase in revenue. In some countries, high-speed rail is already the main mode of rail transportation and in others expectations for high-speed rail are high. Spain is counting on this new form of rail travel to increase the use and popularity of its rail system. The country plans to market its rail system, promoting faster travel and new technology to intrigue potential customers. Spain’s plan is to connect the entire country with the expansion of its AVE high-speed rail. There are already 6-8 lines in operation, with another 8-11 in construction or planning phases. With the increase in high-speed rail throughout Spain there is also the assumption that businesses in and around rail stations will see increase in revenue. On a larger scale, cities and towns not visited often may be more accessible thanks to high-speed rail and thus these smaller communities may benefit economically from increased visitors. The new AVE rail lines will provide access to parts of Spain and Europe that are in some cases too distant or expensive using other modes (air travel, conventional rail travel). Renfe does not yet know whether all communities will be accepting of the development of new rail stations in their towns. The Atocha station features a botanical garden over an area of 4,000 m2(43,000 square feet). While this specific feature is not generating renewable energy for the station or promoting a green future, it is a unique feature to the station and is a tourist attraction. Perhaps implementing tourist attractions within the station, with sustainability at the core or not, can generate revenue to the station and its surrounding businesses. St. Pancras rail station in London was originally opened in 1868 but had fallen into disrepair by the turn of the 21st century. Between 2001 and 2007, the station was redeveloped and expanded as part of the new Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL, later rebranded as High Speed 1 or HS1), which connects Paris, Brussels and London. The station expansion allowed for the accommodation of the 400-meter (1,312 feet) Eurostar trains in addition to a growing number of passengers. Before the redevelopment, the station served 55,000 passengers in the morning peak; with HS1 to the Channel Tunnel and forecast growth, this was expected to rise to 92,000 by 2011, with 300,000 passengers daily. The development of the HS1 between Paris and London created several engineering challenges, including the construction of new high-speed rail lines that increased speeds on the British side of the Channel to 186 mph (300 km/h). St. Pancras was selected as the international terminus in London in part due to its proximity to King’s Cross, a main station within the London Underground.The station’s redevelopment served both to better coordinate various transportation modes and to refurbish the original Victorian architecture of St. Pancras. The final version of the government’s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was published in 2012. The NPPF sets out the government‘s expectations and requirements from the planning system and is meant as high-level planning guidance for local officials. This approach allows the planning system to be tailored to reflect the needs and priorities of individual communities. The NPPF defines the delivery of sustainable development through three roles: planning for prosperity (an economic role); planning for people (a social role); and planning for places (an environmental role). The NPPF recognizes that transport policies have an important role to play in wider sustainability and health objectives as well as their direct influence on development. It seeks to ensure that the transport system is balanced in favor of sustainable transport modes giving people a real choice about how they travel. In alignment with the goals of the NPPF, the vision for King’s Cross was to deliver a sustainable development for London – a lasting place for people and a community with a long-term future that supports changing patterns of social and economic behavior. The government was strongly committed to urban redevelopment in east London, thus pushing for St. Pancras as the HS1 terminus. St. Pancras station is a gateway to London and served the London Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012. With infrastructure dating from the 1860s, future ease of maintenance and longevity remain a priority. Planners placed a particular emphasis on preventing or managing water ingress, an endemic problem in some older stations. The design also sought to maximize the use of natural light. Designed to handle a large number of international passengers and acting also as a profit center for its franchise holder, the redeveloped St. Pancras station looks in some ways like an international airport. The adjacent King’s Cross St. Pancras Underground Station offers local, regional, national and international transport modes – 10 in total. In November 2007, after a long renovation, St. Pancras went "international" with the arrival of the Eurostar on its tracks. The platforms had to be lengthened to accommodate the modern trains, which previously arrived at Waterloo Station, about two miles away. A terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe via HS1 and the Channel Tunnel, with platforms for domestic trains to the north and southeast of England. High-speed Eurostar trains connect London from St. Pancras Station with Paris, Brussels and some smaller destinations. The restored station has 15 platforms, a shopping center and a bus station. In St. Pancras, 9,000 m2 (97,000 square feet) of retail space are directly connected to passenger flows. Along with the adjacent area known as King's Cross Central, St. Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways and is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail. Previously classified as a private company, Network Rail was reclassified as a central government body in 2014. Network Rail's main customers are the separate and mostly private-sector train operating companies, responsible for passenger transport, and freight operating companies. Network Rail does not run passenger or freight services. Thus, Network Rail and the train operating companies have the shared responsibility of delivering train services. Essentially, HS1 leases St. Pancras to Network Rail, and Network Rail outsources day-to-day operations of the station to Eurostar. Network Rail’s other stations are managed by whichever company won the franchise to operate the line that serves them. }}Riot, “A European Perspective on the Planning of Major Railway Stations.” An £850 million investment ($1.26 billion USD) – up from an initial estimate of £310 million ($460 million USD) – by London & Continental Railways re-established St. Pancras as a major transport hub, and made it the new London terminus of Eurostar. In February 2006, the Secretary of State for Transport announced £50 million ($73 million USD) in funding for the completion of the station, plus another £10-15 million ($15-$22 million USD) to for the installation of associated signaling and other lineside works. The station’s northern ticket hall now enables passengers to interchange easily between different transport modes. The station is well placed to serve new mixed-use developments north of King’s Cross. A pedestrian walkway now runs under Pancras Road from the eastern entrance of the domestic concourse to the new northern ticket hall of King's Cross St. Pancras tube station (opened November 2009) and the new concourse for King's Cross railway station (opened March 2012). King's Cross station is the southern terminus of the East Coast Main Line, one of Britain's major railway backbones providing high speed inter-city services. It is also a London terminus for Great Northern, which provides commuter services in the region. The land between and behind the two stations is being redeveloped with nearly 2,000 new homes, 5.3 million ft2 of office space and new roads as King's Cross Central. The St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel was opened in 2011 in what had previously been the Midland Grand Hotel, which operated between 1873 and 1935. The redevelopment benefits along the HS1 may create as many as 100,000 and 50,000 new homes near the four intermediate stations (St. Pancras, Stratford, Ebbsfleet and Ashford). The structures in St. Pancras redevelopment and surrounding King’s Cross area have a design life of 120 years. Sustainable construction techniques maximized use of permanent works in intermediate stages to reduce temporary works, thereby saving steel. Pulverized-fuel ash, a waste product from power stations, was used as a cement replacement in the construction. The public area environment needs careful control of carbon dioxide levels and the fan power provided is more efficient than the minimum required by building regulations. Lighting has also been designed for efficiency, with the ability to reduce illumination levels outside opening times and using movement detectors back-of-house to cut energy use and lamp operational hours. The Poznań Główny Railway Station is located in Poznań, Poland, the country’s fifth largest city with nearly 550,000 inhabitants, roughly 200 miles west of the Polish capital of Warsaw. Poznań Główny is an interchange station for domestic travel in Poland and international destinations in both western and eastern Europe. The station became operational in 1879 and is regarded as a landmark in the city. Throughout its history, Poznań Główny has experienced various stages of reconstruction. During World War II, the station suffered major damage and was restored with classical features. During the reconstruction periods in the 1960s and 1970s, the station received more upgrades where it acquired modernist features. In November 2007, the Polish National Railways – Polskiei Koleje Panstwowe S.A. (PKPSA) made an announcement for a possible P3 project in Poznań that would include a train station, along with retail development, to be completed in time for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships (Euro 2012). The selection of Poland and Ukraine as hosts for the Euro 2012 games provided the incentive to redevelop Poznań Główny into a true multimodal facility. In April 2007, Poland and Ukraine were selected to host Euro 2012, a soccer tournament held every four years to determine the continental champion of Europe. In an effort to prepare for the events, both governments began to plan large-scale infrastructure projects and investments in the cities where the games were to be hosted. Poznań was selected as a host city with the Polish cities of Gdasnk, Warsaw and Wroclaw. The redevelopment of the train station would not only improve access for the Euro 2012 tournament, it would also leverage unused land for the public private partnership arrangement and incentivize revitalization for the community. The redevelopment of Poznań Główny transformed the facility into a multimodal transportation hub. With over 6,000 personnel working on the project, the redevelopment was completed in a relatively short time in two phases. The first phase was completed after 10 months of construction. On May 29, 2012, the new Poznań Główny railway station was inaugurated by Poland’s President Bronisław Komorowski and featured a new station building located above the railway tracks accompanied by retail space. Apart from Warszawa Centralna, the primary railway station for Warsaw, Poznań Główny is the only Polish rail station built over platforms. The station serves PKP intercity rail system that operates daily trains domestically and internationally. The Poznań Fast Tram, the only grade-separated light rail line that operates in the city, connects the train station with Poznań’s northern suburbs in 10-20 minutes. The second phase would integrate the new station building together with a retail and shopping center to complete the Poznań City Center project. The grand opening of Poznań City Center occurred on October 25, 2013. The redevelopment has generated numerous economic, environmental, and societal benefits for the city. The improved transportation infrastructure has been a catalyst for new business and housing opportunities. Exactly six months after inauguration of the project, the building suffered a structural setback. A large section (330 m2, 3,550 square feet) of suspended ceiling on the second floor of Poznań City Center collapsed. The building was shut down for two weeks due to the serious nature of the incident. TriGranit received severe criticism due to the amount of negative publicity that was generated. According to Cichla, “Frustrated shoppers vented their frustration on the internet and in the local media”. Retails owners in the City Center and locals were also skeptical of the issue since the building was sold to another owner one month prior to the ceiling collapsing. The station’s redevelopment team designated to execute the project would be selected based on the following three criteria: Experience on completing such projects Credibility of the proposed business model Estimated potential returns In October 2009, a separate PKP selection committee formed that granted TriGranit, a Budapest-based property developer specializing in large-scale retail and office developments, negotiating exclusivity in October 2009. In June 2010 the joint venture agreement was signed. The ownership for Poznań Główny Railway Station consists of two major players, Polish National Railways and Trigranit Development Corporation. (PKPSA) owns 257 acres of land (104 hectares). A large part of this land is unused and also considered valuable urban space. PKPSA is the dominant railway operator in Poland, maintaining full responsibility for management of all of the other PKP Group companies, and managing 14,558 miles of railway tracks. They are in approximately €1.1 billion ($1.18 billion) in debt due to inefficiencies, lack of strategic management, and lingering results from the socialist period. Employment numbers in 2010 were of 90,000 in comparison to 152,000 in 2001. TriGranit has had stake in all of the three agreements signed for the project (investment agreement, train station development agreement, and project management agreement). Responsibilities have included securing equity and debt financing, leasing and selling the project, full cost overrun risk, financing and building the train via the joint venture at a lump sum (subject to penalties), and general project management for the project. PKPSA’s responsibilities included contributing the land to the joint venture, once TriGranit fulfilled key criteria, and repaying costs of train station to join venture from the revenues generated by its operation. The budget consisted of accounting for land cost (€15 million; $16. 1 million USD), hard cost (€109 million; $117.3 million USD), soft cost (€40 million; $43 million USD) and financing cost (€9 million; $9.7 million USD), totaling €173 million ($186 million USD). The sources of funding were to come from PKP – land contribution (€15 million; $16.1 million USD), TriGranit (€49 million; $52.7 million USD), and debt financing (€109 million; $117.3 million USD), totaling €173 million ($186 million USD). The debt financing presented some problems initially, including the withdrawal of a large German lender in December 2010. In order to accommodate the unexpected loss, a consortium of five banks was put together along with a development and investment loan facility, signed in December 2011. The consortium included facility agent BZ WBK (Santander), Nordea, Raiffaisen, BRE Bank, and HypoNOE, for a total of €109 million ($117.3 million USD) in financing. Key decisions were made unanimously, including the finance agreement, architect’s agreement, main construction contracts, project exit, and changes to the business plan. Other decisions required the involvement and participation of public figures, such as decisions pertaining to the train station requiring approval from the Minister of Transport. The size and complexity of the project made PKP’s assistance critical to the success of the project. The redevelopment of the rail station has attracted a lot of business into the area. Poznań City Center incorporates 58,000 m2 (624,000 square feet) of leasable space as well as 230 shops and 35 bars, restaurants, and cafes. Altogether, it is estimated that 2,500 jobs have been created for the local economy. New residential districts are also being constructed as a part of the redevelopment process, which is bringing in more revenue into the city while also improving on the housing stock. From a community perspective, users of the railway station are benefitting from several new features. Poznań City Center incorporates a new station building as well as a new bus station with 19 bus bays. The station building also contains new ticketing and waiting areas which provide a sense of place, safety and security for individuals arriving at or departing from the station. In addition, a 1,500-space park and ride facility was constructed for private commuters. One key aspect of the project was the incorporation of several sustainability components. The redevelopment took into consideration the need to provide better access for pedestrians and bicyclists. A new road design structure featuring three kilometers (1.85 miles) of bicycle lanes was built on-site, along with an area for secure bicycle parking. In addition, new rain water infrastructure was also constructed to offset some water and discharge runoff. What is now Southern Cross Railway Station first came into existence in 1859 as “Batman’s Hill” station. The station was first constructed to serve Melbourne at the beginning of the Victorian Gold Rush, a two-decade period that transformed the small settlement on Australia’s south east coast into one of the largest and richest cities in the world by the late 1800s. Renamed “Spencer Street Station,” the makeshift outdoor platforms became the terminus of several different early rail lines into the city. In the 1880s, Melbourne became the focus of new national plans to link the Colony of Australia by rail. Spencer Street Station would become the starting point for this national rail network as well as the hub of Melbourne’s regional multimodal transportation system by the turn of the century. Spencer Street Station grew with the city around it, which developed into an urban metropolis of 3 million people by the 1990s. The station underwent a major redevelopment between 1960 and 1962 to integrate a new standard gauge direct connection to Sydney. With this direct connection several improvements followed, including new tracks, boarding platforms, and a station building. The station’s new facilities were designed to accommodate the future City Loop, the city’s first subway rail, which was first planned in 1929, but not fully constructed until 1985. The completion of the City Loop relieved some of the heavy traffic that crowded Spencer Street Station by constructing three new underground stations and looping many inbound suburban trains around the central business district, similar to Chicago’s elevated loop system. Spencer Street Station, however, remained the main terminus station for intercity trains from Sydney, Adelaide and Canberra, as well as regional trains, along with some commuter rail lines. The need to accommodate future growth at Southern Cross Station therefore remained a topic of debate into the late 1990s. Urban revitalization for Melbourne was a key focus of Victoria’s Premier, Jeff Kennett, who publicized several high profile capital improvement projects in the city, leading up to a bid for the 2006 Commonwealth Games in 1997. The Commonwealth Games are a major international sporting competition featuring 71 countries competing in traditional British games such as netball, badminton, and lawn bowl. Similar to the format of the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games are held once every four years in a different host city. The host city is charged with building accommodations and infrastructure for up to 4,000 competing athletes and 100,000 international visitors for the 10-12 day period. One of the largest projects associated with the bid was a $2 billion ($1.52 billion USD) plan to redevelop the blighted Docklands waterfront behind Spencer Street Station. The Docklands redevelopment plan, called “Melbourne’s Millennium Mark,” became controversial because of its developer focus and lack of community engagement. While the Plan called for creating a fully redesigned urban waterfront, building several high rise office and residential buildings, and creating a walkable, pedestrian environment, the only major project realized by the end of the decade was Victoria Stadium (now known by its sponsor name Etihad Stadium). Located directly behind Spencer Street Station, the stadium then became the focus of the Commonwealth Games bid, which was awarded to Melbourne after the two other bidding cities dropped out in 1998. With an unprecedented influx of tourists expected to attend the Games, the already overcrowded Spencer Street Station received a new and urgent focus for redevelopment. In addition to creating new capacity to handle the rush of spectators attending the Commonwealth Games, the redevelopment project was advertised as the remaking of the “integral hub of Melbourne’s public transport system.” The high hopes for the project in the early part of the decade are evident in media sources as officials claimed that the new station would “transform accessibility for travelers, provide a link to the emerging Docklands, and regenerate the west-end of Melbourne.” While the Docklands district had hosted intense industrial and shipping activity during World War II, the development of new ports closer to major shipping channels south of city in the 1970s left behind a vacant and blighted waterfront just west of the central business district. Plans to redevelop the Docklands were considered as early as the 1980s as part of a bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. While the Olympics were awarded to Atlanta instead of Melbourne that year, the Docklands plan generated interest and support in remaking the station from a rail line divider of the city into a modern hub that would serve as a connector between Melbourne’s Central Business District and a new urban waterfront, mixed-use development district. Southern Cross Station now spans 22 standard tracks and 16 platforms. It is the main terminus station for all Australian national rail lines to Melbourne. It is also a station on the City Loop subway and a main station for several regional and commuter rail lines. There are bus, taxi, and street tram connections as well. The station serves 1,000 trains a day and an average of 35 million passengers each year. While the redevelopment of the station did not meet all of the hopes and promises of project officials, the project arguably served its greater purpose by becoming the impetus that finally drove investment and development to the blighted Docklands section of Melbourne. With better transit access, increased pedestrian traffic, and the commercial and retail investment that the P3 project brought, urban development has taken off around Southern Cross Station in the last decade. The Southern Cross P3 deal included a partnership structure which created a private consortium of major foreign and domestic corporations contributing certain areas of expertise. The consortium is called Civic Nexus and includes Leighton Contractors (Australia, engineering/construction, ABN Amro (Netherlands, finance), Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners (UK, architecture) and Honeywell (US, systems/engineering). Civic Nexus designed, financed, and built the station, and is now responsible for the operations and maintenance for the full lease term of 30 years. At the end of the lease, the contract can be renegotiated and renewed. If either party chooses not to renew the contract, the station will be returned to the Victoria government in working order. The redevelopment of Spencer Street Station into “Southern Cross Station” was designed as a P3 financing structure in an attempt to deliver the redevelopment in a more efficient and cost-effective way due to the time and financial constraints associated with the deadline to complete the project prior to the 2006 Commonwealth Games. An iconic undulating rooftop structure covering the open platforms was proposed by architect Nicolas Grimshaw (whose design firm would become part of the Civic Nexus consortium which was awarded the P3 contract in 2002). The new expanded station would offer a grand entrance to the City of Melbourne for visitors to the games, while functioning as the city’s main public transportation hub for years to come. Unlike traditional design-build contracts used to deliver major infrastructure projects, this P3 deal had a design-build-finance-operate-maintain (DBFOM) contract that almost completely handed the reins over to the private sector. The Southern Cross P3 operates under an availability payment arrangement. This means that the State of Victoria will pay Civic Nexus $30 million ($22.8 million USD) per year for the 30 years so long as Civic Nexus is operating and maintaining the station in good condition. The payment is only made if the station is available for use, and penalties can be enforced if the station does not meet certain performance measures including track conditions, cleanliness of the station, and HVAC system functionality. As the P3 deal was intended to realize cost efficiencies, a P3 project financial analysis was completed to compare the incoming private bids with the cost of the public sector conducting the entire DBFOM functions of the project. The Value for Money Analysis determines the difference between the private sector’s bid based on cost-efficiencies and risk valuations of the private sector, and the Net Present Value (NPV) of the asset to the State (the Public Sector Comparator). In this case, the State of Victoria Public Sector Comparator figure for the project (with all risk and liabilities incurred by the State), $228 million ($173 million USD) was more than the Civic Nexus Consortium bid, allowing an advantageous deal to go forward in which the State gets a brand new station, at a (theoretically) reduced overall cost, with an annual payment that is manageable. The total cost of construction, an estimated $700 million ($532 million USD) would be forwarded by the financial backers of the consortium. The consortium hoped that this upfront cost would be made back and turned into a profit through collecting annual availability payments and capitalizing on the retail and commercial opportunities of the station. Australia’s economic policies in 1990s followed a trend of increasing government partnership with the private sector modeled after Margaret Thatcher’s privatization program in the UK. The privatization of Melbourne Commuter Rail lines was one among many privatization initiatives of newly elected Victoria Premier Jeff Kennett in 1992. As part of the Infrastructure Investment Program for Victoria, designed to solve the State’s budget woes through privatizing government services, Kennett transferred $33 billion ($28.08 billion USD) worth of public assets, including ports, utilities, hospitals, and prisons, over to private sector ownership during his seven years in office. However, Kennett faced a challenge with public transport. The Public Transport Corporation (PTC), which was the regional public authority charged with operating the commuter train system (as well as Melbourne’s street tram system and the Victoria ‘V/Line’ regional trains), operated at a steep loss, and had to be subsidized heavily by the state government. Kennett started out by cutting PTC’s expenses deeply, removing all staff from stations, conductors from trains and trams, and slashing operating costs by $250 million ($190 million USD) per year. Following the defunding, Kennett broke up the PTC into five separate corporate entities: two operating separate commuter rail lines, two operating a divided street tram system, and one for the State’s regional train lines. The government then began the process of transferring these systems to private operation through the experimental use of P3. The idea for breaking up the Victoria public transportation system into different entities was to encourage competition among the new private operators, in order to drive investment and enhance service. In this case, each contract to lease and operate the rail/tram lines was for 10-15 years, and although the main infrastructure was already built and existing, the P3 deal required the franchisee to procure about $1.1 billion ($836 million USD) worth of new rolling stock and infrastructure upgrades. The government provided base contract payments that were locked in as availability payments upfront, as well as additional financial incentives for exceeding minimum service standards for punctuality and reliability. The fares from the multimodal ticketing system went into a common pool to be divided between operators based on system usage. Despite high hopes, just over three years into the new contracts, three of the six operators fell into insolvency and financial crisis, forcing the government to the renegotiation table. New contracts were eventually drawn up to resolve the crisis, and continue private operation of the system at a higher cost to the government. Population statistics from the Docklands neighborhood highlight the rapid development of the area. In 2001, only 787 residents lived in the isolated Docklands neighborhood west of Spencer Street Station. By 2011, this emerging district was home to 7,418, a ninefold increase in 10 years. In the same ten years, the median weekly household income rose from the $1,000-$1,199 category to $1,900 in 2011. ($760-911 to $1,444 USD) (The 2001 Australian Census of Population and Housing reported median income data in a range for small statistical areas.) Also the percentage of employed persons in the neighborhood who used public transit to commute to work increased from 7 percent to 25 percent. The population increases are skewed toward younger families as well, with the biggest population increases present in both the 25-34 age group and the 0-4 age group. Even those who promoted the Southern Cross station redevelopment acknowledge that the project came in over budget and behind schedule. However, the effect of the major investment on the economic and community growth of a blighted area of Melbourne should not be underestimated. Today, the transportation plan for the Docklands expects continued growth in the neighborhood, stating, “Whilst Docklands has experienced some challenges as it has developed over time, the early provision of transport infrastructure to service the precinct remains a model for other urban renewal projects to follow.” The Docklands neighborhood is still growing today, and the district is expected to be fully developed by 2025, with 20,000 residents and $17.5 billion ($13.3 billion USD) in total private investment. The Atocha and St. Pancras projects are great examples of how government support for these projects was enhanced by broader national government policies. In both instances the rail station redevelopment projects were framed within a broader national objective that bolstered the strategic and economic value of the projects. The Atocha project expanded the capacity of the largest rail station in Madrid and a key hub for the government’s stated goal to dramatically increase access to high-speed rail service. The Spanish government was able to expand its domestic goal by tying it to the EU’s goal to increase EU interconnectivity with high speed rail service. As a result, the EU actually helped in financing the project. The vision for Atocha was not as grand as the vision at Union Station. Atocha’s redevelopment was expected in order to accommodate the high-speed rail industry in Spain. There appears to have been little focus on redeveloping the surrounding area for business. Atocha was the smaller part of a larger plan, and had less of a chance to not meet expectations as a result. The Union Station redevelopment appears to be designed and backed locally by parties who have a stake in Union Station and its surrounding land. Atocha’s redevelopment benefits greatly from the participation of the Spanish government. As a result, the vision and expectations became a reality. The St. Pancras station redevelopment project was designated as the main hub for HS1. Redevelopment projects around the station were considered a major component of the national and local government’s long-term economic plans for the region. The Poznań Główny and Southern Cross Station redevelopment projects provide examples of linking infrastructure projects to a popular social or cultural events. The popularity among the public creates a receptive political environment for infrastructure improvements needed to accommodate event participants. The combination of national pride, promised economic benefits and political gains enhance cooperation and likelihood of success. For instance, when the announcement came in 2007 that Poland and the Ukraine had been selected to host Euro 2012, efforts began immediately at the national and local level to prepare city facilities to host the influx of foreign visitors. The Poznań Główny redevelopment project was considered a strategic improvement to prepare for the event. The popularity of the event provided the political cover and incentive for national and local governments to cooperate to ensure that the project was completed on time. The popularity that came with hosting the games ensured that no one in government wanted to be held responsible for delays resulting in the rail station project not being completed on time. In the push to complete the station by the Euro 2012 deadline, Poznań Główny faced a number of challenges. Some of the challenges included a lack of governmental support, bottlenecks and red tape, but there was also a critical structural issue that occurred after project completion. The Southern Cross project is another example in which a major project was catalyzed around an upcoming event. Planning to upgrade the Southern Cross station began in the late 1990s. Once Melbourne had been awarded the Commonwealth Games for 2006, completing the project prior to the games became a significant focus. The popularity of the games, the desire to maximize the economic value of hosting the games and the political fallout if the project was mishandled helped to focus government agencies and private-sector partners to ensure that the project was completed on time. Southern Cross is a great example of what happens when support from a local entity wanes. The state required the redevelopment consortium to keep the station at full operation capacity throughout the project, meaning work could only occur for three hours at night. This proved even more daunting than originally expected as construction crews struggled to move equipment in place, complete daily tasks, and leave enough time for clearing the tracks, cleaning the site, and re-electrifying the system before the morning rush.79 Because of the dangerous work and undesirable hours, construction crews had to be paid much more than normal, often just to sit and wait. Though there were difficulties related to the P3 and timeline pressures that resulted in the construction not being completed until after the Commonwealth Games, the event itself served as a significant catalyst to moving the project forward. Even after the station was completed in 2006, it has suffered from design issues. Its award-winning roof caused concerns in the form of complaints from workers and passengers alike that the station is not circulating air quickly enough to prevent the buildup of train exhaust on the platforms.80 In 2011, the state agreed to front the funding for fitting large fans onto the roof , although many believe that more needs to be done to fix the problem.81 In addition, the new station layout has resulted in significant inconvenience to thousands of passengers who use the station every day, and the station has been criticized in urban design circles for poor connections to secondary streets surrounding the station and awkward pedestrian junctures.82 Rail station redevelopment projects are hard to effectively develop and manage under the best of circumstances. Effective projects link successful redevelopment to strong political, cultural or economic conditions that exaggerate the value of the project in order to meet other objectives. P3s create additional incentives for projects to be completed on-time and within budget. The intertwining of rail station redevelopment to commercial development goals turns station project success into a key component of the private-sector development. This intertwining of goals serves as a catalyst for various government and private-sector entities to monitor and accelerate project completion. Rail station redevelopment projects are some of the highest profile infrastructure projects. Largely funded by government revenues they involve various levels of political risk for elected officials and fiscal risk for private-sector partners. Building public and government support for such projects in the development phase is a key aspect of ensuring that projects can sustain support throughout the design, contract and construction phases. The political risk of high-profile projects is amplified by the inverse of the maxim popularized by President John F. Kennedy that “victory has 100 fathers and defeat is an orphan.” When it comes to transportation infrastructure projects the public barely remembers or rewards leaders for successful projects, but a mere mention of the “Big Dig” in Boston or the Channel Tunnel that connects England with France is enough to send elected officials running. When the easy answer from government leaders is to oppose a project, successful project leaders manage political risks throughout the development, design and construction phases. While differences in national governmental structures and processes exist between the case study nations and the United States, each project benefited from strategic economic, cultural or political realities that bolstered public and government support. Valuable lessons from each provide insights regarding how to position projects to maximize political and financial support and minimize vulnerabilities. When applying these lessons it is important to remember that current trends in U.S. national policy-making create unique challenges. As Brookings’ Patrick Sabol and Robert Puentes stated: “Political dysfunction, a challenging fiscal environment, greater project complexity, and the sheer size of the need across different sectors are forcing leaders across the country to explore new ways to finance the investments and operations that will grow their economies over the next decade.” Major infrastructure projects that rely heavily on government funding, multi-jurisdictional permitting processes and cooperation with private-sector actors are fraught with political and structural challenges. It is not enough to have a project that meets a public need. When framing the project’s benefits, it is important to demonstrate how the project fits into the political environment for each government agency involved in project financing, oversight and approval. The rail station redevelopment project case studies all benefited from political and economic factors that amplified the value of the projects beyond the sheer analytics. Finding those strategic benefits and maximizing their value catalyzes legislative and regulatory processes and enhances the likelihood of project support. Good project political risk assessments require a strategic evaluation of the political drivers and external issues motivating each government entity involved in the process, an assessment of how the project fits within the goals and objectives of government actors and development of clear, transparent and accountable project legal frameworks and reasonable project timelines. Major infrastructure rail projects funded primarily through government appropriations benefit from strategic management of political risks. Aligning rail station redevelopment projects with political realities amplifies the likelihood of support. Ignoring these realities leaves otherwise worthy projects vulnerable. The four case study projects all benefited from strategic political calculations that aligned the projects with popular social events or strategic political and economic realities. This amplified the value of the project beyond the calculable economic benefits and framed the projects within a broader political and economic context. “Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias.” Wikipedia, n.d. w:Administrador_de_Infraestructuras_Ferroviarias “Atocha Railway Station, Spain.” Railway Technology, n.d. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/atocharailwaystation. “Atocha Train Station.” Tourism. Go Madrid, 2015. http://www.gomadrid.com/transport/atocha.html. “2011 Census Community Profiles,” n.d. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/communityprofile/SSC20402. ———. “Population Growth: Capital City Growth and Development,” June 24, 1996. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/924739f180990e34ca2570ec0073cdf7!OpenDocument. “AVE (Alta Velocidad Espanola),” n.d. w:AVE “AVE High Speed Train.” Railway. Eurail, 2015. http://www.eurail.com/trains-europe/high-speed-trains/ave. Banister, David, and Mark Thurstain-Goodwin. “Quantification of the Non-Transport Benefits Resulting from Rail Investment.” Journal of Transport Geography 19, no. 2 (March 2011): 212–23. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.05.001. Blanco, Victor, Justo Puerto, and Ana Ramos. “Expanding the Spanish High-Speed Railway Network.” Omega 39, no. 2 (June 11, 2010): 138–50. “Botanical Garden Inside Atocha Train Station.” Environmental/Nature. Amusing Planet, n.d. http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/09/botanical-garden-inside-atocha-train.html. Cichla, Aneta. “When It All Caves in Crisis Situations in Shopping Centres: Case Study of Poznań City Center.” Eurobuild CEE, June 2014. http://english.eurobuildcee.com/?page=edition&id=1279&id_article=2647. “Conexion AVE Atocha Chmartin,” June 21, 2011. http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2009/20090633.htm. Davidoff, Ian, and Jose Gomez-Ibanez. Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator, October 4, 2006. Del Valle Serrano, Matilde. “Spain: European Investment Bank and Public Works Ministry Sign Agreement to Provide
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In the previous part of the book we give an extended example of a program for Human Expansion. The narrative there is intended to show why complex programs exist, how they are organized and designed, and how they evolve. For that purpose, a summary of design studies and decisions based on them is sufficient. In this fifth part of the book we include the design studies in their full detail. This is to show by example how the analyses, calculations, and decisions are done. We also include incomplete work-in-progress studies. Readers are encouraged individually or in teams to add to and improve these studies. This gains skill and experience applying the methods described earlier in the book, and in working in teams, which is how most real projects are carried out. Contributions to studies can also serve as resume items when looking for paid work. which are too detailed or too incomplete to include in the main narrative of the book. Any added results from these studies will be incorporated into earlier parts of the book. As an electronic book, it can be constantly improved, rather than the somewhat static condition of paper textbooks. The list of studies below is organized first by level of study completion, then by expected order of use within the program. We use the term "full" rather than "completed" because no engineering work is every truly complete. As time passes, assumptions made in the study will be affected by real-world changes, and new technology and ideas will get developed. As a consequence, the study could be updated or revised to reflect these changes. For an actual engineering project, however, you must reach a conclusion or make a decision, and proceed to more detailed design or production. This section includes studies which are sufficiently complete that such conclusions or decisions can be made from them. At present (Oct 2012) none of the studies have reached that point. These are studies which have been started, but have not reached completed or full status. They are given their own sections, with as many pages as needed by their length, and approximate completion status is noted here. Conceptual Design for Human Expansion (Status: approx 20%) - This study carries through a first stage analysis and design of the program as a whole. The principal purposes are (1) to determine if such a program is desirable over existing programs, and (2) establish one or more baseline designs for the next stage of work if the program is found desirable. Because this study looks at the whole program, it is the first one to be worked on. Seed Factory Concept Development (Status: approx 10%) - This study attempts to formulate concepts for a "Seed Factory", a starter set of equipment that both outputs more equipment to expand itself and also useful products. It is part of a separate Wikibook on that topic. These are ideas for future studies which have not been started yet. They do not have their own section yet, but are merely described here. The two nearest objects in velocity terms beyond Earth orbit are the Moon and Near Earth Objects (NEOs). If you want to obtain materials or set up production, the question is which to start with? The options are Moon first, NEO first, or both in parallel. Composition The composition of the Moon and NEOs is different. The Moon does have some Carbon in it, around 100 parts per million. Chondrite asteroids are approx 0.4% carbon (4000 ppm). So given 40 time richer "ore", and the ability to run your processing plant 100% of the time vs 50% on the Moon (lunar night), you likely want to mine an asteroid to get the carbon to *build* a space elevator. Like for terrestrial mining, location of the mine and richness of the ore determine where you want to mine. Access Some studies will turn out to be unnecessary, merged with other studies, or otherwise determined to not be useful. They are listed here to have a record of work done previously. This is different than a completed design study for an option not chosen. In that case the study was useful in making the choice among alternatives. No discarded studies are in this category yet.
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This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. A chess opening theory table or ECO (Encyclopedia of Chess Openings) table presents lines of moves, typically (but not always) from the starting position. Notated chess moves are presented in the table from left to right. Variations on a given line are given horizontally below the parent line. Theory tables are a way of representing chess variations from a position in a quick reference manner. Chess opening books sometimes make extensive use of them to represent a good amount of information in a compact form. Here on Wikibooks the compactness is not so useful, but the quick reference manner can help the chess player familiar with theory tables quickly locate the information required. Chess opening theory tables are commonly published in opening books with annotations by experienced chess players. These tables are typically arranged in a compact manner to allow experienced players to see variations from a position quickly. Usually, the table indicates that either White or Black has equal, slightly better, or better chances at the end of the variation. Sometimes, this information is distilled down to mere symbols or the percentage of games (usually tournament games) where White won – no information is usually given on what the assessment is based on or how to proceed in the game. Typically, each table has a heading indicating the moves required to reach the position for which the table provides an analysis. The first row provides the move numbers with subsequent row representing different variations. White half-moves are shown above black half-moves. Ellipses (...) represent moves that, for the variation, are identical to the variation above. Bold type indicates that another variation is considered elsewhere – usually in another table. A dash (-) indicates that the variation transposes to a variation elsewhere. Transpositions are common in chess – a given position can often be reached by different move orders – even move orders with more or fewer moves. It is common to add notes regarding whether a certain variation is considered better for White or for Black. This is done at the end (i.e. to the right) of every variation, using shorthand notation regarding specific positions. For instance, the remark += (or +/=) indicates that White has a slight advantage. If reversed (=+ or =/+) this would be true for Black instead. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e5 1.e4 Nf6 Chess opening theory books that provide these tables are usually quite large and difficult for beginners to use. Because the table entries typically do not include the themes or goals involved in a given line, beginners will either try to memorize the tables (not an easy task) or simply drown in the detail. Chess Opening Theory aims to bridge this gap by providing this type of information at the end of each line. Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation English Attack 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be3 e5 7. Nb3 Be6 8. f3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be3 e6 7. f3 The Classical Main Line 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 Qb6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 Be7 Classical Variation 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be7 8. O-O O-O 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be2 e6 7. O-O Other sixth moves for White 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. f4 Fischer–Sozin Attack 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bc4 e6 7. Bb3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bc4 e6 7. Bb3 Richter–Rauzer Attac 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O Bd7 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bc4 e6 7. Be3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Be2 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. Be3 Bg7 7. f3 O-O 8. Qd2 Nc6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. Be3 Bg7 7. f3 Nc6 8. Qd2 O-O 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6 6. Be2 a6 7. O-O 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6 6. g4 1. e4 c5 2. Qxd4 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bb5+ Bd7 4. Bxd7+ Qxd7 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bb5+ Nc6 4. O-O Bd7 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bb5+ Nd7 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. c3 Nf6 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Nc3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e5 6. Ndb5 d6 7. Bg5 a6 8. Na3 b5 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6 6. Ndb5 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e6 5. Nc3 Qc7 6. Be3 a6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e6 5. Nc3 Qc7 6. Be2 a6 7. O-O Nf6 8. Be3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e6 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. Ndb5 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e6 5. Nc3 a6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e6 5. Nc3 d6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e6 5. Nb5 d6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 g6 5. Nc3 Bg7 6. Be3 Nf6 7. Bc4 O-O 8. Bb3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 e5 5. Nb5 d6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 Qc7 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 g6 4. O-O Bg7 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 e6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 a6 5. Bd3 Bc5 6. Nb3 Be7 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 a6 5. Bd3 Nf6 6. O-O 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 a6 5. Nc3 Qc7 6. Bd3 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 a6 5. Nc3 Nc6 1. e4 c5 2. Nxd4 a6 5. Nc3 b5 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. Nc3 a6 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d3 Nc6 4. g3 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. c3 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 g6 3. d4 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 a6 Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. 1999. Aleksandar Matanovic, editor, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings, 5 volumes (Belgrade: Šahovski informator)
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Friday, June 11, 2021 Music Related articles DaBaby Levitating remix losing US radio audiences after the rapper's comments on HIV/AIDS Taylor Swift's Evermore records biggest sales week of the year as it returns to No 1 on album chart Olivia Rodrigo's song good 4 u debuts at No 1 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart 'Rock and roll never dies': Italy wins Eurovision after 30 years Country singer Morgan Wallen's recording contract cancelled following use of racial slur Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Taylor Swift's Evermore album has returned to the top position on the Billboard 200 chart this week, after an 8307% increase in sales. Evermore, which was released in December, only had its vinyl edition issued on May 28, although preorders were available from the moment of the album's release. In the week ending on June 3, Evermore sold 192 thousand copies, setting the record for the biggest sales week of the year. Billboard credited the rise of Evermore back to No. 1 to a number of factors, including "modern-era record-breaking vinyl LP sales — 102 thousand — Swift-signed CDs and deep discounting on its digital album". The Billboard 200 chart ranks the most popular albums in the United States on a weekly basis, combining album sales and streaming. In this week's chart, Evermore jumped from 74 to 1, marking the biggest jump to the number 1 position since Radiohead's In Rainbows went from 156 to 1. Since then, three albums have also re-entered the chart at no. 1, the most recent of which was Bon Jovi's This House Is Not for Sale on the March 10, 2018 chart, caused by a bundling of concert tickets with the album. Evermore broke the record for the biggest sales week for a vinyl album, having initially sold over 40 thousand copies from May 28 to May 31 to edge out the previous record holder, Jack White's Lazaretto. By the end of the week, Evermore had sold 102 thousand vinyl copies. The delay of Evermore's vinyl release is due to the length of time vinyl records take to produce. As Evermore was only announced a day before its release, it is likely that there was not sufficient time before its release to complete the production of physical editions of the album, including vinyl editions. In other countries where Evermore hit no. 1 upon its December release, it also recieved a boost. On the United Kingdom's Official Albums Chart Top 100, Evermore jumped 70 spots to the no. 4 position. Australia's ARIA Top 50 Albums chart saw Evermore go up nine spots to no. 38. In New Zealand, Evermore was one of the fastest rising titles on the Official Top 40 Albums chart, re-entering at no. 30. "Official Top 40 Albums" — Recorded Music New Zealand, June 6, 2021 (date of access) "ARIA Top 50 Albums for week of 7 June 2021" — Australian Recording Industry Association, June 6, 2021 (date of access) "Official Albums Chart Top 100" — Official Charts Company, June 6, 2021 (date of access) Taylor Swift. "[1]" — Twitter, June 6, 2021 Caitlin White. "Taylor Swift’s ‘Evermore’ Returns To No. 1 On The ‘Billboard’ Chart Off The Strength Of Vinyl Sales" — Uproxx, June 6, 2021 Keith Caulfield. "Taylor Swift’s ‘Evermore’ Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart" — Billboard (magazine), June 6, 2021 Keith Caulfield. "Taylor Swift’s ‘Evermore’ Breaks Modern-Era Record for Biggest Vinyl Album Sales Week" — Billboard (magazine), May 31, 2021 Keith Caulfield. "Bon Jovi's Back at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart" — Billboard (magazine), March 4, 2021
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This course is aimed at getting participants producing music using Ableton's 'Live' software within ten core modules. Following the core modules will be a series of skill development modules accompanied by appropriate theory, practical exercises and example projects. The core modules with brief outlines are as follows: /Setting Up - This module covers installation, setup, file organization and some basics on music production software in general. /Navigation (GUI) - This module outlines the Graphical User Interface and builds familiarization with the program layout. /Audio - This module demonstrates how to record, edit and manipulate audio within 'Live'. /MIDI - This module provides an introduction to MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) including how to record, edit and manipulate it within 'Live'. /Virtual Instruments - This module takes a look at the range of virtual instruments in 'Live', demonstrates their various capabilities and proposes some ideas on their use. Plug-ins - This module covers the purpose, use and manipulation of both audio and MIDI Plug-Ins within 'Live'. Session View - This module deals with the unique 'Clip' view in 'Live', looking at how it can be used to organize, manipulate and perform components of a song. Arrange View - This module looks at how to turn your song components into an arrangement. Editing - This module outlines the core techniques for editing arrangements in 'Live'. Live - The final core module demonstrates how to make the most of the unique features and work environment which 'Live' offers. Throughout the core classes students will be encouraged to assimilate their new learning and practical skills into a musical project. On completion of the ten modules participants will have created a piece of music and be capable of producing further work using the software. The extended modules and brief outlines are as follows:
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The Free High School Science Texts: A Textbook for High School Students Studying Physics. About FHSST Contributors Introduction PGCE Comments TO DO LIST Introduction Unit Systems The Importance of Units Choice of Units How to Change Units—the "Multiply by" Technique How Units Can Help You Temperature Scientific Notation, Significant Figures, and Rounding Conclusion Definition Types of Waves Properties of Waves Practical Applications of Waves: Sound Waves Practical Applications of Waves: Electromagnetic Waves Important Equations and Quantities PGCE Comments TO DO LIST Introduction Examples Mathematical Properties Techniques of Vector Addition Components Importance Summary of Important Quantities, Equations, and Concepts TO DO LIST Definition Diagrams Equilibrium of Forces Newton's Laws of Motion Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Examples Summary of Important Quantities, Equations, and Concepts Definition Speed and Velocity Graphs Equations of Motion Important Equations and Quantities Definition The Momentum of a System Change in Momentum Properties Impulse Important Quantities, Equations, and Concepts Definition Work Energy Mechanical Energy and Energy Conservation Important Quantities, Equations, and Concepts Sources Essay 2: Tiny, Violent Collisions Types of Collisions Explosions Energy and Heat Important Equations and Quantities Properties Mass and Weight Normal Forces Comparative Problems Falling Bodies Terminal Velocity Drag Force Important Equations and Quantities Important Equations and Quantities Phases of Matter Deformation of Solids Ideal Gasses Temperature Thermal Properties of Materials Important Equations and Quantities Definition Charge Electrostatic Force Electric Fields Electrical Potential Important Equations and Quantities Flow of Charge Circuits Voltage and Current Resistance Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relate Ohm's Law Analogy Power in Electric Circuits Calculating Electric Power Resistors Nonlinear Conduction Circuit Wiring Polarity of Voltage Drops Series and Parallel Simple Series Circuits Simple Parallel Circuits Power Calculations Using Ohm's Law Conductor Size Fuses Important Equations and Quantities Permanent Magnets Electromagnetism Magnetic Units of Measurement Electromagnetic Induction Alternating Current Measurements of AC Magnitude Capacitive and Inductive Circuits Filters and Signal Tuning Active Circuit Elements Logical Gates Counting Circuits Models Structure Isotopes Energy Quantization Periodicity of Ionization Energy Successive Ionization Energies Bohr Orbits Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Ionization Energy Electron Configuration Valency Quantum Introduction Wave-particle Duality Composition Nucleus Nuclear Force Binding Energy and Nuclear Masses Radioactivity Nuclear Reactions Detectors Nuclear Energy Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion Elementary Particles Beta Decay Particle Physics Quarks and Leptons Forces of Nature Origin of the Universe This is part of a University of Cape Town project: RW James Building, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. Contributors might consider checking http://www.fhsst.org/ for the current status of the book and can contact the SA team at http://www.fhsst.org/
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The system was announced by March 30th, 2019. By April 15th, 2019 the system had launched. The system cost between $34.90 and $39.90 at launch, depending on the retailer. At launch much of the documentation was written in the Chinese language. The Kittenbot MeowBit uses a STM32F401RET6 microcontroller, containing an ARM Cortex M4 architecture processor. The system has 2 megabytes of SPI Flash storage. The system also has an SD card reader. The console uses a 1.8" color TFT LCD with a resolution of 160 by 128 pixels. A simple buzzer is used for audio. The system uses a MP6050 gyroscope for motion controls. The system also has a light sensor and a temperature sensor. The system is powered by a 3.3 volt 500 milliamp hour capacity lithium chemistry battery. The console is clad in casing made of silicone in either orange or baby blue colors. Notably the bottom of the console contains a BBC Micro:bit connector for expansion. "Meet Meowbit: Programmable Retro Game Computer" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvIrioiKMw4. Linder, Brad (15 April 2019). "Kittenbot Meowbit is a tiny, cheap, and programmable retro game console". Liliputing. https://liliputing.com/2019/04/kittenbot-meowbit-is-a-tiny-cheap-and-programmable-retro-game-console.html. "Kittenbot Meowbit Retro Game Console Features BBC Micro:bit Edge Connector". www.cnx-software.com. https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/04/15/kittenbot-meowbit-retro-game-console-bbc-microbit-edge-connector/. "Kittenbot Meowbit: A Handheld Micro:bit-Based Codable Gaming Console" (in en). Hackster.io. https://www.hackster.io/news/kittenbot-meowbit-a-handheld-micro-bit-based-codable-gaming-console-846429f85bdb. "KittenBot Meowbit - Codable Console for MakeCode Arcade". https://www.adafruit.com/product/4324.
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Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Monday, September 6, 2010 In the hopes of resolving Australia's political gridlock of a hung parliament after the 2010 Australian federal election, Independent member of Parliament (MP) for Kennedy in Northern Queensland Bob Katter has released a list of policy initiatives such as indigenous housing which he considers to be the criteria that will determine who he will side with to form a government. Katter, who was a former State Minister for Indigenous Affairs in Queensland, suggests that past governments have oppressed indigenous Australians and put issues pertaining to indigenous Australians on the backburner, stating "So what do you want? To just oppress them all until there's none of them left? That's the policy that's out there at the moment". Specifically, the MP calls for total indigenous control and employment of any Indigenous housing projects and for the government to aim to squash Queensland's wild rivers conservation legislation as he argues it will prohibit Indigenous Australians from using such sites for cultural and employment reasons. He remains confident that a High Court appeal led by Noel Pearson, an indigenous rights lawyer, would result in a positive outcome regarding the wild rivers but he wants a permanent solution to be developed by the Parliament. Australian federal election, 2010 Patricia Karvelas. "Black rights top Bob Katter's wish list" — The Australian, September 4, 2010 Bob Katter. "Bob Katter's list of demands" — The Herald Sun, September 3, 2010
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Münsterland is a mostly flat, agricultural region in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is mostly notable for its more than 100 castles and manors, resulting in its byname "Land of hundred castles". Moreover it is a centre of horse breeding and riding. 51.96257.62555555555561 Münster , biggest urban centre in the region 51.8333333333336.61666666666672 Bocholt , close to the Dutch border, former textile industry site 51.8308333333337.27833333333333 Dülmen , on the northern fringe of the Ruhr area 51.7680555555567.44444444444444 Lüdinghausen , small town with outstanding castles 52.2833333333337.43333333333335 Rheine Warendorf , internationally known stud farms, seat of several equestrian sport institutions 51.757.18333333333336 Haltern am See Naturpark Hohe Mark-Westmünsterland , one of the few hilly parts of the region (with heights of up to 157 m), covered with forests and protected as a nature park Most of the Münsterland was ruled by the prince-bishops of Münster until the French Revolution. It is known as one of the most Catholic and politically conservative regions in Northern Germany - an otherwise more Lutheran area. The population is often stereotyped as being very down-to-earth, quiet and stubborn, a stereotype that to varying degrees applies to most of Northern Germany. Standard German is spoken and understood throughout the Münsterland, only the older generation in rural areas still speaks Low German which is quite similar to Dutch (and—a little more distantly—related to English). There are some Dutch-speakers in Münster and the areas close to the Netherlands. Münster has a large number of university students and younger academics who usually speak English well, moreover the city's tourism industry is used to foreign guests. Students - especially those coming from other countries - are often fluent or reasonably conversant in English, German and one additional language, often Spanish or French. Münster Osnabrück Airport (FMO IATA) is a smallish regional airport with mostly domestic and a few sesonal/charter flights to holiday destinations around the Mediterranean Sea. From there, shuttle buses or taxis take you to Münster. The next major airport with more international connections is Düsseldorf (DUS IATA) (about 100 km to the south). Trains take you directly from Düsseldorf airport to Münster in 11⁄2 hours. Moreover you can use the airports of Dortmund (60 km to the South; direct train connection to Münster in about half an hour), Paderborn-Lippstadt (65 km to the South), or Weeze/Niederrhein Airport (NRN IATA) (55 km to the Southeast; mostly used by Ryanair). Intercity trains stop in Münster (hourly from Hamburg, Bremen, Düsseldorf, Cologne; every two hours from Frankfurt, Munich, Stuttgart) and Rheine (every two hours from Berlin, Amsterdam, Düsseldorf, Cologne). From there regional trains connect to other places in the Münsterland. Intercity buses serve Münster and as the Netherlands aren't too far away, there are some cross-border routes. Most places in the Münsterland are connected by regional buses. During the summer season, some buses carry trailers for bicycles. The Münsterland is a paradise for cyclists. Münster is known as Germany's bicycle capital and the mostly flat areas surrounding it are ideal to be discovered by bike, even for untrained cyclists. There are several well-paved and signposted cycling paths. Some towns can also be reached by regional trains. The region's main city, Münster, has an interesting old town (mostly rebuilt in the original style after the destruction of World War 2) with the baroque bishop's palace, historical town hall (where the Westphalian Peace treaty was concluded in 1648 ending the Thirty Years' War), cathedral and several churches and several parks. Moreover it is a lively university city and Germany's bicycle capital. The Münsterland's most relevant and numerous sights are its more than hundred castles, chateaus, palaces and manors of different eras, styles and sizes. Among the most notable of them are the Vischering Castle of Lüdinghausen, a Renaissance water castle that looks like a romantic prototype of the ideal medieval castle; and Schloss Nordkirchen (8 km southeast of Lüdinghausen), a large and imposing baroque brick palace surrounded by moats, that has been dubbed the "Versailles of Westphalia". The Burg Anholt water castle in Isselburg (15 km west of Bocholt) is another one of the biggest and most beautiful residences in Münsterland. Close to it is the so-called Anholter Schweiz, a large park with a lake, rocks and an imitated Swiss chalet, modeled to imitate a Swiss landscape around Lake Lucerne to please its Switzerland-enthusiastic owner. Interestingly some of the castles were started as monasteries, but later transformed into noble residences, e. g. Kloster Bentlage of Rheine or Cappenberg Castle near Selm (5 km north of Lünen). Most of these castles are surrounded by large, lush and well-tended gardens or parks. A lot less ostentatious but nonetheless lovely is the Haus Rüschhaus, a late-baroque country house a few kilometres outside of Münster, that served as the residence of the 19th-century poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, and has a beautiful and well-maintained baroque garden. The octagonal baroque St Mary's Chapel (Marienkapelle) of Telgte (12 km east of Münster) is the most important Catholic pilgrimage destination in Northern Germany. The traditions of the Münsterland's traditional crafts and industries may be studied at the Bocholt textile museum (with still operative, historical steam-powered weaving machines), the Pott's brewery beer museum of Oelde or the 300-year old premium grain brandy distillery Feinbrennerei Sasse in Schöppingen (9 km southwest of Steinfurt). 100-Schlösser-Route (route of the hundred castles), 305 km cycling path, divided into four sections The most popular activity for tourists is cycling. There are dozens of well-paved and signposted cycling paths, leading through the mostly flat landscape, meadows and light forest, alongside rivers and canals, from castle to castle. There is an excellent cycling infrastructure, lots of bike rentals and repair shops, many restaurants, shops and guest houses have their own bicycle parking. Most routes are suitable for beginners, too. If you are too tired to cycle back to your starting point, you may also take your two-wheeler along on the train or bus (many regional buses have trailers to load cycles during the summer). Moreover, the Münsterland is a heartland of horse breeding and riding, more than 10,000 horses live on the 1,000 equestrian farms of the region. Many of them have offers for tourists who may ride along dozens of recommended bridle-paths and routes. Riding lessons are offered to beginners. Apart from riding yourself, you can also watch shows and competitions at equestrian sport events. Other activities that visitors may engage in, include golf (about a dozen golf clubs), canoeing on the region's rivers, and hiking. Münsterländer Töttchen – sweet-and-sour ragout, traditionally made from beef innards; nowadays innards are replaced by meat and tongue in many restaurants. Himmel und Erde ("Heaven and Earth") – mashed potatoes and apples, served with bratwurst or liverwurst and onion rings Westphalian Wedding soup – broth with beef, vegetables and semolina dumplings The locals' favourite drink is beer. A number of smaller and medium-sized regional breweries still exist, including Pott's of Oelde and Pinkus Müller of Münster. The region's most popular liquor is Korn, i. e. grain brandy (usually rye, wheat or barley), which is produced in a few local distilleries. Sasse Lagerkorn is a grain brandy too, but it is barrel-aged and has a much more complex flavour, unlike your typical German schnapps, but rather comparable to whiskey. While you may have heard that Germans love their beer, in Northern Germany Korn actually has more importance than beer to many. However, it is not unheard of to order Korn and beer together, sometimes referred to as Herrengedeck (literally "gentlemen's menu"). Western Plains of Lower Saxony, to the North Overijssel in the Netherlands, to the West Teutoburg Forest, to the East Ruhr, to the South – densely populated urban and industrial agglomeration that remodels itself into a cultural metropolis
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According to college surveys, one in four college women reported they had been raped or had survived attempted rate at some point in their life (Fisher, 2000). This frightening statistic could easily represent someone you know and love. This is why preventing sexual assault is so important. There is much debate and confusion on the topic of sexual assault and what that really means. From the United States Department of Justice, sexual assault is defined as “any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient. Falling under the definition of sexual assault are sexual activities as forced sexual intercourse, forcible sodomy, child molestation, incest, fondling, and attempted rape (Sexual Assault).” A topic that is closely related to sexual assault is consent. There are many laws that dictate what consent is and when it can or cannot be given legally. For example, at Truman State University, consent cannot be given if the person is “incapacitated by drugs, alcohol, mental deficiency, or other disability (Definition of Sexual Misconduct).” Therefore, anyone who has been drinking alcohol cannot legally give consent for sexual acts. One way to prevent sexual assault it to use applications such as Circle of 6 or a system with friends to alert them when you are in a dangerous situation. Other ways include educating the population on what sexual assault is, how it arises, and on consent. References: Definition of Sexual Misconduct. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2014, from http://police.truman.edu/services/definition.asp Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice. Sexual Assault. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2014, from http://www.justice.gov/ovw/sexual-assault
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Module by: Nomfundo N. Dlamini The telephone system is not dimensioned such that all subscribers can be connected at the same time [2]. Providing sufficient resources to carry all traffic that could be offered in a telecommunications system would be very uneconomical [1]. Subscribers have to share resources because equipment at the exchanges is expensive. As a result of this, telecommunications systems are likely to experience problems at times, for example calls fail to get through. This phenomenon is termed blocking. Indiscernible amounts of blocking are acceptable in the telecommunication systems. Blocking in telecommunication systems is when a circuit group is fully occupied and unable to accept further calls [1]. It also referred to as congestion. Due to blocking in telecommunications systems, calls are either queueued (but not lost) or are lost (all calls made over congested group of circuits fail). Such systems are called queueing systems (delay systems) and lost-call systems respectively. An example of a queueing system: a message-switched exchange An example of a lost-call system: a circuit-switched exchange The proportion of calls that are lost or delayed during blocking portray the measure of the grade of service which is basically the measure of the service provided. A large grade of service indicates a poor service offered to the customer. The grade of service is always specified at the busy hour. The grade of service (B) in a lost-call system is defined as [1]: B = Number of lost calls / Number of offered calls B may also be defined as [1]: B = Lost traffic / Offered traffic B = Proportion of time in which congestion exists B = Probability that a call will be lost through congestion There are acceptable grade of service standards for different telecommunication systems [1]. Values which are lower than the stipulated values imply the systems offer poor service. 0.001 for cheap tie line circuits 0.002 for within building inter-exchange connections 0.01 for expensive international circuit groups 0.02 for cellular circuit groups The grade of service is the blocking probability. A higher grade of service implies high probability of loss during the busy hour. Blocking probability is the chance that a customer will be denied service due to lack of resources. A blocking probability of 0.01 means 1% of customers will be denied service. It should be as low as possible and can be decreased by [3]: Increasing resources in the system Offering incentives and discounts during off-peak hours to encourage usage of resources outside the busy hour. Two formulae are used for calculating the blocking probability: the Erlang-B and Erlang-C. The choise of formula is dependent upon the method of handling of customers when all resources are busy. Erlang-B: used for lost-call systems whereby calls are lost should all resources be busy. Erlang-C: used for queueing systems whereby calls are queued should all resources be busy. The Erlang-B formula is: P B = A N N ! ∑ i = 0 N A i i ! {\displaystyle P_{B}={\frac {\frac {A^{N}}{N! }}{\sum _{i=0}^{N}{\frac {A^{i}}{i!}}}}} .............(1) where A is the total traffic offered in units of Erlangs N is the number of circuits PB is the probability that a customer's request will be rejected due to lack of resources. The Erlang-C formula is: P c = A N N ! N N − A ∑ i = 0 N − 1 A i i ! + A N N ! N N − A {\displaystyle P_{c}={{{\frac {A^{N}}{N! }}{\frac {N}{N-A}}} \over \sum _{i=0}^{N-1}{\frac {A^{i}}{i! }}+{\frac {A^{N}}{N! }}{\frac {N}{N-A}}}\,} .................(2) where: A is the total traffic offered in units of Erlangs N is the number of circuits Pc is the probability that a customer has to wait for service Let us assume that a teletraffic engineer wants to design a telecommunications system that will be a lost-call system with a blocking probability of 0.02 (2%). The maximum amount of busy-hour traffic (BHT) that the engineer wants the system to support during the busy hour is 78 Erlangs. Using the Erlang B calculator, we can find the number of circuits or circuits that the engineer is supposed to budget for as being 90. Click here for Erlang-C calculator Exercise adopted from this link Consider the resource dimensioning of DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) receivers in the Xenon switching system. DTMF receivers are used to receive tones from the phone keypad and recognize the dialled digits. Thus a DTMF receiver should be allocated before dial-tone is fed to the subscriber. The DTMF receiver can be freed after digit dialling has been completed. The average duration of the digit dialling phase is 30 seconds. The total number of circuits in the system is 180. A XEN processor shall handle at least 20,000 originations in the busy hour. Calculate the blocking probability of the system stated using: The Erlang-B model . Solution [1] Kennedy I. G., Grade of Service. Teletraffic Engineering-ELEN7015 Full Lecturing Notes, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2007. [2] Iversen B. V., Teletraffic Engineering and Network Planning. http://oldwww.com.dtu.dk/education/34340/material/telenook.pdf, Last accessed: 10 March 2007 [3] EventHelix.com, Resource Dimensioning using the Erlang-B and Erlang-C. http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/CongestionControl/resource_dimensioning_erlang_b_c.htm, Last accessed: 12 March 2007.
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← June 20, 2009 June 22, 2009 → June 21 edit Sunday, June 21, 2009 The Audio Wikinews - News Brief is a two to five minute audio newscast summary of each day's top stories on Wikinews. News brief RSS From Wikinews, the free news source, this is the Audio Wikinews Brief for Saturday, June 21, 2009. I'm James Pain, and here are today's current stories. In the past day the violence has increased in Iran. It started this morning with a suicide bombing attack on a shrine of Iran's revolutionary leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The bombing was most likely planned at the shrine to anger Iranians because they revere Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as the founder of the Islamic Republic. The attacker and another person were killed in the blast, which succeeded in wounding eight pilgrims. There have also been reports that an innocent elderly man and younger female were both shot and killed. These are two of over 150 deaths, according to unconfirmed reports, over the last seven days. Earlier this month, former Republican U.S. Senator Bob Smith announced his candidacy for Florida's open Senate seat in the 2010 midterm election. Smith, who was one of New Hampshire's senators for two terms — which amounts to twelve years — said he is running for office in his recently adopted home state due to his disapproval of the direction in which America is headed. He is very optimistic about the conservative change he can potentially bring to Congress which is currently controlled by liberal-minded members of the Democratic Party. Wikinews reporter Joseph Ford had the opportunity to speak with him about his run this past weekend. To read this exclusive wikinews interview, goto wikinews [dot] org. Red Bull Racing driver, Sebastian Vettel won the FIA Formula One 2009 Santander British Grand Prix from pole at the Silverstone Circuit, Northamptonshire, England. His teammate, Mark Webber, came second. As the current leader of this season Jenson Button started sixth on the grid of his home Grand Prix, his Brawn-Mercedes teammate Rubens Barrichello took third joining Red Bull's drivers on the podium. Felipe Massa came fourth for Ferrari) despite starting eleventh. Jenson Button came very close to Massa and and Nico Rosberg from Williams but was unable to pass them and came only sixth gaining three points for the Brawn team.This year the British Grand Prix was expected to be the last held at Silverstone as Donington Park continues reconstruction to meet Formula One next year. This has been a News Brief from Wikinews.org, the free news source, and has been released under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license. edit
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You want to use XQuery with your DOJO JavaScript library which uses a variation of JSON syntax. DOJO is a framework for developing rich client side applets in javascript: from the nice to have to the core webapp. Some day you may want to deliver your data in a way, that you or other people can easily use from DOJO. DOJO specifies its own idiosyncratic way of wrapping data in JSON formatted objects, so it can be consumed by lots of its widgets: trees, grids, comboboxes, input fields etc. Below example (note the use of single quotes, which makes this invalid JSON) is taken from its web supplied documentation: { identifier: 'abbr', label: 'name', items: [ { abbr:'ec', name:'Ecuador', capital:'Quito' }, { abbr:'eg', name:'Egypt', capital:'Cairo' } ]} Now, if eg. you want to feed an incremental user input widget from a server side search, xquery (in eXist at least) makes this a piece of cake. Please read below script as an introduction to the concept, very likely it can be optimized. The search itself uses a lucene fulltext index, which returns very quickly. xquery version "1.0"; import module namespace json="http://www.json.org"; declare namespace request="http://exist-db.org/xquery/request"; declare option exist:serialize "method=html media-type=text/javascript"; (: where the data lives:) let $coll := "/db/apps/myapp/data" (: what we are looking for, sanitize remote input :) let $tmp := xs:string(request:get-parameter("q", "")) let $querystring := replace($tmp, "[^0-9a-zA-Z\-,. ]", "") let $query := {$querystring} return (: fetch results, dont forget to create an index in collection.xconf :) let $hits := collection($coll)//article[ft:query(., $query)] let $count := count($hits) let $result := id title {$count} { for $item in $hits return {string($item/@id)} {$item/title} } return json:xml-to-json($result) The xquery extension json:xml-to-json($node as node()) does all the magic. In the result variable the data structure is created in the way DOJO wants it (per default), as shown above. Another thing to note: DOJO expects the identifier to be unique. It is up to you to design your data to satisfy this. Another note: as of today (eXist trunk of early september 2010) numbers in the output are quoted, it is up to you to convert them on the client for optimal processing.
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The Battle with the Cannon by Victor Hugo is a Paideia Unit Plan. http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/3067/ a copy of this work with line numbers, ready to print out for student use is stored on the school moodle in the Reading & Writing IB course in the week of March 28, 2012, and in the curriculum folder on sharepoint. This work is in the public domain. It is several chapters from Hugo's Novel, Ninety-Three. (Book 2, Chapters III-conclusion, IV, V, and VI. This is early in the novel, as Book 1 is fairly short.) carronades a cannon used to attack from the deck of the ship. A "twenty four pounder" means it shot 24 pound cannon balls. The cannon itself probably weighed between 800 and 1000 pounds. Carronades were shorter guns, used because they weighed considerably less than a long gun. The disadvantage of the carronade is the ship had to be at point blank range to hit the target. : : : : What happens next? http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ninety-three/1.2.7 Erudition refers to all manner of background information assumed by or necessary to understanding or fully appreciating the text. Most corvettes and sloops of the 17th century were around 40 to 60 feet (12 to 18 m) in length and measured 40 to 70 tons burthen. They carried four to eight smaller guns on a single deck. Over time, vessels of increasing size and capability were called corvettes; by 1800 they reached lengths of over 100 feet (30 m) and measured from 400 to 600 tons burthen. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/ Cross of the Order of Saint-Louis Awarded for exceptional merit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis Conditions to obtain the award did not include nobility; however, Catholic faith was mandatory, as well as at least ten years' service as a commissioned officer in the Army or the Navy. Members of the Order received a pension. Until the death of Louis XIV, the medal was awarded to outstanding officers only, but it gradually came to be an award that most officers would receive during their career. On 1 January 1791, during the French Revolution, a decree changed the name to décoration militaire ("military decoration"). It was subsequently withdrawn on 15 October 1792. See maps below. The Channel Islands include Jersey and Gurnsey--as you can see, although the islands are British possessions, they lie much closer to France than to the British mainland. The significance of the location of the ship is that they are engaged in a civil war with the French revolutionaries, and are drifting into enemy territory. Although the British are in favor of one side over the other in the conflict, they are not at open war with anyone at this time. In 1793, the time in which this story is set,the French Revolution is in full swing. The guillotine is executing "enemies of the state" at an unnerving pace, and a monarchist counter-revolution threatens the revolutionary government. The ship on which the story takes place is allied with the counter revolutionary forces. Circulating counterfeit money to undermine the value of a government's currency, and thus hurt the economy, is a time-honored practice of war. The British did it in the colonies during the Revolutionary War in the United States. Battle with the Cannon Seminar 4/13/12 Victor Hugo’s story of The Battle with the Cannon, set in the time of the French Revolution, takes place aboard a French naval vessel in the English Channel at a time when the French are engaged in a civil war, with one side backed by the English. Suppose that as a final project for this work, you are going to create a filmed version of this story. After deciding what sets to build and special effects you will need to create, and how, you will need to cast actors. 1. Who are the characters in this story that you will need to cast? Are there groups or crowds we will need? Do we have every one who is vital to telling the story? 2. Most stories center around a conflict. Conflict can be external, or internal. The commonest types of external conflict are: Man against man Man against nature Man against machine Internal conflict is usually described as: Man against himself In “The Battle with the Cannon” what is the primary conflict? Why did you choose that one? Give examples from the text. 3. Let’s look at the Chief Gunner—we don’t even know his name, and we hardly even hear him speak. In terms of assessing him as a character for our pretend movie, how will you portray him? What do his actions tell us about him? Give examples from the text to demonstrate his flaws: Give examples from the text to demonstrate his strenths: What do we hear him say? To the cannon? To the other characters? To the peasant/general? Does this dialogue increase your understanding of the Gunner? 4. Now let’s look briefly at the captain. What adjectives would you use to describe the captain? Why? Why might the captain have handed over his authority about the gunner’s fate to the general? 5. At the time of this story, The Cross of Saint Louis was awarded for exceptional officers to acknowledge outstanding actions in the line of duty. Why did the general take the cross from the captain’s uniform and fasten it on the gunner’s jacket? Is the general saying something about both the captain and the gunner, or only one of them? What is he saying? 6. Why is the gunner bewildered during his sentencing? Do you think he was expecting a death sentence? If he knew he was going to die, does this make his fight with the cannon less heroic? Why? Who was he going against the cannon for? How did the sailors and marines respond to the general’s sentence of the gunner? 7. With respect to the chief gunner, does he receive what he deserves at the end of the story? Does he deserve the Cross of Saint Louis? Does he deserve to be shot? What kind of shape was the ship in at the end of the story? What will happen to the rest of the crew? If you were in charge, what would you have done with him? Do you think the outcome would have been different is the gunner had had a trial? 8. In our society, even when a person takes the life of another person, the courts give sentences designed to both punish and rehabilitate. Imagine an accident caused by a drunk driver. All of the members of the family in the other car are killed except for one. The drunk driver doesn’t run away, but calls 911 and stays and gives the survivor first aid until the ambulance arrives, and saves the vicitm’s life. Does what the driver does to save the survivor make up at all for causing the accident? Does the drunk driver deserve a more lenient sentence because of his later actions? Does the drunk driver deserve a the death penalty? 9. Can a person’s good deeds ever make up for the bad things they do? This was too long, there wasn't enough time for the last 2 questions--next time omit the discussion of the captain's character, perhaps. 2
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Monday, June 30, 2008 Vastly different from the YODEX, mainly focused on students' designs, the 2008 2nd Taiwan Designers' Week, a collective show organized by Taiwan Designers' Web for industrial designs and individual design studios, took place at the Xinyi Public Assembly Hall, formally known as "Si-Si Nan Cun (in Chinese: 四四南村)" and entitled the theme of "Design & Beyond". This professional exhibition featured topical designs including "Play with the Eating Culture", "Wall", "The Story of Paper-Cutting", "Basket", "Between On and Off", "50 Pleasures in the Study - Dian Shin Refreshment 2008", "Reincarnation", and "NoName Design", at Xinyi Public Assembly Hall; "City Yeast 2008・Balcony Project" at Xue Xue Institute from June 26th to July 8th; "Having A Perfect Life Is Easy" at Taipei Artist Village from June 27th to July 7th. In addition, The XRANGE Studio also created a giant floating cloud at Central Square of Xinyi Public Assembly Hall. Innovative designs in this exhibition showcased different topical elements on environment, modern lifestyle, current incident, and subculture. Those reflect the achievements by professional designers in Taiwan as Taiwan's designs were affirmed in several international design competitions including G-mark, Red Dot, and iF. After this exhibition, Taiwan Design Center, the show co-organizer, scheduled several upcoming competitions and shows from this August to October including "Taiwan Design Expo", "Taiwan Design Award", "Taiwan International Design Competition", and "Creative Taiwan". Press Conference of 2008 Taiwan Designers' Week. A food brand image gate of "Cha Li Won" by Uni-President Co., Ltd. 2008 Taiwan Designers Week Starbucks Coffee Car-1.jpg A Starbucks Coffee Car. Basket: My Meal. "2008 COMPUTEX Taipei: Another insight of "Design"" — Wikinews, June 9, 2008 "2008 YODEX Review: Varied competitions, Vast creations" — Wikinews, May 26, 2008 Press Release: "Introducing +250 Designers, Unveiling +250 Works, Design and beyond - Taiwan Designers' Week 2008" — Taiwan Designers' Web, June 27, 2008 2008 Taiwan Designers' Week
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Consider the situation shown in the figure below. We have a typical Helmholtz resonator driven by a massless piston which generates a sinusoidal pressure P G {\displaystyle P_{G}} , however the cavity is not fixed in this case. Rather, it is supported above the ground by a spring with compliance C M {\displaystyle C_{M}} . Assume the cavity has a mass M M {\displaystyle M_{M}} . Recall the Helmholtz resonator (see Module #9). The difference in this case is that the pressure in the cavity exerts a force on the bottom of the cavity, which is now not fixed as in the original Helmholtz resonator. This pressure causes a force that acts upon the cavity bottom. If the surface area of the cavity bottom is S C {\displaystyle S_{C}} , then Newton's Laws applied to the cavity bottom give ∑ F = p C S C − x C M = M M x ̈ ⇒ p C S C = [ 1 j ω C M + j ω M M ] u {\displaystyle \sum {F}=p_{C}S_{C}-{\frac {x}{C_{M}}}=M_{M}{\ddot {x}}\Rightarrow p_{C}S_{C}=\left[{\frac {1}{j\omega C_{M}}}+j\omega M_{M}\right]u} In order to develop the equivalent circuit, we observe that we simply need to use the pressure (potential across C A {\displaystyle C_{A}} ) in the cavity to generate a force in the mechanical circuit. The above equation shows that the mass of the cavity and the spring compliance should be placed in series in the mechanical circuit. In order to convert the pressure to a force, the transformer is used with a ratio of 1 : S C {\displaystyle 1:S_{C}} . A practical example of a moving resonator is a marimba. A marimba is a similar to a xylophone but has larger resonators that produce deeper and richer tones. The resonators (seen in the picture as long, hollow pipes) are mounted under an array of wooden bars which are struck to create tones. Since these resonators are not fixed, but are connected to the ground through a stiffness (the stand), it can be modeled as a moving resonator. Marimbas are not tunable instruments like flutes or even pianos. It would be interesting to see how the tone of the marimba changes as a result of changing the stiffness of the mount. For more information about the acoustics of marimbas see http://www.mostlymarimba.com/techno1.html Back to main page
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Your browser does not support the W3C XForms standards. Browsers should detect the XForms namespace and just render the XForms controls per the XForms specification. But many browsers vendors do not do this, perhaps because they feel that supporting their own standards is in the best interest of their stockholders. Whatever the reason, it can make life difficult for the website developer. If you are running Firefox, you can load an extension that will correctly recognize the XForms namespace and do the right thing. Some XForms implementations, such as XSLTForms, require you to add an XML Processing instruction to correctly convert XForms controls into HTML+JavaScript. Here is an example of how to do this using the XML processing-instruction function within eXist: let $my-form := .... let $xslt-pi := processing-instruction xml-stylesheet {'type="text/xsl" href="/rest/xsltforms/xsltforms.xsl"'} return ($xslt-pi, $my-form) This will return a sequence of two items, the Processing instruction and the form itself. You can also build your own "form assembler" that uses a title, model and content. Back: Background Technologies • Next: XSLTForms and eXist
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The Nichibutsu My Vision console. The My Vision was launched briefly in 1983 only in Japan for 39,800 yen, and also known as the KH-1000. The My Vision is supported by the open source z88DK development kit. The My Vision used an 8-bit Z80 CPU clocked at 3.57 megahertz. The system had 2 kilobytes of RAM. The My Vision used a Texas Instrument TMS9928 chip with 16 kilobytes of video RAM for graphics, and had composite and RF output. The console had a 16 color palette. A General Instrument AY-3-8910 was used for generating audio. Sound was produced by a speaker inside the console. The console had a cartridge slot, as well as a port for expanding Majohng games. Two consoles could be linked for multiplayer over a link cable. The system used per game overlays for it's integrated keys to explain the controls. Six games were released for the My Vision, with each game costing 4,500 yen. Mahjong Reversi Hanafuda Mastermind Tsumeshogi Gomoku Narabe Renju Game Medium - My Vision page. Video Game Kraken - My Vision page. "Nichibutsu My Vision". https://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg80-my_vision.htm#page=reviews. "z88dk/z88dk" (in en). https://github.com/z88dk/z88dk/blob/6b16b85caf82b1252ab2bc4d18c531fd09421c81/changelog.txt. "z88dk/z88dk" (in en). https://github.com/z88dk/z88dk/wiki/Platform---Nichibutsu-My-Vision. "Nichibutsu My Vision" (in en). https://gamemedium.com/console/my-vision. "My Vision by Nichibutsu – The Video Game Kraken". http://videogamekraken.com/my-vision-by-nichibutsu. "My Vision - Ultimate Console Database". https://ultimateconsoledatabase.com/classics/my_vision.htm. "My Vision" (in en). 29 June 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Vision.
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Mark Phillip Hertling (born 29 September 1953) is a former United States Army officer. He retired after 37 years in the U.S. military including service as the Commanding General of U.S. Army Europe and the Seventh Army. Usually, terrorists film their attacks for future information operations and social media use. They may have had terrorist videographers in specific locations for that purpose during this attack as well. Those videos may appear in the future, but until then French citizens posting YouTube videos contribute to the terrorists' information campaign. As quoted in "What videos reveal about Paris killers", CNN, 7 January 2015 Countries of Europe, especially Germany and Italy, will be interested in sharing information from this attack, as they face similar threats from Muslim extremists. France, the European Union and Interpol will share information, and given the ability of the terrorists to move freely through Europe, this passing of information will be critical. The passport-free Schengen Area allows for movement through 26 countries in Europe on the motorways and autobahns, so while initially this is an attack on France, these terrorists are a threat to all of Europe. As quoted in. "What videos reveal about Paris killers", CNN, 7 January 2015 Unlike with other armies of the world who pledge to defend their monarch or their homeland, our oath of service links our military to the protection and defense of the Constitution and the obedience to the President under the condition of adherence to orders. In effect, through that oath the U.S. military defends our people's security while also defending ideas, ideals and the rule of law. Throughout a career, every soldier, from private to general, undergoes training in history, legal processes and values. That training complements what we do on rifle ranges or in field exercises. Soldiers have terrific skills, and they are thinking protectors of the American way of life. I was in combat for more than three years of my career; during that time, I saw some horrible things and many of those revisit me in dreams. There is evil in man, and in battle. But in the U.S. military; while there have been occasion where soldiers needed to be disciplined for violating the laws or the regulations; overwhelmingly and consistently the actions of my brothers and sisters in arms has made me very proud. As quoted in "A soldier's view on Trump" CNN, 4 March 2016 No matter who is the President, that person never has the authority to 'order' members of the Armed Forces to violate the Uniformed Code of Military Justice, their ethos, their oath or the international law of land combat. As quoted in "A soldier's view on Trump" CNN, 4 March 2016 Wikipedia has an article about: Mark Hertling Official website
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This lesson introduces unit testing and test-driven development. Objectives and skills for this lesson include: Wikipedia: Software testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Code coverage YouTube: Unit Testing YouTube: Test driven development (TDD) - Tutorial for Beginners YouTube: Unit Test Coverage as in Eclipse; Technical Debt Youtube: Unit Tests, Integration Tests & e2e Tests in Javascript YouTube: Writing Unit Tests in Python YouTube: 100% Test Coverage in Python C# Java JavaScript Python3 Review Wikipedia: Unit testing. Using an appropriate testing library for your selected programming language, create a separate test class and add unit tests to test all aspects of the class. Run tests automatically when the class module itself is run as the main program. Run a code coverage report to verify that you are testing 100% of your BMI class. Update program, class, and method documentation, consistent with the documentation standards for your selected programming language. Unit tests are short code fragments created by programmers or occasionally by white box testers during the development process. The unit test usually should not go outside of its own class boundary. It especially should not cross process/network boundaries, because this can introduce unacceptable performance problems to the unit test suite. The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are correct. Code coverage allows the software team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been tested. Test-driven development (TDD) is a programming methodology in which unit tests are created before the code itself is written. When the tests pass, the code is considered complete. It relies on the repetition of a very short development cycle: requirements are turned into very specific test cases, and then the software is improved in order to pass the new tests. TDD follows these steps: 1. Write the code, 2. Run tests, 3. Refactor code (restructuring existing computer code), 4. Repeat. Software testing is a combinatorial problem. Every Boolean decision statement requires at least two tests: one with an outcome of "true" and one with an outcome of "false". It is necessary to create relevant initial conditions. Otherwise, the test will not be exercising the code in a realistic context, which diminishes the value and accuracy of unit test results. It is essential to keep careful records of the tests that have been performed and all changes that have been made to the source code of any unit in the software. It is essential to implement a sustainable process for ensuring that test case failures are reviewed regularly and addressed immediately. It is possible to perform unit testing without the support of a specific framework by writing client code that exercises the units under test and uses assertions, exception handling, or other controls flow mechanisms to signal failure. Have an effective layout of a test case to ensure all required actions are completed. This will improve the readability of the test case, and smooths the flow of execution. Consistent structure helps in building a self-documenting test case. A commonly applied structure for test cases has the following: 1. Set up, 2. Execution, 3. Validation, 4. Cleanup. Even though TDD requires more code writing, the total code implementation time could be shorter. A benefit of TDD allows the programmer to eliminate defects early in the process, which avoids lengthy and tedious debugging later in the project. The limitations of TDD is that it does not perform sufficient testing in situations where full functional tests are required to determine success or failure due to extensive use of unit tests. The unit tests created in a test-driven development environment are typically created by the developer who is writing the code being tested, which could lead to error. Another concern is that a high number of passing unit tests may bring a false sense of security, resulting in fewer additional software testing activities, such as integration testing and compliance testing. For code visibility, code has to be able to clearly access the code it is testing. However, normal design criteria such as information hiding, encapsulation, and the separation of concerns should not be compromised. Therefore, unit test code for TDD is usually written within the same project or module as the code being tested. In object-oriented design, this still does not provide access to private data and methods. Therefore, extra work may be necessary for unit tests. When using TDD for complex systems, challenging systems requires a modular architecture, well-defined components with published interfaces, and disciplined system layering with maximization of platform independence. These proven practices yield increased testability and facilitate the application of build and test automation. automation framework An automated space outside of the calling context for which it was originally created. Testing in such an isolated manner reveals unnecessary dependencies between the code being tested and other units or data spaces in the program. code coverage (test coverage) A measurement used to describe the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a particular test suite or set of unit tests runs. extreme programming A software development process that aims to test everything that could possibly break. In extreme programming, the developer writes a unit test that exposes either a software requirement or a defect. This test will then fail because either the requirement isn't implemented yet, or because it intentionally exposes a defect in the existing code. Then, the developer writes the simplest code to make the test, along with other tests, pass. parameterized unit test (PUT) Tests that take parameters. Unlike traditional unit tests, which are usually closed methods, PUTs take any set of parameters. test case A specification of the inputs, execution conditions, testing procedure, and expected results that define a single test to be executed to achieve a particular software testing objective. test-driven development A software development process that relies on the repetition of a very short development cycle. Requirements are turned into very specific test cases. Then the software is improved to pass the new tests. test oracle In computing, software engineering, and software testing, a test oracle, or just oracle, is a mechanism for determining whether a test has passed or failed. unit In object-oriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface, such as a class, but could be an individual method. unit testing Unit tests are typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets its design and behaves as intended. Unit Testing Microsoft: Unit test basics Vogella: JUnit Flavio Copes: Jest PythonTesting: Unittest Introduction Tuts Plus: Write Professional Unit Tests in Python Code Coverage: Coverage.py Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Code Coverage Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Test case Wikipedia: Test-driven development Wikipedia: Test oracle Wikipedia: Unit testing Wikipedia: Unit testing ← Validation Object-Oriented Programming Inheritance →
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Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, also known as the Áísínai'pi National Historic Site is in Southern Alberta. It has the greatest concentration of rock art on the North American Great Plains, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is one of the largest areas of protected prairie in the Alberta park system, and serves as a nature preserve and protection for a large number of Aboriginal rock carvings and paintings. The park is important and sacred to the Blackfoot and many other Aboriginal tribes. The provincial park is synonymous with the Áísínai'pi National Historic Site of Canada. On 6 July 2019, Writing-on-Stone/Áísínai’pi was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Writing-on-Stone Visitor Centre, Range Road 130A, ☏ +1 403-647-2364. July-Sep: daily 9:30AM-4PM, with longer hours weekends in Jul and Aug. The visitor centre offers information, Wi-Fi, a gift shop, and toilets, and is wheelchair-accessible. (updated Jul 2019) There is evidence that the Milk River Valley was inhabited by First Nations (Aboriginal) people as long ago as 9000 years. Peoples such as the Blackfoot probably created many of the rock carvings (petroglyphs) and paintings (pictographs). Other First Nations groups such as the Shoshone also travelled through the valley and may have also created some of the art. These carvings and paintings tell of the lives and journeys of those who created them, and of the spirits they found here. The towering cliffs and hoodoos had a powerful impact on the visitors, who believed these were the homes of powerful spirits. The shelter of the coulees and the abundance of game and berries made the area that is now the park an excellent location for these nomadic people to stop on their seasonal migrations. While the greatest use of the area was made by those in transit, there is some evidence, including tipi rings and a medicine wheel, that there was some permanent settlement here. Beginning about 1730, large numbers of horses, metal goods, and guns began to appear on the Western plains. This signified not only a change in the First Nations lifestyle, but a change in the content of the rock art. Pictures of hunters on horseback, and warriors without body shields began to be created. In 1887 a North-West Mounted Police (the precursor to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) camp was set up at Writing-On-Stone to attempt to curtail cross-border whiskey smuggling, which was devastating the First Nations population, and to put a stop to First Nations horse-raiding parties. But in fact neither problem ever became serious at this outpost, and the NWMP spent most of their time fighting summer grass fires, herding stray American cattle back across the border, and riding hundreds of uneventful kilometres on border patrol. In the period immediately preceding World War I, settlers began to arrive in the area, which helped to alleviate some of the boredom and isolation the NWMP officers faced. In 1918, the outpost was closed, as Canadian authorities felt little possibility of criminal activity along the border, and shortly thereafter, the outpost fell victim to arson. The park was created in 1957 and was designated an archaeological preserve in 1977. As part of the NWMP centennial celebrations, the outpost was reconstructed between 1973 and 1975, and is now one of the attractions in the park. Rolling grasslands, hoodoo fields and narrow sandstone canyons. The park comprises 17.80 km2 (4400 acres) of coulee and prairie habitat, and boasts a diverse variety of birds and animals. Bird species include prairie falcon, great horned owl, short-eared owl, American kestrel, cliff swallow and the introduced ring-necked pheasant and grey partridge. The prairie surrounding the park is a habitat for pronghorn antelope, and other species inhabiting the park include mule deer, northern pocket gophers, skunks, raccoons, yellow-bellied marmots, and bobcat. Tiger salamanders, boreal chorus frogs and leopard frogs, and plains spadefoot toads represent the amphibians, and garter snakes, bull snakes and prairie rattlesnakes can be found. The coulee environment is optimal for tree species such as balsam poplar and narrow leaf cottonwood. Peachleaf willow and plains cottonwood are also found here. A large number of shrubs grow here, including chokecherry, juniper, saskatoon, sandbar willow, and two varieties of wild rose. Some of the most northern species of cactus, including Opuntia (prickly pear) and Pediocactus (pincushion) are found in the park as well. The park is about 100 km southeast of Lethbridge, and 44 km east of the community of Milk River. From Lethbridge, follow Highway 4 southeast to Milk River, Highway 500 east to Range Road 130A, and turn right (south) to the park. There are no fees for day use. See below for camping fees. Hiking. There are over 50 petroglyph sites and thousands of works. It is possible to see some rock art along a public accessible walkway but most can only be seen via a guided tour. The park also showcases a North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) outpost reconstructed on its original site. It was rebuilt after the original outpost was burned down. Hiking: Battle Scene Trail (0.5 km) Hoodoo Trail (2.2 km) winds through hoodoos, sandstone cliffs and rock art, upland prairie grasslands, the Milk River valley and coulees Visitor Centre Trail (0.34 km) Backcountry hiking: a 930-hectare backcountry hiking zone consists of rolling grasslands, hoodoo fields and narrow sandstone canyons. There are no developed trails; however, a network of game trails provides easy access to most areas. Access requires wading across the river. There is no recommended crossing site. Hikers cross at their own risk, generally following a suspected game trail. Stop at the Visitor Centre or Hoodoo Hut to check information & pick up a backcountry hiking map. Swimming, canoeing, kayaking, or tubing in the Milk River. Verify that conditions are safe, and bring your bathing suit, canoe, kayak, raft or tube. Fishing: There is limited river fishing for brassy minnow, brook stickleback, burbot, fathead minnow, flathead chub, Iowa darter, lake chub, lake whitefish, longnose dace, longnose sucker, mountain sucker, mountain whitefish, northern pike, sauger, St. Mary sculpin, stonecat, trout-perch, western silvery minnow, white sucker and yellow perch. Birding: more than 160 species of birds. There is a gift shop at the visitor centre, but otherwise you should bring in all of your provisions. 49.083-111.61691 Writing-on-Stone Campground. 43 sites, suitable for tents and RVs, many with 15-amp or 30-amp service. Has toilet facilities, but make sure you bring all your supplies with you. Unserviced/serviced: summer $26/33, winter $18/$25, reservation fee $12. (updated Jul 2019) Comfort Camping, toll-free: +1-877-537-2757. High-quality canvas wall tent with plenty of ventilation. One queen bed and a futon that sleeps two. Electric heater, fan, lights, lantern and outlets. Coffee maker. Pots, pans cooking implements, plates, bowls, cups and utensils for 4 people. A mini fridge, dining table and chairs. Gas barbecue with side burner and propane. Book by phone or online. $135/night for up to 4 people. (updated Jul 2019) Damaging any cultural resource, including rock art, may result in a $50,000 fine and a one-year jail sentence. If you see artifacts, please leave them in place and contact park staff. There are venomous prairie rattlesnakes in the park. They are very timid, and will only strike if threatened. Don't walk in long grass or under ledges. Don't stick your hands or feet into crevices where they may be resting. Do not handle a snake, even one that looks dead. If bitten, try to keep the affected area immobile and below your heart; contact park staff or go to a hospital. Don't try to suck the venom out unless you're John Wayne (you are not John Wayne).
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Tajikistan Tajikistan also spelled Tadzhikistan is officially known as Republic of Tajikistan. In local tounge, it can also be spelled as Tajik Tojikiston or Jumhurii Tojikiston . It was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union from 1929 until its independence in 1991. The name Tajik, originally given to the Arabs by the local population, came to be applied by Turkic invaders and overlords to those elements of the sedentary population that continued to speak Iranian languages. Until the mid-18th century the Tajiks were part of the emirate of Bukhara, but then the Afghans conquered lands south and southwest of the Amu Darya with their Tajik population, including the city of Balkh, an ancient Tajik cultural centre. The capital city is named Dushanbe and the currency used there is called somoni It is bordering Kyrgyzstan on the north, China on the east, Afghanistan on the south, and [[Wikijunior:Asia/Uzbekistan on the west and northwest. 18.2 million population lived in Tajikistan as of census conducted in 2018. Of which 84,3% are Tajikistani , 12.2% are Uzbeks, 0.8% are Kyrgz , 0.5% are Russians and 2.2% are others. Tajik is the official language of Tajikistan and spoken by most people in Tajikistan. Russian is widely used for administration and business, but very few speak it natively. It is a member of the southwest group of Iranian languages, it is closely related to the mutually intelligible dialects of Farsi and Dari in Iran and Afghanistan, respectively. Russian is widely used for administration and business, but few speak it natively. Uzbek is the second most widely spoken language and is written in the Cyrillic script, unlike in Uzbekistan where Uzbek is written in a modified Latin alphabet. The vast majority of Tajikistanis are Muslim, mostly of the Sunni at 78%. The Christian population(4%) has been predominantly Russian, but most ethnic Russians have left since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Gushtigiri is the national sport of Tajikistan. In Tajiki wrestling, the pahlavons (wrestlers) should wear the national coat and short pants and fasten a light belt around their waists. A pahlavon (wrestler) may grab and hold his opponentʼs belt, sleeve or collar of jacket or coat. Clench below the waist is not allowed. However, the sprints through legs are allowed. The winner is the one, who throws an opponent back down first. Hisor Fortress - Fortified residence of the rulers of the Emir of Bukhara at Hisor Fortress, a well-preserved 16th-century fort perched on a hilltop amid mountains. It was once the home of Cyrus the Great, and was being destroyed and rebuilt 20 times by the different generals of different eras.
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Puerto Malabrigo, also known as Puerto Chicama, is a city in Peru 20 km north west of Paijan. It should not be confused with Chicama, the seat of Chicama district, located 30 km north of Trujillo. Puerto Malabrigo/Chicama is known by surfers for having the world's longest left hand wave. Surf the longest left hand wave in the world (this means that when you look at the sea from the beach, the wave breaks from the left to the right hand side). If you don't have your own surf kit, there are several options: Zorro's - next to El Hombre hostal on the hill that overlooks the Puerto Malabrigo Beach. Rents boards and wetsuits. When the waves are big, the owner also films surfers and can make you a DVD of the ride. Chino Moreno - in town on Calle Zacna 281 opposite Puerto Malabrigo's main market. There ́s a little sign saying board rental above the shop. The owner Victor rents boards and wetsuits, and has a larger selection to choose from. He has been maintaining a guestbook of surfers that have visited Chicama since 1992, and knows the area well. He can also take you on surf excursions to nearby Poemape and Pacosmayo, and arrange archaeological tours of local pyramids (for example El Pyramide del Brujo). Home phone is +51 44343017, cell is +51 948573187, emails are [email protected] & [email protected], http://chicama.weebly.com/ There are several options available in town but the nicest are up on the hill overlooking the point in Puerto Malabrigo. El Hombre - one of the longer standing hostals on the point. Beds start at S/15 (soles) a night, and the family that run it are very friendly. Has a great view off the beach and the waves. Doris, the keystone of the operation can also whip up breakfast, lunch or dinner (for residents and non-residents). Iguana Inn Hotel- a really nice place to stay. You can use the kitchen when you want so you don't have to pay for restaurants it also has wi-fi, garage, hot water, big rooms and reasonable prices. Contact : [email protected] Most come via Trujillo. From the Santa Cruz inter provincial bus terminal in Trujillo you can pick up a Dorado bus to Chicama. This takes approximately 2 hours, and costs S/5. You can put surfboards on the bus at no extra charge. You can also take a taxi from Trujillo. One way costs approximately S/120, there and back costs approximately S/150.
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Tübingen is a small university town near the geographic centre of Baden-Württemberg, roughly 30 km southwest of Stuttgart. The medieval architecture, the students' joie de vivre, the 40% of residents who vote for the Green Party, the absurd charm of the constant festivals that wind through the streets... it's a unique little spot. Tübingen's population of about 91,000 people (2020) is a mixture of students, researchers and academics, medical specialists and "Gogen". (The Gogen are people whose families have been there since forever. They used to grow wine berries on the hills around the town. "Goge" ~ cork.) The university and its network of hospitals are its economic lifeblood (and the biggest employer in southern Württemberg); Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet, founded in 1477, is reputed to be one of the top 5 German universities for studies in German, medicine and law, and Tübingen serves as a regional medical service hub (they even have a malaria clinic). About 25,000 students fill Tübingen's pubs, cafe patios and university lecture halls during "lecture time" (mid-October until mid-February and mid-April until mid-July). Meanwhile, the high concentration of educated folks with lots of free time means that there are plenty of things to do for the size of the town - 16 choirs; 3 theatres; a fine little art gallery; special lecture series at the university; and, of course, constant parties hosted by the student associations of the various departments (it's almost a competition to see whether the chemists or the anthropologists do it better). The town does get quiet, though, in the breaks between semesters (Feb 15 - Apr 15, Jul 15 - Oct 15). 48.51869.058251 Tourist Information and Ticket-Center, An der Neckarbrücke 1, ☏ +49 7071 91360. M-F 09:00-19:00, Sa 10:00-16:00; May-Sep: Su 11:00-16:00, Oct-Apr: Su closed. (updated Apr 2016) The city dates back to 1078 AD and is remarkably well-preserved; only one bomb fell in World War II - on the house where Goethe lived (or was it Schiller?). The "old town", which lies along the Neckar river, looks much as it would have in the 1600s - its crooked, cobblestone streets will have you walking in circles, when you're not climbing up and down the stairs built into the sidewalks! The Arts campus of the university lies nearby, while more modern science faculties and student residences perch on the large hills that surround the centre of town. Everywhere you go, there are signs of those who went before, sometimes literally ("Dr. Alzheimer worked in this building"), sometimes less so - you can find Tübingen's traces in the writings of Hesse and Hoelderlin. Tübingen has fairly good weather compared to the rest of Germany (slightly worse than Freiburg, though). Sudden changes in the weather can make your ears pop heading up into the hills by bus, or just sitting in the marketplace in the centre of town! The Stuttgart airport (STR IATA) in Echterdingen is only 33km from Tübingen. From there, the easiest way into Tübingen is the 828 Sprinter bus [dead link], which runs hourly and takes approx. 48 minutes to about an hour. For more details see Naldo Verkehrsverbund. Alternatively, take the train to Herrenberg, and then the S-Bahn train from there to the airport. For more information see the Stuttgart page. If coming from Frankfurt Airport (FRA IATA), it takes 2 -21⁄2 hours with at least a change in Stuttgart and sometimes in Mannheim as well. See prices and timetables at Deutsche Bahn. The train from Stuttgart takes about 45min by IRE train or around 1 hr by normal train. If you arrive at the 48.515979.055291 main train station of Tübingen, don't let the ugly and uninviting surroundings of the train station put you off. Just leave the station behind and keep going (north) and after 10 min walking you'll be right in the old town center. If you are using regional trains the Baden Württemberg Ticket (€23 for one person €4 more for every additional person up to five) might be a good option as it allows unlimited travel within one day (from 09:00 to 15:00 of the next day) within Baden Württemberg. (not valid on ICE, IC and EC trains) The long-distance bus market is exploding in Germany, since a new law deregulated the market in 2013. There are dozens of daily services from most major cities, which are often significantly cheaper than trains. Most buses offer amenities like Wi-Fi and power outlets and some can even transport bicycles. The best resource for checking connections is this German website. All buses leave from the 48.516669.056272 Central bus station next to the train station. Flixbus and DeinBus offer routes to München, Konstanz, Freiburg, Heidelberg, Frankfurt and Düsseldorf. For more information, see long distance bus travel in Germany. With Tübingen's terrible traffic system, lots of one-way streets and some very eager ticket officers, it is best to park your car as soon as possible and then explore the city on foot, bus or bicycle. Finding a spot to park you car can be quite a pain, especially close to the center of the city. Almost every street there may only be used by residents at night, and during the day there are parking meters. Be sure to check the signs how long you are allowed to park there, and if you are not sure, look for another spot. Ticket officers are very quick in Tübingen. If you need to park your car near downtown, you can use parking garages, but they are not cheap. The best way to get around Tübingen and its surroundings is by bicycle, just like thousands of Tübingen's students. Don't forget to lock your bike! Tübingen has a solid bus system. Timetables and maps are available from Stadtverkehr Tübingen [formerly dead link]. Bus tickets can be bought on board every bus (with coins or GeldKarte/ATM Cards only - no paper bills accepted) from the machine behind the driver, or at machines at selected bus stops (but only with a GeldKarte). The machine on the bus is rather non-intuitive, so be prepared to ask friendly looking passengers for help. Note that if you already have a ticket, you can board a bus through any of the doors, as the driver does not inspect tickets upon boarding; rather, fare inspectors patrol the buses at random points during the route. If caught without a valid ticket, fares are a hefty €60. Day pass gets you unlimited rides from 08:30. Day passes cost €3.90 for 1 person or €9.90 for a group day ticket (maximum of 5 people). After the regular buses stop running, certain night bus routes are available throughout the city, usually once an hour (check the posted schedules at the respective bus stops to see which bus routes stop where and when). Night buses used to run on weekends only, but the service has been extended to the whole week now. It is also possible to call for an inexpensive ride on the shared cab service (Sammel Anruf Mietwagen, or SAM) (page in German only). Tübingen's scenic location between the forests, the Swabian Jura (Schwäbische Alb) and the river Neckar make it a beautiful stop in south-west Germany. Its flair is comparable to cities like Heidelberg or Freiburg, although Tübingen is smaller than those cities. The primary attraction is the unspoiled Altstadt (city centre) and the lively student population. 48.520339.053571 Historical city centre. The old city centre full of crooked half-timbered houses, small alleys, cobblestone roadwork and some nice old churches. 48.5199.05862 River Neckar. The river Neckar next to the city center, on which the students go punting (similar to what they do in Oxford or Cambridge in summer time, occasionally with a barbecue and a crate of beer on board. 48.51949.050563 Schloss. The Schloss, or castle, can be a fun place to wander around. Look at the intricately carved gate at the entrance. Skip most of the center courtyard and head up the stairs on the back side of the courtyard. This leads to a beautiful garden/courtyard, with some beautiful views from atop the wall to the left. Alternatively, go through the tunnel on the backside of the main courtyard that will take you through the backside of the castle, a much more medieval and beautiful part of the Schloss. At certain times, there are archers shooting in the eastern moat (the "Hasengraben") of the castle. From back here there is a path that will take you along the wall of the castle and through the woods, ending up on Haaggasse very near the Marktplatz. 48.519359.0556814 Hölderlin Tower (Hölderlinturm), Bursagasse 6, ☏ +49 7071 22040. Tu-Su. €2.50. (updated Apr 2016) 48.5211569.0534155 City Museum (Stadtmuseum), Kornhausstraße 10 (+49 7071 2041711). Tu-Su 11:00-17:00, M closed. €2.50. (updated Apr 2016) 48.54199.047786 Kunsthalle Tübingen, Philosophenweg 76, ☏ +49 70 71-96 91 0. A small modern art museum on one of the hills. (updated Sep 2016) 48.5597229.067 Cistercian monastery Bebenhausen. About 6 km north of Tübingen, right in the Schönbuch forest reservation, is the old cistercian monastery (founded 1187 AD) of with a small village next to it, especially nice to visit at night when part of the monastery is illuminated. 48.3229898.9683318 Burg Hohenzollern (from Hechingen (with train) take the bus 300 at 11:25 or 13:25 (only in summer)). It's an easy day trip to see the Burg Hohenzollern, a fairytale castle dramatically set on top of a conical hill. Punting on the Neckar. If you are more adventurous, you might try yourself at punting: push a large wooden boat with up to 14 passengers along the river using a long wooden pole. It's not as easy as some of the professional punters make it look. City wall. If you arrive in Tübingen at summer, make sure you take some time to stroll along the Neckar river, maybe get some ice cream and sit on the old city wall above the water. Hiking in Schönbuch. Tübingen is on the southern rim of the Schönbuch, a large forest reservation area which offers some beautiful scenery for hiking, cycling, etc. Stocherkahnrennen. In June (normally at lunch on the second Thursday of the month), there is the famous Stocherkahnrennen (punt boat race) in which more than 40 punting boats race along the river, trying not to come in last, as each crew member of the last boat has to drink half a litre of sun-warmed cod-liver oil. Traditionally, most of Tübingen's student fraternities participate in the race, but also private crews are allowed. Umbrisch-provencialischer Markt. In September. A market for gastronomic specialties from the twin towns in Umbria and Provence. The course of the Tübinger Stadtlauf, a 10-km race taking place the same weekend, leads over the market. Festival of Jazz and Classical Music Days. In October. chocolART: . Germany's largest chocolate festival. In early December. (date needs fixing) Christmas market. In December (on the 3rd weekend of Advent). The Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen dates from 1477, making it one of the oldest in Germany. The university also offers free public lectures during the semester, Studium Generale, which are open to anyone interested. The city is also host to several research institutes including the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, The Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the MPG, and the Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research. 48.520749.055681 Vinum, Lange Gasse 6 (across from the Stiftskirche). Has many wines, spirits, and other things, and a great atmosphere to boot. A great place to buy a gift for someone. Mokka, Collegiumsgasse (near the Wilhelmstift). A great place to buy teas, coffees, and chocolates. Again, a great place to buy gifts for someone. There are a some tourist shops that sell souvenirs (mugs, T-shirts, etc. ): one at Holzmarkt and the other at Marktplatz, furthermore one in tourist information at Neckarbrücke. University Shop, Wilhelmstraße (Across the street from the Neue Aula (right by the Neue Aula bus stop)). The university shop, selling sweaters, mugs, hats, and other things with the university logo printed on it. 48.519339.058591 Neckarmüller, Gartenstraße 4, ☏ +49 7071 27848. One of the most popular places in Tübingen, serving a regional beer brewed in Mössingen with the Swabian specialty Brezeln or an onion dish called Zwiebelkuchen. You can sit outdoors in the beergarden and enjoy the view of the Neckar and its stalk boats. 48.519589.058392 Kalender Döner, Gartenstraße (right after the Neckarbrücke (Neckar Bridge) on the corner to Gartenstraße, facing the Neckarmüller). A Turkish fastfood restaurant, where you can order high quality döner kebap called "Scheibendöner". 48.519969.052383 [formerly dead link] Mauganeschtle, Burgsteige 18, ☏ +49 7071 92940. One of the more special places to eat is the Mauganeschtle, right next to the castle, with a nice small garden above the city. It specializes in a special Swabian dish called "Maultasche" which is basically a large ravioli and comes in all different kinds of flavors. The restaurant is a bit posh and a little on the costly side, though. 48.519849.056564 Al Dente, Bursagasse, ☏ +49 7071 25157. An excellent but usually overbooked Italian restaurant is the Al Dente below the main church; try the pizza with fresh tomatoes. 48.52129.053555 X. Get the best french fries in town from X on Kornhausstraße (take Marktgasse off the Marktplatz, it will take you straight to it). In summer time, hundreds of students do this, and take them along with a beer to the market place and spend a warm summer's night right there, squatting on the cobblestones. 48.520319.049456 Manufaktur, Vor dem Haagtor (on Haagtorplatz). Serves large pizzas from about €5. Istanbul (on the south side of the Neckarbruecke). Serves some of the best Turkish food in town. 48.523079.059057 Wok In, Wilhelmstraße 20 (by the Lustnauer Tor bus stop), ☏ +49 7071 256781. Serves filling, if mediocre, Chinese dishes at bargain prices. 48.519319.05888 El Chico, Gartenstraße 4 (in the same building as the Neckarmueller), ☏ +49 7071 550256. Serves passable Mexican food by German standards. Prices are about €10 per dish. 48.521389.055669 Kichererbse, Metzgergasse 2, ☏ +49 7071 52171. Serves tasty vegetarian Lebanese food. 48.521999.0566510 Eiscafe San Marco, Beim Nonnenhaus 14, ☏ +49 7071 23947. In the Nonnenhaus, serves huge ice cream dishes, including a plate of spaghetti made of ice cream, ice cream "hamburgers", etc. 48.520669.0557111 Stern, Lange Gasse 4. Their kitchen is open past midnight and the food is good and cheap (around €5 per meal). They have pizza, pasta, and a few other things. Doubles as a bar and live music venue. Thai market. Across the street from the city administrative building is a Thai market that serves dishes for about €5. Standing room only. Indian market/restaurant. On Lange Gasse, just below the Stiftskirche, is an Indian market/restaurant that has inexpensive lunch specials. There are a few places that deliver food, which may come in handy if you choose to stay here for any length of time. Joeys. A German chain specializing in American-style pizza. The crust is a bit cardboardy but it's an old standby. Da Giovanni Pizzaexpress. Another pizza place that also has a more extensive selection of pasta dishes. Pizza+Pasta. Except the phone number and address. Wienerwald. Delivers grilled chicken, spaetzle, and other warm dishes. Goldener Drachen, Philosophenweg 79, ☏ +49 7071 66019. Delivers relatively expensive Chinese food. Nordring Service, Vogelbeerweg 4, ☏ +49 7071 9209202. Falafel, etc. At night, there are only a few places where you still can get something to eat: "X" near the marketplace, McDonalds Drive-Through on the road to Reutlingen, Burger King at the train station, a small Italian take away in Mühlstraße, a Döner Kebap next to the Epple-Haus (central bus station) is opened until 04:00 on the week-ends, and of course any fuel station. Best time to visit Tübingen is late spring or summer. Many of the pubs and cafes in the city center then have places to sit outside and hundreds of students populate the central market place until late at night, usually with beer from the nearby chip shop. 48.517399.023351 Schwärzlocher Hof, Schwärzloch 1, ☏ +49 7071 43362. A really old (1085 AD) homestead which is now a restaurant and a beautiful beer garden just west of Tübingen. It is also a working farm. Go there when the sun sets and order a "Mostbowle", a local cider drink made from apple, mixed with soda. 48.521629.051992 [dead link] Weinstube Göhner, Schmiedtorstraße 5, ☏ +40 7071 567078. One of several old wine taverns with a restaurant. Storchen, Ammergasse (west of the X french fries and sausages place). A nice atmospheric place for a few beers. Can get very smoky, though. Tangente Jour (On the steps of the Stiftkirche). Can be a fun place to drink a beer or cup of coffee and people watch. 48.519879.052633 Schloßcafé, Burgsteige 7 (Just below the castle gate), ☏ +49 7071 965153. Has a cellar bar with (sometimes) a program of live DJs or musicians, while upstairs provides a more relaxed environment. Asmara. Between the Stiftskirche and Marktplatz, has live bands (and a cover charge on weekends). 48.516939.061764 [formerly dead link] Blauer Turm, Friedrichstraße 19. Is a dance club next to the Blaue Brücke movie theater. 48.52049.051815 [dead link] Jazzkeller, Haaggasse 15 (just past the Marktplatz). Has an assortment of live music. Pequenita. A little cosy bar at the Sternplatz with a relaxed atmosphere and sometimes DJs. 48.499399.064266 Sudhaus, Hechinger Straße 203. On the outskirts of town is big a concert and party location. In the summer a very nice beer garden. A disco in the south part of Tübingen. The Vollmondtanz (full moon dance) is very famous. 48.516629.058897 Epplehaus, Karlstraße 13. Youth centre. Punk, Reggae and other parties and concerts. Cheap 48.520959.055748 Hanseatica, Hafengasse 2, ☏ +49 7071 51784. A traditional coffee and tea bar which hasn't changed since the 1960s. Cheap. Special student offers in the afternoon. 48.541349.059999 Kuckuck, Fichtenweg 5. A very cheap student cocktail-bar in the centre of the student village in the WHO. On the weekends you only get in with a student id. Top10 Tübingen. The only big disco in the city centre of Tübingen. On Wednesday students get in for free and only pay the half price. 48.518549.062621 Youth Hostel, Hermann-Kurz-Straße 4, ☏ +49 7071 23002. There is a youth hostel next to the river, not too far away from the city centre (10 min walk). From €23.20. 48.509879.035342 Neckar Camping, Rappenberghalde 61 (bus no. 20), ☏ +49 7071 43145. Another possibility, especially in summer, is the Neckar Camping, beautifully situated on the shore of the river Neckar and within walking distance (approx. 15 min) of the old town. Open between April 1 and October 31. Free Wi-Fi. 48.519979.052413 Hotel am Schloss, Burgsteige 18, ☏ +49 7071 92940. A higher end option is the Hotel am Schloss, just below the castle and in the middle of the Old Town. Single room €78, double room €125; includes breakfast and WiFi. (updated Sep 2016) As in most university cities, it is worth checking the blackboards at the main student cafeterias for car sharing ads. Many students take passengers to other majors cities for shared fuel expenses. Hitchhiking to/from Stuttgart is quite common; it's best to use a sign with the city symbol (S for Stuttgart, TÜ for Tübingen); typical starting points towards Stuttgart are in front of the Sports Institute; from Stuttgart to Tübingen is best hitched from Stuttgart-Degerloch Reutlingen Deutsche Bahn connects the main train station to the rest of Germany and Europe. Kocher Lutz provides bus service to nearby major cities and other tourist destinations (Strasbourg, Munich, Zürich, etc.)
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This laboratory is a continuation of the previous laboratory. In the room next door is an astronaut on the Mars expedition, three months along on the six-month journey. Because she has been in zero gravity for more than three months her body chemistry and anatomy now differ from what it was in the controlled gravity environment of Earth. She has lost about 10 % each of her bone, muscle, and brain mass. But, it is unlikely she will survive three more months at zero g either to be returned to Earth or put on Mars. Worse, the microgravity may not be the only culprit. You have been tasked to examine her DNA to confirm, especially with the extended data between ZNF497 and A1BG, the presence or absence of E2 boxes regarding the possible expression of alpha-1-B glycoprotein. "The E box [ enhancer box ] sites that are most important are those of the E2 box class (GCAGXTGG/T). Two E2 box sites are present in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer [...] and one is present in the kappa enhancer, designated KE2 [29-31]." "The most dramatic impact on immunoglobulin gene enhancer activity was observed upon mutation of sites that contain an E2-box motif (G/ACAGNTGN)." E2 boxes are not present in the promoter of A1BG. If an E2 box is present it does not assist in the transcription of A1BG. Def. Def. Any transcription factor before A1BG from the direction of ZN497 may be out to 2300 nts. For the Basic programs (starting with SuccessablesE2box.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found: negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesE2box--.bas, looking for 3'-(G/A)CAG(A/C/G/T)TG(A/C/G/T)-5', 5, 3'-ACAGATGT-5', 482, 3'-ACAGATGT-5', 1225, 3'-GCAGTTGG-5', 1514, 3'-ACAGATGT-5', 2989, 3'-ACAGATGT-5', 4213, negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesE2box-+.bas, looking for 3'-(G/A)CAG(A/C/G/T)TG(A/C/G/T)-5', 1, 3'-GCAGATGA-5', 37, positive strand in the negative direction is SuccessablesE2box+-.bas, looking for 3'-(G/A)CAG(A/C/G/T)TG(A/C/G/T)-5', 2, 3'-GCAGGTGG-5', 2571, 3'-ACAGATGA-5', 3920, positive strand in the positive direction is SuccessablesE2box++.bas, looking for 3'-(G/A)CAG(A/C/G/T)TG(A/C/G/T)-5', 0, complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesE2boxc--.bas, looking for 3'-(C/T)GTC(A/C/G/T)AC(A/C/G/T)-5', 2, 3'-CGTCCACC-5', 2571, 3'-TGTCTACT-5', 3920, complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesE2boxc-+.bas, looking for 3'-(C/T)GTC(A/C/G/T)AC(A/C/G/T)-5', 0, complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesE2boxc+-.bas, looking for 3'-(C/T)GTC(A/C/G/T)AC(A/C/G/T)-5', 5, 3'-TGTCTACA-5', 482, 3'-TGTCTACA-5', 1225, 3'-CGTCAACC-5', 1514, 3'-TGTCTACA-5', 2989, 3'-TGTCTACA-5', 4213, complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesE2boxc++.bas, looking for 3'-(C/T)GTC(A/C/G/T)AC(A/C/G/T)-5', 1, 3'-CGTCTACT-5', 37, inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesE2boxci--.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)CA(A/C/G/T)CTG(C/T)-5', 1, 3'-CCACCTGT-5', 2117, inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesE2boxci-+.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)CA(A/C/G/T)CTG(C/T)-5', 0, inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesE2boxci+-.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)CA(A/C/G/T)CTG(C/T)-5', 4, 3'-CCACCTGT-5', 394, 3'-ACACCTGT-5', 1131, 3'-GCAACTGC-5', 3851, 3'-ACACCTGT-5', 3970, inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesE2boxci++.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)CA(A/C/G/T)CTG(C/T)-5', 0, inverse, negative strand, negative direction, is SuccessablesE2boxi--.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)GT(A/C/G/T)GAC(G/A)-5', 4, 3'-GGTGGACA-5', 394, 3'-TGTGGACA-5', 1131, 3'-CGTTGACG-5', 3851, 3'-TGTGGACA-5', 3970, inverse, negative strand, positive direction, is SuccessablesE2boxi-+.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)GT(A/C/G/T)GAC(G/A)-5', 0, inverse, positive strand, negative direction, is SuccessablesE2box+-.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)GT(A/C/G/T)GAC(G/A)-5', 1, 3'-GGTGGACA-5', 2117, inverse, positive strand, positive direction, is SuccessablesE2boxi++.bas, looking for 3'-(A/C/G/T)GT(A/C/G/T)GAC(G/A)-5', 0. Copying the above discovered CRE boxes and putting the sequences in "⌘F" locates these sequences in the same nucleotide positions as found by the computer programs. There are no E2 boxes in the core promoter in the negative direction. There are no E2 boxes in the core promoter in the positive direction. There is one E2 box 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 4213 in the negative direction. There is no E2 box in the positive direction. Using an estimate of 2 knts, a distal promoter to A1BG would be expected after nucleotide number 2460 in the negative direction. There are two E2 boxes in the distal promoter in the negative direction: 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 2989 and 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 4213 nts, negative strand, and two on the positive strand: 3'-GCAGGTGG-5' at 2571 and 3'-ACAGATGA-5' at 3920, plus their complements an inverses. Using an estimate of 2 knts, a distal promoter to A1BG would be expected after nucleotide number 2300 in the positive direction. There are none in the distal promoter in the positive direction. A Google Scholar search using A1BG and E2 box produced no results. "The developmental regulation of Ig gene expression is dependent on various sequences in the Ig enhancer. One class of such sequence elements is the E boxes. They share as a consensus sequence NNCANNTGNN. The E-box sites were first identified by dimethylsulfate protection experiments (6, 12). Factors were found to protect certain sequences from methylation in the Ig heavy- and light-chain enhancer in B cells but not in non-B cells (6,12). That the E-box elements are critical for B-cell-specific gene expression became evident from mutational analysis. Mutation of E-box sites caused a significant decrease in Ig transcription (18, 21). The most dramatic impact on Ig expression was found in mutations of elements that contain an E2 box (G/ACAGNTGT/G) (21). The E2 boxes are particularly interesting because they are also present in muscle-and pancreas-specific enhancers (3,4,32). Mutation of the E2-box elements present in these enhancers revealed the crucial role of these elements in regulating muscle- and pancreas-specific genes (16, 22, 26, 27, 32)." "Transcriptional downregulation of E-cadherin appears to be an important event in the progression of various epithelial tumors. SIP1 (ZEB-2) is a Smad-interacting, multi-zinc finger protein that shows specific DNA binding activity. [Expression] of wild-type but not of mutated SIP1 downregulates mammalian E-cadherin transcription via binding to both conserved E2 boxes of the minimal E-cadherin promoter." "Analysis of mouse and human E-cadherin promoters revealed a conserved modular structure with positive regulatory elements including two E2 boxes (CACCTG) with a potential repressor role Behrens et al. 1991, Giroldi et al. 1997." "The two E2 boxes in the mouse and human E-cadherin promoter sequences were demonstrated to play a crucial role in the epithelial-specific expression of E-cadherin Behrens et al. 1991, Giroldi et al. 1997. Mutation of these sequence elements results in upregulation of the E-cadherin promoter in dedifferentiated cancer cells, whereas the wild-type promoter shows low activity in such cells. Recently, it was shown that the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Snail can downregulate E-cadherin by binding to the E boxes in the E-cadherin promoter Batlle et al. 2000, Cano et al. 2000. Human Snail belongs to a family of zinc finger proteins, which contain four or five zinc finger domains of the C2H2 type at their C-terminal end. These zinc fingers bind to the CANNTG sequence in E box motifs." "δEF1 and SIP1 have been shown to bind spaced CACCT DNA sequences, including E2 boxes (CACCTG), by their zinc finger clusters (Remacle et al., 1999)." "To address the specificity of SIP1 action, mutagenesis of the E-cadherin promoter in either its upstream E2 box 1 (−75) or its downstream E2 box 3 (−25), or in both E2 boxes was performed [...]." Wild-type "SIP1 represses the E-cadherin promoter, likely through binding via both zinc finger clusters to spaced E2 boxes as demonstrated previously (Remacle et al., 1999) and confirmed here by a DNA-mediated pull-down assay of SIP1 protein [...]. Wild-type but not mutated SIP1 from transfected human cells could be efficiently precipitated by biotinylated E-cadherin promoter oligonucleotides, comprising two wild-type E2 box sequences. Mutation of the E2 boxes resulted in the loss of SIP1 binding." Human E2 boxes are E2-box 1 (GCAGGTGA), E2-box 2 (TGGCCGGC) and E2-box 3 (TCACCTGG). "Alignment of the E-cadherin promoter sequences of dog, mouse, and man. Conserved regulatory elements are indicated: E2 boxes 1 and 3, CCAAT box, and GC box. The E2 box 2 has been described as part of a palindromic E-pal sequence in the mouse E-cadherin promoter (Behrens et al., 1991), but is conserved neither in canine nor in human sequences." "Snail family genes encode zinc finger-containing proteins that function primarily as transcriptional repressors [1,2]. To date, three members of the Snail gene family have been described in vertebrates: Snai1 (also known as Snail), Snai2 (Slug) and Snai3 (Smuc). Snail family proteins possess a highly conserved carboxy-terminal region, containing four or five Cys2-His2 (C2H2)-type zinc finger regions and a more divergent amino-terminus that contains the evolutionarily conserved SNAG domain. The zinc finger regions are sequence-specific DNA-binding domains that bind E2-box sequences (CAGGTG and CACCTG). Both the SNAI1 and SNAI2 proteins recruit other proteins, such as histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC-1), to the E2 boxes of target genes to form a transcriptional repression complex that suppresses the transcription of Snail target genes [3,4]." "We searched the regions from −2500 bp to +500 bp of the Snai1 and Snai2 genes for E2 box sequences (CACCTG and CAGGTG), and identified eleven in the Snai1 promoter region [...] and five in the Snai2 promoter region [...]." "ChIP assays demonstrated binding of the SNAI1 and SNAI2 proteins to a subset of E2 boxes in both their own and each other’s promoter regulatory regions [...]. The SNAI2 protein bound to the Snai1 promoter region at sites 4, 7 and 8 [...], whereas the SNAI1 protein bound to its own promoter region at sites 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 [...]. Conversely, the SNAI1 protein bound to the Snai2 promoter region at site 5 [...], whereas the SNAI2 protein bound its own promoter region at site 3, 4 and 5 [...]." E2 boxes transcription laboratory by --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 11:53, 20 February 2019 (UTC) The E2 box is a type of enhancer box. And, like an enhancer box is expected to enhance or perhaps modulate the transcription of alpha-1-B glycoprotein. The first hypothesis tested is whether an E2 box occurs in the promoters of Gene ID: 1 alpha-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG). No E2 box was found between Gene ID: 162968 zinc finger protein 497 (ZNF497) and A1BG, the only side known to transcribe A1BG. But, E2 boxes occur between Gene ID: 342945 zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 22 (ZSCAN22) and A1BG suggesting a role in modulating transcription under specialized circumstances. Testing this as the second hypothesis demonstrated its likelihood with additional transcription factors. Wet chemistry is needed to confirm that transcription does occur from the ZSCAN22 side or that as yet unknown genes occur there. Many of the transcription factors examined so far could contribute to the transcription of A1BG: AGC boxes (GCC boxes), ATA boxes, C and D boxes, CArG boxes, CRE boxes, Enhancer boxes, Factor II B recognition elements (BREu), GA responsive complexes, HNF6s, HY boxes, Metal responsive elements, and STAT5s. The following have been examined so far: (1) AGC boxes (GCC boxes), (2) ATA boxes, (3) CAAT boxes, (4) C and D boxes, (5) CAREs (GA responsive complexes), (6) CArG boxes, (7) CENP-B boxes, (8) CGCG boxes, (9) CRE boxes, (10) DREB boxes, (11) EIF4E basal elements (4EBEs), (12) enhancer boxes (E boxes), (13) Factor II B recognition elements, (14) GAREs (GA responsive complexes), (15) G boxes, (16) GLM boxes, (17) HNF6s, (18) HY boxes, (19) Metal responsive elements (MREs), (20) Motif ten elements (MTEs), (21) Pyrimidine boxes (GA responsive complexes), (22) STAT5s, (23) TATA boxes, (24) TAT boxes (GA responsive complexes), (25) TATCCAC boxes, (26) W boxes (GA responsive complexes), (27) X boxes and (28) Y boxes. Regarding hypothesis 1: there are no ATA boxes in the core promoter of A1BG from either direction or strand. This hypothesis has been shown to be true. A corollary hypothesis might be 1.1: there are no ATA boxes in the proximal promoter of A1BG from either direction or strand. This corollary hypothesis may be true. As the TSS is at 858 nts, this ATA box is some 155 nts away, which is approximately the same number of nts from the TSS but not close enough to be in the core promoter and not 54 nts upstream from the TSS or to match other such genes with an ATA box. But the ATA box at 2347 is likely involved in transcription of A1BG in analogy to the rat. Although this has not been confirmed as involved, the existence of this ATA box likely proves hypothesis 1 false. As such, hypothesis 2 may be true. This hypothesis has been shown by literature search to be true. But, none of the ATA boxes for A1BG are close enough to any STAT5 promoter to match known transcription initiation. No CAAT boxes occur on either side of A1BG. Regarding hypothesis 1: The C and D boxes are not involved in the transcription of A1BG. There are no C boxes or D boxes in the core promoter from approximately 4425 to the possible transcription start site at nucleotide number 4460. There are no C boxes or D boxes in the core promoter from approximately 4266 to the possible transcription start site at nucleotide number 4300. There are no C boxes or D boxes in the proximal promoter beginning about nucleotide number 4210 in the negative direction. There is one C box 3'-ACATCA-5' at 4116 but no D boxes in the proximal promoter beginning about nucleotide number 4050 in the positive direction. There are four C boxes in the distal promoter: 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 2888, 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 2944, 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 3418, and 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 3521 on the negative strand in the negative direction and its complement on the positive strand. There is one D box in the distal promoter: 3'-AGTCTG-5' at 2947 on the negative strand in the negative direction and its complement on the positive strand. There is one C box in the distal promoter: 3'-TCATCA-5' at 3251 on the negative strand in the positive direction and its complement on the positive strand. There is one D box in the distal promoter: 3'-AGTCTG-5' at 3923 on the negative strand in the positive direction and its complement on the positive strand. Regarding hypothesis 2: If involved they assist transcription by other TFs. A Google scholar search using key words: "C box", "D box", and A1BG produced zero results. Regarding hypothesis 3: C and D boxes occur only in the proximal promoter. GeneID: 60674 GAS5 growth arrest specific 5 (non-protein coding). "This gene produces a spliced long non-coding RNA and is a member of the 5' terminal oligo-pyrimidine class of genes. It is a small nucleolar RNA host gene, containing multiple C/D box snoRNA genes in its introns. Part of the secondary RNA structure of the encoded transcript mimics glucocorticoid response element (GRE) which means it can bind to the DNA binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1). This action blocks the glucocorticoid receptor from being activated and thereby stops it from regulating the transcription of its target genes. This transcript is also thought to regulate the transcriptional activity of other receptors, such as androgen, progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors, that can bind to its GRE mimic region. Multiple functions have been associated with this transcript, including cellular growth arrest and apoptosis. It has also been identified as a potential tumor suppressor, with its down-regulation associated with cancer in multiple different tissues." "The antisense elements located immediately upstream of the D box and/or the D′ box match the sequence of the target RNA, while the areas immediately upstream of the C box and immediately downstream of the D box form a 5′–3′ terminal stem". "Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are noncoding RNAs involved in the processing and modification of ribosomal RNAs. They are grouped in two distinct families, the box C/D family, which catalyzes methylation of 2′-hydroxyls of the pre-rRNA precursor, and the box H/ACA family, which catalyzes the modification of uridines into pseudouridines in various RNAs (reviewed in Refs. [24] and [40])." "Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are 60–300-nucleotide-long RNAs located in the nucleolus or in Cajal bodies. They constitute one of the most abundant classes of ncRNAs [9]. Predominantly intronic, 300 different snoRNA sequences are located in the human genome. They are classified into two categories, those containing boxes C and D; and, those containing boxes H and ACA. snoRNAs are generated after splicing, debranching, and trimming of mRNA introns. Subsequently, mature snoRNAs associate with proteins to form small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). These complexes are exported into the nucleolus to participate in rRNA processing [5]." Tiny "RNAs with a modal length of 18 nt [...] map within -60 to +120 nt of transcription start sites (TSSs) in human, chicken and Drosophila. These transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) are derived from sequences on the same strand as the TSS and are preferentially associated with G+C-rich promoters. The 5' ends of tiRNAs show peak density 10-30 nt downstream of TSSs, indicating that they are processed. tiRNAs are generally, although not exclusively, associated with highly expressed transcripts and sites of RNA polymerase II binding." "With exception of U3 all box C/D snoRNAs presented in this study are intron-encoded, as it is the general pathway for the biogenesis of this class of snoRNAs (22)." "Box C/D snoRNAs [...] contain conserved Box C (UGAUGA) and Box D (CUGA) elements located closely to the 5′- and 3′-ends, respectively. Internal copies of these elements are termed Box C′ and Box D′ (20,21)." Gene ID: 7422 VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A. "This gene is a member of the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. It encodes a heparin-binding protein, which exists as a disulfide-linked homodimer. This growth factor induces proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells, and is essential for both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Disruption of this gene in mice resulted in abnormal embryonic blood vessel formation. This gene is upregulated in many known tumors and its expression is correlated with tumor stage and progression. Elevated levels of this protein are found in patients with POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with microvascular complications of diabetes 1 (MVCD1) and atherosclerosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. There is also evidence for alternative translation initiation from upstream non-AUG (CUG) codons resulting in additional isoforms. A recent study showed that a C-terminally extended isoform is produced by use of an alternative in-frame translation termination codon via a stop codon readthrough mechanism, and that this isoform is antiangiogenic. Expression of some isoforms derived from the AUG start codon is regulated by a small upstream open reading frame, which is located within an internal ribosome entry site." Inverse CARE occur 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 1406, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 2592, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 2704, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 3115, and 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 4096 in the negative direction. A CARE occurs 3'-CAACTC-5' at 3292 in the positive direction. But inverse CARE occur 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 1406, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 1621 and 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 3290. Subsequent computer-program testing revealed two more general CArG boxes: 3'-CAAAAAAAAG-5' at 1399 nts from ZSCAN22 and 3'-CATTAAAAGG-5' at 3441 nts from ZSCAN22, but none within 4300 nts toward A1BG from ZNF497. CArG boxes do occur in the distal promoter of A1BG on the ZSCAN22 side only. No CENP-B boxes occur on either side of A1BG. On the negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG), looking for 3'-(A/C/G)CGCG(C/G/T)-5', there no CGCG boxes in the core promoter. On the negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG), looking for 3'-(A/C/G)CGCG(C/G/T)-5', there no CGCG boxes in the core promoter. There are no CGCG boxes in the negative direction of the proximal promoter. There are no CGCG boxes in the positive direction of the other proximal promoter. There are no CGCG boxes after nucleotide number 2460 in the negative direction of the distal promoter. There are no CGCG boxes after nucleotide number 2300 in the positive direction of the other distal promoter. All of the CGCG boxes found are more closely associated with ZSCAN22 or ZNF497 than A1BG. There is one CRE box on the negative strand pointing toward A1BG in the proximal promoter in the negative direction between A1BG and ZSCAN22: 3'-TGACGTCA-5' 4317 nts, that can be involved in the transcription of A1BG probably with an Inr rather than a TATA box. This tentatively proves hypothesis 1 false; i.e., A1BG can be transcribed by a CRE box. No DREB boxes occur on either side of A1BG. No EIF4E basal elements, also eIF4E or (4EBE), occur on either side of A1BG. Regarding hypothesis 1: B recognition element (BREu) is not involved in the transcription of A1BG. In the negative direction, there are no BREs (BREu) in the core promoter from approximately 4425 to the possible transcription start site at nucleotide number 4460. In the positive direction, there are no BREs (BREu) in the core promoter from approximately 4266 to the possible transcription start site at nucleotide number 4300. There are no BREs (BREu) in the proximal promoter beginning about nucleotide number 4210 in the negative direction. There are no BREs (BREu) in the proximal promoter beginning about nucleotide number 4050 in the positive direction. There is one BREu in the distal promoter: 3'-CCGCACC-5' at 3047 on the negative strand in the negative direction and its complement on the positive strand. There is one BREu in the distal promoter: 3'-CCGCACC-5' at 2566 on the negative strand in the positive direction and its complement on the positive strand. Regarding hypothesis 2: If involved it assists transcription by other TFs. A search of Google Scholar and the full web failed to produce any examples of BREu assisted A1BG transcription. "A computational study based on statistical analysis of curated promoter sets concluded that up to 25% of human core promoters contain a potential BREu. The motif was found to be enriched in CpG promoters (>30% frequency) but depleted in CpG-less promoters (<10% frequency) [14]." An inverse GARE: 3'-AAACAAT-5' and its complement at 230 nts occur close to ZSCAN22, likely way outside the distal promoters, so no GARE occur on either side of A1BG in the distal promoters. No G boxes occur on either side of A1BG. No GLM boxes occur on either side of A1BG. HNF6s may have a downstream proximal promoter element if the computer nts sampling is additionally, approximately at least 250 nts downstream of the transcription start site. The computer programs written to test for HNF6 promoters were limited to 100 nts below the apparent TSSs. There is no such "downstream" promoter between ZSCAN22 and A1BG. Both a TATA box or an Inr are within the core promoter. There are no HNF6s within any core promoters per the computer program sampling from ZNF497 or ZSCAN22 and A1BG. There are no HNF6s within any core promoters per the computer program sampling from ZNF497 or ZSCAN22 and A1BG containing either TSS. No HNF6s were detected at least to 100 nts downstream of each TSS. This direction is the only confirmed transcription of A1BG; therefore, it is likely A1BG is transcribed using this HNF6 transcription factor. There are two HNF6s on the negative strand in the negative direction, 3'-AAGCAACTT-5' at 3506 and 3'-AAGGGACTT-5' at 3782. The only known TSS for A1BG lies at 4300 nts from just beyond ZNF497 toward A1BG. There two HNF6s in the proximal promoter between 4050 and 4300, 3'-TTATTGATTA-5' at 4164 and 3'-TATAATTGTT-5' at 4172, i.e. outside from 4242 (-58) to 4250 (-50). This suggests that HNF6 assists in the transcription of A1BG, but not downstream of the TSS. "Computer analysis of the 2.3 kb rat a1bg promoter fragment revealed two putative HNF6 sites and one [hepatic nuclear factor 6] HNF6/HNF3 binding site at −2077/−2069, −69/−61 and −137/−128 respectively [...]." "HNF6 bound to the a1bg HNF6 oligonucleotide, but in this case, the mutated oligonucleotide was able to compete for binding when added in large excess [...]. 1997). [...] HNF6 could bind to their respective site in the a1bg promoter in vitro, and the mutations introduced in respective site abolished binding of the corresponding factor." Following "mutation of the HNF6-binding element, mutHNF6-Luc, the sex-differentiated expression was attenuated due to reduced expression in females. 1999). 1999). 2004). [...] Moreover, NF1 and Oct-1 have been shown to, reciprocally, facilitate each other’s binding (O’Connor & Bernard 1995, Belikov et al. 2004)." "Computer analysis of the 2.3 kb rat a1bg promoter fragment revealed [a] HNF6 [site] at [...] −69/−61 [...]." "Computer analysis of the 2.3 kb rat a1bg promoter fragment revealed two putative HNF6 sites [...] at −2077/−2069 [and] −69/−61 [...]." There are two HNF6s on the negative strand in the negative direction, 3'-AAGCAACTT-5' at 3506 (-954) and 3'-AAGGGACTT-5' at 3782 (-678) in the distal promoter between ZSCAN22 and A1BG. Although much closer than their likely murine counterparts, they are on the other side of A1BG from the HNF6 site confirming hypothesis 1. If active in humans or murine-like HNF6s occur within or beyond ZNF497 in this distal promoter, then human A1BG is transcribed using HNF6 promoters disproving hypothesis 2. A Google Scholar search using ZNF497 with HNF6 found no articles discussing HNF6 sites inside or associated with ZNF497. To confirm they exist, a data file going 4300 nts to just beyond ZNF497 has been created and tested for a distal promoter on this side. Distal HNF6s in the positive direction, if they exist, would be inside ZNF497 or beyond, e.g., 3'-ATGTCCATGG-5' at 3581 was found. Literature search has found that HNF6s assist transcription of A1BG by other transcription factors. The proximal HNF6 promoter is -58 to -50 from A1BG TSS. If another HNF6 promoter is at -2.3 kb, it is about -1.4 kb inside ZNF497 which is 3212 nts long. Per earlier laboratories transcription factors may occur in the distal promoters on the ZNF497 side of A1BG for ATA boxes 3'-AATAAA-5' occurs at 3427, CArG boxes, Enhancer boxes, HY boxes, MREs and STAT5s 3'-TTCCATGAA-5' occurs at 128. The HNF6 promoter on the other side of A1BG (at about +3 kb is way beyond -2.1 through ZNF497 unless the DNA is folded to allow the HNF6 on the ZSCAN22 side to be used in analogy to the HNF6 on the same side as in the rat. HNF6s have a role as downstream signal transducers in A1BG, where the murine downstream promoter element is only 11 nts displaced from the human one. However, HY boxes were found in the distal promoters on both sides of A1BG. 1994), [...]. 2001)." This examination is the first to test one such DNA-occurring TF: the HNF6s. The presence of multiple MREs coupled with experimental results from the literature indicating post-translational isoforms tends to confirm the existence of two or more isoforms for A1BG and likely transcription from either side. No Motif ten elements occur on either side of A1BG. Pyrimidine boxes and their complements: 3'-CCTTTT-5' at 2459, 3'-CCTTTT-5' at 2927, and 3'-CCTTTT-5' at 2968 occur in the negative direction. Inverse pyrimidine boxes and their complements occur 3'-AAAAGG-5' at 1107, 3'-AAAAGG-5' at 3345, and 3'-AAAAGG-5' at 3441 also in the negative direction. STAT5s have a role as downstream signal transducers in A1BG, where the murine downstream promoter element is only 11 nts displaced from the human one. This suggests a STAT5 participation in human gene transcription of A1BG in the proximal promoter downstream between any other promoter and the TSS on the ZNF497 side of A1BG. A1BG is not transcribed by any STAT5s is clearly disproved by the STAT5 transcription factor in the proximal promoter on the ZNF497 side of A1BG. STAT5s may assist transcription of A1BG by other transcription factors, literature search has found that STAT5s assist transcription of A1BG by other transcription factors. On the negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG), looking for 3'-TATA-A/T-A-A/T-A/G-5', there no TATA boxes in the core promoter. On the negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG), looking for 3'-TATA-A/T-A-A/T-A/G-5-5', there no TATA boxes in the core promoter. There are no TATA boxes in the negative direction of the proximal promoter. There are no TATA boxes in the positive direction of the proximal promoter. For the positive strand in the negative direction looking for 3'-TATA-A/T-A-A/T-A/G-5', there's one 3'-TATATAAA-5' at 2874 nts, its complement and inverse complement of the distal promoter. Any TATA boxes before A1BG from the direction of ZN497 may be out to 2300 nts. None were found in the distal promoter. On the positive strand, in the nucleotide region between gene ZSCAN22 (NCBI GeneID: 342945) and A1BG (NCBI GeneID: 1) are 211 TATA box-like 8 nt long sequences. Of these, TATAAAAG occurs at 58853713 + 183 nts and TATAAAAG at 58853713 + 222. This is a TATA box found with some genes. But, the optimal TBP recognition sequence 3'-TATATAAG-5', does not occur. TATATAAA occurs only once at 2874 nts from the end of ZSCAN22. TBP is bound to this sequence and TATAAAAG above. TATAAA occurs seven times, with the closest one at 2874 nts from the end of ZSCAN22. A1BG does not have a TATA box in the core promoter region. There is the sequence 3'-TGCTATATAGATGGCAACTAAGCACTTGGGGAAAAAA-5' for which the first nt (T) is number 58856598 or 1574 nt upstream from the beginning of the 3'-UTR at 58858172. Unless another variant exists, -1574 nt from the beginning of the 3'-UTR is a large number of nts away from the TSS. The closest TATA box-like sequence is 3'-CTCTTAAG-5' on the template strand at 4408 nts from the end of ZSCAN22, which is upstream from the core promoter. The extra TATA boxes between ZSCAN22 and A1BG strongly suggest that there is at least one gene (or pseudogene) between ZSCAN22 and A1BG not currently in the NCBI database. On the negative strand between ZNF497 and A1BG, there are no TATA boxes of the form 3’-TATA-A/T-A-A/T-A/G-5’. For the negative strand going from ZSCAN22 to A1BG there are two TATA boxes: 3'-TATATATA-5' at 1600 nts and 3'-TATATAAA-5' at 1602 nts. These are way too far from the possible TSS in this direction. These two TATA boxes in the distal promoter at approximately -2860 nts from the TSS suggest that there may be a short gene between ZSCAN22 and A1BG. The hypothesis: TATA boxes are not involved in the transcription of A1BG is true. There are no TATA boxes at all between ZNF497 and A1BG. On the negative strand between ZSCAN22 and A1BG there are many TATA boxes between 184 nts from ZSCAN22 and 2874 nts from ZSCAN22 yet no genes are apparently known to occur between ZSCAN22 and A1BG. ZSCAN22 has several isoforms but all end exactly at the one TSS on the A1BG side. From the number and variety of TFs on both sides of A1BG, multiple transcriptions should be possible. Any connection between bone, muscle and brain mass loss and A1BG likely uses one or more of the sides, directions, or forms (16 ways) and includes one or more TFs. Determining which produces deleterious effects is the first step toward reversal in a zero-g radiation inducing environment. An inverse TAT box occurs 3'-TACCTAT-5' at 2996 with its complement in the negative direction. No TATCCAC boxes occur on either side of A1BG. Inverse W boxes occur within the proximal promoter in the negative direction of A1BG: 3'-GGTCAA-5' at 4416 and 3'-GGTCAA-5' at 4308. W boxes occur within the proximal promoter in the positive direction of A1BG: 3'-CTGACC-5' and its complement at 4216 and inverse W boxes occur 3'-GGTCAG-5' and its complement at 4270. A W box occurs 3'-CTGACC-5' at 3749, 3'-CTGACT-5' at 1935 could be associated ZSCAN22 or an unknown gene between it and A1BG, along with their complements in the negative direction of the distal promoter. W box inverses occur 3'-GGTCAG-5' at 1353 and 3'-AGTCAG-5' at 2101, 3'-GGTCAG-5' at 2221, 3'-AGTCAG-5' at 2608, 3'-AGTCAA-5' at 2614, and 3'-AGTCAG-5' at 2619 along with their complements in the negative direction of the distal promoter. W boxes occur 3'-CTGACC-5' at 1662, 3'-CTGACC-5' at 2213, 3'-TTGACC-5' at 2873, 3'-CTGACT-5' at 2945, and 3'-TTGACC-5' at 4018 that could be associated with A1BG, along with 3'-TTGACC-5' at 1953, 3'-CTGACT-5' at 2674, and 3'-TTGACT-5' at 3735 in the positive direction of the distal promoter. No X boxes occur on either side of A1BG. No Y boxes occur on either side of A1BG. Regarding hypothesis 1: E2 boxes are not present in the promoter of A1BG. The Basic programs (starting with SuccessablesE2box.bas) were written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), including the extended number of nts from 958 to 4445, looking for E2 boxes, their possible complements and inverses, to test the hypothesis that E2 boxes are not present in the promoter of A1BG. Regarding hypothesis 2: If an E2 box is present it does not assist in the transcription of A1BG. Literature searches were performed to determine the likely TFs and possible interactions to transcribe A1BG. E2 boxes are not present in the promoter of A1BG. There are no E2 boxes in the core promoter in the negative direction. There are no E2 boxes in the core promoter in the positive direction. There is one E2 box 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 4213 in the negative direction of the proximal promoter. There is no E2 box in the positive direction of the proximal promoter. There are two E2 boxes of the distal promoter in the negative direction: 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 2989 and 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 4213 nts, negative strand, and two on the positive strand: 3'-GCAGGTGG-5' at 2571 and 3'-ACAGATGA-5' at 3920, plus their complements an inverses. There are no E2 boxes on the distal promoter in the positive direction. If an E2 box is present it does not assist in the transcription of A1BG. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "GCC box": Both of these TFs are apparently involved with key regulators of paclitaxel biosynthesis in Taxus cuspidata. "Paclitaxel is mainly derived from the plant genus Taxus and has been widely used in cancer chemotherapy. However, plant cell culture is often not commercially viable because of difficulties associated with culturing dedifferentiated plant cells (DDCs) on an industrial scale. [Undifferentiated] cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) from Taxus cuspidata, [...] possess superior growth properties relative to DDCs. These CMCs have been demonstrated to be a cost effective platform for the sustainable production of paclitaxel. Using 454 sequencing, we determined the transcriptome of T. cuspidata CMCs. Utilizing this transcriptome as a reference, we then employed Solexa digital gene expression profiling to identify transcriptional regulators that were induced by methyl jasmonate, an activator of paclitaxel biosynthesis. This lead to the discovery of 19 putative transcription factors (TFs) belonged to 5 TF families which were further confirmed by associated molecular methods. We aimed to identify which of these 19 regulatory proteins drive the expression of 5 paclitaxel biosynthetic genes by employing yeast one-hybrid analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "ATA box": Your search - "E2 box" "ATA boxes" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CAAT box": About 14 results (0.05 sec): "There was no consensus CAAT box. [...] In addition, we performed mutation analyses of the E2 box and the E3 box to evaluate whether the E2 and E3 boxes regulate the transcriptional activity of the human NeuroD gene [...]." The "5′ genomic sequences revealed promoter elements containing a TATA box at nucleotides −23 to −27 and a CAAT box between nucleotides [...] and an E2 box [...]." "Studies have reported that the cap signal element with the TATA-box, CAAT-box, and GC-box is the most general element of the POL II promoter and exists in major protein [...] The delta-crystallin enhancer-binding protein delta EF1 is a repressor of E2-box-mediated gene activation [...]." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "C and D boxes": "There are two main classes of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs): the box C/D snoRNAs and the box H/ACA snoRNAs that function as guide RNAs to direct sequence-specific modification of rRNA precursors and other nucleolar RNA targets. A previous computational and biochemical analysis revealed a possible evolutionary relationship between miRNA precursors and some box H/ACA snoRNAs. Here, we investigate a similar evolutionary relationship between a subset of miRNA precursors and box C/D snoRNAs. Computational analyses identified 84 intronic miRNAs that are encoded within either box C/D snoRNAs, or in precursors showing similarity to box C/D snoRNAs. Predictions of the folded structures of these box C/D snoRNA-like miRNA precursors resemble the structures of known box C/D snoRNAs, with the boxes C and D often in close proximity in the folded molecule. All five box C/D snoRNA-like miRNA precursors tested (miR-27b, miR-16-1, mir-28, miR-31 and let-7g) bind to fibrillarin, a specific protein component of functional box C/D snoRNP complexes." "RT–PCR used to detect co-precipitated HBII-239, hsa-mir-let-7g, hsa-mir-16-1, hsa-mir-27b, has-mir-28 and has-mir-31 miRNA precursors, with U3 box C/D snoRNA as positive control and, U1 snRNA, 5 S rRNA, GAPDH pre-mRNA and E2 box H/ACA snoRNA as negative controls for fibrillarin-associated RNAs." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CAACTC regulatory elements": 1 result (0.04 sec): mentions E2-box sequences but not CAACTC. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CAACTC regulatory elements", CARE or CAREs: Your search - "CAACTC regulatory element" "E2 box" - did not match any articles. The use of CARE picked up "About 263 results (0.09 sec)" but care rather than CARE. CAREs picked up "3 results (0.05 sec)" for cares. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CArG boxes": 8 results (0.05 sec): "The HLH-binding sites (E1 and E2-box) are located at position −214 > −219 and −252 > −257. Four CArG-boxes (A, B, C, and D) are present in the upstream region of the SMA gene." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CENP-B box": Your search - "E2 box" "CENP-B box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CGCG box": Your search - "E2 box" "CGCG box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "CRE box": 1 result (0.04 sec): "In the rat insulin I promoter, there is an additional E2 box and in humans one E2-like box that binds the protein USF (Read et al., 1993). [...] In human insulin gene there are four CRE boxes (two within the promoter region) (Inagaki et al., 1992), only one CRE box is present in the rat promoter (Crowe and Tsai 1989, Philippe and Missotts 1990)." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "DREB box": Your search - "E2 box" "DREB box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "EIF4E basal element": Your search - "E2 box" "EIF4E basal element" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "4EBE": Your search - "E2 box" "4EBE" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "E box": About 622 results (0.08 sec): "The two E2 boxes in the mouse and human E-cadherin promoter sequences were demonstrated to play a crucial role in the epithelial-specific expression of E-cadherin Behrens et al. 1991, Giroldi et al. 1997. Mutation of these sequence elements results in upregulation of the E-cadherin promoter in dedifferentiated cancer cells, whereas the wild-type promoter shows low activity in such cells. Recently, it was shown that the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Snail can downregulate E-cadherin by binding to the E boxes in the E-cadherin promoter Batlle et al. 2000, Cano et al. 2000. Human Snail belongs to a family of zinc finger proteins, which contain four or five zinc finger domains of the C2H2 type at their C-terminal end. These zinc fingers bind to the CANNTG sequence in E box motifs." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "Factor II B recognition element": Your search - "E2 box" "Factor II B recognition element" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "BRE": Your search - "E2 box" "BRE" - did not match any articles. About 13 results (0.06 sec): "An E2-box and three AP-1-binding sites were found on the promoter. No typical BRE elements were located on this promoter." But, BMP response element is called BRE element. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "GA responsive element": Your search - "E2 box" "GA responsive element" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "GARE": 2 results (0.04 sec) but no access available. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "G box": About 14 results (0.10 sec): "One of the candidates for the pinopsin LRE-binding factor is δ-crystallin enhancer binding protein (δEF1)/zinc finger, E-box binding protein (ZEB), which was identified as a ubiquitous transcriptional repressor acting through the CACCT(G) E2 box (Funahashi et al., 1993; Genetta et al., 1994). [An] LRE for pinopsin gene regulation is present at positions -1103 to -1086 in the promoter region and that the light dependency of the promoter activity is completely lost by introducing mutations within these positions. Interestingly, the CACGTG sequence found in the pinopsin LRE completely matches the G box (CACGTGG), one of the LREs identified in plants (Donald and Cashmore, 1990), in which the element is not effective by itself and a combination with its specific minimal promoter is indispensable for the expression of light responsiveness." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "GLM box": Your search - "E2 box" "GLM box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "HNF6": 5 results (0.05 sec): Pronounced "p65 binding in saline-treated livers in the untranslated first exon of the Per2 gene in a region containing both a NF-κB-binding motif (GGGRNYYYCC, where R is a purine, Y is a pyrimidine, and N is any nucleotide) and the noncanonical E2-box (CACGTT) motif (∼220 base pairs [bp] downstream from the NF-κB motif) bound by CLOCK and BMAL1 that has been described previously to preferentially drive circadian transcription of the Per2 locus (Supplemental Fig. S2A; Yoo et al. 2005). [Motif] analyses revealed significant enrichment in metabolic and circadian bZIP factors (CEBP and HLF), HNF6-binding motifs, and the circadian clock pathway (E-box and USF1), in addition to p65 (Fig. 4C), following a HFD." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "HY box": Your search - "E2 box" "HY box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "MRE": 4 results (0.04 sec): "The skeletal actin CArG motif functioned as a muscle regulatory element (MRE) in that basal expression was detected only in muscle cultures." But, MRE here designates "Metal Response Element". The E2 box apparently is not in the promoter of ZNF658 though it may repress transcription similarly. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "Metal Response Element": 5 results (0.09 sec) δ-crystallin/E2-box factor and metal response element are mentioned in possible connection to stannin (Snn) gene. Other four do not mention interaction or common gene promoter. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "MTE": 2 results (0.06 sec): Each RNA polymer II holoenzyme complex needs TFs in various combinations to initiate transcription, including "In addition to the DPE, two other core promoter elements have been identified downstream of the transcription startsite. The MTE (motive ten element) has the consensus C[GC]A[AG]C[GC][GC]AACG[GC] and is typically located at position +18 to +28 relative to the transcriptional startsite. [and] Extensive work on the xbra promoter showed that the correct spatial expression confined in the margin of early gastrulation stage in Xenopus embryos is mainly established by repressive signals rather than activation (Latinkic et al, 1997; Lerchner et al, 2000). A search for putative transcription factor binding sites in the proximal xbra promoter identified a deltaEF1 binding site that, in conjunction with an E2-box restricts expression of xbra to the marginal zone in early gastrulation stages." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "Pyrimidine box": Your search - "E2 box" "Pyrimidine box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "STAT5": About 30 results (0.05 sec): "[O]ligonucleotides [contain] a single E-box (E1 or E2) present in the GLε promoter." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "TATA box": "A computer search for transcription promoter elements (see [the image on the right]) showed the presence of a prominent TATA box 22 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site and an Sp1 site at position -42 to -33. The 5'-flanking sequence also contains three E boxes with CANNTG consensus sequences at positions -464 to -459, -90 to -85, and -52 to -47 that have been marked as E box, E1 box, and E2 box, respectively (see [the image on the right]). In addition, the 5'-flanking region contains one or more GRE, XRE, GATA-1, GCN-4, PEA-3, AP1, and AP2 consensus motifs and also three imperfect CArG sites (¥𐐏𐐜𐑣☋♆☉♆CArG) as indicated in [the image on the right]." "The locations of various factor binding motifs including the E1 box, E2 box, TATA box, and the transcription initiation site are indicated." Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "TAT box": 1 result (0.06 sec): "Bibliography of the current world literature". Not accessible. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "TATC box": Your search - "E2 box" "TATC box" - did not match any articles. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "W box": 5 results (0.07 sec): Both of these TFs are apparently involved with key regulators of paclitaxel biosynthesis in Taxus cuspidata. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "X box": About 29 results (0.09 sec): Articles contain one or the other but not both to the same gene. Google Scholar search using "E2 box" "Y box": About 33 results (0.15 sec): Articles contain one or the other but not both to the same gene. There are no E2 boxes available on the ZNF497 side of A1BG for transcribing A1BG (positive direction). On the negative direction side from ZSCAN22 to A1BG there are E2 boxes near the proximal promoter but actually only in the distal promoter: 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 2989 and 3'-ACAGATGT-5' at 4213 nts, negative strand, and two on the positive strand: 3'-GCAGGTGG-5' at 2571 and 3'-ACAGATGA-5' at 3920, plus their complements an inverses. While there is no known transcription of A1BG using E2 boxes, these TFs could be used even if only to moderate transcription. AGC (GCC) box: There appears to be no direct evidence that an E2 box and a GCC box occur in the same promoter let alone interact. However, an AGC (GCC) box was found in the distal promoter of either gene ZSCAN22 or A1BG on both the template and coding strands. Therefore, A1BG has both TFs in the negative direction and interaction cannot be ruled out. ATA box: There is one inverse and inverse complement ATA box in the proximal promoter in the positive direction between 4050 and 4300: 3'-AAATAA-5' at 4142, and 3'-TTTATT-5' at 4142. The ATA box at 2347 (positive direction) is likely involved in transcription of A1BG in analogy to the rat. There is the following inverse ATA box on the negative strand, negative direction: 3'-AAATAA-5' at 4537 downstream from the TSS at 4460. If assisting other TFs is limited to ZSCAN22 side of A1BG where the E2 boxes are and assistance occurs to either TF from the other, the interaction cannot be ruled out. But there are apparently no articles to confirm occurrence and interaction of E2 boxes, ATA boxes, and A1BG. CAAT box: "There was no consensus CAAT box. [...] In addition, we performed mutation analyses of the E2 box and the E3 box to evaluate whether the E2 and E3 boxes regulate the transcriptional activity of the human NeuroD gene [...]." Likewise, there's no CAAT box in either A1BG promoter and there are two E2 boxes on the ZSCAN22 side. Interaction can be ruled out. C and D boxes: Usually C and D boxes are TFs for snoRNAs. Four C boxes in the distal promoter: 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 2888, 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 2944, 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 3418, and 3'-AGTAGT-5' at 3521 on the negative strand in the negative direction and one D box in the distal promoter: 3'-AGTCTG-5' at 2947 which overlaps the second C box (AGT). No gene has been annotated so far between ZSCAN22 and A1BG, but Gene ID: 503538 A1BG antisense RNA 1 is usually transcribed in the negative direction. Two C boxes 3'-TCATCA-5' at 3251 and 3'-ACATCA-5' at 4116 on the negative strand in the positive direction and one D box in the distal promoter: 3'-AGTCTG-5' at 3923 on the negative strand in the positive direction and complements on the positive strand. Gene ID: 503538 A1BG antisense RNA 1 has one promoter inside ZNF497, but Gene ID: 503538 begins about at 2600 nts which means the C and D boxes on the ZNF497 side of A1BG are inside the gene 503538 A1BG antisense RNA 1. As of 15 August 2012 another "C box" has been designated, "The results from our study are largely complementary to the modENCODE efforts in that we identify the C-box, a novel enhancer element for a relatively large set of genes, which all share a common mode of regulation, namely being regulated by DAF-19/RFX." Its consensus sequence is apparently (C/T)(C/T)(C/T)T(C/T)T(C/T)(C/T)T(C/T)(A/C/G). There is another promoter D box, or D-box: "Located in the region [...] is a single D-box element (5′-GTTGTATAAC-3′) with a distinct sequence from that of the functional D-box identified in the per2 promoter (5′-CTTATGTAAA-3′) [21]." "The two MAPK docking consensus sequences present in hBVR, F162GFP and K275KRILHCLGL (C- and D-box, respectively [no snoRNAs]), are ERK interactive sites; interaction at each site is critical for ERK/Elk1 activation." Interaction between C and D boxes for snoRNAs and the promoters of A1BG so far cannot be ruled out. CARE: Inverse CAREs occur 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 1406, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 2592, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 2704, 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 3115, and 3'-CTCAAC-5' at 4096 in the negative direction. This suggests they are TFs for ZSCAN22, but interaction with E2 boxes cannot be
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Introduction | Knowledge Engineering — A Primer | Modelling Historical Knowledge | Advanced Topics This wikibook is about how historians can leverage the technical contributions that the discipline of Knowledge Engineering has made to modern research in their own work. historians are trying to take advantages of the technologies that computers have, but they have no money to fund any research the Internet and its search engines are a great help in the early 80s, in the heyday's of AI, it looked like expert systems would be the way to go, but then the AI winter hit before the historians could really learn how to build or use them the "Let's use Databases!" movement fizzled in the late 90s because it was not immediately obvious how to address the issues of semantics underlying the coding of the data with OWL, the knowledge engineering is getting back into the swing of things ontologies such as the Council of Museum's conceptual reference model indicate that the time has come to learn this valuable tool one history ontology is already available, embedded in VICODI, see also the paper by Richard Deswarte and Jan Ooesthook on their experience contributing to this effort, the ontology itself in the primer, we are going to find out what the fundamental benefits derivable from knowledge engineering are get an idea of what the various (freely) available tools offer in the basic round, we are going to model some fundamental facts that historians need all the time model some intermediate concepts, like sources and point of view in the advanced round, we are going to model more difficult stuff, like temporal projections consider modelling problems that involve shifting the resolution of the knowledge we are reasoning over
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Ctenophora Name Meaning: Comb bearer English Common Name: Comb jellies, Ctenophores Major distinguishing characteristics: Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia Approximate number of species described: about 100 modern species All species are marine and almost all are free-swimming. They are found around the world, and grow up to 2 meters (6 feet) in length. Comb-jellies are difficult to study because most species are extremely soft-bodied and don't survive capture intact. A few coastal species are a bit tougher, and are regularly displayed in aquaria. Most of what we know about them comes from these species. All adult ctenophores are predators. The juveniles of two species are parasites, otherwise they too are predators. Some are bioluminescent. The Phylum Ctenophora is divided into two living orders: Order Tentaculata (ctenophores with cilia) Order Nuda (ctenophores without cilia) Ctenophora are the largest animals to move by the use of cilia. The cilia are present in lines, called combs. A few deep-sea ctenophorans lack combs. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist mostly of mesoglea, a non-living substance. Unlike the cnidarians, their body wall contains two layers of cells instead of one. Their internal anatomy consists of a mouth, pharynx, stomach, and an internal set of canals. Having a soft body, the fossil record of the Ctenophora is spotty and limited. The earliest known is 520 million years old. They are present in the Burgess Shale. Ctenophora Quiz Ctenophora at Wikipedia Ctenophora at the Encyclopedia of Life Ctenophora at the Tree of Life
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Liu Jieyi (Simplified Chinese: 刘结一; Liú Jiēyī; December 1957 - ) is a politician in the People's Republic of China (PRC). He currently serves as the Director of Taiwan Affairs Office since 19 March 2018. Promotion of cross strait-ties is in the general interest of China, and improving relations conforms to trends of the times. It's in the interests of both sides. No matter the weather, people on both sides of the strait remain united with shared nationality, shared cultural identity and shared emotions. Despite ups and downs, the trend is still to go forward. People in (Mainland) China and Taiwan share a common destiny, and the yearning for closer relations is unanimous, and unstoppable. Liu Jieyi (2018) cited in "Xi reveals 'four reasons' he is confident China-Taiwan ties will improve" on Taiwan News, 14 July 2018. The difference in our systems is not an obstacle for reunification (between Mainland China and Taiwan), nor it is an excuse for secession. Liu Jieyi (2019) cited in "Mainland's Taiwan affairs chief: Reunification of China is inevitable" on CGTN, 5 March 2019. The two sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family. Liu Jieyi (2019) cited in "'1992 consensus' key to stabilizing cross-strait ties: Han Kuo-yu" on Focus Taiwan, 25 March 2019. People from both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family and should help each other. Liu Jieyi (2019) cited in "TAO head avoids sensitive terms at twin-city forum" on Taipei Times, 7 July 2019. Wikipedia has an article about: Liu Jieyi Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Liu Jieyi
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Thursday, March 26, 2009 Iran Related articles 2 November 2020: On the campaign trail in the USA, October 2020 2 July 2020: Iran issues arrest warrants for 36 people, including US President Trump; seeks Interpol's aid 14 April 2020: Iranian International Master Dorsa Derakhshani discusses her chess career with Wikinews 3 March 2020: Iranian government official Mohammad Mir-Mohammadi dies of COVID-19 13 January 2020: Iran admits downing Ukrainian jet, cites 'human error' Location of Iran Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Last week, NATO and Iran had contact for the first time in thirty years, NATO officials stated Thursday. "[An Iranian] diplomat met with Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs and Security Policy Martin Erdmann," said chief alliance spokesman James Appathurai. The Iranian embassy in Brussels declined to comment on the visit. The visit to Brussels by the Iranian diplomat was the first "since the regime of the Shah" collapsed in the Iranian Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979. "It was a first informal contact about the subject of Afghanistan, [but] we have not yet programmed a second meeting," said Appathurai. Because of Afghanistan's opium production and the stream of Afghan refugees crossing Iran's border, "the Iranians are interested in possible cooperation on Afghanistan," a NATO official stated. Earlier on Thursday, Iran said that it would attend the international meeting on Afghanistan next week in The Hague, Netherlands. Appathurai added that "the fact that Iran has accepted to go to the conference in The Hague is good news and constitutes a new step in the regionalisation of the Afghan issue". Wikipedia has more about this subject: Iranian Revolution Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau. "NAVO en Iran hervatten contact na dertig jaar" — NU.nl, March 26, 2009 (Dutch) "Iran, NATO in first talks in 30 years: NATO officials" — Agence France-Presse, March 26, 2009
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If an English word has a silent letter, that letter does not count. Think about the sound, not the English spelling when doing this exercise. م : m in map and maim ك : k in break , cake, and Rick ي : j in fjord and y in yellow (not the y in system) ث : th in think and bath ف : f in fate ت : t in talk and bat ب : b in break and cab Instructions: Write the Arabic letter that represents the sound that the English word starts with. examples: think ث face ف Begin: king hate father hamper mass mother yacht matter clan master Yemen coat match foremost boot first taste cave banner third mom track cast thistle main fate base yes captain Instructions: Write the Arabic letter that represents the sound of the English sound that the English word ends in. Because fate ends in the "t" sound, write ت (taa) beside the word. Examples: fate ت fat ت bluff ف rob club hate Tuesday day boat rate just institute make ray cake kick lame Rick mom trumpet doom Nick damn calculate must am fame name lime crazy Monday wait bath raft jumpy math tame easy lazy Answers
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The Bridge River Valley is a sparsely populated area of lakes, valleys, abandoned towns and near-ghost towns in the mountainous region between Pemberton and Lillooet. Rich in history and often dazzling scenery, it offers many hiking, camping, fishing, hunting and mountaineering opportunities. The valley is mostly wilderness with a couple of settlements and a number of lodges clustered near the upper end of Carpenter Lake. The main settlements — Gold Bridge, at the western end of Carpenter Lake, and Bralorne, about 15 km south of Gold Bridge — are very small with 50-100 people each. They are the service centers for the valley with a limited selection of accommodation and restaurants. Although there aren't many people in the Bridge River Valley these days, it wasn't always that way. The Bridge River area was once British Columbia's main gold mining region, producing over $370 million of ore. During its heyday, from the 1930s to the 1950s, over 10,000 people lived in the region. The productivity of the mines declined, and by the early 1970s, they were all shut down, leaving the abandoned mineshafts and townsites behind. As the mines declined in importance, hydroelectric development grew in prominence. The Bridge River is dammed in three places, creating the two reservoirs that dominate the valley: Carpenter Lake and Downtown Lake. The dams are estimated to provide up to 8% of British Columbia's power. One of these dams, Lajoie Dam, is about 3 km upriver from Gold Bridge; the other 64 km east forms Carpenter Lake, which did not exist beforehand. The main draw of the region today is its recreational activities. There are many trails in the area for hiking, horseback riding and mountain biking providing the quintessential B.C. panorama of snow-capped mountains, forest-clad slopes, glacier-fed lakes and alpine meadows. In the winter, it's popular with snowmobilers. The Bridge River Valley's climate is generally warm and sunny in the summer and cool and wet in the winter, though much drier than areas toward the Coast. Daytime highs typically reach the mid to high 20s (Celsius) in summer with below zero temperatures December to February. Snow is common from November through March. Compared to Vancouver, it is warmer in summer, cooler in winter and much drier throughout the year. Alpine areas receive crisp powder snow and lakes freeze in winter. 50.85257-122.835751 Bridge River Valley Economic Development Society, 104 Halymore Ave, Gold Bridge, ☏ +1 250-238-2534, [email protected]. Has a selection of tourist brochures and maps of the region. There are two ways to access the Bridge River Valley by car, but neither is for the faint of heart. The easiest is from Lillooet, via the Carpenter Lake Road (also known as the Lillooet Pioneer Highway and Route 40). The scenery is outstanding with deep rocky canyons and the turquoise waters of Carpenter Lake, but the road may not be for everyone. It hugs every bend in the landscape, is frequently narrow with no guardrails and there are intermittent gravel sections. The distance from Lillooet to Gold Bridge is 100 km, taking 11⁄2–2 hours. If driving from Vancouver, it will take 5–6 hours. At Terzaghi Dam, which forms Carpenter Lake, the Mission Mountain Road leads to Shalalth and Seton Portage via a mile-high pass with extreme descent and switchbacks on the south side; from there a former powerline road leads to D'arcy and back to Highway 99 at Pemberton via the Gates Valley. A faster but rougher alternate route into the valley from Vancouver during summer is the Hurley — or more formerly, the Hurley River Forest Service Road — from Pemberton via a cleft in the mountain range known as Railroad Pass (once surveyed as a possible route for the CPR). Designed for logging, the road is gravel with ruts and rocks in some areas and is best traversed with a high clearance vehicle (normal 2WD cars can handle the trip if the driver is comfortable with those road conditions). The Hurley isn't plowed in winter, so it's generally only open June to October. The distance between Pemberton and Gold Bridge is about 80 km and the drive from Vancouver is 31⁄2–5 hours. Tyax Air operates a floatplane service between Tyax Resort and Whistler or Vancouver. It's very scenic in good weather but an expensive way to get in and only useful if staying at the Tyax Resort. $1000 from Whistler, and $2000 from Vancouver one way. A car is needed to get around the Bridge River Valley. The distances are large and there is no public transit. The main thoroughfare is Carpenter Lake Rd. There are many gravel roads and forest service roads that lead to hikes, lakes, lodges and various other points in the valley. Some roads reach the high alpine or roadheads giving access to the high meadows which typify many of the ranges flanking the basin. When hiking or mountain biking or ATV'ing, be aware that wildlife in the area can be dangerous. Both grizzly and black bear are common. Bralorne is an interesting place to walk or drive around, a curious fusion of old-time mining town and modern updating. Many of the buildings have a temporary Western boom town kind of feel to them, but without the grand facade seen in Western movies. Rundown houses with tin roofs are interspersed with freshly painted houses sporting bold colours. The old Pioneer Mines headquarters captures this spirit well, with its gleaming white exterior and fresh artwork inside that blends with but doesn't hide its faded past. 50.77058-122.800541 Bradian, Pinecrest Lane & Pioneer Highway (follow the Pioneer Highway about 2 km south of Bralorne). Bradian is an old "suburb" of Bralorne, established as a mining town in the 1930s and abandoned when a nearby mine closed in 1971. A Chinese real estate group purchased the town for just under $1 million in 2015. Many of the abandoned houses are still there, in remarkably good condition. 50.7713-122.80712 Bralorne-Pioneer Museum, 400 Hawkes Ave, Bralorne. F-Tu 10AM-4PM. Learn about the Bridge River Valley with displays on the history of the valley, its mines and the towns. Outside is a collection of restored old equipment from the mines and Bralorne's past. $4. 50.89589-122.766683 Minto City (Minto), Carpenter Lake Rd (accessed from the Gun Creek Campsite). Minto was a mining company town on the Bridge River that was flooded and mostly abandoned after a flood in the 1950s. It had been a "self-supporting centre" during the World War II relocation and internment of Japanese Canadians. The town was fully submerged by a diversion of the Bridge River by the Terzaghi Dam into Seton Lake, via a tunnel through Mission Mountain. This diversion formed Carpenter Lake. When water levels are low in late fall and winter, the remains of Minto emerge from the lake and people can explore what is left of the town, namely its street grid as nearly all structures and foundations are gone. During the summer, it provides a good spot to launch canoe/kayak or just take in the view. A very small Burning Man-type event, the Cascadia Burn, takes place every summer at this spot. There are many hiking trails in the area. These include: Gun Lake (to Mount Penrose) Kingdom Lake and Noel Lake - above Bralorne, spectacular crags overhang both lakes, a trail connects to Brexton/Fish Lake. Trail continues via Fish and McDonald Lakes to Gold Bridge Greenmount (the foresummit of Mount Sloan, the Matterhorn-like summit west of the Gold Bridge-Bralorne Road) Eldorado Mountain (immediately northwest of Tyaughton Lake) Spruce Lake, accessible both from Tyaughton Creek and via Hummingbird Pass from Gun Creek There is a general store in Gold Bridge with a small selection of supplies. 50.85162-122.838691 Gold Bridge Hotel, 6 Ferguson Ave, Gold Bridge, ☏ +1 250 238-2343. 50.77765-122.818542 Lone Goat Coffee, Pioneer Highway, Bralorne (inside the Pioneer Mines Motel), ☏ +1 250-238-2637. F-M 10AM-4PM. Serves up coffee (espresso drinks) and tea with a selection of gourmet baked goods and paninis. Also offers local and imported art, handicrafts and gifts. Cafe space is decorated with wall murals and interesting, unique decor. Wi-Fi is available and is free with purchase. $2-6. Coffee is available at the Lone Goat. Drinks of the alcoholic variety are served at the Gold Bridge Hotel and the Mineshaft Pub. Alcohol can also be purchased from the Gold Bridge General Store. There are a number of campgrounds with limited facilities in the area. 50.89499-122.772051 Gun Creek. 50.86564-122.895272 Gun Lake South. 50.78993-122.871693 Gwyneth Lake. 50.80322-122.79934 Kingdom Lake. 50.9115-122.755655 Mowson Pond. Motels are fairly scarce and don't expect luxury. The Gold Bridge Hotel (see Eat section above) also offers rooms during the summer for $70–100 per night. 50.7761-122.81716 Mines Motel, 3600 Pioneer Highway, Bralorne (corner of Dirks Place & Pioneer Hwy, check-in is at the Mineshaft Pub). $70-100. 50.77766-122.8197 Pioneer Mines Motel, Pioneer Highway, Bralorne. $40/night cash. 50.95229-122.770168 Tyax Lodge, Tyaughton Lake Rd (8 km down Tyaughton Lake Rd, follow the signs from Route 40), ☏ +1 250-238-2221, toll-free: +1-877-918-8929, fax: +1 250-238-2528, [email protected]. Log frame resort with 29 resort rooms, a lakeside chalet and lakeside campground. The front lawn provides views of Tyaughton Lake and has beach volleyball, lawn chairs and ample space for just relaxing. There is also a private dock with free canoe and paddleboat rentals. The campground has electrical hook-ups and campers can use the shower facilities in the lodge. $192-203 in high season (lakeside resort rooms), $20-30 for campground (tent/RV). Morrow Chalets There is no cellphone reception in the Bridge River Valley. The Mineshaft Pub has two computers with free Internet access. Printing is available for 10 cents per page. More hiking and biking trails are available at the Southern Chilcotin Mountains Provincial Park. The park is accessed by hiking or biking in from trailheads along the Slim Creek Forest Service Rd at Gun Lake. Alternatively, the Tyax Lodge will fly visitors into the park for a fee.
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Earthquakes are frequent in Indonesia, part of the seismically active Pacific "Ring of Fire". 16 August 2007 - A 6.2 magnitude earthquake hit 145 miles southeast of Ambon, the capital of Maluku province 9 August 2007 - A powerful undersea earthquake off Indonesia's main island of Java (100 km east of Jakarta). The magnitude 7.5 quake hit at 0005 on Thursday (1705 GMT Wednesday) at a depth of 289km (180 miles). No casualties or damage, only created panic among Jakarta's highrise residential. The earthquake on the relatively quiet region in Indonesia give another concern of the safety of nuclear power plant that planned nearby. March 6, 2007: A magnitude-6.3 earthquake strikes Sumatra island, leaving at least 52 people dead and some 250 injured. Two hours later, a 6.1 aftershock rattles the region. Jan. 21, 2007: A magnitude-7.3 earthquake in a regional capital on Sulawesi island in northeastern Indonesia leaves four people dead and four injured. July 17, 2006: A magnitude-6.1 earthquake triggers a tsunami off of Java island's southern coast, killing at least 600 people. May 27, 2006: A magnitude-6.2 quake flattens homes and hotels near the ancient central city of Yogyakarta, killing more than 3,000 and injuring thousands. March 28, 2005: A magnitude-8.7 quake strikes Nias and Simeulue islands off the western coast of Sumatra, killing about 900 people and flattening thousands of houses and bridges. Dec. 26, 2004: A magnitude-9 earthquake ruptures the sea floor off Sumatra island, triggering a tsunami that hits a dozen countries, including Indonesia, where at least 131,029 are killed and tens of thousands remain missing. Nov. 26, 2004: A magnitude-6.4 earthquake rocks Indonesia's West Papua, near Nabire, killing about 30 people and causing dozens of buildings and homes to collapse. Nov. 12, 2004: A magnitude-6 quake strikes off the eastern coast of Alor island, about 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) east of Jakarta. At least 27 people are killed and hundreds of buildings are damaged. Feb. 6-7, 2004: A magnitude-6.9 quake on Feb. 6 and a magnitude-7.1 aftershock the following day kill 34 and devastate Nabire in remote Papua province. Nov. 2, 2002: A magnitude-7.7 earthquake rocks Indonesia's Sumatra island, killing two people and injuring at least 40. June 4, 2000: A magnitude-7.9 quake hits Bengkulu province, killing at least 117 people and injuring about 1,900. May 4, 2000: A magnitude-7.5 earthquake shakes Sulawesi province, killing at least 35 people and injuring at least 148. A look at Indonesia's earthquakes, their magnitudes and death tolls
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Thursday, August 5, 2010 A criminal investigation has begun in Edinburgh after three children were killed in a fire at a three storey house just before 3pm yesterday. Firefighters were called to the house on Slateford Road in Scotland's capital city, for a reported gas explosion, and they put out a small fire in an upstairs room. However, there was no evidence of an explosion and none of the surrounding houses were damaged. Three young children, two boys and a girl, were found to have died at the scene. Police are treating the deaths as suspicious. A woman, believed to be the children's mother, was found injured on the ground in front of the house and there are reports that witnesses saw her jump from a third floor balcony. She was taken for treatment at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. In a statement the Lothian and Borders Police said: "The investigation into the cause of this tragedy is in its early stages." However, the police have also said that there was no fault with the gas supply. Post-mortem examinations are due to be carried out on the children's bodies. Police said no identities would be released until these were completed. A police spokesperson said: "A criminal investigation is currently under way and nothing more can be said at this time into the circumstances which led to their deaths." The mother of the three children, now named as eight year olds Gianluca and Augustino and five year old Cecilia Riggi, is to be questioned by police after details emerged that suggest it is unlikely the children died in the fire. Neighbours have reported that they heard screaming from inside the house and one source said that when they found the victims lying dead in the living room it was "a horrific scene." However reports that the children died before the fire broke out have not been confirmed by official sources and only reports by neighbours and others at the scene have indicated this. Police refused to confirm reports that the children had died before the fire broke out, and say that the results of the post-mortems would help them decide whether to launch a murder inquiry into the incident. According to Detective Superintendent Allan Jones the mother, Theresa Riggi, and her three children had been living in Edinburgh for little over a month since they were reported missing from their home in Skene, Aberdeenshire last month. Mrs Riggi is currently in a stable condition in hospital and Det Supt Jones said they are hoping to speak to her on Thursday. He said: "She's not in a position to speak to us at the moment." The children were reportedly at the centre of a custody battle between Mrs Riggi and the children's father, Pasquale Riggi. He has been informed and is helping police to determine the last movements of the family. He is not a suspect in the investigation. Det Supt Jones reported: "He's heartbroken but he's very composed. He realizes he holds a lot of central information that we need. We're conscious of the trauma he's gone through." Theresa Riggi and her husband were going through divorce proceedings and she was due to appear at the Court of Session in Edinburgh on Tuesday. She apparently did not attend the hearing. At that time the judge was told that her whereabouts were once again unknown. The Judge, Lady Clark, granted a search warrant for Mrs Riggi and said that social workers should supervise the children, applying for child protection orders if necessary, after Mr Riggi's counsel asked for an order to safeguard the children's interests. The children were allegedly educated at home so the Social Work Department had had no contact with the family since they moved to Scotland from the US. It is believed that Mrs Riggi may have turned on the gas, and that a neighbour smelled the fumes and called the emergency services, which may have led to the original report of a gas explosion. Tributes of flowers have been left close to the scene with cards of sympathy and condolences. Lothian and Borders Police have released a statement confirming that the post mortems of Gianluca, Augustino and Cecilia have been concluded. Following this statement a warrant was issued and Theresa Riggi was charged with murder. A spokesman for Lothian and Borders Police said: "A 46-year-old woman has been arrested and charged with murder in connection with the petition warrant which was granted earlier today," "Due to the medical condition of the accused, it is not at this time known when she will appear in court." In an earlier statement Mr. Riggi released a statement saying: "Our family is struggling to come to terms with the immense and tragic loss of three beautiful children. 'Thanks to all who have offered such great comfort and support. 'We request that the media respect our privacy at this difficult time." "Suspicious deaths of three children in Edinburgh probed" — BBC News, Aug 5, 2010 Huw Borland. "Probe Into Deaths Of Three Kids After 'Blast'" — Sky News HD, Aug 5, 2010 Kirsty Scott. "Police to question mother of three dead children found in Edinburgh flat" — guardian.co.uk, Aug 5, 2010 Simon Johnson. "Mother feared to have stabbed three children to death" — Telegraph.co.uk, Aug 5, 2010 "Forensic examination continues in child deaths probe" — BBC News, Aug 5, 2010 "Deaths of three children in Edinburgh "suspicious"" — Reuters, Aug 5, 2010 "Three children killed in Edinburgh gas blast" — news.scotsman.com, Aug 4, 2010 "Three children killed in Edinburgh gas blast" — The Independent, Aug 4, 2010 "Three children die in Edinburgh explosion" — RTE News, Aug 4, 2010 "Slateford Road incident, warrant granted" — Lothian and Borders Police Press Office, Aug 6 2010 "[1]" — BBC News, Aug 6 2010 "Mother charged with murder of three children" — AFP, Aug 6 2010 "Police formally identify three childre" — Lothian and Borders Police Press Office, Aug 6 2010 Press Release: "Slateford Road Update, Edinburgh, Police confirm three deaths are being treated as suspicious, 19:50 pm, Fettes Press Office" — Lothian and Borders Police, Aug 4, 2010
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Saul Bass (May 8, 1920 – April 25, 1996) was an American graphic designer and Academy Award-winning filmmaker, best known for his design of motion-picture title sequences, film posters, and logos. My initial thoughts about what a title can do was to set mood and the prime underlying core of the film's story, to express the story in some metaphorical way. I saw the title as a way of conditioning the audience, so that when the film actually began, viewers would already have an emotional resonance with it. Haskins, Pamela (Autumn 1996). "Saul, Can You Make Me a Title? Interview with Saul Bass". Film Quarterly. pp. 12–13. Design is thinking made visible. Kirkham, Pat & Jennifer Bass (2011) Saul Bass: A Life in Film & Design. London: Laurence King There is nothing glamorous in what I do. I'm a working man. Perhaps I'm luckier than most in that I receive considerable satisfaction from doing useful work which I, and sometimes others, think is good. "Art Directors Club biography & images of work". adcglobal.org. Retrieved 2011-04-02. Symbolize and summarize. Saul Bass. Saul Bass | RIT Graphic Design Archive. Library.rit.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-06. Wikipedia has an article about: Saul Bass
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John Whiteaker (May 4, 1820 – October 2, 1902) was an American politician, soldier, and judge primarily in Oregon. A native of Indiana, he joined the Army during the Mexican–American War and then prospected during the California Gold Rush. After moving to the Oregon Territory he served as a judge and member of the legislature. A Democrat, Whiteaker served as the first state Governor of Oregon from 1859 until 1862 and later was Oregon's Congressman from 1879 to 1881. He also was President of the Oregon State Senate and Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives. While our common country has been afflicted, and still suffers, from the greatest calamity a people can experience, our own State has been visited by scourges which, though relieved from the horrors of civil war, has resulted in the loss of immense quantities of property, the depriving of many of our citizens of their homes, or the means of support, and seriously crippling, for the present, the Agricultural interests of the State. Indeed, the high waters of December last did more than destroy property, and desolate homes; and many human lives were lost, while attempting to escape the floods, or generously assisting to relieve others from their perils. John Whiteaker (September 8, 1862). Governor John Whiteaker - Governor's Message, 1862. Source: House and Senate Journal, Salem, Oregon, Henry L. Pittock, State Printer, 1862: Proceedings of the House, Appendix to the House Journal, Page 3.
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes Traditionally, a beurre blanc consists of nearly equal parts white wine and good white wine vinegar reduced dramatically with shallot, held in emulsion with quite a lot of butter. Once the basic technique has been mastered, don't be afraid to experiment with new ingredients. Many modern variations exist employing any number of herbs and flavorings. The sauce, whose name means "white butter," traces its roots to the French cuisine of the Loire Valley, and would be conventionally served with river fish, like trout or pike. Correctly prepared, a basic beurre blanc should be creamy and tangy with a good savory component, pairing well with lean meats, particularly fish. I recommend it highly with a nice preparation of pan-seared halibut, seasoned simply with salt and pepper. What follows is a recipe for a simple, semi-traditional beurre blanc. 1 cup of good white wine (dry aromatic white, preferably French, such as Pouilly-Fumé) juice of one lemon 1 - 2 shallots, very finely chopped 1 cup unsalted butter, in cubes or lumps salt and white pepper 1 Tbs heavy cream, (optional and non-traditional) For four portions, start with a cup of good white wine with a strong acidity (think dry aromatic white, preferably French, such as Pouilly-Fumé) in a non-reactive saucepan with the juice of one lemon and one or two very finely chopped shallots. Reduce the mixture to about two tablespoons, and don't be shy about letting it boil: it will not adversely affect the sauce. Once reduced, the shallot should still be fairly moist. If you're looking at a dry pan, there's a good chance your sauce won't hold. Reduce heat to low flame. If you want to increase the holding power of your sauce, you can add a tablespoon or so of heavy cream at this juncture, but every authority on traditional French preparation would disapprove. Begin to add smallish cubes of very good, very cold unsalted butter while whisking vigorously. From a technical standpoint, the sauce should stay under 200°F (95°C), so do some of the whisking off the flame. Whisk in one or two cubes and add more, and continue until you've added about 10 to 12 tablespoons of butter. Season with salt and white pepper and serve immediately. The sauce can be held in a vacuum container, such a Thermos, but I don't recommend it for long periods of time. American chefs may try to enhance the presentation of the sauce by straining the shallot out before plating, but the French know better. If the shallot has been sufficiently chopped it has no deleterious effect on the texture of the finished product.
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes | East Asian Cuisines | Japanese Cuisine | Chinese Cuisine Properly known as "Guotie", is a popular Chinese restaurant fare, the potsticker (鍋貼), although derived from a Chinese recipe, is more closely associated with the Japanese Gyôza or Pan-Fried Dumpling. Its contrast between filling and crispy exterior is a very pleasing sensation and, like many dishes, it can be melded to incorporate almost any flavour. 1 package of at least 50 wonton wrappers (See Note below) 1/4 to 1 lb. (1/10 to 1/2 kg) ground pork (1/2 pound of pork per ~50 dumplings) Optionally: The following amounts are approximate ranges for each 1/2 pound of pork. The first amount listed is the recommended amount and the second amount given is the recommended maximum or minimum. Of course any of the below may be omitted. : prepared mustard (1 to 1/2 tablespoon) {2 mL to 15 mL} soy sauce (1 or 2 teaspoons) {15 mL to 30 mL} green onions/spring onion, bell pepper or other chili (1 or 2 tablespoon {15 mL to 30 mL} each, diced) Anything you like, as you like it. Pork plays well with others. Just keep in mind that a filling that is too wet may expand too much during cooking and cause the dumpling to split open, while a filling that is too dry will become drier during cooking. Any filling should easily maintain its shape if moulded into small balls. The best way to combine any additives with the pork for the filling is to simply throw everything in a bowl and mix with your (clean!) hands. When your filling is ready get out your skins (wonton wrappers), cover them with a damp tea-towel or paper towel to prevent them from drying out and begin filling. Each dumpling should hold about 1/2 – 1 tsp. of filling. Packaged skins should have sealing instructions. One sealing method is to wet two edges of a square (or one half of a circle) with water and fold over so that the dry edges meet the wet, pressing around the filling to ensure that all of the air has been removed from the dumpling then crimping the edges to ensure a tight seal. When your dumplings are all filled they can be frozen on a sheet pan then placed in plastic bags and kept frozen for up to six months. Heat a heavy pan (NOT A NON-STICK SURFACE!) over medium to medium high heat. Brush lightly with vegetable oil. Add 8 to 10 dumplings, making sure not to crowd the pan. Let these dumplings cook without touching them for at least two minutes. They will sizzle and pop but do not touch them until they have stuck to the pan (usually about two minutes). When they have browned on the bottom (watch the edges near where the dumpling touches the pan) check for sticking. When the dumplings have stuck pour on 1/3 cup of stock, broth or water (about a 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch deep in the pan) and clamp on a tight lid. Cook until all the liquid has been converted to steam (once again, usually about two minutes. This is one of the more difficult parts of this process. You may have to adjust the amount of liquid used based on the liquid and your pan) Carefully remove the dumplings from the pan. Serve while hot. soy sauce and honey (mix to taste) black bean paste peanut sauce plum sauce Black vinegar and shredded ginger soy sauce with some rice wine vinegar Anything you can imagine. Look Beyond The Recipe! On Gyôza Skins: The primary difference between packaged gyôza skins and packaged wonton skins is shape (round for gyôza skins, square for wonton skins) this is a matter of preference, if both are available try both and decide which you prefer. You can also make these skins yourself but it is a time-consuming process and the dough has to be rolled quite thin (it is almost translucent) and in the end unless you're the Iron Chef of gyôza cookery it won't make much difference. That said, here's a recipe for wonton skins
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This tutorial will explain step by step how to deploy an extension for Firefox 3. In this way the reader could implement in a easy way extensions that let personalize their version of Firefox, taking care about the compatibilities with Firefox 3.0*. The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the extensions for Firefox. Then it will discuss some items that the developer must have considered about the compatibilities. The second chapter starts to describe step by step how to deploy the extension and then, the last chapter will explain hoy to make the install file and how to install it. This chapter will introduce the topic of what are the extensions and what functionalities they give. And for last the topic of compatibility. An extension is a new functionality that is integrated to Firefox. These one can be deployed independent from the browser and from the platform. So we can say that extensions let users to bring new features, functionalities and behaviors to the browser. The extensions are not the same as plug-ins. A plug-in allows for the viewing of web content that the browser cannot show by itself, for example: pdf, flash, sounds and videos. Some functions of JavaScript are not longer supported in the new releases of Firefox, especially over versions 3.p.*. Also the structures of the manifest files and the reference to the browes.xul have been changed. It is important to know about that changes, if not the extension could be incompatible with the last versions of Firefox. Other items to consider are the Managers that Firefox implements (ex, loginManager). These have been suffered changes too. For more information: Updating.... The next chapter describes step by step how to develop simple extensions. It’ll specify the folders that must be created, the structure that must follow the type of files and the root folder. There is an obligatory structure that the folders must carry out. This structure defines the names of the folders, the hierarchical structure, the type of files of each folder and the place where these folders and files should be stored for bean recognized for Firefox. Al the beginning we must create a folder with the name of the extension. This name must be unique and match the name defined in the installation file. There are two ways of naming the root folder of an extension. As mentioned, this name must be unique, so the first alternative is to generate a GUID identifier for it. In windows you can use the guidgen command and in Linux the uuidgen command. For example, you can generate this {1ca6f699-f8f3-479b-983b-20775f09f755}. The second alternative is to create a name with e-mail format. Is not recommendable to use a personal e-mail, only should have the same format. For example, we can call our extension like myextension@somedomain. Inside the root folder we'll create the structure corresponding to the extension.
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Tanta is the 5th largest city in Egypt. The city is one of the oldest cultural and religious settlements in Egypt, and also home to a large and prestigious university, Tanta University. Tanta is famous for the mosque and festivals of Sayed Ahmad al-Badawi, and also for the delicious sweets made in that area. There are frequent daily connections from Alexandria, Cairo, and Port Said. 30.78163330.994521 Tanta railway station is centrally located, just south of the city centre. Minibuses and Peugeot shared taxis abound in other cities. The easiest way to get around is by taxi. A ride will cost LE 1.5-2 for short distances, and may reach LE 3-4 for long distances at rush hours. Another option is to take one of the public minibuses. The Ahmad Al-Badawi mosque and Al Azher schools were founded hundreds of years back. The sayed al-Badawi mosque is spectacular and can get very very crowded during the festival seasons. Gold and crystal chandeliers, impressive tile work, painted wood, and stained glass decorate this holy place in Tanta's downtown. You can certainly walk there from the train station, it's probably less than 1 km. There are custodians at the mosque to hold onto your bag or backpack while you are making the prayers or touring the mosque. 30.78361130.9988891 Ahmad Al-Badawi Mosque (مسجد أحمد البدوي). (updated Sep 2018) 30.7970230.999342 Tanta Museum (متحف اثار طنطا), Moustafa Al Gendy Moheb Sabekan. Sa-Th 08:00-14:00; closed F. Some old artifacts from Ancient Egypt. (updated Oct 2020) traditional sweets canes and wicker work peasant vests, underwear, and crocheted caps Near the Mosque of Sayed al-Badawi, on one of the streets to the right side if you're facing the mosque, is a fuul and ta'amiya restaurant called Abu Sina. It's packed with locals eating the delicious fuul. For LE 10 LE, you get two plates of fuul, gargeer, babghanoush, tahini, ta'miyas, salad, tomatoes, potato salad, pickles, and one can of pop. Plus it was absolutely delicious! You can also buy some delicious sweets from hallawyat masr or if you want to get some other eastern sweets go to adly sweets. 30.795730.991761 El Watanya Restaurent (مطعم الوطنية), ☏ +20 40 3348848. Noon-01:00 M-Sa, Noon-00:00 Su. Here you can try some molokhia or other yum-yums. (updated Oct 2020) Rural conservatism is apparently on the decline, as one sees women and men in coffee shops, including near the main mosque. Enjoy a drink of karkadee or yansoon, in addition to the traditional tea or coffee. 30.78127930.9963941 New Arafa Hotel (فندق عرفة الجديد), ☏ +20 40 3336954. (updated Jul 2017) 30.78591831.001132 Green House Hotel (فندق جرين هاوس), ☏ +20 40 3330761. (updated Jul 2017) 30.78849630.9892883 Panorama Hotel, ☏ +20 100 640 3223.
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Ingleside is a city in San Patricio County in the state of Texas. Ingleside is located on the south-east tip of San Patricio County. Situated on the Corpus Christi Bay. Corpus Christi International Airport, 1000 International Drive, Corpus Christi, Phone +1 361 289-0171. Dolphin Connection Charters, 10 N. Sandpiper, ☏ +1 361-776-2887. Fishing and Charters. HEB - Here Everything's Better, 2616 W. Hwy 361, ☏ +1 361 776-7510. 6AM-10PM. Gas station, Money orders, Western Union El Bodegon Cubano, 2621 West Main St, ☏ +1 361-238-4436. Thirsty’s Tavern, 2709 W Main St, ☏ +1 361-238-4148. Buckhorn Saloon, 2816 Main St, ☏ +1 361-775-1510. Free Pool, Ladies Night, Open Mic Night, Texas Hold em Poker, Music Trivia, Special Events, Monday and Sunday Night Football $. MainStay Suites, 2787 - Hwy 361, ☏ +1 361 775-2000. This extended stay hotel offers guests free wireless high-speed Internet. $. City of Ingleside, 2671 San Angelo St, ☏ +1 361-776-2517. Ingleside Chamber of Commerce, ☏ +1 361-776-2906, toll-free: +1-888-899-2906, fax: +1 361-776-0678. 2867 Avenue J,
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One of the objectives of an ETD program is to yield easy access to TDs. Since we are dealing with digital libraries, we are implicitly dealing with libraries. One of the actions performed on a library catalog is that of search and retrieve. This is the first step towards accessing the contents of a library item; the second step is the use (read, listen, view, etc.) of the item. In order to be efficient in the search and retrieve action, the user must search a catalog in which the items were properly identified, besides using good search functions. This section is about the identification of ETD's, which is a very important step towards their dissemination. The identification will be accomplished through the use of the metadata elements whose set is named the metadata model of the digital library of TDs. Before we address metadata models for ETDs, it is important that some ideas are brought to the discussion. These ideas are related to the choice of a model to be considered later on. These models must be rich and versatile to contain information of different natures and to be searched by users from all over the world. It is obvious that the richer and more versatile the metadata model is, the more time and effort it takes to capture (collect and record) the information into the digital library. The decision on which model to use will have to take this into consideration. In some situations it may be necessary to adopt the simplest possible model in order to make the metadata capture viable. Later in this chapter the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set will be introduced. It seems that it is the consensus of the minimum identification to be used for ETD's. The ideas for us to think about are: Many languages in one world ETDs to be read all over the world Metadata Contents and instances Contents, instances and metadata Contents, instances and languages Metadata models and languages Metadata schemes Specialization of the metadata models for TDs Conclusion - metadata models for ETDs Many languages in one world Our world is a very diverse linguistic place. Those who work with information and are involved in international projects know English. This is the language they use to communicate, to access the Internet, to read technical literature, etc. At the same time, not only many other languages exist but some of them have large numbers of native speakers. The 100 most spoken languages of the world, when first language speakers are counted, can be found in http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/top100.html. In descending order, the first 10 are Chinese (Mandarin), Spanish, English, Bengali, Hindi, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, German (Standard) and Chinese (Wu). If only the other 9 languages are considered, it is not hard to imagine the numbers of texts that are written and published every year. The same happens with TDs. The number of TDs published in languages other than English must be very big. ETD's to be read all over the world One of the purposes and benefits of an ETD program is to yield easy access to the results presented in TDs, no matter where the reader is and where the dissertation was written. We assume that ETD digital libraries are to be connected to the Internet so that their contents can be shared worldwide, to make sure this benefit is accomplished. Metadata Metadata are data about data or information about information. The metadata elements are the attributes used to describe a digital library item just like the ones used to catalog items in a traditional library. Many of these attributes are language dependent, as for example titles, abstracts, subjects, keywords, etc. Others obviously are not, as for example authors' names, digital format, number of bytes of the file, etc. Since some metadata elements are language dependent and TDs are written in many languages, we can expect that most probably the metadata will use the language of the work. This can pose a problem for search and retrieve activities since most of us are not fluent in as many languages as we would like to be. Contents and instances The items of a digital library may be identified in 2 different levels; the same way the items of a traditional library are. The first level is the content which is equivalent to a title of a traditional library and the second is the instance which is equivalent to a volume. A content is the logical definition of an item of the digital library and it is identified by a set of attributes. An instance is the physical realization of a content or title. It is a digital object and is identified by a set of attributes too. The use of contents and instances allows contents to have multiple instances either in different formats or due to physical partitions. This will yield a one to many relationship among contents and instances. The use of contents and instances also allows the access control to be performed on the partitions instead of on the content. This makes the digital library more flexible in terms of dealing with intellectual property rights. Therefore, we can conclude that there are attributes that are particular to contents and others that refer to instances. The metadata model must contain both. Contents, instances and metadata Some metadata elements are common to all contents, as for example title, abstract, type, etc., while others are common to all instances, as for example electronic format, access level, etc. On the other hand, some metadata elements are specific to some contents, as for example translation control - original content, translator, etc., and others are specific to some instances, as for example special equipment, expiration date, remote location, etc. From this comment, we can see that the metadata model must be versatile to contain attributes that are common to all contents and to all instances and also the specific ones, in order to accommodate specialization of the digital library items. Contents, instances and languages Contents may be language dependent. The language of the content is the one in which it is written, spoken or sung. Other languages may be associated with a content - the ones in which it is catalogued. It is possible to describe a content written/spoken/sung in one language in other language(s). This way, there is one catalog entry in each of the languages to be used. The use of multilingual cataloguing yields points of access in different languages if the search is performed in all of them. This topic will be addressed in the section Database and IR. Metadata models and languages It is possible to define the digital library to hold more than one language. A good choice would be, at least, the language(s) of the nation where TDs are developed and English. If this is the case, the metadata model can have all attributes that are language dependent written in each language to be used in the digital library and the language code must be a part of the primary key in the database. Attributes that are language independent would have only one representation in the database. Metadata schemes There are quite a few metadata schemes. Some are strictly related to library items while others have a broader scope, as for example the ones devoted to digital objects to be used in Web Based Education. Some schemes are well known and should be mentioned: DCMES - Dublin Core Metada Element Set http://purl.org/dc/documents/rec-dces-19990702.htm Under the responsibility of the DCMI - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative http://www.purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/ http://purl.org/dc/ This metadata element set will be presented in the section Cataloging: MARC, DC, RDF IMS Project - Instructional Management System Project http://www.imsproject.org/ The metadata element set defined by the IMS Project has the objective of identifying digital objects used in Web based Education. It contains all the elements of the DCMES and many more. LOM - Learning Objects Metadata of the Learning Technology Standards Committee of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (LTSC/IEEE) http://ltsc.ieee.org/doc/wg12/LOM_WD4.htm/ The metadata element set defined by the LTSC/IEEE (http://ltsc.ieee.org/) has the objective of identifying digital objects used in Web based Education. It contains all the elements of the DCMES and many more. LoC - Core Metadata Elements of the Library of Congress http://lcweb.loc.gov/standards/metadata.html The second and the third are used when WBE is under. Since they contain the DCMES, no conflict exists to the general digital library identification. Specialization of the metadata models for TDs Besides the usual data contained in general purpose metadata schemes, there are some types of information related to TDs that may be of interest to the university. For this reason, it may be useful to consider adding extra metadata elements to the traditional metadata schemes. The additional elements can be separated in 3 groups: Administrative information - department, date of presentation, date of acceptance, financial support, etc. Academic information - level, mentor, examining committee, etc. Traditional library information - university, library system, control number, call number, etc. These may be useful to yield information concerning the graduate programs of the university. Conclusion - metadata models for ETD's The definition of the metadata model for an ETD digital library must combine: The needs for proper identification of ETD's for the goals of access to be achieved (national access? international access?) The administrative needs of the university At the same time, the restrictions imposed by budget or operation time frames must be to taken into consideration. There is a balance between what is desired and what is possible. Some comments concerning this balance are made: For international access, the use of English besides the original language(s) is mandatory. This means that titles and abstracts must be translated, and that subjects headings, keywords, etc. will be multilingual catalogs to be maintained. For the ETD digital library to be a part of the international community, the minimum requirements in terms of ETD identification must be met. This means that at least the DCMES must be used. For the university to have good control of the intellectual property, the use of content / instance concept allows access specifications to be established on the digital objects. Thus, some objects may be made public while others may have different types of restrictions due to format or to intellectual content. In the definition of the workflow to operate the ETD program, attention must be given to the capture of the metadata elements. If non-librarians are involved in the process, there must be a good training program and a careful review process so that the attributes are catalogued right. The choice of the metadata model is very important and the team in charge of the implementation of the ETD program must study the possibilities before making the decision. Minimum standards must be met. Next Section: Cataloging: MARC, DC, RDF
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Thursday, July 12, 2007 Tour de France 2007 Other Tour de France 2007 stories 29 July 2007: Tour de France: Alberto Contador wins the grand tour 28 July 2007: Tour de France: Levi Leipheimer wins stage 19 27 July 2007: Tour de France: Sandy Casar wins stage 18 26 July 2007: Tour de France: Daniele Bennati wins stage 17 25 July 2007: Tour de France: Yellow jersey Rasmussen withdrawn More info from Wikipedia Tour de France 2007 Tour de France Prologue to Stage 10 Stage 11 to Stage 20 Italian rider Filippo Pozzato has won stage 5. Fabian Cancellara of Switzerland kept the overall lead, again. The 182.5 km fifth stage from Chablis to Autun featured eight climbs, including one Category 2 climb. Many of the sprinters lost contact with the peleton, but all of the major contenders finished together, apart from Alexandre Vinokourov. Vinokourov crashed before the final climb, and ended up losing more than a minute to the rest of the field. A tailbone injury may force Andreas Klöden, who is second in the overall standings, to withdraw from the Tour. Teammates Vinokourov and Klöden were both taken to the hospital. Martin Gough. "Contenders crash as Pozzato stars" — BBC Sport, July 12, 2007 Jamey Keaten, AP. "Pozzato wins fifth stage of Tour de France, Cancellara retains lead" — Yahoo! Sports, July 12, 2007
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Mount Vernon is a city located in the I-380 Corridor region of Eastern Iowa. Home to historic Cornell College, Mount Vernon is a vibrant community uniquely influenced by the college but possessing an individual identity. It is frequently cited in travel magazines for its unique culture and excellent food. In many respects, while they maintain separate identities, the histories of Mount Vernon and Cornell College are inextricably linked. Cornell was founded in 1853 as the Iowa Conference Seminary but, in 1857, it would be renamed after iron tycoon William Wesley Cornell, a distant cousin of Ezra Cornell (founded of Cornell University). As the college expanded, the town invariably also enjoyed the benefit. Today, many members of the faculty and staff at Cornell are also long-time residents and participants in the community, which gives the town a strong college feel. The entire Cornell campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Mount Vernon has also historically benefited from its close proximity to Iowa City and Dubuque as it is the on the primary route between the two. Mount Vernon is located primarily to the northwest of the intersection of Iowa Route 1 and US 30. The primary method of travel within the city is car. However, many portions of the community are entirely walkable including the downtown area and Cornell campus. 41.925-91.4236111 King Chapel, 600 First Street SW (Located on the Cornell Campus, immediatey to the east of Bowman-Carter Hall), ☏ +1 319 895-4000. Cornell's ornate original chapel, King Chapel is visible from Route 30 and is a point of pride for the community. Call ahead to see if the interior is open, which houses one of the largest pipe organs west of the Mississippi. The chapel has hosted a number of famous speakers including Booker T. Washington, Helen Keller, Carl Sandburg, Amelia Earhart, Milton Friedman and more recently, Barack Obama. The Silver Spider, 117 1/2 1st St NW (In the western portion of downtown Mount Vernon), ☏ +1 319-895-9977. An eclectic shop full of gifts, jewelry and clothes. This is the sister shop to the one in Iowa City. Lincoln Cafe, 117 First Street West (In the western portion of Mount Vernon's downtown), ☏ +1 319 895-4041. One of Oprah's favorite places, the Lincoln Cafe serves high quality food. 41.92228-91.416721 Fuel Nest, 103 1st St E (In the eastern portion of Mount Vernon Downtown), ☏ +1 319 895-8429. A coffee and espresso shop in downtown Mount Vernon, Fuel Nest offers a variety of coffee drinks for your pleasure.
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Mary Elizabeth Truss (born 26 July 1975), known as Liz Truss, is a British politician serving as Secretary of State for International Trade and President of the Board of Trade since July 2019 in Boris Johnson's cabinet. Following the resignation of Amber Rudd, she took on the additional position as the Minister for Women and Equalities. A member of the Conservative Party, she has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Norfolk since the 2010 United Kingdom general election. Truss was Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from 2014 to 2016, Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor from 2016 to 2017 and Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2017 to 2019. EU membership brings economic security, peace and stability EU referendum: Government to spend £9m on leaflets to every home BBC News (7 April 2016) We should all raise a toast to our biggest export success. Europe has a taste for Scotch and the industry will do better if we remain in the EU because whisky producers have hassle-free, easy access to the single market of 500 million people. The Scotch whisky industry has strong global trade links beyond Europe in America and Asia, and their business leaders are clear that the EU single market provides the best conditions to reach even greater heights. Leaving the EU would be a leap in the dark for our great British food and drink industry and could lead to years of negotiations on new trade deals - with no guarantees at the end. Brexit 'risks Scotch whisky exports' BBC News (9 May 2016) What people in the Leave campaign are saying is 'We can have our cake and eat it'. We can't. EU referendum: Leavers 'want to have cake and eat it', Elizabeth Truss claims BBC News (12 June 2016) If we didn't have quotas there would be overfishing and we would have no fish left. EU referendum: Leavers 'want to have cake and eat it', Elizabeth Truss claims BBC News (12 June 2016) I would rather be at the table making decisions with other countries than walking away and not having a say. EU referendum: Leavers 'want to have cake and eat it', Elizabeth Truss claims BBC News (12 June 2016) The fact is it is a simple bill on whether we trigger Article 50. The British people have voted for that and was clear in the referendum. The House of Lords now needs to get on with it. I fully expect the House of Lords will recognise the will of the people and the House of Commons. Brexit: Mandelson urges Lords not to 'throw in towel' BBC News (19 February 2017) I voted against a delay to Brexit. Brexit: MPs vote by a majority of 211 to seek delay to EU departure BBC News (14 March 2019) The Brexit deal is the best deal for food producers ‘You have to put yourself forward no one else will’ Daily Mail (12 May 2019) If it came down to a straight choice of revoking Brexit and a no-deal, I would choose no-deal. Elizabeth Truss BBC News (15 May 2019) Not leaving the EU on 31 October would be a disaster Liam Fox criticises Boris Johnson's Brexit plan BBC News (23 June 2019) Is there anything more sexist than claiming your gender determines your worldview/behaviour/attitude? Brexit: Caroline Lucas criticised over all-female cabinet plan BBC News (12 August 2019) [The UK and South Korea trade agreement will let businesses] keep trading as they do today, and they will be able to take advantage of the opportunities that Brexit offers UK and South Korea sign 'continuity' trade agreement BBC News (22 August 2019) Wikipedia has an article about: Liz Truss
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Grodno Oblast, or Hrodna Voblast, is a region in the western part of Belarus. 53.66666666666723.8166666666671 Grodno — the center of the region and one of the oldest cities in Belarus. Hrodna is a home to a 12th-century church, an old castle, and numerous remarkable buildings from the late 17th-early 20th century. 54.42525.93752 Ashmyany — a town with several interesting churches and a well-preserved brick synagogue. 54.61361111111125.9552777777783 Astravyets — some interesting churches in the town, and more in the neighborhood. 53.4525.44 Dziatlava (Дзятлава) — a small town with a nice Catholic church from 17th century and a number of interesting secular buildings. 53.9307125.770265 Iǔje — a settlement with an old Catholic church and an unusual wooden mosque, one of the few surviving pieces of the traditional architecture of the Belarusian Tatars. 53.88722222222225.3027777777786 Lida — an old city with a Gothic castle from the 14th-century. 53.424.5333333333337 Masty (Масты) 53.58333333333325.8166666666678 Navahrudak — an ancient town with the ruins of a 13th-century castle and fine churches from the 18th-19th century. 53.08333333333325.3166666666679 Slonim — a town with well-preserved churches and secular buildings from the 18th-early 20th century. 54.48361111111126.410 Smarhoń — an interesting old church (originally Kalvinist) and some World War I fortifications. 53.16666666666724.46666666666711 Vaǔkavysk — a town with picturesque surroundings, including the hills on which the mediaeval settlement originally stood. 53.1524.81666666666712 Zeĺva (Зэльва) 54.692526.1411111111111 Hierviaty (Гервяты) — a village with a magnificent neo-gothic church 53.12455555555624.3439444444442 Hniezna (Гнезна) — a village that preserves a fine gothic church from the 16th-century. 54.25576626.0142763 Haĺšany (Holszany, Гальшаны) – a village with a ruined castle and a Baroque monastery, once a seat of a princely Holszanski family. 54.11472222222225.5855555555564 Hieraniony (Gieranony, Геранёны) – the ruins of a Gothic castle which once belonged to Olbracht Gasztołd (d. 1539), the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania. 54.31037526.2865472222225 Kreva (Крэва) – a town with a 14th-century castle where Kęstutis of Lithuania was murdered and the first union treaty between Poland and Lithuania was signed. 53.75194444444426.0572222222226 Liubča (Любча) – yet another Renaissance castle of the Radziwill family can be seen in this small town. 53.4526.4666666666677 Mir (Мір) — one of the most-known destinations in Belarus, with an original castle from the 16th century and a nice old town with 19th-century buildings. 53.716725.88 Usialiub (Usyalub, Уселюб) — a village with a Catholic church from the 15th century. In the 19th century, the village was owned by a branch of the Irish O'Rourke family, whose funeral chapel survives to the present day. 53.01305555555625.3447222222229 Žyrovičy (Жыровіцы) — a village that is home to a large monastery dating back to the early 17th century. Fortified Gothic churches can be seen in several regions of Europe (notably in Transylvania in Romania). Those in Belarus add one more element to the curious blend: they are Orthodox, and the corresponding architectural tradition has its share of influence on these buildings as well. 53.12325.15741 Church of St. Michael, Synkavičy. The most fortified church in the whole region. 53.697725.00012 Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God, Muravanka. This well-preserved fortified church is especially beautifully decorated. A world heritage site with two points in Grodno Oblast: 54.29166726.0452783 "Tupischki": Tupishki, Oshmyany - About 500m southwest of the hamlet lies the marker; apparently at a height of 311 m ASL. It's marked by a small black obelisk with a globe representing the Earth on the top of it. 53.56055624.8697224 "Lopati": Lopaty, Zelva - The Lopati marker is easily accessible in the middle of a field right next to the P141 road. Poland Lithuania
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Cookbook | Recipes | Ingredients | Vegetable The beet, sometimes called beetroot to distinguish it from the less-commonly-eaten leafy green upper part, is a root crop with an intense purple-red color similar to veinous blood. Beet juice is commonly used for coloring or dyeing. Beets may be pickled, but most beets are sold fresh (possibly peeled and pre-cooked) or canned. They have a uniquely strong, sweet flavor. They are a common source of refined sugar (known as "beet sugar"). Beets are usually sliced and served as a vegetable on one side of a plate. They are often used in Eastern European soups. Young beets, about 11⁄2 inches in diameter, are fine textured, tender, and excellent in salads. Medium and large size beets are good for cooking; very large roots are too woody for eating regardless of cooking method. Which ever size of beets you choose, look for smooth, hard, uniformly round beets that are free of cuts and bruises. It’s best to store beets that have their tops chopped off in individual plastic bags in the coolest part of the refrigerator. These should last up to one week. The greens should be eaten as soon as possible. Wash and scrub the beets before cooking. Beets peel best after cooking, so wear gloves if you wish to avoid stained hands. You should cook the beet for about 50 minutes. Beetroot has a long season that starts in the summer and lasts through the winter. [1][2] Eat the Seasons Russian Cabbage Borscht Potato and cabbage soup Pandora's Feast Pink lemonade
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Properties of air Earth's atmosphere is composed of air. Air is a mixture of gases, 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen with traces of water vapor, carbon dioxide, argon, and various other components. We usually model air as a uniform (no variation or fluctuation) gas with properties that are averaged from all the individual components. Any gas has certain properties that we can detect with our senses. The values and relations of the properties define the state of the gas. Air is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. Air is everywhere, it is Earth's main resource. Among its fascinating property are the effects of air pressure and Bernoulli's principle. Air is an example of matter. Air is a mixture of gases consisting of approximately 4/5 Nitrogen and 1/5 Oxygen. Like all matter, air has weight and takes up space. It can also be compressed, unlike solids and liquids. Earth is covered by a blanket of air called the atmosphere. The atmosphere begins at the Earth’s surface and extends over 600 miles into space. Let’s investigate the properties of air and the structure and dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere! Air is a mixture of gaseous elements and compounds. These include nitrogen, oxygen, water, argon, and carbon dioxide. Surprisingly, the element nitrogen makes up the largest proportion of Earth’s air. Oxygen makes up the second largest portion of air. Although air appears invisible to us, it has mass and takes up space like other types of matter. Because of this, air exerts pressure. The air surrounding the Earth is held in place by gravity. Gravity pulls the air toward the Earth’s surface giving the air its weight. Air pressure is the weight of a column of air pushing down on a portion of the Earth’s surface. As you move up into the atmosphere the air pressure decreases. This is because at higher altitudes there is less air pushing down from above. Air has weight. Because the weight of air varies with pressure and temperature it has to be defined accurately. The following figures may be used. The weight of dry air (no moisture content) at 0 deg C and under a normal atmospheric pressure of 1013 mbar is 1.293 kg/m3. The weight of dry air (no moisture content) at 0 deg C and at a pressure of 1000 mbar (1 Bar) is 1.275 kg/m3. Air is under pressure. Air is under pressure; this is caused by gravity. Air pressure at sea level is approximately 1013 mbar, which is about the same as 14.7 psi. The reason for this pressure is because there is so much air stacked up on top of it. If you were higher up, say in and aero plane, the air pressure outside the 'plane would be much lower. We know that the air pressure at 18,000 ft. (about 5500 meters) is approximately half that at sea level. At 32,000 ft. (about 10,000 meters) the air pressure is only a quarter of that at sea level. The reason for the reduction in pressure is because there is less air stacked up on top at these high altitudes. Air pressure is all around us as we live under a "sea of air" - a bit like a fish surrounded by a sea of water. The air presses on us from all sides, but we are so used to it we don't feel it. Every part of our body is pushing back (each cell is like a balloon) so we don't get squashed flat. Air has temperature. Like most things around us, air expands when it gets hot and contracts when it gets cold. Temperature has an effect on Volume, and that Volume has an effect on Pressure. Air has a volume. Air occupies a specific volume. This volume is inter-related with pressure and temperature. If you squeeze air into a smaller space the air gets hotter. This is easily demonstrated when you pump up a bicycle tire. The harder you pump, the hotter the air gets and the hotter the hand pump gets. Because the amount of air contained within a box will vary with temperature and pressure, it is necessary to qualify the temperature and pressure. Air usually contains some water vapor. Air behaves a bit like a sponge, if there's any water around it will try to absorb it. Like a sponge it can only hold just so much water before it becomes saturated. Again like a sponge, if you squeeze it (compress it) the water will drip out. A dry sponge doesn't have any water in it; therefore it has a relative humidity of 0%. A soaking wet sponge can't take in any more water because it's already saturated. Therefore this sponge has a relative humidity of 100%. Air usually has some velocity (speed). You can see this every day, leaves getting whipped up by the breeze and being blown down a road. Outside air velocity is a function of wind strength. The velocity of air in a room may be low at 0.25 m/s or much higher in a compressed air pipe. Experiment 1 Magic Water Glass Trick Fill a glass one-third with water. Cover the mouth with an index card and invert (holding the card in place) over a sink. Remove your hand from the card. Voila! The card stays in place because air is heavier than water, and the card experiences about 15 pounds of force pushing upward by the air and only about one pound of force pushing downward from the water - hence the card stays in place. (Try this trick over someone's head when you get good at it.) Experiment 2 Fountain Bottle Seal a 2-liter soda water bottle (half-full of water) with a lump of clay wrapped around a long straw, sealing the straw to the mouth of the bottle. Blow hard into the straw. As you blow air into the bottle, the air pressure increases. This higher pressure pushes on the water, which gets forced up and out the straw. Experiment 3 Kissing Balloons Blow up two balloons. Attach a piece of string to each balloon. Have each hand hold one string so that the balloons are at nose-level, 6" apart. Blow hard between the balloons and watch them move! The air pressure is lowered as you blow between the balloons (think of the air molecules as ping pong balls ... they balls don't have enough time to touch the balloon surface as they zoom by). The air surrounding the balls that's not really moving is now at a higher pressure and pushes the balloons together. Bxg15mq (discuss • contribs) 23:40, 11 June 2016 (UTC)
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[Stan, Kyle, and Kenny wait for the bus at the bus stop] Kyle: I am so sick of that stupid bitch! Blabbin' pussy little stank! Why do people talk on their phone like that?! I can't even get a minute of piece before that bitch walks in, holding the cell phone out like this, and talking on speaker phone! Nobody wants to hear your goddamned conversations, you little bitch! You're not that important! Cartman: [talking to a friend on the phone via speaker] Yeah, I know dude. I'm tellng you, it was the worst pain in my entire life. Lawrence: How many hours were you guys playing? Cartman: Like six hours, dude. And my friends were all like "Dude, Cartman, we need you to keep playing defense!" Kyle: AAAARGH! Lawrence: You were playing football? Cartman: Yeah, but I was like "I can't you guys. I twisted my ankle." In the end though, they really needed me to play, so I just played through the pain, you know what I'm sayin'? Kyle: That is not what happened! You totally started crying and quit the game! Cartman: [covering the phone] Kyle, this is a private conversation. Kyle: Then take that shit off speaker phone!! Lawrence: Is that that same kid? Cartman: Yeah, it's that kid Kyle again. He's a total boner, always listening in on my calls. Kyle: How do we have a choice?! Cartman: Stop listening to my conversation, Kyle! What are you, the NSA?! Lawrence, remember how I was tellin' you the NSA listens to everyone's phone calls and reads all our e-mails? Lawrence: Yeah yeah, you said that. Toby: My dad says the government keeps a database on everyone. Cartman: Who is that? Is that Toby? Toby: Yeah. Cartman: Dude, Toby, are you over at Lawrence's? Toby: Yeah, we're ditching school. Cartman: You're what? What, you say? Lawrence: Me and Toby are ditching school! Cartman: I've done it. I've infiltrated the NSA, and gained their trust. So far, I've not ascertained how they were able to keep track of everyone in the country, but I'm close. Very close. I just hope that I'm not found out as a whistleblower before I'm able to expose their entire operation. Date: What is that voice? Alec Baldwin: Some little faggot in my head. Randy: [naked and at Stan's door after finding out a parental lock has been put on the TV] Stan. Stan! How do you tame a horse in Minecraft? Stan: [barely awake in bed] What? Randy: What is Minecraft and how do you tame a horse in it? Stan: You guys don't need to be watching that stuff. Randy: Oh! Come on! You can't block your parents from watching informative murder porn! What? Ya-you think if we watch shows about married people killing each other all the time we're gonna go out and do it? That's stupid! I'm not going to go out and kill your mom just because I watch Investigative Discovery, Stan. I'd be impossible to clear away all the DNA evidence anyway! Even if I hired someone else to kill her, I'd have to kill that person, too, because 96% of the time that person eventually tells the truth! I thought this through a lot! Stan? You're a lousy kid! I WISH JAIDEN SMITH WAS MY SON! Randy: Excuse me! Our content is being blocked and we need it now! Get Cable company front desk man: I'm sorry, sir, if you need it now, then perhaps you should switch to another cable company. Ooohhh! There's not another cable company, is there? [starts rubbing his nipples] Oh, that's right - we're the only one in town. Randy: Look, if our kids can block content, then you must be able to unblock them. Get Cable company front desk man: As we told the others, sir, we can fix it, we just need to send a technician out to your house to change out your cable box. Randy: Oh. Okay, great. Get Cable company front desk man: [typing] We just need to find a window of time you'll be home... how about between the hours of six AM and three PM all of November? Randy: No I can wait around my house from six AM and three PM all of November! Get Cable company front desk man: [starts rubbing his nipples again] Ooohhh, you can't? Geez, that's too bad, you need to be home for the technician. Have you thought about switching to DirecTV? Randy: I can't afford DirecTV. Get Cable company front desk man: Ooohhh, you can't? Geez, that's terrible, then I guess you'll just have to work within our time windows. [opens shirt panels covering his nipples and starts rubbing them directly and pinching them for a prolonged period] Goth Singer: Goin' down to South Park, gonna have myself a time! Michael, Henrietta Biggle: Death and sadness everywhere, loneliness and degradation! Goth Singer: Goin' down to South Park, gonna take my woes with me! Pete: Nightmares every night, posers spouting "Let's go shopping!" Goth Singer: Heading out to South Park, cause I cannot unwind! Firkle: I like spiders, loss and rain, I'm only happy when I'm in pain! Goth Singer: So I'm goin' down to South Park... to die! Harriet: Henrietta, sweetie. Henrietta: Shut up, Mom! Go away! Harriet: Ohh, but remember, Daddy wanted to talk to you in the living room, my dark little princess. Henrietta: Stop calling me a princess. I'm not a beauty queen in a Disney movie! Harriet: We'll be waiting in the living room. Henrietta: God, she just never stops! Mr. Biggle: Have a seat, Henrietta. Harriet: Ooh, a little family chitchat. Henrietta: Shut up, Mom. Mr. Biggle: Henrietta, as you know, your mother and I have been concerned about your behavior for some time. Henrietta: Are we really doing this again? Mr. Biggle: We've had a hard time coping with the dark things you're into, but we've finally had some counseling, and apparently we're not the only parents who have a child that is... emo. Henrietta: What?? Harriet: But Daddy and I love our little muffin, even if she's emo or not. Henrietta: I'm not a fucking emo! Don't you even know the fucking diff?! Mr. Biggle: Do you know how your foul language breaks your mother's heart? Harriet: Like calling Mommy, "Demon Jizz." Mr. Biggle: So listen, sweetie, we've found a camp. [Harriet brings out a brochure] Henrietta: No. Mr. Biggle: A camp which is for troubled kids like you, and you get to work outside and learn about responsibility. Henrietta: I'm not going to any fucking camp! Mr. Biggle: It's for two weeks, and when you come back we can talk about earning back some of your privileges. Henrietta: I won't come back because I'll be fucking dead. I'll walk out of that camp and I'll walk the streets until I probably get picked up and gang-banged by criminals until I'm bleeding out my fucking eyes!! Harriet: They have a horseshoe pit where you can challenge the other kids to horseshoes. Worker: All right now, you say that you witnessed your friend being abused by her parents. Michael: Yes. They called her an emo. Worker: What's wrong with that? Michael: Emos suck! Their vile, self-pitying, depressed assholes! Worker: So, why do you think they called her that? Michael: Because she's Goth, and some ignorant people don't know the difference! Worker: What is the difference? Pete: Oh my God! They're totally different! Worker: Okay, different how? Pete: They're, you know, one is good and an' emos are horrible! [flips hair] You're, you know... They're posers! Firkle: Emos suck my Goth balls. Michael: Alright alright, think of it this way: a goth believes that deep down the world is totally fucked up. But an emo thinks that deep down, they are totally fucked up. Worker: That's not much of a difference. Pete: That's a huge fucking difference! Michael: Okay okay, look, emos are more prone to suicide. Pete: This fuckin' bitch, man. Michael: But goths are more prone to be depressed that so many people commit suicide. Pete: Goth's darkness is nihilistic whereas Emos is cynical. Michael: Wait, I thought we were cynical. Whatever, it doesn't matter. Pete: No, see, you're nihilistic. Michael: Oh yeah, you're right. [Pete, Michael and Firkle wait at a bus stop for Henrietta to arrive] Pete: What if she comes back, and she's all preppy and conformist? Michael: She's only been there two weeks. They can't have changed her that much. Can they have? [the bus arrives and opens the doors; Henrietta appears] Firkle: Oh, my, God. Henrietta: Hey guys. Pete: What the hell have they done to you? Henrietta: What do you mean? They couldn't do anything. They can't fix me. They don't even understand me. [walks away] Michael: Oh my God it's worse than we thought! They made her emo! Michael: What did they do you you? At that camp? Henrietta: What do you mean? Just the usual group therapy crap. Michael: Don't take this the wrong way, but I think that place turned you into an emo. Henrietta: That's ridiculous. I'm not anything. I don't fit in anywhere. I'm not emo, okay? Michael: Then why are you listening to Sunny Day Real Estate? I was thinking, maybe they just made you confused at that place. Maybe they didn't know what they were doing. But then I started thinking, maybe that place... turned you emo on purpose. Like maybe they knew what they were doing. Henrietta: You should probably stop digging for answers. Michael: What? Henrietta: There's no winning this for you. Soon the entire world will be emo. It is our time. Michael: Nooo waaaaay. Henrietta: Nobody understands us. And they won't understand until it is far too late. Michael: Oh my god no waaaaaaaaay. Henrietta: Do not fight it, Michael. Is being emo really all that different from being goth? [in an evil deep voice] JOIN US! Michael: No waaay! No way no waaaaaay! Ringtone on Pete's phone: Death and despair! Death and despair! Death and despair! Death and desp- Pete: [answers the phone] Hello? Michael: It's worse than we thought. Pete: What is? Everything? Michael: No! I mean Henrietta. I confronted her and she was all like "I am emo! And emos are going to rule the world" and I was like "No waaay!" and she was like "Yeah, soon it will be too late." and I was all "No waaay!" Pete: No way. Michael: Yeah, so listen. Call up Firkle and meet me at Village Inn. I gotta run home but I'll be there in ten minutes. [Michael's house; He enters home in a hurry and locks the front door and starts to run up the stairs] Mother: Michael?! Michael! Michael: [leans over the rail] Can't now, Mom! I've got an emergency! Father: In the dining room now, Michael, let's go. [Michael enters the dining room with his parents holding hands] Have a seat, son. [Michael takes an opposite seat] Your mom and I have decided you're going to go away for a little while. Michael: [shocked] What? Father: [holds up the same brochure Harriet held up two weeks earlier] We've been put in touch with this camp for troubled kids like you and-- Michael: What the hell are you talking about?! Mother: This place gonna fix you, make you normal child! [Michael's dad takes him outside and towards the truck] Michael: No! You gotta listen to me! You don't know what you're doing! You fucking conformists! [His dad puts him in the truck and starts to back up, he looks across the street and sees Henrietta with her four emo friends, and gasps] They're EVIL!!!! [Biggle Residence; Henrietta's bedroom] Henrietta: [cutting herself on her arm] Are you guys getting into that Fall Out Boy concert? Emo Girl: [cutting herself on her arm as well] I can't. I'm too depressed. I keep cutting myself. Henrietta: Yeah. I'm cutting myself to hurt this worthless body that I'm in. Harriet: [knocks on the door and opens it; holding a plate of cookies] Henrietta, I baked cookies for your new little Emo friends. Henrietta: Not now, Mom! Can't you see I'm hurting?! I'm sorry I'm such a disappointment! Sorry I'm not the pretty cheerleader you always wanted! [Harriet closes the door and goes down to the living room] Mr. Biggle: Does she still seem better? Harriet: Oh, much better! She didn't call me a bitch, and she actually apologized to me. Mr. Biggle: Well, that's more like it. Pete: Alright, listen up. Once we find our friend, we've gotta torch the place and get out. Firkle: [coughs] Dude, Edgar, can you not smoke in the car? Poe You can't tell me what to do! Who elected you the mayor of me?! Pete Cut it out, Edgar! It's annoying everybody! Poe God, you guys are so lame! And if you want my help, you'd better all stop calling me Edgar. Black Vamp: It is your name, isn't it? Poe: That's the name my stupid parents gave me! I like to be called by my Goth name: Night Pain. Everyone: Oh, God. Poe: What? You guys are posers! Black Vamp: Hey, just so you all know, if one of you ain't who you say they is, and we get inside that base and you reveal you're actually one of them Emo motherfuckers in disguise, I WILL go crazy on yo' ass! Poe: If one of us is a traitor, it's probably your wannabe vampire leader. Mike: Oh, fuck off, NightPain. Poe: Make me, poser. Henrietta: So, my friends. Have you made the transformation? Pete: Uh, Henrietta, we have some bad news. The plants you think took over your body and made you emo? They're just plants. From Lowe's Home and Garden. Michael: It was all a prank by some douchey network reality show. Henrietta: No. There's an organic spore in my head that made me switch cliques so easily. Michael: No, you just kind of did it on your own. Henrietta: Oh my God. This is so... embarrassing. Pete: Ah, hang on. What I meant to say was we just infiltrated the Emo lair and... we torched the plant leader. Henrietta: Oh. Oh! I'm, I'm-I'm me again! Oh my God, I'm all better. Thanks you guys. Harriet: [enters] Henrietta, I have dinner ready. Henrietta: Shut up, Mom! Leave me alone, you conformist bag of demon jizz! Harriet: ...Fatty. [closes the door] Kyle: Hey Ike, how's it going? Ike: Get out of my room, Kyle! I'm on my computer! Kyle: I just wanted to see if maybe you want to do fingerpaints with me. Ike: Do I look like I wanna do fuckin' fingerpaints?! Look at the fuckin' zits on my face! Kyle: Ike, I just want us to be friends again. Ike: Then stop harassing me, bro! You don't know what it's like to be a baby goin' through puberty! I don't know whether to watch Yo Gabba Gabba or go out and tame some strange! Kyle: Yeah, let's watch You Gabba Gabba, like old times. Kyle: Hey, Ike. Ike: Get out of my room, Kyle! I'm playing trucks! Kyle: Ike, I'm sorry, but I couldn't get us out of school Friday. I can't take you to Yo Gabba Gabba Live. Ike: You promised! Kyle: I couldn't get in to see the principal, Ike. Ike: Well what am I supposed to do, go see it myself?! I'm a little baby! Who's gonna hold my fuckin' hand?! You don't give a shit about how I feel! Kyle: Ike, I do! I just- Ike: You just love pushing me around! Is that what you wanna do, Kyle?! Kick the baby?! Well alrighty bro! Come on, Kyle! Kick the baby! Come on bro! Kick the fuckin' baby! Let's see you try it, wuss! Canadian Healthcare Administrator: It was a mistake. His wife: What? Canadian Healthcare Administrator: Trying to reform Canada's healthcare system and being too stubborn to admit it wasn't working. Even when my wife said the system was too complicated, I wouldn't listen. His wife: Oh, Terry, I was just trying to get your attention. I'm sorry I queefed in your face. Canadian Healthcare Administrator: I deserved it. Anyone who thinks streamlining healthcare into an integrated computer system would go smoothly deserves a giant queef in their face. Kyle: [enters the living room] Ike? Ike: Kyle! It's Dora the Explorer! Dora: Come on, let's climb the mountain. Kyle: It sure is. Do you want me to watch it with you, Ike? Ike: Yay! [Kyle joins him on the sofa] Dora: We made it all the way to the top. Ike: Oh man, I wouldn't mind hittin' that. I bet she's got that hot Pureto Rican strange. Kyle: Yeah, I bet she does. Cartman: I'm pretty sure that this cow can make ginger cheese. Which is like a Swiss cheese but instead of holes it has freckles. Randy: Winter's coming, Sharon, and I'm a busy little bee. Buzz! Buzz! Butters: Wizard Cartman, I started watching Game of Thrones. Cartman: Ah, yes, paladin Butters. Are you enjoying it? Butters: Well, it's pretty good, I guess, but have you ever noticed that almost ever time they show a guy's weiner, that guy's character is gay? Cartman: What do you mean? Butters: Well, it's just that they have a lot of girls' boobs and vaginas and stuff, but most times they show a guy's weiner it's because that guy is in love scenes with another guy. You think it's because gay weiners are less threatening to women viewers? Cartman: I believe you might be missing the greater point of the show, paladin Butters. Butters: Yeah, I know - winter is going and there's dragons and zombies on the way; I'm pretty excited for that. Just could do with a little less gay weiner is all. [Butters and Scott visit George R. R. Martin ] George R. R. Martin: It's the Red Wedding, isn't it? You hate how I killed everyone off? Butters: Uh, no sir, we just really need to know about the dragons, but they never seem to show up. George R. R. Martin: Oh, they're coming; the dragons are on their way. Butters: When? George R. R. Martin: You really wanna know? Butters: Please, it's urgent! George R. R. Martin: All right. King Joffrey is still at King's Landing, but there is a young blacksmith who wakes up one morning with a plan. And his weiner gently hangs down between his legs, soft and flaccid, his weiner glistens in the golden sunlight... Butters: No! No! Can we just skip the weiner stuff and just get to the dragons? Scott: [winces painfully] Aw shit, I think I'm... I think I'm gonna faint. Butters: Uh, what's the matter, Scott? Scott: I told you, I have to eat every two hours. Butters: He's diabetic. George R. R. Martin: Oh Jeez, uh, why don't you kids come out from the cold? I'll order some pizzas. Butters: Oh. Okay, thanks. George R. R. Martin: Come on in! I'll tell you everything that's gonna happen in "Game of Thrones". George R. R. Martin: ...So then Samwell Tarly sees the army approaching, and his wiener is about this big...He knows that Stannis Baratheon's wiener is probably shriveled from the cold. Samwell has to rally his men, so what does he do? He takes out his wiener... [Martin unzips his pants and demonstrates his story] George R. R. Martin: ...and he dangles it around for all his men to see. [Martin shakes his hips and pretends his wiener is a bell] Scott: [turns away, disgusted] AAAH! Butters: OOAH! Uh, sir, you said pizzas were coming! George R. R. Martin: Yeah yeah, they're on their way. They're still coming. So Samwell's wiener goes... [Martin shakes his hips around, as if his wiener were a bell and makes sounds for it] Butters: But you said they were on their way like three hours ago! Scott: If I don't get pizza soon, I'm goin' to pass out. George R. R. Martin: Don't worry. They're coming. Pizzas are on their way. They're gonna be amazing. Now, Jon Snow finally faces Jaime Lannister, and this guy's wiener is, you know, huge, right? So it's not goin' to be easy. Scott: Ehhh... Cartman: Did you see Prometheus? I don't even think the writers knew what that was about. Cartman: You guys wanna play outside or something? Kyle: Cartman? Your side won, dude. Why are you so sad? Cartman: I just... I can't get that image of Bill Gates bashing that guy's head apart out of my eyes. Stan: Yeah, I know what you mean. Well, look guys: Xbox won the console wars. Not play video games? Cartman: The last few weeks we've been too busy to play video games and look at what we did. There's been drama, action, romance. I mean, honestly you guys - do we need video games to play? Butters: Yeah. Jimmy: That's right. Butters: That's right. Jimmy: Yeah, you kind of make a point. Cartman: Maybe we started to rely on Microsoft and Sony so much that we forgot that all we need to play are the simplest things! Like... like this! [picks up a broken wooden stick] We can play with this! Screw video games, dude; who fucking needs them? [everybody shouts, "YEAH!"] Cartman: Fuck 'em! [holds the stick up to the sun] Commercial announcer: The South Park video game. Coming to stores soon! [an image of the years-in-development real life game, South Park: The Stick of Truth, appears on screen] Butters: [appearing in the lower left-hand corner of the screen] Yeah, and if you believe that, I got a big floppy wiener to dangle in your face. Wendy: [referring to Butters turning down a fat girl whom asked him out] What the fuck is your problem? Butters: Oh, hey, Wendy! Wendy: Are you some kind of asshole? Is that it? Butters: Am I just an asshole? Wendy: Yeah! Butters: [looking himself over] Well, no - I have arms and legs and everything. Wendy: Lisa Berger asked you out, and you called her fat?! Do you have any idea how you made her feel?! She's a really nice girl! [Butters, Kenny, Tweek, Craig and Clyde make fun of Lisa. Cartman does not join their laughter] Cartman: You guys, come on. That's not kewl. You shouldn't rip on her because she's fat. You should rip on her 'cause she's ugly. Okay? She looks like someone hit her in the face with a hot shovel, and that's why she sucks, alright?
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Athens is a city of 27,000 people (2016) in northern Alabama, USA about 15 miles south of the Tennessee border and 20 miles west of Huntsville. It is the county seat of Limestone county. The city’s proximity to transportation, recreational facilities, and educational centers make it a vibrant spot today. The rich soil has provided for a strong agricultural base, and for recreational opportunities. The Swan Creek Greenway offers hiking, a covered bridge, and access to an archery course. Athens used to be a small village that grew steadily to cover most of Limestone County. (updated Oct 2020) Athens is mainly accessible by Interstate 65 with exits 351 and 354. Athens is also accessible by Highways 72 and 31 directly into the city. Car is the easiest mode of transportation. US 31 will run north and south (eventually turning into I-65 N), and US 72 will run east and west. As of early 2016 there was a misspelled Vietnam War memorial downtown spelt Vientam. 34.782394-86.93471 Russel Stover, 1699 US Highway 72 East (From I-65 take exit 351, turn east, pass the traffic signal with Kelli Dr. Russel Stover is the third building on the left. ), ☏ +1-256-771-0023. M-Sa 10AM-7PM, Su 11Am-6PM. A chocolate manufactury and shop location for Russel Stover. (updated Apr 2019) Historic Downtown Athens. Places like Donnel House and many historic areas. (updated Nov 2016) 34.797381-86.9675011 Kiddie Carnival, 309 Forrest Street East. Summer, June 28-August 4 on Thursday, Friday & Saturday nights, 6:30-9:30PM. Put on by the local Lion's Club, it's a regional favorite. The Kiddie Carnival has great rides for kids along with great concessions and bingo. Concessions are very reasonably priced and each ride is just one ticket. Tickets: $0.50 each, 1 ticket per ride. (updated Apr 2019) The Alabama Veterans Museum and Archives, 100 Pryor Street West ☏ +1 256 771-7579 in the old L&N Freight Depot. The hours are Monday-Saturday from 9AM - 3PM. The museum holds artifacts that honors the men and women from the Civil War to the present who fought in wars. Mom and Pap Restaurants Downtown. A few pizza and sandwich shops downtown (updated Nov 2016) 34.78429-86.9415881 Best Western, 1329 US Highway 72 East (from I-65, take Athens exit 351, turn west, turn right into Athens-Limestone BLVD, first building on right), ☏ +1-256-233-4030. (updated Apr 2019) Huntsville is 30 minutes west, with shopping centers, mountains, and a variety of places to eat. Decatur is just south on I-65 with large industrial plants and many locally owned businesses. Elkmont is north on I-65 with the attraction of Belle Cheve Cheese. Ardmore is north on I-65 with Dog Days Flea Market. Florence and the Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area are to the west on Highway 72 with nature areas, locally owned businesses and chain stores. There are Tennessee River destinations in the area like Athens, Florence, Decatur, and Huntsville. Birmingham and Nashville are in their corresponding directions on I-65.
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A MOMA Console being held. The MoMA design initially had controllers detachable from its screen. The MoMA Eve was designed by Meyerhoffer Studios, which had previously done design work for Apple and Porsche. The MOMA was announced at E3 2004 for a release in Q1 2005 at a cost of under $500. News outlets panned the console for it's design making it awkward to carry when not in use, though some also appreciated it's aesthetics. A major perk news outlets noted was it's ability to play existing PC games. A trademark issue in 2004 with CCP Ltd. of Iceland delayed the launch of the console as a name change was required. The MoMA page on the VIA website was unchanged a decade after it was first announced in October 2014. By 2015 the website had been taken down. The MoMA console is not known to have officially launched. The VIA MOMA is powered by an x86 VIA Eden-N processor clocked at 533 megahertz. The console has a 128 megabytes of DDR266 RAM which is shared between the GPU and the rest of the system. The VIA MOMA GPU is a S3 Graphics UniChrome Pro clocked at 200 megahertz. A CN400 chipset and VT8237 southbridge is used. The MoMA has a six channel audio system. The system has a 1.8" 20 gigabyte hard drive. The system has Wi-Fi B, two USB ports, a compact flash slot and TV output. SIM Cards are used for DRM. The VIA MOMA has a 4 inch TFT LCD with a resolution of 640 by 480. The screen was detachable. The VIA MoMA uses two prismatic lithium ion batteries in tandem to provide two hours of charge time per battery, and to allow for hot swapping batteries on the fly. The MoMA runs embedded Windows XP. However the system was planned to be configurable to be fully open for power users to use as they wished. A P2P network called GameDweller by AceGain would have delivered DRM content for purchase or rent, supported server browsing, game updates, and instant messaging. "Welcome to the Ministry of Mobile Affairs". 19 May 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040519000704/http://ministrymobile.com:80/. "VIA Und MoMA Mobilisieren X86-basierte Spiele - Spiel 2020" (in de). https://game-lists.com/via-and-moma-mobilize-x86-based-games-5409. "E3 2004: Eve Pictures - IGN" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/05/14/e3-2004-eve-pictures?amp=1. "New "Mobile Console" Plays PC Games - ExtremeTech". https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/56346-new-mobile-console-plays-pc-games?print. "New Gaming Handhelds Enter Fray" (in en). 13 May 2004. https://www.pcworld.com/article/116119/article.html. "VIA’s MoMA Eve portable game console - Engadget - www.engadget.com". 3 June 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040603065823/http://engadget.com/entry/4856418196452720/. "Moma's Eve: Irresponsible". 3 June 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040603212024/http://www.gizmodo.com/archives/momas-eve-irresponsible-016164.php. "PortaGame.com - System Watch: Via's MoMA Eve New "Handheld" System". 15 August 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040815155347/http://portagame.com/index.php/2004/05/13/p78-System_Watch__Via_s_MoMA_Eve_New__Handheld__System. "VIA's MoMA Eve portable game console" (in en). https://www.engadget.com/2004-05-13-vias-moma-eve-portable-game-console.html. "Via's mobile Eve has big screen, small footprint". 27 December 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041227040432/http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=15920. "Welcome to the Ministry of Mobile Affairs". 23 September 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040923175315/http://ministrymobile.com/. "MoMA's Eve takes a bite of forbidden trademark fruit" (in en). https://www.engadget.com/2004-07-09-momas-eve-takes-a-bite-of-forbidden-trademark-fruit.html. "MOMA Mobile Gaming Console - VIA Technologies, Inc.". 14 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132153/http://www.via.com.tw/en/initiatives/spearhead/grace/moma.jsp. "Website in 2015". https://web.archive.org/web/20150919203208/http://www.via.com.tw/en/initiatives/spearhead/grace/moma.jsp. Smith, Tony. "Start-up touts x86, Wi-Fi as mobile gaming future" (in en). https://www.theregister.com/2004/05/17/moma_eve_launch/. "Via-based Handheld Game Console Runs PC Games - Slashdot" (in en). https://games.slashdot.org/story/04/05/13/2240258/via-based-handheld-game-console-runs-pc-games. "mini-itx.com - news - "Eve" - Eden-N based x86 Handheld". https://www.mini-itx.com/83372418. "VIA Technologies, Inc.". 24 October 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041024004835/http://www.via.com.tw/en/initiatives/spearhead/grace/moma.jsp. "VIA's mobile affair with Eve". https://www.itnews.com.au/news/vias-mobile-affair-with-eve-15131.
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Fundamentals of Matrix and LMIs Fundamentals of Matrix and LMIs Basic Matrix Theory Notion of Matrix Positivity Matrix Inequalities and LMIs Convexity of LMIs Concatenation of LMIs Properties of LMIs Change of Subject(Variable) Congruence Transformation Young’s Relation (Completion of the Squares) Young’s Relation-Based Properties Special Cases of Young’s Relation Iterative Convex Overbounding Projection Lemma (Matrix Elimination Lemma) Strict Projection Lemma Nonstrict Projection Lemma Reciprocal Projection Lemma Projection Lemma-Based Properties Ellipsoidal Inequality Continuous Time Properties Schur Complement Strict and Nonstrict Schur Complement Schur Complement Lemma-Based Properties Eigenvalue related Problems LMI for Eigenvalue Minimization Eigenvalue Probelm LMI for Generalized Eigenvalue Probelm LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization LMI for Generalized Eigenvalue Problem LMI for Linear Programming LMI for Feasibility Problem Structured Singular Value LMI for Minimizing Condition Number of Positive Definite Matrix Continuous Quadratic Stability Discrete Time Properties Discrete Time Minimum Gain Lemma Discrete Time Modified Minimum Gain Lemma Finsler’s Lemma Dilation Tangential Nevanlinna Pick Nevanlinna Pick Interpolation with Scaling
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Beaufort is a small town in southwestern Sabah, Malaysia. The town does not have much in terms of attractions but travellers may find themselves here for one of several reasons: to whitewater-raft the Padas River, to catch or arriving on the train to/from Tenom, or to take a break while doing the overland trail between Sabah and Sarawak. Beaufort is 92km south of Kota Kinabalu and is on the main highway linking the city and the Sabah-Sarawak border, at Sindumin 75km further south. From Kota Kinabalu, the drive to Beaufort is quite straightforward and the road condition is generally good. Going south, the road used to be a horror as it was unpaved but the situation has improved tremendously and a good sealed road goes all the way to Sipitang and onwards to Sindumin. If you are heading to Kuala Penyu (boats to the Pulau Tiga National Park) and Menumbok (for the vehicular ferry to Labuan), the turnoff is just outside Beaufort on the road to Kota Kinabalu. You will most probably find yourself in Beaufort if you are doing the overland trip between Kota Kinabalu and Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. See Kota Kinabalu to Brunei by land page for details. Minivans are the best bet for connections between Beaufort and neighbouring towns and even as far as Kota Kinabalu and Lawas in Sarawak. There are also long-distance air-conditioned express buses which are more comfortable. To/From Kota Kinabalu: Frequent minivans operate between Beaufort and Kota Kinabalu, serving Papar, Kimanis and Bongawan along the way. Most departures are in the morning. Sipitang Express Bus Sdn Bhd runs express buses between Kota Kinabalu and Beaufort, with most buses continuing to Sipitang. Departures from Kota Kinabalu are at 07:30 (going all the way to Lawas), 08:30, 12:00 and 16:30. All buses continue to Sipitang. From Beaufort, buses depart at 09:00, 13:00, 14:30 and 17:30. Journey time is about one hour 45 minutes and the fare is RM9 one way. To/From Lawas: Again, frequent minivans run between Beaufort and Lawas in the morning. Sipitang Express runs one bus from Beaufort to Lawas daily, departing Beaufort at 09:15. If you are just heading to Sipitang, there are also departures at 10:15, 13:45 and 18:15. In the other direction, buses leave Lawas for Beaufort and Kota Kinabalu at 12:30, arriving at Beaufort at about 14:30. From Sipitang, buses for Beaufort leave at 08:00, 12:00, 13:30 and 16:30. All buses continue to Kota Kinabalu. Fares between Beaufort and Lawas is RM11, Sipitang (RM4.50) and Sindumin on the Sabah-Sarawak border (RM6.50). To/From Kuala Penyu: To/From Menumbok: Beaufort is a major station on Sabah State Railway's [1] limited network. Trains operate between Beaufort and Tanjung Aru in Kota Kinabalu as well as along the scenic Padas River gorge to Tenom in the interior. The new train line opened in Feb 2011. There are about 4 trains operating between KK and Beaufort and the journey is two hours 15 minutes. The economy fare is RM4.50 one way. Going to Tenom however, the train is the only option from Beaufort (the road to Tenom requires a long detour via Papar). The track snakes along the Padas River and the journey is quite interesting, although the jungle along the way is no longer untouched. Diesel engines and railcars operate along this stretch. There are 2 trains daily. The journey is about two hours (economy RM3.80 one way) and the train stops at many stations along the way, some just a wooden platform in the middle of thick bush. The train is often used by those going for whitewater rafting on the Padas River. Most trips start from Pangi station and end at Rayoh where you catch the train back to Beaufort. Full details on the new Kota Kinabalu train service to Beaufort and Tenom [2] The town centre is small enough for you to walk around. There isn't that much to see in town itself. Beaufort still has several rows of blue two-storey wooden shops which give the town a rustic look. It also has a market with interesting produce from the interior and a Guan Yin Temple. Near the Padas River, there are traditional colonial-period houses with wooden tiles. Klias Wetlands - Located on the road from Beaufort to Kuala Penyu and Menumbok, the Klias Wetlands is a mangrove forest reserve along the Klias River. You will be able to see proboscis monkeys, long tail macaques, birds and fireflies. The best way to enjoy the wetlands is by a river cruise on the Klias River. Getting there/away: Take the road out of Beaufort and head towards Kuala Penyu and Menumbok. At Kota Klias, get to the jetty where you can catch a boat into the reserve. You can also join a tour group from Kota Kinabalu. Pulau Tiga Marine Park. One of the most unique islands in Malaysia, the Pulau Tiga Marine Park shot to fame for being the location of the first season of the reality-TV series "Survivor". The park covers an area of 15,864ha and includes three islands - Pulau Tiga, Kalampunian Besar and Kalampunian Damit. Pulau Tiga is unique for its mud volcanoes, the only ones found in Malaysia. The other Kalampunian Damit is also known as "Snake Island" because of the thousands of sea snakes which come to lay their eggs on this and no other island. There is a resort on Pulau Tiga. Getting there/away: Get to Kuala Penyu (see Get in section above) where you'll have to charter a boat to the islands. You can also charter a boat from Kota Kinabalu. Tours can be arranged from the city. White-water rafting on the Padas River Most white-water rafting trips along the Padas River, certified Grade Three to Grade Four, are organised by a tour company and will start of from Kota Kinabalu. You may be able to find a company or agent in Beaufort to hook you up with a group. Trips involve a train ride (usually in an open trailer) up to Pangi station. The starting point is just next to the tracks. You will raft down to Rayoh, 9km downstream and after about seven rapids. From Rayoh, you'll catch the train back to Beaufort. The ride can be quite rough and a German tourist was killed in October 2007 while rafting. Take the slow train to Tenom Taking the train to or from Tenom will give you an insight to the life of the rural inhabitants of Sabah. The ailing train can get crowded with people and their goods, and the slow ride will let you get acquainted. The ride itself is interesting as it goes along the Padas River Gorge. The area is surrounded by jungle although a fire in the 1990s caused severe damage. Besides diesel locomotives pulling coaches, a railcar also does the run, the only ones in operation in Malaysia. See the Get in section above for train details. Beware that the rolling stock is very old and maintenance has not been a priority for many years. Derailments do happen quite frequently. However, since 2006, rehabilitation and upgrading works have been proceeding to give the line a new lease of life. Lee (Clement), KK, ☏ +60 12-8291388. Beaufort Noodle is the best in town and famous among the Local Sabahan
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Vlieland is one of the West Frisian Islands in the Netherlands. Vlieland is neighbored by the islands of Texel and Terschelling. It is wonderfully peaceful and natural, as it is car-free, except for a few permitted vehicles of locals. The island measures 4,052 hectare, of which the largest part is a desert-like area in the west, the Vliehors. There is one village on the island, Oost-Vlieland. On the empty plain on the west used to be another village, West-Vlieland, but it was taken by the sea in 1736. The plain is now used for military exercises. The island has a population of approximately 1100 people and is well known for the beautiful landscape, the large and various bird population and the peacefulness. In summer, many tourists come to visit the island. Vlieland was divided from the mainland of Friesland in a flood in 1287, which formed the Waddenzee. It used to count two villages, West- and Oost-Vlieland, but the former was evacuated after repeatedly being flooded. Vlieland is an island of dunes. It has the North Sea to the north and the Waddenzee to the south. The north coast has beautiful, peaceful beaches. To get into Vlieland, you'll have to take the ferry from Harlingen. The average travel time for this route is 11⁄2 hr for the normal ferry or 45 min for the fast service. Both are operated by rederij Doeksen, which has times and prices are available on their website. Usually, there are at least 3 daily regular ferries and an additional 1 to 3 fast ferries, but always check shortly before as the schedule can change subject to season, weather and number of passengers. A one way ticket (adult) will cost around €25, with an additional €7 for the fast service. Vlieland is in principle car-free, so although the ferries can transport cars (from €140 single trip), usually only residents will get the special permit. There is a train to Harlingen Harbour from Leeuwarden, and also by car, this is easy to reach: see the Harlingen article for details. People planning a return tour by train from Leeuwarden can buy a "Waddenretour" (€28 in 2011) ticket that is inclusive of the train ticket (Leeuwarden - Harlingen Haven trajectory) and the ferry ticket. This is a cheaper option than the normal ticket. If you happen to be on Terschelling, there are a few daily ferries between the two island, operated by the same company. Vlieland is a small island, you can if you choose walk from one end of the island and back in a day. You can choose to rent a bicycle. Three major rental shops on the island provide a selection of bicycles from city bikes, mountain bikes to "bakfiets". There is a bus service on the island and it touches almost all the major landmarks on the island. You can catch the bus from the ferry drop off point. The Vlieland lighthouse. €2.50 to visit inside, timings restricted. Birds. The island is known for its bird life, and if you have any interest at all, make sure to bring you binoculars. Tromp's Huys Museum, Dorpsstraat 99, ☏ +31 562-451600. This is the oldest building of the island, originating shortly after 1575 and since the 1950s home to this little museum. It has a collection of art works on display, mostly from the hand of local artist Betzy Akersloot-Berg, who was Nordic by birth but lived in this house from the end of the 19th century. The museum also has a range of silver works and other collectibles. €4. [[1] The Noordwester]. (updated Jan 2021) [[2] The Vliehors Express]. (updated Jan 2021) The village has a bunch of restaurants, varying romantic restaurants to snack bars. C'est la Vie, Dorpsstraat 118, ☏ +31 6 536 800 54. This place is a good choice for lunch, with simple, tasty dishes and fine coffee. De Lickebaert, Dorpsstraat 4-6, ☏ +31 562 451 888. Everyone loves a pancake, and this is the local place to go when you're looking to get one. Their speciality, however, are the typical Dutch "poffertjes", fluffy mini-pancakes served with sugar. [formerly dead link] Zuiver, Willem de Vlaminghweg 2, ☏ +31 562 451 857, [email protected]. This modern restaurant gets good reviews, both for food and service. They have a love for regional, biological produce and modern twists for traditional dishes. In high season, they also serve lunch. It's best to make reservations in advance. €34.50 for a 3-course surprise menu. 53.267984.968791 Het Posthuys, Postweg 4, ☏ +49 562 451282. 18 Feb–27 Nov and 30 Dec–8 Jan: daily 10:00 – 17:00 (kitchen 11:30 – 16:00). Dutch food 53.295925.064582 Armhuis, Kerkpkein 6, ☏ +49 562 451935. daily. One of the better restaurants in town, and the closest thing to fine dining. Good service, nice food and a proper restaurant-style atmosphere. If you're looking for a romantic evening, try their private dining rooms. Make sure to call ahead though, especially in high-season, as this place fills up quickly. €40 for a menu. 53.296015.06883 Badhotel Bruin, Dorpsstraat 88, ☏ +49 562 451201. There are plenty of places to stay. Apart from a few hotels and camp sites, there's a wide range of holiday houses available, many of them privately owned but rented out via the Tourist Information Office, which can be of great help when finding a place to stay. Some of them are right on the beaches. Studio Arma. A family-run studio, quiet and comfortable for 2 people. It is about 500 m from the ferry drop off point. Hotel Seeduyn, Badweg 3, ☏ +31 562 - 45 15 60. This large, 4-star hotel belongs to the Westcord chain and offers a good range of facilities, including free WiFi and a wellness area. It sits right on the beach, less than a kilometer from the village centre. Most rooms have lovely views. From €75. 53.294795.063161 Torenzicht, Dorpsstraat 182, ☏ +32 562-451428, [email protected]. 53.283815.028932 Natural Campsite Lange Paal, Postweg 1a, ☏ +31 562 45163, [email protected]. 1 Apr – 31 Oct. 53.304585.079963 Camping Stortemelk, Kampweg 1, ☏ +31 562 451225. A very popular and nice place: in the dunes, very close to the sea Hop on the ferry to Terschelling, or make your way to one of the other West Frisian Islands. Texel is the largest one, with most attractions. Alternatively, head back to charming Franeker and explore the often overlooked destinations in the Northern Netherlands, including Leeuwarden and Groningen.
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The chapter starts off as Esther retells her experience with Buddy Willard at the hospital where he apprenticed at. She asked him to show her all the interesting things one can see in a hospital, so he takes her to the morgue, where she could see dead bodies as well as watch Buddy perform a post-mortem. The last thing they do is spectate the birth of a baby from a delivery room window. Esther feels proud of herself for not being bothered by all the morbid and grotesque sights she sees. Surprisingly enough, the tour of the hospital concludes without problems and it is only afterwards that the most important event of that day occurs and we learn about Buddy's hypocrisy. Later that day, sitting in Buddy's room, Esther asks him if he's ever had an affair. She didn't expect him to say anything but “No”, so it comes to her as a great shock when Buddy confesses to having had one. As it turns out, he had an affair with some unnamed waitress at Cape Cod the previous summer, and, as Esther estimates, he must have slept with her at least thirty times. She feels cheated, although not because he had an affair, but because he had pretended to be innocent and Esther to be sexy and experienced in comparison. Later on, Esther decides to break off with Buddy because of that, but before she can do it, she gets a call from him about him contracting TB and having to go to the Adirondacks to recover. She feels relieved at these news, as it means she can put off announcing the breakup and people can admire her for dealing with the “grief” so well. What do you think about Buddy's character in the light of his affair and his way of dealing with it? How does this chapter influence your way of reading the character of Buddy Willard's mother?
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Stimulated by Henry Story's blog entry, the following script works on the same problem. This script uses the functions defined in previous module to execute a SPARQL query on the dbpedia server, and to convert SPARQL Query results to tuples. import module namespace fr="http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/wiki/fr" at "fr.xqm"; declare variable $query := " PREFIX : PREFIX p: PREFIX rdfs: SELECT * WHERE { ?resource p:callingCode ?callingCode. } "; declare option exist:serialize "method=xhtml media-type=text/html"; Country Calling codes Country Calling codes { for $country in fr:sparql-to-tuples(fr:execute-sparql($query)) let $name := fr:clean($country/resource) order by $name return {$name} {$country/callingCode} } Run In this script the resource uri is parsed to get the local name part of the resource URI in the fr:clean() function. The more sound alternative is to filter the multilingual rdfs:label property: SELECT * WHERE { ?resource p:callingCode ?callingCode. ?resource rdfs:label ?name. FILTER (lang(?name) = 'en') } Run but this query is naturally much slower. This query returns a set of dbpedia resources which have a callingCode property. However, it includes resources which are not countries and it proves quite difficult to identify which resources are countries. It might be expected that either the skos:subject or rdfs:type predicates would identify countries, but this is not the case. Of course, what entities are classified as countries is a debatable issue, as is currently illustrated by Kosova and by the documentation on ISO 3166. Perhaps countries are better identified by properties. There is a property countryCode which looks promising: The SPARQL query becomes: PREFIX : PREFIX p: PREFIX rdfs: SELECT * WHERE { ?resource p:callingCode ?callingCode. ?resource p:countryCode ?countryCode. } Run However this shows that many countries have incomplete data in dbpedia, or that the coding of this property is inconsistent. This is not surprising because there are a number of types of country codes, which result in different definitions of country: ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 numeric IOC country codes License plate numbers Top-level domain codes In fact, International Calling codes are listed in a wikipedia entry Thus a more direct approach would be to generate the table by scraping wikipedia directly. However, now we err in the opposite direction, in that there are calling codes for telecom services as well as countries, and the format of numbers and names is inconsistent - some multiple numbers, some numbers with leading + , some countries with appended synonyms etc. In this script, the path expression finds the anchor "Alphabetical_Listing" and then finds the following table. declare namespace h= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" ; let $url := "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_calling_codes" let $wikipage := doc($url) let $section := $wikipage//h:table[@class="wikitable sortable"][2] return $section Jan 2010 - the page layout had changed so that the previous path to this table : let $section := $wikipage//h:a[@name="Alphabetical_Listing"]/../following-sibling::h:table[1] to the current : let $section := $wikipage//h:table[@class="wikitable sortable"][2] Wikipedia An alternative is to export this table as RDF. Here the resource is the dbpedia resource and the property is defined in the dbpedia property namespace. declare namespace h= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" ; declare namespace rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"; declare namespace p = "http://dbpedia.org/property/"; let $url := "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_calling_codes" let $wikipage := doc($url) let $section := $wikipage//h:table[@class="wikitable sortable"][2] return {for $row in $section/h:tr[h:td] let $country := string($row/h:td[1]) let $code := string($row/h:td[2]/h:a[1]) let $code := replace($code,"\*","") let $resource := concat("http://dbpedia.org/resource/", replace($country," ","_")) return {$code} } Similarly the structure of this table changed so this code needed to be updated. RDF
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Algonquin Park is the oldest and most famous of all the provincial parks in Canada, and the largest park in the Ontario Provincial Parks system. It is a massive area (7,600 km2), twice the size of Rhode Island, and larger than every county in England except North Yorkshire. With few inhabitants, this park forms the boundary between Ontario's Northern, Eastern, and Central regions. Located within less than a day's drive on well-paved highways from three of Canada's biggest cities, Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, it is easily accessible and has many nearby amenities for those who are just getting their first taste of outdoor life in Canada. Algonquin Park was formed in 1893. Its original primary purpose was as a timber reserve designed to keep forest-clearing settlers out of valuable timber lands. Preservation was only a secondary purpose. In 1896, lumber baron J.R. Booth completed the Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway (OA&PS) through the southern portion of the park. Though designed to haul timber logs out of the park, it allowed the vast expanse of Algonquin to be opened up for tourism. Highway 60 was completed in 1933, further opening the park to visitors. The OA & PS railway was abandoned in 1947, its Depot Harbour port facilities near Perry Sound abandoned as a ghost town; logging was now becoming a tertiary purpose of the park. Throughout the 1960s, the number of visitors to the park increased exponentially. Organized campgrounds were created or expanded. Today, Algonquin is primarily a nature reserve, although logging, including limited clearcutting, continues. Algonquin's landscape consists of numerous small lakes (with a couple large ones, such as Lake Opeongo), rock outcroppings and rolling hills. Marshes and large swamps are scattered throughout the park, and can provide excellent wildlife viewing. The Algonquin forest is actually not boreal, as most believe, but a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees. This means that an increased biodiversity occurs. Though deer were once prominent throughout the park, the moose has largely replaced them. Moose frequently stand by the side of provincial Highway 60, eating swamp grasses in spring and summer, and can be seen licking salt off the roads in winter. Moose are the only large animal most people are likely to encounter. Many people may stumble across a spruce grouse on a trail in the early morning. These birds believe their camouflage is invincible, and you could get as close as 30 centimetres. There are small wolf and lynx populations in the isolated portions of the park. Some bears are known in the park. Algonquin lakes have sizable fish populations, but fishing is regulated in all lakes. Not all of Algonquin's plants and animals are one you would like to have around you. In the southern reaches of the park (Below Highway 60), poison ivy is widespread. Be careful when bushwacking. From late April to Early June, the dreaded Blackfly is very active. These small insects will bite a chunk of skin off in order to get to the blood. They are known for their tendency to bite around the eyes, and occasionally an unfortunate human has to deal with a blackfly that has gone into the eye. Once the blackflies die off, they are replaced by mosquitoes. Both blackflies and mosquitoes can be easily fended off with DEET insect repellent. Algonquin is not quite part of Northern Ontario, but it shares the typical climate for its region. Springtime in Algonquin is likely to be cool and wet. The summer climate of Algonquin is not uniform. Daily highs could range from 16°C to over 30. In summer, it can be humid throughout June and July, yet the humidity tapers off around August. During autumn, it is cool and dry. The winters are guaranteed to be snowy, cold and harsh. Be sure to plan for the weather you are likely to face. There are only a few ways to get into Algonquin Park. The most obvious is by vehicle, via Highway 60. There are numerous places where you can leave your car while you enjoy either Algonquin's back country or the Highway 60 corridor. It is also possible to drive to campsites in the northern parts of the park, taking logging roads or provincial roads from the Trans-Canada Highway: The campsites at Achray (west of Petawawa), Brent (south of Deux-Rivieres) and Kiosk (south-east of North Bay) are all accessible by car during the summer months. Ensure your vehicle is in good condition before doing this. Algonquin can also be accessed by canoe, from various access points around the park. A less common way to get into Algonquin is by aeroplane. The only airfield is in the northern community of Brent, so if you are getting in by air your vehicle will most likely be a float plane capable of landing on water. Prices valid until March 31, 2021.) A permit is required to use the park's facilities. A permit for one day costs $15.50-21. An Ontario Parks season's pass costs $85 for the winter, $125 for the summer, or $175 for the year, but can be used unlimited times at any provincial park in Ontario. If you plan on camping, a campsite permit is required. An organized campground costs $42-54 per night, or $97 for a yurt. A backcountry canoe/hike-in campsite permit costs $12 per adult/$6 per child for one day. A backcountry ranger cabin costs $62-135 per night per person, plus the permit. For fishing, a fishing permit is required. These are issued by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. They can be obtained at some locations in Algonquin. Costs for these permits fluctuate. If you are exploring the Highway 60 corridor, the best way to get around is by vehicle. Some people use bicycles as well, and some even walk; but this is not recommended. Away from the corridor, the only way to get around most of the time is by canoe. Algonquin has an extensive canoe route system, with many portages and campsites. Be sure to obtain a canoe route map before you depart. There are many natural and historic sites in the park. No trip to Algonquin is complete without seeing the abandoned Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway bed, which is not only fascinating in itself but also passes by some interesting sites (abandoned train stations, logging depots, bridges, even the remains of a train derailment from the 1930s). The Brent Crater and Barron Canyon are both off of provincial Highway 17, which runs north of the park. They will provide a fascinating hike. Rent a canoe, and explore the many canoe routes. Go on one of the guided trails. You can pick up a booklet at the beginning of each trail, and numerous posts placed throughout will provide fascinating information. These trails range from easy, short and flat to extremely challenging, long and rugged. Go to the Algonquin logging museum. There, an easy 1.3-km loops takes you through numerous outdoor exhibits detailing the history of logging in Algonquin Park. Algonquin Park Tours Inc., 1023 Cooper Lake Rd., Dwight, ☏ +1 705-783-7566, toll-free: +1-877-757-5704. Nature-based adventures for students and travellers from all over the world. All-inclusive guided canoe trips feature multilingual guides. Algonquin Bound Outfitters, toll-free: +1-800-704-4537. One of Algonquin Park's leading outfitters specializing in trip planning, canoe and gear rentals. Professional guiding available for groups of any size. The Portage, Two Rivers and Opeongo stores provide camping, canoeing and other outfitting equipment. There is a souvenir store and cafeteria in the Visitor's Centre. All stores tend to be overpriced, but you can occasionally find a good deal. There is a grocery store in Killaloe. 45.535-78.7081 The Portage Store, Access Point 5, Canoe Lake (200m N of Route 60 at km 14.1 in Algonquin Park), ☏ +1 705-633-5622 (summer). late April to mid-October (7 days a week). Established 1937 as an outfitter for canoeists; rents canoes, kayaks, camping equipment. Lakeside restaurant seats 100, serving breakfast, beer, burgers and ice cream. Complete backcountry camping packages, store with camping supplies, souvenirs and Canadiana. Algonquin Park T-shirts and polar fleece, handmade pottery, decoys, nature recordings, Group of Seven prints, moccasins and Aboriginal handicrafts. Lake of Two Rivers Store & Café, ☏ +1 705-635-2243 (Oxtongue Lake). South of Highway 60 at km 31.4 between Mew Lake and Lake of Two Rivers campgrounds. Mountain bicycle and trailer rental (helmet included), store with camping, hiking and fishing gear, souvenirs, groceries (fresh produce and fruit, fresh and frozen meats, dairy, drinks and ice). Café & Grill with gourmet coffee, hamburgers, french fries, pulled pork poutine, wraps, salads, Kawartha Ice Cream and milkshakes. Algonquin Outfitters – Lake Opeongo Store, Lake Opeongo, access point #11, ☏ +1 613-637-2075, toll-free: +1-800-469-4948. 7AM-8PM daily (high season), 7AM-6PM (end April-Thanksgiving). At south end of Lake Opeongo, Algonquin Park’s largest body of water. Canoe, kayak and bicycle rentals, outfitter and guided wildlife viewing trips, store with fish tackle, camping supplies, outdoor clothing and footwear, souvenirs, groceries, live bait and ice. Water taxi is $30/person (one way), minimum $90/trip. If staying overnight in Algonquin, it is highly recommended (and often necessary) that you bring your own food. You can cook over a fire (a fire-pit is provided in every campsite) or a lightweight camping stove (which you must provide). There is a cafeteria in the Visitor's Centre, but the food is expensive and not of amazing quality. The store at Lake of Two Rivers campground offers "fast food" type meals and ice cream. The Portage Store on Canoe Lake has dine-in and take out food, a small convenience store and ice cream retailer. Three lodges in the park (Arowhon, Killarney, and Bartlett Lodge), all accessible from Route 60, offer expensive but good-quality meals. As always, remember that glass bottles, cans (including soda cans) are banned in the park. Should drinks be packaged in such containers, pour them into a re-usable plastic bottle. It is strongly recommended that you not drink out of the lakes. Bacteria and parasites are present. This is especially true for bogs and rivers. Prior to drinking the water, bring it to a full boil for 5 minutes, or pass it through a filter. In the park, it is most likely that you will be staying on a campsite. Remember, camping requires a permit which can be obtained at any Park office. Leaving the Frank MacDougall Parkway zone where there is organized development, the chief reason for visiting Algonquin is accessing the park interior. There are 2000 km of canoeing routes in 7725 square kilometers of park. Located on the southern edge of the Canadian Shield, there are thousands of lakes and streams. All of the canoe routes involved portaging from lake to lake or stream. Portages range from 2 meters to 2 km, averaging 500 m. There are 29 entry points to interior routes. Portages are well maintained and marked with a yellow sign at each end. Camping is only permitted at designated Interior campsites. Each is marked by an orange sign. There are also 13 historic ranger cabins that can be rented in the interior. Loons and Mergansers are common on most lakes. Moose are occasional seen. Beaver and otters are fairly common. Black bears and wolves live in the interior but are rarely seen. A detailed map of the Canoe Routes of Algonquin Provincial Park is published by the friends of Algonquin Park and widely available. An interior permit is required for camping in the interior. The fee is $11 per person per night. A reservation fee of $9 is also charged. Many of the popular routes are heavily used and should be reserved in advance. When reserving a trip, you will need to specify the entry and exit points and where you plan to camp each night. Each campsite is limited to 9 persons. Reservations may be made 5 months in advance. For trip planning, call the Algonquin Park Information Office at +1 705-633-5572. For reservations, call +1-888-668-7275. There are 3 backpacking trails, the Uplands, the Highland and the Eastern Pines backpacking trails, all accessed from Hywy 60. A brochure, Backpacking Trails of Algonquin Provincial Park is available. Three lodges in the park offer resort-type lodging and meals. Arowhon Pines, Arowhon Road (Arowhon Rd. leads north from Hwy 60 and ends at the lodge), ☏ +1 705-633-5661, toll-free: +1-866-633-5661, fax: +1 705-633-5795. Lodge with central log dining room. Little Joe Lake off Hwy 60, km 15. Off-season, phone +1 416-483-4393. Bartlett Lodge, on Cache Lake, ☏ +1 705-633-5543, toll-free: +1-866-614-5355. Or +1 705-633-5746. Solar power covered pontoon boat available upon request. Lakefront cottages, fine dining on an island, reached by lodge ferry. Early May-mid Oct. $400-500/night, double occupancy. 45.584-78.4861 Killarney Lodge, Lake of Two Rivers (Km 33 on Hwy 60), ☏ +1 705-633-5551, toll-free: +1-866-473-5551, [email protected]. 33 km inside the West Gate of Algonquin Park off Hwy 60. Private lakeside cabins with fine country dining included. Open May-Oct. The Lodge was built in 1935. It consists of the original log dining room and 27 cabins all located on a private peninsula. (updated Feb 2021) There is a hostel in Maynooth (to the south-southeast of the park) and a few motels on Highway 11 in or north of Huntsville (west of the park). All possible attractants (open food, garbage, clothes with food residues on them, etc.) must be stored locked safely (e.g. your vehicle) at all times your site is unattended or while you are sleeping. There are many potential attractants, including coolers (no matter what stored in them), food (even if cooked, canned, zip-locked, or jarred), beverage containers (even sealed), garbage, recycling, bug spray, sunscreen and other creams, cleaning products, toiletries, and BBQs and stoves (food or oil residues) - all of which must not be stored in the tent. No food or beverages should be stored in refrigerators. Avoid bringing into the tent the clothes you cook with. Do not store any attractants in vehicles with soft covers or roof tops such as convertibles. Do not leave windows open and ensure all doors are shut. Report all bear sightings in the campground to a Park Warden or at the campground office. It is imperative that you obtain a canoe map prior to venturing out into Algonquin by canoe. Wandering into the Algonquin wilderness without a map is absolute suicide, unless you are very familiar with the park (i.e., you know Algonquin like the back of your hand), and even the professional guides take maps. Be sure that when staying on a campsite, there are no dead trees in danger of falling. However, all campsites are dutifully maintained and the risk of being crushed by a falling tree is very, very low. Remember also that logging still occurs in Algonquin. Logging trucks rumble up and down backcountry roads which are not shown on the map. If you come across a road that is not on the map, do not follow it unless you are hopelessly lost. Not only are they private, but they are narrow and a human will give way before a logging truck does. Eastern Ontario and the Ottawa Valley Northern Ontario and the Trans-Canada Highway Central Ontario The Haliburton Highlands are south of Algonquin. Canadian National Parks
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Friday, April 22, 2005 Motorola has recently confirmed plans that it will launch an iTunes compatible mobile phone. The firm, which released quarterly results on Friday, revealed that the phone would be available in a few months time. There had been speculation that the wireless communications giant would scrap the phone after an underwhelming response from US operators, however CEO Ed Zander confirmed the company's intentions at the results presentation. The phone, when launched, will allow users to easily download digital music from Apple's popular iTunes music store onto their handset. The combination of mobile phone and MP3 player is a long awaited example of the much touted "technological convergence" often mentioned by the industry's CEO's. Wikinews will have a reporter live at Apple's WWDC keynote (when the software is likely to be released) on June 6 to cover the event. Tom Sanders. "Motorola back on track for iTunes mobile" — vnunet.com, April 22, 2005 Paul Taylor. "Music phone in Motorola line-up" — Financial Times, April 21, 2005 Jo Best. "Motorola CEO: iTunes phone coming soon" — CNet, April 21, 2005
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Date: November 1, 2016 - December 31, 2016 November 11-23, 2016: An alt NeldonaxKYSXXX vandalises multiple pages and renamed them, most are reverted back by SconesAndTeaMapping and EthanKoenigsberg. The user wants to "end FOE", "Nordemian Civil War Do not Vote Nordemia Now" and so on. He also "demanded a pay for them" as part of vandalism, replacing most content with Sccones and Ethan You must pay $999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999 December 6, 2016: SercatMapper starts a new tournament for ON nations, called MITF (Mapperdonian International Tennis Federation) and nations start to join. December 7-31, 2016: CJets is Here was blocked by staff for making a certain blog post. A user from Althistory wiki came to TFOE's chat claiming that TFOE users were invading their wiki, and were told to stop. CJets is Here made multiple alts to try to get around this block, but he was blocked on his alts too. He finally left after that. December 18, 2016: KingOfCentrium starts vandalizing the North American Economic Alliance, changing the title to "North American Economic Alliance and Anti Neldonax Union for boycott", and added this page to the categories "Justise for Wiki for no more Neldonax" and "Anti Neldonax". These edits were reverted by user CJets Aviation and CorrosiveDragon. December 31, 2016: The Map game, Mappers in the Wild XXIX , was officially declared to be finished on this day after 100 days. It was declared the third successful map game ever to finish on the wiki.
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This Wikibooks page critiques "Randomized, controlled trial of resistance training in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy: results on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life" by Steindorf et al. (2014) Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in females, with an estimated 2.3 million diagnoses in 2020. Of these, many require ongoing treatment such as adjuvant radiotherapy. The disease itself and these treatments are often associated with a range of side effects, most commonly fatigue, that are detrimental to the patient's quality of life (QoL). This paper explores the effect of resistance training on the fatigue and QoL of breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Minimal research has been conducted within this field so this paper fills an essential gap in existing knowledge. There has only been one small study on breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Previous research has only investigated the effects of aerobic training or a combination of aerobic and resistance training. Psychological rather than physiological effects have been studied. It is vital to discover the most effective methods in reducing fatigue and improving the QoL of such a significant percentage of the worldwide population. This research was conducted at the Institute of Sports and Sport Science of the University of Heidelberg in Germany. It is one of the leading research institutions in Europe with a university ranking of 42 for 2022. Each of the authors have numerous other papers published within the cancer field. For example, Professor Steindorf has 204 publications and has conducted prior research at the German Cancer Research Centre and the National Centre for Tumour Diseases, investigating physical activity, fatigue, QoL and different cancers. This research appears in an Elsevier medical journal, Annals of Oncology, which is considered to be one of the leading journals with a high impact factor of 32.976. It has also been presented at multiple conferences in Germany and the United States of America. This research was funded by the Interdisciplinary Research Funding Program of the National Centre for Tumour Diseases and partially supported by the cancer foundations ‘Stiftung Leben mit Krebs’ and ‘Manfred-Lautenschlaeger-Stiftung’. It does not appear that there would be any personal gain by these findings. The authors have declared no conflicts of interest. This study was a prospective randomised control trial (RCT). 80 breast cancer patients were assigned to the resistance training intervention and 80 were assigned to the control group muscle relaxation program. Both groups were designed to have potential psychosocial benefits, so if exercise had an effect it was in addition to this. These allocations were conducted by someone not involved in the study who used predetermined lists (not accessible by study personnel) with a random block size, arranged by age and baseline fatigue level. There was no blinding in this study as the patients and the researchers knew which treatment was being received. RCTs are desirable as they allow the researcher to make causal inferences. Since the participants were randomly allocated, selection bias and confounding factors were minimised and the groups were comparable. Because it is a prospective study, recall error is eliminated. This means the findings are more likely to be valid and generalisable, and the researcher is able to successfully determine the effect of resistance training. Many other studies within this field used a similar framework since alternative designs are unable to produce the same level of evidence for a causal relationship. The participants in both the experimental and control group had 2 60-minute professionally administered sessions each week for 12 weeks, beginning on the day of the first radiotherapy session. The experimental group participated in resistance training using 8 machines. They completed 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 60-80% of 1 repetition maximum. The control group participated in muscle relaxation with no aerobic or strength components. These outcomes were measured pre-radiotherapy (baseline), post-radiotherapy (week 7) and post-intervention (week 13): fatigue- self-assessment Fatigue Assessment questionnaire QoL- self-assessment QoL questionnaire and breast cancer specific questionnaire depressive symptoms- self-assessment depression scale for cancer patients cognitive function- trail-making test assessing visual attention and task switching muscle strength- isometric and isokinetic tests for upper and lower extremity endurance performance- VO2peak measured on a bicycle ergometer The baseline scores were compared to the post-intervention scores to see if resistance training had an effect on any variables measured. The main limitation is that most outcomes were measured using self-assessments, which introduces bias and threatens the validity and reliability. However, the nature of this study makes this unavoidable because it is difficult to measure these outcomes without using self-assessment questionnaires. The methodology was designed in a way that maximises validity and reliability, making it a suitable approach. Fatigue- significant reduction in total (P=0.044) and physical fatigue (P=0.013) for resistance training when compared to control, but not for affective (P=0.91) or cognitive (P=0.65) QoL- no significant difference in global QoL (P=0.37) but resistance training improves QoL aspects: role function (P=0.035), pain (P=0.040), future perspective (P=0.047) Muscle strength- significant improvements with resistance training (P<0.0001) Endurance performance- no significant difference between groups This study found that resistance training reduces fatigue and improves some aspects of QoL, beyond the psychosocial aspects, for breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. Additionally, but unsurprisingly, it also improves muscle strength which counters a side effect of treatment. Steindorf et al. inferred that for optimal patient outcomes, resistance training should be implemented alongside treatment. These findings align with previous studies. Resistance exercise has been found to reduce treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Many studies have investigated the benefits of aerobic training for breast cancer patients. This study confirmed that resistance training alone does not provide those cardiorespiratory benefits. Therefore, it can be deduced that the optimal program should incorporate both resistance and aerobic training. Every person has different needs and risk factors to consider, particularly within this population group, so it is vital to follow the specific recommendations given by health professionals. Whilst executing the resistance and aerobic program the patient should be supervised by a professional and have their critical measures (blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation) monitored throughout the session. They should progress to 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity and 2 sessions of resistance training per week. Activities could include running on the treadmill and whole body machine-based exercises. Breast cancer: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer Exercise guidelines for cancer patients: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/survivorship-during-and-after-treatment/staying-active/physical-activity-and-the-cancer-patient.html Resistance training: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/resistance-training-health-benefits World Health Organisation (2021). Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Organisation (2021). Treatment and Side Effects: Fatigue Steindorf et al. (2014) Randomized, controlled trial of resistance training in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy: results on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. Annals of Oncology. 12 (11): 2237-2243. Times Higher Education (2021). World University Rankings: Heidelberg University ResearchGate (2021). Profile: Karen Steindorf Elsevier (2021). Journals: Annals of Oncology Akobeng AK (2005) Understanding randomised controlled trials. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 90 (8): 840-844. Galvao et al. (2006) Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. 38 (12): 2045-2052. Bekhet et al. (2019) Benefits of Aerobic Exercise for Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 20 (11): 3197-3209. American Cancer Society (2021). Living Well During Treatment: Physical Activity and the Person with Cancer
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Author: Jon Awbrey This report discusses C.S. Peirce's treatment of analogy, placing it in relation to his overall theory of inquiry. The first order of business is to introduce the three fundamental types of reasoning that Peirce adopted from classical logic. In Peirce's analysis both inquiry and analogy are complex programs of reasoning that develop through stages of these three types, although normally in different orders. Note on notation. The discussion that follows uses minimal negations, expressed as bracketed tuples of the form ( e 1 , ... , e k ) , {\displaystyle {\texttt {(}}e_{1}{\texttt {,}}\ldots {\texttt {,}}e_{k}{\texttt {)}},\!} and logical conjunctions, expressed as concatenated tuples of the form e 1 ... e k , {\displaystyle e_{1}~\ldots ~e_{k},\!} as the sole expression-forming operations of a calculus for boolean-valued functions or propositions. The expressions of this calculus parse into data structures whose underlying graphs are called cacti by graph theorists. Hence the name cactus language for this dialect of propositional calculus. Here we present one of Peirce's earliest treatments of the three types of reasoning, from his Harvard Lectures of 1865 “On the Logic of Science”. It illustrates how one and the same proposition might be reached from three different directions, as the end result of an inference in each of the three modes. Suppose we make the following assignments: Recognizing that a little more concreteness will aid the understanding, let us make the following substitutions in Peirce's example: The converging operation of all three reasonings is shown in Figure 2. The common proposition that concludes each argument is AC, to wit, “contributing to charity is wise”. Deduction could have obtained the Fact AC from the Rule AB, “benevolence is wisdom”, along with the Case BC, “contributing to charity is benevolent”. Induction could have gathered the Rule AC, after a manner of saying that “contributing to charity is exemplary of wisdom”, from the Fact AE, “the act of earlier today is wise”, along with the Case CE, “the act of earlier today was an instance of contributing to charity”. Abduction could have guessed the Case AC, in a style of expression stating that “contributing to charity is explained by wisdom”, from the Fact DC, “contributing to charity is done by this wise man”, and the Rule DA, “everything that is wise is done by this wise man”. Thus, a wise man, who happens to do all of the wise things that there are to do, may nevertheless contribute to charity for no good reason, and even be known to be charitable to a fault. But all of this notwithstanding, on seeing the wise man contribute to charity we may find it natural to conjecture, in effect, to consider it as a possibility worth examining further, that charity is indeed a mark of his wisdom, and not just the accidental trait or the immaterial peculiarity of his character — in essence, that wisdom is the reason he contributes to charity. Peirce's notion of abductive reasoning was derived from Aristotle's treatment of it in the Prior Analytics. Aristotle's discussion begins with an example that may appear incidental, but the question and its analysis are echoes of an important investigation that was pursued in one of Plato's Dialogues, the Meno. This inquiry is concerned with the possibility of knowledge and the relationship between knowledge and virtue, or between their objects, the true and the good. It is not just because it forms a recurring question in philosophy, but because it preserves a certain correspondence between its form and its content, that we shall find this example increasingly relevant to our study. A couple of notes on the reading may be helpful. The Greek text seems to imply a geometric diagram, in which directed line segments AB, BC, AC are used to indicate logical relations between pairs of the terms in A, B, C. We have two options for reading these line labels, either as implications or as subsumptions, as in the following two paradigms for interpretation. Here, “X subsumes Y” means that “X applies to all Y”, or that “X is predicated of all Y”. When there is no danger of confusion we may write this as “X ≥ Y”. The method of abductive reasoning bears a close relation to the sense of reduction in which we speak of one question reducing to another. The question being asked is “Can virtue be taught?” The type of answer which develops is the following. If virtue is a form of understanding, and if we are willing to grant that understanding can be taught, then virtue can be taught. In this way of approaching the problem, by detour and indirection, the form of abductive reasoning is used to shift the attack from the original question, whether virtue can be taught, to the hopefully easier question, whether virtue is a form of understanding. The logical structure of the process of hypothesis formation in the first example follows the pattern of “abduction to a case”, whose abstract form is diagrammed and schematized in Figure 5. Here we present Aristotle's treatment of analogical inference or “reasoning by example”. The Greek word for this is παραδειγμα, from which we derive the English word “paradigm”, and it suggests a kind of “side-show”, or a parallel comparison of cases. Note. A few changes in Peirce's notation have been made to facilitate comparison between the two versions. The form of this analysis is illustrated in Figure 7. The form of this analysis is illustrated in Figure 8. To illustrate the place of the sign relation in inquiry we begin with Dewey's elegant and simple example of reflective thinking in everyday life. In this narrative we can identify the characters of the sign relation as follows: coolness is a Sign of the Object rain, and the Interpretant is the thought of the rain's likelihood. In his 1910 description of reflective thinking Dewey distinguishes two phases, “a state of perplexity, hesitation, doubt” and “an act of search or investigation” (Dewey 1991, 9), comprehensive stages which are further refined in his later model of inquiry. In this example, reflection is the act of the interpreter which establishes a fund of connections between the sensory shock of coolness and the objective danger of rain, by way of his impression that rain is likely. But reflection is more than irresponsible speculation. In reflection the interpreter acts to charge or defuse the thought of rain (the probability of rain in thought) by seeking other signs which this thought implies and evaluating the thought according to the results of this search. Figure 9 illustrates Dewey's “Sign of Rain” example, tracing the structure and function of the sign relation as it informs the activity of inquiry, including both the movements of surprise explanation and intentional action. The dyadic faces of the sign relation are labeled with just a few of the loosest terms that apply, indicating the “significance” of signs for eventual occurrences and the “correspondence&rdqu; of ideas with external orientations. Nothing essential is meant by these dyadic role distinctions, since it is only in special or degenerate cases that their shadowy projections can maintain enough information to determine the original sign relation. If we follow this example far enough to consider the import of thought for action, we realize that the subsequent conduct of the interpreter, progressing up through the natural conclusion of the episode — the quickening steps, seeking shelter in time to escape the rain — all of these acts form a series of further interpretants, contingent on the active causes of the individual, for the originally recognized signs of rain and for the first impressions of the actual case. Just as critical reflection develops the associated and alternative signs which gather about an idea, pragmatic interpretation explores the consequential and contrasting actions which give effective and testable meaning to a person's belief in it. Figure 10 charts the progress of inquiry in this example according to the three stages of reasoning identified by Peirce. Abduction. The first, faltering step into the cycle of inquiry is taken through the flexion of abductive reasoning. The fact C ⇒ A, the coolness of the air in the pedestrian's current situation, brings into play from his worldly experience (or from other kinds of background knowledge) the rule B ⇒ A, that a chill in the air is a feature of situations that betoken rain. This fact and this rule, working in tandem, precipitate a plausible explanation for the observed phenomena. The hiker abduces the case C ⇒ B, that bodes for rain in the current situation. Deduction. ... Induction. ... In this analysis of the first steps of Inquiry, we have a complex or a mixed form of inference that can be seen as taking place in two steps: 1. The first step is an Abduction that abstracts a Case from the consideration of a Fact and a Rule. 2. The final step is a Deduction that admits this Case to another Rule and so arrives at a novel Fact. This is nowhere near a complete analysis of the Rainy Day inquiry, even insofar as it might be carried out within the constraints of the syllogistic framework, and it covers only the first two steps of the relevant inquiry process, but maybe it will do for a start. Up till now quantification theory has been based on the assumption of individual variables ranging over universal collections of perfectly determinate elements. Merely to write down quantified formulas like ∀ x ∈ X f ( x ) {\displaystyle \forall _{x\in X}f(x)\!} and ∃ x ∈ X f ( x ) {\displaystyle \exists _{x\in X}f(x)\!} involves a subscription to such notions, as shown by the membership relations invoked in their indices. Reflected on pragmatic and constructive principles, however, these ideas begin to appear as problematic hypotheses whose warrants are not beyond question, projects of exhaustive determination that overreach the powers of finite information and control to manage. Therefore, it is worth considering how we might shift the scene of quantification theory closer to familiar ground, toward the predicates themselves that represent our continuing acquaintance with phenomena. By way of equipping this inquiry with a bit of concrete material, I begin with a consideration of higher order propositional expressions, in particular, those that stem from the propositions on 1 and 2 variables. A higher order proposition is, very roughly speaking, a proposition about propositions. If the original order of propositions is a class of indicator functions f : X → B , {\displaystyle {f:X\to \mathbb {B} },\!} then the next higher order of propositions consists of maps of the type m : ( X → B ) → B . {\displaystyle {m:(X\to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} }.\!} For example, consider the case where X = B . {\displaystyle {X=\mathbb {B} }.\!} Then there are exactly four propositions f : B → B , {\displaystyle {f:\mathbb {B} \to \mathbb {B} },\!} and exactly sixteen higher order propositions that are based on this set, all bearing the type m : ( B → B ) → B . {\displaystyle {m:(\mathbb {B} \to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} }.\!} Table 11 lists the sixteen higher order propositions about propositions on one boolean variable, organized in the following fashion: Columns 1 and 2 form a truth table for the four f : B → B , {\displaystyle {f:\mathbb {B} \to \mathbb {B} },\!} turned on its side from the way that one is most likely accustomed to see truth tables, with the row leaders in Column 1 displaying the names of the functions f i , {\displaystyle {f_{i}},\!} for i {\displaystyle {i}\!} = 1 to 4, while the entries in Column 2 give the values of each function for the argument values that are listed in the corresponding column head. Column 3 displays one of the more usual expressions for the proposition in question. The last sixteen columns are topped by a collection of conventional names for the higher order propositions, also known as the measures m j , {\displaystyle {m_{j}},\!} for j {\displaystyle {j}\!} = 0 to 15, where the entries in the body of the Table record the values that each m j {\displaystyle {m_{j}}\!} assigns to each f i . {\displaystyle {f_{i}}.\!} I am going to put off explaining Table 12, that presents a sample of what I call interpretive categories for higher order propositions, until after we get beyond the 1-dimensional case, since these lower dimensional cases tend to be a bit condensed or degenerate in their structures, and a lot of what is going on here will almost automatically become clearer as soon as we get even two logical variables into the mix. By way of reviewing notation and preparing to extend it to higher order universes of discourse, let us first consider the universe of discourse X ∙ = [ X ] = [ x 1 , x 2 ] = [ u , v ] , {\displaystyle X^{\bullet }=[{\mathcal {X}}]=[x_{1},x_{2}]=[u,v],\!} based on two logical features or boolean variables u {\displaystyle {u}\!} and v . {\displaystyle {v}.\!} The universe of discourse X ∙ {\displaystyle {X^{\bullet }}\!} consists of two parts, a set of points and a set of propositions. The points of X ∙ {\displaystyle {X^{\bullet }}\!} form the space: Each point in X {\displaystyle {X}\!} may be indicated by means of a singular proposition, that is, a proposition that describes it uniquely. This form of representation leads to the following enumeration of points: Each point in X {\displaystyle X\!} may also be described by means of its coordinates, that is, by the ordered pair of values in B {\displaystyle \mathbb {B} \!} that the coordinate propositions u {\displaystyle u\!} and v {\displaystyle v\!} take on that point. This form of representation leads to the following enumeration of points: The propositions of X ∙ {\displaystyle {X^{\bullet }}\!} form the space: As always, it is frequently convenient to omit a few of the finer markings of distinctions among isomorphic structures, so long as one is aware of their presence and knows when it is crucial to call upon them again. The next higher order universe of discourse that is built on X ∙ {\displaystyle {X^{\bullet }}\!} is X ∙ 2 = [ X ∙ ] = [ [ u , v ] ] , {\displaystyle X^{\bullet 2}=[X^{\bullet }]=[[u,v]],\!} which may be developed in the following way. The propositions of X ∙ {\displaystyle {X^{\bullet }}\!} become the points of X ∙ 2 , {\displaystyle X^{\bullet 2},\!} and the mappings of the type m : ( X → B ) → B {\displaystyle m:(X\to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} \!} become the propositions of X ∙ 2 . {\displaystyle X^{\bullet 2}.\!} In addition, it is convenient to equip the discussion with a selected set of higher order operators on propositions, all of which have the form w : ( B 2 → B ) k → B . {\displaystyle w:(\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} )^{k}\to \mathbb {B} .\!} To save a few words in the remainder of this discussion, I will use the terms measure and qualifier to refer to all types of higher order propositions and operators. To describe the present setting in picturesque terms, the propositions of [ u , v ] {\displaystyle [u,v]\!} may be regarded as a gallery of sixteen venn diagrams, while the measures m : ( X → B ) → B {\displaystyle m:(X\to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} \!} are analogous to a body of judges or a panel of critical viewers, each of whom evaluates each of the pictures as a whole and reports the ones that find favor or not. In this way, each judge m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} partitions the gallery of pictures into two aesthetic portions, the pictures m j − 1 ( 1 ) {\displaystyle m_{j}^{-1}(1)\!} that m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} likes and the pictures m j − 1 ( 0 ) {\displaystyle m_{j}^{-1}(0)\!} that m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} dislikes. There are 2 16 = 65536 {\displaystyle 2^{16}=65536\!} measures of the type m : ( B 2 → B ) → B . {\displaystyle m:(\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} .\!} Table 13 introduces the first 24 of these measures in the fashion of the higher order truth table that I used before. The column headed m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} shows the values of the measure m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} on each of the propositions f i : B 2 → B , {\displaystyle f_{i}:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} ,\!} for i {\displaystyle i\!} = 0 to 23, with blank entries in the Table being optional for values of zero. The arrangement of measures that continues according to the plan indicated here is referred to as the standard ordering of these measures. In this scheme of things, the index j {\displaystyle j\!} of the measure m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} is the decimal equivalent of the bit string that is associated with m j {\displaystyle m_{j}\!} 's functional values, which can be obtained in turn by reading the j t h {\displaystyle j^{\mathrm {th} }\!} column of binary digits in the Table as the corresponding range of boolean values, taking them up in the order from bottom to top. We now examine measures at the high end of the standard ordering. Instrumental to this purpose we define a couple of higher order operators, Υ 1 : ( ⟨ u , v ⟩ → B ) → B {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{1}:(\langle u,v\rangle \to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} \!} and Υ : ( ⟨ u , v ⟩ → B ) 2 → B , {\displaystyle \Upsilon :(\langle u,v\rangle \to \mathbb {B} )^{2}\to \mathbb {B} ,\!} both symbolized by cursive upsilon characters and referred to as the absolute and relative umpire operators, respectively. If either one of these operators is defined in terms of more primitive notions then the remaining operator can be defined in terms of the one first established. Given an ordered pair of propositions e , f : ⟨ u , v ⟩ → B {\displaystyle e,f:\langle u,v\rangle \to \mathbb {B} \!} as arguments, the relative operator reports the value 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} if the first implies the second, otherwise 0. {\displaystyle 0.\!} To express it another way: In writing this, however, it is important to notice that the 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} appearing on the left side and the 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} appearing on the right side of the logical equivalence have different meanings. Filling in the details, we have: Writing types as subscripts and using the fact that X = ⟨ u , v ⟩ , {\displaystyle X=\langle u,v\rangle ,\!} it is possible to express this a little more succinctly as follows: Finally, it is often convenient to write the first argument as a subscript, hence Υ e ( f ) = Υ ( e , f ) . {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{e}(f)=\Upsilon (e,f).\!} As a special application of this operator, we next define the absolute umpire operator, also called the umpire measure. This is a higher order proposition Υ 1 : ( B 2 → B ) → B {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{1}:(\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} \!} which is given by the relation Υ 1 ( f ) = Υ ( 1 , f ) . {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{1}(f)=\Upsilon (1,f).\!} Here, the subscript 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} on the left and the argument 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} on the right both refer to the constant proposition 1 : B 2 → B . {\displaystyle 1:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} .\!} In most contexts where Υ 1 {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{1}\!} is actually applied the subscript 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} is safely omitted, since the number of arguments indicates which type of operator is intended. Thus, we have the following identities and equivalents: The umpire measure is defined at the level of truth functions, but can also be understood in terms of its implied judgments at the syntactic level. Interpreted this way, Υ 1 {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{1}\!} recognizes theorems of the propositional calculus over [ u , v ] , {\displaystyle [u,v],\!} giving a score of 1 {\displaystyle 1\!} to tautologies and a score of 0 {\displaystyle 0\!} to everything else, regarding all contingent statements as no better than falsehoods. One remark in passing for those who might prefer an alternative definition. If we had originally taken Υ {\displaystyle \Upsilon \!} to mean the absolute measure, then the relative version could have been defined as Υ e f = Υ ( e ( f )) . {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{e}f=\Upsilon {\texttt {(}}e{\texttt {(}}f{\texttt {))}}.~\!} Define two families of measures: by means of the following formulas: The values of the sixteen α i {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}\!} on each of the sixteen boolean functions f : B 2 → B {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} \!} are shown in Table 14. Expressed in terms of the implication ordering on the sixteen functions, α i f = 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}f=1\!} says that f {\displaystyle f\!} is above or identical to f i {\displaystyle f_{i}\!} in the implication lattice, that is, ≥ f i {\displaystyle \geq f_{i}\!} in the implication ordering. The values of the sixteen β i {\displaystyle {\beta _{i}}\!} on each of the sixteen boolean functions f : B 2 → B {\displaystyle {f:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} }\!} are shown in Table 15. Expressed in terms of the implication ordering on the sixteen functions, β i f = 1 {\displaystyle {\beta _{i}f=1}\!} says that f {\displaystyle {f}\!} is below or identical to f i {\displaystyle {f_{i}}\!} in the implication lattice, that is, ≤ f i {\displaystyle {\leq f_{i}}\!} in the implication ordering. Applied to a given proposition f , {\displaystyle f,\!} the qualifiers α i {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}\!} and β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}\!} tell whether f {\displaystyle f\!} rests above f i {\displaystyle \operatorname {above} \ f_{i}\!} or below f i , {\displaystyle \operatorname {below} \ f_{i},\!} respectively, in the implication ordering. By way of example, let us trace the effects of several such measures, namely, those that occupy the limiting positions of the Tables. Thus, α 0 = β 15 {\displaystyle \alpha _{0}=\beta _{15}\!} is a totally indiscriminate measure, one that accepts all propositions f : B 2 → B , {\displaystyle {f:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} },\!} whereas α 15 {\displaystyle \alpha _{15}\!} and β 0 {\displaystyle \beta _{0}\!} are measures that value the constant propositions 1 : B 2 → B {\displaystyle 1:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} \!} and 0 : B 2 → B , {\displaystyle 0:\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} ,\!} respectively, above all others. Finally, in conformity with the use of the fiber notation to indicate sets of models, it is natural to use notations like: to denote sets of propositions that satisfy the umpires in question. Previously I introduced a calculus for propositional logic, fixing its meaning according to what C.S. Peirce called the existential interpretation. As far as it concerns propositional calculus this interpretation settles the meanings that are associated with merely the most basic symbols and logical connectives. Now we must extend and refine the existential interpretation to comprehend the analysis of quantifications, that is, quantified propositions. In doing so we recognize two additional aspects of logic that need to be developed, over and above the material of propositional logic. At the formal extreme there is the aspect of higher order functional types, into which we have already ventured a little above. At the level of the fundamental content of the available propositions we have to introduce a different interpretation for what we may call elemental or singular propositions. Let us return to the 2-dimensional case X ∙ = [ u , v ] . {\displaystyle X^{\bullet }=[u,v].\!} In order to provide a bridge between propositions and quantifications it serves to define a set of qualifiers l i j : ( B 2 → B ) → B {\displaystyle \ell _{ij}:(\mathbb {B} ^{2}\to \mathbb {B} )\to \mathbb {B} \!} that have the following characters: l 00 f = l ( u ) ( v ) f = α 1 f = Υ ( u ) ( v ) f = Υ ( u ) ( v ) ⇒ f = f likes ( u ) ( v ) l 01 f = l ( u ) v f = α 2 f = Υ ( u ) v f = Υ ( u ) v ⇒ f = f likes ( u ) v l 10 f = l u ( v ) f = α 4 f = Υ u ( v ) f = Υ u ( v ) ⇒ f = f likes u ( v ) l 11 f = l u v f = α 8 f = Υ u v f = Υ u v ⇒ f = f likes u v {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{llllll}\ell _{00}f&=\ell _{(u)(v)}f&=\alpha _{1}f&=\Upsilon _{(u)(v)}f&=\Upsilon _{(u)(v)\ \Rightarrow f}&=f\ \operatorname {likes} \ (u)(v)\\\ell _{01}f&=\ell _{(u)v}f&=\alpha _{2}f&=\Upsilon _{(u)v}f&=\Upsilon _{(u)v\ \Rightarrow f}&=f\ \operatorname {likes} \ (u)v\\\ell _{10}f&=\ell _{u(v)}f&=\alpha _{4}f&=\Upsilon _{u(v)}f&=\Upsilon _{u(v)\ \Rightarrow f}&=f\ \operatorname {likes} \ u(v)\\\ell _{11}f&=\ell _{uv}f&=\alpha _{8}f&=\Upsilon _{uv}f&=\Upsilon _{uv\ \Rightarrow f}&=f\ \operatorname {likes} \ uv\\\end{array}}} Intuitively, the l i j {\displaystyle \ell _{ij}\!} operators may be thought of as qualifying propositions according to the elements of the universe of discourse that each proposition positively values. Taken together, these measures provide us with the means to express many useful observations about the propositions in X ∙ = [ u , v ] , {\displaystyle X^{\bullet }=[u,v],\!} and so they mediate a subtext [ l 00 , l 01 , l 10 , l 11 ] {\displaystyle [\ell _{00},\ell _{01},\ell _{10},\ell _{11}]\!} that takes place within the higher order universe of discourse X ∙ 2 = [ X ∙ ] = [ [ u , v ] ] . {\displaystyle X^{\bullet 2}=[X^{\bullet }]=[[u,v]].\!} Figure 16 summarizes the action of the l i j {\displaystyle \ell _{ij}\!} operators on the f i {\displaystyle f_{i}\!} within X ∙ 2 . {\displaystyle X^{\bullet 2}.\!} Our excursion into the vastening landscape of higher order propositions has finally come round to the stage where we can bring its returns to bear on opening up new perspectives for quantificational logic. There is a question arising next that is still experimental in my mind. Whether it makes much difference from a purely formal point of view is not a question I can answer yet, but it does seem to aid the intuition to invent a slightly different interpretation for the two-valued space that we use as the target of our basic indicator functions. Therefore, let us declare a type of existential-valued functions f : B k → E , {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {B} ^{k}\to \mathbb {E} ,\!} where E = { − e , + e } = { empty , exist } {\displaystyle \mathbb {E} =\{-e,+e\}=\{\operatorname {empty} ,\operatorname {exist} \}\!} is a couple of values that we interpret as indicating whether of not anything exists in the cells of the underlying universe of discourse, venn diagram, or other domain. As usual, let us not be too strict about the coding of these functions, reverting to binary codes whenever the interpretation is clear enough. With this interpretation in mind we note the following correspondences between classical quantifications and higher order indicator functions: The following Tables develop these ideas in more detail. In order to get a handle on the space of higher order propositions and eventually to carry out a functional approach to quantification theory, it serves to construct some specialized tools. Specifically, I define a higher order operator Υ , {\displaystyle \Upsilon ,\!} called the umpire operator, which takes up to three propositions as arguments and returns a single truth value as the result. Formally, this so-called multi-grade property of Υ {\displaystyle \Upsilon \!} can be expressed as a union of function types, in the following manner: In contexts of application the intended sense can be discerned by the number of arguments that actually appear in the argument list. Often, the first and last arguments appear as indices, the one in the middle being treated as the main argument while the other two arguments serve to modify the sense of the operation in question. Thus, we have the following forms: The intention of this operator is that we evaluate the proposition q {\displaystyle q\!} on each model of the proposition p {\displaystyle p\!} and combine the results according to the method indicated by the connective parameter r . {\displaystyle r.\!} In principle, the index r {\displaystyle r\!} might specify any connective on as many as 2 k {\displaystyle 2^{k}\!} arguments, but usually we have in mind a much simpler form of combination, most often either collective products or collective sums. By convention, each of the accessory indices p , r {\displaystyle p,r\!} is assigned a default value that is understood to be in force when the corresponding argument place is left blank, specifically, the constant proposition 1 : B k → B {\displaystyle 1:\mathbb {B} ^{k}\to \mathbb {B} \!} for the lower index p , {\displaystyle p,\!} and the continued conjunction or continued product operation ∏ {\displaystyle \textstyle \prod \!} for the upper index r . {\displaystyle r.\!} Taking the upper default value gives license to the following readings: This means that Υ p ( q ) = 1 {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{p}(q)=1\!} if and only if q {\displaystyle q\!} holds for all models of p . {\displaystyle p.\!} In propositional terms, this is tantamount to the assertion that p ⇒ q , {\displaystyle p\Rightarrow q,\!} or that ( p ( q ) ) _ = 1 _ . {\displaystyle {\underline {(p(q))}}={\underline {1}}.\!} Throwing in the lower default value permits the following abbreviations: This means that Υ q = 1 {\displaystyle \Upsilon q=1\!} if and only if q {\displaystyle q\!} holds for the whole universe of discourse in question, that is, if and only q {\displaystyle q\!} is the constantly true proposition 1 : B k → B . {\displaystyle 1:\mathbb {B} ^{k}\to \mathbb {B} .\!} The ambiguities of this usage are not a problem so long as we distinguish the context of definition from the context of application and restrict all shorthand notations to the latter. Aristotle, “Prior Analytics”, Hugh Tredennick (trans. ), in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, London, UK, 1938. | Version: Draft 3.25 | Created: 01 Jan 1995 | Relayed: 01 Nov 1995 | Revised: 24 Dec 2001 | Revised: 12 Mar 2004 http://web.archive.org/web/20140821214025/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/thread.html#1256 http://web.archive.org/web/20090303000827/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/001256.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303001935/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/001257.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303002148/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/001258.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303001240/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/001259.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303001940/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/001260.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303002026/http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2004-March/001261.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090302185041/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/thrd2.html#05480 http://web.archive.org/web/20090303202815/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/msg05480.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090302145522/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/msg05481.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090302145531/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/msg05482.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303203051/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/msg05483.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090303203442/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/msg05484.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090302145538/http://suo.ieee.org/ontology/msg05485.html http://web.archive.org/web/20131120210604/http://forum.wolframscience.com/archive/topic/254.html http://web.archive.org/web/20090302144746/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?threadid=254 http://web.archive.org/web/20131104033846/http://forum.wolframscience.com/archive/topic/598.html http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171418/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?threadid=598 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302150057/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1957#post1957 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302145607/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1960#post1960 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302150102/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1961#post1961 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302150134/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1962#post1962 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302145918/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1964#post1964 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302145303/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1966#post1966 http://web.archive.org/web/20090302150013/http://forum.wolframscience.com/showthread.php?postid=1968#post1968
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Dreams and motivation: What do dreams reveal about our motivation? Many people search for meaning in their dreams. There are numerous books written on the topic and likewise, various web sites devoted to the decoding of dream symbols (Lipmann, 2000). But is this search for meaning in our dreams justified? Do dreams really reveal something about our unconscious motivations? What is a dream? Read on to find out. It may help you to decide whether keeping that dream journal is worthwhile in your quest towards self-understanding and psychological growth. Before thinking about what dreams might mean, a brief theoretical background is necessary. Though he did not invent the idea, Sigmund Freud is the man most commonly credited with the development of ‘the unconscious’ (Fayeck, 2005). This is largely because it was the key concept used to develop his comprehensive theory of psychoanalysis (Freud, 1894/1896, as cited in Fayeck, 2005). What is presented here is psychoanalysis as it relates to dreams and unconscious motivation, and not the theory in its entirety. In the early period of his theorizing, before 1920, Freud developed a theory of the human mind which differentiated between three core components (see Figure 1)(Thwaites, 2007). These were the: Pre-conscious: the part of the mind which is not the current focus of attention but which can be called into consciousness if needed (Thwaites, 2007). This includes memories for things we’ve either implicitly or explicitly learned (Westen, 1999). Conscious: the manipulable thoughts and images currently in our short-term memory (Newell & Simon, 1972, as cited in Westen, 1999). Unconscious: those mental processes and influences which are out of conscious reach (Thwaites, 2007). These unconscious processes were viewed as motives that influence conscious thought and behaviour (Westen, 1999). Freud viewed the conscious and the unconscious as being separate mental entities, and ones that were often in conflict with each other (Norman, 2010). The unconscious, according to Freud, expresses itself mainly through indirect means (Norman, 2010). For example, through slips of the tongue or within our dreams (Thwaites, 2007). But how is it decided what makes it into consciousness and what remains lurking in the depths of the unconscious? Freud developed a drive theory which later informed his ideas about the human psyche (Mills, 2004). This theory took a natural science approach to human motivation. He saw the human mind as being driven by unconscious forces that originated from biological deficits. These deficits created the internal experience of pressure or discomfort. This internal pressure then expressed itself as needs, desires, urges or wishes. These driving forces motivated the human to seek out ways of terminating the deficits to bring about satisfaction and pleasure (Mills, 2004). Unlike animals however, human drives are able to be channelled towards different outcomes; the Ego provides the human with a degree of agency (Mills, 2004). Fulfilment may be achieved through a number of available means, or the drive may be inhibited or deflected altogether (Mills, 2004). This is where Freud’s ideas started to move away from basic instincts and more towards human motivation (Mills, 2004). He added to his psychoanalytic theory the concepts of the Id, the Ego, and the Superego (Freud, 1923/1960, as cited in Segrist, 2009). These three interacting forces of the human mind further explain how unconscious mental processes influence behaviours and cognitions (Norman, 2010). The external validity of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory has often been doubted because he was mostly concerned with pathology (Norman, 2010). Still, he strove to describe the structure, dynamics and functioning of the human mind (Freud, 1915-1917, as cited in Norman, 2010). In doing so, he came up with three structures which he hypothesised controlled human thought and behaviour (Segrist, 2009). They all interact and function at different levels of consciousness (Segrist, 2009). They are: The Id: the aspect representing unconscious drives and urges of the mind (Doige, 2002); the primitive pleasure-seeker (Segrist, 2009). The Superego: the part representing the influence of morality (Doige, 2002). Includes moral imperatives and social constraints (Segrist, 2009). Operates at both the conscious and unconscious level (Segrist, 2009). The Ego: the moderator between the forces of the Id and the Superego (Segrist, 2009). Channels both their energies and decides on the best course of action based on external reality (Doige, 2002). The most conscious out of all three systems (Segrist, 2009). The ego in this model is the part of the psyche responsible for coordinating the forces of the Id, the Superego, and the external world (Allport, 1943). The Id and the Superego are seen as competing forces for psychic energy whilst the ego has to watch on and mediate the ongoing conflict (Allport, 1943). If the ego fails in resolving the conflict, a state of uncomfortable anxiety is experienced (Allport, 1943). The person is then driven to reduce the anxiety as it is an unpleasant experience At this point, we can move back to dreams to see how they fit into all of this. Freud believed that our deepest unconscious desires and wishes used dreams as a channel to surpass the censorship of the Ego (Freud, 1900/1953, as cited in Lipmann, 2000). This dream disguise was a safe way for the repressed impulses to be expressed, resulting in the relief of pent-up anxiety (Bell & Cook, 1998). The repression mechanism of the Ego (one of many defence mechanisms) was believed to partially relax in sleep, allowing these wishes to slip through (Bell & Cook, 1998). The Freudian dream was seen as having two parts (Thwaites, 2007): The manifest content: the imagery from the dream which the person is able to recount upon waking (Thwaites, 2007). The latent content: the true meaning hidden within the dream (Thwaites, 2007). This consisted of the repressed childhood sexual and aggressive wishes (Bell & Cook, 1998). In the Dream Guru box at the beginning of this chapter, Freud would not have seen it as a dream merely about hills, giant teachers and water. These manifest surface characteristics of the dream would have represented a deeper, latent meaning. Because the latent meaning is so carefully disguised, a highly trained professional would have to interpret the dream through the psychoanalytic method of free associations. (Freud,1900). This method requires the active involvement of the dreamer in the analysis of the dream, and not an hermeneutic approach to dream content, as is usually believed. The dreamer's association thus help uncover the mental landscape, so to speak, of which the dream is but a part and an index. The landscape can be described in terms of the motivating forces at work in the dream process. Based on this theory then, your dreams would appear to hold complex meanings about your true motivations. That dream journal seems like a worthy endeavour. Unfortunately, Freud’s theory is not without its critics. The hypothesised function of reliving pent-up drive tensions whilst keeping anxiety at manageably low levels has not been supported by empirical dream studies (Bell & Cook, 1998). It has also been indicated that dreams reflect the person’s conscious concerns and personality characteristics (Brown & Donderi, 1986, as cited in Bell & Cook, 1998). As noted previously, the applicability of Freud’s findings to the general population has been questioned because he initially sought to find the aetiology of hysteria (Jones, 1910). Still, his contributions to the conception of unconscious mental processes are noteworthy. This is one part of his theory which has endured; that people are not always consciously aware of the motivational forces underlying their behaviour (Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon, 2000). Contemporary dream research continues to grow out of his theory (Schredl & Reinhard, 2012). Let’s now take a look at some alternative perspectives on dreaming and see whether dreams are important to everyday life. Dream work used to be considered a vital component of psychotherapy (Hill Liu, Sim, & Schottenbauer, 2008). However, the popularity of dream interpretation in a Freudian sense has declined in the last half-century (Lipmann, 2000). Despite this, other areas in psychology have focused their attention on the processes involved in dreaming (Schredl & Reinhard, 2012). Some of the findings may persuade you that interpreting your dreams may still hold a valid purpose. The content of dreams has been found to be related to waking life in ways that differ from Freud’s psychoanalytic proposals (Schredl & Reinhard, 2012). The continuity hypothesis of dreaming refers to the idea that dreams reflect conscious waking states and concerns, and has been generally supported by empirical research (Domhoff, 1996, as cited in Schredl & Reinhard, 2012). The content of dreams has also been linked to measures of waking psychological well-being, such that people who score low on measures of psychological well-being report more aggressive and negative content in their dreams and those with higher measures report friendly interactions and themes in their dreams (Pesant & Zadra, 2006). The themes most commonly depicted in dream studies have been emotional and interpersonal in nature (Roussy et al., 1996, as cited in Pesant & Zadra, 2006). Therefore, it may be potentially worthwhile to monitor your dream content to facilitate deeper reflection about the state of your social relationships (Pesant & Zadra, 2006). This finding may be due to beliefs that are endorsed in Western culture, that dreams do reflect aspects of waking life, such that people who are interested in dreams actively search for meaning within them (King & DeCicco, 2009). But does that mean the understandings people gain from dream interpretation should be undermined? Not necessarily. Even within the psychoanalytic tradition there are diverse attitudes held toward dreams (Hill, Liu, Spangler, Sim, & Schottenbauer, 2008). Adler (1931/1958, as cited in Lombardi & Elcock, 1997) also emphasised the meaning of symbols in dreams, but thought dreams were a means of solving waking-life problems. Still, there is some agreement about effective ways of working with dreams in psychotherapy such as looking in detail at the imagery and exploring their connections to everyday life as a way to enhance personal growth (Hill et al., 2008). Furthermore, dreams can have an impact on emotional states and might help people to cope in times of distress (Schredl & Reinhard, 2012). For example, dreams about a deceased or ex-partner might help the dreamer to cope with the loss or separation, and this is an area which has been suggested for further research (Schredl & Reinhard, 2012). So whether or not dreams actually contain hints about our hidden unconscious motivations as proposed by Freud, they are still laden with meaning – if you believe them to be (King & De Cicco, 2009). Neuropsychological research has also found that when particular fibres in the frontal lobes are severed, the occurrence of dreaming ceases (Solms, 1977, as cited in Turnbull & Solms, 2007). The severing of these same fibres also results in a reduction in motivated behaviour, a result which has convinced neuroscientists that dreams are not motivationally neutral as once thought (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). Research on rapid eye movement (REM) in sleep has added to understandings about dreams from a functional perspective (Lipmann, 2012). It is proposed that REM dreaming in infancy facilitates neuronal pathway connections and prepares the brain for future interconnecting throughout its lifespan. Cognitive scientists have demonstrated that dreams play a part in problem solving and in dealing with waking life’s excess information. Dreaming helps to sort, consolidate and organise memory through the interaction between short- and long-term memory functions (Lipmann, 2012). Even if you do not believe your dreams harbour the potential to enhance psychological growth, they still have a biological purpose and have helped your brain to grow in a literal sense (Lipmann, 2000). Freud's psychoanalytic theory has been controversial because of its empirically untestable nature (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). Despite this, his theory has prompted further research into the unconscious mind. Research on non-declarative learning in amnesic patients and on implicit awareness indicate that much of human mental activity occurs outside of conscious awareness (Turnbull & Solomon, 2007). But do unconscious mental processes have any link to motivation in particular? A study by Pyszczynksi, Greenberg and Solomon (2000) investigated the impact of conscious and non-conscious death-related thoughts on behaviour. In the conscious condition, people were actively motivated to get rid of such thoughts, whereas in the non-conscious condition participants responded by acting in ways to defend their cultural worldview (Pyszczynski et al., 2000). Radel, Sarrazin and Pelletier (2009) examined the effect of subliminal stimuli on subsequent motor performance. They found that these unconscious factors could activate motivational processes and enhance performance (Radel et al., 2009). Lévesque and Pelletier (2003) also found that implicit measures were more indicative of actual behaviour whereas explicit self-reported measures were more related to intention. These results, though not directly related to dreams, do highlight a very important point. That is, our behaviour can be influenced by factors that we are not always aware of (Radel, Sarrazin, & Pelletier, 2009). This chapter started with some questions about dreams and motivation. They have now been addressed in some detail. Let's reflect on the content of the chapter and see what conclusions can be drawn. Is the search for meaning in dreams justified? The psychoanalytic tradition would certainly suggest so. If you do not subscribe to such views, however, the search may be in vain. Dreams might just be the result of biological processes. Do dreams reveal something about unconscious motivations? Perhaps. Neurological research has found a link between motivationally-relevant brain areas and dreaming. Whether the actual content of dreams reflects this connection is still debatable though. What is a dream? Again, it depends on which perspective you subscribe to. Psychoanalysts believe they are the key to unlocking the door to our deepest unconscious desires. They carry elements of our waking lives, and might even reflect important things about the state of our interpersonal affairs. They facilitate neural growth in infancy. They certainly have a biologically relevant purpose, and dream research by Freud has led to subsequent research on unconscious mental processes. The final question. Should you continue keeping that dream journal to aid in your psychological growth? The research would suggest that if you search for meaning in your dreams, you will find it. So if you find pleasure in dream-decoding and think it is a meaningful quest, keep at it! If you prefer to validate your approach to life and motivation with scientifically sound evidence, you might want to check out some of the other chapters linked in the "see also" section below. Just remember though, you cannot control everything. Unconscious forces can be powerfully motivating things. If you are interested in dream research, take a look at this chapter on dreams and emotion. If you are interested in other factors that might be motivating you, visit this chapter on nudge motivation. Prefer a more proactive approach to motivation? Check out the tips in this chapter on goal setting. Do you believe in dream symbols? See if this web site can convince you. Allport, G. W. (1943). The ego in contemporary psychology. Psychological Review, 50, 451-478. Bell, A. J., & Cook, H. (1998). Empirical evidence for a compensatory relationship between dream content and repression. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 15, 154-163. Doige, N. (2002). Classics revisited: Freud’s the Ego and the Id and “inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association, 50, 281-294. Fayeck, A. (2005). The centrality of the system Ucs in the theory of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22, 524-543. Hill, C. E., Liu, J., Spangler, P., Sim, W., & Schottenbauer, M. (2008). Working with dreams in psychotherapy: What do psychoanalytic therapists report that they do? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25, 565-573. Jones, E. (1910). Freud’s psychology. The Psychological Bulletin, 7, 109-128. King, D. B., & De Cicco, T. L. (2009). Dream relevance and the continuity hypothesis: Believe it or not? Dreaming, 19, 207-217. Lévesque, C., & Pelletier, L. G. (2003). On the investigation of primed and chronic autonomous and heteronomous motivational orientation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1570-1584. Lipmann, P. (2000). Dreams and psychoanalysis: A love-hate story. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 17, 627-650. Lombardi, D. N., & Elcock, L. E. (1997). Freud versus Adler on dreams. American Psychologist, 52, 572-573. Mahrer, A. R. (1971). Personal life change through systematic use of dreams. Psychotherapy: Theory, research and practice, 8, 328-332. Mills, J. (2004). Clarifications on trieb: Freud’s theory of motivation reinstated. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21, 673-677. Norman, E. (2010). “The unconscious” in current psychology. European Psychologist, 15, 193-201. Pesant, N., & Zadra, A. (2006). Dream content and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study of the continuity hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 111-121. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Proximal and distal defense: A new perspective on unconscious motivation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 156-160. Radel, R., Sarrazin, P., & Pelletier, L. (2009). Evidence of subliminally primed motivational orientations: The effects of unconscious motivational processes on the performance of a new motor task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 657-674. Schredl, M., & Reinhard, I. (2012). Frequency of a romantic partner in a dream series. Dreaming, 22, 223-229. Segrist, D. J. (2009). What’s going on in your professor’s head? Demonstrating the id, ego, and superego. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 51-54. Thwaites, T. (2007). Reading Freud: Psychoanalysis as cultural theory. London, SAGE Publications Ltd. Turnbull, O. H., & Solms, M. (2007). Awareness, desire, and false beliefs: Freud in the light of modern neuropsychology. Cortex, 43, 1083-1090. Westen, D. (1999). The scientific status of unconscious processes: Is Freud really dead? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 47, 1061-1106.
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Clinton is a city in Central Missouri. The city is in east-central Missouri and is near the far north-eastern end of Truman Lake. It is near the mountainous Ozarks region of the United States, but still in the Plains, so the countryside around Clinton can vary from farming land to marshy areas to hilly, forested regions. Missouri Routes 7 and 52 lead through the city. Route 7 enters the city from the east and west, and Route 52 enters it from the north and south. Much of the city's roads are on a grid layout, so getting around the city by car should be fairly easy. 38.38436-93.7577391 Katy Trail State Park, Price Lane. This more than 200-mile long park begins at Clinton. The centerpiece of the park is the Katy Trail, which goes to several trailheads along the way and for part of its length merges with the Lewis and Clark Trail. The trail and the state park it goes through includes many woodland and grassland regions. Horses, bicycles, and pedestrians are allowed. (updated Apr 2018) 38.327041-93.7724082 Truman Lake (Truman Reservoir). This reservoir begins southeast of Clinton and continues for many miles to a dam near Warsaw. The terrain around the reservoir is more varied than much of western Missouri's terrain, since it is the beginning of the Ozarks region. There is also a Truman Lake State Park toward the western side of the reservoir near the town of Warsaw. (updated Apr 2018) Downtown Clinton. Around the downtown area are a few buildings owned by the Henry County Historical Society. Some of the downtown is on Franklin Street. In the downtown part of the city is the town square, at the center of which is the Henry County Courthouse. (updated Apr 2018) 38.382056-93.713191 Clinton Country Club, 225 Northeast 100 Road, ☏ +1 660 885-2521. This is a golf course area of decent size with a main lake and some woodland areas. However, it is not open to the general public and the country club considers itself to be "semi-private". (updated Apr 2018) 38.371004-93.7784732 Henry County Historical Society (Museum and cultural center), 203 W Franklin, ☏ +1 660 885-8414. M-Sa 10AM - 4PM. The Henry County Historical Society is the main group behind the museum, which includes a genealogy library that is open on weekday afternoons. $5. (updated Apr 2018) 38.412487-93.8315823 Poague Conservation Area, Northwest 300th Road (northwest of Clinton near Route 7), ☏ +1 660-885-6981. 4AM - 10PM. The Conservation Area may be used by campers, hunters, and fishermen. There are parking areas scattered around the conservation region. (updated Apr 2018) Most stores are scattered along the main highways in the north and east; for example, there is a Walmart store at the junction of Route 7 and Route 52. 38.370741-93.7764081 Farmers' Market, 100 West Franklin Street (Northern end of the Town Square), ☏ +1 660 885-4700. (updated Apr 2018) 38.370628-93.7760092 Glasscock Jewelry Corner, 100 South Main St, ☏ +1 660 885-3909. This is a jewelry store that has one other location in Warrensburg. (updated Apr 2018) A few of Clinton's non-chain restaurants are scattered around the town square. For listings near the town square, the location of the restaurant in relation to the town square is listed. 38.370414-93.7759321 [dead link] Ben Franklin Bistro, 106 South Main St (Town square - northeast), ☏ +1 660 890-2021. (updated Apr 2018) 38.368736-93.7735862 Chel's Cakes and Cafe, 210 South 2nd Street D, ☏ +1 660 383-9000. (updated Apr 2018) 38.369232-93.7763823 Courtyard Grill & Bar, 100 West Jefferson Street (Town square - southeast), ☏ +1 660 885-3060. (updated Apr 2018) 38.389559-93.7928954 Mallard's Roadhouse, 201 MO-7, ☏ +1 660 885-3824. 11 AM - 3:30 PM daily. (updated Apr 2018) 38.369104-93.7776085 Newsroom Restaurant (Town square - southwest), ☏ +1 660 885-7025. (updated Apr 2018) 38.385267-93.7750626 Shawnee Mound Barbecue, 112 Rives Road (At the northern end of the city), ☏ +1 660 525-1695. (updated Apr 2018) 38.370415-93.7782067 Square 109, 109 South Washington Street (Town square - northwest), ☏ +1 660 890-2552. (updated Apr 2018) 38.37182-93.775861 Dendee's Tavern, 138 North Main Street, ☏ +1 660 885-4515. (updated Apr 2018) 38.360499-93.7534341 Hampton Inn, 900 Kansas Avenue, ☏ +1 660 885-4488. (updated Apr 2018) 38.36402-93.7529532 Parkfield Inn, 506 Kansas Avenue, ☏ +1 866 376-9939. (updated Apr 2018) 38.369207-93.7511773 Westbridge Inn & Suites, 106 S Baird Avenue, ☏ +1 660 885-2206. (updated Apr 2018) Uncle Gabby's Motel, 10825 MO-7 (Several miles west of Clinton on Missouri's Route 7), ☏ +1 660 477-3331. This motel has sections of the lake to its north, south, and east. It is near a marina called the Long Shoal Marina, making it a good jumping-off point for those who have come to the Clinton area to explore the lake. (updated Apr 2018) Clinton Conventions & Visitor's Bureau, 200 S Main, ☏ +1 660 885-8166 Kansas City is a large city with parts in both Kansas and Missouri that is known for its musical history and for being the birthplace of jazz musician Charlie Parker Warsaw is a town east of Clinton.
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Tuesday, July 19, 2005 The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has warned that 2.5 million people living in the African country of Niger are facing food shortages. Of those, about 800,000 are children. Supplies of the staple foods - such as millet - have been low, forcing prices up. Drought and plagues of locust devastated crops across the Sahel region of Africa, and in Niger the effects have been compounded by years of economic decline. More than a third of the countries districts face "critical" or "extremely critical" situations. While rainfall in the last few weeks has improved, seeds are in short supply after the earlier droughts. The FAO launched an appeal to the world community for $4m of aid to combat the situation. So far, the only contributor has been Sweden, who donated $650,000 of seeds and animal fodder, which is currently being distributed to make the most of the current rains. It is said by Oxfam that the neighbouring countries of Mali and Mauritania are also affected putting the total number of people at risk close to 5 million. "Niger struggles with worsening food situation" — FAO, July 18, 2005 Public domain Public domain false false
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Saturday, June 9, 2007 Irish national airline Aer Lingus have purchased 12 new long-haul Airbus aircraft as a means of modernising it's long-haul fleet and improving it's transatlantic network. Under the agreement, Aer Lingus Group PLC said it will receive six new A330-300E aircraft from 2009 to 2011, then between 2014 and 2016 it will take delivery of six new A350 XWB (Extra Wide Body) aircraft, a new design currently under development by Airbus. Aer Lingus also have options of six more A350s to exercise by 2018. Aer Lingus already operates an all-Airbus fleet consisting of 30 short-haul aircraft( 24 A320s and 6 A321s) and eight long-haul A330s, and had made the purchase of new long-haul airliners a top priority since the formerly state-owned company was floated on British and Irish stock markets in September 2006. The airline had approached Airbus rival Boeing regarding a potential deal for their new 787 aircraft, but Aer Lingus Chief Executive Dermot Mannion stated that he believed the Airbus aircraft were “better on fuel and better on range” than the 787. He also said that, although the aircraft have a catalogue value of €1.78 billion (US$2.4 billion), Airbus had offered them at an "exceptional discounts” on them. Some of the A330s will be replaced by the new aircraft. As well as new routes to the US, Mannion stated that there was a possibility of routes elsewhere resulting from the new aircraft as well, saying, “We will prioritize the U.S. (but) we have an eye as to what's happening to the Far East and South Africa.” The airline already offers flights to New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Dubai, and recently launched 3 new U.S. routes to San Francisco, Orlando, and Washington. Aer Lingus shares on the Irish Stock Exchange fell 2.5 percent to €2.73 ($3.68) the day the deal was announced. It will fall through unless backed by shareholders. Aer Lingus rival Ryanair has been attempting to take over Aer Lingus since December, and if this bid is successful, the new aircraft may become redundant as Ryanair intends to end transatlantic services. However, the Irish government, which holds a 25 percent share in Aer Lingus, disapproves of the takeover, as do Aer Lingus employee-controlled trusts that hold more than 15 percent shares. Ryanair owns a 25 percent share in Aer Lingus. The takeover is also unlikely to receive regulatory approval from the European Union. Mannion said of the integration of the new aircraft "The A350 XWB fits in with our ambitious plans to expand existing routes and to open up new ones from our hub in Dublin. We already have an all Airbus fleet and the new aircraft will fit in seamlessly." Shawn Pogatchnik. "Ireland's Aer Lingus doubling long-haul fleet with big Airbus purchase" — Sign on San Diego, June 6, 2007 "Aer Lingus selects A350" — Air Cargo News, June 8, 2007
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Lana Del Rey (born Elizabeth Grant; June 21, 1985) is an American singer,songwriter, musician, record producer and poet. I have everything I want. I really can't think of any ambitions or things to strive for. I don't want to leave the house, I'm happy at home, I really am. I am. "PM's favourite singer Lana Del Rey ignores the abuse", Evening Standard (24 January 2012), p. 13 I've been living in New York for about seven years and a lot of the people that I started singing with don't sing any more, don't write any more. So the fact that I can still do that that's kind of a gift, that's what I sort of stay focused on. Evening Standard (24 January 2012), p. 13 If you consider the definition of authenticity, it's saying something and actually doing it. I write my own songs. I made my own videos. I pick my producers. Nothing goes out without my permission. It's all authentic. Complex (24 January 2012) Being human is difficult. Some people make it more difficult than others. I was one of those people. Complex (24 January 2012) When I found somebody who I fell in love with, it made me feel different than I felt the rest of the day. It was electrifying. That's what inspired the 'Off to the Races' melodies. That's one of the times when you're feeling electrified by someone else and they make you happy to be alive. Daily Mail (25 January 2012) I have a personal ambition to live my life honestly and honor the true love that I’ve had and also the people I’ve had around me. I want to stay hopeful, even though I get scared about why we’re even alive at all. Daily Mail (25 January 2012) If all that I was actually going to be allowed to have by the media was money, loads of money, then fuck it ... What I actually wanted was something quiet and simple: a writer's community and respect. The Guardian (12 June 2014) There is a high fantasy element in the music, but I’m incredibly plugged into what’s going on politically, socially and pretty much in every way except pop-culturally. I’ve had a very real life, and there have been a lot of things that took a lot of strength and wherewithal to figure out... things I’m still figuring out. That’s probably why the music has such an element of escapism to it NME (11 December 2015) When you’re an introvert like me and you’ve been lonely for a while, and then you find someone who understands you, you become really attached to them. It’s a real release. — Lana Del Rey, “Interview by Ernest Baker,” Complex My best friends are rappers my boyfriends have been rappers. My dearest friends have been from all over the place, so before you make comments again about a WOC/POC issue, I’m not the one storming the capital, I’m literally changing the world by putting my life and thoughts and love out there on the table 24 seven. Respect it. [1] (10 January 2021) Wikipedia has an article about: Lana Del Rey
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This is self-evident. To prevent people from using your computer(s), deny them physical access. If you want to limit or monitor computer usage, physically monitor what they are doing with your computer! These simple steps alone can reduce a large number of potential threats. Disable any accounts that are not used. For example always disable the Guest account (disabled by default on brand new computers or a "fresh" Windows XP install). There are two ways to disable a user in Windows XP. (a) Start >> Settings >> Control Panel [the control panel window should appear] >> User Accounts [the User Accounts window should appear] in the User accounts window there are two headings: "Pick a Task..." and "or pick an account to change". If you select the user you want to disable under "pick an account to change" new links will appear. Choose "Turn off the [username] account". (b) Start >> Run... >> Enter "lusrmgr.msc" >> Click "Users" >> Double-click the user you want to disable, check the "Account is Disabled" box and click "Ok". Additionally it may well be worth renaming the "Administrator" account as this may be targeted in any attempt to breach security or run/install programs. There are two methods. A service is a privileged program that is loaded on startup and provides some low-level functionality in the background. It can be started and stopped on request (via the Control Panel >> Administrative tools >> Services window). Unneeded Windows services use up a (small) amount of resources, but may also cause problems. For example, if you do not use TELNET you can disable the service so as to deny other people an opportunity to remotely log on your computer and send commands to it to see what happens. The Windows Messenger service (nothing to do with the popular chat program) is a typical nuisance. It allows you to send/receive messages over a network (using the net send command). The text appears in a dialog box on the target computers' screens. People can thus spam the Internet with annoying messages. Deactivating unneeded Windows services requires some caution, since stopping the wrong services may render your computer unusable. Be sure of what you're doing. A useful tool in this respect is Starter by Codestuff. This is free and allows you to deal with both Startup items and Services (and links to internet searches for items). While care is needed security can be improved as well as start up time. To modify services select Start >> Run... >> type "services.msc" and click Run (this is a shortcut). Right click the service you wish to modify in the list to access options such as Disable. Security vulnerabilities are continuously discovered and exploited by virus writers and crackers. Microsoft's policy was to regularly release cumulative patches, available on the Windows Update site. Since SP2 Windows also has an Automatic updates feature (to find it right click on My Computer, choose Properties, select the Automatic updates tab).Windows XP is no longer supported by Microsoft and Microsoft will no longer provide security updates for Windows XP leaving users at risk.
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Contents "If consciousness is in fact defined (and different) at every moment of time, it should also be related to points in space: the truly subjective observer system should be related to space-time points." from "Quantum Theory and Time Asymmetry", Zeh (1979). It has been shown that conscious experience is a view of the output of the brain, it has no apparent function, it is seen from a point that is, itself, empty and it operates no processes. This bizarre description of consciousness should have been expected because if consciousness were simple it would have been explained centuries ago. In this chapter the description will be phrased in simple mathematical language and related to the inferred physical world so that it can be understood in terms of the neurophysiology of the brain. The theory will describe experience as a virtual reality within the brain that spans both time and space. This virtual reality exists in the form of a set of vectors directed at an observation point which create a geometric form that we know as a 'view'. It will be proposed that our brains, like the rest of the universe (see Chapter 3), are arranged in at least 4 dimensions and it is the peculiar geometry of this four dimensional space-time that is responsible for the 'view'. It will be shown that nothing need move into the observation point within this 'view'. It will be proposed that most of the brain is dedicated to populating this small, conscious, volume of brain activity with a model of the world and self. Part 1: Explaining the View The first step in developing a hypothesis that incorporates consciousness is to describe the geometry of the 'view' described in chapter 1. The 'view' that is our experience consists of things arranged vertically and horizontally with an uncertain separation of things from the observation point. The observation point is a geometrical phenomenon that contains nothing and the things in the view occur simultaneously. The things in the view must be things in themselves, there cannot be a need for any other observer or further observation, this implies that a 4D coordinate system is required to describe them (see Chapter 3). The things in the view cannot have any separation from the point but also cannot be at the point in 3D. These constraints of simultaneity, four coordinate axes and zero separation from a point suggest that the position of any object in the view relative to the observation point might be described, using Pythagoras' theorem for intervals, as: (1) 0 = x2 + y2 + z2 - b2 The equation describes a succession of three dimensional spherical surfaces that are separated from the observation point (origin) along the x,y,z and b axes but any point on the inside of any of these spheres is no distance at all from the origin. Things are 'out there' in the x,y,z directions but also no distance from the origin when the b direction is taken into account. The separation between things in the view depends upon the angular separation of the things at the observation point. There is both nothing and the whole view at the observation point in the same way as we observe the view at a point but can find nothing inside this point. This description is not a 'theory', it is simply a description of an aspect of conscious experience that uses mathematics. Is it possible to go a step further and use the constraint of simultaneity to identify 'b' with a length of physical time, 'ct'? So that: 0 = x2 + y2 + z2 - ct2 This equation describes both binding and simultaneity. It has an identical form to the Minkowski Light Cone Equation (see Physics for Consciousness Studies) and either the equation is describing some non-physical space or it's use in this context is a reinterpretation of Relativity Theory (specifically, time might have imaginary coordinates, see below). This equation is a theory because there is no way to determine that b=ct, the identity is assumed from the similarity of the two equations and their field of application. If equation (1) were correct the 'view' would be a small volume or shell of brain activity, probably in the thalamus. The 'view' would be sensitive to mechanical distortion because x,y,z refer to actual positions within a volume of brain. The equation can be tested by cyclically deforming potential sites in the thalamus and observing the response of subjects. Bilateral deformation would be required and the expected response, if the deformation were severe, would probably be one of the following: absence seizure, akinetic mutism or delirium (see Note 1). It has already been shown that bilateral electrical stimulation of the centromedian nuclei of the thalamus causes absence seizures (Velasco et al. (2000). It might also be expected that Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation could also be used to block ILN activity and so cause absence seizures. Administration of general anaesthetic by micropipette could be used to selectively deactivate areas of any nuclei that mediate consciousness and allow topographical analysis. This hypothesis about the 'view' does not explain consciousness but it seems to account for the geometry of experience (perception, dreams, bodily sensation etc.). Part 2: A Description of the Extended Present The second step required for a theory of consciousness is to describe the "specious" or extended present. The experience of a stable world involves not just a view but a view extended in time. This extension in time is not a trivial set of instantaneous, frozen models of the world but is a continuous set of events. We hear whole words and experience movements; we are not confined to an impossible instant. The important features of this time extension are that things are experienced extended in time at their location in mental space and that they are observed at a point. This was discussed in full in the section on "Time" in chapter 1. The empirical equation (1) can be extended by adding a displacement in another coordinate axis: (2) 0 = x2 + y2 + z2 - Δb2 + Δe2 Where Δe is a small displacement of an object in mental time; small displacements have been specified because the extended present is fairly short and may not be linearly related to the other variables. This equation applies to particular objects, once a sequence of events involving a given object has ended the events are no longer available i.e. : when a word is finished it is no longer in the extended present. This description is not a 'theory'. For a given spherical shell (x2 + y2 + z2) is the radius, r, of the sphere relative to the observation point so: 0 = r2 - Δb2 + Δe2 If r is small compared with Δb and Δe and constant: Δb2 ≈ Δe2 These are empirical equations describing experience but they can be tentatively extended to describe physical space and time. If 'b' is substituted by physical time: (cΔt)2 = Δe2 So Δt = Δe/c And ΔT = Δt Where T is mental time in seconds rather than metres and t is physical time in seconds. Our experience of time would be due to displacements in mental time, not physical time. In contrast, the physical time axis would be responsible for creating the geometric form of the view where things seem to be observed at a point because it has an opposite sign to the other axes. Equation (2) is a highly simplified description of the geometric form of the view; even a brief consideration of the possible configurations of a five dimensional space-time leads to endless possibilities such as Lorentz Transformations of axes and the disappearance of separation along the path taken by the observation point. Again, the identification of 'b' with 'ct' means that this is a theory. The arrangements of objects in time seem 'timelike' because they are independent arrangements of things at a given place that do not obscure each other, a thing arranged in space in the immediate past does not overlie its arrangement in space now. Furthermore the observation point seems to be moving perpetually along the time axis so that the extended present attached to a past event is always lost to observation at the end of the event, or event sequence. This time extended configuration of data might provide the stability required for a reference model of the world and mind, or Reference State, in a small set of neurons. This idea of experience as a form rather than a process is well known (cf: Bateson's (1979) "zigzag ladder of dialectic between form and process") and it is usually argued that experience can be neither a form nor a process. However, if experience is a form that includes the succession of events then it is a form that includes processes. At any instant there is a structured set of events stretching into the past and spread out in space that are part of the geometric form. The events are separated by angles through both space and time at the observation point. The future has not yet been selected so there are no defined events leading into the future. This provides an experience of moving forward into the future at any instant. An important feature of this theory is that experience is not the observation point at an instant. Experience is both the successions of events extended in time and the observation point. In the equation 0 = x2 + y2 + z2 - Δb2 + Δe2 experience is all those events that have coordinates (x,y,z,b,e), not those events that have coordinates (0,0,0,0,0). This means that experience is a set of events laid out in a framework that has remarkable properties. It has a 'negative' dimension (b) that allows places where separations in both time and space are zero. The framework has a geometrical duality where the same events are at a point at an instant and 'out there', spread out in the time and space of the brain. Part 3: Control of Brain Activity by a Geometrical Form If this description is correct the past state of a system at a point exists and might provide a preferred basis for the present instant. This is not too dissimilar to Zeh's (1979) suggestion that the conscious observer is a configuration of quantum states at a point (see Note 2). The problem confronting the theorist is how to connect the empirical equation for the positions of the objects in experience: 0 = x2 + y2 + z2 - Δb2 + Δe2 With Zeh's equation for the superposition at a point observer: |β>0 = ∫ d(ф1(x0))... d(фν(x0)) f({фν(x0)}) |{фν(x0)}> and how to integrate a five dimensional geometry into the physical universe. It should be stressed that equation (2) is an empirical equation. It is the task of mathematicians and theoretical physicists to discover how such an equation could be compatible with modern science or to suggest an equation that is more appropriate. The Reference State would provide an alternative preferred basis to that supplied by the aqueous medium of the brain. If the Reference State selected configurations of brain activity that generated actions it would change the world in general via these actions in the normal way. In quantum mechanical terms, the state vector of the world in general would be most influenced by the ambient environment but would contain contributions from the preferred basis of each conscious observer. It should be stressed that this idea is purely theoretical. The existence of a Reference State in the brain could be investigated by examining brain activity in comatose subjects. If the brain activity in comatose subjects shows patterns that can be ascribed to quantum fluctuations in individual neurons or small groups of neurons but does not show these in conscious subjects the hypothesis would be supported. Bershadskii et al. (2003) may have recently observed such an effect in the "genetically depressive limbic brain" of the Flinders Sensitive Line of rats. A New Empiricism: Geometrical Phenomenalism The theory that conscious experience is a phenomenon, a geometric form that allows knowledge of a phenomenal world, will be called 'geometrical phenomenalism'. Geometrical Phenomenalism maintains that consciousness is a complex phenomenon that consists of a geometric form of the output of neural processing. It is largely an empirical theory. The empirical part of the theory is fairly straightforward, it proposes that the paradox of consciousness is due to a mind that is brain activity spread out in space and time but also not separated from a point that is at the present instant. This is how the mind seems as our physical body looks around the world: our experience is brain activity but it seems to be viewed from a point eye within this activity. The theory explicitly describes as 'non-conscious' all activity that is not in the space and time of the mind. It differs from information systems theories because it describes conscious experience, not the non-conscious processes that load things into this experience. Part 3 of the theory is not empirical. As such it is most open to criticism. Each part of the theory is independent of the other parts so Part 1 may be true even if Part 2 or Part3 are found to be false. The Interpretation of Relativity and Quantum Theory Geometrical Phenomenalism introduces a negative dimension (Weyl, 1918) which may correspond to physical time. Historians of Relativity Theory will immediately recognise this as the 'imaginary time' used in early, simplistic models of the theory (see chapter 2) and modern Relativity Theorists will, quite rightly, chuckle at such an archaic concept. There can be little doubt that 'real time' is needed to describe the motion of matter and energy. Energy flows into an observation point along one path in space-time and flows out from it along another, different path. These two paths are not distinguished by 'imaginary time' but are clearly different in real time. However, there is a major difference between our conscious experience and this conventional description of the universe: nothing flows into the observation point in conscious experience. Is it possible that space and time have one geometry that applies to observation points in conscious experience and another geometry that applies to actual movements of energy from place to place? The answer to this is not only 'yes' but there is ample evidence that this occurs. Quantum physicists have long persisted in using the archaic form of Relativity in a disguise known as the Wick Rotation in Feynman Path Integrals. They use this embarrassing formalism because it works; it describes how all the possible positions of a particle that never actually occur affect the position of the particle that is observed. The problem confronting quantum physicists is quite similar to the problem confronting the empirical science of consciousness: what is the geometry of space-time where nothing actually moves? Cosmologists have also incorporated imaginary time into descriptions of the universe as a whole and the current, empirical description of the geometry of the universe might be summarised as: ".. we see that, today, the qualitative behavior of our universe is that of a de Sitter universe except that the presence of matter has caused the universe to expand less than in the de Sitter case." Reid et al. (2002). A "de Sitter" universe is described by the metric: ds2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2 - dt2 + de2 where t is conventionally imaginary (i.e. : square root of minus one multiplied by t). This is very similar to equation (2) above. The use of 'imaginary time' may not be the only way to explain conscious observation. It is possible that real time might apply, perhaps by some 'virtual movement of photons back and forwards towards the centre of a volume of neural tissue. The Physical Nature of the Site of Conscious Experience Any site for conscious experience would be a small, nearly spherical, shell or volume of neurons that is highly interconnected with the cortex and the rest of the brain. It would be physically and functionally close to sensory input paths to obtain reference data from the senses. It would be large enough to represent all the content of experience. The optic nerve contains about a million fibres so a total of about one million data points might be needed. Data could be held at the level of individual synapses. There might be over 100000 synapses per mm3 (over 1000 per neuron) in a nucleus which means that a nucleus of 2 mmin radius (about 3 million synapses) might support a sufficient density of data points to be a consciousness centre. It is probable that there would be at least four such centres with two archaic centres below the cerebellum and two below the cerebrum. Only one would be dominant. The requirement that only one nucleus is dominant means that it would need to be well connected to both hemispheres of the cerebrum. The best candidate for such a centre for conscious experience is one of the centromedian nuclei of the thalamus although this is not the only possibility. Qualia Objects in experience consist of qualia such as colours, sounds etc. The field of qualia that is experience could be any field of neural activity in the ILN although it could be limited, for example, to an electromagnetic field (McFadden 2002) or a 'spin' field (Hu 2002). The Problem of Knowledge Imagine something for no time at all. It cannot be done. Say a word like 'at'. Could you know the 'a' if it lasted for no time? Knowing involves two factors, classification and continuity. It was pointed out in chapter 1 that knowledge of sorts remains even when there is nothing to classify, such as when meditating so that there is only dark or light. There seems to be no difference between the experience called 'knowledge' and the experience called 'continuity' in these circumstances. Continuity is experiencing your experience of experiencing without the need for recursion (i.e. : without the need for cycling things around from one moment to the next). An experience of an experience suggests that each instant of observation is available to succeeding instants. This is quite possible if five coordinate axes are permitted along with zero length vectors because things can be arranged in an enormous number of different ways. This flexibility makes it possible for an extended experience in the past to be a subset of present extended experience. Having read this section many readers may be thinking 'Ah, but how do I know what things mean? If I see a tree why do I know its a tree?'. The answer to this is that your non-conscious brain has most of the details of 'tree' classified and logged. You do not know these details consciously, you just know that such details exist, a state called 'familiarity'. The continuity of the sensation of familiarity attached to the tree and the body ('gut feeling') is 'knowing you know' the tree. Depth Perception Geometrical Phenomenalism does not include any direct experience of depth. The separation of the observation point from the things in experience is indeterminate which is why we see the stars on the ceiling of a planetarium or on the screens of virtual reality goggles as incredibly distant from us. Although depth is indeterminate we still feel as if our chests are below our heads and our feet are below our chests, how is this done? If you shut your eyes and swing an arm the path of the hand is experienced in a shadowy way. This shadowy progress of the hand does not have a common English term to describe it but we can all experience it. (Technically it might be called kinaesthesia or motion somaesthesis). If uniform swings are used it can seem as if the moving hand has two components, the actual moving hand and copy that follows it a split second later. If the hand is moved from the head to the knee the path of the hand occurs as a shadowy arc stretching through the extended present. This raises the possibility that our experience of depth within and around our bodies is actually an experience of time. For instance, when we experience our feet being below our chest we are actually experiencing an imaginary movement of the hand or a movement of the focussing muscles in the eyes or a succession of sensations first from the chest then from the feet etc. The space occupied by the body then becomes an 'action space' with separations defined by the timing of movements and sensations. Binocular depth perception is different from the sense of bodily extension. When we look at the medium and far distance through either one or both eyes the view is almost identical. If we focus on objects that are close to us the more distant object become blurred; the act of focussing separates the world into a shell of things that are in focus and other things that are blurred. If we focus past a nearby object the nearby object splits into two images, one blurred and solid and the other blurred and transparent. All of these effects combined with the change in the relative size of objects with distance provide cues for judging distance. At no time do we have a clear view of things arranged in depth in the same way as we have a clear view of things arranged vertically and horizontally. We do, however have a sense of where we could reach out and touch things, which suggests that imaginary motion somaesthesis may create an experience of depth. If the non-conscious brain is providing models of motion to augment the experience of depth then this may be one of many possible explanations for how the accuracy of depth judgement decreases with distance (see for instance Cutting & Vishton 1995). Philosophical Implications of the Theory and Free Will The most important philosophical implication is that time exists. The mind should be considered as a trans-temporal entity occupying a length of time with an extended present that is accessible now. Another feature of the model is that the brain itself might, occasionally, become the source of a branch-point in the quantum multiverse. The theory is also compatible with philosophical systems that deny the physical world and science because it considers science to be a consistent system of things that are compatible with observation. The physical world can be accepted or rejected without invalidating the theory. It is, of course, also compatible with ordinary natural philosophy. The theory may also have implications for the philosophical problem of "free will". A vast amount has been written about "free will" and the current state of the arguments is summarised in Timothy O'Connor's entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The aspect of "free will" that is of most interest when discussing consciousness is whether there can be "conscious free will". We are certainly conscious of the decisions made by the non-conscious brain but are there any types of decision that are due to consciousness itself? If the theory of consciousness proposed above is correct our 'reference state of mind' will have a marked effect on decision taking. This state will select processes that are consistent with it from a myriad of possible processes. The 'reference state of mind' itself will depend on the history of the individual's previous selections and exposure to the world at large. It will also depend upon the type of state of mind that the individual is seeking. It is unique to the individual (cf: the "no cloning" objection of quantum physics) and consists of a combination of all the things in conscious experience from emotions through pains in the back to attitudes. In the sense that our 'reference state of mind' may be unique, impossible to measure and equally difficult to predict it may be said to be a basis for "free will". But can we navigate to a new 'reference state of mind', can we choose the basis of our choices? The Self The space and time of the mind contains sense data from the world, sense data from the body and output from neural processes such as those that generate imaginary speech, daydreams, dreams etc.. 'I' am the body nearest to the observation point and this has a speech processor that calls this body and itself 'me'. My body has an array of sensory processes, especially splanchnic sensations, motor controls, and modelling activities, including imaginary speech that are not found in the part of the mind that is not correlated with the body. This collection in the mind of body, thoughts, feelings and actions I call my 'self'. Most parts of 'self', such as the body, skills etc. are not themselves conscious. Only the mind is conscious and this contains things correlated with both the world and the 'self'. Notes Note 1: Schiff and Plum (2003) categorise the following states that can occur after destruction of the Intra Laminar nuclei as aroused but not aware or possibly not aware: persistent vegetative states, absence seizures, akinetic mutism, and severe delirium. In the absence of consciousness there is a profound lack of purposeful activity. Note 2: Zeh's derivation of the quantum point observer. Zeh postulates that the universe contains an observer that is a local system that can be specified as an orthonormal basis of states фi, the rest of the universe is a basis of states ψk, the global state of the universe is given by: Σik фiψk. If a result, l is observed the new state would be a product state: фlψl where ф and ψ in this case refer only to the ensemble of probabilities of the new state. If space-time at a given moment, t, is divided into two regions, I1 being the observer and I2 the rest then any state vector |фν(x)> is given by the direct product |фν(x)1>|фν(x) 2>. It is possible to use this to derive the state vector of a given state (l) in terms of the space-time of the observer: |β>1 = ∫1 D фν(x) ψl[фν(x), t]|фν(x)> 1 This specifies a set of product states that can be distinguished by the index, l. The integration only occurs over the space-time region of the observer and consciousness could branch into any of the product states. This means that at each point there is a different state. What is the state at a single point? This is derived from the previous equation with x set to x0: |β>0 = ∫ d(ф1(x0))... d(фν(x0)) f({фν(x0)}) |{фν(x0)}> So each point has a superposition of vectors. References Bershadskii, A., Dremencov, E., Bershadskii, J., Yadid, G. Int. Brain neurons as quantum computers: in vivo support of background physics J. Mod. Phys., C, 14, #7, (2003) 1 http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/q-bio/pdf/0311/0311026.pdf Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Toronto: Bantam Books. Cutting, J.E., Vishton, P.M. (1995) Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The integration, relative potency, and contextual use of different information about depth. In W. Epstein & S. Rogers (eds.) Handbook of perception and cognition, Vol 5; Perception of space and motion. (pp. 69–117). San Diego, CA: Academic Press http://www.psych.nwu.edu/~vishton/cutting&vishton1995.pdf Linde, A. (2002) Inflation, Quantum Cosmology and the Anthropic Principle. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/hep-th/pdf/0211/0211048.pdf McFadden, J. (2002). Synchronous firing and its influence on the brain's electromagnetic field: evidence for an electromagnetic theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9 (4):23-50, 2002. http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/PDFs/cemi_theory_paper.pdf">http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/PDFs/cemi_theory_paper.pdf McFadden, J. (2002). The conscious electromagnetic field theory: the hard problem made easy. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9:45-60, 2002. http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/PDFs/mcfadden_JCS2002b.pdf Reid, D.D, Kittell, D.W, Arsznov, E.E, Thompson, G.B. (2002) The Picture of our universe: a view from modern cosmology. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept02/Reid/Reid6.html Schiff ND, Plum F. (2000) The Role of Arousal and "Gating" Systems in the Neurology of Impaired Consciousness. Journal of Neurophysiology. 17(5):438-452. http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/cog/lehre/ss2003/seminar_bewusstsein/epapers/SchiffPlum00.pdf Velasco, M., Velasco, F., Velasco, A.L., Jimenez, F., Brito, F., & Marquez, I. (2000). Review Article: Acute and Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Centromedian Thalamic Nucleus. Archives of Medical Research, 31(3): 304-315. Zeh, H. D. (1979). Quantum Theory and Time Asymmetry. Foundations of Physics, Vol 9, pp 803–818 (1979).
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Duarte Pacheco Pereira (c. 1460 – 1533) was a Portuguese explorer, navigator, conquistador, and cartographer. It is possible that he was the first to discover the mainland of America, in 1498. E alem do que dito he, ha experiencia, que he madre das cousas, nos desengana e de toda duuida nos tira. And beyond what has been said, experience, which is the mother of all things, undeceives us and removes all our doubts. As quoted in Robertson The Hispanic American historical review, Vol 16 (1936), p. 325 Variant translation: Experiment is the mother of realities, removes our errors and solves our doubts [and by the same method of experiment] we are able to protect ourselves against the delusions and fables that some ancient cosmographers have left us in writing. As quoted in Welch Europe's discovery of South Africa (1937), p. 95 cf. Esmeraldo de situ orbis, Book IV, ch. I, p. 152: Craramente se mostra ser falso o que escrevêram; poys debaixo da mesma equinocial há tanta habitaçam de jente, quanto teemos sabida e praticada; e como quer que a experiencia he madre das cousas, por ella soubemos rradicalmente a verdade. Bemauenturado Príncipe, temos sabido e visto como no terceiro anno de vosso Reinado do hanno de nosso senhor de 1498, donde nos vossa alteza mandou descobrir a parte oucidental, passando alem ha grandeza do mar oceano, onde he achada a navegada hûa tão grande terra firme, com muitas e grandes ilhas ajacentes a ella, que se estende a setente graaos de ladeza da linha equinoçial contra ho pollo artico e posto que seja asaz fora, he grandemente pouorada, e do mesmo circulo equinocial torna outra vez e vay alem em vinte e oito graaos e meo de ladeza contra ho pollo antartico, e tanto se dilata sua grandeza e corre com muita longura, que de hûa parte nem da outra foy visto nem sabido ho fim e cabo della; pello qual segundo ha hordem que leua, he certo que vay en cercoyto por toda a Redondeza. Most fortunate Prince, we have known and seen how in the third year of your reign in the year of Our Lord 1498, in which your Highness ordered us to discover the Western region, a very large landmass with many large islands adjacent, extending 700 North of the Equator, and located beyond the greatness of the Ocean, has been discovered and navigated; this distant land is densely populated and extends 28o degrees on the other side of the Equator towards the Antarctic Pole. Such is its greatness and length that on either side its end has not been seen or known, so that it is certain that it goes round the whole globe. Esmeraldo de situ orbis [published between 1506 and 1508], Part I, ch. I, translated and edited by George Herbert Tinley Kimble, London: 1937, p. 12; Duarte Pacheco Pereira was most likely referring to the coast of Brazil. Variant translations: Your Highness sent us to discover towards the west, across the broad expansion of the ocean sea where there is found and sailed a very large mainland with many and large adjacent islands, which extends to 70°N of the equator to ... 28o 50S. As quoted in Diffie, Davison, Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire (1977), p. 451 In the third year of your reign, in the year of grace of 1498, Your Highness ordered me that I went on a discovery expedition, in the areas of the west, crossing the entire extension of the ocean sea, where there was found and rounded a great firm land... As quoted in Silva Pinto Sagres (2002), p. 313 E canta como lá se embarcaria Em Belém o remédio deste dano, Sem saber o que em si ao mar traria, O grão Pacheco, Aquiles Lusitano. O peso sentirão, quando entraria, O curvo lenho e o férvido Oceano, Quando mais n' água os troncos que gemerem Contra sua natureza se meterem. Luís de Camões, Os Lusíadas (1572), Canto X, 12. Translations: And she sung, how there they should at length embark In Belem, the remedy against this malice, Without knowing who the sea would thus set to work The great Pacheco, Lusitanian Achilles: Sensible of more weight, when entering the bark The crooked timbers, and the fervid billows, Those deeper in water shall sink; and higher bound Shall ocean waves, when they the deep ship surround. Translated by Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, The Lusiad of Luis de Camoens, Closely Translated (1854), p. 245 She sang how in his ship a man would go From Belem to avenge the cruel shame. The weight it bears the ocean shall not know, That great Pacheco who shall justly claim Of Portuguese Achilles' glorious name; When he embarks, the surging waves his weight Shall feel, and all the vessel's beams and frame Shall groan oppressed beneath the burthen great, And in the water sink below its usual state. Translated by Robert Ffrench Duff, The Lusiad of Camoens translated into English Spencerian verse (1880), p. 365 Wikipedia has an article about: Duarte Pacheco Pereira
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