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Ruth Faison Shaw was a North Carolinian teacher who volunteered in the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) during World War I and started an English-speaking school in Rome. She was the first person to introduce finger painting to the United States in 1932. Ruth Faison Shaw (1889-1969) was born in Kenansville, North Carolina, and had four brothers. She was an elementary school teacher in Wilmington, North Carolina, before World War I. In 1918 she traveled to France as a canteen volunteer for the YMCA. After the war ended she decided to stay in Europe. In January 1923 she founded an elementary school for English-speakers in Rome. She emphasized the arts in her teachings. One day Shaw found one of her students smearing iodine on a door, inspiring her to develop her own non-toxic finger paint. She thought including the arts in education was important, especially for younger children, who she thought could more easily express their thoughts artistically rather than verbally. “During the summer of 1932, Shaw attended the Congress of the New Education Fellowship in Nice, (France), where she made contact with American progressive educators Harold Rugg and Thomas Munro. They were among those who expressed interest in learning more about Shaw and her work, and this led to her acceptance of a half-time position teaching art at the Dalton School in New York." She opened a finger-painting exhibition in January of 1993 at the Dalton School. In March she opened another exhibition, which a New York Times reviewer applauded. Shaw published Finger Painting: A Perfect Medium for Self-Expression in 1934. “Reviewers discussed the flowing lines and dreamlike forms which gave finger paintings abstract qualities similar to those found in Art Deco designs....They also emphasized the simplicity of the material and its power as a means of emotional release." Shaw published two more books, Finger Painting and How I Do It and Shaw Finger-Paint: The Original Finger Paint. She died in 1969 in North Carolina. The Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) was founded in the United States in 1851. The YMCA provided safe-havens for soldiers in the Civil War and helped in the Spanish-American War. The organization thus had the expertise necessary to help care for American soldiers when the United States joined the war effort in 1917. “General Order No. 26 directed that the Red Cross should look after the sick and wounded, while the YMCA should concern itself mainly with the instruction, amusement, and moral welfare of the troops." The YMCA operated out of huts, ditches and buildings. The organization helped provide soldiers with a break from life on the battlefield. “The Y representatives, or secretaries, as they were known, created as cozy an environment as possible in those often flimsy structures” in order to make soldiers feel at home. YMCA volunteers tended to injured soldiers, cooked them meals, gave them cigars and chocolate, and listened to their war stories. In 1917 the YMCA began recruiting female volunteers. Many of these women worked in canteens, which were kitchens for military camps. Shaw was one of these canteen workers. Due to a shortage of nurses, women’s responsibilities soon expanded to include tending to soldiers’ injuries in canteens and battlefront hospitals. “The secretaries also found time to write letters for the soldiers, to establish a money order system, to search for lost relatives at home, to do shopping for the men, and – the best morale booster of all – to spend an hour of their time simply listening to men who wanted to tell someone their stories." Women made hot chocolate and served treats. The YMCA also hired theater professionals from the United States to perform for soldiers “on shaky improvised stages, in hangars or railroad repair shops, in hospital wards, and even alongside muddy roads in big shell holes." The newspaper The Stars and Stripes called vaudeville singer Elsie Janis “an oasis of color and vivacity in a dreary desert of frock-coated...lecturers who have been visited upon us." The article implied that soldiers preferred entertainers over lecturers who came to visit the camps. In 1918 a mutation of the seasonal influenza virus spread across Europe, the Americas and Asia. The Spanish Influenza killed between 50 million and 100 million people worldwide and around 13,703 in North Carolina. Shaw fearfully mentions the disease in letters to her relatives. Soldier camps, with close quarters and many inhabitants, were breeding grounds for the virus. “Tents and hastily constructed barracks were overcrowded with soldiers and sailors who shuttled across the country before shipping out to France as part of an unprecedented, worldwide migration of millions driven by the demands of war” (Nesbitt). For fear of appearing lenient, military officials still allowed events involving large groups of people, such as “rallies and massive troop movements." This furthered the virus’ quick proliferation. Finger Painting, a Perfect Medium for Self-Expression Finger-Painting and How I Do It Shaw Finger-Paint: The Original Finger Paint Stankiewicz, Mary Ann. "Self-Expression or Teacher Influence: The Shaw System of Finger-Painting." Art Education 37.2 (1984): 20-24. Mayer, Veronica. "Rediscovering Ruth Faison Shaw and Her Finger-Painting Method." Art Education 58.5 (2005): 6-11. Gavin, Lettie. "The Women of the YMCA." American Women in World War I: They Also Served. Niwot, CO: U of Colorado, 1997. N. pag. Print. "News from Our Own." The Red Cross Magazine 13 (1917): n. pag. American National Red Cross. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. Nesbitt, Jim. "When Killer Flu Struck." The News & Observer [Raleigh, NC] 26 Nov. 2006: n. pag. NewsBank. Web. 24 Feb. 2015. The Ruth Faison Shaw Papers, #3835, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Roger Andrew Caras (May 28, 1928 – February 18, 2001) was an American wildlife photographer, writer, wildlife preservationist and television personality. I believe that animals have rights which, although different from our own, are just as inalienable. I believe animals have the right not to have pain, fear or physical deprivation inflicted upon them by us. Even if they are on the way to the slaughterhouse, animals have the right to food and water and shelter if it is needed. They have the right not to be brutalized in any way as food resources, for entertainment or any other purpose. ... Finding a substitute for animals in research has only recently become an imperative in the scientific community. ... One day animals will not be used in the laboratory. How soon that day comes depends on how soon people stop screaming and make the search for alternatives a major research imperative. As long as conferences on the subject sound like feeding time in the monkey house, monkeys along with millions of other animals are going to stay right where they are now — in the laboratory. "We Must Find Alternatives to Animals in Research," in Newsweek (26 December 1988) Wikipedia has an article about: Roger A. Caras
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Cookbook | Recipes | Ingredients | Cooking techniques Al dente means "to the tooth" or "to the bite" in Italian. It refers to the need to apply sufficient pressure while masticating so that firmness can be felt. While the expression is most commonly used to describe pasta that has been served at this degree of firmness – generally considered to be the most widely preferred – it can be used to describe any food for which the al dente sensation is particular, such as rice and tender-crisp vegetables. The expression al dente should be considered laudatory, and in no way refers to foods being underdone or too hard. Pasta is most widely known as a shaped, dehydrated, raw, enriched wheat durum semolina dough and the following deals in the preparation of such. As the pasta enters boiling water, it hydrates and wheat proteins and starches form coherent structures under the influence of heat. The process occurring from the outside-in, the pasta is allowed to retain its shape and the al dente sensation is most often and wrongly procured, in dehydrated pasta, by a slightly less hydrated peripheral core. The amount of water to bring to a boil greatly varies. While it's possible to cook 500 g of pasta in about 4 L of water, the water will become viscous from the starch that is lost from dissolution and mechanical action of the steam pockets rising from the heat source. The residual starch, at the origin of the viscosity, affects the final dish in its composition, as it contributes to the adhesion of other ingredients – such as spices – to the pasta. This layer of residual starch also absorbs liquids in a superficial manner while partially dissolving into sauces, thereby perceptually blending the taste of the pasta and that of the added liquid ingredients. Certain dishes, such as pasta pomodoro, will benefit from more residual starch while others, like pasta salads, will benefit from less. The addition of salt to the pasta's boiling has two effects: the first is that is increases the boiling temperature, and the second is that the salt will permeate the pasta, imparting it its taste. The use of salt in the boiling water greatly affects overall dish composition; while certain prefer to use a salted sauce over unsalted pasta, others prefer to not salt their sauces – where the addition of sodium would affect consistency, for instance – and to salt the pasta's boiling water. In domestic and in some professional settings, it is also not uncommon for both, the water and the dressing, to be salted. The boiling temperature, in turn, affects overall pasta density. A lower boiling temperature means more dough is hydrated before it has cooked and is able to exert pressure on the hydrating and cooking core. It is then possible to imagine that al dente pasta should be partially cooked in water containing a fair amount of salt and then finished in a more solute bath, this, to achieve a high density and avoid a sticky, undercooked core that people sometimes mistake for al dente. Cooking instructions for dry pasta sometimes call for the addition of oil to the water, most often under the pretext that is prevents pasta from sticking together. The statement is obviously fallacious, as oil's density is lesser than that of water and therefore floats. The addition of oil to the boiling pot may, however, control "boil-overs", this, in being mechanically emulsified by the surfacing bubbles and then affecting the surface tension of air pockets formed under the starchy water's surface, preventing their accumulation. To prevent boil-overs, it is generally considered more efficient – energetically and in labor – to control temperature than to add oil or surfactants to the water. Once the water bath has reached its maximum temperature – when it boils – pasta should be added and stirred so as to prevent the individual hydrating dough parts from superficially merging. Once the water returns to boiling temperature, heat should be lowered to maintain the bath at simmering temperature, so as to benefit from the mechanical action of the rising steam pockets while avoiding boil-overs. Drainage should occur slightly before the pasta is considered al dente, this, to allow for continued hydration and cooking during the process, during further processing – such as after adding the pasta to a sauce – and during transition. In certain dishes – such as cold pasta salads – the pasta does not often benefit from a starch coating and a lighter, fluffier texture is preferred. It then becomes efficient to rinse pasta, to free it of its residual starch and cool it. It is also possible to rinse with hot water to, likewise, control the amount of residual starch and the temperature of the pasta. Al dente pasta is pasta that is served in this manner and which remains so throughout the meal. It should be firm, without being sticky so as to provide a pleasant experience nor should it be underhydrated, so as to favor proper digestion. Quality control should occur at the plating level, when the pasta is ready to be served. If the pasta has the proper density and if the dish is served at the right temperature, the pasta should remain edible throughout the entire course.
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Franklin Delano "Frank" Gore (born May 14, 1983) is an American football running back currently playing (as of 2019) for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Miami, and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft, playing with them from 2005 to 2014. He is the 49ers all-time leader in rushing yards and rushing touchdowns. On Early Years: "I know what I signed up for. I do not regret anything I’ve done. I never, never wish I did not play this game.” "My neighborhood, Coconut Grove, we always played in the streets. It was corner against corner. We all had football teams. Different neighborhoods. My first year playing Pop Warner football, my mom had to change my birth certificate because I was too young. I was 5, I think, and you were supposed to be 6. My first time playing running back in a real game, I had eight touchdowns. I always loved football. For so long, I played against the older kids in the neighborhood. They had me really competing. I’d play corner, receiver, running back. I remember one time one of the older kids looked at me when I was playing corner, like it was a threat, and said: ‘You better not get beat.’" "When I got to Coral Gables High, it felt like I was on a different level. You play Pop Warner, and you’re good, and all the top high schools try to get you. So I felt like I was pretty good. I got over 1,000 yards my sophomore year, but my coach got fired. At that time I wasn’t really working hard. I was good, but I didn’t lift weights. This new coach, Joe Montoya, basically called me out in our first team meeting. He didn’t give a s--- what I done to that point. He said, ‘I don’t care what you did before I got here.’ He told the guys things were gonna be different, and they better work hard, or they could get out right now. I felt like he called me out. I was about to leave. But then I met with him. He said, ‘Listen to what I say, and you’ll be a D-1 player.’" "Good lesson. I listened to him. I got stronger and stronger, and I got faster. I was the first one at practice. I had to be first in every sprint. He had me programmed. I got better. My senior year, I rushed for 1,000 yards in my first four games. I wanted to play major-college football. Joe Montoya was really important. When I go back to Miami now, I call him. We have cookouts." On College Years: “I had offers to go to different places. I committed to Ole Miss. I figured they just lost Deuce McAllister, and they needed a back, and I could play right away in the big conference. Eli Manning was the quarterback. We could win there. I loved [the University of] Miami, but they had a lot of backs at the time, and I wanted to play right away. “That backfield at Miami ... Clinton Portis, Willis McGahee, Najeh Davenport. [And Jarrett Payton, Chicago high school star and son of Walter.] One day, [Miami wide receivers coach] Curtis Johnson rolled up in front of my house. He challenged me. ‘You scared to compete? You scare of Portis? If you say you’re the best, you have to play with the best.’ That hit me. The night before signing day, I told my mom I didn’t want go to Ole Miss anymore. She didn’t want me to leave anyway. So I signed with Miami. I wanted to prove something to them. I got there and asked the coaches, ‘What do I have to do to play right away?’ “What did I learn at Miami? How to be a football player. There was a big lesson there. You can be talented, but having great talent isn’t enough. You have to work every day or someone will pass you up. Not only am I competing against McGahee, Portis and Najeh, but every day I gotta beat Ed Reed. I gotta beat Sean Taylor. Imagine practicing that first year against Ed Reed [a senior] and Sean Taylor [a freshman] and thinking, ‘I gotta beat those guys.’ You know how tough that was? “My first time going to Miami to train, I was doing agility drills, I feel like I’m a man. I go against the LBs, I get smoked. All I can think is, Man, I must have come to the wrong place! How am I gonna win here? But I was so competitive, I would go home at night and do the drills myself to be ready for the next day. I had to get better, every day. I had to beat Ed Reed. “At Miami I was up, I was down, I was written off, I had back-to-back [knee] injuries. When I was up, people wanted to be around me. When I was down, nobody’s around.’ What I went through in college made me the kind of worker, the kind of person, I am. “Sean T? Man. Me and Sean were real close. How it happened was just sad, someone broke in his house. Killed him. [Taylor, then a Pro Bowl NFL safety with Washington, was shot by a burglar in November 2007 and he died from blood loss.] Tough. So tough. Great dude. We came in together. When you know him, he’ll give you the shirt off his back. “That’s how I tore my first ACL, against Sean T. It was a nine-on-seven [practice drill]. I broke through the line, me and Sean one-on-one. I made a move, planted my leg, Sean collapsed with me, my leg went out. He is one of the best football players I have ever seen, anywhere. I love Sean T.” On Injuries: “My first year, my rookie year at the 49ers, I had two labrum tears. Both shoulders. I had a chance to get the surgery before the season or play ball, and I told my coaches that I wanted to play and then get the surgeries. The reason was, when I came out [of college], everybody said I was injury-prone, and I just wanted to show them how tough I was and how much I love the game. That’s what that year was about. I got the surgeries after that first year in San Francisco. Both shoulders. “After the surgeries, I respected Ronnie Brown, I respected Benson, I respected Cadillac. But I told people, ‘Once I get healthy I WILL NEVER be outrushed by any of those guys. No one in my draft class will ever outrush me again. That second year I proved that. “How I did that ... I don’t know. It’s not me. It’s God. God got me here. God and hard work. Respecting the game. Love, man. Love. Love the game. Love my teammates. Every time I get ready to strap up, show the world today that no one is better.” On Tenure with San Francisco 49ers: “When [Jim] Harbaugh came to the Niners [in 2011], everything changed. His attitude basically was, We don’t give a F about anyone. Players, we loved that. Scot McCloughan basically built that team [as personnel director/GM for five years, starting in 2005], and it was a team of tough MF-ers. I respect coach Harbaugh a lot. We had a bunch of guys who loved football. Like at Miami. “[In 2011], we started 2-1 and went to Philly to play the Dream Team. I didn’t even know I’d play that game. I hurt my ankle against Cincinnati [the previous week] and I couldn’t practice. I rehabbed, rehabbed, rehabbed. I went out there to see if I could go before the game. I got in the game, but it was a struggle. Down 17-3 at halftime, I think. Me and Patrick Willis looking around, trying to figure out what would happen. We’re in trouble, man. Coach Harbaugh didn’t think it was trouble. He just said, We gotta make adjustments. We will make adjustments. Strike fast. Change things up. We will win this game. So we went out there, scored right away. I was making some big runs. I made the winning run.” “We go on in ’13 to beat Atlanta in the NFC Championship Game and make the Super Bowl. Best years of my life. I loved that team. Harbaugh, man, straightforward guy. If he thought you were full of s---, he’d tell you, and you’re not going to be on his team. On Tenure with Indianapolis Colts: “I have loved it here. I miss San Francisco. I never wanted to leave. But I still think I get better as I go. Ask my boy Jack. [Tight end] Jack Doyle. I know what the defense is gonna do, always. I tell Jack. He changes his blocks for me." “I just want to finish up strong here. Things haven’t gone as well as we hoped. But my plan is to play one more year. I want to play one more. I can help a locker room. I can help a team, just by the way I practice." “But if this is it, if this is my last year [(2017)], I want everybody in the NFL to say, ‘He was a football player. Period.’" On Advice on Football, Life: “Love the game. Love the game. Perfect your craft, every day. Look at all the guys who everyone says, ‘He’s the best one.’ And be better than they are." “When I came in the league, I was thinking about the best guys. Not the best guys on my team—the best guys in the league. I was thinking about LT [LaDainian Tomlinson], Marshall Faulk, Portis, Larry Johnson ... Thinking about how I wanted my name mentioned with them. What can I do to make that happen?" “This was important to me ... My first year [2005], late in the season, we beat the Rams. I had a long run in the fourth quarter to win the game. Marshall came up to me after the game. He said, ‘Keep working hard. You’ll be a special player in the league.’ Man, that was big. Marshall Faulk!" “I started calling those guys. I wanted to know stuff from them. LT, Faulk, Edge [Edgerrin James]. Now it’s come around. What I am happy about now, young guys at my position—Derrick Henry, after we play the Titans, he comes up to me and says, ‘Damn, I want to train with you, man.’ Even coordinators. They say, You still got it." “When I was young, I remember [former Niners fullback and coach] Tom Rathman said to me, ‘The only thing you should worry about is your peers’ respect.’ He’s right. If your peers respect you, you’re doing it right." “No matter what your job is in your life, don’t listen to anyone who says you can’t do something. I can tell you: You can do it.” On Mortality: “I don’t think about it. Like I said, I know what I signed up for. What happens, it was meant for my life. God got me, man. God got me.” Sports Illustrated Interview with Peter King - December 25, 2017 https://www.si.com On helping his mother beat drug addiction: "I got up to use the bathroom," Gore said, "and I saw her using. That just stayed on my mind. I was probably a sophomore in high school. I sat down with her and said, 'Mom, why? [...] That was the day she started working at it," the Colts' veteran running back said. "And she got off those drugs. I had to have a real heart-to-heart with her." Reflecting on life and his NFL career: "I've been through a lot. But I think it all happened for a reason. I think what I went through made me appreciate the game even more. Even life, really. I wasn't guaranteed to be here." On his mother's battle with kidney disease while he was in high school: "During my junior year, she almost passed away," Gore said. "She was in intensive care. But she made it through. I remember we were playing against Miami Central in the playoffs. Usually I don't like going to the hospital. But I went up there and saw her with all these tubes coming out of her. I asked her, 'Mom, do you want me to play?' She shook her head like, 'Yes.' So, I went out there and I had a pretty good game." On his departure from the San Francisco 49ers: "The only thing I was hurt by was that I thought we could have done it better," he said of his departure after 10 dedicated seasons. "Like, no bull----. Just straight up. I don't know if I even wanted to go back. But I would have felt better if we would have sat down and had a conversation. I mean, I was going to test the market no matter what. Me and the head coach (Jim Tomsula) talked and he basically told me I'd be in a certain situation. But I wanted to hear it from the GM (Trent Baalke)." "I mean, you could let us compete. You didn't have to say I was automatically going to take the back seat. Put it on me. I mean, bro, I finished last season with 1,100 yards. Every time I got opportunities, I did something with it. So, I felt like, 'Fine, if you want to go with the young guy, (make him) beat me out. It wasn't like I can't play anymore. If he beats me out, I can handle that. You can't play this game forever. I knew I couldn't be there forever. But I was there 10 years and I played every down the same whether we were winning or not." On persevering through adversity: "I've been through so much," Gore said. "I mean, after an ACL, you have to learn how to walk again, how to run again, you have to get your head strong again. That's why I appreciate this game. That's why I work so hard." IndyStar Interview with Stephen Holder - October 2, 2015 https://www.indystar.com On grief and losing his close friend, former teammate, and fellow NFL player Sean Taylor “All the boys that come out of [Miami], we’re close. It’s tough. It’s like losing my brother.” “I couldn’t believe it. It was scary, especially his getting shot in his house, and he was just there to get his knee checked, see what’s wrong with it.” “Sean was a great football player and he loved the game. But a lot of people didn’t know that he was a great dude, too. He thought of me when my mom passed. Even when he left Miami early for the NFL and I was still in college, he’d still check on me. It’s just tough on me, losing my mom and now losing a friend who I played ball with in younger days.” East Bay Times Interview with Dennis Georgatos - November 29, 2007 https://www.eastbaytimes.com On Joining the Miami Dolphins: "I’m happy to be on the Dolphins,” he said with a smile. “I don’t know how many years I’ve got left but I’m happy I’m back home." "Getting an opportunity to play in front of my family, a lot of my fans since I was a kid, my high school fans, my college fans; I’m happy." New Miami Dolphins Running Back Frank Gore Receives Key To City Of Miami - April 12, 2018 https://miami.cbslocal.com Indianapolis Colts General Manager Chris Ballard on Frank Gore: “I think the world should know what a gift he has been to football. I don’t know if I have ever been around a player who has impacted me more than Frank. His love and respect for football are what all personnel people strive to acquire when we draft players. There will never be another player like him. In this hard year, Frank has kept me going and kept everything in perspective. He has taught me that no matter how hard it gets, you keep working and respecting the game of football. If he is not a first-ballot Hall of Famer, we need to discontinue how we select.’’ Sports Illustrated Interview with Peter King - December 25, 2017 https://www.si.com Former running backs coach Don Soldinger on his conversation with Gore after Gore began to question if football was his destiny after several debilitating injuries "He was down in the dumps; his mom was sick. A lot of things were coming down on him at the same time. But God gave him an ability, and he needed to use it." Fellow NFL player and former teammate Phillip Dorsett: "It's how he's lasted this long. He always tests me. We compete at everything. He calls out the young guys (in workouts)." Joe Montoya, Gore's coach at Coral Gables High School: "I'm watching a kid who fulfilled his dream and I had just a little part in it," Montoya said, sobbing through the telephone. "It brings tears to my eyes to see that kid, knowing how far he's come and how much work he put in and how he cried in my office, in my arms, saying, 'Please, Coach, help me.' That's what it does for me. Every time I see him on the TV, I say, 'There he goes! There he goes!'" IndyStar Interview with Stephen Holder - October 2, 2015 https://www.indystar.com
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Friday, April 9, 2021 Crime and law Related articles 11 October 2021: FBI arrests nuclear engineer and wife on charges of espionage 12 September 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Rebecca Jennings, independent candidate for Daly by-election 6 September 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Wayne Connop, independent candidate for Daly by-election 5 September 2021: At least six injured after stabbing in New Zealand supermarket 13 August 2021: One person dead, 5 injured in early morning Dorchester shooting Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article On Tuesday, lawmakers in the Republican-governed US state of Arkansas became the first in the country to ban specific treatment types to transgender youth under the age of eighteen, irrespective of parental consent. It is to become law at the earliest by the 91st day after the legislative session's recess, or July 30. While vetoed by the state's governor Asa Hutchinson on Monday, House Bill 1570, or the Save Adolescents From Experimentation Act was overturned 25–8 in the state Senate and 72–25 in the House of Representatives, prohibiting any healthcare professional from providing puberty blockers, cross-sex hormone therapy or gender-affirming surgery to anyone under the age of eighteen, as well as referring them to other providers. Representative for Arkansas' District 87 Robin Lundsturm said "[t]hey need to get to be 18 before they make those decisions". This ban also applies to those minors who are already receiving such treatments. The punishment will be a loss of medical licence. While praised by conservative organisations such as The Family Council, Governor Hutchinson called the bill "a product of the cultural war in America". In a statement Governor Hutchinson said, "I do hope my veto will cause my Republican colleagues across the country to resist the temptation to put the state in the middle of every decision made by parents and health care professionals". The American Academy of Pediatrics, representing 67 thousand paediatricians nationwide accused the bill of depriving young people of the medical care they need. Medical director at the University of California San Francisco Madeline Deutsch said of transitioning treatment "[t]here's a general consensus among professionals in this field" that "[t]here's tons of solid science supporting this approach", and division head of adolescent and young adult medicine at a children's hospital in Chicago Dr Robert Garofalo called it as "perpetuat[ing] the very things we know are harmful to trans youth". Executive director of the Arkansas American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Holly Dickson condemned the act's proponents as "[disregarding] widespread, overwhelming, and bipartisan opposition to this bill and [continuing] their discriminatory crusade against trans youth [...] to block trans youth from the care they need simply because of who they are is not only wrong, it's also illegal, and we will be filing a lawsuit to challenge this law in court". The institution is preparing for litigation; according to deputy director for transgender justice with the ACLU's LGBTQ & HIV project Chase Strangio, "[w]e will always have your back and will be relentless in our defense of your rights." The bill's passage comes after similar anti-transgender legislation in Arkansas and other states, including legislation signed by Hutchinson March 25 banning transgender girls and women from competing with their gender identity in sports, described by Dickson according to the AP as "discriminatory and shameful". After the lawmakers enacted this ban, pro-LGBTQ rights group the Human Rights Campaign said over 100 bills targeting transgender people have been filed, with bills of similar nature proposed in 20 states or more. Gender dysphoria in children Transgender youth "Robin Lundstrum" — Arkansas House of Representatives, April 6, 2021 (date of access) "ACLU statement on Arkansas legislature's vote to override veto of Transgender health ban" — American Civil Liberties Union, April 6, 2021 Daniel Trotta. "Arkansas becomes first U.S. state to ban treatments for transgender youth" — Reuters, April 6, 2021 Andrew DeMillo. "Arkansas lawmakers enact transgender youth treatment ban" — Associated Press, April 6, 2021 Jason Silverstein. "Arkansas lawmakers override GOP governor's veto of bill restricting transgender health care" — CBS News, April 6, 2021 "Legislature Votes to Extend Session" — Arkansas State Senate, March 31, 2021 Andrew DeMillo. "Arkansas governor signs transgender sports ban into law" — Associated Press, March 25, 2021
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Introduction Acceptance Indefinitness Consideration Promissory Estoppel Statute of Frauds Third Party Beneficiaries Assignment Delegation Q1 Can we consider the convenant between the Israelites and God during the Moses a contract? No, because law will not enforce it. Q2 Chris takes Michael to a theater in Sinchon. Michael inadvertently allows Chris to pay for the movie "The Invasion". They had no prior discussion about who will pay for the tickets. Is this a contract? No, because there was no promise made. Moreover, it is executed rather than executory. Q3 Chris said "I will have my relatives send me a CD of civil procedure lectures and give you a copy of them. In return, please give me the MPRE lectures on a CD." Michael responds, "Sure." They made no written record of their negotiation. Is it a contract? Yes, provided that the value of the CD does not exceed the amount set by the Statue of Frauds. Contracts can be oral as well as written. Q4 Chris goes to Kaplan Korea and takes the final review course from Jeff. After the class he refuses to pay arguing that he did not make a promise to pay the tuition. Given that there was a contract between Jeff of Kaplan and Chris, how do you explain the lack of explicit mention of the fee? The tuition was implied-in-fact when Chris signed up for the course.
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Create a multi-cylinder Stirling Engine out of common house hold materials for little-to-no cost and make it simple in design so it can be replicated by anyone. We want to make something similar to the engine in this video. ARoberts Cdiffendal Joon Kim The problem that arose in our last attempt at creating a stirling motor was that we tried to work off of an model that wasn't showing much success in use. So we decided to change and create our own working motor. This would better portray our knowledge of how a Stirling Engine actually works. We have decided to base our design from a multi-cycle engine that works in the same way a car engine would work, as portrayed in this video. To the right, you can see model of one of the piston structures that was made in Pro-e Wildfire 5. These pistons will be in a line of four in succession and be attached to a crank shaft at the top. From this, we should be able to receive motion powerful enough turn a wheel and propel itself. Over the month we worked on this project we all decided that it would be best to build engines separate from one another because it produces more results on techniques that work and techniques that failed. In week one we all gathered building materials and began making our engines. After trying to make engine out of the commons house hold materials seemed to be in effective we started using more commercial building parts like wire conduit and PVC tubing that can be found a any hardware store. After we discussed that the ruffles in the walls of most food cans were making the motion of the styrofoam displacers to hard we made the decision to make the compression cylinder with smooth walls out of the conduit. We also had other failures while working individually that led to good ideas on how to make better parts. For example we one of us tried to make a crank shaft out of welding rod because they thought it would be stronger. In fact the welding rod was tough to bend and both offsets needed for the pistons to function correctly were not bent right. Another group member suggested using a metal coat hanger because it was easy to bend with a pair of pliers and it would be strong enough to keep its shape when the pistons put stress on it. Over the four weeks we worked on this project we weren't able to make an engine that worked on its own, but we were able to find ways to solve problems for future groups attempting to this project that will jump start their work. Our first decision is to have one person create a design on a CAD program and the other two will build the design out of common house hold materials. We decided to make make engines individually instead of as a group. This allowed us to try and fail on our own and come back to class and discuss our problems with each other ultimately producing an engine with the greatest possibility of working. Aluminum Can Welder's rod PVC piping Rubber glove/ rubber band Clothes hanger Aluminum foil styrfoam Pro-Engineering Wildfire 5.0 Time estimates and actual time consumed measurements helps justify salaries (grades). The materials we used can mostly be found around the house. Any kind of aluminum or tin can may be used and other items such as wire hangers, rubber bands and rubber gloves can be found in anyones home. Some other things like the epoxy is found at any hardware store like home depot, or ace. As for putting the materials together it just takes time finding pieces are close in size and finding ways to attach them. One problem we had was finding out how to hold the connecting rods together and attach them to the crank shaft. We found that using ring style crimp on connectors are the best way to attach these pieces because they come in just about any size and are easily found at any hardware store. The next steps to this project will be fine tuning the engine and then reproducing the same engine a few more times and creating a crank shaft the allows the engine to perform a full cycle one after the other.
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In Hebrew there are no vowels (except a few letters that can also function as vowels), only consonants.The Hebrew Letters are: Aleph - א - Similiar to A but again it is not a vowel, it's a consonant, a sound. Beit - ב - Like the letter B or V. Gimel - ג - Like G or J but only g as of gum. It can sound like G as of Germany if it is written like that: 'ג. Daled - ד - Like D. Hey - ה - Like H. If used at the end of a word it makes the word end with AH sound. Vav - ו - As a consonant, the letter is pronounced as V. as a vowel it's pronounced as O or U. Zain - ז - Like Z. When 'ז it's pronounced like a soft J (Like Jean in french). Khet - ח - Like KH. it's similiar to J in spanish but harder sound. Tet - ט - Like T. Yod - י - As a consonant, it's pronounced like Y. As vowel it's like I. Kaf - כ - Like K or Khet(KH). Lamed - ל - Like L. Mem - מ - Like M. Noon - נ - Like N. Samekh - ס - Like S. Aeen - ע - Similiar to Aleph but it's pronounced from the throat. Pey - פ - Like P or F. Tsadik - צ - Like TS. When 'צ it's pronounced like CH. Koof - ק - Like K. Reish - ר - Like R but rolling. Shin - ש - Like SH or S. Taf - ת - Like T. When 'ת it's pronounced like TH though that sound doesn't exist in the hebrew language, only in foreign words. There are also "final letters" which replace some letters at the end of a word and sound exactly the same, they just look different: Kaf Sofit (Ending Kaf) - ך - Like Kaf. Mem Sofit - ם - Like Mem. Noon Sofit - ן - Like Noon. Pey Sofit - ף - Like Pey, but nearly always pronounced F. Tsadik Sofit - ץ - Like Tsadik. Almost all of these letters look different in hand writing but we won't get into it right now. Instead of vowels, in hebrew there is Nikud- signs that show the reader how to pronounce the words but that is quite difficult and we also won't get into it right now.
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How to edit Wiki Wikiversity Main Page Tables are an excellent way to organize large amounts of information in an easy to read way. The following code will build a basic table. Tables always begin with {| and end with |} In the first line we set the widths of the borders and the space between cells. {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" On the second line we enter the title of the table. |+ 2006/07 Premier League Table The following lines create the column headings, when creating the column headings we use a "!" instead of a pipe. |- !Position !Club Name !Points Now we create the rows and the information that goes in them. Each line starts with a pipe and each row of information is separated by a |-. |- |1 || Manchester United || 89 |- |2 || Chelsea || 83 |- |3 || Liverpool || 68 |- |4 || Arsenal || 68 |- |5 || Tottenham || 60 |- |6 || Bolton || 59 Notice that each cell is split by a double pipe ||. Usually there would be no space between the pipes, here the space is there to make reading the code easier. This will create a basic table, which looks like this. Table width: In the first line of the table it is possible to define the table's width, for example: {| width=1000pt border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" Column width: To define the column width just add a percentage of the overall width to the column heading lines, as follows: ! width=25% | Position ! width=50% | Club Name ! width=25% | Points The table now looks like this: Common Problems Missing pipes Too many spaces Not ending the table with |} Create a page Add a table with 2 columns and five rows Fill in the table with the names of five people and their favorite drink Save your page Debug the table if needed List of subpages
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FIRST or WORST headache ever? DIFFERENT from usual headaches? Onset = when did it start? gradual, sudden (thunder-clap) prodrome, aura Palliation/Provocative stress, food, menstrual cycle, rest Quality unilateral, bilateral, band-like? does it spread? throbbing, stabbing, dull, pressure Radiation where does it spread? Severity Nausea/vomiting photo/phonophobia vision changes fever stiff neck confusion General systemic illness: weightloss CNS: change in mentation, personality, aura headaches beginning at age 40 mass lesion, temporal arteritis mass lesion, subdural hematoma, medication overuse, post-coital headache/migraine SAH, mass lesion (especially in the posterior fossa) new onset in patient with risk factors for HIV or CANCER meningitis, brain abscess, metastasis fever (meningitis, encephalitis, systemic infection) projectile vomiting impaired mental status focal neurological signs - weakness, paresthesia (mass lesion, stroke) recent head injury papilledema (mass lesion, pseudotumor, meningitis) meningismus (meningeal irritation) seizures trauma (intracranial hemorrhage, subdural/epidural hematoma, SAH) Hypertension HIV Cancer Trauma Recent procedures Analgesic abuse Recreational drugs Birth control Migraines Subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke
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Novi is a city in Southeast Michigan. Novi Ice Arena, 42400 Nick Lidstrom Dr, ☏ +1 248 347-1010. (updated Dec 2019) Twelve Oaks, 27500 Novi Rd. Large shopping mall West Oaks. Retail area including Gander Mountain and Best Buy. Novi Town Center. retail area Library Sports Pub and Grill, 42100 Grand River Ave. Doubletree Hotel Detroit - Novi, 42100 Crescent Blvd, ☏ +1 248-344-8800. Fantastic Michigan getaways start at Doubletree Hotel Detroit-Novi, a leader among Detroit area hotels. Situated in the Novi Town Center off of I-96, just thirty minutes from the Detroit Metropolitan Airport and two miles from Farmington Hills, Detroit is a lively place to find everything from autos to Motown. Meanwhile, nearby Novi, Michigan claims its own line-up of world-class attractions, including awesome festivals like Music & Motorfest and the International Bluesfest. Courtyard Detroit Novi, 42700 11 Mile Rd, ☏ +1 248-380-1234, fax: +1 248-380-5699. 42.496135-83.4395331 Holiday Inn Express & Suites Detroit-Novi, 39675 Twelve Mile Rd, ☏ +1 248-344-8204. The suites are a very good size, although not optimally laid out. Basic breakfast. (updated Aug 2016) Residence Inn Detroit Novi, 27477 Cabaret Dr, ☏ +1 248-735-7400, fax: +1 248-735-3765. TownePlace Suites Detroit Novi, 42600 11 Mile Rd, ☏ +1 248-305-5533, fax: +1 248-305-5566.
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Stanley Milgram (15 August 1933 – 20 December 1984) was an American social psychologist famous for his controversial study known as the Milgram Experiment on obedience to authority figures, conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale, and for the small-world experiment (the source of the six degrees of separation concept) as part of his dissertation while at Harvard. He also introduced the concept of the familiar stranger. If you think it is easy to violate social constraints, get onto a bus and sing out loud. Full-throated song now, no humming. Many people will say it's easy to carry out this act, but not one in a hundred will be able to do it. The point is not to think about singing, but to try to do it. Only in action can you fully realize the forces operative in social behavior. That is why I am an experimentalist. Psychology in Today's World (1975), p. 314 I would say, on the basis of having observe a thousand people in the experiment and having my own intuition shaped and informed by these experiments, that if a system of death camps were set up in the United States of the sort we had seen in Nazi Germany, one would find sufficient personnel for those camps in any medium-sized American town. Interview on Sixty Minutes (31 March 1979) Actual quote, which can be heard in Discovery Channel's Curiosity: How Evil Are You? : I would say -- on the basis of having observed a thousand people in the experiment, and having my own intuition shaped and informed by these experiments -- that if a system of death camps were set up in the United States of the sort we had seen in Nazi Germany, one would be able to find sufficient personnel for those camps in any medium-sized American town. It may be that we are puppets — puppets controlled by the strings of society. But at least we are puppets with perception, with awareness. And perhaps our awareness is the first step to our liberation. The fact that obedience is often a necessity in human society does not diminish our responsibility as citizens. Rather, it confers on us a special obligation to place in positions of authority those most likely to use it humanely. And people are inventive. The variety of political forms we have seen in history are only several of many possible political arrangements. Perhaps the next step is to invent and to explore political forms that will give conscience a better chance to resist errant authority. As quoted in The Social Dimensions Of Law And Justice In Contemporary India (1979) by V. R. Krishna Iyer The disappearance of a sense of responsibility is the most far-reaching consequence of submission to authority. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (1974), ch. 1: The Dilemma of Obedience When an individual wishes to stand in opposition to authority, he does best to find support for his position from others in his group. The mutual support provided by men for each other is the strongest bulwark we have against the excesses of authority. (Not that the group is always on the right side of the issue. Lynch mobs and groups of predatory hoodlums remind us that groups may be vicious in the influence they exert.) p. 121 Each individual possesses a conscience which to a greater or lesser degree serves to restrain the unimpeded flow of impulses destructive to others. But when he merges his person into an organizational structure, a new creature replaces autonomous man, unhindered by the limitations of individual morality, freed of humane inhibition, mindful only of the sanctions of authority. p. 188 The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act. p. 205 While I was a subject in 1964, though I believed that I was hurting someone, I was totally unaware of why I was doing so. Few people ever realize when they are acting according to their own beliefs and when they are meekly submitting to authority. Unnamed participant in the Milgram experiment, in a letter to Milgram, thanking him for the lessons it taught him, as quoted in Ugly as Sin : The Truth about How We Look and Finding Freedom from Self-Hatred (2010) by Toni Raiten-D'Antonio, p. 89 It becomes clear that the Asch, Milgram and Zimbardo experiments replicated, in a compressed time, the dynamics of authority and groupthink that play a critical role in our socialization. Asch showed that once the standard is set, people will adopt it and go along with it, even if it is illogical. When the stakes are raised, as they were in Milgram's work, people may struggle with unethical commands, but the majority still obey. And when authorities set parameters but leave the decision-making to the rest of us, we still have a tendency to impose strict control on those we consider deviant. All of these findings affirm the power of culture, socialization, and our widespread fear that we will be judged and punished. Since human beings have a desperate need for safety, approval, and belonging (which yields access to group resources), the worst kind of punishment is ostracism. This shunning may be subtle or extreme. Toni Raiten-D'Antonio, in Ugly as Sin : The Truth about How We Look and Finding Freedom from Self-Hatred (2010), Ch. 8 : Difference as Deviance p. 89 The Milgram experiments asked participants to play the role of a “teacher,” who was responsible for administering electric shocks to a “learner” when the learner failed to answer test questions correctly. The participants were not aware that the learner was working with the experimenters and did not actually receive any shocks. As the learners failed more and more, the teachers were instructed to increase the voltage intensity of the shocks — even when the learners started screaming, pleading to have the shocks stop, and eventually stopped responding altogether. Pressed by the experimenters — serious looking men in lab coats, who said they’d assume responsibility for the consequences — most participants did not stop administering shocks until they reached 300 volts or above — already in the lethal range. The majority of teachers delivered the maximum shock of 450 volts. We all like to think that the line between good and evil is impermeable — that people who do terrible things, such as commit murder, treason, or kidnapping, are on the evil side of this line, and the rest of us could never cross it. But the Stanford Prison Experiment and the Milgram studies revealed the permeability of that line. Some people are on the good side only because situations have never coerced or seduced them to cross over. Zeno Franco and Philip Zimbardo in "The Banality of Heroism" in The Greater Good (Fall/Winter 2006/2007) Authority Milgram experiment Obedience Wikipedia has an article about: Stanley Milgram stanleymilgram.com - site maintained by Dr Thomas Blass Milgram Page - page documenting Milgram's Obedience to Authority experiment 'The Man Who Shocked the World' article in Psychology Today by Thomas Blass 'The Man Who Shocked the World' article in BMJ by Raj Persaud 'Steve Blinkhorn's review of 'The man who shocked the world: the life and legacy of Stanley Milgram' by Thomas Blass. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (1974) Chapter 1 and Chapter 15 Atrocity, which re-enacts the Milgram Experiment Guide to the Stanley Milgram Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library Milgram's Obedience To Authority — Commentary from 50 Psychology Classics (2007) milgramreenactment.org - site documenting Milgram's Obedience to Authority experiment by UK artist Rod Dickinson
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Enez (pronounced ay-nayz) is a small town in Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey. It's on the Aegean coast at the outflow of the river Meriç or Maritsa, which forms the border with Greece. The river known in English as Maritsa, in Turkish as Meriç and in Greek as Έβρος (Evros) breaks up into a swampy delta as it flows into the Gulf of Saros. By its outlet is the tip of a ridge, providing firm ground where a port developed and a trade route wound inland. That port became known as Ainos (Greek Αίνος, Latin Aenus) and it exported the corn, timber and fruit of Thrace, plus its own fish and sea-salt. Ainos is first mentioned in around 500 BC and, given its name, the poet Virgil couldn't resist weaving it into the Iliad legend as a place founded by Aeneas in his flight from Troy. Certainly it was inhabited by Hellenistic people, one of the many proto-Greek settlements along the coast. Over the next 1500 years Ainos was raided and occupied by rival powers on multiple occasions, with its longest spell of rule by the Byzantine Empire into the medieval period. From the 1360s the Ottomans came to rule Thrace and beyond, though Ainos fell under Genoa until 1456. From then on it was part of the Ottoman Empire. It had a large Greek population throughout, as did many other coastal towns in Thrace, and from the 19th century ethnic conflicts and nationalistic aspirations fractured Ottoman control of the Balkans. One of those conflicts, far to the northwest in Bosnia, escalated into the First World War. Afterwards, the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne drew the borders of Turkey in their present position, and required Greek communities to leave Turkey while Turkish communities left Greece and Bulgaria. Overnight Enez became a provincial backwater, a dead-end, hard up against an unfriendly border. It was a garrison town and military zone, off-limits to foreigners, right into the 21st century. Foreigners are now permitted but few visit, and Enez makes a living from local tourism, as Edirne-by-the-sea. Better highways and rising property prices closer to Istanbul are also bringing weekenders here from the big city - it's too far to day trip. The original town therefore has a steady population (it was 3826 in 2010) while the beach strip oscillates from perhaps 6000 June-Aug, to near zero in winter. The border remains sensitive: Greek-Turkish relations have waxed and waned but the crucial factor is that it's the border of the European Union, which is in a moral panic over refugees and jihadists from the Middle East. This is a bonus for the delta wildlife, as it's curbed development. There is no border crossing to Greece though it's just the other side of the river. Lots of smugglers and migrants try to cross illegally, and the border guards will assume that anyone larking about in the river or just offshore is trying to do so. The nearest border crossing is at Ipsala, so Enez is something of a dead end. Metroturizm buses run direct to Enez from Istanbul Bayrampaşa, taking almost five hours via Silivri, Tekirdağ and Keşan, for a fare (as of Aug 2021) of 100 TL. There are 3 or 4 per day, one of them overnight. If the through-bus is sold out, take any bus to Keşan then pick up a local bus or dolmuş to continue to Enez, a one-hour ride. Keşan has frequent buses by rival operators, mostly from Istanbul Esenler and heading for Gallipoli and Çanakkale; there are also a few from Edirne. They all use the modern otogar 2 km from Keşan town centre: until 2020 some village dolmuşes continued to use the old central bus station, but it was then demolished. Most routes are via Keşan: that includes from Bulgaria and Edirne, from Istanbul, and from Çanakkale and the Gallipoli peninsula. The Enez road branches off D-550 south edge of Keşan. From Greece you cross the border at Ipsala and look for the short-cut 5 km into Turkey: it's clearly signposted for Enez. The town is in three parts, straggling over 5 km: Old town centre is the most northerly, backing on to the river on the border. Harbour and Pırlanta Beach, 3 km southwest across the lagoon. Altınkum Sahili Beach, another 2 km south and shown on the map as Gaziömerbey, is the main resort strip. Dolmuşes link them every couple of hours. Hitchhiking will also work. 40.72426.0821 Enez Castle was first built for the 6th century Byzantine Empire, and reinforced by the Ottomans from the 13th. Ayasofya Kilisesi is an old church here but there's not much to see in the castle, you come for the view across the river into Greece. In 2020 the area was poorly maintained, with dumped trash. Has Yunus Bey Türbesi is a historic mosque and graveyard 300 m south of the castle. 40.71826.0882 Kral Kızı Bazilikası is the crumbling remnants of a church basilica overlooking the inner bay. 40.7726.1853 Lake Gala National Park (Gala Gölü Milli Parkı) is a wetland and forest wildlife reserve. Since 2018 thousands of flamingos have over-wintered here. A short way west between two distributaries of the Maritsa delta is the similar Parko Delta Evrou; the birds fly back and forth but it's in Greece, a long way round by road to reach it. 40.59426.1284 Sultaniçe and Gülçavuş: see Keşan for these and other beach resorts further east along the Gulf of Saros. Take a stroll in the pine woods near the beach. Swim in the crystal blue sea. Keep an eye on children, as the beach shelves away steeply to deeper water, and beware sea urchins. Birdwatching in the delta wetlands. Watch the sun set behind the Greek island of Samothrace, that big black mountain rising starkly from the sea. Migros is the big supermarket in town centre, but it only opens in summer for the holiday trade. Bim nearby is open daily. Town centre has ATMs. Özkan in town centre is a safe bet. Yakamoz by the harbour does good seafood. Ayışığı by Altinkum beach is a friendly cafe. Ali Karatepe is a cheerful relaxed place south end of the beach strip. The three parts of town all have cafes and bars. 40.72526.0841 Ege Otel, Gaziömerbey Kale Cd 7, ☏ +90 284 811 6086. Probably the best of an indifferent choice in town centre. (updated Jan 2021) 40.65626.0662 Enez Altun Motel, Gaziömerbey Mahallesi Kışlaaltı Mevkii, ☏ +90 532 255 9379. Beachfront motel, some rooms tired but generally clean and comfy. (updated Jan 2021) 40.6626.073 Enez Balci Motel, Gaziömerbey Mahallesi Altınkum Sahili, ☏ +90 284 821 4425. Friendly clean place a block back from beach. (updated Jan 2021) Keep out of the river, the line of its main outflow, and anywhere marked as a restricted border area. The border guards will assume that anyone messing around there, including at sea, is trying to smuggle or cross illegally, or at least making a recce. Enez is not a port of entry into Turkey so small craft approaching from Greek waters must radio the Turkish coastguard and await instructions. They'll probably direct you to Çanakkale to clear immigration and customs. Unless there's a breeze, the mosquitoes will greet you in great swarms: they're a scourge around the delta swamps. No risk of malaria here, but the bites are unpleasant, so bring a repellent, screen, and anything else that might keep them away. Sea urchins are always a hazard in the Med. They prefer rocks - Enez is sandy - but whenever swimming in to shore, take a good look down before planting your feet or hands. As of Aug 2021, Enez has 4G from Turkcell and Vodafone and a mobile signal from Türk Telekom. The signal is poor along the highway from Keşan. Keşan is the transport hub. You have to go that way to reach the Gulf of Saros resorts of Erikli, Mecidiye, Sazlıdere and Adilhan, though you can reach Sultaniçe direct. Head north from Keşan to Edirne, a fascinating historic city but overlooked by tourists as it's so far west. Samothrace is the mountainous island seen to the southwest. To get there you have to go north to cross into Greece at Ipsala, then down to Alexandroupoli on the coast, then take the ferry. South from Keşan is the Gallipoli peninsula, with the 1915 battle sites and memorials around Eceabat.
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Friday, March 10, 2017 United Kingdom Related articles 26 October 2021: UK pay freeze on public sector employees will end next year 17 July 2021: Floods in Europe kills over 150, hundreds reportedly missing 10 July 2021: National Health Service England waiting list at highest on record for second consecutive month 30 June 2021: 'Each makes the other more difficult to recover from': University of Sussex professor L. Alan Winters speaks to Wikinews on trade, COVID-19, Brexit 23 June 2021: Canada, EU, UK, US impose sanctions on Belarus over Ryanair hijacking Location of the United Kingdom Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article UK chancellor Philip Hammond announced his 2017 budget on Wednesday, which included a £2 billion pledge to social care and a tax hike on the self-employed. It was accused of breaking Conservative Party manifesto promises. It was announced there will be a 2% increase in national insurance contributions for the self-employed, with chancellor Philip Hammond citing worries that people were choosing to become self-employed in order to pay lower taxes and his perception of unfairness in the different rates paid by employees and self-employees. There were accusations this change in policy goes against the manifesto promises the Conservative Party ran on in 2015, which promised four times that there would be no increase in national insurance rates. Conservative MP Anna Soubry tweeted saying she believed these new measures would be unpopular as many would see them as unfair. The leader of the opposition, Jeremy Corbyn, claimed the new measures will not clamp down on people whose self-employment is just for tax benefits, instead causing problems for those legitimately self-employed, arguing that if they are to start paying similar tax rates to the employed then they should get rights such as statutory maternity pay. The think tank Resolution claimed, however, this increase is outweighed by other government policies and is, therefore, a good move. In addition to this, the chancellor announced a £2 billion pledge to social care over the next three years, saying he was aware of the stress the ageing population is having on the NHS and social care. Liberal Democrat Norman Lamb described the amount as "wholly inadequate", saying much more is needed to pay for an increase in care demands due to the ageing population. The lowest threshold at which shareholders pay dividend taxes is to be lowered from £5,000 to £2,000 claiming that the taxes for dividends provided "an extremely generous tax break for investors with substantial share portfolios". Other budget announcements include an additional £325 million for the NHS, £90 million transport spending for the North of England, £20 million to support campaigning against violence against girls and women and a slight increase in funding for the devolved governments. "Budget 2017: £2bn for social care and tax rise for self-employed" — BBC news online, March 7, 2017 Heather Stewart, Anushka Asthana and Katie Allen. "Philip Hammond breaks manifesto pledge with budget tax grab" — Guardian online, March 7, 2017 Tara Cunningham, Sam Dean and Laura Hughes. "Budget 2017: Chancellor Philip Hammond accused of breaking Tory election promise as he hikes taxes on self-employed" — Telegraph, March 7, 2017
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Chris Brummer (born 1975) is an American law professor at Georgetown University Law Center, and author of Soft Law and the Global Financial System: Rule Making in the 21st Century and Minilateralism: How Trade Alliances, Soft Law and Financial Engineering are Redefining Economic Statecraft The appeal of any agreement depends on its terms. Written testimony before European Parliament Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, March 17, 2014. Chris Brummer at Georgetown Law "Minilateralism: A New Book from Atlantic Council Expert, Chris Brummer", April 24, 2014 - http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ttipaction/minilateralism-a-new-book-from-atlantic-council-expert-chris-brummer "Populism’s Minilateral Foreign Policy", June 2, 2017 - http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/populisms-minilateral-foreign-policy_us_59318304e4b00573ab57a2ba Chris Brummer's Minilateralism official book and Minilateralism updates website Chris Brummer - Georgetown law professor, finance and trade scholar, commentator Professor Chris Brummer - finance, trade and regulatory analysis blog
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← July 15, 2006 July 17, 2006 → July 16 edit The time is 19:00 (UTC) on July 16th, 2006, and this is Audio Wikinews News Briefs. Lebanon The international nature of the crisis between Israel, Lebanon and Hezbollah was discussed in an emergency summit of the Arab League in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, and by Group of Eight leaders in St Petersburg, Russia, Sunday. Iraq The Ministry of Defence has confirmed that a British soldier has died after a mission in the northern area of Basra in Iraq. United Kingdom Lord Hattersley, the former deputy leader of the Labour party, has said Tony Blair should stand down as British Prime Minister in September. United States North Carolina Governor Mike Easley signed into law a new minimum wage for the U.S. state Thursday. The increase of $1 will raise the rate to $6.15. Easley said that the new law will make it easier for North Carolinians to deal with the rising cost of living. The new law will become effective on January 1 next year. This is the first raise to the North Carolina minimum wage in nearly nine years. A heat wave in the upper Midwest has people trying to stay cool, while the National Guard is activated by Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to fight a new wildfire in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. sports – Formula 1 Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the FIA Formula-1 French Grand Prix on the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours. Renault driver Fernando Alonso overreached his teammate Felipe Massa due to a different pit-stop strategy (2 instead of 3 for Ferrari's) and finished second. Massa was only third. edit
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The Illinois Driftless Area is a region in Northern Illinois containing the sole portions of the Driftless Zone in Illinois. Like other portions of the Driftless Zone, the Illinois Driftless Area is noted for its high hills, deep river valleys and general scenic beauty. Like many other regions in the area, its borders are somewhat fluid but generally contain all of Jo Daviees and Stephenson Counties as well as the western portions of Carroll County near the Mississippi River. 42.3178-90.22141 Elizabeth 42.291944444444-89.6302777777782 Freeport : The county seat of Stephenson County, Freeport is the largest city in the region and major industrial hub. 42.4167-90.43333 Galena : The county seat of Jo Daviees County, Galena is a major tourist area known for its historic downtown and nearby golf courses and skiing areas. It is also the hometown of former President Ulysses S. Grant. 42.095555555556-89.9769444444444 Mount Carroll : The county seat of Carroll County, Mount Carroll is notable for its historic homes and charming downtown, the entirety of which is designated as a district on the National Register of Historic Places. 42.4669-89.64615 Orangeville 42.4781-90.25066 Scales Mound 42.3503-90.00617 Stockton 42.446111111111-90.05251 Apple River Canyon State Park 42.8833-91.12 Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge 42.504166666667-90.2397222222223 Charles Mound , the highest point in Illinois The Illinois Driftless area is locally renowned for its scenic beauty (especially in Chicagoland), and this helped boost its tourist industry. As more and more people visited and vacationed there, the area grew to meet the demand. Galena is particularly tourist-driven, but even Mount Carroll has some tourist elements. It is called the Illinois Driftless Area because it is part of the driftless zone. "Driftless" refers to the geological history of the area; its ground hasn't been eroded by glaciers during Ice Ages, nor does it have rocks or other sediments transported there by moving glaciers. The region is most accessible from the following route: US 20: US 20 connects the region to Dubuque and Chicagoland and is the only route to run through both of the largest cities in the region - Freeport and Galena. IL 78: This major north-south route runs along the Mississippi and connects the region to I-88 and I-80 to the south. The Chicago-Galena Stagecoach Trail: A rural route running between Lena and Galena, this old stretch of road closely follows the original stagecoach trail that ran through the area and has some of the basic scenic views in the region.
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The Adventures of Ford Fairlane is a 1990 action comedy film about a "rock n' roll" detective who solves crimes in Los Angeles' music scene. The movie starred comedian Andrew 'Dice' Clay, as Ford Fairlane. Directed by: Renny Harlin. Written by: Joel Silver, Daniel Waters and Steve Perry Kojak. Columbo. Dirty Harry. Wimps. (taglines) Unfucking believable! So many assholes, So few bullets! Why do I wish the music industry and the whole globe would just suck my dick Tracy?! I am so terrifical I even have my own toll free number, 1800 Perfect Don't we do nuclear testing there? [spots koala bear on Jazz's] What are you two, Neil and Bob or is that like what you do? Have a Twinkie, Snapperhead. (Notices his strat) Hey Zuzu. I found my guitar, I found my guitar. (Brings it closer and notices its scratched) It's all scratched up, it's all scratched up. Jazz: Maybe I should be thankful that was a foodless kiss Neil: You couldn't even find a handle on a coffee cup. Melodi: You're that guy, the private eye. Ford: You're a poet and you didn't know it. Melodi: You heard Bobby Black od'd right? Ford: Yeah, so? Melodi: Do you suspect foul play and stuff? Ford: I'll let you know when someone pays me to give a shit and stuff! Tourist: Can you tell us how to get to Mann's Chinese Theater? Ford: Ah, go back to Michigan, asswipe! Tourist: Oh no, we're from Wisconsin. Ford: Yeah, and I'm from my dads penis. Get lost! Kid: When are you gonna let me work with you? Why you always fucking with me? Ford: Excuse me! You say the F word again, I'll bang you right the fuck out, you understand me? Now get the fuck outta here. Kid: I got something serious to discuss. Ford: Yeah, what is it? Premature ejaculation? Kid: You know, Ford, sometimes you can be a real dick. Ford: "Dick", "fuck". What kind of kid are you? Ford: Scalping at a funeral. You're a pretty sleazy guy. Scalper: Thanks, you interested? It's festival seating so you get a good, uh- Ford: How much? Scalper: 300. Ford: 300? You charged the chicks one. Scalper: Hey, they blew me. Ford: 300 coming up! Ford: Hey, who killed Bobby Black? Who killed Johnny Crunch? Who's Art Mooney? Talk to me. Zu Zu Petals: I don't now. Ford: Talk to me! Zu Zu Petals: I--I'm so scared! [gets on her knees] Help me! Ford: Hey, baby, a simple thank you would suffice. Zu Zu Petals: Fuck you! Zu Zu Petals: AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!! Smiley: AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!! Ford: MY HAIR!!! MY HAIR!!! Kojak. Columbo. Dirty Harry. Wimps. He's on the money, off the record, and over the top. Meet Ford Fairlane. To his clients, he's the world's greatest rock n roll detective. To everyone else, he's just a dick. Ford Fairlane, rock 'n roll detective. To clients he's the greatest. To everyone else, he's just a dick. Private Detective. Public Offender. Andrew Dice Clay- Ford Fairlane Wayne Newton - Julian Grendel Priscilla Presley - Colleen Sutton Lauren Holly - Jazz Gilbert Gottfried - Johnny Crunch Maddie Corman - Zuzu Petals David Patrick Kelly - Sam the Sleaze Bag Brandon Call - The Kid Robert Englund - Smiley Ed O'Neil - Lt. Amos Vince Neil-Bobby Black Morris Day - Don Cleveland Sheila E. - Club singer Lala Sloatman - Sorority Girl (credited as Lala) Kari Wuhrer - Melodi Linda Atkinson - Nona' William Shockley - Punk Gunslinger Mark Zuelke - Punk Gunslinger Wikipedia has an article about: The Adventures of Ford Fairlane The Adventures of Ford Fairlane quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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Skåneleden is a 1000 km (600-odd miles) hiking trail that goes around all of Skåne. The trail runs from the west to east and from north to south and passes through a highly diversified landscape such as rocky coastlines, undulating ridges, deep forests and white sandy beaches. The trail is included in the 6,000-km-long North Sea Trail, which passes through Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The trail is 1250 km long, and divided into five separate trails, with a total of 107 sections. The trail can easily be recognized by the orange trail marks along the footpath. Parts of the trail are accessible by wheelchair. The trail is divided into several sub-trails: Kust till kust (coast to coast trail) Ås till Ås (ridge to ridge trail) Nord till syd(north to south trail) Österlensleden (Österlen trail) Öresundsleden (Öresund trail) Vattenriket (being constructed) Along the trail, there are about 90 permanent shelters at camp sites. The Coast-Coast trail, totalling 370 km, is divided into two main sections: Part 1 of the Coast-to-Coast trail begins at the Yndre rest stop in Sölvesborg. The last stage ends at the campsite at Hårsjön lake. Part 2 of the Coast-coast trail begins at the campsite at Hårsjön lake. The final stage ends at Örlid. Starts in Åstorp on Söderåsen and goes to Agusa on Linderödsåsen, totalling 162 km. Passes through Söderåsens nationalpark. This section can also be used as a separate weekend hike. Fantastic trip that goes through one of Skåne's most beautiful national parks called Söderåsen ( known as Skåne's Grand Canyon ). A lengthy hike but not too hard if you are fit. About 45 km. Day one: Take the bus to Röstånga on Friday afternoon, hike to Liagården and camp there. 6 km Day two: Hike from Liagården to Krika skog ( Krika forest ) and camp there. 17 km Day three: From Kirka skog hike to Åstorp and take the train back. 23 km Trains leave to Malmö/Lund/Helsingborg every hour. Change trains in Helsingborg or Ramlösa if you are going to Malmö/Lund. The North-South trail, totalling 325 km, is divided into two main sections. Part 1 of the North-South trail begins at the campsite in Hårsjö. The last stage ends at the campsite in the Rövarekulan nature reserve. Part 2 of the North-South trail begins at the campsite in Rövarekulan. The final stage ends at S:t Knutstorg square in Ystad, where you also find the town's tourist information office (but according to Wikipedia it goes to Trelleborg). The route passes Dalby Söderskog, a small national park, oldest in Skåne. The Osterlen trail begins in Ystad, totalling 188 km. The last stage finishes at Snogeholm, a few hundred meters from Raftarp farm. In the northern part it passes through the hills of Brösarp. The route passes through Stenshuvuds nationalpark. The route goes from Utvällinge in the north to Malmö in the south (172 km). There is also a part not contiguous to the rest from Foteviken to Falsterbokanalen. Vattenriket is planned to be ca 150 km long, and to be inaugurated in 2023. The route goes from Bökstad through Vattenriket in Kristianstad to Drakamöllan. The first four sections, Norra Lingenäset to Nyehusen, were to be finished 2020. There are some 100 lean-to shelters along the route, as well as many hotels and hostels. 56.310248212.75793751 Vejby Strand Hotel, Sandlyckevägen (where Skåneleden enters Vejbystrand), ☏ +46703403164, [email protected]. Small family-run hotel on the beach.
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Out of the Frying-Pan Into the Fire is the sixth chapter of Guide to The Lord of the Rings/J.R.R Tolkien's Guide to The Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit. After escaping the Goblins, Bilbo finds Gandalf and the Dwarves and they continue their journey. Eventually, they are attacked by Wargs and forced to climb trees. When Bilbo emerges, he discovers he is on the other side of the Misty Mountains. He decides to go back and look for his friends. Still invisible, he hears Gandalf and the Dwarves arguing; Gandalf is saying they must go back and rescue Bilbo. Bilbo slips into their midst and takes off the ring so they see him. He tells his tale and gains their respect, but he does not reveal the existence of the ring. They set off almost immediately, because the Goblins will soon be after them. They have nothing to eat, and Bilbo is hungry. Later, the Company slides down a stony slope, making more headway on their journey. Night falls and they hear wild wolves, the Wargs, howling. The Dwarves and Bilbo (helped by Dori), climb trees to hide from them; Gandalf, who understands Warg language, listens to the wolves talking about their plans to join the Goblins in a raid on a nearby village. He sets the wolves on fire with burning pinecones that he throws down from his tree, chasing them away. The Lord of the Eagles hears the noise and brings other eagles with him to investigate. In the meantime, the Wargs have joined the Goblins, setting fire to the forest as they run through it. The Goblins build up the fire around the trees where Gandalf, Bilbo and the Dwarves are hidden in an attempt to smoke them out. As Gandalf's tree goes up in flames and he prepares to jump to his death, the Lord of the Eagles swoops down and carries him away. The other eagles seize the Dwarves and Bilbo and carry them to their eyrie. The eagles cannot fly them too far on their journey because men will shoot at them, but they give the Company a place to rest for the night and bring back animals for the Dwarves to roast and eat the following morning. In this chapter, Bilbo demonstrates master in the use of the ring and its strategic power. He exercises discretion in not revealing its existence to the dwarves, well, not yet. The dwarves slowly respect him more after this tale. Despite his evolution into something better, Bilbo still is enough of a hobbit to notice his hunger. The Wargs are wolf like creatures who live up to their stereotypical characteristics. The eagles, as flying creatures, have the power to transcend the danger of earth, although they are not immune to the dangers posed by men larch a deciduous tree of the pine family. porter a person who carries burdens or baggage. glade an open space surrounded by woods. bracken a large, coarse fern. smote hit (past tense of smite, to hit). eyrie a bird's nest on a cliff or mountaintop. Bilbo Baggins Thorin Oakenshield Gandalf Dori Lord of the Eagles Great Goblin Fíli and Kíli Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Dwalin Balin Elrond (Mentioned only) Goblin-gate Eagle's Eyrie
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Input: N - wavetable size. It's recomanded to be a power of 2. This is, usually, a big number (like 262144) samplerate - the samplerate (e.g. 44100) f - frequency of the fundamental note (e.g. 440) bw - bandwidth of first harmonic in cents (e.g. 50 cents) must be greater than zero number_harmonics - the number of harmonics. Of course, number_harmonics<(samplerate/f) A[1..number_harmonics] - amplitude of the harmonics Output smp[0..N-1]- the generated wavetable Internal variables freq_amp[0..N/2-1] = {0,0,0,0,...,0} freq_phase[0..N/2-1] etc... Functions RND() returns a random value between 0 and 1 IFFT() is the inverse fourier transform normalize_sample() normalizes samples profile(fi,bwi){ x=fi/bwi; return exp(-x*x)/bwi; }; Steps FOR nh = 1 to number_harmonics bw_Hz=(pow(2,bw/1200)-1.0)*f*nh; bwi=bw_Hz/(2.0*samplerate); fi=f*nh/samplerate; FOR i=0 to N/2-1 hprofile=profile((i/N)-fi,bwi); freq_amp[i]=freq_amp[i]+hprofile*A[nh]; ENDFOR ENDFOR FOR i=0 to N/2-1 freq_phase[i]=RND()*2*PI; ENDFOR smp=IFFT(N,freq_amp,freq_phase); normalize_sample(N,smp); OUTPUT smp The differences between the extended algorithm and the basic algorithm are minor: There is an additional parameter: bwscale: that specify how much the bandwidth of the harmonic increase according to its frequency. Also, there is defined a function called relF(N) who returns the relative frequency of the N'th overtone. It allows to generate detuned harmonics or even metallic sounds (like bells). The difference between the basic algorithm is at the computation of bw_Hz and fi: bw_Hz=(pow(2.0,bw/1200.0)-1.0)*f*pow(relF(nh),bwscale); fi=f*relF(nh)/samplerate; If the relF(N) function returns N and the bwscale is equal to 1, this algorithm will be equivalent to the basic algorithm. Graphs of the (basic algorithm) freq_amp array for N=262144, f=500 Hz, bw=100 cents, samplerate=44.1 kHz, and A[] where A[n]=1.0/sqrt(n)
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Hydroboration/oxidation is a two-step reaction that converts alkenes into alcohols with anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry. First, borane, BH3 is allowed to react with the alkene. The boron atom will generally react with the less substituted carbon, and it will also donate a proton to the other carbon across the double bond. If there is an excess of the alkene, a trialkylborane will be formed. That is, one molecule of borane can react with up to three molecules of the alkane if necessary. Tetrahydrofuran, a cyclic ether, is usually used as a solvent for this first step in the reaction because it can form a complex with the borane that gives the boron atom a complete octet (boron only has 6 valence electrons when it is in pure borane, which makes it highly unstable.) Now, we have a trialkylborane, which may be fine if that is what one is trying to synthesize, but most chemists are more interested in converting this borane intermediate into 3 alcohol molecules. The way this is done is to react the trialkylborane with hydrogen peroxide in a basic, aqueous solution. This causes the borane intermediate to be converted into three molecules of an alcohol. B(OH)3 is also produced, but is probably ignored by most chemists.
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In adults, type II diabetes mellitus (t2d) accounts for 90-95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Of these individuals, 80-90% of them are considered overweight/obese. Type II diabetes is and will continue to be a major health care burden, by the year 2030 the number of people who have this disease is estimated to more than double in compared to the 2000 statistics where there were 171 million reported cases in America. Right now this disease effects 346 million people world wide. The initial/early characteristic of this disease is an onset of insulin resistance in body cells. T2d is known as a progressive disorder of glucose metabolism, therefore indicating that the individual may have a decreased β-cell function which would cause less insulin secretion. Insulin resistance, genetic predisposition, obesity and physical inactivity. Dysfunction in skeletal muscle and bone. Genes can increase the likelihood of excessive weight gain when an individual has 1st degree family history of t2d. Environmental factors and weight gain. High levels of sedentary behavior are associated with increased risk of having t2d. Inability to control metabolic pathways and blood glucose levels. Increased chances of getting coronary heart disease. Low cardiovascular fitness found in patients with t2d increases their risk of developing a cardiovascular disease. Bone quality is reduced thanks to a decrease in osteoblast cell growth, bone fractures are higher in individuals with t2d then those who have osteoperosis. Follow the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines. Engage in some form of general exercise is recommended via American Diabetes Association, American College of Sports Medicine, and American Heart Association. Physical activity increases glucose transport and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Ensure that all individuals complete a prescreening evaluation before they undergo any testing/physical exercise. American Diabetes Association recommendations for treatment and prevention American Heart Association general information American College of Sports Medicine exercise and t2d Videos: Combination of RT and AE benefits, Aerobic and Anaerobic blood glucose and diabetes and Type II Diabetes no case is the same Wood, R.J., et al. (2012). ‘Resistance training in type II diabetes mellitus impact on areas of metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle and potential impact on bone’. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, pp. 1 - 13. doi:10.115/2012/268197 Jenkins, A. B., et al. (2013). ‘Segregation of a latent high adiposity phenotype in families with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus implicates rare obesity susceptibility genetic variants with large effects in diabetes-related obesity’. PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, pp. 1 - 9. Kadic, D., et al. (2013). ‘Function of β-cells and insulin resistance in long-standing type II diabetes mellitus’. Script Medica, Vol. 44, 79 - 82. Lakerveld, J., et al.(2013). ‘The effects of a lifestyle on leisure-time sedentary behaviors in adults at risk: The Hoorn Prevention Study, a randomized controlled trial’. Preventative Medicine. Vol. 57, pp. 351 - 356. Kiyatno. (2010). ‘Interval exercise with 1:1 work/rest ratio decreases the risk factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease’. Folica Medica Indonesiana, Vol. 46, pp. 229-232. Johannsen, N. M., et al. (2013). ‘Categorical analysis of the impact of aerobic and resistance exercise training alone and in combination, on cardiorespiratory fitness levels in patients with type 2 diabetes’. Diabetes Care, Vol. 36, pp. 3305-3312. Belli, T., et al. (2011).’Effects of 12-week overground walking training at ventilatory threshold velocity in type 2 diabetic women’. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Vol. 93, pp. 337 - 343. Brassard, P., et al.(2007). ‘Aerobic exercise training reverses diastolic dysfunction in uncomplicated well-controlled type 2 diabetics’. Diabetes. Vol. 56. Kafkas, M. E., et al. (2013).‘The effect of aerobic and anaerobic swimming exercises on mda, sod and gsh levels of elite swimmers’. Health Med, Vol. 7, pp. 2459 - 2565. Belli, T., et al. (2007).‘Lactate and ventilatory thresholds in type 2 diabetic women’. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Vol. 76, pp. 18 - 23. Radak, Z., et al. (2008).‘Systematic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise’. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 44, pp. 153 - 159.
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Sunday, May 29, 2005 Brazil — Denunciations of political corruption threaten the Brazilian government. The most recent case involves a deputy of the political party PTB (who supports the government of the Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) in a scandal of the services of post office. Lula's government representatives said that they will investigate all the denunciations and affirmed that the government is a victim of political enemies. File:Marinho correios escandalo.jpg File:Roberto Jefferson.jpeg Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ) is accused of directing a corrupt scheme that involves the Brazilian postal service. The case began after Veja, a magazine, made known a 110 minute video tape recording which shows former Post Office Chief Maurício Marinho during a supposed bribe negotiation with a businessman. In the tape, Marinho receives and puts in his pocket R$3,000 (about 1,259 USD) in cash. He insinuates that the scheme is commanded by deputy Roberto Jefferson. The recording was aired by the major Brazilian television stations. A group of deputies mobilized to create a special investigation congress commission in order to investigate the denunciations. The Brazilian government tried to prevent the creation of the Congress' special commission convincing some deputies not to endorse the Congress investigations commission creation, however it failed. Now the government is trying to control how the special commissions works. File:Waldomiro Diniz.jpg Waldomiro Diniz, former adviser to the government of President Lula, is accused of negotiating with "bicheiros" (illegal gambling enterprises), traffic of influences and extortions of money for Workers' Party (PT) electoral campaigns. The case was known in 2004 after a businessman revealed a tape exposing Diniz. The Brazilian magazine Epoca published a history on the case in February, 2004. The recorded audio tape by the businessman Carlos Augusto Ramos, known as Carlinhos Cachoeira, shows him supposedly being extorted by Waldomiro Diniz. The tape's authenticity has been verified by experts and it was aired by the major Brazilian television stations. Waldomiro was an adviser of the Ministry of Civilian Household, directed by the Minister José Dirceu, and president of Loterj (which administers the lotteries of the state of the Rio de Janeiro) from February, 2001 until December, 2002. The ophthalmologist João Francisco Daniel, brother of the murdered Mayor Celso Daniel (PT) from Santo André, metropolitan area of São Paulo, said that the crime had political reasons. According to him, some mayor's advisers were receiving bribes from businessman. The bribes were allegedly used to collect founds for the Worker's Party and for self-enrichment. The Mayor Celso Daniel has been murdered in 2002 and until now the case has not been totally solved. At least six witnesses died in suspicious situations. The Social Security Minister Romero Jucá has been accused of having offered seven non-existent farms as guarantee for a financing from the Banco of Amazonia, among other denunciations of misuse of public loans. The minister attributes the accusations to political adversaries. Raymond Colitt. "Brazil launches corruption inquiry" — Financial Times, May 27, 2005 "Brazil: Lula `calm` regarding scandal" — United Press International, May 27, 2005 Katia Cortes. "Brazil Opposition-Led Corruption Probe May Erode Lula's Support" — Bloomberg, May 25, 2005 "Ex-President Slams Lula Over Scandal" — United Press International, May 25, 2005 Andrew Hay. "UPDATE 2-Brazil Congress opens govt corruption probe" — Reuters, May 25, 2005 "Brazil: PTB stays in gov't despite scandal" — United Press International, May 25, 2005 "Brazil Opponents Say Gov't Should Confess" — United Press International, May 23, 2005 "Brazil: Lula allies back corruption probe" — United Press International, May 19, 2005 "Brazil looks into postal service bribery" — Associated Press, May 19, 2005 "Brazil: Opposition wants federal inquiry" — United Press International, May 18, 2005 "Brazil: Party denounces corruption talk" — United Press International, May 16, 2005 "Brazil real fluctuating on domestic uncertainty" — O Estado de São Paulo, May 13, 2005 "Brazil corruption charges urged" — BBC, December 15, 2004 "Lula's Cabinet Dogged By Corruption Allegations" — Global Exchange, August 9, 2004 Carmen Gentile. "Brazil's Lula dealt double disappointment" — United Press International, May 6, 2004 "Suplicy suggests that Dirceu appear before Congress to explain Diniz case" — Radiobras, March 5, 2004 "Minister of Justice says Diniz case will be thoroughly investigated" — Radiobras, February 17, 2004 "A party-finance scandal in Brazil" — The Economist, February 19, 2004 "Brazil reeling in wake of `Waldomiro Affair'" — Reuters, Taipei Times, February 18, 2004 "Brazil's leader in bribe trouble" — New York Times,Taipei Times, February 17, 2004 Larry Rohter. "'Bribe' videotape creates potential crisis for Brazilian president" — New York Times, February 17, 2004 Steve Kingstone. "Brazil's president sacks adviser" — BBC, February 14, 2004 "Corruption scandal in Lula ́s government" — Brazil Travel, February 13, 2004 "Governo é derrotado e CPI é aprovada" — O Estado de São Paulo, 26 de Maio de 2005 Marcela Rebelo. ""Não sabia que estava sendo gravado, diz ex-funcionário dos Correios" — Radiobras, 25 de Maio de 2005 "Após buscas, PF deve indiciar acusados de corrupção nos Correios" — Folha de São Paulo, 25 de Maio de 2005 "Entenda a denúncia de corrupção nos Correios" — O Estado de São Paulo, 25 de Maio de 2005 "STF aceita abertura de inquérito e Jucá será investigado pela PF" — Folha de São Paulo, 23 de Maio de 2005 "Rebelo defende cargos de Meirelles e Jucá" — Terra, 13 de Maio de 2005 "Fonteles pede abertura de inquérito contra Jucá" — O Estado de São Paulo, 12 de Maio de 2005 "Gushiken sai em defesa de Romero Jucá" — Folha de São Paulo, 25 de Abril de 2005 Ana Paula Ribeiro. "Apesar das acusações, Jucá diz dormir "tranqüilo"" — Folha de São Paulo, 20 de Abril de 2005 Ana Paula Ribeiro. "Jucá diz que não existem acusações contra ele" — Folha de São Paulo, 19 de Abril de 2005 "Lula critica insinuações contra Jucá" — Jornal do Brasil, 19 de Abril de 2005 "Ministro Romero Jucá apóia CFJ" — FENAJ, 28 de Março de 2005 "MP entra com ação contra Waldomiro Diniz" — Primeira Leitura, 13 de Janeiro de 2005 "Entenda o caso Waldomiro Diniz" — Folha de São Paulo, 22 de Fevereiro de 2004 "Morte de Celso Daniel completa 2 anos sem solução" — Terra, 20 de Janeiro de 2004 Andrei Meireles E Gustavo Krieger. "Bicho na campanha" — Época, 16 de Fevereiro de 2004 "Bingo scandal sees markets gyrate" — BBC, 20 de Fevereiro de 2004 "A pedido de promotoria, polícia vai reabrir caso Celso Daniel" — Folha de São Paulo, 5 de Agosto de 2002 "Propina à mão armada" — Época, 24 de Junho de 2002 "Irmão de Celso Daniel mantém acusações ao PT" — Folha de São Paulo, June 24, 2002 "Na rádio, Lula defende governo no caso Waldomiro" — Folha de São Paulo, February 23, 2002
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The web portal of the Federal Air Transport Agency (Rosaviation) provides users with information about its activities in the following main sections: About Rosaviation; Documents; Activity; Appeals of citizens; News; Aircraft Certification. The Federal Air Transport Agency provides users 30 different state offline services, as well as the opportunity to submit an online application for one of 7 additional services through Unified portal "State services": State registration of civil aerodromes and heliports (an individual or legal entity may electronically send an application for obtaining the state service via Unified portal "State services"). Issuance of permits for one-time flights of aircraft, if such permits are due to special conditions of operation of the aircraft and are necessary to ensure flight safety (an individual or legal entity can electronically send an application for obtaining a public service via Unified portal "State services"). Licensing of activities for the transport of goods by air (the application for a public service can send a legal entity in electronic form via Unified portal "State services"). Licensing of passenger transportation by air (unless this activity is carried out to meet the own needs of a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur). An individual entrepreneur or a legal entity can send an application for obtaining a state service in electronic form via Unified portal "State services"). Accreditation of legal entities for assessing the vulnerability of transport infrastructure facilities and air transport vehicles (an application for a public service can be sent electronically through Unified portal "State services"). Issuance of permits for construction of airport facilities and other aviation infrastructure facilities (including facilities of a unified air traffic management system), which are capital construction facilities (a legal entity can electronically send an application via Unified portal "State services"). Issuance of permits for commissioning of airport facilities and other aviation infrastructure facilities (including facilities of the unified air traffic management system), which are capital construction facilities (an individual or legal entity can electronically send an application for receiving the state service via Unified portal "State services"). The Rosaviation public data (Federal Air Transport Agency) has 36 sets of open data: List of subordinate organizations; Inter regional territorial air transport administrations of the Federal Air Transport Agency; Plan for scheduled inspections of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs for the next year; List of public services; Information on the vacant positions of the state civil service, available in the territorial bodies of the Federal Air Transport Agency; Information on vacant civil service positions held in the central office of the Federal Air Transport Agency; Register of operating licenses for air transport of passengers (PP series) and cargo (GHG series); Register of accredited organizations for assessing the vulnerability of transport infrastructure facilities and vehicles; Statistical indicators for passenger transportation by Russian civil aviation (regular and non-scheduled transportation); Statistical indicators for the transport of goods and mail by Russian civil aviation (regular and non-scheduled transport); Statistical indicators for passenger turnover of Russian civil aviation (regular and non-scheduled transportation); Statistical indicators on ton per kilometer civil aviation in Russia (regular and non-scheduled transportation); Statistical indicators on the civil aviation turnover of Russia (regular and non-scheduled transport); Statistical indicators on the percentage of employment of passenger seats in Russian civil aviation (regular and non-scheduled transportation); Statistical indicators on the percentage of commercial loading of Russian civil aviation (regular and non-scheduled transportation); Register of certificates for aviation security of airports and airlines; Register of certificates on aviation security of legal entities that protect airports and their infrastructure; State Register of Civil Aerodromes and Heliports of the Russian Federation; Information about restricted flight zones; Assessment of the vulnerability of transport infrastructure and air transport facilities; Valid certificates of airworthiness of aircraft; Register of legal entities performing medical examination of aviation civil aviation personnel; List of airlines with a valid operator's certificate for commercial air transportation; Register of certified medical units; List of Russian aviation training centers; List of representative offices in respect of which Rosaviation adopted a decision on accreditation in the territory of the Russian Federation; Statistical indicators for the aircraft-kilometers of Russian civil aviation (regular and non-scheduled transport); Statistical indicators on the number of civil aircrafts in Russia (regular and non-scheduled transport); Statistical indicators for servicing Russian civil aviation passengers (regular and non-scheduled transportation); Register of appraisers; State Register of Civil Aircraft of the Russian Federation; List of certificates issued to legal entities that carry out activities to ensure aviation security; Register of valid certificates of conformity (annexes to conformity certificates) issued to legal entities that perform air navigation services for flights of users of airspace; List of organizations for maintenance of aircraft; Information on delays in regular and charter flights; Register of forces to ensure transport security.
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Questions to Explore How did the Toltecs influence later Mesoamerican cultures such as the Aztec? Why do we know so little about the Toltec civilization? Key Terms Toltec Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Key People Chalchiuh Tlatonac Mixcoatl Totepeuh Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl Huemac Key Places Tula (Tolán) Vocabulary Building ? The Toltecs (or Toltec or Tolteca) were a PreColumbian Native American people who dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th century AD. Their language, Nahuatl, was also spoken by the Aztecs. Origins The Toltecs originated as a militaristic nomadic people, and they or their ancestors may have sacked the city of Teotihuacan (ca. 750). After they established a more settled existence, the Toltec fused the many small states in Central Mexico into an empire ruled from their capital, Tula (also known as Tolán). They were accomplished temple builders. Their influence spread through much of Mesoamerica in the post-Classic era. The Toltec influence on the Maya of Yucatán is heavy, especially evident at the city of Chichen Itza. Their pottery has been found as far south as Costa Rica. Religous Beliefs Some writers have alleged that the Toltecs introduced the cult of Quetzalcoatl, the plumed serpent. This is certainly not so, as this deity was commonly depicted throughout Mesoamerica for centuries earlier, going back to Olmec times. In Toltec (and later Aztec) mythology Quetzalcoatl was a rival of Tezcatlipoca, the first god who is known to have demanded human hearts as sacrifice. Thus the Toltecs seem to have introduced the habit of mass human sacrifice as later practiced by the Aztecs. Legend and Archiology The Toltec empire is believed to have been destroyed around 1200 CE by the nomadic warriors of the Chichimecs. The ruling family of the Aztecs claimed to descend from Toltec ancestry via the sacred city of Colhuacán. In his writings Miguel León Portilla explains that in Nauha legend, the Toltec were the originators of all civilization, so Toltec was synonymous with artist, or artisan, and their city "Tollan" was described as full of wonders. When the Aztecs rewrote their history, they tried to show they were related to the Toltecs. Unfortunately this means that much of the tradition of the Toltecs is legend, and difficult to prove. Stories say that after the fall of Tula some of the Toltec retreated to Cholula, which did not fall until centuries later when it was burned by Hern�n Cort�s and the Spanish conquistadores. We know very little of the Toltec rulers. They were believed to by god-like, and depending on which account of Toltec history you read, they are portrayed as more god-like or more human. In keeping with this theme, many took the names of their patron dieties and the stories of their lives mirror the lives of their namesakes. Some of the Toltec rulers are said to have included: Chalchiuh Tlatonac – first Toltec king, founder of Tula Mixcoatl or Mixcoatl Totepeuh Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, son of Mixcoatl, the most famous Toltec ruler Huemac – the last Toltec king, died in exile c. 1100 (? ), some 6 years after the fall of Tula Tula In 1941, the Sociedad Mexicana de Antropolog�a confirmed that Tula was the capital of the Toltec, as had long been tradition and suggested by archeologists since the 19th century. Some scholars, including [[Laurette S�journ�]], regret the decision, claiming that several seasons of excavation only revealed a minor city, not enough to justify the legend of the Toltecs. The site of Tula actually shows it to have been a large city in its prime, although the ceremonial art and architecture visible there today is less impressive than that at other Mesoamerican sites. It should be understood, however, that some chronicles from the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores and later confuse the Toltec with other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations and sometimes tend to attribute all achievements of the centuries before the rise of the Aztec to the Toltec. Toltec Influence on Modern Culture During the late twentieth century, some Mexican shamans, including Don Miguel Ruiz, who claim to be descendants of the Toltec and inheritors of their spiritual powers, began writing and teaching for a worldwide audience, causing a renewed interest in the Toltec. Another such author is Victor Sanchez who was inspired by the writings of Carlos Castaneda. Refer back to the questions from Preparing to Explore. After reading about the Toltecs, how would you answer differently? Timeline of PreColumbian Mesoamerica from Wikipedia Builders of the Ancient World, Library of Congress Record http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&SEQ=20051116172636&Search%5FArg=builders%20of%20the%20ancient%20world&Search%5FCode=TALL&CNT=25&PID=10308&SID=1
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Thursday, May 27, 2010 United States Related articles 15 November 2021: Former Japanese princess Mako Komuro moves to New York with commoner husband 14 November 2021: Grand jury indicts former White House advisor Steve Bannon for contempt of Congress 4 November 2021: Write-in candidate leads in Buffalo, New York mayor election 29 October 2021: Northern Marianas governor closes schools for ten days after three COVID-19 cases detected 27 October 2021: US, South Korean special envoys explore reopening talks with North Korea at Seoul meeting Location of United States Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Lawyers for former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich claim that the judge in his corruption trial inappropriately dismissed hundreds of potential jurors without consulting any of the parties in the case. As the trial is likely to last for several months, US District Judge James Zagel had stated in a previous hearing that he would conduct a "hardship screening" process and dismiss those jurors he feels would be burdened by this duty. The defense team, however, argues that it must be involved in such changes to the jury pool and claims that over 300 people may have been dismissed in this "unilateral" move. The lawyers are expected to request a redo of the selection process during a status hearing before Zagel on Thursday. The trial is scheduled to begin on June 3. Blagojevich's lawyers have already filed a request with the US Supreme Court to delay the trial on different, constitutional grounds. Justice John Paul Stevens has given prosecutors until Friday to respond to that motion. "Former Illinois governor Blagojevich asks US Supreme Court to delay corruption trial, prosecutors to respond by Friday" — Wikinews, May 22, 2010 "Former governor of Illinois indicted on corruption charges" — Wikinews, April 3, 2009 "Governor of Illinois arrested on suspicion of corruption" — Wikinews, December 9, 2008 "Blagojevich Lawyers: Start Over on Jury" — My Fox Chicago, May 26, 2010 "Blagojevich's lawyer say judge has mishandled jury selection" — Chicago Tribune, May 26, 2010
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In his book from 1999, Walter Feinberg examines the promotion of both cultural and national identities as parts of the curriculum in “common” schools – which is considered as an important goal of education in the United States. The wider purpose of the book is, according to the author, “to develop a justification for public education that is responsive to changing moral understandings about individual rights and community benefits” (p. 1), which in its turn should lead to the renewal of public education as a progressive force in American society. As an educational philosopher, Feinberg’s aspirations are grand and admirable. In my opinion, he succeeds relatively well in putting forward his argument in Common schools, uncommon identities, but how his philosophic theses are put in practice is hard to say. In the beginning of the book, Feinberg states clearly that his point of departure is the American society with its commitment to liberal democratic principles and to providing conditions that enable different cultural groups to flourish, commitments that have not been entirely successful in the American educational arena (p. 2). Feinberg has chosen to use the term “common” school to underline the public schools’ role in creating national identity and shared loyalty, vis-à-vis the term “uncommon identities” to illustrate the current situation in the schools with their task of multicultural education. The question that intrigues both the author and the reader is how children from different cultural backgrounds should be treated by the public schools and what kind of identity work is appropriate for public education. Feinberg also defines other key terms such as culture, nation, state, pluralism and multiculturalism. Especially the two latter ones are discussed in depth in the book. Pluralism, in this context, is explained as a view that people with different cultural backgrounds should be allowed to pursue their own meanings and traditions in their homes and their communities, while the public school’s role is to actively strive to unify all children under nationalism (p.6). The development of a distinct cultural identity belongs to tasks of the homes and communities, whereas the school environment, ideally, should provide the children with “culture-neutral” knowledge (which I will return to later). The society is seen as not having any special obligation to maintain or support cultural structures. Thus, pluralism supports the idea of two different spheres of identity formation; the cultural and the public. (p.20) Feinberg connects pluralism with the idea of assimilationism, that of believing that the role of public education is to erase past national and cultural identities and infuse the students to a common (American) one. Multiculturalism, in turn, is defined as active recognition of cultural membership as the children in the school are being addressed in terms of their cultural identities (p. 7). Multiculturalism as an idea challenges the pluralist/separatist radical separation between the public and the private “culturalities” and aims at using the school as an arena for establishing respect of cultural variation and for promoting pride in one’s own cultural heritage (p.21). For a multiculturalist, public is cultural and vice versa, cultural identities are encouraged to flourish (in comparison to “only” allowed as within pluralism) and affiliation and cultural recognition serve as important parts of the ideal. Apart from pluralism and multiculturalism, Feinberg discusses what he calls “principled reasons” for public education. Principled reasons are determined as “general ideas used to advance public education as an individual and common good” (p.7) and they can be considered as universals, applying to everyone regardless of social class, race, sex and religion. As such they are closely tied to the ruling liberal political philosophy and that is, according to Feinberg, what differentiates them from nonpublic schools. Principled reasons can also be seen as ideals to which people appeal to justify and steer public education in general, this for many reasons, not the least because public schools’ tasks include advancing societal development, socializing children into the society and reproducing the society’s basic values across generations. This is of course done under the premise that the citizens allow their tax money to be used for schools’ purposes and that parents give up some of their authority on their children. The three principled reasons, serving the above mentioned facts, are the following: 1) Equal opportunity – a vocational goal, intended to assure that individuals are rewarded according to their merit. 2) Freedom of association – a social and political ideal that holds the individuals’ rights to bond with other people, groups and interests as long as they don’t hinder the right of others to do the same. 3) Individual growth – a personal goal that includes giving children a right to select their own conception of good and to develop themselves in any chosen direction. (pp. 9-10) Choice-making or the teaching of it is something Feinberg discusses in depth from the schools’ point of view. He opposes himself to the popular argument of schools teaching children how to choose, not what to choose and claims that those in favor of multicultural education are doing more than just giving children a helping hand in understanding how to choose and what good is all about. This is an argument Feinberg develops throughout the chapters examined here, considering the important questions of how to teach values to children and which values one should teach. He is careful about pointing out that the statements he makes and the ideas he puts forward need not be valid for general politics, but have more of an educational perspective. In chapter 3 Feinberg discusses “strong culturalism”, meaning the belief that there are collective experiences that can only be authentically understood from the inside and that any other attempts to describe them are doomed to fail and distort the group’s experience. This distortion is connected with Bourdieu’s idea of symbolic violence towards the group. Feinberg also examines other authors’ texts, in which, according to him, the tone is “highly suspicious of any claim that public education can enable children from cultural communities to flourish” (p. 63). In the text, he first presents the ideas and then puts forward critical arguments against both strong culturalism and communitarianism. The strong culturalist view includes the belief that it is culture that provides the conditions for learning and makes learning possible and that there is something special about the relations between child, culture and knowledge. Being able to display cultural competence is also considered an important element in strong culturalism. Chapter 3 discusses in part also the meaning of learning-through-culture. In the strong culturalist view, Feinberg claims, the idea that learning occurs within and through our culture is highlighted. This means a belief that our understanding of the world is build up through the conceptual and emotional frames that are both products and elements of culture, that culture determines the elements of development that are counted as learning, that our perception of the world is dependent on instruments such as languages, norms, and symbols, and that using these different instruments creates differently apprehended worlds. The strong culturalists’ biggest reservation about the role of common school is thus presented as that the standards we use to evaluate the cultures of others are coloured by our own culture, or, that the schools’ usage of symbolic violence is inevitable. After having presented the strong culturalist view through examples and discussions, Feinberg then moves on to his arguments presenting the problems with this view. Among the problems the claim of the unavoidability of symbolic violence is being highlighted, followed by the claim that cultures are impenetrable and that translation between them is impossible and the way in which the strong culturalists’ conception of culture can be abused to further cultural neglect. Cultural neglect is something Feinberg discusses in depth, placing it on a continuum with symbolic violence, but at the other end of it. As far as I understand it, cultural neglect is defined as failing to provide individuals with the tools that are needed for surviving culturally in the society, both one’s “own” and the public. It is not active violence or misuse of power, but nevertheless, as effective in its passiveness. Both these and other arguments lead Feinberg to the conclusion that the strong culturalist view is incorrect. Chapter 9 has the title Common schools and the public formation. In my interpretation, the chapter is very much about citizenship education, even though the label itself is hardly mentioned in the text. Feinberg discusses the difficulties in making choices of what to include and teach as public and common knowledge and which components are involved in the education of a public. According to him, identification with the national experience and a will to actively engage in the national life are demanded for public education to succeed. He also points out that being or becoming a true member of a certain public is commonly believed to depend on certain kind of knowledge, e.g. historical, linguistic or geographical facts, and so on and that his belief is wrong. He also points out that there is a difference between being a nationality and identifying oneself with some nationality and that being a part of a public does not require that all people within it hold the same associations in their heads (pp.231-2) Feinberg refines his thesis further by concluding that in the liberal postmodern sense learning about a nation should mean learning about the different groups that comprise it and to experience their differences within the local contexts. When it comes to schools, children should be taught to recognize these differences, to sensitively address them and to encourage others in the process of national self-formation (p 233). The general aims of public education should thus be helping the children to gain a more questioning attitude when it comes to “truths”, a greater tolerance towards different practices and a more open attitude towards one’s own traditions. The ideas are easy to agree on but in order to examine how they work in reality they should be reinforced with concrete suggestions. In the examined chapters, Feinberg never really enters the common schools’ classrooms he is writing about, but his arguments stay on a rather abstract and philosophical level. When trying to re-evaluate Feinberg’s theses in other cultural contexts it is important to note that his basic assumption is that the society and the schools are run by people guided by liberal ideals as in the United States. What is meant by liberalism is not obvious in the chapters studied here, but it seems reasonable to assume that the concept in Feinberg’s usage covers more than just political liberalism as it is understood e.g. in Sweden, and that a more philosophical standpoint on liberalism is being taken. At the end of chapter 9 (p.241) Feinberg points out what most readers have probably been thinking about when browsing through the pages of the book; liberal educational practices are not always seen as neutral reminders of other ways of life, and that, liberalism itself is in fact a cultural form.
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Tay–Sachs Disease Establish rapport with small talk Assess the understanding for the referral to genetics Assess the concerns of the family and what they hope to learn today Ascertain the level of understanding of Tay–Sachs for those members present Discuss topics to be covered during the appointment Ask if anyone has any questions Also called Hexosaminidase A deficiency A genetic disorder that commonly affects the Ashkenazi Jewish population Hexosaminidase A is a lysosomal enzyme that is required to catalyze one step in the catabolism of gangliosides. The lack of hexosaminidase A results in the faulty metabolism of sphingolipids A specific sphingolipid, GM2 ganglioside accumulates in the cells, especially nerve and brain cells Death usually occurs before age 4 in the infantile type of disease Juvenile, chronic, and adult onset forms of the disorder also exist No specific therapy is currently available. Inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion The chromosomal locus of HEXA is 15q23-q24 Mutations in the HEXA gene are associated with the Tay–Sachs phenotype The HEXA gene is ~35 kb, has 14 exons and both 5' and 3' UTRs The normal gene product is Beta-hexosaminidase alpha chain The gene encodes the alpha chain of the heterodimeric protein, beta-hexosaminidase A (HEX A) The protein has a single alpha chain and a single beta chain; both HEX A and HEX B show GM2 ganglioside cleaving acitivity, but that of HEX A is 8x greater than HEX B The gene for HEX B is located on chromosome 5; this subunit is responsible for most of the catalytic activity More than 90 HEXA mutations have been identified The majority are associated with the infantile phenotype 2 null mutations result in 90-95% of the cases of infantile Tay–Sachs disease in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The abnormal gene product: mutations result in many effects ranging from processing or subunit assembly to defective catalytic activity 1:3600 Ashkenazi Jewish live births. The carrier rate is 1:25-30 Ashkenazi Jewish persons The carrier rate for the French-Canadian population is 1:50 Among non-Jews, the disease incidence is about 100 times less common and the carrier rate is 1:250-1:300. As the result of extensive genetic counseling of carriers identified through screening programs and the monitoring of at risk pregnancies, the incidence of TSD has been reduced by greater than 90%. If both parents are carriers, the risk of occurrence is 25% with each pregnancy If either or both parents are carriers, the risk to have a carrier child is 50% for each pregnancy When both parents are carriers, unaffected children have a 67% risk of being carriers. Onset at age 3-6 months Death before the age of 4 Hexosaminidase A deficiency is characterized by: Progressive weakness and loss of motor skills beginning between 3-6 months Decreased attentiveness Increased startle response A cherry red spot of the fovea centralis of the macula of the retina can be seen in >90% of cases Hyperreflexia with sustained ankle clonus These signs are followed by: Progressive neurodegeneration Seizures Blindness, typically by the end of the 8th month of life Spasticity of the limbs An increase in head circumference often reaches 3 standard deviations above normal due to an enlargement of the brain NOT hydrocephalus Progressive inability to swallow Breathing difficulties Juvenile, chronic and adult-onset forms have later onset, slower progression, and more variable neurologic findings Diagnostic (Biochemical) The diagnosis of TSD relies upon the absence or near absence of HEX A in the serum or WBC of a symptomatic individual in the presence of normal or elevated activity of HEX B isoenzyme If the HEX A activity is undetectable= homozygote, affected Carrier (Biochemical) In population screening, assay of HEX A activity in serum or leukocytes using synthetic substrates provides a simple, inexpensive and accurate method for heterozygote identification Serum is used for males and women who are not pregnant and not using oral contraceptives Leukocytes are used for testing pregnant women, women using oral contraceptives and any individual whose serum activity level was in the inconclusive range. If the HEX A activity is ~1/2 the normal level=heterzygote, carrier Molecular Genetic Testing: Used to identify specific disease-causing alleles in affected individuals and to distinguish pseudodeficiency alleles from disease-causing alleles in individuals with apparent deficiency of HEX A activity identified through screening programs Mutation analysis is available for the 6 most common mutations at most clinical laboratories Comprised of three null alleles (non expressing) +TATC1278, +1IVC12, +1IVS9, which in the homozygous state or in compound heterozygosity are associated with TSD The G269S allele, which is associated with the adult onset form of TSD in the homozygous state or in compound heterozygosity with a null allele And two pseudodeficiency alleles R247W and R249W, which are not associated with the neurological disease, but are associated with reduced degradation of synthetic substrate when HEX A activity is determined Pseudodeficiency alleles reduce HEX A activity toward synthetic substrates, but not toward the natural substrate GM2 ganglioside Since all assays use artificial substrate, a potential problem arises when distinguishing between a true deficient allele and a pseudodeficient allele. Problem avoided by using a DNA-based test on any individual who had abnormal activity to identify the disease causing mutation Prenatal Available when: HEX A enzyme assay has shown both parents to be carriers for TSD and molecular genetics has ruled out the possibility of pseudodeficient alleles in either parent If one parent is known to be a heterozygote and the other parent has inconclusive enzymatic activity and no disease-causing mutation can be found And if the mother is a known carrier and the father's status is unknown or he is unavailable for testing Testing can be performed by assay of the HEX A activity in fetal cells obtained by CVS or amniocentesis If the mutation has been identified in both parents, then mutational analysis of the HEXA gene in fetal DNA (extracted from fetal cells removed by CVS or amniocentesis) can be done. Treatment for TSD is primarily supportive Provide adequate nutrition and hydration Manage infectious disease Protect the airway Control seizures with anticonvulsant medications, alter dose based on severity and type of seizure As the patient becomes more disabled, good bowel management is important Older patients with the adult-onset form may need antidepressants or antipsychotic therapy Enzyme and gene therapy: Attempts have been unsuccessful Infusions and bone marrow transpantation have had no benefit CNS enzyme replacement are in the experimental stage at this time Activator deficient TSD The enzymatic activity of both HEX A and HEX B is normal GM2 ganglioside accumulation occurs due to a deficit of the intralysosomal glycoprotein "GM2 activator" that is required for the degradation of GM2 ganglioside. The phenotype is identical to TSD The cherry red spot of the fovea centralis of the macula of the retina is seen during the first year of life in patients with Gaucher disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, galactosialidosis, Niemann-Pick type A, and Sandhoff disease Neurologic regression during the first 6 months of life is seen in many disorders including: Krabbe disease, Canavan disease, Alexander disease, infantile Gaucher disease, and both infantile and late infantile forms of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Sandoff disease presents with the same neurological findings as TSD, although it is rarely seen in Jewish infants. For the adult form- SMA3, Friedreich ataxia, ALS and other lysosomal storage diseases should be considered Impending death Devastating disease Contemplation of pregnancy termination Guilt Heterozygote detection Population-based screens for Ashkenazi Jews Therapeutic termination National Tay–Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc 2001 Beacon Street, Suite 204 Brighton, MA 02135 Phone: 1-800-906-8723 Email: [email protected] www.ntsad.org National Foundation for Jewish Genetic Diseases 250 Park Ave, Suite 1000 New York, NY 10177 Phone: 212-371-1030 Email: [email protected] www.nfjgd.org Robinson A, Linden MG. (1993). Clinical Genetics Handbook. 2nd edition. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications Lyon G, Adams RD, Kolodny EH. (1996). Neurology of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of Children. 2nd edition. Goodman, RM. (1979). Genetic disorders among the Jewish People. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. www.geneclinics.org The information in this outline was last updated in 2002.
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Friday, September 7, 2007 Australia Related articles 21 January 2022: Australian authorities probe rapid antigen test price gouging 25 November 2021: New Zealand raises interest rates in second straight month to 0.75% 12 November 2021: 33-year old charged with murder of Dalibor Pantic 10 November 2021: Wikinews interviews RSL Australia for Remembrance Day 2021 5 November 2021: Australian Fair Work Commission rules that farm workers on piece rate entitled to minimum wage Location of Australia Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article According to the highest ranking police officer in New South Wales, the cast and crew of Australian TV show, The Chaser's War on Everything could have been shot during a prank staged in Sydney where they breached APEC security. The comedians staged a fake motorcade to gain access to the APEC restricted area in Sydney's CBD. It is believed that the motorcade was waved through security checkpoints on Macquarie Street and ended up just metres from the hotel where United States President George W. Bush was staying. Police moved in on the group when one of the pranksters emerged from a vehicle dressed as Osama bin Laden. Police commissioner Andrew Scipione said the prank could have resulted in someone being injured. "The reality is... (they) put security services in a position where they might have had to take an action no one would want." "We have snipers deployed around the city. They weren't there for show, they mean business, that's what they were there for," said Mr Scipione. Mr Scipione was annoyed that the stunt had been carried out. He said "I'm angry, I'm very angry that this stunt happened, it was a very dangerous stunt." The commissioner also said that the comedians had already been warned about carrying out pranks during APEC. "The people that were involved were told - we told them, we sent them maps, ... We made it very clear that they shouldn't do stunts, particularly those that were going to be dangerous," said Mr Scipione. Neil Fergus, senior executive for Intelligent Risks and former intelligence chief for the Sydney Olympics spoke out against those responsible for the prank. He reinforced that the prank could have ended up in someone being hurt and commended the police for dealing with the situation in the way they did. "People can talk over each other on radios and there can be confusion, so the police response - I think - was terrific," he said. "And thank God it was what it was. You've only got to look at the experience that a very professional police service had in London when a young Brazilian was tragically shot by anti-terrorism forces." "So I think the police are to be commended with the professional way that they did identify the incursion, the restraint that they showed in handling it and the fact that what we're talking about today is a bad and irresponsible joke, instead of a more tragic set of circumstances." The show's executive producer Morrow denied placing anyone in danger. "Was it irresponsible? I wouldn't think so. Hard to say," he said. "No, no. We had no intention of harming anyone. Sorry guys ... Lucky it was us and not Al Qaeda." "Australian TV show The Chaser breaches APEC security; 11 charged" — Wikinews, September 6, 2007 "Chasers 'might have been shot'" — Australian Broadcasting Corporation, September 7, 2007 "Chaser team 'could have been shot'" — The Age, September 7, 2007 "Australian stars could have been shot: police" — AFP, September 7, 2007
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John W. Blue was raised in Efland, North Carolina. He was one of seven children, born to Malcolm and Margaret Blue. He was a member of the American Expeditionary Force during the Great War. John Wilmer Blue was born November 6, 1892. He lived in Efland during his childhood. John Blue eventually left Orange County and attended Roanoke College, but he did not receive a degree. Afterwards, he studied dentistry at Atlanta Dental College, from 1916 to 1917. His family remained in the Raleigh area for his entire life. John Blue joined the army in 1917, where he was part of the American Expeditionary Forces in Vladivostok, Siberia. During this time, he regularly corresponded with his mother. He kept her updated on his life. In 1919, his sister Flora died after getting sick with the Spanish Influenza. John later entered the general army and went on to become a captain. He served in the Philippines after the end of the Great War. Upon returning to the United States after serving abroad, he served at Fort Hamilton. John became active on the First Division polo team of Fort Hamilton. The team had a winning reputation and won many games amongst the army league while Blue was a player. Blue also played on the Second Corps Area Team. Within the army polo league, he became known as a talented polo player . John W. Blue died in November 18th, 1934 following a polo accident in Fort Benning, Georgia, where he fractured his skull. He was taken to the hospital but did not survive his injury. His mother had just recently suffered a heart attack, which made her severely ill. She died a few hours after Blue. She had not yet been informed of his death. The American Expeditionary Force in Siberia consisted of an estimated 7,000 to 10,000 American soldiers. Most of the soldiers were in the 27th and 31st infantry of the U.S. Army. The 31st infantry was stationed predominantly in Vladivostok. The United States sent troops to Germany after the Russians withdrew from the Allied powers. Following their withdrawal, the Bolshevik party took control of Russia. The United States feared that as a result, the German and Austrian troops would gain power within the country. The troops were sent to guard the Trans-Siberian railroad. . The U.S. saw the railroad as a symbol for a modernizing Russia. It ended at Vladivostok, where the American troops were mostly stationed. The American forces provided security for the railroad. President Woodrow Wilson and his administration did not favor the Bolshevik government. They provided secret funds to anti-Bolshevik groups within Russia. During this time, the United was beginning to work to prevent the rise of communism in Russia and across the world. The United States’ government justified America’s military presence in Russia because the U.S. troops were attempting to prevent Germany from regaining power and influence. However, the United States also had underlying goals of preventing the spread of communism. . More than 13,000 North Carolina residents died of the Spanish Influenza between October 1918 and March 1919. Treatment of the flu was ineffective. Alcohol, calomel, sunshine and fresh are were all suggested in order to combat the illness. The disease reached its peak during the first week of October. The disease reached epidemic proportion in the state capitol, Raleigh. The disease remained prevalent throughout the state until March. Overall, the Spanish Influenza killed more people than the Great War. Estimates of the death toll range from 20 to 40 million people. This form of influenza was highly contagious. The disease had the highest death rates of any epidemic in history. Ten times as many Americans died during the epidemic than during the Great War. Within the United States, the flu most heavily impacted people between the ages of 20 to 40. The disease infected a total 28 percent of Americans in 1918, leading into 1919. The Spanish Influenza was so severe that it cut the American life expectancy by 10 years. Polo gained popularity in the United States in the early 1900s. In 1902 the Army Polo Society joined the United States Polo Association. Seventeen Army stations had polo teams by 1914. By 1928, that number had grown to 47 to stations across the United States and abroad. Polo was more popular in the military than among civilians. Roughly 1,500 military service men played polo by the 1930s, when polo had reached its peak popularity. During this time, the United States was dominating the game on the world stage. The Blue Family Papers #4955, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lieut. John W. Blue Arrives in Siberia, The News and Observer, (Raleigh, North Carolina), 1919-05-03. Army Days in Siberia Described, Los Angeles Times, 1925-04-04. U.S. Intervention in Siberia as Military Operations Other Than War Military Review, Ebsco Host. Geopolitics of Revolution, (2014-07-23), Diplomatic History, Oxford Journals. Wilson vs. the Bolsheviks, Diplomatic History, Oxford Journals. North Carolina.The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918-1919, United States Department of Health and Human Services. [https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ The Influenza Pandemic of 1918), Billings Molly, (June 1997), Virology at Stanford. The History of Polo, Museum of Polo & Hall of Fame. "Army Days in Siberia Described". 1925-04-04. Billings, Molly (June 1997). "The Influenza Pandemic of 1918". Virology at Stanford. "U.S. Intervention in Siberia as Military Operations Other Than War". Military Review (Ebsco Host). Nov.-Dec. 2002. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a97a30b1-1ea9-4896-8499-fbcc71d878b5%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=110. "Geopolitics of Revolution". Diplomatic History (Oxford Journals). 2014-07-23. http://dh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/23/dh.dhu024.full.pdf+html. "Lieut. John W. Blue Arrives in Siberia". The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. 1919-05-03. "North Carolina". The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918-1919. United States Department of Health and Human Services. "The Blue Family Papers #4955". Wilson Library: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "The History of Polo". Museum of Polo & Hall of Fame. "Wilson vs. the Bolsheviks". Diplomatic History (Oxford Journals). http://dh.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/127.full.pdf+html?sid=55f949a2-7190-4cca-9f14-ef678b2bde5d.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency responsible for the civilian space program of the United States, and for its long-term aerospace research. It was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act in July 1958. For the benefit of all. NASA motto. The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind. National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, which created NASA, signed by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower (29 July 1958) To improve life here. To extend life to there. To find life beyond. The NASA Vision To understand and protect our home planet, To explore the universe and search for life, To inspire the next generation of explorers. NASA Mission Shaping the Future: Launching New Endeavors to Inspire the Next Generation of Explorers. Motto of NASA's Office of Education NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Where else but in Texas would men set up to administer space? James Cameron, in Cameron Country, broadcast on BBC TV, July 12, 1969. We lack any sort of device that can... detect life. We don't have a life meter. ...We don't have a general pupose life meter that can detect life as we don't know it. Obviously, if it's life as we know it, there are all sorts of features. ...NASA plans a mission to... Enceladus... which has a plume of organic material spewing out, and they want to fly through that plume... The question is, what are they going to put onboard that would return a result "Yes, we have found life"... How would you do that? What exactly do you measure? Paul Davies, "The Demon in the Machine by Paul Davies" (Sep 7, 2019) 6th International FQXi Conference, "Mind Matters: Intelligence and Agency in the Physical World" 3:22. It [Traveling to Mars] is important for our future. If the dinosaurs had a space program, they'd still be here. Ronald J. Garan Jr. in a Reddit IAmA. There's been a lot of discussion about NASA culture and changing that. I think our culture has always been one of trying to do a very difficult job and do it well. Mark E. Kelly in an an interview prior to STS-121 HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON JULY 1969, A.D. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND. Lunar landing commemorative plaque of Apollo 11, originally suggested and designed by NASA's head of technical services Jack Kinzler. Wikipedia has an article about: NASA Look up NASA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikisource has original works written by or about: NASA NASA official site
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Elizabethtown is the seat of Bladen County on the North Carolina Coastal Plain. It's a good place for the nature-lover or outdoor enthusiast. Elizabethtown is located along Hwy 87 about halfway between Fayetteville and Wilmington. 34.6834-78.59691 Jones Lake State Park, 4117 NC-242 N, ☏ +1 910 588-4550. Daily 8AM-8PM. This serene setting on Jones Lake includes bay thickets and lone pond cypress trees emerging from the water in romantic fashion. You can swim, boat, camp, or hike a 4-mile trail. Free. (updated Oct 2021) 34.58444-78.44952 Singletary Lake State Park, 6707 NC-53 E, Kelly, ☏ +1 910 669-2928. Daily 8AM-5PM. Similar to Jones Lake, only more isolated. (updated Oct 2021) 34.61403-78.585483 Brown's Creek Bike Trail, 1910 E Broad St. This is 11 some miles of mountain bike trails through wooded terrain with elevation changes so as to keep things interesting. (updated Oct 2021) 34.64785-78.520174 White Lake Water Park, 192 NC-53, ☏ +1 910 872-0035. Water park with various slides. (updated Oct 2021) 34.63163-78.489641 Camp Clearwater, 2038 White Lake Dr, ☏ +1 910 862-3365. Family camping type destination on White Lake with beach.
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Serbian can be a challenge for foreigners to master, since words tend to have different forms in different contexts and some words can sound similar to unrelated words. Serbian, like most Slavic languages, uses noun cases. In addition, Serbian verbs tend to inflect quite liberally. Fortunately, Serbian uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, which is an exception among European languages. The variation of the Latin alphabet that Serbian uses is shared with two other languages, Croatian and Bosniak. *Diacritics here are used only for easier pronunciation, they are normally not used when writing Serbian Serbian has three grammatical genders (Masculine, Feminine and Neuter) and two grammatical numbers (Singular and Plural). Historically, there was a third number, Dvojina used only for exactly two objects, but it is not used in modern Serbian. Masculine nouns in nominative usually do not have fixed ending. Student, Profesor, Radnik are all masculine nouns. Feminine nouns have several endings: -ica (Radnica), -ka (Profesorka), -kinja (Studentkinja), -a (Plaža), just to name a few. Neuter nouns usually end with -o (Vino) or -e (Dete). * K in Radnik is lost in feminine form Radnica When masculine nouns are used in the plural, they usually have a suffix, such as an -i (Profesori) or an -ovi (Gradovi). Feminine nouns used in the plural replace the -a with an -e suffix. Sometimes, the preceding vowel changes as well. Neuter nouns when used in plural replace an -o or an -e with an -a as a suffix. Some nouns insert an -en between the root word and the suffix (Ram becomes Ramena). Other nouns do not follow the rule and they create an irregular plural, without adding any suffix. The plural of Uho (ear) is Uši (ears); and the plural of Oko (eye) is Oči (eyes).
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The bonds which act between a molecules are called intermolecular forces. The word intermolecular means, "between molecules". There are three kinds of intermolecular forces. Temporary Induced Dipole-Dipole Attractions Also known as London forces. These are the weakest of the intermolecular forces. Also known as Dispersion forces. This is the strongest type of intermolecular force. This only occurs between a lone pair of electrons on a Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O) or Fluorine (F)atom and a hydrogen atom that has a strong partial charge(δ+). The electronegative atom pulls electrons away from the hydrogen so that, on the opposite side to the bond, the hydrogen appears almost like an unshielded proton. This occurs between oppositely charged ions (atoms or molecules which have gained or lost electrons). An example of an ionically bonded compound is NaCl. The sodium exists as a positive ion, N a + {\displaystyle Na^{+}} (positively charged). It loses the electron in its 3 s 1 {\displaystyle 3s^{1}} sub-energy level, giving it a stable electron configuration of 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 {\displaystyle 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}} , or [ N e ] {\displaystyle [Ne]} . This electron is donated into the 2p sub-energy level of the chlorine atom, which then forms a chloride ion, C l − {\displaystyle Cl^{-}} . This also now has a stable electron configuration of 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 {\displaystyle 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}} . The force of attraction (called the "electrostatic force of attraction") between these two ions, caused by their opposite charges, is the ionic bond. The ions arrange themselves into "giant ionic lattices", which are regular, repeating structures. Ionic compounds are usually white and crystalline in appearance; they have high melting and boiling points, as a lot of energy is required to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction. They can, however, be disrupted by polar solvents, such as water; they are, therefore, water soluble. The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. This is usually indicated as H-F. The electron pair creates a 'bond' between the two atoms because it attracts the nucleus of each atom and therefore resist the separation of the two atoms. A co-ordinate bond (also called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom. Positive ions are arranged in a lattice with a sea of delocalised (free) electrons. The force of attraction between the delocalised electrons and positively charged ions holds the structure together.
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For other places with the same name, see Saint John (disambiguation). Saint John is the second-largest city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, with 68,000 residents (2016). It is in the south of the province on the Bay of Fundy. Saint John is a city whose population is composed almost entirely of the descendants of Irish immigrants and British loyalists. Canada's oldest incorporated city, Saint John's metro population is approximately 125,000 and it routinely plays host to cruise ships and individual tourists from all over North America. (To avoid confusion with St. John's (Newfoundland), Saint John is never spelled St. John - locals will be very quick to point this out.) Until 2003, Saint John had a long history of shipbuilding at the city's dry dock, which is one of the largest in the world. Saint John now has fast growing research and information technology sectors, and it has a growing sector of tourism, with over 1.5 million visitors a year and 200,000 cruise ship visitors a year, creating a renaissance in the city's historic downtown (locally known as uptown). Mi'kmaq and Maliseet Aboriginal peoples lived in the region for thousands of years, calling the river Wolastoq, and what is now the Saint John region, Menahkwesh, before European settlement. French explorer Samuel de Champlain landed at Saint John Harbour on June 24, 1604 (the feast of St. John the Baptist). This is where the Saint John River gets its name. After over a century of ownership disputes over the land surrounding Saint John between the French and English, the English deported the French colonists in 1755 and constructed Fort Howe above the harbour in 1779. Saint John, as a major settlement, was established by Loyalist refugees of the American Revolution when two fleets of vessels from Massachusetts, one in the spring and a second in the fall, arrived in the harbour. These refugees wished to remain living under Great Britain and were forced to leave their U.S. homes during the American Revolution. In 1785, the City of Saint John was formed from the union of Parrtown and Carleton. Over the next century, waves of Irish immigration, namely during the Great Famine via Partridge Island, would fundamentally change the city's demographics and culture. Temperatures in Saint John vary by season. In the summertime temperatures can reach a high of 22°C, and in the wintertime they can dip to -15°C. Rain is common in the spring and autumn, but it usually doesn't rain much in the summer. Fog is not uncommon during the summer months. There is the occasional heavy snowfall in the winter; however, snow is usually more abundant the more north you travel away from the Bay of Fundy. Driving to Saint John is usually not a hassle, unlike in many other cities. However, traffic has been steadily increasing. And for travellers driving from Fredericton to Saint John on Highway 7, care is required because of the risk of moose collisions at certain times of year and certain times of the day. Saint John is 107 km (66 miles) from the Calais/St. Stephen border between Canada and the United States of America. Driving distances from major cities are 496 km (310 miles) from Portland, Maine, 940 km (588 miles) from Montreal, Québec and 424 km (265 miles) from Halifax, Nova Scotia. If you're travelling from southern Nova Scotia, your best bet is to take Bay Ferries from Digby. There are three crossings daily from mid-June to mid-October, these take 21⁄2 hours on average. During the rest of the year there is at least one crossing daily and they usually take 2 hr 45 min. $37 per adult passenger and $119 for a car (April 2017). Book online, and check on at the terminal to get your boarding pass when you arrive. Restaurant, cafeteria and wifi on board. Maritime Bus runs to Saint John from Moncton or Fredericton. 45.316111-65.891 Saint John Airport (YSJ IATA), 4180 Loch Lomond Road, ☏ +1 506-638-5555, [email protected]. Served several times daily by flights from Montreal, Toronto, and Ottawa. (Don't mix up the destination with St. John's) There is no passenger train to Saint John. Via Rail serves Moncton, from which a two-hour bus ride reaches Saint John. Saint John also boasts a booming cruise ship industry and has cruise ships enter the city's dock on a regular basis. Saint John's Market Wharf also provides a convenient if unserviced space within the harbour for pleasure boaters, making it easy for power or sail vessels coming in from the Fundy to berth and enjoy the Uptown shopping or dining. Longer term moorage is not available in the harbour, although it is available several miles up the Saint John River. There are no fuel or marine services at the wharf, and the wharf is used by local fishing boats and by pleasure craft. Saint John Transit buses are available from approximately 6AM to midnight for public transport within the city. Schedules are available on the buses and in information booths throughout the city. Fare is $2.75 for adult passengers; $2.50 for children 6-14, and seniors (April 2017). Taxi service in Saint John is run on a zone-to-zone basis (no meters). There are several companies available in Saint John for this service. Diamond Taxi, ☏ +1 506 648-8888. University Cab, ☏ +1 506 631-1111. Offers student discounts to UNBSJ Coastal Taxi, ☏ +1 506 635-1144. Simonds Taxi (often found parked outside McAllister Mall), ☏ +1 506 696-8294. Royal Taxi:, ☏ +1 506 652-5050. Sunrise Taxi, ☏ +1 506 638-8888. Some companies accept debit and credit cards in their cabs, but you have to ask for this service as it is not available in all cars. Approximate prices for taxi services in Saint John, based on one person in the taxi and no stops are as follows: East Side to Uptown or North End: $7-10 (and vice versa) East Side to West Side: $12-15 North to South End: $8-10 If you are staying outside of the city in Rothesay or the surrounding area, expect to pay above $15. Cab rides to the airport can run in the $20 range. For people who need to make a short stop to pick up cash or something quick, most drivers will charge you an extra buck. But make sure you ask, because they are supposed to charge you for another stop. Some will do this right off the bat if you don't ask. Also, most cab drivers are more than happy to have your repeat business, so if there is someone you like ask for their car number and next time you call you can ask for the same person. Within the Uptown it is possible to travel on foot between the City Market, Brunswick Square Mall, Market Square, the Canada Games Aquatic Centre, Mercantile Centre and Harbour Station via underground and pedway connections without venturing outside (the "Inside Connection"). This is very useful during the winter. During the rest of the year, Uptown Saint John also offers a very pleasant and fairly accessible walking experience, with clear, well-maintained sidewalks and crosswalks, and fairly straightforward navigation. (Unlike many older cities, Saint John's Uptown is laid out in a simple grid design.) There are eleven car rental dealerships in the city including an Avis Rent-A-Car at the Saint John Airport. Fort Howe (Located in the city's North End). A panoramic view of the city and harbour, and a historic attraction. 45.2735-66.05981 City Market, 47 Charlotte St, (in the Uptown, with entrances on Charlotte and Germain Street). M-F 7:30AM–6PM, Sa 7:30AM–5PM. The oldest continuing farmer's market in Canada, with a charter dating from 1785. Local businesses, craft workers, artists, farmers, bakers and grocers sell a wide array of unique foods and crafts, native to New Brunswick or around the world. The building is a historic site with amazing period architecture. (updated May 2018) 45.269-66.08212 New Brunswick Museum, Market Square (city's Uptown). Sa 10AM–5PM; Su noon–5PM; Tu W, F 9AM–5PM; Th 9AM–9PM. A wide array of local historic information and artefacts, artwork, scientific exhibits and displays, and a Discovery Centre with many interactive and educational activities. Museum has a to-scale plaster of a mastodon skeleton and skeletons of whales. Adults $10, discounts available. (updated Apr 2017) Rockwood Park (in the North End). A wide variety of walking, biking and horseback riding trails. Rockwood Park is landlocked but its paths weave around natural and man-made lakes (public swimming is free, but no lifeguard service is available.) Free. Irving Nature Park (on the West Side). A variety of walking trails lead travellers through woods, guide them into marshes, and bring them to beaches and lookout points on the sea. Free. King Square (in the heart of the Uptown). Gardens, monuments, and the trademark bandstand and fountain at its centre. Adjacent to King Square is the Loyalist City Burial Ground, whose cobblestone paths lead past graves over two centuries old. 45.260278-66.093 Reversing Falls. As the Saint John River flows into the Bay of Fundy, whose tides are the highest in the world, strong rapids form as the tide rises and clashes with the flow of the river below the Reversing Falls bridge. During the summer months a Jet Boat offers tourists the thrill of tackling the rapids up close. A pulp and paper mill is located in the area near the bridge. Check the website for low-income and hight-tides, the best times to see the change. (updated Apr 2017) 45.2521-66.0764 Carleton Martello Tower, 454 Whipple Street (if driving, follow the Beaver signs). For 2017, June 26-Sept 4: daily 10AM-5:30PM; Sept 5-Nov 1: M-F 9AM-4:30PM. The Carleton Martello Tower was built for the War of 1812. However by the time of its completion in 1815, the war was completed. It became used for military in 1866 and was used on and off by Canadian troops for nearly 80 years. It is now a Canadian National Historic Site. There will be no access to the 1812 tower or command post in 2017. Visitors are encouraged to enjoy and explore the Visitor Center, Exhibit Gallery, gift counter, and grounds. (updated Apr 2017) Cherry Brook Zoo (in a northern section of Rockwood Park). Home to numerous endangered species and other exotic animals. Lovely natural setting. Great area for interesting walking. Open 364 days per year until dusk. Included is Vanished Kingdom Park featuring life-sized statues of extinct species. Tiger Claws Miniature Gold also located on site along with gift shop and canteen. The Imperial Theatre (Downtown near the Market Square Mall). A historic theatre features everything from plays to rock concerts. Harbour Passage. Harbour Passage is a red paved walking path that runs from the Boardwalk Uptown to the Old Museum on Douglas Avenue. It's a great walking, biking or skating path in the summertime. While it is well-lit at night, the occasional mugging has been known to happen. Stay in groups at night and you will be fine. Also a great way to make it from Uptown to the North End of the city. Very close to the Holiday Inn Express. The City Market uptown is the oldest operating farmers market in Canada, with fruits, vegetables, fresh seafood, Java Moose (a local brewed coffee house with good take-home coffee beans), and on Saturdays, various vendors with foods from around the world. Uptown is also home to hundreds of independent shops with a wide variety of food and merchandise. A stroll down King Street finds stores selling local arts and crafts, while across the street the Brunswick Square Mall offers commercial stores (clothes, shoes, cards, books, music, Laura Secord chocolates). On Germain and Canterbury Streets (both off King Street) independent merchants offer used books, records and international cuisine. There are eight local shopping centres of varying quality; a few are mere strip malls or have fallen into the "dead mall" pattern of discount stores, vacancies or non-retail uses such as telephone call centres. The largest local malls are McAllister Place and East Point Shopping Centre in the east end, or Brunswick Square and Market Square uptown. The city's east side is also home to numerous big-box stores, mostly chains ranging from clothing to hardware to electronics. A variety of locations for dining in are available in Market Square. For the more thrifty traveller an eatery is located in Brunswick Square, or try the side aisles of the City Market for fresh salads, sandwiches, and other local fare. Billy's Seafood (near the Front gates to the City market). Seafood of all kinds is what you can find at Billy's. Locally owned and operated by Billy. Offers up great seafood dishes with a reasonable price. Look to spend $15-20 per person for supper. This restaurant is a favourite of both locals and cruise tourists, some of whom make the trek from the United States each year to come and sample the tastes! Alley Gria, 126 Prince William Street. Spanish tapas bar. Serves up all kinds of delicious plates for you to share with your friends. Best if more than two people go, that way everyone can order something different. Open in the afternoons and evenings. Thandi's, 33 Canterbury Street, ☏ +1 506-648-2377. Thandi's is great for Thai and Indian cuisine. It's a little on the pricier side so expect to spend $25-30 per person for a well-rounded meal (including drinks). Big Tide Brewing Co., 53 Princess Street. Nice little brew pub with some great microbrewed beer. Everything from IPAs to Hemp Ale. Big Tide offers up some pub favourites. Not too expensive. Expect to spend around $30-40 per couple. Great mixed drinks too! $10-15. Lemongrass/Pepper's Pub, Brunswick Square. The Lemongrass Restaurant is a great Thai place offering upscale food at a reasonable price. Very good pad thai and "money bags" (appetizer). Pepper's Pub, which is located in the same venue offers up unique pub fare for just about anybody. Thursdays is wing night, offering 1lb of wings for $4. Great sauce selections. Service can be a little slow on this night, but only because the place is jam packed with regulars who flock to Pepper's. They often host "IPN- Indie Pop Night". Great selection of live bands and a heated patio make Lemongrass/Pepper's Pub a great place to eat and drink. Cora's Breakfast & Lunch (Located in Brunswick Square). Great breakfast, à la Cora! Cora, a Quebec native, began a chain of breakfast restaurants which are now popular all over Atlantic Canada. Impressive fruit plates, delicious crepes and huge portions. Inexpensive. Expect to spend around $30-40 for two, including drinks. Try the crepes of any kind. They're all delicious! Vito's. With three locations in the greater Saint John area, this locally owned family restaurant was founded in 1972 by four Greek immigrant brothers and is very popular for pizza and spaghetti. Locations: Rothesay Ave (East) 324 Rothesay Avenue, Saint John, +1 506 634-1300; Hazen Avenue (Uptown) 1 Hazen Avenue Saint John, +1 506 634-3900; Hampton Road (KV) 111 Hampton Road Rothesay, +1 506 847-4400 Urban Deli/Italian By Night, King's St.. Urban Deli has fantastic lunches, $10-15. Pulled Piggy and Slaw is highly recommended, as is the Cordon Blu (not on the menu). At night, for expensive, but good Italian eats, Italian By Night is great. Vegas Bar and Grill, 10 Portland Street, ☏ +1 506 674-5287, [email protected]. In the Canada's Best Value Inn Fort Howe Plaza. Try the B-Eat the House burger, which is 35 oz of ground beef and trimmings. Eat the whole thing in 45 minutes and it's free. Your photo also goes on their wall. (updated Apr 2016) Saint John Ale House, 1 Market Square, ☏ +1 506 657-2337, [email protected]. On the Boardwalk, inside Market Square. Great selection of beer both local and international. Good eats! You can get the ale-sized fish and chips which is practically a whole side of haddock! Good value for the money. Expect to spend around $10-20 at lunch and a little bit more in the evenings. Has a bar downstairs and a fine dining establishment upstairs. (updated Apr 2016) 3 Mile Entertainment Complex, Located on Saint John's East side. Home of Tonic, a spacious dance club, for patrons 21+. The largest dance club east of Montreal. Music by "DJ506" You can call ahead and ask to be put on the list, if you are under 21. The 3 Mile Steak & Rib House offers steaks, ribs and wings (with over 36 different sauces). At Legends Bar & Grille casino style meets delicious food and a good place to drink. O'Leary's, 46 Princess Street, ☏ +1 506 634-7135. A popular Irish pub in Uptown, it has live music on Friday and Saturday nights, usually rock and country cover bands. O'Leary's has broken away from the live bands on the weekends and often plays the hottest dance hits. Callahan's, 2 Princess Street, ☏ +1 506 634-0366, [email protected]. Tu-Sa 2PM. Friendly pub at the foot of Princess Street, near cruise terminal. Establishment has unusual vaulted ceiling having once served as the mail room in Canada's oldest post office. Free Wi-Fi, ATM. Finding a place to stay in Saint John shouldn't be a hassle. For those of you who prefer a comfortable stay near everything you could possibly wish to see, try one of the hotels or B&Bs in the uptown. Hotels in Saint John cost on average $120 per night for a single. However, if you are travelling on a budget there are still some comfortable motels around the city. Hilton Saint John, 1 Market Square, ☏ +1 506 693-8484. On boardwalk, connected to Market Square via underground tunnels. over $100. Delta Brunswick, 39 King Street, ☏ +1 506 648-1981. Uptown, accessible through Brunswick Square. $125-150. Canadas Best Value Inn Saint John (Fort Howe Hotel & Convention Centre), 10 Portland Street, ☏ +1 506 657-3610, toll-free: +1-800-943-0033. Between the North End of Saint John and Uptown, near the highway. Basic hotel, good amenities, dining room on-site. Free Wifi. Pool and hot tub. From $90. (updated Sep 2016) Hotel Courtenay Bay, 350 Haymarket Square, ☏ +1 506 657-3610. Older hotel with basic amenities, adequate for single-night stays but could use renovation. On-site restaurant, PJ Billingtons, is good for breakfast but otherwise limited. $70-80. Chipman Hill Suites, 76 Union Street, ☏ +1 506 693-1711. Various local B&Bs, all in beautiful heritage buildings in the uptown area. $100+. Hampton Inn, 51 Fashion Drive (East Side of the City), ☏ +1 506 657-4600. Relatively new property with modern amenities, pool, water slide, near east side shopping malls and the highway. $60-80. For camping underneath the stars, Rockwood Park or the village of St. Martins are suitable choices. A few cottages or country inns may be found in the city, with many more in the suburbs and nearby country. Internet access is available in several areas within the "Inside Connection", including a convenience store in Market Square and an Internet Cafe located en route between Market Square and Brunswick Square. In addition, many coffee places also offer free wi-fi. Any Java Moose or Starbucks locations will offer this. Also, on King Street in the uptown area, there is UZone which is an internet cafe. They also offer by-the-hour video gaming and LAN gaming. 45.3545-65.53981 St. Martins. A village on the Bay of Fundy northeast of Saint John with a population of 276 as of 2016. Attractions in St. Martins include the St. Martins Sea Caves, the beach and tidal harbour, the start of the Fundy Trail, two covered bridges and the Quaco Head Lighthouse, the Quaco Museum and Library, and the Fundy Trail Parkway. (updated Jul 2020) Saint John is safe compared to most cities; however, it is a good idea to walk on well-lit busy streets after dark and not on darker side streets. Street crime is rare but not unheard of. You are relatively safe in the commercial/retail area of uptown, where the hotels are located. The South End, also known as "uptown", can be dangerous in certain areas, as well as the North End.
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Many people prefer to use a certain editor. They are used to the feature set and know the keybindings. OpenSCADs editor is functional and simple but might lack features people know from other editors. Moreover, external editor allows to use different monitors for editing and preview. OpenSCAD is able to check for changes of files and automatically recompile if a file change occurs. To use this feature enable "Design->Automatic Reload and Preview" Once the feature is activated, just load the scad file within OpenSCAD as usual ("File->Open.."). After that, open the scad file in your favorite editor too. Edit and work on the scad file within the external editor. Whenever the file is saved to disk (from within the external editor), OpenSCAD recognizes the file change and automatically recompiles accordingly. The internal editor can be hidden by minimizing the frame with the mouse or by selecting "View->Hide editor". In principle all editors can be used. Some even have extensions/modes to provide features for OpenSCAD. Atom: There is a Language OpenSCAD package for Atom that provides highlighting and snippets. Emacs: OpenSCAD provides an emacs mode for OpenSCAD files. Use the link or install via emacs package management (ELPA) with the MELPA repository. Geany: cobra18t provides a Geany syntax file for OpenSCAD. See Instructions tab in Thingiverse to install it. Gedit: Andy Turner provides a Gedit syntax file for OpenSCAD. IntelliJ: has an 'OpenSCAD Language Support' plugin. Kate: nerd256 provides a kate syntax file for OpenSCAD. See Instructions tab in Thingiverse to install it. You could create also a kate External tool to open OpenSCAD with the current file with script openscad %directory/%filename Notepad++: TheHeadlessSourceMan provides a Notepad++ syntax file for OpenSCAD. See Instructions tab in Thingiverse to install it. OpenSCADitor: OpenSCAD-dedicated editor Sublime: Syntax highlighting and Customizer support Textmate: Syntax highlighting and Customizer support VIM: vim.org provides a VIM syntax file for OpenSCAD. Visual Studio Code: Free, open-source code editor Install the scad extension for syntax highlighting Besides using your editor of choice, these solutions enable the flexible usage of multi-monitor set-ups. One can have one monitor set up to depict the 3D object on the entire screen and a second monitor for the editor and other tools.
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Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho (15 December 1907 – 5 December 2012) was a Brazilian architect who is considered one of the most important names in international modern architecture. It's funny, the power of beauty, to make us forget such injustice. É estranho o poder da beleza, que nos faz esquecer tanta injustiça. Quoted in Alberto Xavier, Depoimento de uma geração: arquitetura moderna brasileira Humanity needs dreams to endure misery, even if just for an instant.A humanidade precisa de sonhos para suportar a miséria, nem que seja por um instante. Quoted in Ciro Faro, De volta para a terra First were the thick stone walls, the arches, then the domes and vaults — of the architect, searching out for wider spaces. Now it is concrete-reinforced that gives our imagination flight with its soaring spans and uncommon cantilevers. Concrete, to which architecture is integrated, through which it is able to discard the foregone conclusions of rationalism, with its monotony and repetitious solutions. A concern for beauty, a zest for fantasy, and an ever-present element of surprise bear witness that today's architecture is not a minor craft bound to straight-edge rules, but an architecture imbued with technology: light, creative and unfettered, seeking out its architectural scene. Acceptance speech, Pritzker Architecture Prize (1988) I have always accepted and respected all other schools of architecture, from the chill and elemental structures of Mies van der Rohe to the imagination and delirium of Gaudi. I must design what pleases me in a way that is naturally linked to my roots and the country of my origin. Quoted in "Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer: Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureates 1988", pritzkerprize.com (1988) My work is not about "form follows function," but "form follows beauty" or, even better, "form follows feminine." Quoted in Tracy Metz, "'Form Follows Feminine': Niemeyer, 90, Is Still Going Strong," Architectural Record (December 1997), p. 35 I deliberately disregarded the right angle and rationalist architecture designed with ruler and square to boldly enter the world of curves and straight lines offered by reinforced concrete.... This deliberate protest arose from the environment in which I lived, with its white beaches, its huge mountains, its old baroque churches, and the beautiful suntanned women. The Curves of Time: The Memoirs of Oscar Niemeyer (2000), p. 62 I was attracted by the curve — the liberated, sensual curve suggested by the possibilities of new technology yet so often recalled in venerable old baroque churches. The Curves of Time: The Memoirs of Oscar Niemeyer (2000), p. 169 Here, then, is what I wanted to tell you of my architecture. I created it with courage and idealism, but also with an awareness of the fact that what is important is life, friends and attempting to make this unjust world a better place in which to live. The Curves of Time: The Memoirs of Oscar Niemeyer (2000), p. 176 It is not the right angle that attracts me, nor the straight line, hard and inflexible, created by man. What attracts me is the free and sensual curve — the curve that I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuous course of its rivers, in the body of the beloved woman. As quoted in Plans, Sections and Elevations : Key Buildings of the Twentieth Century (2004) by Richard Weston Variant translations: It is not the right angle that attracts me, Nor the hard, inflexible straight line, man-made. What attracts me are free and sensual curves. The curves in my country’s mountains, In the sinuous flow of its rivers, In the beloved woman’s body. As quoted in "Architect of Optimism", Angel Gurria-Quintana, Financial Times (13 April 2007) It is not the right angle that attracts me. nor the straight line, tough, inflexible, created by man. what attracts me is the free, sensual curve. the curve I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuous course of its rivers, in the waves of the sea, in the clouds of the sky, in the body of the favourite woman. Of curves is made all the universe. As quoted on a Photo page on the Museum of Contemporary Art over Baia da Guanabara I had some good opportunities. I was lucky to have had the chance to do things differently. Architecture is about surprise. Quoted in "Architect of Optimism," Angel Gurria-Quintana, Financial Times (13 April 2007) My ambition has always been to reduce a building’s support to a minimum. The more we diminish supporting structures, the more audacious and important the architecture is. That has been my life’s work. Quoted in "Architect of Optimism," Angel Gurria-Quintana, Financial Times (13 April 2007) Life is very fleeting. It’s important to be gentle and optimistic. We look behind and think what we’ve done in this life has been good. It was simple; it was modest. Everyone creates their own story and moves on. That’s it. I don’t feel particularly important. What we create is not important. We’re very insignificant. Quoted in "Why Oscar Niemeyer is king of curves", Tom Dyckhoff, The Times Online (London, 12 December 2007) We hated Bauhaus. It was a bad time in architecture. They just didn’t have any talent. All they had were rules. Even for knives and forks they created rules. Picasso would never have accepted rules. The house is like a machine? No! The mechanical is ugly. The rule is the worst thing. You just want to break it. Quoted in "Why Oscar Niemeyer is king of curves," Tom Dyckhoff, The Times Online (London, 12 December 2007) Architecture was my way of expressing my ideals: to be simple, to create a world equal to everyone, to look at people with optimism, that everyone has a gift. I don’t want anything but general happiness. Why is that bad? Quoted in "Why Oscar Niemeyer is king of curves", Tom Dyckhoff, The Times Online (London, 12 December 2007) Wikipedia has an article about: Oscar Niemeyer Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Oscar Niemeyer Niemeyer in Brasília history Oscar Niemeyer Museum (in Portuguese) Contemporary Art Museum, Niteroi Photos of the Museum of Contemporary Art Pritzker Prize 1988 "Challenging the Hierarchies of the City: Oscar Niemeyer’s Mid-Twentieth-Century Residential Buildings by Styliane Philippou Oscar Niemeyer's Strick House in Santa Monica Pampulha church in Google Earth
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Family name: Petty-FitzMaurice, so sometimes FitzMaurice Marquess of Lansdowne Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (5 June 1866 – 3 June 1927) Maud Evelyn Hamilton (8 November 1869 – 3 June 1927) Courtesy Titles Viscount Clanmaurice Earl of Kerry Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice (1872 – 3 June 1927) Lord Nairne House of Lords William Gladstone's government Unionists (Conservative and Liberal Unionist peers in the House of Lords) 1869 November 8, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice and Maud Evelyn Hamilton married in Westminster Abbey. 1889 November 23, Edmond George Petty Petty-FitzMaurice and Caroline Fitzgerald married. 1894 October 22, the marriage between Edmond George Petty Petty-FitzMaurice and Caroline Fitzgerald was annulled, case heard in camera. 1897 July 2, Friday, the Marquess and Marchioness of Lansdowne attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House, as did their daughter, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice and the Earl of Kerry, their son. Also attending were Edmund Fitzmaurice and a Lady C. Fitzmaurice. 1897 October 16, Beatrix Frances Petty-FitzMaurice and Henry de la Poer Beresford married. 1904 February 16, Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice, Earl of Kerry, and Elizabeth Caroline Hope married at St. Marylebone Church, London. The members of this family who attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball were Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess (at 52) Maud Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne (at 51) Beatrix Petty-Fitzmaurice (at 44), their daughter The Earl of Kerry: Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice (at 72), their son (treated on the page for the Earl of Kerry) Edmund Fitzmaurice (at 627), the 5th Marquess's brother Lady C. Fitzmaurice (at 365), probably Edmond Fitzmaurice's wife Caroline Fitzgerald Fitzmaurice Maud Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne (at 51) attended the ball as Lady Keith. "The Marchioness of Lansdowne's robe was that of a lady of the Court of Marie Thérèse. It was of white brocaded sacque elaborately embroidered in gold, and under-dress worked in coloured silk and gold." "The Marchioness of Lansdowne, as companion to Queen Marie Thérèse, was accompanied by her husband, who impersonated Count Kaunitz, Minister to the Empress." She was dressed as Lady Keith, a "Lady of the Court of Marie Thérèse. A white brocaded sacque elaborately embroidered in gold, and under-dress worked in coloured silk and gold." She "went as a Lady of the Court of Queen Marie Thérèse, wearing a white brocade sacque richly embroidered in gold over satin, elaborately sewn with gold and coloured silks." She was dressed as "as a lady of the Court of Marie Thérèse — a white brocaded sacque, elaborately embroidered in gold, and under dress worked in coloured silk and gold." Lafayette's portrait of "Maud Evelyn (née Hamilton), Marchioness of Lansdowne as Lady Keith, wife of the British Ambassador at the Court of Maria Therese" in costume is photogravure #171 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery. The printing on the portrait says, "The Marchioness of Lansdowne as Lady Keith wife of the British Ambassador at the Court of Maria Therese," with a Long S in Marchioness and Ambassador. Lady Margaret Keith was married to Robert Murray Keith ( – 1774), also known as "Ambassador Keith," who was British Minister in Austria (1748–1757). The Marchioness and the Marquis of Lansdowne were in the first section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille with Lady Londonderry and the Marquis of Winchester. Two brothers of Maud Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Lansdowne's — Frederick Hamilton and Ronald Hamilton — attended the ball as well as her niece, Alexandra Hamilton, who was in the Marie Thérèse process with Beatrice FitzMaurice (they are on the Abercorn page). Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquess of Lansdowne (at 52) was dressed as Prince Kaunitz or Count Konitz, Minister to Empress Marie Thérèse. "The Marquess of Lansdowne, in the character of Count Konitz, Minister to Empress Marie Thérèse, wore a uniform of black velvet, elaborately embroidered in gold, with Orders, &c." "The Marquis of Lansdowne (Count Kaunitz, Minister to Empress Marie Thérèse), black velvet uniform embroidered with gold, with orders, jewels, and decorations." "Count Konitz, Minister to Empress Marie Thérèse. In a uniform of black velvet, elaborately embroidered in gold, with Orders, &c." "Count Konitz, Minister to Queen Marie Thérèse, in a handsome uniform of black velvet elaborately embroidered in gold, with orders and jewels." "Count Kaunitz, Minister to the Empress Marie Thérèse, in a uniform of black velvet, elaborately embroidered in gold, with orders, &c. Count Kaunitz was Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg (2 February 1711 – 27 June 1794), who was "State Chancellor and minister of foreign affairs" (1753–1792) in the court of Empress Marie-Thérèse. The portrait of Kaunitz (right) shows him wearing the chain — or collar — of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Along with Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart (at 43), Lady Beatrice Butler (at 45), Lady Alexandra Hamilton (at 46), Miss Stirling (at 47), and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice (at 44) were in attendance on Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry, who led the Austrian procession as Marie Thérèse. Lady Mary Stewart was 20 years old, as were Lady Beatrix Petty-Fitzmaurice and Lady Beatrice Butler; Lady Alexandra Hamilton was 21 and Miss Stirling, if she was Evelyn Mary Caroline Lilah Stirling, was 19. All these young women were dressed alike: "Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton and Miss Stirling as Archduchesses in waiting on Marie Thérèse - were dressed alike in stiff silver brocatelle, with deep pointed bodices of silver tissue, veiled with white lisse and half-hoops of old-fashioned blue satin ribbon, large paniers of white lisse, and quaint sleeves with frills and bows of blue ribbon." "Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton and Miss Stirling as Archduchesses in Waiting on Marie Thérèse were dressed alike in stiff silver brocatelle, with deep-pointed bodices of silver tissue, veiled with white lisse and half hoops of old-fashioned blue satin riband; large flounces of white lisse, and quaint sleeves, with frills and bows of blue riband." "The archduchesses were Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Lady Beatrice Fitzmaurice, Lady Beatrice Butler, and Miss Seymour [sic]. Their dresses were particularly admired, and were of beautiful silver brocade, made with corsages of silver cloth under soft lisse, and with wide blue ribbons tied high at the side." "Lady Londonderry, as the Empress Thèrése of Austria, was dressed in cream-coloured satin, and was attended by five Archduchesses and five Archdukes. The former, all attired exactly alike in white and silver brocade, were Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, and Miss Stirling." "Lady Londonderry was attended by five Arch-Duchesses, Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, and Miss Stirling, dressed alike in gowns of white and silver, with bodices of silver gauze, trimmed with blue ribbon and masses of white chiffon." Edmond Fitzmaurice (at 627), brother of Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, attended as a "Courtier of the Empress Marie Thérèse." His original costume appeared in the Drury Lane production of The White Heather. "Lady C. FitzMaurice" (at 365) — probably Edmond Fitzmaurice's wife Caroline Fitzmaurice — attended as "Secretary to Kaunitz" in the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille. Nationality: British Bowood House, County Kerry, Ireland Derreen House, Lauragh, County Kerry, Ireland Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square, London Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne (7 January 1816 – 5 July 1866) Lady Georgiana Herbert (3 August 1817 – 28 February 1841) Hon. Emily Jane Mercer-Elphinstone-de Flahault, Lady Nairne (16 May 1819 – 26 June 1895) Lady Emily Louisa Anne FitzMaurice ( – 2 December 1939) Henry Charles Keith Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1845 – 3 June 1927) Edmond George Petty Petty-FitzMaurice, 1st and last Baron FitzMaurice (19 June 1846 – 21 June 1935) Hon. unknown son Petty-FitzMaurice (22 January 1853 – ) Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1845 – 3 June 1927) Maud Evelyn Hamilton (17 December 1850 – 21 October 1932) Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-FitzMaurice (27 August 1870 – 2 April 1960) Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1872 – 5 March 1936) Charles George Francis Mercer Nairne Petty-FitzMaurice (12 February 1874 – 30 October 1914) Beatrix Frances Petty-FitzMaurice (25 March 1877 – 5 August 1953) Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice, Earl of Kerry and later 6th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1872 – 5 March 1936) Elizabeth Caroline Hope (4 March 1885 – 25 March 1964) Katherine Evelyn Constance Petty-FitzMaurice, Lady Nairne (22 June 1912 – 20 October 1995) Henry Maurice John Petty-FitzMaurice, Earl of Kerry (7 October 1913 – 12 September 1933) Charles Hope Petty-FitzMaurice, 7th Marquess of Lansdowne (9 January 1917 – 20 August 1944) Lord Edward Norman Petty-FitzMaurice (28 July 1922 – 11 August 1944) Lady Elizabeth Mary Petty-FitzMaurice (16 March 1927 – 28 June 2016) Edmond George Petty Petty-FitzMaurice, 1st and last Baron FitzMaurice (19 June 1846 – 21 June 1935) Caroline Fitzgerald (– 1911; an American) The Times reported a Lord and Lady Landsdowne, but it must have meant Lord and Lady Lansdowne. "Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne". Wikipedia. 2020-10-05. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne&oldid=981936774. "Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne". Wikipedia. 2020-08-05. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_6th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne&oldid=971313124. 1a–5b [of 7]. 1a–3c [of 3]. Web. 28 Nov. 2015. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002. 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515 (accessed February 2020). "Marchioness of Lansdowne as Lady Keith." National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158534/Maud-Evelyn-ne-Hamilton-Marchioness-of-Lansdowne-as-Lady-Keith-wife-of-the-British-Ambassador-at-the-Court-of-Maria-Therese (accessed February 2020). "Robert Murray Keith". Wikipedia. 2020-09-24. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Murray_Keith&oldid=980103635. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murray_Keith. "Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg". Wikipedia. 2021-11-17. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg&oldid=1055755167. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg. "Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne." "Person Page". Retrieved 2021-07-16. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3307.htm#i33064. "Hon. Emily Jane Mercer-Elphinstone-de Flahault, Lady Nairne." "Person Page". Retrieved 2021-07-16. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3307.htm#i33065. "Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne." "Person Page". "Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton." "Person Page". "Lady Beatrix Frances Petty-FitzMaurice." "Person Page". "Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne." "Person Page". "Elizabeth Caroline Hope." "Person Page". "Edmond George Petty Petty-FitzMaurice, 1st and last Baron FitzMaurice." "Person Page".
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Waitress is a 2007 film about an unhappily married waitress in a pie shop who discovers that she is pregnant. Written and directed by Adrienne Shelly. If only life were as easy as pie. Dear Baby, I hope someday somebody wants to hold you for twenty minutes straight and that's all they do. They don't pull away. They don't look at your face. They don't try to kiss you. All they do is wrap you up in their arms and hold on tight, without an ounce of selfishness to it. Dear Baby: If I was writing you a letter, it would probably sounds something like an apology. I know everyone deserves a mama who'd want a nice baby such as yourself... who was also a good wife, a fine member of a society. And I can't rightly say that I'm any of that. And I'm not sure the world is scuh a fine place to bringing you. Many of the people I've met are not worth meeting. Many of the things that happened are not worth living through. And you shouldn't take it personal, Baby... if I don't seem like all the other mama-to-be, jumping all over themselves with joy. I frankly don't know what I got to give you, Baby. What if I leave Earl, and don't win that contest next week, and don't have money? What the hell am I gonna give you then? All my life, Baby, the only thing I wanna do is run away. What kind of mama is that? I wish I could think other things, Baby, like excitement that you with me now... or faith that I'll be a good mama... even if my life ain't such a good place, and the world as I see it ain't so pretty like they'd have you believe in this book. Anyway, writing this letter to you, sounds more like a letter writing to me, don't it? Love, Mama. Why did I get drunk? I do stupid things when I'm drunk... like sleep with my husband! Dear damn baby, If you ever want to know the story of how we bought your damn crib, I will tell you. Your crib was bought with the money that was supposed to buy me a new life. Every time I lay you down in that damn crib, I'm gonna think, 'Damn baby. Damn Crib. Me stuck like a pin in this damn life.' [to Dawn] If I had a penny for everything I love about you, I would have many pennies. I love living vicariously through the pain and suffering of others. Dr. Pomatter: So, what seems to be the problem? Jenna: I seem to be pregnant Dr. Pomatter: Congratulations! Jenna: Thanks, but I'm not so happy about it like everybody else might be. I'm having the baby and that's that. Jenna: Cal, are you happy? I mean, when you call yourself a happy man, do you really mean it? Cal: You ask a serious question, I'll give you a serious answer: Happy enough. I don't expect much. I don't get much, I don't give much. I generally enjoy whatever comes along. That's my answer for you, summed up for your feminine consideration. I'm happy enough. Dr. Pomatter: I want to talk to you, somewhere outside of here. Maybe we can have a coffee or something? Jenna: I can't have coffee, it's on the bad food list you gave to me. What kind of doctor are you? Dr. Pomatter: I could find the whole meaning of life in those sad eyes Jenna: Wow... [she looks up at him in wonder before giving in to a kiss] Earl: Hey. You remember what I said - don't you go lovin' that baby too much. Jenna: I don't love you, Earl. I haven't loved you for years. I want a divorce. Earl: [laughs] Well, that's not a funny joke. You got this new baby here, you shouldn't be making jokes like that... Jenna: I want you the hell out of my life. You are never to touch me, ever again; I am done with you. If you ever come within six yards of me, I will flatten your sorry ass and I'll enjoy doin' it. Jenna: [about to have her baby] Dr. Pomatter? Dr. Pomatter: Yes, Jenna? Jenna: I just want to make sure we're clear about one thing. Dr. Pomatter: What's that, Jenna? Jenna: I want drugs. I want massive amounts of drugs. I want the maximum legal limit of drugs. Dr. Pomatter: Noted and understood. Earl: Open the cabinet where the coffee and the sugar jars are. Jenna: I don't want... Earl: [shouting] Just open it! [Jenna opens the cabinet, and money falls out] Earl: What is that, Jenna? What is that? Jenna: Money. Earl: It's all over the fuckin' house! In cabinets, in drawers, under chairs, in closets! Money hidden all over my house! Jenna: [whispering] I'm sorry. Earl: After everything I've done for you, you go and hide money from me? [falls to his knees, sobbing] You're the only thing I ever loved, Jenna. You're the only person that ever belonged to me. And you having a secret from me tears me up. Keri Russell - Jenna Hunterson Nathan Fillion - Dr. Jim Pomatter Cheryl Hines - Becky Eddie Jemison - Ogie Jeremy Sisto - Earl Hunterson Andy Griffith - Old Joe (final film role) Adrienne Shelly - Dawn Lew Temple - Cal Wikipedia has an article about: Waitress (film) Waitress quotes at the Internet Movie Database Waitress at Rotten Tomatoes The Official Waitress Site
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Tuesday, February 27, 2007 An Egyptian blogger, Abdul Kareem Suleiman Amer, known online as Kareem Amer, was sentenced to four years in prison on Thursday for insulting Islam on his weblog. Blogs had been considered a relatively safe means of expression for citizens of countries with restrictive Islamic laws. Mideast governments have harassed and arrested bloggers before, but Kareem is the first to receive jail time. Kareem had written about becoming a human rights lawyer and working for the betterment of Muslim and Arabic women; however, the Al-Azhar University expelled him in 2006 for criticizing the school's religious leaders. He had criticized various Muslim beliefs and suggested that there was no God. The court took special interest in his posting to Coptic blogs, i.e. those run by Egyptian Christians. His arrest last November inspired rallies in Washington, Rome, Paris, London, and Stockholm. Gamal Eid, the Executive Director of the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, said that the most repressive regime for blogging had been Tunisia, followed by Saudi Arabia, Syria and Libya, which have blocked sites and limited internet access. Expressing surprise at the severity of the sentence given Egypt's recent history, he said it was a "gloomy day for all the advocates of freedom of expression", not only in Egypt but also around the world. Reporters Without Borders, the Paris-based advocacy group for press freedom condemned the sentence. Pointing out that President Mubarak had promised in 2004 to end prison terms for press offenses, it called the sentence a "message of intimidation" to Egyptian bloggers who, it said, were emerging as an "effective bulwark" against what it called the regime’s authoritarian excesses. Amany Radwan. "The Blogger-Martyr of Egypt" — Time, Friday, Feb. 23, 2007 Press Release: "Four-year prison sentence for blogger “Kareem Amer”" — Reporters Without Borders, February 22, 2007 Kareem's blog
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AWS has multiple services for running Docker containers. This example shows how to run a single instance Docker container using AWS Elastic Beanstalk. Wikipedia: AWS Elastic Beanstalk YouTube: Introduction to AWS Elastic Beanstalk YouTube: Deploying Docker Container in AWS Elastic Beanstalk Complete the following tutorial. AWS: Getting started using Elastic Beanstalk Create a Docker application. Create a local Docker application using the examples from one of the programming languages in this learning project. Create a .zip file that contains the Dockerfile and the application file (for example: app.py for Python). Be careful to select and zip the two files rather than the containing folder. Deploy the Docker application to AWS Elastic Beanstalk. Navigate to the AWS: Elastic Beanstalk Console. No environments should exist yet. Select Create Application. Name the application Hello. Select Docker as the platform. Select Upload your code. Choose the Docker application zip file created above. Very Important: To avoid default options and reduce overall costs: Select Configure more options. View the available options. Select Create app. Test the Docker application. When the app is running, navigate to the app website to test the deployment. Clean up. When you have finished testing the application, use Environment Actions to terminate the environment. Use Application Actions to delete the application. AWS: Using the docker platform Medium: Deploying a Docker Container to AWS with Elastic Beanstalk ← Storage Docker Compose →
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The Art subject area contains those texts that relate to the study and pursuit of creative work. [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Improvisational Acting Singing Theatre and Acting { Technical Theatre Announcing [>> suggest a book] [start a book] See also: Wikipedia:List of dances It has been suggested that this list be converted into one book, and merged with Social Ballroom. Discuss here. Here is a list of articles on how to do dance moves: Rumba Social Ballroom/Rumba Salsa Social Ballroom/Salsa Rueda de Casino - a catalogue of commands from this variant of salsa. International Latin (Dance) Technique Social Ballroom - a book covering the basic steps from a number of common ballroom dances Swing Dancing - a very basic guide to swing dancing [>> suggest a book] [start a book] [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Accordion Baroque Flute Cello Clarinet Playing Drums Learn to play drums Fiddle Guitar Horn Harmonica Irish Pennywhistle Piano Saxophone Trombone Mandolin [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Behringer FCB1010 MIDI Pedal Dichterliebe Real Book Errata Music Theory Blues Classical Jazz Tablature Western Music History Writing Effective Songs [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Digital Music Composition PADsynth synthesis algorithm to synthesize instruments Reaktor Sound Synthesis Theory [>> suggest a book] [start a book] [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Elements of Art Introduction to Art (April 13 2006) Introductory Workshop On Media Arts Origami (August 18 2005) Styles of Art Traditional Principles of Animation Typographic Design Woodturning Writing: A Guide To Urban Calligraphy Visual Arts Of The Indian Subcontinent [>> suggest a book] [start a book] 3D Graphics 3D Studio MAX Subject:Blender 3D Computer Animation Graphic Design Isometric pixel art Microsoft Expression Graphics Designer (Code Name Acrylic): The First Book POV-Ray: POV-Ray 3D Rendering [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Basic Photography Digital photography OC Photography Program Photography Equipment [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Film History Movie making manual The Art of Cities [>> suggest a book] [start a book] See also: Wikibooks:History bookshelf#Arts Art History Film History History of Photography Western Music History [>> suggest a book] [start a book] Basic Book Design LEGO Design
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Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project Mbarrows 17:02, 16 September 2010 (UTC) Population: 307,552 Geographical Information The Bahamas are located in the Caribbean. They are a chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida, northeast of Cuba. It has a total landmass of 13,880 square kilometers. It is slightly smaller than the state of Connecticut. It has a tropical marine climate. Religion The population is overwhelmingly Christian, with Baptists comprising about 32%. About 20% of the population are Anglicans and about 24% belong to other Protestants groups such as the Methodists (6%), the Church of God (6%), the Presbyterians, Seventh-Day Adventists, and members of the Salvation Army. About 19% of the population are Roman Catholics. There is also a strong Greek Orthodox community. Smaller groups include Jews, Baha'is, Muslims, Hindus, and Rastafarians. More traditional practices related to witchcraft and known to scholars as voodoo or obeah continue to be observed in some areas. The People Eighty-five percent of the Bahamian population is of African heritage. About two-thirds of the population resides on New Providence Island (the location of Nassau). Many ancestors arrived in The Bahamas when the islands served as a staging area for the slave trade in the early 1800s. Others accompanied thousands of British loyalists who fled the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. Haitians form the largest immigrant community in The Bahamas. 30,000-50,000 are estimated to be resident legally or illegally, concentrated on New Providence, Abaco, and Eleuthera islands. The official language of the Island is English in which the majority of the people speak with Creole being its second language. Lucayan Indians inhabited the islands when Christopher Columbus first set foot in the New World on San Salvador in 1492. The British began settling in the islands in 1647. The islands became a colony in 1783. Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973, The Bahamas have prospered through tourism and international banking and investment management. Because of its geography, the country is a major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly shipments to the US and Europe, and its territory is used for smuggling illegal migrants into the US. GDP (2009 est., official exchange rate): $7.376 billion (current); $6.717 billion (constant). Growth rate (2009 est. ): 0.93% (current); -4.29% (constant). Per capita GDP (2008 est. ): $19,619 (constant). Government spending (current expenditure only, 2009): 16.8% of GDP. Natural resources: Salt, aragonite, timber, arable land. Tourism (2004, including tourism-driven construction and manufacturing): 48% of GDP. Financial services: 7.8% of GDP. Business services and real estate: 28.8% of GDP. Construction (2009; 5.6% of GDP): Products--largely tourism-related. Manufacturing (2008; 3.0% of GDP): Products--plastics, pharmaceuticals, rum. Agriculture and fisheries (2009; 1.5% of GDP): Products--fruits, vegetables, lobster, fish. Trade (2008): Exports ($410 million)--mineral products and salt, rum, animal products, chemicals, fruits, and vegetables. Export partners (2007)--U.S. (71%), Canada (5.7%), Netherlands (5.6%), France (4.9%), Germany (2.4%), U.K. (1.5%), South Africa (1.5%), China (1.5%). Imports ($3.2 billion)--foodstuffs and animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, mineral fuels. Import partners (2007)--U.S. (87.0%), Curacao (2.8%), Venezuela (2.1%), Puerto Rico (1.4%), Japan (1.1%). Age and Gender Breakdown: 0-14 years: 25.3% (male 39,493/female 38,355) 15-64 years: 68.7% (male 103,889/female 107,528) 65 years and over: 5.9% (male 6,998/female 11,289) (2010 est.) Median Age: total: 29.9 years male: 28.8 years female: 31 years (2010 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 14.84 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 128 male: 14.82 deaths/1,000 live births female: 14.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.) Life Expectancy total population: 69.92 years country comparison to the world: 146 male: 67.48 years female: 72.43 years (2010 est.) Literacy Rate definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.6% male: 94.7% female: 96.5% (2003 est.) The type of Government that The Bahamas has is a Constitutional parliamentary democracy. They are like us and have 3 branches of Government which are Executive, Legislative and Judicial. They also use common law for their courts which is what is used in the United States and would lead towards and adversarial system. The head of the Executive branch is Queen Elizabeth II who is the head of state. The governor general who is a representative of Queen Elizabeth II is General Sir Arthur A. Foulkes , a prime minister who heads the government who is Prime Minister Hubert A. Ingraham and the cabinet. The Legislative Branch is a bicameral Parliament which consists of a 41-member elected House of Assembly and a 16-member appointed Senate. The Judicial Branch Consists of a Privy Council in the U.K., a Court of Appeal, Supreme Court, and magistrates' courts. The Bahamas attained internal self-government in 1964 and full independence within the Commonwealth on July 10, 1973. The Parliament is mandated by Article 52(l) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Bahamas. The Constitution authorizes Parliament to make laws by passing Bills. The monarchy is hereditary and the governor general is appointed by the monarch. Once the legislative elections are complete, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general. Legislative Branch The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate which consists of 16 seats. The members are appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime minister and the opposition leader to serve five-year terms. The House of Assembly which consists of 41 seats are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms. The government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. VOTING The Bahamas has had a voting system in place since 1729. The requirements used to be that you had to own land and you had to be a male. It was not until the year of 1962 when women had the right to vote. The electoral system is based on "first past the post". The requirements to vote now are that you must be 18, meet a residency requirement of at least Three months in a Constituency and are not subject to any legal incapacity. The Bahamas' legal system is similar to the one of that in the United States, therefore, they use Judicial review under the same idea as the United States. Judicial review is an example of the separation of powers that the branches of government have. Judicial review is "the power of courts of law to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches" The sanctions for punishment are as follows: Anyone that commits a felony and punishment is not specified the accused can be held liable to server 7 years in jail. When the crime committed is a misdemeanor and there is no punishment specified, the accused is liable to serve up to 2 years in jail. When a person is accused of a summary offense and prison is recommended the sentence may be lowered and they may be liable for a fine not to exceed $500. The penalty for murder is death or life in prison. The crime of treason is also punishable by death or life in jail. The crime of assault is a misdemeanor and the crime of aggravated assault is punishable by up to 3 years in jail. The punishment for theft is a $500 fine and/or up to 3 months in jail. The Bahamas does use Corporal punishment in certain settings. It is allowed in the home by the parents and in schools by the teachers. It is however not lawful as a punishment in the penal system. It was at one time lawful. The punishment was only allowed on men. If a woman was to commit a crime that would have been punished by corporal punishment they would be sentenced to serve time in solitary confinement. Corporal punishment was banned in 1984 and reintroduced in 1991. The government tried to reinstate it in 2002 and 2005 but to no avail. The way corporal punishment was administered was as follows: They used the cat-o-nine tails and that was applied to the bare back; The tamarind rod was applied to the bare buttocks. It would depend on the crime on which one of those would be used and if it was going to be used in installments. That information was unavailable. The death penalty information was also scarce. The death penalty used to be legal and it used to be mandatory for anyone convicted of murder. The death penalty was in the form of hanging. The rate of imprisonment in The Bahamas is 478 to every 100,000 people. It is the 8th highest in the world. There is one prison on the island and the conditions are less than perfect. There were at least 78 people that had been detained for 2 years while awaiting trial. There are high rates of TB, AIDS and HIV with little to no access of medical care and drugs. The prison is severely over crowded with up to 3 people in a 1 meter by 3 meter cell. There is inadequate drainage and plumbing and prisoners are using buckets to wash in a go to the bathroom in. The basis of the judicial system in The Bahamas is British Common Law. Since it is a Common law country each side of a court case has a lawyer and there is a judge that presides. The judiciary is independent and judges are appointed by the executive branch with the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission. There are at least 600 lawyers that are eligible to practice law in The Bahamas. The way in which a person becomes a lawyer in The Bahamas is as follows; They must have a call to the Bar of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland or Eire, or of such other country as may be specified, be admitted to practice as a solicitor in any of the above countries; or obtain receipt of a Legal Education Certificate from the Council of Legal Education of the West Indies. Once they meet any of the above requirements they must then serve 12 months under a lawyer already in practice before they can practice alone. Another requirement is that they must be Bahamian and must not have been disqualified or suspended from the courts in any place outside The Bahamas. Criminal defendants have the right to an attorney, but government appointed counsel is provided only in capital cases. There is also a right to be brought before a magistrate within 48 hours, a right to bail, a presumption of innocence, and a right to appeal. It is unknown whether the accused has to speak at trial. A jury trial is rare as they are only available for Supreme Court Cases. The Bahamas does not award punitive damages easily, in fact, there are no known cases of them being recovered. The courts may award them, but, only in extreme circumstances. There are several courts in The Bahamian legal system and they are ranked from where a case is started to where they could end up. It starts with the Magistrates' Court. This court has jurisdiction to try all summary offenses, investigate all charges of indictable offenses and to hear and determine any civil matter where the amount to be recovered or the value of the property in dispute does not exceed $5,000.00. This court will also deal with some juvenile and domestic matters. The next level is The Industrial Tribunal. This court has the ability to hear cases that deal with trade disputes, register industrial agreements, hear and determine matters relating to the registration of such agreements, make orders or awards and award compensation on complaints brought and proved before the Tribunal. The next court in the hierarchy is the Supreme Court. This is the second highest court in the country. The Supreme Court has unlimited original jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases and matters and an appellate jurisdiction conferred on it by the Supreme Court Act, 1996 or any other law, which includes appeals from the Magistrates’s Court. The next level of courts is the appeals court. The Court of Appeal also has jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from matters in the lower courts. The reasons a case can be appealed are as follows: the court had no jurisdiction or exceeded its jurisdiction in the matter; the decision was unreasonable, could not be supported by the evidence or was erroneous in point of law; the decision of the magistrate or the sentence passed was based on a wrong principle; some material illegality occurred affecting the merits of the case; or the sentence was too severe or lenient. The last and final court in the hierarchy is the Privy Council. It is considered the ultimate court of appeals in all cases where an appeal is allowed. The Law enforcement system in The Bahamas can be classified as a multiple coordinated centralized force. The force in The Bahamas is known as The Royal Bahamas Police Force. "The Royal Bahamas Police Force is comprised of a variety of divisions and special branches throughout New Providence, Grand Bahama and the Family Islands. These branches are commonly referred to as uniform divisions and special branches. The island of New Providence is served by 10 policing divisions and Grand Bahama is divided into 4 Divisions: Western, Eastern, Eight Mile Rock and Central.The Family Island District covers over 14 major islands most of which have several stations and sub-stations. Special Divisions include Prosecutions, Traffic, Mobile, Harbour Patrol, Internal Security, K-9, Air Wing and Force Garage. In addition to these divisions are the Crime and Intelligence Sections that includes departments such as the Drug Enforcement Unit, Criminal Records Office, Interpol, Serious Crimes Unit and a cadre of others". The hierarchy is as follows; There is a Commissioner of police at the top of the chain. He has a Deputy Inspector directly underneath him and also a Senior Assistant Commissioner. Those are the two that work most closely with him. He also supervises four Assistant Commissioners that are in charge of various sections and departments. The training and selection process is very similar to what is used in the United States. The Basic requirements are as follows; be a Bahamian citizen, have good moral character with no criminal record, be between the ages of 18 and 30 years old, have good academic qualifications, meet their medical standards and be a successful candidate on the extended interview exercise. The firs two steps of the process are very similar to ours. There is an application that needs to be filled out followed by the entrance exam. If a candidate passes that exam they move onto the extended interview. The extended interview happens over the course of a few days and consists of a physical fitness test, a psychological test, a written test, an oral interview and a short speech and verbal discussion group. If all that is successfully completed a medical exam and background investigation will be completed. Once those are successfully completed the candidate will be contacted by a member of the force for appointment and confirmation to begin training. The training program is a 24 week live in program where cadets will be instructed on how to become a successful police officer with hands on and classroom training. The military in the Bahamas is known as The Royal Bahamas Defence Force. They are not a law enforcement agency, but, under the Defence act, the Defence force is allowed to assist local law enforcement in their duties if deemed necessary. This force is the only force charged with the responsibility of protecting The Bahamas. The orientation of the police force is nothing new. It has been around since 1840 and works with the public and visitors to keep the peace and ensure public safety. The Bahamas is a highly populated tourist site. There is no surprise that tourists make easy targets for crime. It is unfortunate that such a popular tourist destination has a high crime rate especially on New Providence Island. The crimes reported are what would be expected from a tourist destination such as pickpocketing and theft. The Homicide rate is unknown but the most recent information from "2007 says that there were 79 homicides that year". The rates of crimes like theft and sexual assault are unknown but the 2007 United Nations report on Crime stated there was a spike in these particular crimes. They were in a wide variety of places like casinos, resorts and even on cruise ships. The victims were usually drugged in those cases. New Providence Island is where most of the crime occurs but crime does also occur on the other islands. The most common crimes are burglaries and theft. Those incidents usually occur on boats and include the boat engine itself. The public opinion on crime is unknown however there justice system is somewhat different from ours. It is possible that if a U.S. citizen is arrested in the Bahamas they can go through their legal system. "Persons violating Bahamian laws, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned." The legal system is based on English Common Law. MARRIAGE Marriage in The Bahamas is similar to marriage in the United States. The law was not specific as to whether gay marriage was legal or not but in the case of a marriage between a man and a woman they need to be 18 or older. If they are under 18 they need to consent of a parent to get married. The two parties involved must apply for a marriage license in order to get married. The license is valid for three months and if it expires they have to go through the application process over again. DIVORCE There are several grounds for divorce in The Bahamas. The grounds can be brought by either the man or the woman and they are: they have committed adultery; treated the petitioner with cruelty; deserted the petitioner for a continuous period of at least two years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition; lived separate and apart from the petitioner for a continuous period of at least five years immediately preceding the presentation of the petitioner; or has, since the start of the marriage been guilty of a homosexual act, sodomy or has had sexual relations with an animal. A wife has grounds to petition for divorce if her husband has committed rape upon her. Once a petition has been filed, it is up to the court to hear the facts of the case and determine the outcome. If the court believes there is an opportunity for reconciliation then they will suspend the hearings for a period of time to allow the couple time to try and fix their marriage. ADOPTION The Bahamas does have adoptions. There are age and marriage requirements that must be met in order to adopt. There are no residency requirements. The person adopting must be 25 years of age and at least 21 years older than the child they are adopting unless it is a relative. If it is a relative that is adopting, they must be at least 18 years of age. The marriage requirement is very lax. They do allow singles to adopt as well as married couples. There are also requirements that the child must meet in order to get adopted. They must be orphaned and/or abandoned. There is a process in the court that will determine if the child meets this requirement by doing everything in their power to satisfy that the parents cannot be found or that one or both of them are deceased. The child itself must be at least 6 weeks of age in order to be eligible for adoption. INHERITANCES The process to obtain an inheritance in The Bahamas is a process that is handled in the courts. The people eligible to apply for the estate are the husband/wife of the deceased, a child of the deceased, any person who is not a child that through marriage where the deceased was at any time involved was treated as a child of the family. They may apply for reasonable financial provision which means they may apply for money that would help them maintain and support themselves. CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS OF WOMEN "Any woman who on 9th July 1973 is or has been married to a person who subsequently becomes a citizen of The Bahamas by registration under paragraph (2) of this Article shall be entitled, upon making application and upon taking the oath of allegiance or such declaration as may be prescribed, to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas" The Bahamas does have a problem with discrimination. The 2008 and 2009 Reports from Amnesty International report that there is a problem discrimination against Haitian Immigrants living there. There have also been some issues with Cuban Immigrants as well. In 2008 authorities continued to deport migrants, the vast majority of them being Haitians. There were some of them that were reportedly ill-treated. During 2008, 6,996 migrants were reported to have been deported. A large number of them, 6,004, were Haitian nationals. There are also reports of them being treated poorly while being housed at the Carmichael Detention Center, which is where foreign nationals that have been accused of violation immigration laws reside. The Bahamas does have an extensive protection of fundamental human rights. These rights are as listed: 1. Protection of right to life 2. Protection of inhumane treatment 3. Protection from slavery and forced labor 4. Protection from arbitrary arrest and detention 5. Protection for privacy of home and other property 6. Protection of freedom of conscience 7. Protection of freedom of expression 8. Protection of freedom of assembly and association 9. Protection of freedom of movement 10. Protection of discrimination on the grounds of race, etc... 11. Protection from deprivation of property The majority of these are a reality, however, a couple of them are not. The Bahamas has illegally detained immigrants, this violates number 4. The jails in the country have been known to have less than perfect conditions so therefore that violates number 2. These are only two issues but they are very important issues that need to be addressed. All information listed in the list has also been obtained from the cited website in this section. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html, CIA World Factbook, September 26, 2010. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/The-Bahamas-RELIGIONS.html, Encyclopedia of the Nations, September 26, 2010. | http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htm , The U.S. Department Of State, September 26, 2010. | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html, CIA World Factbook, September 26, 2010. | http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htm, The U.S. Department Of State, September 26, 2010. | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html , CIA World Factbook, September 26, 2010. | http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htm, U.S. Department Of State, September 23, 2010. | http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb2/home.nsf/vPrint/09895C105EA3C0D806256ED3005D1C9B,The Common Wealth Of The Bahamas , October 17, 2010. | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html, CIA World Factbook, October 17, 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html, CIA World Factbook, October 17, 2010. | http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb2/home.nsf/vContentW/Parliamentary+Dept--Overview--Parliamentary++reg+History+of+Voting+in+The+Bahamas!Opendocument, The Commonwealth of The Bahamas, October 17, 2010. | http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Judicial+Review, The Free Dictionary, 2010, accessed December 9, 2010. | http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/statutes/statute_CHAPTER_84.html#Ch84s139, The Government of The Bahamas Penal Code Chapter 84, accessed November 9, 2010. | http://www.corpun.com/rules.htm#bahamas, World Corporal Punishment Research, accessed November 7, 2010. | http://www.jonesbahamas.com/?c=45&a=15869, The Bahama Journal, February 18, 2008, accessed November 7, 2010. | http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR14/004/2003/en/d57a8b5a-d687-11dd-ab95-a13b602c0642/amr140042003en.pdf, Bahamas: Forgotten Detainees? Prison Conditions: Appeal for Action, August 2002, accessed November 9, 2010. | , Overview of The Bahamian Legal System, October 31, 2010. | http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/The-Bahamas-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html, Encyclopedia Of The Nations, October 31, 2010. | http://www.bfsb-bahamas.com/publications/bfsr_11.pdf, The Bahamas Financial Services Review, 2009, accessed November 17, 2010. | http://www.lexbahamas.com/overview_of_the_bahamian_legal_s.htm#OVERVIEW%20OF%20THE%20BAHAMIAN%20LEGAL%20SYSTEM, Overview of the Bahamian Legal System, October 31, 2010. | http://www.royalbahamaspolice.org/divisions/index.php, The Royal Bahamas Police Force, October 24, 2010. | http://www.royalbahamaspolice.org/recruitment/Join%20Now/part%20four.php, The Royal Bahamas Police Force, October 24, 2010. | http://www.rbdfmil.com/Index.htm, The Royal Bahamas Defence Force, October 24, 2010. | http://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=79292, The Bahamas Crime and Safety Report 2008,October 3, 2010. | http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_989.html#crime, U.S. Department of State,October 3, 2010. | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html, CIA World Factbook, October 3, 2010. | http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/statutes/statute_CHAPTER_120.html#Ch120s2, The Commonwealth of The Bahamas, January 17, 2007, accessed November 17, 2010. | http://www.international-divorce.com/bahamas_divorce.htm, International Family Law, accessed November 17, 2010. | http://www.adopt.com/bahamas/index.htm, Adopt.com, accessed November 17, 2010. | http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/statutes/statute_CHAPTER_116.html#Ch116s12, The Commonwealth of The Bahamas, January 17, 2007, accessed November 17, 2010. | http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb/aboutthegovernment.nsf/Subjects/Articles+of+the+Constitution/$file/citizenship.pdf, The Constitution of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas, accessed November 17, 2010. | http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/bahamas/report-2009, Amnesty International 2009 Report, accessed November 26, 2010. | http://www.lexbahamas.com/bahconfundamentalrights.htm, The Constitution of The Bahamas, January 28, 2009, accessed December 9, 2010.
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Autism Speaks is an autism advocacy organization in the United States that sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public. Sometimes anti-Autistic propaganda is set forth by groups that purport to assist people. For example, the charity Autism Speaks promotes the Tragedy Model of Autism, which is the idea that a diagnosis of autism means certain, unbearable, financial and emotional hardship for the family of the Autistic. A promotional video called “Autism Every Day” includes former executive vice president of Autism Speaks, Alison Tepper Singer, voicing her fantasy to drive her daughter and herself off of the George Washington Bridge. ... The organization stated that non-Autistic parents of Autistics should embrace these types of feelings rather than flee from them or seek help for them. This propaganda creates an attitude of dehumanization; the message is that we are so devastating to abled peoples’ lives that we should be eradicated via whatever means necessary (whether by cure or another method), and that our lives are so miserable they must not be worth living. Sometimes, tragically, this occurs, like the 2006 case of Katie McCarron, a three-year-old Autistic girl in Illinois whose mother was convicted of first-degree murder for suffocating her. Scott Thomas, "Autistics struggle under capitalism," Workers World, Apr 16, 2012 Wikipedia has an article about: Autism Speaks
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Liriope Liriope is a genus of low, grass-like, flowering plants from East Asia. Some species are often used in landscaping in temperate latitudes. They often called lilyturf in North America, though they are often simply referred to as "Liriopes". Once classified with lilies in the family Liliaceae, genetic studies have caused the genus to be included in Ruscaceae. Liriopes are grass-like, rhizomatous perennials with broad, strap-like leaves. Flowers are borne on thin scapes, generally at about the same height as the foliage. Full sun to medium shade. Drought tolerant. Liriope are usually used in the garden for their evergreen foliage. Some species, e.g., L. spicata, grow aggressively in the right conditions, spreading by runners; hence their nickname, "creeping lilyturf". Liriope spicata is used as a substitute for Ophiopogon japonicus in Chinese medicine as an herb for yin deficiency. Crown Rot Phytophthora palmivora University of Florida Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica Third Edition by Daniel Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger and Andrew Gamble. Eastland Press, 2004
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Ryōkan (1758–1831) was an eccentric Sōtō Zen Buddhist monk who lived in Echigo, Japan, as a hermit, most famous for his poetry and calligraphy. Careless Serenity Whence has this life of mine arrived at its present abode and after its departure whereto is it destined to vanish Seated below the sagebrush window of my cottage by myself, I meditated on these questions, mute in the dead of night I searched my heart many times but the answers failed me Neither the wherefrom nor the whereto of my life I know Equally unknown to me is my life's existence here and now For all the world is in a nimble flux and void therefore I am suspended midair in the vacuity but for a twinkling How am I supposed to know the subtlety of right and wrong I must perforce receive what descends on me as my destiny, and live accordingly, while I may, with careless serenity In the scenery of spring, nothing is better, nothing worse; The flowering branches are of themselves, some short, some long. As translated in Haiku : Spring (1950) by Reginald Horace Blyth In this dream world We doze And talk of dreams — Dream, dream on, As much as you wish As translated in Lust for Enlightenment : Buddhism and Sex (1990) by John Stevens, p. 28 You must rise above The gloomy clouds Covering the mountaintop Otherwise, how will you Ever see the brightness? As translated in Lust for Enlightenment : Buddhism and Sex (1990) by John Stevens, p. 117 The thief left it behind: the moon at my window. Written after a thief robbed his hut, as translated in The Enlightened Heart: An Anthology of Sacred Poetry (1993) by Stephen Mitchell, p. 162 Late at night, listening to the winter rain Recalling my youth — Was it only a dream? Was I really young once? As quoted in One Robe, One Bowl : The Zen Poetry of Ryōkan (2006) edited by John Stevens, p. 71 Cling to truth and it turns into falsehood. Understand falsehood and it turns into truth. Truth and falsehood are two sides of the same coin. Neither accept one nor reject the other. As translated in 1,001 Pearls of Wisdom (2006) by David Ross, p. 36 Easily moved by beauty—such is my nature. I take a few phrases and they just turn into poems As translated in Great Fool: Zen Master Ryōkan; Poems, Letters, and Other Writings (1996) by Ryūichi Abé and Peter Haskel, p. 117 As translated by John Stevens Who says my poems are poems? My poems are not poems. When you know that my poems are not poems, Then we can speak of poetry. Variant translation: Who says my poems are poems? My poems are not poems. After you know my poems are not poems, Then we can begin to discuss poetry! "Zen Poetics of Ryokan" in Simply Haiku: A Quarterly Journal of Japanese Short Form Poetry (Summer 2006) It's a pity, a gentleman in refined retirement composing poetry: He models his work on the classic verse of China. And his poems are elegant, full of fine phrases. But if you don't write of things deep in your own heart, What's the use of churning out so many words? Variant translation: With gaudy words their lines are formed And further adorned by novel and curious phrases. Yet if they fail to express what is in their own minds What is the use, no matter How many poems they compose! "Zen Poetics of Ryokan" in Simply Haiku: A Quarterly Journal of Japanese Short Form Poetry (Summer 2006) The winds gives me Enough fallen leaves To make a fire This world A fading Mountain echo Void and Unreal "Zen Poetics of Ryokan" in Simply Haiku: A Quarterly Journal of Japanese Short Form Poetry (Summer 2006) When you encounter those who are wicked, unrighteous, foolish, dim-witted, deformed, vicious, chronically ill, lonely, unfortunate, or disabled, you should think: “How can I save them?” And even if there is nothing you can do, at least you must not indulge in feelings of arrogance, superiority, derision, scorn, or abhorrence, but should immediately manifest sympathy and compassion. If you fail to do so, you should feel ashamed and deeply reproach yourself: “How far I have strayed from the Way! How can I betray the old sages? I take these words as an admonition to myself.” The water of the valley stream Never shouts at the tainted world: “Purify yourself!” But naturally, as it is, Shows how it is done. I have nothing to report, my friends. If you want to find the meaning, Stop chasing after so many things. Why do you so earnestly seek the truth in distant places? Look for delusion and truth in the bottom of your own hearts. The village has disappeared in the evening mist And the path is hard to follow. Walking through the pines, I return to my lonely hut. The rain has stopped, the clouds have drifted away, and the weather is clear again. If your heart is pure, then all things in your world are pure. Abandon this fleeting world, abandon yourself, Then the moon and flowers will guide you along the Way. Wikipedia has an article about: Ryōkan Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ryoukan Ryōkan's poetry Ryōkan as hermit Calligraphy Poems by Ryōkan
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This is about the park in New South Wales. For the region in the northeastern end of the US, see New England New England National Park is a national park in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. It's part of the many Gondwana Rainforests of Australia and has been a UNESCO world heritage site since 2007. In the 1920s there was a push to have this area declared a national park. Much of the area was declared a reserve in 1931 and dedicated for public recreation in 1935. Between 1934 and 1956 mining leases for antimony were granted. The park was officially opened by the Governor General Lord Gowrie in 1937, but the wilderness area was recognised for its beauty as early as the 1920s. The park was World Heritage listed in 1986 and forming part of the New England Group of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, which was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007. Located on the precipitous escarpment on the east of the undulating Northern Tablelands plateau, the wilderness consists of much impressive cliffs, rugged ridges, spurs and streams. To the park's west the Nymboida, Guy Fawkes and Styx Rivers drain across the tablelands and to the park's east is the thickly forested Bellinger River valley. The park is particularly known for its diverse flora and fauna, having vegetation from sub-tropical, warm temperate and cool temperate rainforests in such a high altitude, but the park also includes areas of sclerophyll forest, sub-alpine woodland, heathland and swampland. Some of the mammals that live in this park are dingos, koalas, tiger quolls, common bentwing bats, brown antechinuses, and northern brown bandicoots. At least 100 species of birds have been recorded. Larger species include the wedge-tailed eagle, greater sooty owl, sulphur-crested cockatoo and superb lyrebird. Eastern whipbirds, eastern bristlebirds, crimson rosellas, Australian king parrots and several kinds of honeyeaters also inhabit the reserve. Additionally, because the park supports one of five remaining populations of rufous scrub-birds, as well as of flame and pale-yellow robins, paradise riflebirds, green catbirds, regent bowerbirds and Australian logrunners, it has been identifies by BirdLife International as an Important Birding Area (IBA). The climate of the park is generally cool all year around, although it can get quite cold during the winter thanks to its high altitude, and you will most likely need no more than a small jacket with you. Like most parks in New South Wales, New England National Park is only accessible via car, and so if you don't know how to drive, you're out of luck. If you don't have a car with you, car rental services are available at Coffs Harbour and Armidale, two large regional cities, and make sure that your rental car company allows you to go on unpaved roads, otherwise; you also won't be able to explore the park since the roads to the park are not paved. From Armidale, take the B78 Waterfall Way east and head for about an hour for around 65 km (40 mi). Just about 7.6 km (4.7 mi) before the town of Ebor, and turn onto Point Lookout Rd and continue on for about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the park. The road is mostly unpaved, but it can still be done with a good 2WD, but the conditions are not suitable for caravans. Smaller 2WDs are also not likely to make it as well, and similar to caravans, the road is not suitable. From Dorrigo, take the B78 Waterfall Way west and head for about forty five minutes for around 55 km (34 mi). After about 7.6 km (4.7 mi) after the town of Ebor, and turn onto Point Lookout Rd and continue on for about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the park, and then follow signage. From Coffs Harbour, head south onto the M1 Pacific Motorway down and then exit onto B78 Waterfall Way near Raleigh. Then head west for about 100 km (62 mi) and then follow the same directions given from Dorrigo. Although there is an entry from Darkwood Road on the eastern end of the park, that route is often slow and doesn't even connect to the other roads of the park. If you are going using a GPS to get here, don't enter "New England National Park" as it will take you smack bang into the centre of the park. Try entering "Point Lookout" instead, or simply use it up to Ebor and then follow signage from there; it's well signposted. As of October 2021, there are no fees for the parks, and no part of the park requires a permit and you're all free to go. Do note though, that this park can close within hours notice if there are bushfires, or if there is a severe risk of bushfires. There is only one unpaved road within the park; Point Lookout Road, which only goes as far east as 3.3 km ENE, where almost everything is concentrated in. So while you may have to walk everywhere else, you also don't have the need to since there's not much apart from where the road goes up to. Given the high altitude of New England National Park, much of its beauty lies in its mountains and the Gondwana Forests. But as with any mountain, it has to come with lookouts, and so much of what's there to see in the park is lookouts. -30.4886152.4102561 Point lookout, Point Lookout Rd, Ebor. Perched at an altitude of 1563m, this lookout is a panorama of parts of the Gondwana rainforests of Australia come into reality. Easily accessible, as it's only a 200m walk from the carpark. Since this lookout is located on the second tallest mountain in the region, if you do happen to come here on a clear fine day, there is a good chance you might see the Tasman Sea. (updated Oct 2021) -30.507486152.40532 Wrights lookout, Wrights Lookout Trail, Comara. It is quite a challenge to get to this lookout for most beginner bushwalkers, although it's rather a trivial challenge for most others. But regardless, once you come here, you're on a remnant piece of Ebor Volcano, a now extinct volcano and you'll be looking down at the valleys of the Bellinger River. And not to forget, you're also viewing the ancient Gondwana Rainforests of Australia as well. (updated Oct 2021) New England National Park is particularly known for its numerous bushwalking opportunities of all sorts through the Gondwana Rainforests. On the other hand, there are no MTB (mountain bike) trails in the park though. There are numerous bushwalking trails in the park, which include the Cascades walking track, a 5.7 km (3.5 mi) loop which takes you down the valleys of the park filled with moss, liverworts and ferns, and should take about 2.5-3.5 hours to do. Other trails include the Eagles Nest walking track, a 2.2 km (1.4 mi) walking trail that takes about a 1-2 hours to do, taking you through the snow gum forests, the Wrights lookout walking track, a 3.4 km (2.1 mi) return trail taking you to Wrights lookout, the Weeping Rock walking track, a 2 km (1.2 mi) return trail passing through some rocky cliffs, or even the Point lookout walking track, a simple 0.5 km (0.31 mi) walking track going to Point lookout. Some of the more scenic trails include the Lyrebird walking track, or the Tea Tree falls walking track, both a beauty in their own right. Longer walks include the New England Wilderness walk, a 33 km (21 mi) walk that takes about 2-3 days to do, from the western end of the park all the way to the eastern end of the park. There are no shops, cafes, restaurants, bars, pubs etc. in New England National Park, and the nearest are in Ebor, which is 19 km (12 mi) from the park via Point Lookout Rd and B78 Waterfall Way. -30.492673152.4067091 The Chalet, 1316 Point Lookout Road, Ebor (near Lyrebird Walking Track, Brinerville.). Surrounded in the immense Gondwana forest, this is certainly a unique lodge in its own right. You can relax on the verandah, and just watch the lyrebirds just go on, and never get bored of it. Unfortunately, it comes with a cost as it only has one room, and only maximum three guests allowed. (updated Oct 2021) -30.49235152.4065322 The Residence, 1316 Point Lookout Road, Ebor. A larger alternative to The Chalet, having four rooms and being able to accommodate ten people max, and you'll be surrounded by the Gondwana Rainforests on every direction you'll be looking at. The lookouts and walking trails are also nearby. (updated Oct 2021) -30.496556152.3987853 Toms Cabin, 1388 Point Lookout Road, Ebor. A much bushwalkers cabin, this cabin has two rooms and can accomodate up to eight guests, suitable for most and not too far away from most of the trails and lookouts. However, there is no electricity though and you will need to bring food supplies, pots and pans, bed sheets, blankets etc. (updated Oct 2021) -30.500481152.3876064 Thungutti campground, Tea Tree Falls Walk, Ebor. Being the only campground in the park, you'd expect it to be packed – but you could be hardly more wrong if you thought that. Because this campground doesn't get much visitors except during easter where all campgrounds are packed. Has 20 campsites, and has most essentials. Oh and not to forget, you're fully surrounded by eucalyptus trees. (updated Oct 2021) There are no backcountry sites in New England National Park, and camping can only be done in designated camping areas. Large parts of the park were severely affected during the 2019-20 bushfires, and some of its impacts can still be seen. Furthermore the 2021 East Coast floods have also affected the park, although not to an extent as the bushfires. While these don't make much big of a threat, do be aware of it. Much of the park doesn't have coverage at all. If you are going to go anywhere in the park apart from the western end, let someone know, and you're going to the centre of the park alone, carry a satellite phone. Head east onto Waterfall Way and head to Dorrigo National Park or head west onto Waterfall Way and head to Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, both a piece of beauty in their own right
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Objectives: Describe the types of advance directives and the role of advance directives Identify ethical issues related to withholding treatment Describe dysphagia and its impact on functional status Describe the role of the speech therapist in the diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia Describe the role of opioid pain medications and their appropriateness of use Describe complications related to opioid use including constipation and tolerance Describe how to convert between different opioids using morphine equivalents Recognize the clinical presentation of undernutrition/malnutrition Describe frailty and identify potentially reversible factors of frailty Describe how to appropriately convey a poor prognosis to a patient Describe and differentiate between hospice and palliative care and the respective roles of each Discussion of Advance Directives and goals of care should be undertaken. Physician orders for life sustaining treatment (POLST) form completion is appropriate if the estimated life expectancy is less than one year. (Note: POLST forms may have different names in different states.) Decision-making capacity of the patient must be considered prior to any discussion. End-of-life planning should be done early and discussed often; preferences can and frequently do change. A DNR code status does not mean “do not treat”! Examples of questions to ask patients regarding goals of care are include: Identifying a durable power of attorney who would make medical decisions for the patient in accordance with their wishes if they are unable to Reviewed scenarios including artificial nutrition, cardiopulmonary respiration, and desire for hospitalization Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of loss of spontaneous circulation or respirations Artificial nutrition/hydration (nasogastric or PEG tube) Intubation Hospitalization IV antibiotics IV fluids Goals of care: To be pain free. To be symptom free. To be made comfortable. Other goals? CODE STATUS: Full code? DNR/DNI? DNH? Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: “In the event of cardiopulmonary failure, do you want CPR?” CPR is associated with a high risk of failure as well as broken ribs and associated trauma. If successfully resuscitated, may not return to prior functional status. Contraindications to CPR include multiple myeloma and fractures. Approximately 15% of patients who receive CPR in the hospital survive to discharge. Chest wall trauma and aspiration occurs in 25-50%. Patients who are successfully resuscitated to a vegetative state is roughly 10%. CPR was never intended for use of patients dying from an expected death from illness. Intubation: “In the event of cardiopulmonary failure, do you want a tube placed down your throat to help you breathe?” Mechanical ventilation requires placement in the ICU on a ventilator. Some patients elect for a defined trial period with cessation of mechanical ventilation if hope for recovery is futile. Artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH): Neither have been shown to be beneficial in patients with end-stage dementia nor to reduce skin breakdown. ANH can prevent or improve delirium but carries a risk of aspiration pneumonia equal to, if not greater, than oral intake. All dying patients at some point will lose their appetite and lose their ability to take in food and water. Feeding tubes have a 25% in-hospital mortality and a 60% one-year mortality in patients with advanced dementia. Some patients/families opt for therapeutic feeding which allows patients to enjoy foods of their choice despite known risk of aspiration or other adverse effects. Withholding or withdrawing artificial nutrition is not euthanasia nor physician-assisted suicide. Artificial nutrition is a medical treatment, not “ordinary care”. Dysphagia is defined as difficulty swallowing. It is an ominous sign in frail elderly patients. Speech therapy evaluation is warranted to determine if dietary modification should occur. A speech therapist performs assessments, diagnosis, and treatment for speech, language and social communication. They also assess for swallowing disorders. Dietary consistencies may be made at the recommendation of the speech therapist. Different food and liquid consistencies are assessed. Food consistencies include regular, mechanical soft, and puree. Liquid consistencies include thin, nectar thin, honey thick, and NPO (nothing by mouth or “none per os”). Water is the hardest substance to swallow. Following a stroke, patients will often be asked to drink water to assess swallowing at the bedside by nursing. Dysphagia can lead to recurrent aspiration of food or liquid, leading to aspiration pneumonia, and inadequate oral intake causing weight loss or dehydration. The onset of dysphagia warrants discussion of goals of care and end-of-life care or updating previous discussions. Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors that produce pain relief and anesthesia. Though there is significant therapeutic benefit to use of these medications, there is also a high potential for abuse. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have drafted guidelines for opioid use: Non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic therapy are preferred for chronic pain Treatment goals should be reviewed and identified before starting opioid therapy for chronic pain Use immediate-release (short-acting) opioids first Start low and go slow For acute pain, prescribe no more opioids than needed Do not prescribe extended-release (long-acting) opioids for acute pain Evaluate risk factors for opioid-related harms Prescription monitoring programs allow physicians to see opioid use and physicians' prescribing opioids (vary by state) Avoid concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid prescribing whenever possible When prescribing opioids, one should calculate the total daily dose. Higher dosages are associated with higher risk of overdose and death due to respiratory depression. There is no ceiling to opioid use. Naloxone should be given to patients on high opioid doses as a reversal agent. Calculating the total daily dose of opioids helps identify appropriate use: Determine the total daily amount of each opioid a patient takes. Convert to morphine equivalents. Add morphine equivalents together. Approximate conversions: Table 12.1 - Oral opioid medication conversions to morphine equivalents Other considerations for opioid dosing include: Methadone conversion is higher at higher doses Fentanyl is dosed in mcg/hr instead of mg/day When changing from one opioid to another, the new opioid should be lower to avoid unintentional overdose Use extra precautions when increasing to 50 morphine equivalents or greater per day Avoid or carefully justify increasing dosages to 90 morphine equivalents or greater per day Patients with chronic pain will typically be prescribed long-acting medications due to limited abuse potential and longer duration of action. However, there may be times when pain may “breakthrough” the long acting medication and a short acting dose may be necessary to cover acute on chronic pain. Calculating dosage for breakthrough pain: PRN (as needed) dosing should be 10-20% of the total daily dose given Q4-6 PRN If pain remains after 2 PRN doses, increasing the long-acting medication by 50% of the total daily morphine equivalents Sometimes, it is necessary to rotate opioids due to tolerance or receptor saturation or other causes of pain (i.e. neuropathic pain) Adjuvant drugs include gabapentin and duloxetine for neuropathic pain; NSAID use in elderly is not advisable due to high chronic kidney disease (stage 3 or greater) prevalence Constipation is characterized by infrequent bowel movements, and small, hard-to-pass, stool. Constipation can be acute (<6 months) or chronic (>6 months). Constipation is defined as less than 3 bowel movements per week. Constipation may be caused by drugs (opioids, anticholinergics, etc. ), can have metabolic causes (hypercalcemia, hypothyroidism, dehydration), neurologic cause (diabetes mellitus, gastroparesis, spinal cord lesion), can have mechanical causes (obstruction, Ogilvie/pseudo-obstruction, ascites, ileus, carcinomatosis), and causes may be multifactorial. Complications of constipation include fecal impaction and stercoral colitis (inflammation of the colon due to fecal impaction which can also lead to fatal peritonitis due to rupture analogous to diverticulitis). Constipation induced by opioids occurs due to activation of mu receptors in the GI tract (which is the same receptor that opioids bind to for pain control) inhibiting bowel movement. (Chronic constipation can be induced by calcium-channel blockers, anticholinergics, or tricyclic antidepressants as well.) While tolerance can develop to opioids in terms of pain relief, little-to-no tolerance to constipation develops. Fentanyl and morphine may cause less constipation than morphine. For opioid-induced constipation prophylaxis or mild constipation, a combination of a laxative and a stool softener (i.e. “mush and push”, such as senna/colace) should be used and titrated to effect. Treatment of constipation involves the use of laxatives and stimulants: Senna stimulates the myenteric plexus to increase motility but requires GI metabolism to active drug Bisacodyl stimulates the mucosal nerve plexus and requires hepatic metabolism to active drug Colace increases water re-absorption into the stool to prevent hard stool but does not increase frequency of bowel movements Milk of magnesia increases water re-absorption Bulking agents: High-fiber foods draw water into the colon to soften fecal matter Lubricants: Mineral oil can be used for fecal impaction or acute constipation Hyperosmotic agents: Lactulose draws water into the colon but can cause excessive gas or bloating and electrolyte disturbances Prokinetic drugs: Metoclopramide decreases transit time Enemas (various) Stool softeners: prescribe in this order until effectiveness is achieved: senna/docusate (together) miralax lactulose enema Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to stressors due to age-related declines in physiologic reserve across neuromuscular, metabolic, and immune systems. Frailty is not an inevitable part of aging. It is the end-stage of chronic medical conditions. Frailty is a geriatric syndrome. The incidence of frailty increases with increasing age. Frailty has increased incidence with older age, decreased education level, tobacco use, post-menopausal hormone therapy use, single marital status, depression, and intellectual disability. Frailty results at the end-stage of chronic medical conditions including: End-stage COPD End-stage systolic/diastolic heart failure End-stage renal disease (+/-) dialysis End-stage coronary artery disease End-stage liver disease End-stage dementia HIV/AIDS CVA/coma Frailty is also apparent from repeated hospitalizations or ER visits, recurrent infections, dyspnea with minimal exertion despite adequate management of co-morbid conditions, significant decrease of serum albumin or cholesterol, stage 3/stage 4 decubitus ulcers despite appropriate therapy, and uncontrolled pain. These are appropriate prompts for a palliative care and/or hospice referral. Frail patients will have frequent exacerbations of symptoms and will continue to decline from previous functional baseline with no hope of improvement. Goals of care should be frequently re-assessed with family. Weight loss causes should always be investigated – not always caused by frailty! Frailty is the end-point of a continuum: pre-frail stage: potentially reversible mid-stage frailty: is characterized by increased risk of falls, institutionalization in long-term care facilities, and mortality frailty: characterized by failure to thrive, a progressive and continuous loss of weight and function; it is an irreversible stage of decline, progressive apathy, and decreased appetite which ends with death Work-up of frailty should include evaluation of depression, malnutrition, cognitive assessment, and functional assessment. Weight loss is an ominous sign in elderly patients. Weight loss requires evaluation for identifiable and reversible causes in the elderly population. In younger patients, the most common cause of weight loss is cancer. Treatment with mirtazapine (an anti-depressant with off-label appetite stimulation) may provide positive results and is often trialed. Functional status is the most important predictor of functional decline and death than specific clinical conditions. Hospice is a concept of care that provides comfort and quality of life to patients and their families who are facing a terminal illness as well as a type and philosophy of care that focuses on palliative care for the symptoms of a terminal illness. Palliative care is the treatment of disease symptoms. The goals of hospice and palliative care are to provide comfort, relieve physical, emotional, social and spiritual suffering, and promote dignity of the terminally ill. Hospice neither hastens nor promotes the dying process. Palliative care focuses on quality and quantity of life; hospice only focuses on quality of life before death. The hospice benefit is reserved for those with a less than 6-month life expectancy if the patient’s disease follows its expected course; palliative care is the treatment of symptoms regardless of whether the patient is using their hospice insurance benefit. Geriatric physicians are trained in hospice and palliative care, though in recent years this field has emerged as its own subspecialty. Palliative care may or may not transition to hospice. Hospice is primarily a philosophy and structured approach to care in multiple settings, including the patient’s home (independent living, assisted living, or long-term care), a nursing home, or an in-patient hospital unit. Almost 80% of hospice care takes place within a patient’s home. Hospice serves persons of all ages, pediatric to geriatric; it also focuses as much on the grieving family as well as the patient. Medicare hospice benefit covers virtually all hospice services as a part A benefit. Members of the hospice team include the primary care physician, the hospice physician (with PCP), hospice nurses, hospice home health aides, hospice social workers, hospice volunteers, and chaplains. Three different levels of hospice care include: Routine care: most common; routine care from home health aide Continuous care: severe symptoms, temporary relief; home services for a minimum of 8 hours/day In-patient care: “actively” dying; severe and intractable symptoms Respite care is a brief and periodic benefit for the family/caregiver of 5 days per benefit period in an effort to reduce caregiver burden. Hospice services also provide basic ADL care, provide counseling for the patient and family, assist patient with unfinished legal or financial business and funeral arrangements, religious care, and bereavement for family for up to 13 months after patient dies which covers the anniversary of the patient’s death. Societal and cultural considerations and implications are important when considering hospice or palliative care services. Previous experience and circumstances surrounding prior deaths form basis of perception; Many deny the reality of death due to this. Religion and belief systems also impact perception – for example, some Chinese families do not tell the family member death is imminent allowing them to live life without knowing when to go to hospital for end-of-life care. Hospice is appropriate for frail patients who are at the end-stages of chronic diseases. It is impossible to predict when someone will die. With experience, one may develop a “feeling” of when patients will die. Predicting mortality is useful in short-term and long-term planning. The number and severity of co-morbid conditions and functional impairments are stronger predictors than chronological age. Common end-of-life symptoms include pain (physical, spiritual, and emotional), shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, anorexia and cachexia, dysphagia, fatigue, constipation, or delirium. Treatment of symptoms can be accomplished with: Pain control: morphine liquid if unable to swallow; if on prior pain med regimen may continue as long as able . All patients on narcotics need a bowel regimen! (senna, colace, miralax, lactulose, etc.) Anxiety/Agitation control: lorazepam liquid if unable to swallow; can also use oral benzodiazepine if able Secretions: hyoscyamine liquid; can use other anticholinergics (scopolamine transdermal patch) Initiation of hospice and/or palliative care does not mean all medications are stopped for chronic medical conditions; patients may continue medications as long as practical (i.e. levothyroxine, warfarin, diabetes medications). Lab monitoring is done only as needed. Goal is quality of life. Avoid unnecessary laboratory studies and do not request patients complete any further preventive screenings. Breaking bad news is one of a physician's most difficult duties. The discomfort and uncertainty associated with conveying bad news may lead physicians to emotionally disengage from patients. Patients prefer a frank and empathetic disclosure of a terminal diagnosis or other bad news. 1. A long-term care patient in the nursing home with end-stage Alzheimer’s disease who is bedbound, has no recognizable speech, dysphagia, and is incontinent of urine and feces is seen by his primary care physician. The patient’s son is insisting of placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube to administer feedings. After a review of this patient’s advance directive, it is indicated that his daughter is the designated medical power of attorney. However, his daughter passed away two years ago. His son is not listed in the document. The advance directive clearly states that he does not want cardiopulmonary resuscitation, does not want mechanical ventilation, does not want artificial nutrition or hydration, and does not want to be transferred to the hospital for further care if he needs cannot be met at his current location. How do you proceed? A. Place the feeding tube as the son is the only living next-of-kin and is therefore able to make medical decisions regarding his father B. Place the feeding tube and begin artificial nutrition and hydration as it is considered standard of care C. Place the feeding tube for a defined trial period and remove it in two weeks if there is no improvement in the patient D. Do not place the feeding tube and begin palliative measures if not already in place E. Transfer the patient to an inpatient hospice unit Questions 2-3: An 87-year-old female with a medical history of recurrent bronchitis, COPD, and multiple episodes of acute on chronic diastolic heart failure is seen in the hospital by her attending physician. She has no history of cognitive impairment. She was brought to the hospital on 3 separate occasions for “shortness of breath” which was diagnosed as pneumonia on one occasion and COPD exacerbation for two occasions. She was treated each time and discharged back to her home with her family. She is dependent on her family for all of her IADLs and ADLs. Her medications include budesonide/formoterol, furosemide, metoprolol tartrate, lisinopril, simvastatin, albuterol nebulizer treatments, mirtazapine, prednisone, senna, docusate, and chronic supplemental oxygen at 4 L/min. Her vital signs are stable. Her physical exam is notable for +2 lower extremity edema bilaterally. Her serum creatinine is 1.3 mg/dL and her serum albumin is 2.8 g/dL. 2. She asks her attending physician why her symptoms are not improving. Why didn’t her symptoms improve? A. She was not treated with the proper antibiotics and her infection is still present. B. Her baseline functional status has not yet been reached but she will return to her baseline over time. C. She requires evaluation from a cardiologist and pulmonologist to optimize her medical management. D. She is not going to improve from her baseline as a result of end-stage chronic medical conditions. 3. She lives with her family and is content to stay in her home. What is the next best step in the management of this patient? A. Assess goals of care of this patient with a discussion of the patient, her family, and caregivers. B. Refer to hospice because she is not expected to live beyond the next 6 months. C. Advise this patient that she should receive CPR and intubation in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest. D. Advise this patient that she should obtain long-term artificial nutrition and hydration in the event she becomes unable to feed herself. E. Discharge this patient to a sub-acute rehabilitation facility. 4. A 72-year-old male nursing home resident with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and no history of cognitive impairment expresses a desire to stop hemodialysis. His next hemodialysis session is scheduled for tomorrow. His daughter, who is his medical power of attorney, insists that he does not understand the ramifications of such a decision and asks for his physician to intervene. If the patient expresses a desire to stop undergoing hemodialysis treatments, what is the correct course of action? A. He cannot stop receiving hemodialysis treatments as they are essential to his survival. B. He cannot stop receiving hemodialysis treatments because his daughter is his medical power of attorney, makes medical decisions for her father, and she does not want his treatments to stop. C. Honor the desires of the patient and stop the treatments immediately. D. He cannot stop receiving hemodialysis treatments if his physician does not agree to stop them. E. His nephrologist must be consulted and see the patient prior to any modification of his current treatment plan. Questions 5-6: An 86-year-old man is evaluated in preparation for hospital discharge. He was admitted for exacerbation of chronic systolic heart failure and pneumonia. His medical history is notable for advanced coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. He has not completed an advance directive. Pre-hospitalization functional status was independent for 6/6 ADLs. Present functional status is independent of feeding and continence, requiring maximum assistance for the others. In discussion with his wife, she is concerned that his shortness of breath is not improved and that his pain has not been adequately treated. Physical therapy has recommended that the patient be discharged to a sub-acute rehabilitation facility, but neither the patient nor his wife wish for him to be transferred there and are opting to bring him home with his wife and family. 5. Which of the following is most appropriate to include on discharge recommendations? A. Arrange a patient and family meeting to discuss the patient’s wishes and options. B. Arrange a family meeting to discuss his need for sub-acute rehabilitation to improve functional status. C. Arrange a family meeting to discuss the need for hospice care. D. Meet separately with the patient’s wife to address her concerns regarding the patient. E. Arrange an appointment with the patient’s primary care physician in 1 month. 6. When are hospice services indicated if the patient’s disease follows its natural course? A. Life expectancy is less than 12 months. B. Life expectancy is less than 9 months. C. Life expectancy is less than 6 months. D. Life expectancy is less than 3 months. E. Life expectancy is less than 1 week. 7. A 68-year-old female with a 20-year history of diabetes mellitus type 2 with moderate control is placed on hospice services due to stage 3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosed 3 months ago. She complaints of frequent nausea. She experienced nausea for the first two days following her chemotherapy cycles but this typically spontaneously resolved. She notes the nausea is "different" from the "chemotherapy nausea". For the last three years, she has had early satiety but maintained her weight. Which of the following is the most appropriate medication to prescribe for the management of this patient? A. Ondansetron B. Prochlorphenazine C. Metoclopramide D. Diazepam E. Meclizine 8. An 86-year-old female who is now actively dying due to end-stage pulmonary fibrosis presents to the hospital from home. She was being followed at home by palliative care services. Her symptoms were well controlled for the last several months. She lived at home independently until she developed pneumonia 2 days ago. She was placed on antibiotics and is currently on day 8/10 of treatment. Upon presentation to the hospital one day ago, she was oriented between periods of increased fatigue and sleep. She now requires 6 L of oxygen continuously via nasal cannula. She was noted to have increased respiratory congestion yesterday and was started on a transdermal scopolamine patch in addition or liquid morphine and liquid lorazepam. Today, she is now agitated, moaning, and flailing at times. She required placement of a Foley catheter and was found to have 350 mL of urine when it was placed yesterday. Her family is becoming quite distressed by this change. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient? A. Remove the Foley catheter due to risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection B. Stop lorazepam C. Stop morphine D. Stop scopolamine E. Counsel family regarding terminal hypoactive terminal delirium 9. You are seeing a patient in the nursing home with end-stage Alzheimer’s disease who is bedbound, has no recognizable speech, dysphagia, and is incontinent of urine and feces. The patient’s son is insisting of placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube to administer feedings. Which of the following statements is accurate? A. Artificial nutrition and hydration may prolong life in some patients, and has been shown to be beneficial in patients with end-stage dementia B. Artificial nutrition and hydration are an often-implicated cause of acute delirium C. Artificial nutrition and hydration maintain the appearance of life-giving sustenance D. Artificial nutrition and hydration have been shown to reduce skin breakdown E. The risk of aspiration pneumonia is less with tube feedings than with a modified diet in a patient with dysphasia D - The son does not have decision-making capacity. The patient’s wishes must be followed per his advance directive. Advance directives should be updated regularly because patient preferences may change as their circumstances change. D - This patient is frail. She is not going to improve from her baseline as a result of end-stage chronic medical conditions. A - For frail patients, assess goals of care of with a discussion of the patient, her family, and caregivers. C - The patient is capable of making his own medical decisions and his wishes must be honored. A - This patient is frail. She is not going to improve from her baseline as a result of end-stage chronic medical conditions. (Similar to Question #2) C - Hospice services are indicated if life expectancy is less than 6 months provided the patient’s disease follows its natural course. C - Metoclopramide is most appropriate to prescribe in a patient experiencing nausea with a component of gastroparesis. D - Her symptoms are due to the anticholinergic effects of the scopolamine patch. Hypoactive delirium (not hyperactive) is seen in terminal patients. C - Artificial nutrition and hydration (1) has not been shown to be beneficial in patients with end-stage dementia, (2) can prevent or improve delirium, (3) has not been shown to reduce skin breakdown, and (4) carries a risk of aspiration pneumonia equal to, if not greater, than oral intake.
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Wednesday, March 7, 2007 Manchester United progressed to the quarterfinals of the Champions League earlier today after defeating Lille 1-0 for the second time. After the controversial winning goal from the first leg, United had a strong advantage in the series, and Lille needed a win to advance. The scorer of that controversial goal, Ryan Giggs, was left out of the lineup, and instead the more defensive minded John O'Shea was played. Lille started the game with a defensive lineup as well, hoping to stall the Red Devils, and make a score later in the match. Manchester United came into the game short of several key players due to injury, including Louis Saha (hamstring), Ole Gunnar Solsjkaer (surgery recovery), and Darren Fletcher (ankle). Striker Alan Smith was on the bench for United hoping to get back to first team action after a broken leg kept him out of the main squad for nearly a year. United grabbed the first of the chances 15 minutes into the game after Scholes popped in a cross to Rooney, but the young striker couldn't get his volley away in time, and Mathieu Chalme moved well to block. The ensuing corner saw another good chance present itself for United, but John O'Shea's powerful headed from Carrick's kick hit only the crossbar. Lille then had a chance of their own as Makoun strafed in behind the defence to connect with a freekick by Obraniak. Makoun's header was poor, and keeper Edwin Van Der Sar had and easy time collecting the ball. When Macnhester United earned themselves a freekick outside the Lille area, two Lille players placed themselves directly in front of Paul Scholes, not allowing him to take an early kick. Lille was appearing to be playing stronger, and made quick moves on the counter attack to worry United. One fine pass by Chalme into the box was aimed for a wide open Odemwingie, but he was not able to cleanly hit the ball, and the danger passed. Cristiano Ronaldo made his presence felt in the Lille area and was brought down by Chalme in the box. Instead of a penalty, Ronaldo was awarded a yellow card for what referee Luis Cantalejo considered a dive. The second half saw Lille continue to dominate the football match, and the first threat came through a long range shot by Keita, but Van Der Sar saved well. Odemwingie was again on the attack, but was unfortunate to see his header smash off the post. United finally had a chance of their own in the second half when defender Nemanja Vidic connected with a free kick by Rooney, but the Serbian's header flew just over the goal. A sense of anxiety was starting to fill Old Trafford until Ronaldo and Larsson combined to put the series away after 72 minutes. Ronaldo used some of his trademark moves to outwit 3 Lille defenders and knocked a well aimed ball into Larsson, who forced a powerful header into the back of the net. The goal will be the last Larsson will score for United at Old Trafford, as his loan contract expires on the 12th of March. Larsson was applauded as he left the pitch and was replaced by Alan Smith, who was eager to impress after his extended absence from the team. Lille made two changes of their own, throwing Fauvergue and Mirallis into the fray, but they never looked likely to get the two goals they needed to advance. United went on to win, but now have even more injury worries as Mikael Silvestre had to be stretchered off the field after sustaining a head injury. Lewis Rutledge. "Nervy United Reach Quarters" — Sky Sports, March 7, 2007 Return to the football portal for more football news and facts.
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A Pippin Atmark console with wireless Applejack controller. The console was primarily developed as a joint effort between Apple and Bandai. Apple was in dire straits and unable to dedicate many resources to producing a console, leading Bandai and other partners to handle most aspects of the console not related to it's core Mac architecture. A prototype console was referred to as the "Power Player". The Pippin was announced in late 1994. Marketing for the device was mainly handled by Bandai. The Japanese and American launches occurred in 1995. The Apple Pippin cost $599. 42,000 Apple Pippins were sold. The possibility of Pippin discontinuation had been speculated on since at least February 6th, 1997 as a result of restructuring brought on by the return of Stve Jobs. Such speculation that Jobs would eliminate the product line proved correct, and the Apple Pippin was discontinued later on in 1997. In Japan the system was discontinued much later, in 2002. The Pippin used a 66MHz PowerPC Processor. Video and System Memory was a combined 6MB. 128 Kilobytes of SRAM resided on the system for saving games and settings, with a modified Mac OS 7 operating system residing on each game disk to avoid compatibility and optimization issues. The Pippin had a 4x speed CD-ROM drive. Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure Gundam Tactics: Mobility Fleet 0079 Super Marathon The Applejack controller sports an unusual three buttons along the inner rim of the controller. The IO on the rear of the console. This console was made in Japan. Pippin modem Controller plug Bandai Apple Pippin Motherboard Pippin Bios There is a Wikibook on the History of Apple Inc. Staff, Ars (24 March 2018). "The Mac gaming console that time forgot" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/the-mac-gaming-console-time-has-forgot/. "La concurrence entre ordinateurs et consoles de jeux s'intensifie" (in fr). Le Monde.fr. 26 November 1995. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1995/11/26/la-concurrence-entre-ordinateurs-et-consoles-de-jeux-s-intensifie_3888874_1819218.html. "The Cutting Edge: COMPUTING / TECHNOLOGY / INNOVATION : Apple's Pippin Plays Video Games, Plugs Into TV Set". 14 December 1994. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-14-fi-8786-story.html. "Apple sold a $599 game console in 1996 — Apple Scoop" (in EN). applescoop.org. https://applescoop.org/story/apple-sold-a-599-game-console-in-1996. Frank, Allegra (8 September 2015). "Before gaming on iOS and Apple TV, there was Pippin" (in en). Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2015/9/8/9277273/what-is-pippin-apple-tv. "The Most Unusual Video Game Consoles" (in en). PCMAG. https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-most-unusual-video-game-consoles. Villas-Boas, Antonio. "Apple made a game console back in 1996, and it was terrible". https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-made-a-games-console-called-pippin-in-1996-2017-6. "Apple se restructure à nouveau et rappelle ses anciennes gloires" (in fr). Le Monde.fr. 6 February 1997. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1997/02/06/apple-se-restructure-a-nouveau-et-rappelle-ses-anciennes-gloires_3769697_1819218.html. Johnston, Casey (25 August 2011). "For the good of the company? Five Apple products Steve Jobs killed" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/08/five-apple-products-steve-jobs-killed-for-the-good-of-the-company/. "The Apple game system that failed early in the console wars". SlashGear. 20 January 2022. https://www.slashgear.com/the-apple-game-system-that-failed-early-in-the-console-wars-20708084/. "PIPPIN TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS". 29 January 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/19970129095719/http://www.pippin.apple.com/TechSpecs.html.
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Ancient Pueblo Peoples Assyrians Aztecs Celts Chinese Egyptians Greeks Hebrews Incas Mound Builders (North America) Mayans Indus Valley Vikings/Norse (Scandinavians) Persians Romans Scythians Sumerians Phoenicians Carthaginians Indus Valley Authors The Ancient Pueblo people were a Native American culture also known as Anasazi, but descendants of the people prefer not to be called that. They are the ancestors of modern Pueblos. Their culture dates back to 1200 B.C. The Ancient Pueblo people lived in what is now the southwestern United States of America. They lived in a high desert area filled with flat-topped hills called mesas. Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona meet at a point called “Four Corners”. The area surrounding Four Corners was the home of the Ancient Pueblos, which is probably why the "Four corners." nickname is "the pueblo corners". The Ancient Pueblo people built large buildings made up of many individual rooms. Families built the buildings over generations. Different families lived together in a single building, like an apartment complex today. The Spanish called the buildings pueblos. Pueblo is a Spanish word that means "village". It is from these pueblos that the Ancient Pueblo people get their name. These buildings were made of wood logs, adobe and stone. Adobe is a natural building material made from water, dirt and straw. The Ancient Pueblo builders used stones to make the walls of each room. Then they covered them with a layer of smooth adobe. The color of the walls is often the same as the color of the ground nearby. One very famous pueblo is Taos Pueblo. It has a multi-storied residential complex of reddish-brown adobe. The Rio Pueblo River runs through the middle of the pueblo. Pueblo people built this pueblo between 1000 and 1450 A.D. About one hundred and fifty people still live there today. They also built enclosed pits called kivas. Religious rituals and ceremonies were held inside the kivas. Most kivas built by the Ancient Pueblo people were round underground rooms. A hole in the roof was both a door and chimney. There were benches and alcoves in the walls. A fire pit was in the center. The Ancient Pueblo people are famous for their cliff dwellings. Mesa Verde in south western Colorado has several built into its sides. Cliff Palace is a particularly well known dwelling there. It has 220 rooms, in several stories and 23 kivas. The design of Cliff Palace seems random. Different people added new rooms slowly. Over many years, it took shape. People who lived there grew their food on the top of the mesa above them. They had to climb the face of a steep cliff to get home. They used small hand and foot holds carved in the rock. The Ancient Pueblo people were very good farmers despite the harsh and arid climate. They ate mainly corn, beans, and squash. They knew how to dry their food and could store it for years. Women ground the dried corn into flour, which they made into paper-thin cakes. They cooked these on a hot rock. Today their ancestors call these cakes "piki." They also cooked stews in clay pots over a fire. Since they lived in the high desert, food was hard to come by. They had bows and stone-tipped arrows. They hunted and ate animals like mice, rabbits, squirrels, deer, elk, and turkey. They also gathered wild foods like piñon nuts, yucca bulbs, and sunflower seeds. They kept turkeys and ate their eggs, but they may not have eaten the birds themselves. Instead, they used these birds to control insects. The birds would eat the bugs before the bugs ate the plants. Ancient Pueblo people wore many different types of clothing. They wore shirts and loincloths made of animal hides and furs. As animals were scarce, so was leather. They made sandals with thick soles from the matted fibers of the yucca plant. Yucca fibers were also used as thread. About 1,000 years ago, they began trading and growing cotton. They used cotton to weave shirts, dresses, loincloths and blankets. They decorated their clothing using natural dyes made from plants and minerals. Some common colors were ochre yellow, rust red, and pale blue-gray. The Ancient Pueblo people were expert weavers and they would decorate the fabric they wove. They painted or embroidered abstract geometric designs on the fabric. The weather was hot during the summer, so they wore little clothing then; however, they experienced cold winters. To make robes and coats, they wrapped feathers around Yucca fibers which they then sewed together. They also wore jewlery. They crafted pendants, earrings and necklaces from turquoise. They traded for shells and beads and wore these as well. No one knows for sure what the Ancient Pueblo people believed. We can make some good guesses, though. This is because we know what modern Pueblos believe. They did not believe in a single god. They believed in many mystic beings and gods. Today their descendants call some of these kotchinas. The kotchinas could speak directly with gods. People would ask the kotchinas to help them. Dancing was a main way that people connected with kotchinas. According to Pueblo history, their ancestors entered this world from another world. The people who entered this world are the First People. A flute-playing locust led them on the journey. An important concept in Pueblo history and religion is the sipapu. A sipapu was a place where people could communicate with the spirits. It could be an alcove in a kiva, a mountain, a body of water, or some other place. Ancient Pueblo Indians believed that the dead pass into the spirit world through the sipapu. When someone died, their spirit went to a different world for a time. Then they were reborn in this world as a new baby. Ancient Puebloans did not have a written language. They did create pottery, cloth, and rock carvings with abstract designs, though. These designs identified groups or spirits. They also made rock carvings that had pictures of people and animals. A Pueblo medicine man named Popé led a revolt against the Spanish in 1680. The revolt was in response to the cruel treatment the Native Americans received from the conquering Spanish. The Pueblos managed to force the Spanish out of New Mexico but two years after Popé's death, the Spanish regained control. Maria Martinez is a famous pottery maker known for her recreation of traditional Puebloan designs. Her most famous pots have matte black designs on a shiny black surface. There are still Pueblo people living in New Mexico and Arizona. Some live other places in the American south west. There are around 25 pueblos today. Taos, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the most well known pueblos. Modern Pueblo people are descended from the Mogollon and Hohokam people as well as the Ancient Pueblo people. The Aztecs lived in what is now Mexico. The name Mexico comes from the Aztec word Mexica, a name they used to describe themselves. Their capital city, Tenochtitlan, was located where Mexico City currently stands today The Aztec's city, Tenochtitlan, was built on a self-made island. When they first arrived in the area, there was nothing but a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. They developed a system, called the chinampa system to dry the land by setting up small plots in which they produced all the food they needed. When enough land was dry they would begin to build there. Over time, they added to the size of the island using this system. Tenochtitlan was divided into four zones (called campan). Each campan was divided into 20 districts (calpullis), and each calpulli was crossed by streets, or tlaxilcalli. There were three main streets that crossed the city and extended to firm land; the calpullis were divided by channels used for transportation, with wood bridges that were removed at night. Each calpulli had its own tianquiztli (marketplace), but there was also a main marketplace in Tlatelolco. Tenochtitlan was created symmetrical, that is, a mirror image on both sides. At the heart of the city lay public buildings, temples and schools. Inside a walled square, 300 meters to the side, was the ceremonial center. There were public buildings, the main temple, the temple of Quetzalcoatl, the ball game, the tzompantli, or rack of skulls, the temple of the sun, the platforms for the sacrifice of gladiators, and some minor temples. Outside was the palace of Moctezuma. Nearby was the cuicalli or house of the songs, and the calmecac, or school. All construction had to be approved by the calmimilocatl, a person in charge of city planning. Moctezuma's palace had 100 rooms and bathrooms for the lords and ambassadors of allies and conquered people. It also had two zoos, one for birds of prey and another for other birds, reptiles, and mammals. There was also a botanical garden and an aquarium. The aquarium had ten salt water ponds and ten fresh water ponds, containing fish and aquatic birds. Aztec men wore the cloth around their waists and cloaks around their shoulders. Aztec women wore sleeveless blouses and wraparound skirts. Nobles dressed in brightly colored cotton clothes decorated in gold and feathers. This was done to attract attention to themselves. The poor wore clothes made of maguey fibers, and slaves did not wear much at all The Aztec army dressed differently from everyday people. Warriors wore vests made of quilted cotton, feathered plumes that are dusted with stones and precious metals. They also wore collars, bracelets, and earrings made of the same materials. Depending on how many enemies they captured, warriors could earn the right to wear animal costumes. Chiefs wore layers of gold or silver with feathers underneath. Both chiefs and warriors wore wooden helmets shaped like animals and carried shields made of woven reeds and feathers. Common soldiers did not have these items. They painted themselves in the colors of their chief's banner and wore a simple girdle. When sacrificing humans to the gods, priests wear black blood-stained robes, while the victim was painted with chalk. Often, masks were worn during the ceremony. Like the Mayans, the Aztecs wrote using a series of glyphs, or pictures. For example, a snake (coatl) was represented by a drawing of a snake's head. Numbers below 20 were represented by a series of dots. Numbers larger than 20 were represented by glyphs. For example, the number 500 would be represented by a feather and four flags (400 + 5*20 = 500). To show that glyphs belonged to a single group, a line was drawn to connect them. Next, a line was drawn to the object being counted. According to Aztec legend, the ancestors of the Aztecs came from a place in the north called Aztlán. They were guided by a god named Huitzilopochtli, meaning "Left-handed Hummingbird." There was a prophecy that said that they should build their home where they saw an eagle eating a snake while perched on a nopal cactus. When they arrived on the island in Lake Texcoco, they saw this, and settled there. The Aztecs also believed that their ancestors were considered by other groups to be uncivilized. However, they decided to learn, and took knowledge from other peoples, especially the Toltec. They believed all culture came from them. The Aztecs had several creation myths. One said that there were four ages before our time, each of which ended in a catastrophe. Our age – Nahui-Ollin, the fifth age, or fifth creation – escaped destruction because of the sacrifice of Nanahuatl ("full of sores", the smallest and humblest of the gods), who was transformed into the Sun. Another says that Earth was created by the twin gods Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl. Tezcatlipoca lost his foot in the process of creating the world and all representations of these gods show him without a foot and with a bone exposed. At the time of the arrival of the Spanish, Emperor Moctezuma ruled over Tenochtitlan. His name in Nahuatl, pronounced Mo–tekw–so–ma, meant "he who makes himself ruler by his rage." Legend has it that ten years before the Spanish arrived, eight things happened that signaled the fall of the Aztec empire. They were: A comet appeared in the sky during the day. A pillar of fire (possibly the comet) appeared in the night sky. The temple of Huitzilopochtli was destroyed by fire. A bolt of lightning struck the Tzonmolco temple. Tenochtitlan was flooded. Strange people with many heads but one body were seen walking through that city. A woman was heard weeping a dirge for the Aztecs. A strange bird (quetzal) was caught. When Moctezuma looked into its mirror-like eyes, he saw unfamiliar men landing on the coast. In the spring of 1519, Moctezuma received reports of strange men off the coast of his empire. At first, the emperor sent an ambassador with a costume of Tlaloc, and another of Quetzalcoatl. When the ambassador met conquistador Hernán Cortés, he thought he looked like Quetzalcoatl. He told Moctezuma, who tried to stop him from coming to Tenochtitlan. He sent gold, wizards, priests, and even one of his ambassadors, Tzihuacpopoca, who pretended to be the emperor. Eventually, Moctezuma met Hernán Cortés. He believed he was the god Quetzalcoatl. He took him to his garden and gave him flowers, the greatest honour he could give. When Cortés ordered a halt to the human sacrifices, he agreed. He even offered to be baptized a Christian and become a subject of King Charles I of Spain. When Cortés went to meet other Spaniards on the coast, deputy governor Pedro de Alvarado took over. He stopped the Aztecs from celebrating Toxcatl, and killed most of the important upper class Aztecs in what is known as "The Massacre in the Main Temple." Between 350 and 1000 people died. This enraged the Aztecs, who revolted. Moctezuma was then taken by the Spanish. On July 1, 1520, Moctezuma appeared on the balcony of his palace, pleading with his people to retreat. Instead, they threw rocks at him, and he died shortly after the attack. After the death of Moctezuma, there were only two other emperors. One died of smallpox, the last Aztec emperor was named Cuahutemoc, and to make him confess where the Aztec wealth was kept, they burned his feet until finally his death came very possibly from shock, or so Mexican scholars say. One year later, the Aztec empire had crumbled. Techichpotzin, Moctezuma's daughter, inherited his wealth. She was baptized a Christian and given the name Isabel Moctezuma. She married a total of five times before she died. Although the Aztecs no longer exist, their influence is still felt in Mexico. More than 60% of the population are mestizo or mixed. This means that some of their ancestors were Aztec. There are also over 1.5 million people in Mexico who speak Nahuatl, which comes from the Classical Nahuatl spoken by the Aztecs. The Nahuatl language has given many words to English, usually through Spanish. Here is a list of some English words of Nahuatl origin: avocado: from ahuacatl (fruit) chilli: from chilli (vegetable) chocolate: from xocolatl (drink) cocoa: from cacahuatl (fruit/nut) coyote: from coyotl (mammal) ocelot: from ocelotl (mammal) shack: from xacalli (structure) tomato: from (xi)tomatl (fruit/berry) The Assyrians were fierce warriors who lived in northern Mesopotamia from 1900 – 612 BC. Their kingdom was upstream on the Tigris River, across from their enemies, the Babylonians. The Assyrians were a much more warlike people than the Babylonians. They were also known as great traders. Their caravans traveled all over the place, bringing goods to trade as well as food and wine to various cities in Mesopotamia. About 1200 BC, the Assyrians finally conquered Babylon, the greatest city of the time. The Assyrians leveled the city. They turned it into rubble. After they leveled the city, the Assyrians began to worry about Marduk, the chief of all the Babylonian gods. They were afraid Marduk might punish them for destroying his city. The Assyrians decided the smartest thing to do would be to rebuild the city, and to return the statue of Marduk to his temple. They really did not have any use for the city. So, they rebuilt Babylon, but left it an empty city. Eventually, people returned to the city and Babylon rose again. During the height of its power (8th – 6th centuries BC), the Assyrian civilization expanded to cover the whole of Mesopotamia (including Babylon, Syria, Palestine and Cyprus) as well as northern Arabia and north-eastern Egypt. Assyrians still exist around the world. The history of the Assyrian Empire can be divided into three segments (or parts), the Old Assyrian Empire, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the New Assyrian Empire. The Old Assyrian Empire was formed around 1900 B.C. and lasted until around 1363B.C. It was a time of conquest. The Assyrians attacked their neighbors, such as Sumer and Akkad, and grew more powerful, though still not as powerful as some of their other neighbors. During Middle Assyrian Empire, the Empire was very powerful and still growing. This stage in the life of the empire lasted from 4000 - 1000 B.C. Iron swords, lances, and armor strengthened the Assyrian army because iron weapons were stronger than the bronze weapons used by other civilizations of that era. The Assyrians used iron to create powerful battering rams. A battering ram is a large, heavy log carried by several men and propelled with enough force to break down city walls. The Assyrians added wheels and canopies to their battering rams. A canopy is a small roof that protected Assyrian soldiers from rocks and spears thrown down at them. The invention of spoke wheels made Assyrian chariots lighter, faster, and better prepared to outrun soldiers and other chariots. Arrows from their deadly crossbows could penetrate the armor of rival soldiers. About 1000 B.C., the Assyrians introduced the first cavalry. A cavalry is an army that fights on horseback. The saddle had not yet been invented, so the Assyrian cavalry fought on the bare backs of their horses. The New Assyrian Empire occurred during the pinnacle, or top, of the empire's power. The Assyrians owned most of their known world. In fact, the kings thought that the gods chose them to rule, and that made them representatives of the gods on earth. This was a form of what is known as Theocracy. Theocracy is a form of Government where ruler's power comes from religion. The kings were given titles and names like, "King of the Universe." Because of their power they were not only in charge of the army but the temples too. During this time magnificent palaces and temples were constructed, partly to show off the wealth (or money) of the kings. The last great king during the was Ashurbanipal (pronounced Ash-er-ban-ee-pol). He ruled from 668-627 B.C. After his rule the country soon fell. The Medes and Babylonians invaded and finally defeated the nation in 612 B.C. Assyrians built magnificent temples and palaces, decorated with beautiful reliefs and statues of winged bulls, known as cherubs (though you must be careful not to confuse these with angels of the same name). The Assyrians built in rectangles. Their rectangular homes were built of stone. They had doors but no windows. The roofs were flat with layers of earth on sturdy beams. This made their homes nearly fireproof. They built walled towns with huge rectangular buildings. They decorated their buildings with huge demons to protect the building, and possible the town residents, from evil influence. First and foremost, the Assyrians were deeply religious warriors, and their construction reflected this. Assyrians ate a platter of ground lamb, wheat, pine nuts, and other middle eastern spices. This was called Kidbei (Kid-be). Their bread was called lehmo or pita. Yogurt was a main part of the Assyrians diet. Assyrians had two main desserts. One is a pastry filled with a buttery paste. This is called Kadee. The other dessert is called Baklava. Baklava is a dessert found in many other middle eastern civilizations. Richta, an Assyrian rice dish that is tasty. Booshala is a creamy soup with many delicious ingredients one of which is ground lamb. The men wore long coatlike garments and were bearded. Women wore a sleeved tunic and a shawl over their shoulders. Knee-length and full-length tunics (a garment like a shirt) with short sleeves were the most common types of clothing worn. They were worn along with some type headdress. Shawls were also worn. The two were generally worn together, but sometimes not. The Assyrian cavalry was well outfitted for war, with chain mail and leather boots. Chainmail is a type of armor consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. While other armies fought in sandals, leather boots protected Assyrian soldiers while they were around horses, and prepared the Assyrian army to fight in rough terrain and in cold weather, rain, and snow. Though there are no actual pieces of clothing around today, archeologists can still infer with some help from the Old Testament of the Bible that rich coloring was prominent. Colors probably included: Blue: dark indigo, though sometimes lighter. Red: A lot Indian red. Yellow Green Purple: Dark, and a little brownish. Assyrian writing was called cuneiform (kU-nee-u-form).The cuneiform is one of the oldest known forms of writing. Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. Over time, however, its letters simplified and became less of a picture. Cuneiform was written upon clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus. The indentations left by the stylus were wedge shaped, which gave rise to its name, cuneiform ("wedge shaped"). Around 600 BC, before the people of ancient Mesopotamia were conquered by the great Persian Empire, the last Assyrian king started a project. He began collecting a library of clay tablets of all the literature of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria. When discovered in modern times, over 30,000 tablets still remained in the great library in his capital city of Nineveh. These tablets are our single most important source of knowledge about ancient Mesopotamia. The Assyrian king was believed to be the earthy representative of the gods. His enemies were punished with violence. The message was simple – mess with Assyria and you will face the consequences. Like the Babylonians, the Assyrians believed that there were many gods that ruled different parts of the universe. They built each of their gods a primary temple that was considered the home of the god. People would bring sacrifices to the gods and the priests would try to attend to the needs of the gods through ceremonies and festivals. The Assyrians did not believe in a happy, busy afterlife. They believed that after death every soul went to the underworld. The underworld was considered a dark and dismal place. This made death a dreadful event as there was no hope of ever having anything better. In the funeral ceremony itself, they would place the hand of the deceased on a plate of food, so that they would have something for the trip. They would bury their dead with a few of their favorite possession. The Assyrians, however, liked to keep their dead at home. The poor would dig a hole somewhere in the house, and bury their dead at home. The rich would build a room just for the burial. In both cases, an oil lamp would be kept burning near or at the gravesite, to remind everyone that this person is near and cares for them. Babylonian and Assyrian religion had much in common: most of the myths and the gods were the same. One difference though was that in Assyria the king of gods was Assur, the patron god of the city of Assur, unlike Babylonian Marduk, the patron of Babylon. The following is a list of gods worshipped by the Assyrians: Ishtar, the goddess of love Adramelech, A sun god Anshar, the national god As Shalla, the Assyrian goddess of grain Anasas, god of medicine Nishraeli Nisroch, god of farming Nimrod Oannes Nabu, god of Wisdom and Writing Samnuha Gubaba Ashur/Assur, king of the gods now Assyrian Christians believe in God. King Ashurbanipal is known for his library of cuneiform tablets. It was the largest collection of the books in the ancient world. Many masterpieces of ancient literature and many facts from ancient history are known to us from the documents of Ashurbanipal’s library. Also, the Assyrians are mentioned in the Bible as the people who conquered Israel over a hundred years before Judah's conquest. We can also see, in the Bible, that the Assyrians were conquered by the Babylonians, who conquered Judah later on. Assyrian people still live in northern Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine (specially Jerusalem) Jordan (Medaba), Canada, Australia, and the USA. They speak Aramaic language and most of them are Christians. In around 400 BC, the Celts ranged from Britain and Ireland all the way across Europe to northern Turkey. Today, Celtic descendants live in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom, Brittany in France, the Isle of Man and the Republic of Ireland. Other Celtic people live in countries where their ancestors moved to. Men wore a loose fitting tunic down to the knees and trousers called Bracae. Women wore long, loose fitting dresses. They made their clothes from linen woven from the flax that Celtic farmers grew. They were very concerned about their appearance and used dye from berries to colour their clothes. Both men and women also wore great cloaks when travelling, women used a decorative brooch to fasten their cloak at the neck. These cloaks were very heavy and often used as sleeping bags for the men when they were away hunting. The Celts used lime to bleach their hair, preferring light hair and both men and women wore their hair long. Most Iron Age Celts in Britain lived in roundhouses; circular houses of wood or stone with thatched straw roofs shaped like a cone. Most roundhouses were made up of wooden posts, with the walls made out of "wattle and daub." Wattle and daub consists of wooden sticks (wattles), covered with a mixed mud and clay plaster (daub). In Scotland most roundhouses were built of stone rather than wood, yet retained the cone-shaped thatched roof. This type of roundhouse is called the Atlantic roundhouse. Celtic houses in mainland Europe were rectangular. The Celts in Ireland built many forts and settlements, the most popular design was the ringfort. Inside a ringfort wooden, circular houses were built using wattle and daub. Celts also built fortified defensive structures, which can still be seen today, especially in the highlands and isles of Scotland, as well as Ireland. Celts ate like most other Europeans, subsisting mostly on grains supplemented by meats, fruits, and vegetables. Exactly what they ate varied by area, and Celts grew local crops. Scottish highlanders were famous for supposedly subsisting almost entirely on oats, though this was not entirely true. However, oats remain the favorite grain of Scotland, and Scottish cuisine is full of them. Potatoes serve this role in Ireland, although they were not introduced until after Columbus reached the New World. The Celts in Ireland farmed the land and reared cattle and sheep. In the spring, they would get milk, butter and cheese from the cattle, killing them later in the year for meat. Cattle were not only a means of food for Celts, the Celts wealth was measured in the amount of cattle they owned. One ancient Irish tale tells of Queen Maedhb (May-ev) and another rival king, and their battle over the Táin Bó Chuaille (a bull). This doesn't just show the importance of cattle in Celtic society, but also the fact that they thoroughly accepted the idea of women as leaders, unlike other societies of that time. The most famous example of food of any Celtic people is probably the Scottish haggis. Many people aren't quite clear on what a haggis is, and one survey conducted in the United States found that over half of the people they surveyed thought that the haggis was a small rodent native to Scotland. In reality, a haggis usually consists of a sheep's 'pluck' (heart, liver, windpipe and lungs), minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock, which is traditionally boiled in the animal's stomach for about an hour. Celts took a great interest in their clothes when they could afford to do so. Many more modern Celts had colourful designs woven into their clothes called tartan, still shown in Scottish Kilts and Trews today. Celts also had a great fondness for jewellery, and both men and women wore quite a bit, when they could afford it. Finally, many warrior Celts wore their weapons (swords, more often than not) as normal attire. This became very complex during the late Middle Ages with Scottish highlanders, who were sometimes seen with a broadsword at their waist, dirk (long knife) on their belt, one or more pistols also attached to their belt, a long hunting rifle, and a small dagger in their sock, called a Sgian Dubh (Gaelic for "Black Dagger"). Celts didn't have a very high opinion of the written word. Instead, they recorded their history and culture in an oral tradition; that is, they recorded their past by telling stories. Early examples of Gaelic Celtic writing have been recovered in Europe, based on the Phoenician alphabet. In Ireland, a different alphabet was used, primarily in Gaelic Celtic languages like Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic. This alphabet was called Ogham, sometimes referred to as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet." It developed as a way for Irish monks to write in stone. After Christianity was spread throughout the Gaelic world, Ogham fell into disuse, in favor of the Latin alphabet (largely because Christian writings were all in the Latin alphabet). Celts were polytheists; they believed in many gods and goddesses (deities). Unlike many other civilisations, different groups of Celts worshipped various deities, although there were some patterns. Beira was the name that Celts gave to Mother Earth, and some of them believed her to be the mother of all their deities. Most Celts believed in an afterlife, we know this because archaeologists have found many grave goods within their burial tombs (Dolmens, Cairns). Many, though not all, Celts worshipped in sacred groves. Yes! Today, the British Isles (along with Ireland) are probably regarded to be Celtic more than any other area in the world. No one is quite sure who lived there before them, and they were certainly well-established by the time the Romans came there in AD 43. After 20 years of Roman rule, the chieftain of the Icenii tribe, Prasutagus, died. Though by tradition, his wife Boudicca would have assumed leadership of the tribe, the Romans took Icenii land, brutally humiliating Boudicca and her two daughters. This enraged the Icenii people, and Boudicca raised an army to fight the Romans and liberate Britain. She gained support of many other Celtic tribes, and almost succeeded in toppling the Roman Empire in Britain. She is revered as a national hero in Britain. The world-renowned Scottish poet, Robert Burns, was a Celt. Many famous Celts are alive today. The famous Scottish actor, Sean Connery, is proud of his Celtic heritage. Celts are alive and thriving today! Much of the population of Europe are seen as descendants of the Celts, and the nations of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany and Isle of Man are considered to be made up of primarily Celtic peoples. As well, the Celtic diaspora, the descendants of Celts around the world, is vast, being spread greatly through the British Empire. In particular, Nova Scotia, Canada, is a hotbed of modern Gaelic Celtic culture. Despite its being one of the four greatest ancient civilizations, the Chinese civilization had a slower progress than any other. The Chinese civilization has made countless contributions to the world, including the invention of compass, paper, gunpowder, silk, noodle, porcelain, and paper money and other things that are a part of our lives today. There were also many great works of architecture, such as, the Great Wall. The Chinese is the only of the four greatest ancient civilizations that managed to survive throughout the five thousand years of its history and one of a few ancient civilizations that have lasted into modern times. The Chinese civilizations is normally divided in four characteristic periods (Pre-history and Shang, Han Empire, Qing [Manchu] Empire 1644- 1912 and Modern age). Due to their extensive record keeping little mystery is left to us, much unlike the Egyptians and Babylonians. The influence of Chinese civilization also spread to most its neighboring regions predominantly Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Vietnam. The present-day China culture is still marked by this continual evolution but now China is part of the globalized human civilization. The geography of ancient China is often described by geologists in a system of three steps: The first step is to the far west near present day Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (Tibet or Xizang for short). With the highest mountains on earth the climate is quite cold and in the summer quite warm. This area is widely considered inhospitable, from -40°C (-40°F) in the winter to 37°C (100°F) in the summer. Because of these extremes, there aren’t many villages and the villages that are there are quite small. The next step is the middle of China. It’s covered with desert and a small amount of grassland. People there raise yaks, a type of grazing cattle. There are some low hills but no snow. With cold winters and hot summers this area was never densely populated. Eastern China supported most of China's ancient population. Three rivers flow through this area: the Huang He in the north, the Chang Jiang (Yangzi Jiang) in the center, and the Sikiang in the south. The Huang He is the main river and is more commonly known in the Western World as the Yellow River. This is because the water and the soil around this river is yellow. There was plenty of water for crops and agriculture flourished. Wheat was the main crop in the north, and rice was more common in the southwest. Most ancient Chinese buildings have not survived because they were made of wood. A small number of buildings were made of stone. However, the forbidden palace, which is still located in China, Beijing, has survived, and many tourists visit it every day. The Temple of Heavens, or Tian Tan, is also a famous tourist attraction. Chinese architecture has curved roofs to resemble the wings of a bird. Roof colors also hold significance; blue was usually reserved for religious buildings, orange/yellow was reserved for imperial buildings, etc. Northern Chinese people prominently diet was based on wheat; southern Chinese people on rice; and they ate with chopsticks, still common in the Asia today. Many of them ate noodles, which are long, thin pieces of dough that they boil in hot water. A main meat was pork. They also grew fruits like lemons, oranges, peaches, apricots and ginger. In ancient China, the wealthy wore silk, while commoners wore cotton. The color yellow/gold could only be worn by the emperor and other royalty. A dragon was sometimes sewn on the Emperor's clothes, and gold was often woven into clothing. The color red indicates celebrity or happiness and is usually worn on holidays. They also sometimes wore jade depending on what they were doing, since jade was highly valued They wore a style of clothing known as the Hanfu, which was robes tied together with a sash or belt. Hanfus vary from simple versions worn by commoners to scholarly versions worn by court officials to elaborate versions worn by the rich. The Hanfu very much resembles and is the predecessor of the Japanese yukata/kimono, the Korean hanbok, and the Vietnamese Áo tứ thân. In the 17th century, Manchurian nomads invaded the Ming Dynasty, and created the Qing Dynasty. They ordered everyone to wear Manchurian clothing, which is now known as the Cheongsam; Changshan (male) and the Qipao (female). This type of clothing is what most westerners picture when they think of Chinese clothing. The ancient form of writing evolved into the character system that is still in use today. Traditional Chinese script includes cursive, semi-cursive, wild cursive, clerical, seal, etc. Today, mainland PR-China uses simplified Chinese script, introduced to improve literacy rate, but criticized by historians. Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao continue to use traditional script. During the Bronze Age most of China worshiped many gods and spirits. The most important of these being Ti or “Deity Above". He was believed to help those that pleased him and punish those that didn’t. Ti was in charge of all the gods and goddesses in the pantheon. The gods and goddesses all represented something in nature, e.g. the “God of Soil". Some of the emperors brought their servants with them to the after life. Priests and Priestess’s main job was to act as mediums between the gods and goddesses and the worshipers they specialized in sacrificing and ceremonies of specific gods and goddesses. A special type of medium was an Augur. An Augur asked questions of the gods and goddesses or read oracle bones. After the Bronze Age, Three Doctrines or Ideologies became important Chinese Religions. The Three ideologies can also be viewed as philosophies but they also have a spiritual element, which is why they are classified as religions. Daoism and Confucianism were native to China and developed in isolation. The Third Doctrine, Buddhism was brought from China by traveling monks from India. Confucius was alive during when the Chou dynasty (a part of the Zhou Dynasty) was decaying it was riddled with corruption. Confucius experienced the corruption firsthand as he held a position in government. He believed that decline was because the Chinese had abandoned old traditions and old concepts of honor, politeness morality and social roles had been forgotten; this is the base of Confucianism. Confucianism filtered into different aspect of Chinese culture. Confucius’ teachings became the basis for education in China and his writings became the classics that every child in China reads. The basis of Daoism is the concept of Dao. Dao is translated as “the path” or “the way.” The term has no conclusive definition it refers to a wide force in nature and is the source of all things. Daoism in its purest form calls followers to pursue Dao. This means he or she should not try to alter nature or force it to do what it was not meant to do. A follower must remain inactive and not make plans. A follower must not do anything contrary to Dao for example building a house or damming a river. Daoists were members of the educated wealthy elite. Some of the less privileged did learn about it but altered it to be more about magic and alchemy than the purest form of Daoism. Siddharta Gautama founded Buddhism around 500 BC; He was later called The Enlightened One or the Buddha. Buddhism spread to China via the Silk Road. When it first arrived it was considered part of Daoism because of how similar Daoism and Buddhism are. How ever a number of Buddhist monks came from India to China and kept the religion from being incorporated into Daoism. Buddhism encourages followers to throw off self-interest. Through meditation and right living, a Buddhist can reach Nirvana or absence of suffering which was a similar concept to Dao. All three religions were not intolerant of each other although they did not always agree. Many people were subscribers of more than one religion and all three subtly influenced each other. The first step of the Chinese civilization was started by the rule of the Shang dynasty (kings), who ruled a group of towns and cities. They ruled from 1766 - 1027 BC. They were mostly located in the North West of the present-day China, and the rest of the land was run by other tribes who the Shang could not reach. In 1027 BC, the Shang king was replaced by the Zhou Dynasty, and these people ruled for 400 years. They extended the kingdom southwards and towards central China. In 772 BC, barbarians destroyed the capital Hao and a new capital was built at Luoyang. But the Chou were never as powerful again and from 772 - 481 BC the land was split into many small kingdoms run by chiefs. Around 500 BC the hundreds of tiny kingdoms had turned into around 20 states. Peace was proposed to end the wars in the area, but war returned in 481 BC. This lasted until 221 BC in a period known as "The Warring States". After this time, there were seven big kingdoms. Starting in 230 BC, one of them, the Qin kingdom defeated everyone and Prince Cheng named himself Shi Huangdi, the First Emperor of China. The name Qin was also given to the land, and it still remains today as China. Confucius (known in Chinese as Kongzi) is widely known as the prototypical Chinese sage. He spawned a whole school of philosophy. His follower, Mencius, is also known today. There are other ancient Chinese people known today, although their origin is thought of as legendary: Laozi, writer of the Daode jing, one of the five major classics of ancient Chinese wisdom; Sunzi, the military theorist who wrote the "Bing Fa", know in the West as "The Art of War". Historiographically, there is a rather important name: Sima Qian, the first major Chinese historian, dating from Western Han. Politically, there are maybe two major figures: Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor and the first builder of the Great Wall of China. Originally named Ying Zheng, he conquered the remaining Chinese kingdoms and became the first "Son of Heaven" to aggregate "All-Under-Heaven", the whole territory. Nearly 60 years later, Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi) rose to power, marking the true beginning of Confucianism as "the" building block of the Imperial State. Zheng He is another famous person. He explored the world on big ships in 1405, almost a century before Ferdinand Magellan set sail. Zheng He visited India, the Persian Gulf, Egypt, and possibly even the most southern tip of Africa! Egypt is in northeastern Africa. The Ancient Egyptians lived along the River Nile, the "fertile river." This river flows from the central part of Africa. The Nile's water flows north and empties into the Mediterranean Sea. At the northern most part of the Nile, the Nile forms a delta. The delta is the wider, triangular mouth of river, where it leaves behind dirt and other sediment. The Nile was very important to life in Egypt. Seasonal floods every year covered the land near the river with fresh silt, making the land very good for growing food. In order to grow more food, people built irrigation canals to move water from the river to nearby areas. The Sahara Desert makes up much of the surrounding area, so most people didn't travel very far from the Nile. The surrounding desert land made the rich soil of the Nile very important for growing crops. Egyptian transportation systems included boats that traveled north and south along the river. Boats could easily travel north, with the current of the river, but they could go south easily as well. The winds along the river usually blew to the south, so the Egyptians would raise sails on their boats and head against the current with the help of the wind! The Greek historian Herodotus traveled the river thousands of years after the Egyptians started their civilization. He is often quoted as saying that "Egypt is the gift of the Nile." This means that, without the Nile, civilization in Egypt would be impossible. There were two types of buildings that the ancient Egyptians lived in. One was called the worker's home. The other was the town house, which was for wealthier people. Both types of houses were built from bricks. Stone was only used for building permanent structures, such as the Pyramids. The bricks were made from a mixture of mud, pebbles, and straw. The builders would pour the mixture into wooden frames and leave it in the sun to dry and harden. Buildings made from such bricks eventually crumbled, and new buildings were constructed right on top of the ruins. This led to the formation of tells or hills. Houses were often built along the Nile River, but they had to be high to avoid flooding. A worker's home was usually one-story high and had up to four rooms. There was a yard and a kitchen in the back of the house, as well as two underground storage cellars. The roofs of the Egyptians houses were flat, and people spent much of their time there. Egyptian families slept, cooked, and ate their meals on the roof. It was a bit like having a living room, kitchen, dining room, and bedroom all up on the roof. The Egyptians did not have running water in their homes, but water could be taken from nearby wells. Workers' homes had very little furniture, including beds and storage chests for clothes. The houses of the wealthy were much larger and up to three stories tall. Because the walls were much higher, they had to be supported by wooden beams. The walls of the first floor were sometimes made of stone for added strength. Different levels of the house served different purposes. The first floor was where business and work was conducted. The second and third floors were the living space for the family and had nicer furnishings. The roof was used for preparing and cooking meals that were then brought in by the servants. Wealthy homes had gardens, pools, and small shrines for worship. Some houses were decorated with tiled floors, barred windows, fancy staircases, and painted walls. The ceilings were high and held up with columns. The pyramids were large stone structures built to house the bodies of the Egyptian rulers, or Pharaohs, after they died. The pyramids were built high, because it was believed to be the ruler's staircase to heaven. Although the most famous shape is the familiar three-dimensional triangle, pyramids were built in a variety of shapes. They were all built with the help of simple machines, including pulleys, inclined planes, and levers. The inside walls of the pyramids were decorated with hieroglyphics, the picture-based writing of the Egyptians. The tomb of the Pharaoh was located in a room deep in the heart of the pyramid, and was filled with gold, jewels, and other riches. It was also filled with other everyday objects that might be needed by the dead Pharaoh during his journey to the afterlife. This could include food, clothing, utensils, pottery, and furniture. Sometimes, even servants were sealed up in the tomb! Because of all the treasure inside the tomb, robbers sometimes broke into the pyramids, but their maze-like interior could cause them to get lost and die of starvation. Another defense against robbers were the curses written at the entrance of the pyramids. Most ancient Egyptians were very superstitious, and the curses were frightening enough to keep them away. Unfortunately, as centuries passed, thieves grew less afraid of the curses and managed to steal many of the ancient treasures that had been in the tombs for ages. The ancient Egyptians ate food that is not much different from what we eat today. Because the Nile River supplied them with a constant water source, the Egyptians were able to grow many different kinds of crops in their desert environment. Common crops included grains, vegetables, and fruit. It was expensive to raise animals. Therefore, most domestic animals were used as work animals rather than as food. Often, Egyptian families hunted wild animals to eat. The Egyptians ate many different kinds of bread. The dough was made from grain, yeast, eggs, butter, salt, milk, and spices. In early times, it was cooked over an open fire. Later, pre-heated stone slabs were used. The bread could be plain or filled with beans, vegetables, or other ingredients. If sweet bread was desired, it would be flavored with honey, fruit, or dates. Honey was the main sweetener for the Egyptians, because they had not discovered sugar. They also believed that honey had healing properties. Because the Nile provided lots of water, fruits and vegetables made up a large part of the Egyptian diet. Common vegetables included: cucumbers, onions, cabbage, garlic, radishes, leeks, and more. Green vegetables were often served with a dressing, usually made of vinegar and oil, not unlike the salad dressings we use today. Fruits like figs, pomegranates, dates, melons, and grapes were readily available. Wealthy people could import fruits like coconuts, apples, and peaches. Fish was also a large part of their diet, although many rich people would not eat it. Fish was usually eaten fried, boiled, or roasted. It was also often sun-dried. Most Egyptians wore white tunics made of linen. Linen was by far the most common textile. It helped people to be comfortable in the heat. Linen is made from the
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The Cornell Method has a very good proven track record. The method consists of the 5 R's: Record Reduce Recite Reflect Review One way to remember these 5 might be to imagine them written on the digits of the right (or left) hand: Thumb — Record Pointing finger — Reduce Middle finger — Recite Ring finger — Reflect Little finger — Review Or, get an old plastic glove used for washing-up or gardening and write the R's on the glove. This should be fun. Imagine wearing and showing the glove to friends. They will say: "What's this? Why 5 R's? I thought there were only 3 R's: Reading, Riting, Rithmetic!" Here is a simple picture of a notebook page that shows the notes on one column of a page, and keywords on the other column. It allows quick retrieval of different subjects, and a fast and easy way to review the notes. To setup a page using the Cornell Method, follow these steps: Write your name, the subject, the date, and the page number on the top. Draw a line (or leave space) from top to bottom about 2" from the left side. Draw a line (or leave space) for a summary of the page's content. When listening to a lecture, record the main ideas on the right side of the paper as a list or in paragraph form. Use abbreviations when possible. On the left side, write down a keyword that describes this section of notes. When you finish the page, summarize in a few sentences the main ideas of the whole page. When you finish class, review and clarify any keywords.
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"Baroque" is traditionally the term applied to a highly grand and decorative form of artistic expression in the 17th century. The term was first used to describe architecture and art, but was later applied to music. The period is often described as existing from the birth of opera and oratorio in the 1600s until the influence of classical style became widespread in the 1760s. Learning resources should be published in this area to further explain the Baroque era, style and composers who were influenced by the time. The Baroque era hosted one of the most loved composers ever to have put pen to paper. The German composer Johann Sebastian Bach wrote many cantatas, several oratorios, and lots of other choral and instrumental music. Bach was probably one of the most prolific composers to ever live, at one stage writing a large-scale cantata and two organ pieces every week (for nearly three years) He is often considered a master of harmony, and students today still learn his principles of harmonisation. The French court composer Jean-Baptiste Lully was perhaps the first Baroque composer to gain notoriety. With his compositions for the French court, Baroque music became more magnificent than what had come before, with larger orchestration. In England, Henry Purcell showed a very different style to other composers of the time. A fugue is a musical composition involving two or more independent parts. It is organized around a "subject" (like a theme) which is repeated in varied ways throughout the composition. The subject can appear in one of four ways: 1) original form; 2) inverted ("upside down"); 3) retrograde (backwards); or 4) retrograde inverted. J.S. Bach was famous for his fugues. A suite is a collection of short pieces of music all associated with dances. All the dances are in the same key. They contrast one another in terms of time signature and/or metre. Although a suite's pieces were all once associated with dances, the Baroque suite is meant for listening, not as dance accompaniment. "Baroque" at Wikipedia "Baroque Music" at Wikipedia
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Generalized field equations hold for all basic fields. Generalized field equations fit best in a quaternionic setting. Quaternions consist of a real number valued scalar part and a three-dimensional spatial vector that represents the imaginary part. The multiplication rule of quaternions indicates that several independent parts constitute the product. In this comment, we use a suffix r {\displaystyle _{r}} to indicate the scalar real part of a quaternion, and we use a → {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}} to indicate the imaginary vector part of quaternion a {\displaystyle a} . The ± {\displaystyle {\color {Red}\pm }} in equation (1) indicates that quaternions exist in right-handed and left-handed versions. The formula can be used to check the completeness of a set of equations that follow from the application of the product rule. The quaternionic conjugate of a is a ∗ = a r − a → {\displaystyle a^{*}=a_{r}-{\vec {a}}} From the product rule follows the formula for the norm | a | {\displaystyle |a|} of quaternion a {\displaystyle a} . We define the quaternionic nabla as ∇ = { ∂ ∂ τ , ∂ ∂ x , ∂ ∂ y , ∂ ∂ z } = ∇ r + ∇ → ; ∇ r = ∂ ∂ τ ; ∇ → = { ∂ ∂ x , ∂ ∂ y , ∂ ∂ z } {\displaystyle \nabla =\left\{{\partial \over \partial \tau },{\partial \over \partial x},{\partial \over \partial y},{\partial \over \partial z}\right\}=\nabla _{r}+{\vec {\nabla }};\quad \nabla _{r}={\partial \over \partial \tau };\quad {\vec {\nabla }}=\left\{{\partial \over \partial x},{\partial \over \partial y},{\partial \over \partial z}\right\}} . The quaternionic nabla ∇ {\displaystyle \nabla } acts like a multiplying operator. The (partial) differential ∇ ψ {\displaystyle \nabla \psi } represents the full first-order change of field ψ {\displaystyle \psi } . We assume that φ = ∇ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi =\nabla \psi } exists in an enclosed region of the domain of ψ {\displaystyle \psi } . The equation is a quaternionic first order partial differential equation. The five terms on the right side show the components that constitute the full first-order change. They represent subfields of field φ {\displaystyle \varphi } , and often they get special names and symbols. ∇ → ψ r {\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\psi _{r}} is the gradient of ψ r {\displaystyle \psi _{r}} ⟨ ∇ → , ψ → ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle {\vec {\nabla }},{\vec {\psi }}\rangle } is the divergence of ψ → {\displaystyle {\vec {\psi }}} . ∇ → × ψ → {\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\times {\vec {\psi }}} is the curl of ψ → {\displaystyle {\vec {\psi }}} (Equation (4) has no equivalent in Maxwell's equations!) The nabla exists in several coordinate systems. This section shows the representation of the quaternionic nabla for Cartesian coordinate systems and for polar coordinate systems. Here { ρ , θ , φ } {\displaystyle \{\rho ,\theta ,\phi \}} are the coordinates with { ρ ^ → , θ ^ → , φ ^ → } {\displaystyle \{{\vec {\hat {\rho }}},{\vec {\hat {\theta }}},{\vec {\hat {\phi }}}\}} as coordinate axes. = 1 ρ sin ( θ ) ( ∂ a φ ∂ φ − ∂ ( a θ sin ( θ ) ∂ θ ) ) ρ ^ → + ( 1 ρ 2 ∂ ( ρ 2 a ρ ) ∂ ρ − 1 ρ sin ( θ ) ∂ a φ ∂ φ ) θ ^ → + ( 1 ρ sin ( θ ) ∂ ( a θ sin ( θ ) ∂ θ ) − 1 ρ 2 ∂ ( ρ 2 a ρ ) ∂ ρ ) φ ^ → {\displaystyle \qquad ={\frac {1}{\rho \sin(\theta )}}({\frac {\partial {a_{\phi }}}{\partial {\phi }}}-{\frac {\partial {(a_{\theta }\sin(\theta )}}{\partial {\theta )}}}){\vec {\hat {\rho }}}+({\frac {1}{\rho ^{2}}}{\frac {\partial {(\rho ^{2}a_{\rho })}}{\partial {\rho }}}-{\frac {1}{\rho \sin(\theta )}}{\frac {\partial {a_{\phi }}}{\partial {\phi }}}){\vec {\hat {\theta }}}+({\frac {1}{\rho \sin(\theta )}}{\frac {\partial {(a_{\theta }\sin(\theta )}}{\partial {\theta )}}}-{\frac {1}{\rho ^{2}}}{\frac {\partial {(\rho ^{2}a_{\rho })}}{\partial {\rho }}}){\vec {\hat {\phi }}}} The spatial nabla operator shows behavior that is valid for all quaternionic functions for which the first order partial differential equation exists. Here the quaternionic field a = a r + a → {\displaystyle a=a_{r}+{\vec {a}}} obeys the requirement that the first order partial differential ∇ a {\displaystyle \nabla a} exists. For constant k → {\displaystyle {\vec {k}}} and parameter q = q r + q → = { q r , q x , q y , q z } {\displaystyle q=q_{r}+{\vec {q}}=\{q_{r},q_{x},q_{y},q_{z}\}} holds The term ( ∇ → × ∇ → ) f {\displaystyle ({\vec {\nabla }}\times {\vec {\nabla }})f} indicates the curvature of field f {\displaystyle f} . The term ⟨ ∇ → , ∇ → ⟩ f {\displaystyle \langle {\vec {\nabla }},{\vec {\nabla }}\rangle f} indicates the stress of field f {\displaystyle f} With the help of the properties of the spatial nabla operator follows an interesting second-order partial differential equation. Most of the terms vanish. Further From the above formulas follows that the Maxwell equations do not form a complete set. Physicists use gauge equations to make Maxwell equations more complete. We start with the quaternionic equivalent of the Maxwell-Faraday equation. Two interesting second order quaternionic partial differential equations exist. This is the quaternionic equivalent of the wave equation. It offers waves as part of the solutions of the homogeneous equation. This equation can be split into two first order partial wave equations χ = ∇ ∗ φ {\displaystyle \chi =\nabla ^{*}\varphi } and φ = ∇ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi =\nabla \psi } . This equation does not offer waves as part of the solutions of the homogeneous equation. This is the quaternionic equivalent of d'Alembert's operator. This operator does not yet have a known name. Operator ⟨ ∇ → , ∇ → ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle {\vec {\nabla }},{\vec {\nabla }}\rangle } represents the main part of the Poisson equation. Together with ∇ r ∇ r {\displaystyle \nabla _{r}\nabla _{r}} this operator configures the above operators. As is shown above, ⊡ {\displaystyle \boxdot } can be derived from the nabla operator. That cannot be said from the D {\displaystyle D} operator.
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This section includes fictional methods which do not have any support from physics or engineering. Those that do have some supporting theory are listed in Part 2, Section 10 Theoretical Methods c. 1st Century Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, manuscript approximately 1st century. Contains the story of Daedalus and Icarus, who use wings made of feathers and wax. This fails on engineering due to the weakness of wax and power/weight ratio of humans. Feathers obviously work for birds, but they weigh much less than people do, and the feathers are attached directly to the skin, from which they grow. 1657 de Bergerac, Cyrano, A Voyage to the Moon, 1657. Uses glass containers of dew for lift when the Sun falls on them in a first attempt. Dew is just condensed water, and exposing it to sunlight in nature simply evaporates it. In a closed container it would evaporate or simply sit there as a liquid, depending how much was there. In a later chapter ranks of firecrackers are used, which are not imaginary, but merely too low in energy. This section includes methods which have appeared in fictional works, but which are possible based on currently known science and technology.
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Rio de Janeiro is a huge city with several district articles that contain information about specific sights, restaurants, and accommodation. Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil, on the South Atlantic coast. Rio is famous for its breathtaking landscape, its laid-back beach culture and its annual carnival. The "Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea" has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. The harbour of Rio de Janeiro is comprised of a unique entry from the ocean that makes it appear as the mouth of a river. Additionally, the harbor is surrounded by spectacular geographic features including Sugarloaf mountain at 395 meters (1,296 feet), Corcovado Peak at 704 meters (2,310 feet), and the hills of Tijuca at 1,021 meters (3,350 feet). These features work together to collectively make the harbor one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. Rio de Janeiro hosted many of the 2014 FIFA World Cup games, including the final. It also hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, becoming the first South American city to host the Summer Olympics. It is a common mistake to think of Rio as Brazil's capital, a distinction it lost on April 21, 1960 when Brasilia became the capital. Beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema, the Christ The Redeemer (Cristo Redentor) statue, the stadium of Maracanã and Sugarloaf Mountain (Pão de Açúcar) are all well-known sights of what the inhabitants call the "marvelous city" (cidade maravilhosa), and are also among the first images to pop up in travelers ́ minds, along with the Carnaval celebration. The South Zone holds most of Rio's landmarks and world-famous beaches, in an area of only 43.87 square kilometres (16.94 sq mi). Many of them are within walking distance of each other (for instance, the Sugarloaf lies about 8 km (5.0 mi) from Copacabana beach). Most hotels and hostels are located in this part of the city, which is compressed between the Tijuca Range (Maciço da Tijuca) and the sea. There are important places in other regions as well, such as Maracanã stadium in the North Zone and the many fascinating buildings in the centre. Sadly, most people also know Rio for its violence and crime, especially related to drugs. And social problems, as slums or favelas, areas of poor-quality housing and living; these slums are usually located on the city's many mountain slopes, juxtaposed with middle-class neighbourhoods. Rio was founded in 1565 by the Portuguese as a fortification against French privateers who trafficked wood and goods from Brazil. Piracy played a major role in the city's history, and there are still colonial fortresses to be visited (check below). The Portuguese fought the French for nearly 10 years, both sides having rival native tribes as allies. For the next two centuries it was an unimportant outpost of the Portuguese Empire, until gold, diamonds, and ore were found in Minas Gerais in 1720. Then, as the nearest port, Rio became the port for these minerals and replaced Salvador as the main city in the colony in 1763. When Napoleon invaded Portugal, the Royal Family moved to Brazil and made Rio capital of the Kingdom (so it was the only city outside Europe to be capital of a European country). When Brazil became independent in 1822, it adopted Monarchy as its form of government (with Emperors Pedro I and Pedro II). Many historians and Brazilians from other places say cariocas are nostalgic of the Royal and Imperial times, which is reflected in many place names and shop names. In 2009, the city won their bid to host the games of the XXXI Olympics in the summer of 2016. This was the fifth bid by the city, whose 1936, 1940, 2004, and 2012 bids lost. The climate of the city of Rio de Janeiro is tropical with a hot, humid and sometimes rainy summer and a mild and dry winter. In December and January, the heat and humidity are usually constant, reaching up to 40°C (104°F), However, it rains less in Rio de Janeiro than in other cities in the Southeast (for example, São Paulo) and the rains are usually sudden and rapid, giving a welcoming relief from the sizzling afternoon temperatures. During winter in the southern hemisphere, temperatures in Rio are usually milder. In these months rainfall decreases, and average temperatures are typically 19°C (66°F) to maximums of 25°C (77°F). Rio is one of the country's major transportation hubs, second only to São Paulo. Metropolitan area airport code for the two airports of the city is unsurprisingly RIO IATA. International and most domestic flights land at -22.81104-43.250891Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (GIG IATA Galeão International Airport), Av. Vinte de Janeiro, s/n° - Galeão, Ilha do Governador (20 km (12 mi) north from the city centre and main hotels), ☏ +55 21 3398-5050, fax: +55 21 3393-2288. While you can sometimes zoom through Immigration and Customs, be prepared for a long wait. Brazilians travel with lots of baggage and long queues can form at Customs, which are usually hopelessly understaffed. -22.910278-43.1627782 Santos Dumont Airport (SDU IATA), Praça Senador Salgado Filho, s/n - Centro (east of the city centre, by the Guanabara bay. ), ☏ +55 21 3814-7070, fax: +55 21 2533-2218. Gets flights only from São Paulo and some of Brazil's largest cities such as Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre and Salvador, as well as the capital Brasilia. Airlines that service Santos Dumont include: GOL, LATAM, Azul and Avianca. Don't rush off without taking a look inside the original terminal building - a fine example of Brazilian modernist architecture. If the flight connections to Rio don't suit you, you can check flights to the airports of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Campinas or Vitoria. From there you can take an intercity bus to Rio. From Galeão (GIG) two bus lines operated by Real depart from right outside the arrival section. Buses are air-conditioned and comfy, with ample luggage space. They run roughly every 30 minutes from 5:30AM to 10PM. Bus line 2018 Aeroporto Internacional do RJ/Alvorada (Via Orla da Zona Sul) runs between both airports, the main bus terminal and further along the beachfront of Botafogo, Copacabana, Ipanema and Leblon, and has its terminus at the Alvorada terminal near Barra Shopping in Barra da Tijuca. The full run takes at least 60 minutes, often double that. Tickets are R$16 (Dec 2016). Bus line 2918 Aeroporto Internacional do RJ/Alvorada (Via Linha Amarela) runs to the Alvorada bus terminal, via Jacarapaguá (the best spot for taxis) from Galeão airport along the Linha Amarela in as little as 35 minutes, traffic allowing. For a slightly cheaper option, go ahead as follows. From the airport, take BRT (Bus Rapid Transport System) (R$3.60, RioCard (R$3) needed, but can be used on Metro as well) to Vicente de Carvalho and transfer to the metro. The BRT does not go into the center, but north around Rio towards Alvorada Bus Terminal and Terminal Jardim Oceãnico. From Alvorada they connect to other BRT to Santa Cruz and Campo Grande west. The BRT also connects to the commuter rail system in Madureira. If you head to the airport, you need to take BRT bus #30 semi direto to Galeão, from Vicente de Carvalho. The bus goes every 30 min or so, from the middle doors of the 100 m long bus stop. Allow 1.5 hr for the trip between center and airport, especially if you do it the first time. Connect to Vicente de Carvalho using metro line 2 (R$4.30). Between metro and BRT at Vicente de Carvalho, walk the white footpath. At the airport, you get off at Terminal 2, when all people get off. There are two types of taxis. As you leave Customs you will see booths of different companies offering their services. These are considerably more expensive than the standard yellow taxis that are to be found outside the terminal building but the quality of the cars is generally better. These taxis can often charge double the price of those ordinary taxis from the rank around 100 metres from the arrivals exit. It is possible to reserve airport transfers. Money change facilities are limited and high commissions are charged. Slightly better rates can be obtained, illegally, at the taxi booths but they may want you to use their cabs before changing money for you. In any event, don't change more than you have to as much better rates are available downtown. From Europe, LATAM Airlines offers direct flights from Paris (daily), London and Frankfurt (both three times a week). Air France flies twice a day from Paris, British Airways three times a week from London, TAP twice a day from Lisbon and on Fridays and Sundays to Porto, Lufthansa four days a week from Frankfurt, KLM four days a week from Amsterdam and Iberia daily from Madrid. From Africa, Taag connects Rio to Luanda four times a week, and from Asia, Emirates has a daily non-stop flight to Dubai, where is possible to continue to many Asian destinations (also, from Rio this flight continues to Buenos Aires). From North America, there are non-stop flights to Rio de Janeiro from Charlotte, New York City and Miami with either American Airlines or LATAM Airlines, Washington, D.C. and Houston with United Airlines, Dallas with American Airlines, Atlanta with Delta Air Lines, and Toronto with Air Canada. Travellers from elsewhere in the region have to make a stop in the aforementioned U.S. cities or in São Paulo to get to Rio. Gol, LATAM, Emirates, Aerolíneas Argentinas and other carriers connect Rio de Janeiro to Argentina (Buenos Aires and Cordoba), Venezuela (Caracas), Paraguay (Asuncion), Uruguay (Montevideo) and Chile (Santiago). Avianca and Copa Airlines connect Rio with Bogotá, Lima and Panama City, respectively, offering onward connections to Central America or other South American cities. LATAM and Aerolineas Argentinas offer connections from their respective hubs to Australia and New Zealand. -22.903414-43.1914443 Central Train Station (Estação Central do Brasil, former: Estação do Campo, Estação da Corte, Dom Pedro II), Praça Procópio Ferreira - Centro (You can get there by bus, light rail or subway (subway is better; get off on Central station, hub for lines 1 and 2). Rio's glorious main station became famous due to a movie with the same name. It's worth a visit just to see it. Serves only local commuter lines (SuperVia), so it's unlikely that you'll arrive through here. Five of eight of Rio's suburban train lines depart from here: The Deodoro line (platform 2, 23 km (14 mi), journey time of 40 minutes), the Santa Cruz line (platform 6, 55 km (34 mi), journey time of 75 minutes), the Japeri line (platform 8, 62 km (39 mi), journey time of 83 minutes), the Belford Roxo line (platform 11, 28 km (17 mi), journey time of 53 minutes), and the Gramacho/Saracuruna line (platform 12/13, 34 km (21 mi), journey time of 62 minutes). More details can be found in the Get around section of Zona Norte. The long-distance bus depot, -22.899372-43.2089724 Rodoviária Novo Rio (in the North Zone's Santo Cristo neighborhood, coach buses can get you to the South Zone in about 15 minutes; local buses take a bit longer. Frescão air-conditioned coaches can be caught just outside the bus station. The coaches connect the station to the city centre and main hotel areas of Copacabana and Ipanema. The light rail also connects to most of the city centre.). Bus companies include Itapemirim, Penha, Cometa, 1001, and Expresso Brasileiro. -22.9021-43.5565 Rodoviário de Campo Grande Bus station (Terminal Rodoviário de Campo Grande), Rua Aurélio de Figueiredo, Campo Grande, Zone Norte (BRT TransOeste terminated here.). Buses to/from Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Itaguaí, Mangaratiba, Niterói and São Gonçalo cities. Several companies offer bus passes from Rio to the rest of the country. The Green Toad Bus also offer bus tickets online for buses from Rio de Janeiro to Ilha Grande, Paraty, São Paulo, Florianopolis, Campo Grande, Foz do Iguacu and some other destinations in Brazil. They have bus passes to take you to other countries as well. Ferries (barcas) connect neighbouring Niterói to Rio de Janeiro and arrive at Praça XV (see down), in the city centre. Rio is connected by many roads to neighboring cities and states, but access can be confusing as there are insufficient traffic signs or indications of how to get downtown. The main interstate highways passing through Rio are: BR-116, which connects the city to the southern region of Brazil. Also known as Rodovia Presidente Dutra BR-101, which leads to the north and northwest, and BR-040, which will take you in the central and western areas. Rio de Janeiro possesses an extensive and complex, highly multi-modal public transportation system, adapted to the city's unique topography - large areas covered by mountains surrounded by pockets of densely populated flat lands. Among the public transportation modes, there is subway, heavy rail, light rail, bus rapid transit, local buses, microbuses, cable cars and ferry boats. The city uses a prepaid transport SmartCard, the RioCard Bilhete Único Carioca, which costs R$3.00 (refundable) and gives access to nearly all available public transportation (mostly excluding touristic rides), also offering discounts if the user takes more than one transportation within a 2-hr time period and stays within the Rio de Janeiro municipality. Cards can be returned with getting the money on it back. This can be a good way to get cash off credit cards that have a minimum cash withdrawal of like €50, but in case you only need another R$40 before leaving the country. Unfortunately, the RioCard cannot be returned at the airport. It is very convenient to get a Bilhete Único if you plan to use public transport on a regular basis during your stay in Rio, as it saves you the hassle of constantly figuring out which type of integration ticket to buy. If you stick to subway, heavy rail, bus rapid transit and local buses (not including executive buses), a public transport trip using the Bilhete Único shall cost between US$1-2. Ferry boats depart from -22.9026-43.17216 Praça XV. Station (Estação das Barcas), Praça Quinze de Novembro. The city ferry network include: Eight stations (Praça XV, Praça Arariboia, Charitas, Paquetá, Cocotá, Ilha Grande, Mangaratiba, Angra dos Reis). - Six lines are: Praça XV - Praça Arariboia (20 min., R$ 4,80); Praça XV - Charitas (20 min., R$ 13); Praça XV - Paquetá (50-70 min., R$ 4,80); Praça XV - Cocotá (55 min., R$ 4,80); Ilha Grande - Mangaratiba (80 min., R$14); Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis (80 min., R$14) Santa Teresa Tram, Centro Corcovado Rack Railway, Zona Sul The VLT ("Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos", Portuguese for "light rail vehicle") connects Rodoviária Novo Rio, Santos Dumont Airport, Praça XV ferry station, Central do Brasil train station, and a couple of subway stations. Can only be paid with a Bilhete Único card (R$ 3,80; each person must have a separate card), which can be bought in any stop but not within the vehicle. The ticket must be validated immediately after entering the vehicle, otherwise a R$ 170 fine will be levied. Sugarloaf Cable Car (Zona Sul) Buses are still the cheapest and most convenient way to get around the South Zone (Zona Sul) of the city due to the high number and frequency of lines running through the area. For the adventurous or budget traveller, it is worth asking your hotel or hostel employees how to navigate the system or which routes to take to arrive at specific locations. However, you should be mindful of questionable characters and your belongings. By night buses are more scarce, and most lines will usually not be running by the time the bars and clubs are full. Buses start at R$4.05 (May 2020); buses with air conditioning charge higher fares. The fare is paid in cash to a controller or the driver inside the bus, by passing through a roulette. There are no tickets, and try to have change/small bills. Some residents and students have a digital pass card. Keep an eye out for pickpockets when the bus is crowded, and don't be surprised if your driver goes a little faster and brakes a little more suddenly than you'd like. Except for minibuses, buses now have two doors: passengers get in through the front door and get off through the back (it was otherwise until 2001-2002). Some bus stops in the South Zone are equipped with a shelter and a bench, but sometimes, far from tourist areas, they are less obvious and have no signs at all - you might have to ask. As a general rule in most parts of Brazil, buses stop only when you hail them, by extending the arm. If you don't hail and there are no passengers waiting to get off, the bus simply won't stop. The same can be said if you are on the bus wanting to get off at a particular stop. You should know the surroundings or the name of the intersection of the area you are going, or inquire to the employee operating the roulette, so you can signal to the driver that you want to get off, or he may not stop! There are no schedules nor timetables, but there is an invaluable book called Ruas de Rio de Janeiro (The streets of Rio de Janeiro) that has maps of Rio and lists bus routes by bus line. Although it does not list the exact schedule of arrivals and departures, it lists the bus stops, and one an easily orient oneself and navigate the city using it. Usually, buses run no less infrequently than every 15 minutes. However, they can run just once an hour or more infrequently late at night or in remote areas of town. There are a baffling 1000+ bus lines in Rio (including variants), covering nearly all of the city, operated by perhaps a dozen independent operations. (At least 6 operations ply the streets of Copacabana and Ipanema.) The website contains a catalogue of the lines, but is of little help unless you know the line number or can enter exact street names. Many lines differ only a few streets from each other in their itineraries, and some even have variants within the same line. Bus lines with a * or a letter mean that this bus has a variant. It means that there may be a bus with the same name, same number, same origin, even the same destination but with a completely different route. Lines are numbered according to the general route they serve: beginning with 1 - South Zone/Downtown beginning with 2 - North Zone/Downtown beginning with 3 - West Zone/Downtown beginning with 4 - North Zone/South Zone beginning with 5 - within South Zone beginning with 6 - North Zone/West Zone beginning with 7 and 9 - within North Zone beginning with 8 - within West Zone Most popular lines for tourists are 583 and 584 (from Copacabana and Ipanema to Corcovado railway station), as well as 464 and 435 (from Copacabana to Maracanã). Buses 511 (Ataulfo de Paiva) and 512 (Bartholomeu Mitre) are also popular as they take you to Urca for the station to take the cable car up the Sugarloaf mountain. Typically bus drivers and controllers won't understand any foreign language. If you can't speak Portuguese at all, use a map. Trying to speak Spanish is usually not particularly useful. The BRT is a mass rapid transit system based on multiple-car buses running on exclusive lanes, inspired by similar systems in Curitiba, Bogota and Jakarta. There are three BRT lines: TransCarioca: links the Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport to the Barra da Tijuca neighbourhood, also connecting with the Line 2 (Green) subway line that gives access to Zona Sul and the Centro. Useful for visitors who want to go from the Galeão airport to the touristic neighbourhoods (Barra and the beaches of Zona Sul) and are on a tight budget; TransOeste: links the future Jardim Oceânico subway station (which shall be operating before the 2016 Olympics) to the extreme northwest of the municipality (Santa Cruz and Campo Grande neighbourhoods). Useful for visitors staying in Barra da Tijuca to move around in the area or to go to the Zona Sul or the Centro by connecting to the subway; TransOlímpico: inaugurated during the 2016 Summer Olympics, it connects the Deodoro neighbourhood in Zona Norte to Barra da Tijuca, passing through several Olympic facilities. Basically useful to visitors to the Olympic events. The Metrô Rio subway system is very useful for travel from Jardim Oceânico (in Barra da Tijuca) to Downtown and beyond, passing through the Zona Sul beaches including Leblon, Ipanema and Copacabana (the extension to Leblon and Barra da Tijuca shall be inaugurated before the 2016 Summer Olympics). It closes after midnight (24 hours during Carnaval). The air-conditioned subway is safe, clean, comfortable, and quick, and has much better signage than most transport in Rio, making the lives of foreign tourists easier. There are two main lines: Line 1 has service to Ipanema (General Osorio), the Saara district, and much of Downtown, as well as Tijuca. Line 2 stops at the zoo, Maracanã stadium, and Rio State University. The two lines are integrated between Central and Botafogo, so check the train's destination if you board within the integrated section for a destination in the Zona Norte. A one-way subway-only "unitário" ticket is R$4.60 (May 2020). The ticket window will give you a card that you insert in the turnstile; do not pull it out unless you've purchased a multi-trip or transfer pass. Rechargeable IC cards (minimum charge R$5, no deposit required) are also available and definitely worth getting if you'll be in town for a few days. The Metrô company operates bus lines from some stations to nearby neighborhoods which are not served by the subway system. This is particularly helpful for places uphill such as Gávea, Laranjeiras, Grajaú and Usina. Since the city grew around the Tijuca Range mountains, these neighborhoods will never be served by the subway, but you now can take the integração (connection) minibuses. The company calls it Metrônibus and Metrô na Superfície (literally, Subway on Ground), but actually they are ordinary buses in special routes for subway commuters. You can buy tickets for these - just ask for expresso (pronounced "eysh-PREH-sso", not "express-o") when buying a ticket, then keep it after crossing the roulette (prices range from R$ 2.80 to 4.40, depending on the transfer you want, as of Sep 2010). When you leave the subway, give the ticket to the bus driver (who shall be waiting in the bus stop just outside of the station). If you buy an ordinary ticket, you won't be able to get this bus for free - then it will cost a regular fee. The last car of each train is marked for women-only with a pink window sticker, in order to avoid potential harassment in crowded trains. Some men, however, are not yet used to this separation, and many women, who are accustomed to hassle-free everyday travel in Rio's subway, also think the measure is unnecessary. Anyway, if you're a man, avoid getting into trouble with local security staff and stay off the pink-marked cars. The women-only policy for the wagon is valid only in the rush hour. Eight lines operating. Five of them from Central station (see above). They can be useful exploring the northern and western suburbs and bairros (quarters). Simply use Uber or the 99Taxi app. In the areas without subway, trams, SuperVia or BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) use a cab. All legal cabs are yellow with a blue stripe painted on the sides. Taxis not designed like this are special service cars (to the airport or bus stations) or illegal. Rio taxis are not too expensive on a kilometre basis, but distances can be quite considerable. A journey from Zona Sul to the Centro will cost around R$20, and from the airport to Copacabana is around R$50 for example. The car can usually hold four people. You can ask a cab for a city tour, and arrange a fixed price (may be around US$20). Major taxi companies include Central de Taxi, Ouro Taxi and Yellow Taxi. After getting into the taxi, check to see if the taximeter has been started, it charges R$5.50 (July 2018) for the minimum ride, called bandeirada), and R$2.50 per kilometer. If not, ask the taxi driver to do so. Some taxi drivers may wish to negotiate a fixed price in lieu of using the taximeter stating that they want to help you out and give you a cheaper fare. This is common for taxi drivers queued at tourist stops such as Pão de Açúcar and may be a confidence trick. Keep in mind that the taximeter may give you a better price. When in doubt, use the taximeter. You are the customer and you are in control. If the taxi driver will not comply, leave the taxi and find another. You may be ripped off by some taxi drivers. If you have any doubt about drivers being completely honest, consider having your route mapped out on your smart phone with Google Maps and GPS turned on and ready to go before entering the taxi. By doing so, you can see if your taxi driver closely follows this ideal route. Remember that Avenida Atlântica switches traffic directions during the day, so Google Maps might get it wrong during the morning or evening hours on that road. If you want to avoid being ripped off then it may be worth taking a 'radio-taxi', particularly when arriving at the airport. Radio Taxis are usually the blue, green, or white taxis and they do cost a little more than the typical yellow taxi. The advantage of a radio taxi is that you pay a fixed rate regardless of the time of day or if there's heavy traffic etc., this means that you do not risk the price increasing at the drivers discretion. To book in advance you can contact Cootramo Radio Taxi via their website https://www.cootramo.com.br/, or Rio Airport Transfer (English Speaking) via their website http://www.rioairporttransfer.com/ For those traveling to Rio for Carnaval it's worth using a company that allows you to book and pay in advance, and to try and pay as much in advance as possible as prices tend to increase a few weeks before Carnaval. Be aware that traffic jams in Rio can be terrible at times. A taxi ride from Ipanema to the bus terminal for instance can take an hour and a half if you get seriously stuck, so make sure you have margins in case you really can't afford to be late. Rio de Janeiro is covered by some e-hailing services, Uber being the largest of them. Notable e-hailing services in the city, are: Uber Cabify T81 (Brazilian service) Easy (Brazilian service) TeLevo (Brazilian service) Traffic within some parts of Rio can be daunting, but a car may be the best way to reach distant beaches like Grumari, and that can be an extra adventure. Avoid rush-hour traffic jams in neighborhoods such as Copacabana, Botafogo, Laranjeiras, and Tijuca, where moms line up their cars to pick up their children after school. Buy a map, and have fun. Rio has an interesting programme of traffic management. Between 7AM and 10AM on weekday mornings the traffic flow of one carriageway on the beachfront roads of Ipanema and Copacabana is reversed, i.e. all traffic on those roads flows in the same direction, towards the city. On Sundays the carriageway closest to the beach is closed to allow pedestrians, cyclists, skateboarders, skaters and others to exercise. There are Itaú rental bicycle available in Rio: https://bikeitau.com.br (bookable by app). -22.83877-43.250151 Ramos (in-bay) - inappropriate for bathing -22.9287-43.1712 Flamengo (in-bay) - inappropriate for bathing -22.9455-43.18093 Botafogo (in-bay) - inappropriate for bathing -22.948-43.163164 Urca (in-bay) - usually inappropriate for bathing -22.95544-43.164715 Vermelha (in-bay) - sometimes inappropriate for bathing -22.9642-43.16936 Leme (oceanic) -22.9707-43.18187 Copacabana (oceanic) -22.9887-43.19258 Arpoador (oceanic) -22.987-43.2139 Ipanema (oceanic) -22.988-43.224710 Leblon (oceanic) -22.99901-43.25611 São Conrado (oceanic) - sometimes inappropriate for bathing -23.0111-43.360312 Barra da Tijuca (oceanic) -23.0265-43.4613 Recreio dos Bandeirantes (oceanic) -23.0352-43.49314 Macumba (oceanic) -23.0409-43.505515 Prainha (oceanic) -23.0481-43.520316 Grumari (oceanic) -23.0481-43.5128617 Abricó (oceanic, nudist beach) Abricó is the only official nudist beach in the city of Rio de Janeiro, it lies next to Grumari beach. Only accessible by car/taxi. A cheaper option is taking the bus numbered 360 (Recreio) that passes along Copacabana/Ipanema/Leblon, and from the end of the line (ponto final) take a cab. It is also worth visiting the beaches in Paquetá, particularly: Praia da Moreninha (on the Guanabara Bay, but often not clean enough for swimming) Cariocas have a unique beach culture, with a code of customs which outlanders (even Brazilians from other cities) can misconstrue easily. Women may wear tiny string bikinis, but that does not mean they are trying to attract a man. Until the 1990s, men and boys wore speedos, but since then wearing Bermuda shorts or boardshorts has become more common, although speedos ("sungas" in Portuguese) seem to now be making a comeback. Jammers are less common but still accepted. Waves in Rio vary from tiny and calm in the Guanabara bay beaches (Paquetá, Ramos, Flamengo, Botafogo, Urca) to high, surf-ideal waves in Recreio. In Leme, Copacabana, Arpoador, Ipanema, and Leblon, there's a popular way of "riding" the waves called pegar jacaré (pe-GAHR zha-kah-REH; literally, "to grab an alligator"). You wait for the wave to come behind you then swim on top of it until it crumbles next to the sand. Commerce is common in Rio's beaches, with thousands of walking vendors selling everything from sun glasses to fried shrimp to cooling beverages (try mate com limão, a local ice tea mixed with lemonade, or suco de laranja com cenoura, orange and carrot juice). For food, there is also empada (baked flour pastry filled with meat or cheese) and sanduíche natural (cool sandwich with vegetables and mayo). Vendors typically shout out loud what they're selling, but they won't usually bother you unless you call them. All along the beaches there are also permanent vendors who will sell you a beer and also rent you a beach chair and an umbrella for a few Reais. Leblon and Ipanema are the most cool beaches. The beaches in Barra and Recreio (Quebra-Mar, Pepê, Pontal, Prainha, Grumari) are the best and cleanest beaches, being the favorite among surfers, paragliders and nautical sports. São Conrado beach is a hang gliders paradise. In the West Zone you can find some of the best beaches of Rio de Janeiro. Barra da Tijuca's beach is a 17 km (11 mi) sand line of clear waters. Surfers love it, and many people also. The sunset is beautiful, especially during the winter. The beach is relatively safe at night, although development of tourism by big hotels such as the Sheraton have brought with it the inevitable appearance of (discreet but ever present) prostitutes. As you go along you get to Recreio, which is even clearer, and much less crowded. Prainha is now very far away from the crowded Copacabana. Its perfect waves made it famous. It is also on a biological reserve, with restricted car parking spaces. Avoid the weekends and enjoy this between mountains-beauty of the nature on the week-days. There are many surfing schools all along the Barra beach that hold one and half hour surfing classes. The classes are fairly inexpensive and are mostly populated with locals. Some of the surf instructors do speak English. Corcovado, the 710 m (2,330 ft) granite peak located in the Tijuca Forest in central Rio is known worldwide for the Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer) statue. The funicular train up costs R$62 (low season) or R$75 (high season) for a round trip up to Cristo Redentor, and it is definitely worth the view. The queue for the train, in Cosme Velho, can get rather long; you purchase a ticket for a particular departure time (that day only). The box office at the station does not sell same-day tickets. The trains run every 30 minutes. Try going when the morning coach parties have already passed through, i.e. when most tourists are having their lunch. Don't take the train too late in the day since late afternoon trains may be canceled if delays throughout the day build up. This is common over holiday weekends. Take a taxi to Cosme Velho, or take the Metro-Onibus Expresso combination (see above) from the Largo do Machado station. After dark, be aware that the steep descent down Corcovado in a shuttle can be dangerous since some less-professional park drivers choose to speed down the mountain to create a roller-coaster type effect and even turn the headlights off temporarily to thrill the passengers. If this occurs, passengers should tell the driver to stop by shouting "Pare!" (PAH-ree). Report any such conduct to a police officer at the base of the park before you descend to the base of the mountain by taxi. There's also a hiking trail that begins at Parque Lage and gets there (see Hiking and Trekking on the 'Do' section below). Pão de Açúcar, the Sugarloaf Mountain (one taller, the other shorter), Brazil's top landmark, with a two-stage aerial tramway to the top; a definite must-see. There is also an unsigned trail leading to the second station. Ask locals for directions. The buses number 511, 512, 591 and 592 and the subway buses from Botafogo bring you to the base station. Do not make the mistake of thinking you have seen enough once you have seen the view from Cristo Redentor. Try Sugarloaf at sunset for a truly mind-blowing experience. Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas is a large lagoon in the middle of South Zone, with great views to Corcovado and Ipanema and Leblon beaches; you can jog or cycle all the way round; there are skating areas and you can hire little pedal-operated boats. Maracanã the largest football stadium in South America and once the largest on Earth. It is in a state of disrepair following the Summer 2016 Olympics, and daily tours have been suspended. There is also a Soccer Museum inside it. Streetcar of Santa Teresa, Brazil's only remaining metropolitan heritage streetcar. Jardim Botânico, the Botanical Garden, planted in the 1800s. It is both a park and a scientific laboratory contains a huge collection of plants from all over the world, not only tropical ones. Parque Lage a small park containing some interesting plants and wildlife as well as strange concrete structures that will entertain the kids. The park is the beginning of a hiking trail Corcovado, through sub-tropical rain forest. Parque do Flamengo, also known as Aterro do Flamengo is along the bay between Flamengo and Glória. 1.2 million square metres with broad walkways, Flamengo Beach, various monuments, and over 10,000 trees. -22.903508-43.1742331 Paço Imperial. (1743) - Old Imperial Palace (though impressively modest), colonial architecture (in downtown, next to Praça XV, Fifteen Square). -22.900285-43.1763532 Casa França Brasil. (1820) - French cultural centre, with gallery and video hall (in downtown, next to CCBB). Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil (CCBB). (1906) - A cultural centre with gallery, movie theater, video room, library and stages; usually hosts the main exhibitions in town (in downtown). An interesting building with old-fashioned elevators/lifts. -22.900811-43.1778943 Candelária Church (next to CCBB). Neoclassic cathedral -22.896995-43.177864 Mosteiro de São Bento, 68 R Dom Gerardo (Tourists may find walking Downtown less difficult. However, driving the 101, and turning onto "Av. Rio de Janeiro" is a workable solution. ), ☏ +55 21 2206-8100. (1663) - Saint Benedict's Monastery, colonial architecture (in downtown). (updated Apr 2019) Ilha Fiscal Palace (1889) - Located in the Guanabara Bay, next to the Navy Museum Gloria Church (1739). Small but interesting church reached by a funicular. Nice views. (metro: Gloria) Palácio Gustavo Capanema - Former ministry of culture, designed by French architect Le Corbusier; though small, it is regarded as an important pioneering in modern architecture (downtown). Arcos da Lapa (1750) - Lapa Aqueduct, colonial structure that brought water from springs to downtown. Catedral Metropolitana - a modern, cone-shaped cathedral, designed by Edgar de Oliveira da Fonseca (in Lapa). São Francisco da Penitência church (1773) - Colonial church. Teatro Municipal (1909) - City Theater, inspired by the Paris Opéra House (in Cinelândia square). Biblioteca Nacional (1910) - National Library (in Cinelândia square). Câmara Municipal - The City Hall, hosts the city council (in Cinelândia square). Palácio do Catete - The former presidential palace (1893-1960), now hosts a museum of recent history and nice gardens (in Catete). Itamaraty - Former presidential palace (1889-1893) and foreign office; now hosts a museum of South American diplomacy, a library and the UN information offices in Brazil (in Downtown, next to the Central station). Palácio Guanabara - Former palace of the Imperial Princess, now governor's office; eclectic architecture; not open to public (in Laranjeiras). Art Deco. Rio is a major centre for the Art Deco style of architecture. Indeed, the statue of Christ the Redeemer on Corcovado is considered a classic example of Art Deco work. There are numerous buildings in Copacabana and elsewhere that employ this style. There is no shortage of things to do on a rainy day. In addition to a wide range of museums, Rio has many cultural centres, which are run by banks and other organizations and usually host free exhibitions. Details of what is on can be found in the Segundo Caderno section of the daily O Globo newspaper, which provides more detail in a weekly Friday supplement. Also very useful is the Mapa das Artes Rio de Janeiro, which provides detailed bi-monthly listings as well as detailed maps of the city. This is free and can be picked up at most museums. Downtown you can find a number of museums. Museu Histórico Nacional is covers Brazilian history stretching from colonial to imperial times with a big collection of paintings and artifacts. The Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Museum of Fine Arts in Cinelândia square includes large paintings from Academicist and Neoclassical Brazilian artists, as well as many copies of European sculptures. The second most important contemporary art museum in Brazil, after MASP is the *MAM - Museu de Arte Moderna. The Museu da Imagem e do Som (Image and Sound Museum) is the place to go for researchers about Brazilian film, radio, and broadcasting industry. Also downtown check out the Navy Museum or the Museu Chácara do Céu an important collection of South American modern art in Santa Tereza). In the south zone, hosted in the former presidential Catete palace is the Museu da República, this museum hosts permanent exhibitions about recent Brazilian history (from 1889 on); one of main features is the room where president Getúlio Vargas shot himself in 1954. Also in Catete, Oi Futuro hosts a fine gallery with temporary exhibitions of digital art or art with interactive medias. Museu Carmen Miranda about this Brazilian actress and singer (the lady with pineapples-and-bananas hat), the national icon in the 1940s and 50s is in Flamengo. Museu do Índio is a small museum in Botafogo with a collection of Brazilian Indian (povos indígenas) photographs, paintings, artifacts and other craft. Very popular with local schoolchildren, but has much for adults as well. Museu Villa-Lobos is a modest collection about Brazil's most important composer. In the North Zone, Museu Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins the Astronomy Museum in São Cristóvão has an observatory. Museu do Trem is a modest collection of 19th century engines, train cars and streetcars in Engenho de Dentro. In the West Zone, Museu Casa do Pontal is an important collection of popular arts and crafts can be found in Recreio dos Bandeirantes. Museu Aeroespacial an Aerospace Museum located in Campo dos Afonsos. Still the greatest reason for visiting Rio seems to be the Carnaval. This highly advertised party lasts for almost two weeks and it is well known for the escolas de samba (samba schools) that parade in Centro, on a gigantic structure called Sambódromo (Sambadrome). During Carnaval, Rio has much more to offer though, with the blocos de rua, that parade on the streets. There are now hundreds of these street "samba blocks", that parade almost in every neighborhood, especially in Centro and the South Zone, gathering thousands of people. Some are very famous, and there are few cariocas that have not heard of "Carmelitas", "Suvaco de Cristo", "Escravos da Mauá" or "Simpatia É Quase Amor". The rest of the year, samba shows are popular with tourists, and are held at several venues like Plataforma and Scala. These are expensive and not really representative of Brazilian culture, they present a lot of almost naked women and bad musicians, a tourist trap (much like the real thing.) Much more interesting and genuine, though, are the night practice sessions held by the various samba schools in the months leading up to Carnaval. You will find only a small number of tourists here, and you will be served the best caipirinhas of your trip! These go on into the wee hours of the morning, with the fun really only starting at 1-2AM A good cab driver should be able to hook you up, and cabs will be available to take you back when you are samba-ed out. Salgueiro and Mangueira are good choices, as they are two of the larger samba schools, and are located relatively close to the tourist areas in a fairly safe area. A change is afoot that may make this genuine experience a thing of the past (or more convenient, depending on your viewpoint) for all but the most savvy tourists. The local government built a complex of buildings (Cidade do Samba) where many of the samba schools are moving their practice halls and float-construction facilities from the gritty warehouses typically located in or near their home favelas. One can expect many more tourists, and shows made-up for the tourists as the tourist bureau milks this facility for all it's worth year-round. Here is a list of some of the samba schools: Mangueira, Rua Visconde de Niterói, 1072, Mangueira, ☏ +55 21 3872-6786, fax: +55 21 2567-4637, [email protected]. Rehearsals every Saturday, 10PM. Salgueiro, Rua Silva Teles, 104, Andaraí, ☏ +55 21 2238-9258, [email protected]. Rehearsals every Wednesday, 8PM. Acadêmicos da Rocinha. The newest addition for tourists is the Samba City. Rio was the cradle of three of Brazil's most important musical genres: samba, choro, and bossa nova. There has been a boom of traditional samba and choro venues. A lot of them are in the downtown district of Lapa. There are good and cheap nightlife options, where you will see some of the best musicians of the country. Any of the city newspapers provide pointers to the best shows. If you're not such an anthropological type of tourist, you can check out the same papers for tips on other kinds of music. Being a big city, Rio has big and small clubs that play almost every kind of music. The major mainstream clubs mostly play whatever's on the Radio - which is usually whatever's on the USA radios and MTV - but the underground scene has a lot to offer on Rock, EDM, Rap and such. The best way to find out about those are the flyers handed or left at hostels, cinema and theater lobbies, nightclub lines, etc. Rio hosts the country's largest and most popular New Year's Eve celebrations. The huge fireworks display and music shows attract 2 million people to the sands of Copacabana beach every year. People dress in white for luck and toast the arrival of the new year. It's usual also to have some national and international concerts on the beach for free. Rio de Janeiro is the main destination for lesbian and gay travellers from all over Brazil and the rest of the world. The city has been chosen as the best lesbian and gay international destination in 2009, and the sexiest gay place in the world in 2010 and 2011. The Hangliding and Paragliding flights have found in Rio de Janeiro, the ideal land for its high hills and favorable wind. Different from other places in the world, in Rio, the sport could be done in urban areas and landing on the beach! These conditions naturally attract many tourists who get the courage to enjoy a flight. And even the most inexperienced person can flight since there's no training or special gear needed. Operator: Rio Hang Gliding by Konrad Heilmann (+55 21 99843-9006). Not surprisingly, a huge city that has an actual forest within its limits has lots to offer for hikers. It's always advisable to have a local with you when trekking in Rio (Couchsurfing's Rio de Janeiro group usually organizes hikes around the city), as some treks are not very well-marked. Since the early 2000s there hasn't been any reports of violence/burglary on the city's trails (a problem in the 90s), but the rules on the Stay safe section apply as anywhere else in the city. Some of Rio's hiking trails include: Parque Lage - Corcovado The trek is fairly demanding and steep, and takes about 1h30/2h to complete, but yet very popular among locals - it's normal to see whole families doing it, as well as groups of friends and foreigners. Buy the "Metrô + Metrô Na Superfície" ticket and go to Botafogo. From there, take the metrô bus to the station Hospital da Lagoa, which is close to the Parque Lage. Ask the park's staff or look for signs that say "Trilha" to get to the start of the trail, just behind the ruins of an old house. From there you have two paths: going straight ahead leads to a waterfall that is usually full of families on the weekends (it's a good spot to stop on your way back if you go back the same way), and left leads straight to the main path of the trek. Along the way there are 3 waterfalls (just one you can actually bath in, though) and a small path where you have to hang on to a chain to pass through some rocks. Until this point you will be going up, but always surrounded by forest. The first views of the city will start after the chain (about 1h/1h30 in). Then you get to the train tracks, either follow the rail tracks or the road up to the Christ (another 15 minutes). Views from here on are breathtaking. To go back down, you can get a van or walk about half a mile down to the parking place. Sugarloaf This is a short and fairly easy hike, taking about 20/30' to complete, also very popular among locals, specially because you can go up for free then hitch a ride back on the cable car (after 7PM, it's free to return on it). The hike begins at Pista Cláudio Coutinho in Urca, and is very popular among the locals. If you ask the guards they'll point you to the start. It's uphill, but just the first five minutes are really steep and will need you to use your hands. From there on just keep to your left. There are amazing views of Urca and the Guanabara Bay during the final 20 minutes, some of which are angles you don't get from the vantage points above. The trek actually ends on top of Morro da Urca, the smallest of the two. Remember, tickets to get to the final station of the cable car on Pão de Açucar are only sold at the ground station, not at the second station at Morro da Urca. If you have the money the following operators give you panoramic flights in helicopters: Helisight. A number of operators offer tours of Rocinha, the largest and safest Favela in Rio. Many tours are done by outside companies in safari-like buses, which can lead to awkward interactions with the locals. Try to go with someone who lives in Rocinha on a walking tour. It is also possible to arrange tours to other favelas, although Rocinha has a longer history of tourism and is one of the more developed favelas. You may hear stories about people being invited by locals to visit their home in a favela. If you receive such an invitation do think carefully about it and perhaps ask around about the person that has invited you. Many of the favelas are rife with drugs and guns so think carefully about how much you trust the person that is inviting you. A search on the Internet may reveal some accounts of tours others have taken. A visit like this will obviously be more authentic than a book tour and could be the highlight of your visit to Rio; on the other hand you are taking a risk. Also consider that favelas are normal neighbourhoods in Rio and not a zoo. Praia do Abricó – 50 km in the west. The best public naturist beach around Rio, located in Grumari, right after Prainha. Facilities and telephone service are quite limited, so plan ahead. Paquetá - Though not exactly outside of Rio, because it is an island and can only be reached
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Write out an explanatory paragraph for the following limits that include ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } . Remember that you will have to change any comparison of magnitude between a real number and ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } to a different phrase. In the second case, you will have to work out for yourself what the formula means. 1. lim x → ∞ 1 x 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}=0} This formula says that I can make the values of 1 x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{x^{2}}}} as close as I would like to 0, so long as I make x sufficiently large. This formula says that I can make the values of 1 x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{x^{2}}}} as close as I would like to 0, so long as I make x sufficiently large. 2. ∑ n = 0 ∞ 2 − n = 1 + 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 8 + ⋯ = 2 {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }2^{-n}=1+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{8}}+\cdots =2} This formula says that you can make the sum ∑ n = 0 i 2 − n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{i}2^{-n}} as close as you would like to 2 by making i {\displaystyle i} sufficiently large. This formula says that you can make the sum ∑ n = 0 i 2 − n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{i}2^{-n}} as close as you would like to 2 by making i {\displaystyle i} sufficiently large.
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Wednesday, December 26, 2007 Iraq Related articles 6 January 2020: Iraqi Parliament votes for expulsion of United States troops 6 January 2020: United States military kills Qasem Soleimani 10 November 2019: Coalition authorities report no casualties from missile strike on Iraqi air base 9 November 2018: Mass graves of thousands of ISIL victims found, UN reports 19 October 2017: Iraqi army regains control over Peshmerga fighters' occupied Kirkuk Location of Iraq Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article File:TuAF1.jpg Officials say that Turkish warplanes have bombed suspected Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq for the fourth time in five days. There is no information on whether there were any casualties. The Turkish military says the aircraft hit eight caves and hideouts used by Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) rebels Wednesday in Iraq's Dahuk Governorate. Turkish state media quote President Abdullah Gül as saying that Ankara and Washington are satisfied with their cooperation in sharing intelligence to fight the PKK. A White House spokesman reiterated today that the United States regards the PKK as a terrorist group. But, he says the Bush administration has expressed concern to Ankara about any steps that could lead to civilian casualties. In another development, the Turkish military says troops killed six PKK rebels and captured two others Wednesday in a security operation in southeastern Turkey, near the Iraqi border. It says troops have killed 11 rebels in the operation in Şırnak province since Tuesday. The military said Tuesday that it has killed at least 150 to 175 Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq since December 16, when it began cross-border bombing raids. There has been no independent verification of rebel casualties. Ankara had threatened to attack PKK bases in northern Iraq in response to a series of deadly ambushes by the group in southeastern Turkey in recent months. The Turkish parliament authorized cross-border operations against the group in October. The PKK has been fighting for self-rule in southeastern Turkey since 1984. The conflict has killed more than 30,000 people. "Turkey launches airstrikes against Kurdish rebels" — Wikinews, October 24, 2007 "Turkey preparing for incursion into Iraq after PKK militants kill 17 soldiers" — Wikinews, October 21, 2007 "Turkish Parliament approves military action in Iraq" — Wikinews, October 18, 2007 Turkey-PKK conflict "Turkish jets in fresh Iraq strike" — BBC News Online, December 26, 2007 Selcuk Gokoluk and Sherko Raouf. "Turkish warplanes strike rebels in northern Iraq" — Reuters, December 26, 2007 This article is based on Turkey Carries Out More Air Strikes in Northern Iraq by VOA News which is in the public domain.
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Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | Main The King of Queens (1998-2007) is an American situation comedy series on the CBS network about a package deliveryman, his wife, and her father, who all live together in Queens, New York. Carrie: [catching 'food-unfaithful' Doug who is sneakily devouring the leftovers of Becky's salad back in the kitchen] You would do this to me over salad? Doug: I am very weak. Carrie: [Arthur is watching It's A Wonderful Life] Ah, It's A Wonderful Life. Pretty great, huh? Arthur: Actually, I think it's a swing and a miss. Carrie: What are you talking about? It's one of the greatest movies of all time. Arthur: With George Bailey, the town is boring. Without him, there's nightclubs and bars. It's fabulous. I wish he hadn't been born. Spence: [about Arthur] I can't believe he's never seen The Wizard of Oz. Carrie: So, how are you liking it so far, dad? Arthur: [scared on seeing the film] Is anyone else but me terrified? Arthur: I would like a parrot and name him Douglas. Arthur: I'd like to get another parrot that lives and call it Douglas the second. Actually, perhaps I should wait until I get the rest of Douglas the first off the side of the garage. Doug: Wait! That's it. I--I finally figured it out. I do have anger, but I don't like confrontation with other people, so I take it all out of myself. [Boy throws the chair over to Doug's face] KNOCK IT OFF!!! Boy: Sorry! [Later] Doug: So it turns out by avoiding over confrontation that's been going on around here, I actually caused the 2 of you to have more conflict with each other, so, really, it's my problem after avoiding this. Wikipedia has an article about: The King of Queens
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Friday, October 9, 2009 2008–09 financial crisis More articles about the 2008-09 financial crisis on Wikinews: China prepared to support eurozone countries hit by financial crisis UK interest rates remain at 0.5% US unemployment rate down to ten percent European Union emerges from recession US unemployment rate surpasses 10% Read more about the 2008-09 financial crisis on Wikipedia According to the US Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the US budget deficit reached a record $1.4 trillion in the fiscal year to September 30. The deficit was about 9.9% of the country's GDP, over three times the level in 2008 and the highest since the Second World War ended. Economical analysts had initially predicted a deficit of $1.6 trillion. The deficit was blamed on decreased tax revenues and higher government spending. The CBO also said on Wednesday that tax revenue dropped by 17%, or $420 billion, to its lowest level for over half a century. The previous record deficit was in 2008, at $459 billion. "US deficit 'hits record $1.4tn'" — BBC News, October 8, 2009 "U.S. Deficit for 2009 Totals $1.4 Trillion, Budget Office Says" — Bloomberg, October 8, 2009
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Wednesday, July 16, 2008 Egypt Related articles 29 October 2020: On the campaign trail in the USA, September 2020 27 February 2020: Former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak dies 11 January 2020: Cairo summit denounces Turkish-Libyan maritime border agreement 16 November 2019: Ancient Egyptians collected wild ibis birds for sacrifice, says study 10 July 2019: Benin, Nigeria join African Union continental free trade bloc Location of Egypt Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article At least forty people are reported to have died and another fifty are injured after an accident at a level crossing in Egypt. A truck failed to stop at the crossing near Marsa Matruh, pushing several vehicles waiting ahead of it onto the tracks. The train then struck the traffic that was in the way. Two carriages toppled on top of cars, and two more derailed. Thirty-five died at the scene, and five more were pronounced dead in hospital. The death toll has already risen from twenty after more bodies were recovered. Three vehicles were struck by the service from Matruh to Alexandria, and at least two were crushed underneath it. It is unclear whether the truck was amongst the vehicles hit, or if a bus was involved. A fifth carriage was detached from the train. Heavy equipment has been dispatched to the scene to remove the carriages, and dozens of emergency vehicles are present. It is feared that more bodies remain in the wreckage. It is unclear if the victims are all Egyptian or if anyone from abroad was on the train. An investigation has been launched into the disaster, but a witness said that the level crossing is hidden behind a hill, leaving drivers with little time to react. "Dozens die in Egypt train crash" — BBC News Online, July 16, 2008 "Train smashes into 3 vehicles in northern Egypt, killing 40, police say" — International Herald, July 16, 2008 Aziz El-Kaissouni. "Egypt train crash kills 37 and injures 38" — Reuters, July 16, 2008 "40 people killed in train crash" — The Press Association, July 16, 2008
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Senegal is a country in West Africa. Formerly a French colony, it is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World. Senegal is an excellent destination for anyone interested in exploring and learning about African culture. Visitors will be able to experience a huge range of cultures and traditions in this diverse country. Although Senegal is not usually on most travellers' lists, the country offers plenty of attractions and things to do. Fishing enthusiasts will be interested to know that Senegal is one of the best places in the world to catch fish. The Senegalese are known for their kindness and hospitality, and you can expect to be treated with immense respect as a visitor. 14.731944-17.4572221 Dakar : Capital city 16.033333-16.52 Saint-Louis : Former capital of Senegal and French West Africa 14.783333-16.9166673 Thiès : 14.138889-16.0763894 Kaolack : 12.583333-16.2666675 Ziguinchor : 13.768889-13.6672226 Tambacounda : 14.866667-15.8833337 Touba : Center of Mouride religious brotherhood 12.933333-16.7333338 Kafountine : 12.555583-12.180759 Kedougou : Ports and harbours Matam, Podor, Richard Toll, Dakar, Palmarin Places of religion and contemplation Keur Moussa, Touba, Tivaouane Interesting islands Fadiout + Joal, Ile de Gorée, Karabane Nature reserves Niokolo-Koba, Delta du Saloum, Parc National des oiseaux du Djoudj, Reserve de Palmarin Stone circles Nioro du Rip, Keur Ali Lobé, Sali, Kau-Ur to Wassau, Ker Batch Senegal has a tropical climate that is both hot and humid for much of the year. The rainy season, from May to November, has strong southeast winds while the dry season from December to April is dominated by the hot, but dry, harmattan wind. Lowlands are seasonally flooded and there are periodic droughts. Generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in the southeast with the highest point only 581 m near Nepen Diakha. The earliest known human settlement in Senegal existed over 350,000 years ago. The Stone Circles of Senegambia (now World Heritage Sites) may date back as far as the 3rd century BC. Not a lot is known about the earliest civilizations, but there were many paleolithic and neolithic civilizations around the Senegal River. The Tekrur Kingdom (Tekrour), formed around the Senegal River in Futa Toro (Fouta Toro), is one of the earliest recorded Sub-Saharan kingdoms. Although the exact formation date is unknown, historians believe it began in the early 9th century, around the same time as the Ghana Empire formed in the east. Parts of eastern Senegal were ruled by the Ghana Empire as it expanded but Tekrur was more concentrated in Senegal (although the southern regions were inhabited by ancestors of the Wolof). It was during Tekrur rule that Islam came to Senegal in the 11th century from the Almoravids in the north. The Tekrur rulers first converted to Islam and most of the kingdom soon followed. After the Almoravids attacked the Ghanaian Empire, it slowly lost power and influence, giving rise to the Mali Empire in 1235. The Wolof Empire (Djolof) was formed in the 13th century from many smaller states to the south of Tekrur as a tributary state of the Mali Empire. Unlike their northern neighbors, they were not converted to Islam; they were animists. The Tekrur Kingdom was weak by this time, so the rising Wolof and Mali Empires exercised heavy influence over them (the Mali Empire also considered Tekrur to be a tributary state). The Wolof Empire obtained full independence from Mali in 1360 with its capital at Linguère and overtook territories to the south around the Gambia and established many groups as vassals, such as the Sine Kingdom in 1400. The Wolof Empire became quite powerful and at the height of its rule saw the arrival of the Portuguese. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Senegal at Goree Island in 1444. They were searching for a new spice route to India but soon established ports in Goree and on the Cap-Vert Peninsula (present-day Dakar). The Wolof and Portuguese established trade relations, providing wealth to the empire. Europeans paid well for war captives, who they sent off as slaves, and the natives were able to bring the slaves to them so that they didn't have to go inland. Senegal was one of the most profitable ports early on in the slave trading business and the strong Wolof were able to sell many captives from weaker regions. Their tributary, the Sine Kingdom, was also quite active in selling captives to the Portuguese. Members of the Waalo Kingdom (a Wolof vassal state) were commonly the victims of captive raids. Sometimes the Europeans incited wars in order to ensure more captives while in other cases, the money they paid was incentive for natives to start conflicts just to capture slaves. While profits were great in the beginning, the Atlantic slave trade soon crippled the empire as the Cayor Kingdom separated from the Wolof in 1549 and the Sine Kingdom became independent in 1550, cutting the Wolof off from the coast and from trade and business with the Portuguese. Along with internal problems, the Wolof were also plagued by outside problems. As a former tributary state of the Mali Empire, the Wolof maintained strong ties with Mali through trade with the empire, but as the Songhai grew stronger, they seized much of Mali's territory, further isolating the Wolof. Furthermore, the Denianke Kingdom (Denanke) had taken over territories to the north, including Takrur, and had attacked the Wolof's northern territories, which they struggled to maintain. By 1600, the Wolof Empire had disbanded, although one of the territories remained a Wolof state. The location and success of trade in Senegal made it a hot commodity among Europeans. The Portuguese, British, French and Dutch all wanted the territory, particularly Goree Island. In 1588 the Dutch were able to overtake the Portuguese and expanded trade. France established its first post in Saint-Louis. The Dutch and French were both keen to take control of the other's territory, and fears of the growing powers of the Dutch Republic came to a head in the Franco-Dutch War. The war took place in Europe, but while the Dutch defended their homeland, the French attacked Goree Island and ousted the Dutch from Senegal, claiming it for France in 1677. When the British took the territory during the Napoleonic War, they abolished slavery in 1807. Upon its return to France, the French agreed not to reinstate slavery, so slave trade in Senegal fell sharply during the 19th century but the country's rich resources were still in demand, and the French soon went inland to claim the territory. During the time Europe was fighting over the coastal settlements, the Senegalese still had control of the land. The Waalo Kingdom existed around the Saint-Louis trading post, so they had a treaty with the French in which the French would pay them for goods and they would provide protection for the traders. When French ambitions turned to colonisation, they started by conquering their Waalo allies in 1855. Around the same time, the Toucouleur Empire had conquered the Futa Toro, which formed out of an Islamic revolution among citizens in the Denianke Kingdom in 1776 who were tired of being persecuted. The Toucouleur unsuccessfully tried to drive out the French in 1857, and the Trarza from Mauritania who supported the Senegalese kingdoms were also threatening French advancement. The French built a series of forts along the coast and river. The Trarza were told they would not be attacked as long as they stayed north of the Senegal River and they did, thereby allowing France to establish greater control over northern Senegal. The construction of the Dakar-Niger Railway made it much easier to maintain control of the region; Senegal was in French control by 1895 and officially became part of French West Africa in 1904. The French created the Grand Council of French West Africa to oversee the territories and only French citizens and citizens of the Four Communes in Senegal were able to become members. The colonized people were only considered to be French subjects, so they were prevented from gaining power. However, in 1914 Blaise Diagne was able to prove he was born in one of the communes (Saint-Louis) and became the first black man elected to oversee the colonies. He then passed a law to allow citizens of Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque and Goree to vote in French elections and he sent many West Africans to aid France in World War I. Senegal and French Sudan (modern Mali) joined to form the Mali Federation in 1959. The following year, France agreed to give them independence and on 20 June 1960, independence was achieved. Senegal defected from the Mali Federation and became an independent state in August 1960. Senegal briefly joined the Gambia to form the nation of Senegambia in 1982, but the two nations separated before the decade ended. Issues with separatists in the southern Casamance region of Senegal have occurred since the 1980s, but a peace treaty was signed in 2004 that has held to this day. Senegal is often praised for its incorporation of all its ethnic and religious groups into a peaceful society. In the 21st century, Senegal is generally recognised as having a high rate of economic growth and development. The Wolof are the largest ethnic group in Senegal forming 43% of the population. The Fula and Toucouler are the second biggest ethnic group forming 24% of the population. The Bassari and Bedick make up 9% of the population. Senegal is officially secular but is a very largely Muslim country (92% of the population). The 7% of the population who are Christians included Léopold Senghor, Senegal's very influential and long-ruling first president. Quite a few other religions are represented among the remaining 1% of the population, including traditional African religions. See also: Wolof phrasebook, French phrasebook Wolof is the native language of some Senegalese people, but you will find that almost everyone speaks it. Knowing the basic Wolof greetings and phrases will go a long way in getting you better service and prices. French is the official language and learnt by all Senegalese in school, so it is a very useful language for visitors to know. While some Senegalese merchants speak English, most business is conducted in French or Wolof. Other languages used in Senegal include Sereer, Soninke, Pulaar, Jola and Mandinka. The basic Muslim greeting is often used: Salaam Aleikum - Peace to you. The response is Waleikum Salaam - And unto you peace. Senegal has open borders, which means that citizens of almost every country in the world can obtain a visa on arrival. Citizens of Yemen, Hong Kong, Macao, and Kosovo must apply for a visa at their local Senegalese consulate/embassy. Blaise Diagne International Airport in Dakar opened in late 2017. The old Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport that became too small for the increasing number of passengers still handles some international flights to nearby countries. Delta Air Lines flies to Dakar on most of their US-Africa services, and service from JFK airport takes roughly 8 hours. South African Airways flies direct from New York and Washington-Dulles in just about 7 hours (81⁄2 on the return trip). Other airlines route through Europe such as Brussels Airlines (Brussels), Air Senegal International (Paris-Orly), Air France (Paris-CDG), Royal Air Maroc (Casablanca), Iberia (Madrid, Gran Canaria), TAP (Lisbon) and others (51⁄2 to 6 hours). There are flights from various parts of Africa operated by Kenya Airways (Nairobi), Air Ivoire (Abidjan) and others. It is possible but a little bit difficult to get into Senegal by car. Senegal prohibits the import of cars that are more than eight years old, but if you are only staying for a short while, and agree to take your car out of the country, you should (eventually) be allowed through, but this cannot be guaranteed. Senegal allows the import of cars older than five years. A railway between Dakar and Bamako, Mali has fallen into disrepair and no longer operates. The trains only run within Dakar and to its suburbs. Taxi, taxi-brousse, taxi-clando, car-charette, and transport commun (cars rapides) Buslines in Dakar and around Dakar are maintained by SOTRAC (Société des Transports en commun de Cap Vert), now managed by a private company and called Dakar Demm Dikk. Car hire is available in Dakar (city and airport) and sometimes in MBour and Saly Portudal. The main method of travel around the country is by sept places (from the French for "seven seats," literally questionable station wagons in which they will pack seven people so that you are basically sitting on the next person's lap throughout the journey). You can also come with a group and rent out an entire sept place, but this will be expensive. If you are obviously a tourist, they will try to rip you off, so make sure to set a price before you agree to a driver. If you want to travel more comfortably, buy 2 seats. There are set prices to often-travelled locations. The price per seat from Dakar to Ziguinchor, for example, is CFA9,500. Keep in mind that if you wish to drive your own car, there are few street signs (mostly speed limits) and almost all of them are disregarded. Many streets are considered one way, but are never marked as such, and there are almost no stop signs. Heavy traffic areas such as Dakar are best left to experienced drivers and the bold. To get around, one must be willing to dart into traffic, or else, stay stuck at an intersection for a while. A tollway near Dakar allows you to drive around Rufisque. Especially during peak hours, this is worth the CFA400 (for a regular car), as traffic jams in Rufisque can easily take up to 2 hours. With arid desert and lush rainforests, Senegal boasts a stunning array of sights, sounds and flavours. Lac Rose owes its name to its pink colouring for swimming and is also the terminus of the Dakar rally. Parc National du Niokolo-Noba is one of Senegal's major national parks and an international biosphere reserve. Fathala Reserve (at Karang just north of the border to Gambia), ☏ +221 776379455, [email protected]. open all year. Go on a 3-hour mini-safari in your own car or hire an off-road car at the reserve. You may see giraffes, rhinos, elands, antelopes and many birds. CFA10,000. The currency of the country is the West African CFA franc, denoted CFA (ISO currency code: XOF). It's also used by seven other West African countries. It is interchangeable at par with the Central African CFA franc (XAF), which is used by six countries. The West African CFA franc is to be renamed the "eco" by the end of 2020. It would continue to be fixed to the euro. Ecobank accept Master Card and Visa card at their ATMs. Outside major cities, ATMs are non-existent, and credit card transactions unheard of. Tourist maps are available at the tourist offices. If you want to explore the country by car, you need one. A yellow fever vaccine is required, together with the vaccination certificate, to enter Senegal. However, it is not checked on a regular basis. Buy at least a mosquito net (preferably permethrin-impregnated) and a good repellent (preferably DEET-based). Permethrin can be washed into clothing and will remain in the garment for a month before the effectiveness of the product wears off and should be reapplied. Be careful with food prepared by the road, as it could be cooked in unsanitary conditions. Western-style meals are available and can be found at restaurants in various parts of Dakar, Thies, Saint Louis and other towns and near the big hotels in the Petite Côte and in some other touristic regions of the country. If you want to try genuine Senegalese food, you can buy it at many restaurants; or alternatively, you can make it yourself with the food gathered fresh from the markets or supermarkets. The official dish of Senegal is ceebu jen (or thebou diene), which is rice and fish. It comes in two varieties (red and white, named after the respective sauces). The Senegalese love ceebu jen and will often ask if you've ever tried it, and it is definitely part of the experience. Even better if you get the chance to eat with your hands around the bowl with a Senegalese family. Keep your eyes out for the delicious, but elusive ceebu jen "diagga", which is served with extra sauce and fish balls. Other common dishes are maafe, which is a rich, oily peanut-based sauce with meat that is served over white rice. Yassa is a delicious onion sauce that is often served over rice and chicken, yassa poulet or with deep fried fish yassa jen. If you intend to explore the arid area of Senegal (Saint-Louis & Ferlo), you need to drink several litres of water a day. Even in Dakar, dehydration is possible during warmer months if you do not drink sufficient water. There are many opportunities for people to make a difference in Senegal. Projects Abroad is a volunteer organisation based in St Louis with opportunities to help out teaching English, caring for underprivileged children, teaching sport or being a human rights advocate amongst other things. Volunteers get to stay with local host families, which is a huge honour. It might also be a good idea to learn some basic Wolof, since not everybody can speak French. In addition there are many other languages such as Toucouleur, Serere, and Peul. However, almost everyone can speak Wolof. Therefore knowing Wolof would be a big help. Although highly exaggerated, there is still fighting going on in the Casamance region of Senegal. The "struggle" goes on between the government and the Mouvement des forces démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC). It would be wise to avoid travel to this area. If this is not possible, at least first check with the embassy for the latest situation. To find out how much the situation has improved look at this IRIN News report: [1] In Dakar, take care when walking the streets: petty theft and scams are abundant. You will be approached by aggressive street vendors who will follow you for several blocks. If refused, often accusations of 'racism" will be leveled at white non-local non-buyers. Also, pickpockets use the following two-person tactic: one (the distraction) will grab one of your legs while the other (the thief) goes into your pocket. If someone grabs your clothing, beware the person on the other side more. Wear trousers/shorts with secure (buttons or snaps) pockets and leave your shirt untucked to cover the pockets. Be cautious of people claiming to have met you before or offering to guide you. Often, you will be led to a remote location and robbed. Women need to be particularly alert as they are frequently targeted at beaches or markets. Finally, there have been instances of street stall vendors grabbing cash out of non-local shoppers' hands and quickly stuffing the money into their own pocket. After the money is in their pocket, they claim it is theirs and the victim is not in a position to prove otherwise or protest effectively. Be careful with your cash: do not hold it in your hand while bargaining. Carry some sort of identification. Police pull over vehicles and check for proper papers occasionally. If you are caught without your passport (a copy of a passport is recommended), the police may try to solicit a bribe; they may even go as far as to take you to the station. Most of the time they are bluffing, and one should not give into such corruption, but some officials may be wicked enough to force the issue. Use this advice with caution: the simplest way to prevent this is just to carry identification. Homosexuality is a big taboo in Senegal and punishable with 1 to 5 years' imprisonment. LGBT travellers should be extremely cautious. Do not tell anyone about your sexual orientation. Get necessary vaccines before arrival. Officially, certification of yellow fever vaccine is required upon arrival if coming from a country in a yellow fever zone, but it is not commonly checked. Take anti-malarials. Avoid tap water and all dishes prepared with it. Bottled water, such as Kirene which is most common and bottled in Senegal, is widely available and inexpensive. To prevent serious effects of dehydration, it is wise to carry around packets of rehydration salts to mix with water, should you become dehydrated. These are widely available at pharmacies and are inexpensive. Alternatively, a proper mix of table salt and sugar can replace these. The Senegalese in general are very friendly and hospitable. As is the case in much of West Africa, always greet people wherever you go. The standard greeting is normally "Salaam Aleikum." The Senegalese do not take kindly to being ignored, and will call you "rude". Never beckon a Sengalese person directly, even if they have done something wrong in your opinion. The Senegalese are quite sensitive to being beckoned directly, and it is considered very rude. As a tourist, your words might have an even greater impact. Although Islam is the dominant religion, Senegal is a secular state. Interfaith marriages are common and there are no sectarian tensions. You won't offend a Senegalese person by discussing religion; for the most part, Senegalese people love to talk about it. Although the form of Islam practiced by most Senegalese is largely liberal, public drunkenness and drunk driving are frowned upon. Don't do those things. Do not enter mosques and other religious places wearing shoes. It is disrespectful. Foreign women can expect to get many marriage proposals from Senegalese men. Handle this with a sense of humour, and caution. As far as dress goes, be aware that anything shorter than knee length is inappropriate. Tank tops are generally accepted in larger towns but should be avoided as much as possible. Shake hands as a greeting. Warning: there are some men and women from a specific Muslim sect (hibadou) that do not touch members of the opposite sex. Do not be offended if a member of the opposite sex does not shake your hand, it is their culture. Instead, clasp your hands together and clutch them to your heart in greeting. Never use your left hand to shake hands or give something to someone as this is considered disrespectful. However, if you are close to a person, it is customary to shake their left hand when parting for long periods of time. It is a wrong that must be corrected at some point in the future, so it is a way of saying that you will see each other again someday. As a tourist, you may be asked by people to give money or gifts. Even if you feel compelled to, do not give out anything to anyone. However noble this deed might be, you could be encouraging people (unintentionally) to be dependent on foreign visitors and this, in turn, could give people more of a reason to harass tourists. If you really want to make a difference in the community, it is recommended that you go to local schools, the écogardes at the park, or ask the hotel staff. The principal can distribute school supplies to children in need.
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Welcome to Introduction to Calculus This is the course Introduction to Calculus Overview Page which comes under the Calculus Topic Page. Before taking this the Introduction to Calculus Course it is recommended that you have a working knowledge of trigonometry as defined by the quiz below. Try to complete the questions and check with the Discussion Page answers submitted by various users. If you still have difficulty then check out the Trigonometry Page. - Introduction Limits Differentiation Integration Any questions? It would be better if you solve the quiz in your usename space, e.g. User:Your Username/Introduction to Calculus. After solving the quiz post the link to this quiz's talk page. If you can pass this quiz, you are ready to take this course Express tan ( θ ) {\displaystyle \tan(\theta )\!} in terms of sin ( θ ) {\displaystyle \sin(\theta )\!} If csc ( θ ) = 1 / x , {\displaystyle \csc(\theta )=1/x,\!} then what does x {\displaystyle x\!} equal? Prove tan 2 ( θ ) + 1 = sec 2 ( θ ) {\displaystyle \tan ^{2}(\theta )+1=\sec ^{2}(\theta )\!} using sin 2 ( θ ) + cos 2 ( θ ) = 1 {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(\theta )+\cos ^{2}(\theta )=1\!} cos ( A + B ) = cos ( A ) cos ( B ) − sin ( A ) sin ( B ) {\displaystyle \cos(A+B)=\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)\,\ } Find the double angle idenities for the cosine function using the above rule. Find the half angle idenities from the double angle idenities. Find the value of cos 2 ( θ ) {\displaystyle \cos ^{2}(\theta )\!} without exponents using the above rules. (Challenge) Find the value of cos 3 ( θ ) {\displaystyle \cos ^{3}(\theta )\!} without exponents. A review on all of this course's prerequisites. Lamar Calculus I Calculus II MIT Single Variable calculus, Fall 2006, Prof. David Jerison(Video Lectures) Single Variable calculus, Fall 2005, Prof. Jason Starr Calculus II K. Stein, Sherman. Calculus and Analytic Geometry. 2nd ed. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, 1973. Calculus from Wikipedia Calculus textbook Calculus II Calculus problems
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Tuesday, October 3, 2006 South Korean foreign minister Ban Ki-moon emerged as the likely successor to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan yesterday when an unofficial poll of Security Council members resulted in Ban being the only candidate to avoid a possible veto by one of the five permanent members of the council. A formal ballot to choose the next Secretary-General has been scheduled for October 9. The Security Council's recommendation will then go to the UN General Assembly for ratification which is usually a formality. Annan's term ends on December 31, 2006. The 15 members of the council voted "encourage", "discourage" or "no opinion" beside each candidate's name on Monday's straw vote. The ballot was secret, however the five permanent members of the council who have veto rights, the United Kingdom, United States, France, China and Russia, voted on a blue ballot paper in order to demonstrate which candidates, if any, could escape a veto in the formal vote. Ban received 14 "encourage" votes, 1 "no opinion" and no "discourage" or veto votes. Every other candidate received a veto from one of the five permanent members. Ban, 62, has won all four Security Council straw votes which have been held over the past several months but Monday's vote was the first straw poll which distinguished votes by veto-wielding permanent members of the Security Council from votes cast by the other ten members. Following the release of the vote results, India's Shashi Tharoor announced his withdrawal as a candidate saying of Ban "It is clear that he will be our next secretary general." "It is a great honour and a huge responsibility to be secretary-general, and I wish Mr Ban every success in that task," said Tharoor. Tharoor had placed second in the race receiving 10 "encourage" votes and three "discourages", one of which was from a country with a veto. "It is quite clear that from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly," said Chinese ambassador Wang Guangya. Thailand's Deputy Prime Minister Surakiart Sathirathai and former Afghan Finance Minister Ashraf Ghani each received four votes in favour. Ghani had three vetoes against him and Surakiart two. The fifth candidate, Prince Zeid al-Hussein of Jordan had only two votes in favour and eight against, with one veto. Monday's vote was not binding. "S Korean cements lead in UN race" — BBC News Online, October 3, 2006 Associated Press. "S. Korean cements spot as front-runner for UN chief" — Globe and Mail, October 2, 2006
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Kate & Allie was a 1980s situation comedy about two best friends (played by Susan Saint James and Jane Curtin) who moved in together after their respective divorces. Soft piano music. Kate and Allie walk down a street. Kate: You know who lives in that building? Greta Garbo. Allie: There...right there, like a normal person? Kate: Uh-huh. Allie: What do you suppose she's doing right now? Kate: Probably watching TV. Let's go. *Kate starts to walk off* Allie: No! Don't you want to...wait and see if she comes out? Kate: Allie, she "wants to be alone." Allie: Oh, come on, just a minute! Kate: Okay, okay. But this is ridiculous! Allie: *sees a shadow from the window* Oh my God! It's her! Kate: How can you tell? Allie: I know it's her! It's she! Kate: That could be anybody. Allie: *to herself* I saw...Greta Garbo! Kate: You saw...a woman in a hat! It could have been Bella Abzug! Allie: Are you trying to spoil what could possibly be the high point of my life? Kate: *sigh* Okay, okay, we saw Greta Garbo. Allie: Do you really think it was her? Kate and Allie walk down the street; the soft piano music starts up again, final few notes. Soft piano music. Kate and Allie walk past a flower shop. Kate: You'll never guess who I ran into today. Allie: Who? Kate: Brenda Maizel. Allie: Lumpy! Oh, I haven't seen Lumpy since graduation! Poor, sweet old Lumpy. Kate: Yeah. Allie: Braces, glasses and allergies. Remember that sneeze? Kate: That's how I recognized her. I was standing on the corner in front of Saks and I heard someone choking a turkey. I turned around and there she was. Allie: Still a mess? *sniffs some flowers* Kate: Well, as messy as you can be in mink. Allie: *looks up* Oh? Kate: Well, she married an investment broker. Allie: Well, good for her. They're safe and predictable. Kate: He also skydives, he's a published poet, and his name is Thor. Allie: She still have those stubby little fingers? Kate: I couldn't tell with all the diamonds. Allie: I never liked her. Kate: Me neither. Allie puts the flowers down and they both walk away; the soft piano music starts up again, final few notes.
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15. Januar 2007 Zerbröselnde Geldscheine Freistil/Beginner Seit Juli 2006 kursiert in Deutschland eine ungewöhnliche Form des „Wertverfalls“: Immer wieder tauchen Euro-Banknoten aus Geldautomaten auf, die bei Berührung in ihre Einzelteile zerfallen. Die Ursache dieses rätselhaften Phänomens ist nach wie vor unbekannt. Die Deutsche Bundesbank schließt Herstellungsfehler aus, technische Defekte in den Geldautomaten oder Hinweise auf Sabotage wurden nicht gefunden. Vermutlich kamen die Scheine mit einer ätzenden Substanz in Kontakt, chemische Analysen blieben aber bislang ergebnislos. Eine gesundheitliche Gefährdung besteht nach offiziellen Angaben nicht. Bisher zerbröselten etwa 2.500 Geldscheine im Wert von bis zu 100 € je Schein. Brösel-Scheine können bei der Bundesbank und bei Geschäftsbanken umgetauscht werden, sofern noch mehr als die Hälfte des Scheins intakt ist. Wikinews: Rätsel um Brösel-Euros weiterhin ungeklärt. 14 Jan. 2007 Wikinews: Brüchige Banknoten: Sabotage nicht auszuschließen. 3 Nov. 2006 License: CC-BY-2.5 Edit this article · Ask a question about this article
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Wednesday, May 21, 2008 United Kingdom Related articles 17 July 2021: Floods in Europe kills over 150, hundreds reportedly missing 10 July 2021: National Health Service England waiting list at highest on record for second consecutive month 30 June 2021: 'Each makes the other more difficult to recover from': University of Sussex professor L. Alan Winters speaks to Wikinews on trade, COVID-19, Brexit 23 June 2021: Canada, EU, UK, US impose sanctions on Belarus over Ryanair hijacking 25 May 2021: 'Rock and roll never dies': Italy wins Eurovision after 30 years Location of the United Kingdom Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article UK Members of Parliament voted against a bill that would result in the limit for abortions being brought down by four weeks, to 20 weeks. The MP who originally proposed the bill, Nadine Dorrie from the Conservative Party, commented on the result. "There comes a point when it has to be said this baby has a right to life." The vote to lower the limit to twenty weeks was defeated by 332 votes to 190. There was also a vote on decreasing the limit to 22 weeks, with it being defeated by 304 votes supporting to 233 opposing. The proposer of the twenty week limit, a former nurse explained to MPs her reason for supporting the lowering of the limit: Recently, a vote for decreasing the limit to 12 weeks also failed to pass through the House of Commons. "MPs back 24-week abortion limit" — BBC News Online, May 20, 2008 "MPs Vote Against Lowering Abortion Limit" — BBC News Online, May 20, 2008
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This is a lesson in the course Introduction to Computers, which is a part of The School of Computer Science This is a lesson in the course Computing Fundamentals When choosing a new computer we come across terms such as "300GB hard drive" and "500MB download", and to the uninitiated, this can be somewhat disconcerting. Data in a computer is represented in a series of bits. Since the birth of computers, bits have been the language that control the processes that take place inside that mysterious box called your computer. In this article, we look at the very language that your computer uses to do its work. A bit is a binary unit, simply a 1 or a 0. A true or a false. It is the most basic unit of data in a computer. It's like the dots and dashes in Morse code for a computer. Bits are machine readable. A nibble is 4 bits, or half of a byte. One hexadecimal digit is one nibble in size. In computer science a byte is a unit of measurement of information storage, that equals '8 bits', can be used to represent letters and numbers. For example, the number 01000001 is 8 bits long, and represents the letter A in 8-bit encoding. Unfortunately the term "word" has two definitions. (1) The word size for a computer is the number of bits that the central processing unit (CPU) of a particular computer can handle at one time. These word sizes range from a nibble to more than 128 bits. (2) Word size = 16 bits (or two bytes). This second definition was pretty much driven by all of the people that were writing software to be used to program computers. A kilobyte, or KB, is a unit of data that equals 1024 bytes, or 210. This is not to be confused with the decimal kilo which means 1000 or 103. The difference is because the term was coined by computer scientists. Powers of 2 do not fit into 1000 neatly, therefore using the decimal system in binary computing would be computationally wasteful. A megabyte, or MB, is a unit of data that equals 1,048,576 bytes, or 220. This is equal to a kilobyte squared, 10242. A gigabyte, or GB, is a unit of data that equals 1,073,741,824 bytes, or 230. This is equal to a kilobyte cubed, 10243. Because of the difference between computer metrics and decimal metrics, storage devices are usually advertised with gigabytes presented as 1 billion bytes rather than 1.07 billion bytes, thereby understating their true capacity. This explains why there are inconsistencies when comparing the actual size of a hard drive to the presented size. A terabyte, or TB, is a unit of data that equals 1,099,511,627,776 bytes, or 240. This is equal to a kilobyte to the fourth power, 10244, being approximately one trillion bytes, or 1024 gigabytes. Consumer storage devices are often measured in terabytes. A petabyte, or PB, is a unit of data that equals 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes, or 250. This is equal to a kilobyte to the fifth power, 10245, or roughly one quadrillion bytes. Large data centers, such as those operated by Google, can handle petabytes of data every day. Microsoft stores on 900 servers a total of approximately 14 petabytes. Cisco Systems predicts "the global Internet networks will deliver 12.5 petabytes every 5 minutes in 2016." Data transfer speeds can be measured in bits per second, or in bytes per second. A byte is (generally) 8 bits long. Network engineers describe network speeds in bits per second, while web browsers usually measure a file download rate in bytes per second. A lowercase "b" usually means a bit, while an uppercase "B" represents a byte. In networking, metric prefixes (e.g. kilo, mega, and giga) refer to their decimal, not binary meaning. Known as bits per second, bps was the main way of describing data transfer speeds several decades ago. Kilobits per second, or 1000 bits per second. The quality of compressed audio files (e.g. MP3s) are typically measured in Kbps. Megabits per second, or 1,000,000 bits per second. Internet service providers usually measure their Internet connectivity in Mbps. Gigabits per second, or 1,000,000,000 bits per second. Modern local area networks, Internet infrastructure, and consumer Internet connections in some countries can operate at these speeds.
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The ClueFinders 6th grade Adventures: The Empire of the Plant People is a personal computer game in The ClueFinders series of educational software. Joni: Not bad, Santiago, but let me show you how to really throw this thing. (she tosses it close to fence, and Owen catches it) Owen: Whoa! Hey, Joni, chill out! Ms. Rose: And what are you youngsters up to today? Owen: Yo, Ms. Rose! Leslie: We're exploring the aerodynamics of this projectile. Owen: She means we're tossing a Frisbee. How 'bout you? Ms. Rose: Oh, I'm taking care of my children. Owen and Leslie: Children? Ms. Rose: My plants; my dear, sweet plants. They need a lot of, well, care, especially on a hot day like this. See you darlings later. Owen and Leslie: Bye. Leslie: What an endearing neighbor personality. Owen: Yeah, she reminds me of my grandma. Joni: Okay, Santiago, I'll show you to add a little zip to this. Santiago: Take it easy, Joni. The yard isn't that big. Joni: Oh yeah? Watch this! '[tosses the Frisbee over Ms. Rose's fence] Owen: A little too much zip, eh, Jonsi? (Joni's mouth hangs open) Santiago: Come on, Joni; we'd better go get it. I hope it didn't hurt anything. [while walking through Ms. Rose's yard] Whoa, this place is creepy! Joni: I wonder what she feeds these plants? Santiago: Uh, maybe we should ask Ms. Rose before we look anymore. Joni: Oh come on, it's just a bunch of plants. What's there to be afraid of? (pointing to the frisbee) There it is! Santiago: Alright! Let's grab it and get out of here! (he and Joni fall into the hole beneath them, screaming) Leslie: [after hearing Santiago and Joni's screams] What could have that been? Owen: (peering over Ms. Rose's fence) Santiago? Joni? Where'd you dudes go? (seeing the Frisbee still inside) Hey, the Frisbee's still there! Leslie: It's as if they dematerialized, vanished! Maybe we can establish communication with them on the red video phone. LapTrap: (carrying a pitcher of pink lemonade) Ah, it's so nice and quiet around here lately. No bothersome adventures! Hey, everyone! The lemonade is on me! Heh heh heh! Uh oh! They're gone! Great, something's happened again. I knew it! I go away for two minutes and- Leslie: (in Ms. Rose's yard) LapTrap, over here! Owen: Hey, like, where are you guys? Joni: (on the phone) I don't know. We fell through a hole next to the Frisbee. I think we're in some kind of chamber. It's dark and musty, but we're okay. Leslie: If we can reach you electronically, we can reach you physically. Owen: Don't worry, we'll find you wherever you are, and you're coming with us, dude. LapTrap: (sarcastically) Oh great. An underground rescue mission. Just what I need! Joni: And anytime you can't figure what to do, use Owen's red video phone to call us for help. Leslie: Check. And we can use my backpack to store anything we need. LapTrap: This may be dangerous, but I'll help, too.I can keep track of our progress and location. Owen: Let's jam; we got a problem to fix! Owen and Leslie: Whoa! (discovering the Plant People Empire) Leslie: This is incredible! Plant soldier: Humans! Seize them! Owen: Let's get out of here! Leslie: Which way? (Ficus sneaks up and muffles their cries) Hey! Owen: (muffled) Help, it's got me! Ficus: Shh! Don't say a word; I'm on your side. Owen: Who are you, dude? Ficus: My name is Ficus, I live here. Leslie: An underground civilization of intelligent plants. Phenomenal! Ficus: We've been down here for centuries, and no humans have ever known about us... until now. Something's gone wrong; our soldiers are acting crazy. They've taken human captives, and are preparing to attack the town! Owen: Whoa! Ficus: My friends and I have been trying to talk some sense into everyone, but no one will listen. You gotta help us! Please? Leslie: Absolutely, but our companions have disappeared down here. Do you know where they are? Ficus: I don't, but our leader will. You've got to get to the Throne Room, but you can't go through the main gate; the guards will capture you! You'll have to go the back way, and that means building bridges over the Bottomless Pits. Owen: Bottomless Pits? Ficus: Don't worry. If you use the Petrified Wood Planks, the bridge will hold, but the planks are scattered all over the kingdom, and some of them are even guarded by soldiers. Leslie: We can overcome any obstacle. Where do we begin? Ficus: Look around. Now I gotta get out of here before they notice I'm gone. Ms. Rose: Farewell, Heroic Cluefinders! Farewell! (The ground closes and the game ends) Wikipedia has an article about: The ClueFinders 6th Grade Adventures: Empire of the Plant People
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Medical psychology (related to Clinical Health Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Behavioral Medicine') is a branch of clinical psychology where clinicians have trained in the biological aspects of mental illness in relation to physical illness, and are usually qualified to prescribe medication; this last aspect varies from country to country. It adopts the biopsychosocial approach to medicine, which revolves around the idea that both the body and mind are indivisible, and that disease and illness are not identical. Continuing with this line of thought, all diseases whether of the mind or of the physical body must be treated as if they have both been affected. The intent of Medical Psychology is to apply knowledge from all branches of social, psychological, and biological medicine in the prevention, assessment, and treatment of all forms of physical illness and the adaptation to illness; specific behavioral, psychotherapeutic, and pharmaceutical methods are used to help the person respond to illness and prevent further illness through matching coping and management skills to the person’s abilities, character, and personality style. This topic page is for organizing the development of Medical psychology content on Wikiversity. Wikipedia:Medical psychology Wikipedia:Disease Wikipedia:Biopsychosocial model Wikipedia:Health psychology Wikipedia:Cartesian Wikipedia:Dualism (philosophy of mind) School:Medicine School:Psychology
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Imagine that a Political Science class studying the American presidential process holds a mock election. Members of the class are asked to rank, from most preferred to least preferred, the nominees from the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, and the Third Party, and this is the result ( > {\displaystyle >} means "is preferred to"). What is the preference of the group as a whole? Overall, the group prefers the Democrat to the Republican by five votes; seventeen voters ranked the Democrat above the Republican versus twelve the other way. And, overall, the group prefers the Republican to the Third's nominee, fifteen to fourteen. But, strangely enough, the group also prefers the Third to the Democrat, eighteen to eleven. This is an example of a voting paradox, specifically, a majority cycle. Voting paradoxes are studied in part because of their implications for practical politics. For instance, the instructor can manipulate the class into choosing the Democrat as the overall winner by first asking the class to choose between the Republican and the Third, and then asking the class to choose between the winner of that contest, the Republican, and the Democrat. By similar manipulations, any of the other two candidates can be made to come out as the winner. (In this Topic we will stick to three-candidate elections, but similar results apply to larger elections.) Voting paradoxes are also studied simply because they are mathematically interesting. One interesting aspect is that the group's overall majority cycle occurs despite that each single voters's preference list is rational— in a straight-line order. That is, the majority cycle seems to arise in the aggregate, without being present in the elements of that aggregate, the preference lists. Recently, however, linear algebra has been used (Zwicker 1991) to argue that a tendency toward cyclic preference is actually present in each voter's list, and that it surfaces when there is more adding of the tendency than cancelling. For this argument, abbreviating the choices as D {\displaystyle D} , R {\displaystyle R} , and T {\displaystyle T} , we can describe how a voter with preference order D > R > T {\displaystyle D>R>T} contributes to the above cycle. (The negative sign is here because the arrow describes T {\displaystyle T} as preferred to D {\displaystyle D} , but this voter likes them the other way.) The descriptions for the other preference lists are in the Voting preferences table below. Now, to conduct the election we linearly combine these descriptions; for instance, the Political Science mock election 5 ⋅ {\displaystyle 5\cdot \,} + 4 ⋅ {\displaystyle \,+4\cdot \,} + ⋯ + 2 ⋅ {\displaystyle \,+\cdots +2\cdot \,} yields the circular group preference shown earlier. Of course, taking linear combinations is linear algebra. The above cycle notation is suggestive but inconvienent, so we temporarily switch to using column vectors by starting at the D {\displaystyle D} and taking the numbers from the cycle in counterclockwise order. Thus, the mock election and a single D > R > T {\displaystyle D>R>T} vote are represented in this way. ( 7 1 5 ) and ( − 1 1 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}7\\1\\5\end{pmatrix}}\quad {\text{and}}\quad {\begin{pmatrix}-1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}} We will decompose vote vectors into two parts, one cyclic and the other acyclic. For the first part, we say that a vector is purely cyclic if it is in this subspace of R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . C = { ( k k k ) | k ∈ R } = { k ⋅ ( 1 1 1 ) | k ∈ R } {\displaystyle C=\{{\begin{pmatrix}k\\k\\k\end{pmatrix}}\,{\big |}\,k\in \mathbb {R} \}=\{k\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}\,{\big |}\,k\in \mathbb {R} \}} For the second part, consider the subspace (see Problem 6) of vectors that are perpendicular to all of the vectors in C {\displaystyle C} . C ⊥ = { ( c 1 c 2 c 3 ) | ( c 1 c 2 c 3 ) ⋅ ( k k k ) = 0 for all k ∈ R } {\displaystyle C^{\perp }=\{{\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\\c_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\,{\big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\\c_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}k\\k\\k\end{pmatrix}}=0{\text{ for all }}k\in \mathbb {R} \}} = { ( c 1 c 2 c 3 ) | c 1 + c 2 + c 3 = 0 } = { c 2 ( − 1 1 0 ) + c 3 ( − 1 0 1 ) | c 2 , c 3 ∈ R } {\displaystyle =\{{\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\\c_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\,{\big |}\,c_{1}+c_{2}+c_{3}=0\}=\{c_{2}{\begin{pmatrix}-1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+c_{3}{\begin{pmatrix}-1\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}\,{\big |}\,c_{2},c_{3}\in \mathbb {R} \}} (Read that aloud as " C {\displaystyle C} perp".) So we are led to this basis for R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . ⟨ ( 1 1 1 ) , ( − 1 1 0 ) , ( − 1 0 1 ) ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}-1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}-1\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}\rangle } We can represent votes with respect to this basis, and thereby decompose them into a cyclic part and an acyclic part. (Note for readers who have covered the optional section in this chapter: that is, the space is the direct sum of C {\displaystyle C} and C ⊥ {\displaystyle C^{\perp }} .) For example, consider the D > R > T {\displaystyle D>R>T} voter discussed above. The representation in terms of the basis is easily found, c 1 − c 2 − c 3 = − 1 c 1 + c 2 = 1 c 1 + c 3 = 1 → − ρ 1 + ρ 3 − ρ 1 + ρ 2 → ( − 1 / 2 ) ρ 2 + ρ 3 c 1 − c 2 − c 3 = − 1 2 c 2 + c 3 = 2 ( 3 / 2 ) c 3 = 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rcl}{\begin{array}{*{3}{rc}r}c_{1}&-&c_{2}&-&c_{3}&=&-1\\c_{1}&+&c_{2}&&&=&1\\c_{1}&&&+&c_{3}&=&1\end{array}}&{\xrightarrow[{-\rho _{1}+\rho _{3}}]{-\rho _{1}+\rho _{2}}}\;{\xrightarrow[{}]{(-1/2)\rho _{2}+\rho _{3}}}&{\begin{array}{*{3}{rc}r}c_{1}&-&c_{2}&-&c_{3}&=&-1\\&&2c_{2}&+&c_{3}&=&2\\&&&&(3/2)c_{3}&=&1\end{array}}\end{array}}} so that c 1 = 1 / 3 {\displaystyle c_{1}=1/3} , c 2 = 2 / 3 {\displaystyle c_{2}=2/3} , and c 3 = 2 / 3 {\displaystyle c_{3}=2/3} . Then ( − 1 1 1 ) = 1 3 ⋅ ( 1 1 1 ) + 2 3 ⋅ ( − 1 1 0 ) + 2 3 ⋅ ( − 1 0 1 ) = ( 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 ) + ( − 4 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}-1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{3}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {2}{3}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}-1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {2}{3}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}-1\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1/3\\1/3\\1/3\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}-4/3\\2/3\\2/3\end{pmatrix}}} gives the desired decomposition into a cyclic part and an acyclic part. = {\displaystyle \,=\,} + {\displaystyle \,+\,} Thus, this D > R > T {\displaystyle D>R>T} voter's rational preference list can indeed be seen to have a cyclic part. The T > R > D {\displaystyle T>R>D} voter is opposite to the one just considered in that the " > {\displaystyle >} " symbols are reversed. This voter's decomposition = {\displaystyle \,=\,} + {\displaystyle \,+\,} shows that these opposite preferences have decompositions that are opposite. We say that the first voter has positive spin since the cycle part is with the direction we have chosen for the arrows, while the second voter's spin is negative. The fact that that these opposite voters cancel each other is reflected in the fact that their vote vectors add to zero. This suggests an alternate way to tally an election. We could first cancel as many opposite preference lists as possible, and then determine the outcome by adding the remaining lists. The rows of the table below contain the three pairs of opposite preference lists. The columns group those pairs by spin. For instance, the first row contains the two voters just considered. If we conduct the election as just described then after the cancellation of as many opposite pairs of voters as possible, there will be left three sets of preference lists, one set from the first row, one set from the second row, and one set from the third row. We will finish by proving that a voting paradox can happen only if the spins of these three sets are in the same direction. That is, for a voting paradox to occur, the three remaining sets must all come from the left of the table or all come from the right (see Problem 3). This shows that there is some connection between the majority cycle and the decomposition that we are using---a voting paradox can happen only when the tendencies toward cyclic preference reinforce each other. For the proof, assume that opposite preference orders have been cancelled, and we are left with one set of preference lists from each of the three rows. Consider the sum of these three (here, the numbers a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle b} , and c {\displaystyle c} could be positive, negative, or zero). + {\displaystyle \,+\,} + {\displaystyle \,+\,} = {\displaystyle \,=\,} A voting paradox occurs when the three numbers on the right, a − b + c {\displaystyle a-b+c} and a + b − c {\displaystyle a+b-c} and − a + b + c {\displaystyle -a+b+c} , are all nonnegative or all nonpositive. On the left, at least two of the three numbers, a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} and c {\displaystyle c} , are both nonnegative or both nonpositive. We can assume that they are a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} . That makes four cases: the cycle is nonnegative and a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are nonnegative, the cycle is nonpositive and a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are nonpositive, etc. We will do only the first case, since the second is similar and the other two are also easy. So assume that the cycle is nonnegative and that a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are nonnegative. The conditions 0 ≤ a − b + c {\displaystyle 0\leq a-b+c} and 0 ≤ − a + b + c {\displaystyle 0\leq -a+b+c} add to give that 0 ≤ 2 c {\displaystyle 0\leq 2c} , which implies that c {\displaystyle c} is also nonnegative, as desired. That ends the proof. This result says only that having all three spin in the same direction is a necessary condition for a majority cycle. It is not sufficient; see Problem 4. Voting theory and associated topics are the subject of current research. There are many intriguing results, most notably the one produced by K. Arrow (Arrow 1963), who won the Nobel Prize in part for this work, showing that no voting system is entirely fair (for a reasonable definition of "fair"). For more information, some good introductory articles are (Gardner 1970), (Gardner 1974), (Gardner 1980), and (Neimi Riker 1976). A quite readable recent book is (Taylor 1995). The long list of cases from recent American political history given in (Poundstone 2008) show that manipulation of these paradoxes is routine in practice (and the author proposes a solution). This Topic is largely drawn from (Zwicker 1991). (Author's Note: I would like to thank Professor Zwicker for his kind and illuminating discussions.) Problem 1 Here is a reasonable way in which a voter could have a cyclic preference. Suppose that this voter ranks each candidate on each of three criteria. Draw up a table with the rows labelled "Democrat", "Republican", and "Third", and the columns labelled "character", "experience", and "policies". Inside each column, rank some candidate as most preferred, rank another as in the middle, and rank the remaining oneas least preferred. In this ranking, is the Democrat preferred to the Republican in (at least) two out of three criteria, or vice versa? Is the Republican preferred to the Third? Does the table that was just constructed have a cyclic preference order? If not, make one that does. So it is possible for a voter to have a cyclic preference among candidates. The paradox described above, however, is that even if each voter has a straight-line preference list, a cyclic preference can still arise for the entire group. Problem 2 Compute the values in the table of decompositions. Problem 3 Do the cancellations of opposite preference orders for the Political Science class's mock election. Are all the remaining preferences from the left three rows of the table or from the right? Problem 4 The necessary condition that is proved above—a voting paradox can happen only if all three preference lists remaining after cancellation have the same spin—is not also sufficient. Continuing the positive cycle case considered in the proof, use the two inequalities 0 ≤ a − b + c {\displaystyle 0\leq a-b+c} and 0 ≤ − a + b + c {\displaystyle 0\leq -a+b+c} to show that | a − b | ≤ c {\displaystyle |a-b|\leq c} . Also show that c ≤ a + b {\displaystyle c\leq a+b} , and hence that | a − b | ≤ c ≤ a + b {\displaystyle |a-b|\leq c\leq a+b} . Give an example of a vote where there is a majority cycle, and addition of one more voter with the same spin causes the cycle to go away. Can the opposite happen; can addition of one voter with a "wrong" spin cause a cycle to appear? Give a condition that is both necessary and sufficient to get a majority cycle. Problem 5 A one-voter election cannot have a majority cycle because of the requirement that we've imposed that the voter's list must be rational. Show that a two-voter election may have a majority cycle. (We consider the group preference a majority cycle if all three group totals are nonnegative or if all three are nonpositive---that is, we allow some zero's in the group preference.) Show that for any number of voters greater than one, there is an election involving that many voters that results in a majority cycle. Problem 6 Let U {\displaystyle U} be a subspace of R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . Prove that the set U ⊥ = { v → | v → ⋅ u → = 0 for all u → ∈ U } {\displaystyle U^{\perp }=\{{\vec {v}}\,{\big |}\,{\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {u}}=0{\text{ for all }}{\vec {u}}\in U\}} of vectors that are perpendicular to each vector in U {\displaystyle U} is also a subspace of R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . Solutions Arrow, J. (1963), Social Choice and Individual Values, Wiley . Gardner, Martin (April 1970), "Mathematical Games, Some mathematical curiosities embedded in the solar system", Scientific American: 108-112 . Gardner, Martin (October 1974), "Mathematical Games, On the paradoxical situations that arise from nontransitive relations", Scientific American . Gardner, Martin (October 1980), "Mathematical Games, From counting votes to making votes count: the mathematics of elections", Scientific American . Neimi, G.; Riker, W. (June 1976), "The Choice of Voting Systems", Scientific American: 21-27 . Poundstone, W. (2008), Gaming the vote, Hill and Wang, ISBN 978-0-8090-4893-9 . Taylor, Alan D. (1995), Mathematics and Politics: Strategy, Voting, Power, and Proof, Springer-Verlag . Zwicker, S. (1991), "The Voters' Paradox, Spin, and the Borda Count", Mathematical Social Sciences 22: 187-227
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Thursday, April 15, 2010 China Related articles 23 October 2021: Evergrande real estate firm makes missed September bond payment, avoids default 30 July 2021: Weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz wins the Philippines' first-ever Olympic gold medal 26 July 2021: China resumes deportation of refugees back to North Korea 26 July 2021: Floods in central China kill 25 7 March 2021: Chinese NPC to take control of Hong Kong electoral system Location of China Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Humanitarian aid groups and Chinese military forces are beginning rescue operations in western China after a heavy 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck the region on Wednesday, that reportedly killed over 600 people and injured almost ten thousand. The quake, which was centered around the remote town of Yushu, was largely destroyed by the heavy temblor, which occurred early in the morning as residents were waking up. The official death toll stands at 617, while 9,980 more were injured and an additional 313 reported as missing. The Chinese ministry of civil affairs reports that 15,000 houses had collapsed and 100,000 people - almost the entire population in the area - remain without homes. The plateau where the earthquake hit is frequently visited by tremors; however, there are rarely many casualties due to its remoteness and small population. However, in May 2008 a heavy 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck near Sichuan foothills, killing 80,000 people. Rescue efforts are underway, but impeded due to the area's remoteness and landslides, which have blocked many roads in the area. Also a factor is the high altitude at which the area is located - about 4,000 metres above sea level (13,000 feet) - which could adversely affect rescue crews not used to being in such thin air. Sniffer dogs, for instance, who aren't accustomed to working at high sea levels, could have a harder time detecting living people buried beneath rubble. Power and telephone lines were also downed by the temblor, affecting communication, although the authorities commented that electricity and phone links have been repaired to tens of towns. China's state media reports that troops garrisoned in the Yushu county, with help from locals, have already rescued over a thousand people buried beneath debris. Residents and troops garrisoned in the Yushu county have managed to pull out more than 1,000 people alive, according to Chinese state media. They are using shovels and bare hands. Further exacerbating the situation is the weather: temperatures are freezing, and meteorologists predict sleet and wind to come within the next few days. Many people were forced to sleep outdoors, protecting themselves from the cold in blankets, or spending the night in vehicles. Pierre Deve for the non-governmental organisation Snowland Service Group, was present in Yushu. He described the damage to Times Online, saying: "There are corpses everywhere on the street. They don’t have time to deal with them. There is a real need for medicine, for food, for water and for doctors. People are terrified that there will be another earthquake. They are also afraid that a dam that has been cracked will burst and flood the town." A local doctor, Karma Sherab, also commented on the problems the area is facing: "Most of the hospitals have collapsed and others had become dangerous. The only thing we can do is to clean the wounds in a simple way or simply amputate instead of curing." Chinese president Hu Jintao, meanwhile, said that he would be dispatching over 5,000 rescuers and soldiers to the scene of the disaster; the government has pledged over US$29 million worth of aid. Hu described the quake as being a "huge calamity". He is also shortening his visit to a summit in Brazil to return to his country. "That is why I decided to bring forward my return to China," he said from Brasilia. Premier Wen Jiabao has visited Yushu to oversee relief work; he decided to delay a visit to southeastern Asia due to the disaster. "As long as there is the slightest hope, we will make efforts that are 100-fold. Your disaster is our disaster, your suffering is our suffering." The head of China's disaster relief department, Zou Ming, says that 120,000 articles of clothing, 120,000 quilts, food, and close to 40,000 tents were to be sent to the disaster zone; he encouraged people to donate money to assist in longer-term relief work. Meanwhile, some foreign countries have offered financial help; among them is Japan, which has pledged over one million dollars to disaster victims. The United States also said it is "ready to assist" if China requests international aid. "6.9 magnitude earthquake hits western China" — Wikinews, April 14, 2010 Wikipedia has more about this subject: 2010 Yushu earthquake "Battle to reach China quake victims" — Al Jazeera, April 15, 2010 "Chinese rescuers step up search for quake survivors" — BBC News Online, April 15, 2010 "Search for survivors after China earthquake continues" — Times Online, April 15, 2010 Agence France-Presse, Robert Saiget. "Rescuers struggle as China quake toll rises to 760" — Yahoo! News UK & Ireland, April 15, 2010 "Death Toll From Chinese Earthquake Rises to 760" — VOA News, April 15, 2010
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Narayanganj is in Dhaka Division. With approximately 2 million people, Narayanganj is a congested city like many in Bangladesh. It is known as the Dundee of Bangladesh on account of its significant jute mill industry and trade, based on the similar history of Dundee, England. Narayanganj was named after a Hindu religious leader. Due to its proximity to Dhaka, it should be not to hard to access from there. 23.61871690.5055541 Narayanganj railway station. (updated Dec 2020) If you want to get away from the bustle, there are many ghats along the Shitalakshya River to watch the world go by. 23.6335690.512951 Hajiganj Fort (হাজীগঞ্জ দূর্গ), in Godenail district of Narayanganj. Bit of a forlorn but expansive fort along the Shitalakshya River founded around time of Dhaka's establishment as Mughal capital. Offers some solitude away from the street chaos, but you might run into some characters here, so could be best to come during the day. (updated Aug 2020) 23.6069390.512332 Sonakanda Fort, Kadamrasul area of Narayanganj. another Mughal empire fort, this one kind of in shambles, built around 1574 AD by General Munim Khan after the defeat of Daud Khan Karrani. (updated Aug 2020) 23.7459790.567323 Banglar Taj Mahal (বাংলার তাজমহল). 09:00-19:00. This is known as Taj Mahal Bangladesh; it's like a carbon copy of the renowned one in Agra, India. It can be kind of pricey. (updated Aug 2020) 23.547490.533924 Idrakpur Fort, AVJM Girls High School, Moddho Courtgaon Road, Munshiganj (in downtown Munshiganj). A mughal fort established in 1660 CE to defend Dhaka from pirates and other enemies. A few blocks away on Jubilee Road is the thriving Munshiganj bazar. (updated Aug 2020) 23.6442790.598361 Sonargaon Royal Resort (সোনারগাঁও রয়েল রিসোর্ট), Sonargaon Rd (across from Sonargaon Museum), ☏ +880 1709371680. Resort with Mughal-type architecture with indoor pool, hot tub, gym, wifi, free breakfast, restaurant, for while you are checking out the historic city of Sonargaon. (updated Aug 2020) If you are traveling on to Chittagong, you'll have a chance to witness the watery millieu of Bangladesh and a substantial shipyard operation while going over the Meghna Bridge. Sonargaon - Historic capital of Bangladesh, with many attractive historical sights.
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Model of COVID-19 spread for Germany using data form Jan-22 to March 30, 2020. I have produced a projection on COVID-19 spread for Germany based on (1) a logistic growth model (2) fitted to the Johns Hopkins University data on known/reported infection cases. The calculation was done wth SPSS' non-linear regression. Testing the method on the data from Hubei Province/Wuhan gave a model fit (R2) of 99,5%. Fitting the German data from Jan-22 to March-30 gave a model fit of 99,9%. Main result: By end of the end of April 2020, the maximum of the current (March 30, 2020) epidemic wave may effectally be reached with an estimated 102,000 cases of reported infections. The 95% confidence interval rages from ~95,000 to 109,000 cases. validity of results depends on long list of conditions among which are logistic growth model works sufficiently well to describe COVID-19 epidemic in Germany Wuhan/Hubei data fit was 99,5 % validity of results depends on validity of the data used projected maximum is maximum of known cases; actual number of infections is much higher a new infection mechanism may show up that is not reflected in the data up to March 30, 2020 Here, we model only the first wave of infections. Later-on, 60-80 % of the entire population may still get infected. This calculation may be completely wrong in the sense that the next few weeks play out completely differently! The results implicitly assume that people do NOT change their protective behavior based on these (or other) projections that give some hope. If people would take it more easily, the projection is guaranteed to be too optimistic. Best read as a best case scenario, in which no new sources of infections show up and people continue to self-isolate, wash their hands, ... , and strictly follow public health rules. File:COVID19-31-03-2020srt.pdf - More detailed explanation of methods and results
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The Kokoda Track is a hiking trail in Papua New Guinea. What is now known as the Kokoda Track was a collection of trails and trading routes used by villagers to cross the Owen Stanley Range and travel from the south to north coast of Papua New Guinea for hundreds of years, and in the 19th century by Europeans keen to reach the goldfields on the northern half of the island. Even today, there is not a single route from what is now known as Owen's Corner in the south to the Kokoda Valley in the north, but alternative tracks that go through different valleys and different villages for about 96 kilometres. The most commonly used series of tracks follow about two thirds of the original track fought over. The track became famous during the Second World War when troops of the 39th Australian Infantry Battalion and Japanese Imperial Forces fought a long and arduous battle along its route to prevent the Japanese forces from reaching Port Moresby in the south, and thus a potential starting point for an invasion of mainland Australia. Since then, walking the Kokoda Track has become a rite of passage for Australians of all ages, on a par with visiting Gallipoli on Anzac Day. It has become one of the most popular activities in Papua New Guinea, attracting over 4,000 walkers a year, most intensively over Anzac Day in late April when the track is at its busiest, and then over the dry season from May to October. Certainly it is difficult for Australians and Japanese to not shed a few tears when they reach the war memorial site at Isurava. The Kokoda Track is a tough but doable hike in subtropical rainforest. A sufficient level of fitness and suitable equipment are critical for a safe and enjoyable experience. Before walking the Kokoda it is important to carefully assess how fit you are. There are incidents of people dying of heart attacks from over-exertion, which has led to many operators requiring a medical evaluation before walking the track. There are several speeds at which one can walk the Kokoda, taking from a leisurely 12 days to a gruesome 16 hours, 34 minutes and 5 seconds, the world record held by local porter Brendan Buka. Basically the most important thing is that you have fun doing it. Going too fast isn't fun, but taking it too slow can be boring also if you have to wait for the others all the time. For seasoned hikers the Kokoda Track is very doable, but if you’re not used to walking about 15 km a day over uneven terrain then this is going to be a challenge... Groups typically spend about 60 hours in total walking up and down steep, often muddy hillsides, with flat sections a rarity. In terms of equipment a good pair of hiking boots are critical, and bring enough socks for a fresh pair each day. There are plenty of streams to wash clothes in but especially in the lower parts of the track the humidity makes it difficult to dry things. Inspect your feet every day and apply blister packs at the first sign, to prevent more serious issues developing. The other critical piece of equipment is a pair of hiking poles (much better than one), as the track is often rooty and muddy. You'll spend most of the time looking at your feet to ensure that you don't trip over, and poles help hugely with balance and control. Other must bring items are anti-malarial drugs as there are mosquitoes around, though the numbers vary significantly by season, warm layers for the higher parts of the track where you camp at about 1,900 m, water purification tablets to treat the stream water, a travel towel ir sport chamois to dry after camp showers or streams, swimming costume for washing in streams, an inflatable mattress, a head lamp, ear plugs, hiking sandals for river crossings, sun protection (lotion, hat), insect repellent, toilet paper as there is none along the track (though every campsite and village has at least one long-drop), hydralytes to rehydrate after sweating from the exertion and humidity, a light sleeping bag though a sleeping bag liner is fine for the lower parts of the track, spare set of dry clothes for the campsites, and dry bags to keep your things dry if it rains. Useful items to consider taking include a solar charger as there is no electricity along the track, an inflatable travel pillow, a Z seat for comfort, and an old toothbrush to clean your boots after the walk if you're returning to Australia or New Zealand, given the strict border controls. If time or stamina is a problem you can join the Kokoda Track in the middle. Airlines PNG flies to Efogi, Kagi and Manari and from Port Moresby, as well as to Kokoda. The southern starting point can be reached by road from Port Moresby. Kokoda can also be reached by road from Popondetta, which receives regular flights by Air Niugini. The vast majority of people walk the track as part of a guided group. There are over 80 operators, almost entirely Australian owned, who run tours ranging from six to twelve days long. The largest and best known operators include Adventure Kokoda, Escape Trekking, Kokoda Spirit, and No Roads Expeditions. There are a handful of PNG-owned operators including South Sea Horizons (used by Intrepid Travel), KoTreks, and Buna Treks and Tours, who ensure that all money involved stays in PNG. Expect to pay AU$3,000-5,000 for an all inclusive trip (excluding flights). It pays to understand the size of the groups, as they can range from 3 to 20 people, making a large difference in the time taken to walk each day, and access to facilities at campsites. The track can be walked independently but is not recommended from a safety perspective, both in terms of the terrain, and walking without a guide in the bush in PNG can be risky (see Stay safe below). Almost all itineraries include going through Imita Ridge, Ofi Creek, Nauro, Menari, and Templeton's Crossing. Different companies have different guiding styles and areas of focus. Many employ ex-military tour leaders or historians to provide a detailed understanding of the 1942 Kokoda campaign, while others focus more on the local communities. There are many campsites along the track, which are very similar in set up though the quality does vary. They have two huts for the crew, to cook and sleep in, one hut for the group to use, a grassy area for tents, usually a shower or at least a swimming hole, and one or two long drop toilets with standard green seats. There is very little wildlife along the trail, expect to hear some birds but sightings are rare. As the only way to cross the Owen Stanley Range is by foot or plane expect to hear a few flights passing overhead. There is some litter along the track, but it is nowhere near as bad as many countries, and reflects the difficulty of disposing of rubbish in a remote area with limited community services. There are a few clinics and primary schools in the large villages, often funded by the Kokoda Initiative, a partnership between the Australia and Papua New Guinea governments. There are four official museums along the track, at Efogi, Kokoda, Isurava Memorial, and Alola. They’re not guaranteed to be open though, depends if the person with the keys is around. Off the main track there are a few spots where locals have found ammunition from 1942 and stacked it in neat piles. To visit usually costs 10 Kina, if there is someone there to take the money. The track can be walked in either direction, but the most popular is from Kokoda to Owen's Corner as it is regarded as slightly easier (though day two has a huge hill to climb up to Alola), and ends with a visit to the Bomana War Cemetery on the way from Owen's Corner back to Port Moresby. Walking from Owen's Corner to Kokoda is quieter, and finishes with the scenic flight from Kokoda back to Port Moresby, following the path of the track below, putting the walk into perspective. By far the most popular time of the year to walk the Kokoda Track is over ANZAC Day, a public holiday in Australia and New Zealand held on the 25 April. This is toward the end of the wet season with 2-3 wet days a week to be expected. The actual Kokoda battle was fought between July and November 1942, during the dry season when rain is much rarer. It can rain any time of the year, though, particularly in the higher parts of the track. There have been a number of deaths on the Kokoda Track. In 2009 a small plane flying a group crashed, killing 13 people, and during the same year, four walkers died on the track from medical issues. In 2016 a British man and an American woman walking the track without a guide were attacked near Templeton's Crossing II campsite. To put these incidents in context, thousands of people walk the track every year, and there have been no issues with guided groups. The biggest risks are injury from slipping or tripping on the track, health challenges from not being fit enough, and acclimatising to the tropical heat and humidity. Kokoda Track trips start and finish from Port Moresby, which is worth a day or two to explore. On the way to or from Owen's Corner all trips stop at the moving Bomana War Cemetery, home to the graves of those who died on the track during World War II.
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Friday, October 9, 2009 David Coulthard, a former driver for the McLaren and Red Bull Formula One teams, has said the sport's governing body should have punished a Renault driver for cheating. Nelson Piquet Jr. was granted immunity as a whistleblower. Renault ordered Piquet to crash his car during the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix, which he did. This benefited team-mate Fernando Alonso's race strategy, and he went on to win the event. After being fired midway through the current season, Piquet told the FIA, who oversee F1, that the team had been cheating. Renault were banned for life, suspended by two years, just before this year's Singapore Grand Prix. At the same hearing, head engineer Pat Symonds was banned for five years and manager Flavio Briatore for life. Alonso is not thought to have been aware of the scheme. Coulthard expressed dissatisfaction at that result today during a Red Bull event in Mumbai. The Times of India has revealed that Coulthard said today, "I think FIA should have punished Piquet too. He was equally guilty as any other." Coulthard, who drives an F1 car across a new sea bridge in Mumbai on Sunday, said, "I will be surprised if he gets an F1 drive again," and that the scandal had shaken him. Another F1 driver in the news is Felipe Massa. Massa was seriously injured at the Hungaroring in Hungary when a spring came off a car ahead of him and struck his helmet at 160 mph. He spent ten days in intensive care at a military hospital and has a metal plate in his head to mend his fractured skull. Now, on Monday he intends to drive a 2007 Ferrari F1 car in Italy, just over 11 weeks after the accident. Massa has already driven a cart in his homeland of Brazil and recently underwent simulator testing. He is set to wave the flag at the finish line of this year's race in Brazil. Massa, whose injuries were considered life threatening, spoke out earlier this month about the fact that Alonso's Singapore win cost him points that would have meant victory in the drivers' championship had he topped the podium. "All of what happened was robbery... It changed the championship. I lost by one point." He also said the sentences should have been tougher. He compared the case to a cheating football team. "The team responsible were relegated. Here they just sent Briatore home. I don't understand it and I don't think it was right." "Coulthard: Piquet should be punished" — Plante F1, October 9, 2009 "Motor racing-Piquet should have been punished, says Coulthard" — Reuters, October 9, 2009 Alan Henry. "Felipe Massa to step up recovery with drive in 2007 Ferrari" — The Guardian, October 8, 2009 "Renault cost me title, says Massa" — BBC News Online, October 2, 2009
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Winchester is a town in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, USA. The town is a good base for exploring the rest of the valley and a picturesque historical site in its own right. Winchester is located just off of Interstate 81 which runs north into Interstate 70 in Pennsylvania and south into Tennessee. The historical downtown can be seen on foot, but a car will allow you to explore the nearby Shenandoah National Park and scenic Skyline Drive [dead link]. Green Circle - The Green Circle is being developed to allow easy access between the Visitor Center and historic sites by bicycle or on foot. The trolley provides easy access around town. Several Limousine Companies are available for winery tours. 39.1897-78.16611 Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters, 415 N. Braddock St., ☏ +1 540 667-5505. 39.1867-78.16672 Handley Library (Handley Regional Library), 100 W. Piccadilly Street (Corner of Rt. 7 and Rt. 11), ☏ +1 540 662-9041. 10-8 (M-W) and 10-5 (Th-S). A library ornately designed in the Beaux Arts style that opened to the public in 1913. Includes the Nancy Larrick Children's Room, the Middle Kingdom for teens, Information services and the Stewart Bell, Jr. Archives. 39.184893-78.1681453 Tomb of Lord Fairfax. The final resting place of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, the proprietor of all of Northern Virginia during colonial times. The tomb is on the grounds of the historic Christ Episcopal Church. (updated Sep 2019) 39.1839-78.16444 Shenandoah Valley Civil War Museum (Old Frederick County Courthouse). Civil war museum displaying local artifacts such as insignia and firearms, in a former courthouse built in 1940. (updated Sep 2019) 39.1822-78.16815 George Washington's Office (Adam Kurtz House). 39.182112-78.1673126 Shenandoah Discovery Museum, 54 South Loudoun St. Open M-F 9-5; Sunday 1-5. Children's museum $5. 39.1861-78.16067 Mount Hebron Cemetery. Historic cemetery (updated Sep 2019) 39.1842-78.15698 Winchester National Cemetery. The Union cemetery within Mount Hebron (updated Sep 2019) 39.1808-78.1565299 Stonewall Cemetery. The Confederate cemetery within Mount Hebron (updated Sep 2019) 39.1781-78.164710 Patsy Cline House. A mid-19th century two-story log cabin that was the childhood home of country singer Patsy Cline. It is now a museum. (updated Sep 2019) 39.1854-78.1811 Museum of the Shenandoah Valley. Local history and art museum. (updated Sep 2019) 39.1869-78.178612 Glen Burnie. 1794 mansion of Robert Wood, the son of the founder of Winchester. The home and gardens are part of the Museum of the Shenandoah Valley. (updated Sep 2019) 39.1661-78.159513 Shenandoah University. (updated Sep 2019) 39.20059-78.15500714 Fort Collier. Largely intact Confederate fort (updated Sep 2019) 39.20622-78.16373215 Star Fort. Earthwork star fort involved in the Second and Third Battles of Winchester. Free. (updated Sep 2019) Marker-Miller Orchards. Open July-December. Route 622. Apple Blossom Festival. Late April/Early May. Ghost Tour. Thrilling, chilling, one-and-one-half-hour easy-walking guided tour exploring the ghost haunts of historic downtown Winchester. Civil War Walking Tour. Educational 1 1/2 hour easy-walking guided tour exploring the events of the Civil War that were centered in historic downtown Winchester. Civil War Driving Tour. Educational four-hour escorted driving tour exploring the events of the Civil War that were centered in the Winchester area. Follow the Apple Trail. Stop at the Visitor Center by Abrams Delight and pick up a cassette or CD and take a leisurely drive through Winchester and Frederick County. Many products related to apples. Snow White Grill, 159 N. Loudoun St (Along the central pedestrian walkway), ☏ +1 540 662-5955. A cheap and greasy local favorite that serves delicious mini-burgers, birch beer, and milkshakes. Eat inside or out. Cork Street Tavern, 8 West Cork Street (In old town Winchester), ☏ +1 540 667-3777. American food including ribs. Outdoor seating during summer. [dead link] Tater Hill Tavern, 618 South Loudoun Street (inside the Nancy Shepherd House Inn), ☏ +1 540-247-5073. by appointment only. This amazing ancient tavern ale and wine room is inside the Nancy Shepherd House Inn. If you like historic early taverns, this one is a must see while visiting Winchester, but you must be an overnight guest of the Inn for the privilege...or if you are not an overnight guest, you might try your luck and call to see if the innkeepers will invite you in anyway. It's worth a try. Old Waterstreet Inn - 19th-century house. Some rooms with fireplace; breakfast and cocktails included. $120-155. George Washington Hotel - Luxury suites with fireplaces and whirlpool tubs. Spa and pool. Long Hill Bed & Breakfast. #1 inn in the South. Custom 10,000 sq.ft. house on 20 A. Savor an award winning family style gourmet breakfast. View birds & wildlife. Great getaway; vacation anchor. Shoot pool; work puzzles; Good food, good rest; feel like family when you leave. Nancy Shepherd House Inn Bed and Breakfast, 618 South Loudoun Street (right downtown on Winchester's main street), ☏ +1 540-247-5073. Great value with a fantastic breakfast. Very interesting historic inn right downtown with excellent restaurants, shops, pubs, coffee houses, and museums all around. Four extremely comfortable & cozy bedrooms, two with fireplaces. $79 - 139. 39.0707-78.0937061 L'Auberge Provencale Bed and Breakfast, 13630 Lord Fairfax Hwy, White Post (12 km SE on stare Highway 50), ☏ +1 540 837-1375, toll-free: +1-800-638-1702, [email protected]. Features French cuisine W-Su. $240-470. (updated Oct 2021) The Shenandoah National Park is about 50 miles south on I-81. Skyline Drive runs parallel to I-81 south into Tennessee. Washington, D.C. Harper's Ferry, Antietam, and Gettysburg are within an easy drive for visiting Civil War Battlefields and learning about the Civil War.
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As all the cell in the human body could not exchange with nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the waste products of metabolism, energy and momentum, the high way network in the physiological system transport the mass between the cell in order to hold all the body. This high way network, called cardiovascular system, includes a pumping station, the heart; a working fluid, blood; a complex branching configuration of distributing and collecting pipes and channels, blood vessels; and a complicated means for intrinsic (inherent) and extrinsic (autonomic and endocrine) control. The blood supplies oxygen and nutrients including constitutional elements to tissues and remove waste products. Blood also transport hormones and other substances to tissues and organs. Blood consists of plasma(55% of blood volume) and blood cell or hematocytes (approximately, %8±1 of body weight). Hematocytes are suspended in continus plasma fluid and could divided into red blood cells (erythrocytes, totalling nearly 95% of the formed elements), white blood cells(leukocytes, averaging <0.15% of all hematocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes, on the order of 5% of all blood cells). Hematocytes are derived in the active (“red”) bone marrow from undifferentiated stem cells (called hemocytoblasts) and matured through hematocytopoiesis. The human heart occupies about 0.47% of the body weight and it rests on the diaphragm, between the lower part of the two lungs. This small important organ protected by the third and sixth ribs in the central portion of the thoracic cavity of the body. The heart is divided by a tough muscular wall- the interatrial-interventricular septum.The left side of the heart drives oxygen-rich blood through the aortic semilunar outlet valve into the systemic circulation, which carries the fluid to the whole body. The right side of the heart drives this oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar (pulmonic) outlet valve into the pulmonary circulation, which carries the fluid to the lungs. Through breathing, the oxygen is supplied and the carbon dioxide is purged.After that, the blood goes to the heart and the cycles begin all over again. Blood vessels are the ‘road’ of the blood that is distributed inside the body through human circulatory system. Through these vessels, the blood is sent to the whole body and help optimizing the organ’s function. There are three main types of blood vessels: the arteries, which transport the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which can the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The arteries and veins have three layers Tunica intima (the innermost and thinnest layer): It is made up of single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. Tunica media (the thickest layer in arteries)made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the level of the vessel. Tunica adventitia(the thickest layer in veins) entirely made of connective tissue. It contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries. 'See also Wikipedia,endocrine system and Human Physiology/The endocrine system The endocrine system means the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones(in other words, produce messengers like small molecules) directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ. In order to grow, maintain a constant temperature, produce offspring, or perform the basic actions and functions, essentially, hormones like small chemicals(in other words, messengers) should enter the blood stream. So, the endocrine system could provides an electrochemical connection from the hypothalamus of the brain to all the organs for controlling the body metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction. The endocrinology is a relatively long history. But In the late 1960s as sensitive and relatively specific analytical methods introduced,the measurement of low concentrations of circulating hormones is easier and cheaper. Since then, it is easier to understand endocrine physiology and mechanisms of regulation and control. Competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassays brought progress of the study about the physiology of individual endocrine glands and of the neural control of the pituitary gland and the overall feedback control of the endocrine system. Cellular and molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology helped the endocrine system research, too. At the same time, the interactive researches between mathematical modeling and experimental studies make it possible to understand endocrine dynamics. Hormones can be classified into four groups according to the molecular structure and characteristics: (1) steroid hormones, (2) peptide and protein hormones, (3) amino acids derivatives, principally the aromatic amino acid tyrosine, and (4) the eicosanoids (fatty acid derivatives). 1. Steroids are lipids, more specifically, derivatives of cholesterol produced by chemical modification. 2. Peptide and protein hormones are synthesized in the cellular endoplasmic reticulum and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus where they are packaged into secretory vesicles for export. 3. Amino acid derivatives: There are two groups of hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine;thyroid hormones and catecholamines. Thyroid hormones are basically a “double” tyrosine ring incorporating three or four iodine atoms. Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine that have the capability of functioning as both hormones and neurotransmitters. 4. Eicosanoids are large groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids derivatives like the prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. The nervous system can be defined as the network of nerve cells and fibers that sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the brain and the other parts of the body. This nervous system is divided into two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The three basic functions of the nervous system: Motor output: Respond via muscle or glandular action Sensory input: Receive sensations from inside and outside the body Integration: Process and interpret sensations and make decisions The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is integrative and control centers. The peripheral nervous system is the part of the nervous system that is composed of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to make communication lines between CNS and the rest of body. The peripheral nervous system is divided into sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division. The main function of the sensory (afferent) division is to conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS. The sensory division consist of somatic (skin, muscle, joints) and visceral (organs) sensory neurons. The motor (efferent) division is composed of motor neurons. It conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and gland). The motor division could be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system(ANS) whether it is voluntary or not. The somatic nervous system provide voluntary control and conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous systems are involuntary but they can often work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system as ,within both systems, there are inhibitory and excitatory synapses between neurons. The main function of ANS is to conduct impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. The ANS is divided into three main sub-systems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the enteric nervous system (ENS). Depending on the circumstances, these sub-systems may work independently or co-operatively. ENS is composed of a mesh-like system of neurons that controls the function of the gastrointestinal system. The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed". The sympathetic nervous system is related to stimulate activities associated with the fight-or-flight response(also called the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response [in PTSD], hyperarousal, or the acute stress response). The nervous tissue is the main component of the central nervous system and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system. It is densely packed and intertwined and composed of neurons and neuroglial(supporting) cells. Neuroglia cells(also called glial cells) are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and support and protect neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system. In PNS, neuroglial cells consist of Schwann cells,satellite cells and enteric glial cells. The Schwann cells form myelin sheath around large nerve fibers in PNS and is also have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons. The Satellite cells are small cells that surround neurons in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia. It may aid in controlling chemical environment of neurons. The enteric glial cells could be found in the intrinsic ganglia of the digestive system. They may have many roles in the enteric system, some related to homeostasis and muscular digestive processes. In CNS, there are Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells and Oligodendrocytes as supporting cells. Astrocytes occupy half of neural volume and project with bulbous ends that cling to neurons and capillaries (therefore connecting neurons to blood/nutrient supply). It controls chemical environment around neurons (buffer K+ in extracellular space and/or recapture neurotransmitters released). Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord and act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS. Oligodendrocytes provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of some vertebrates, equivalent to the function of Schwann cells in the PNS. Oligodendrocytes do this by creating the myelin sheath, which is 80% lipid and 20% protein. Ependymal cells is the thin epithelium-like lining the spinal cord and the ventricular system of the brain. They creates a barrier between CNS cavities and tissues surrounding cavities. Their cilia circulates the cerebrospinal fluid and protect the brain. The neurons is an electrically excitable cell that send messages through electrochemical processes.The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons. These neurons are amitotic and have a high metabolic rate. Neurons are structurally composed of cell body(soma) and one or more process. The soma is the body of the neuron. As it contains the nucleus, most protein synthesis occurs here. The nucleus can range from 3 to 18 micrometers in diameter.Most neuron cell bodies located within CNS.Clusters of cell bodies in CNS are called nuclei. Few/clusters of cell bodies in PNS are called ganglia Processes are called either tracts (in CNS) or nerves (in PNS). Neurons have specialize cell parts called dendrites and axons. Dendrites are cellular extensions with many branches. Dendrites receive chemical signals as well as conduct electrical signals (graded potentials). Axons transmit graded potential away from cell body to axonal terminal. Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon may keep extensive branching, helping communication with many target cells. The part of the axon from the soma is called the axon hillock. The axon hillock is the part of the neuron that has the greatest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels. This makes it the most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon: in electrophysiological terms it has the most negative action potential threshold. Some neurons can be repaired through the processes of fragmentation, proliferation. elongation. Electrochemical signals transmitted with the help of myelin sheath (protein-lipoid) which insulates nerve fibers (long axons) and enhance the transmission. Nodes of Ranvier also help the transmission of nerve impulses. Myelinated processes form the white matter of nervous tissue and unmyelinated processes form the gray matter of nervous tissue. The axon terminal includes synapses where neurotransmitter chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons. Fully differentiated neurons are permanently postmitotic; Anaxonic:Axons can be indistinguishable from dendrite. They can be found in brain. Their functions are poorly understood. Multipolar neurons:They possesses a single (usually long) axon and many dendrite. Three or more processes (usually with a single axons) are needed. They are common type, major neurons in CNS. Golgi I: neurons with a long axon that begins in the grey matter of CNS and may extend from there . Examples are pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, and anterior horn cells. Golgi II:Neurons have either no axon or else a short axon that does not send branches out of the gray matter of CNS. The best example is the granule cell. Bipolar neurons :Axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma.They are rare in adult but may be found in retina and olfactory mucosa. Unipolar neurons or pseudounipolar:Only one protoplasmic process (neurite) extends from the cell body and forms CNS and PNS. Most neurons are multipolar. But,many types of primary sensory neurons are pseudounipolar. Sensory (afferent) neurons:They carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward CNS. Motor (efferent) neurons: receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to cause muscle contractions and affect glandular outputs/ Association neurons (interneurons):Neurons that forms a connection between other neurons. A nerve contains two types of tissue: nerve fiber and connective tissue. Nerve fibre is the organ that make up peripheral connective tissue(PNS). It consists of an axon or long dendrite, myelin sheath (if existent) and their Schwann cells. They serve as an information pipelines that let the brain and the spinal cord communicate with the other tissues and organs. 'See also Wikipedia,Visual System The visual system is composed of three things: the central nervous system, eyes and light. It detects and interprets the information about the visual objects from visible light and guide body movements in relation to visual objects. The light reflects off the visual image and comes back to your eye. Light then enters through the outer part of the eye, called the cornea. The cornea is clear like a window. The cornea helps the eye to focus. “To focus” means to make things look sharp and clear as the film and the electronic sensor in the camera does. After then, the light rays go through an opening called the pupil which is the dark round circle in the middle of the colored part of your eye . The colored part is called the iris. When the light is bright, the iris loses the pupil until the right amount of light gets in. When the light is dim, the iris is reverse to let in more light. The function of iris in eyes is the same to the iris in camera. The eye has a lens to focus the rays of light. The lens of the eye is behind the iris. Light passes through the lens on its way to the back of the eye. In the back of eyes, lining the inside of the eye is the retina.The retina includes 130 million tiny photoreceptor cells which contain particular protein molecules called opsins. An opsin absorbs a photon (a particle of light) and transmits a signal to the cell through a signal transduction pathway. In human opsin, two types of opsins participate in conscious vision: rod opsins and cone opsins. Rod opsins (rhodopsins, usually denoted Rh),employed in night vision, are thermally stable, and are found in the rod photoreceptor cells. Cone opsins, used in color vision, are less-stable opsins in the cone photoreceptor cells. Cone opsins could be subdivided according to their absorption maxima (λmax), the wavelength at which the highest light absorption is observed. So, humans have four opsins as follows: Rhodopsin (Rh1, OPN2, RHO) – expressed in rod cells, used in night vision Three cone opsins (also known as photopsins) – expressed in cone cells, used in color vision Long Wavelength Sensitive (OPN1LW) Opsin – λmax in the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Despite its name, this receptor has a secondary response in the violet high frequencies Middle Wavelength Sensitive (OPN1MW) Opsin – λmax in the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum Short Wavelength Sensitive (OPN1SW) Opsin – λmax in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum In the retina, the photo-receptors synapse directly onto bipolar cells, which in turn synapse onto ganglion cells of the outermost layer, which will then conduct action potentials to the brain. Based on their projections and functions, there are five different populations of ganglion cells that send visual (image-forming and non-image-forming) information to the brain: Midget cells with small recepter field(Parvocellular, or P pathway; P cells):About 80% of all retinal ganglion cells are midget cells in the parvocellular pathway. They receive inputs from relatively few rods and cones. In many cases, they are connected to midget bipolars, which are linked to one cone each. They have slow conduction velocity.They can respond to the changes in color but less sensitive to contrast Parasol cell (Magnocellular, or M pathway; M cells):About 10% of all retinal ganglion cells are parasol cells, and these cells are part of the magnocellular pathway. They receive inputs from relatively many rods and cones. They have fast conduction velocity, and can respond to low-contrast stimuli, but are not very sensitive to changes in color K cells, with very large center-only receptive fields that are sensitive to color and indifferent to shape or depth; Photosensitive ganglion cells Other ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus for eye movements (saccades) The sounds are collected by the pinna, the visible part of the external ear and guided to the middle ear by the external auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds between 3 and 12 kHz. At the far end of the ear canal is the tympanic membrane, which marks the beginning of the middle ear. The middle ear is composed of the ear drum (tympanic membrane), attached to the inner ear through a delicate bone structure (malleus, incus and stapes). The middle ear bones (ossicles) and the muscles which keeps them in place are the smallest in the human body. One of the main functions of the middle ear is to transfer the sound from the air to the fluids in the inner ear efficiently. If the sound were to have an impact directly on the inner ear, most of it would simply be reflected back because acoustical impedance of the air is different from that of the fluids. The middle ear behaves as an impedance-matching device that improves sound transmission, reduces the amount of reflect sound and protects the inner ear from excessive sound pressure. This protection is controlled by the brain through the middle ear’s muscles to tense and untense the bone structure with a reaction speed as fast as 10 milliseconds. The middle ear’s connection to the inner ear is the smallest bone in the human body: the stapes (or stirrup bone). It is about 3 mm long and weighs about 3 mg. The inner ear consists of the cochlea and the auditory nerve for hearing and vestibular system for balance. The cochlea, snail-shaped, bony structure, converts sound pressure patterns from the outer ear into electrochemical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve. The vestibular system consists of a series of fluid-filled compartments (three semi-circular canals and two larger divisions) that contain the sense organs for balance and movement. The vestibular sensors detect angular movements, direction and velocity of the head. This information about equilibrium is sent to the brain by the vestibular nerves. The encoded sound information enter the vestibulocochlear nerve, through intermediate stations such as the cochlear nuclei and superior olivary complex of the brainstem and the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and it is further processed at each waypoint. Finally, the information reaches the thalamus, and from there it is relayed to the cortex. In the human brain, the primary auditory cortex is placed in the temporal lobe. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is composed of a hollow muscular tube from the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and intestines to the rectum and anus, where food is expelled. There are a variety of accessory organs that help the tract by secreting enzymes to enhance breaking down food into its component nutrients. Thus the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gall bladder have functions in the digestive system. Food is propelled along the length of the GIT by peristaltic movements of the muscular walls. The whole digestive tract is about nine metres long. The tract is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines parts. Oral cavity is known as mouth buccal cavityor in Latin cavum oris.The oral cavity is the first part of the alimentary canal that take food and saliva. It is lined by a stratified squamous oral mucosa with keratin covering those areas subject to significant abrasion, such as the tongue, hard palate and roof of the mouth. Mastication indicates the mechanical breakdown of food by chewing and chopping actions of the teeth. The tongue, a strong muscular organ, let the food bolus to come in contact with the teeth. It is also the sensing organ of the mouth for touch, temperature and taste using its specialised sensors known as papillae. Human saliva is 99.5% water, while the other 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, and antiseptic compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme. Insalivation means the mixing of the oral cavity contents with salivary gland secretions. The mucin (a glycoprotein) in saliva acts as a lubricant. The oral cavity plays a limited role in the digestion of carbohydrates. The enzyme serum amylase, a component of saliva, starts the process of digestion of complex carbohydrates. The final function of the oral cavity is to absorb small molecules such as glucose and water, across the mucosa. From the mouth, food passes through the pharynx and oesophagus via the action of swallowing. Three pairs of salivary glands work with the oral cavity. Each is a complex gland with a lot of acini lined by secretory epithelium. The acini secrete their contents into specialized ducts. Each gland is divided into smaller lobes. Salivation occurs because of the taste, smell or even watching food. This occurs in response to nerve signals that indicate the salivary glands to secrete saliva to prepare and moisten the mouth. Each pair of salivary glands secretes saliva with slightly different compositions. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that degrades starch into maltose. The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in humans. The parotid glands are largest(in saliva gland), bilateral and irregular shaped glands located inferior and anterior to the external acoustic meatus draining their secretions into the vestibule of oral cavity through Stensen duct or parotid duct. They provides 25% of the total salivary volume. They are situated below the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) and cover part of the mandible (lower jaw bone). An enlarged parotid gland can be easier felt when one clenches their teeth. The parotids secretes salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Immunoglobins are secreted help to fight microorganisms and a-amylase proteins start to break down complex carbohydrates The paired submandibular glands or submaxillary glands are major salivary glands located beneath the lower jaws, superior to the digastric muscles. They secrete around 60–67% of the total volume of saliva although they are much smaller than the parotid glands. These glands produce a more viscostic(thick) secretion, rich in mucin and with a little bit protein. Mucin is a glycoprotein which act as the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the esophagus. . The sublinguals are the smallest salivary glands, covered by a thin layer of tissue at the floor of the mouth. They produce only about 5% of the saliva volume. Their secretions produced are very sticky due to the large amount of mucin. They aid in buffering and lubrication. The upper gastrointestinal tract is composed of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It is known as the foodpipe or gullet. The Esophagus is a fibromuscular tube of about 25cm in length and 2cm in diameter. It extends generally from around the level of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6) behind the cricoid cartilage, enters the diaphragm at about the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10), and ends at the cardia of the stomach, at the level of the eleventh thoracic vertebra (T11). The wall of the oesophagus from the lumen outwards is made up of mucosa, sub-mucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue.This muscle are supplied by the oesophageal nerve plexus. This nerve plexus surrounds the lower portion of the oesophagus. The oesophagus functions primarily as a transport medium between compartments.The esophagus has a rich blood supply and vascular drainage. It is clinically investigated through X-rays using barium, endoscopy, and CT scans. The stomach is a J shaped expanded bag, located just left of the midline between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It secretes protein-digesting enzymes called proteases and strong acids to help food digestion through segmentation before sending partially digested food (chyme) to the small intestines. It is divided into four main regions and has two borders called the greater and lesser curvatures. The first section is the cardia which surrounds the cardial orifice where the oesophagus enters the stomach,the point at which the epithelium changes from stratified squamous epithelia to columnar. The fundus is formed by the upper curvature of the organ and the superior, dilated portion of the stomach that has contact with the left dome of the diaphragm. The body is the largest center section between the fundus and the curved portion of the J. This is where most gastric glands are located and most mixing of the food occurs. The pylorus is the curved base of the stomach. Gastric contents are expelled into the proximal duodenum via the pyloric sphincter. The inner surface of the stomach is contracted into numerous longitudinal folds called rugae. These allow the stomach to stretch and expand when food enters. In adult humans, the stomach has a relaxed, near empty volume of about 45 to 75 milliliters. When it expands, it normally does to hold about one litre of food. The stomach of a newborn human baby could retain about 30 milliliters. The functions of the stomach is as follows: The short-term storage of ingested food. Breakdown of food by churning and mixing. Chemical digestion of proteins by acids and enzymes. Stomach acid kills bugs and germs. Some absorption of food such as alcohol. The liver is a large, reddish-brown organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is covered by a strong capsule and divided into four lobes namely the right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.The liver function is various by the liver cells or hepatocytes. Currently, there is no artificial organ or device conducting all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis, an experimental treatment for liver failure. But,the liver is the only human internal organ could naturally regenerate from lost tissue; as little as 25% of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver. Regeneration is very speedy. The liver would return to a normal size within two weeks although the removal is greater than 50% of the liver by mass.This is due to the hepatocytes which go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis. This process is activated by the p75 receptors. The liver is thought to have over 500 separate functions, usually working with other systems and organs. The gallbladder is a small organ where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine. It is a hollow, pear shaped organ that sits in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver’s right lobe.In adults, the gallbladder is 8cm(3.1 in) in length and 4cm(1.6 in) in diameter when fully extended. The gallbladder can store about 100mL. It is divided into a fundus, body and neck . It empties via the cystic duct into the biliary duct system. The main functions of the gall bladder are storage and concentration of bile produced by liver. Bile is released from the gall bladder by contraction of its muscular walls in response to hormone signals from the duodenum because of food. The Gallbladder bile is composed of 92% water, 6% bile salts, 0.3% bilirubin, 0.9-2.4% fats (Cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 mEq/L inorganic salts. The pancreas is a lobular, pinkish-grey organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. Its head communicates with the duodenum and its tail extends to the spleen. The organ is about 5.75-9.5 cm in length with a long, slender body connecting the head and tail segments. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Endocrine indicates production of hormones which occurs in about a million cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. Four main cell types exist in the islets and can be classified by their secretion: α cells secrete glucagon (increase glucose in blood), β cells secrete insulin (decrease glucose in blood), Δ cells secrete somatostatin (regulates/stops α and β cells) and PP cells, or γ (gamma) cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide. . The exocrine (secretrory) portion occupies 80-85% of the pancreas. It is composed of numerous acini (small glands) that secrete fluid into ducts which eventually lead to the duodenum. The fluid contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes enhance breaking down the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats) in the chyme. The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the small intestine and all of the large intestine . The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum while the large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The small intestine starts from the duodenum, which receives food from the stomach. It averages 5.5~6m in length, extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileo-caecal valve separating the ileum from the caecum. The small intestine is compressed into a lot of folds and occupies a large portion of the abdominal cavity. Duodenum: The duodenum is the proximal C-shaped hollow jointed tube(about 25–38 cm long) that curves around the head of the pancreas . It receives gastric chyme from the stomach, together with digestive liquids from the pancreas (digestive enzymes) and the gall bladder (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile and emulsify fats into micelles. Jejunum:The jejunum is about 2.5 m long and located between the distal end of duodenum and the proximal part of ileum . It contains the plicae circulares (also called circular folds or valves of Kerckring), and villi that increase the surface area of the GI Tract. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream. It is in the jejunum where the majority of digestion and absorption occurs. Ileum:The ileum is the longest segment and contains villi similar to the jejunum. Its function is to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts.For fat-soluble vitamin(Vitamin A, D, E and K) absorption, bile acids are necessary. The large intestine is horse-shoe shaped and extends around the small intestine like a frame. Its function is to absorb body water from the matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body. It is subdivided into the appendix, caecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, and the rectum. It has a length of about 1.5m and a width of 7.5cm. The gastrointestinal tract is a muscular tube lined by epithelium, a special layer of cells. The contents of the tube are considered external to the body and are continuous with the outside at the mouth and the anus. The GI tract can be divided into four concentric layers as follows : Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa (the external muscular layer) Adventitia or serosa The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract is surrounding the lumen, or open space within the tube. This layer contacts with digested food (chyme). The mucosa cosists of: Epithelium: It is supported by an underlying connective tissue layer called the lamina propria. Areas like the mouth and oesophagus are covered by a stratified squamous (flat) epithelium so they can survive the wear and tear of passing food. Simple columnar (tall) or glandular epithelium lines the stomach and intestines to help secretion and absorption. Lamina propria: A layer of connective tissue. It contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphoid tissue and glands that support the mucosa. Muscularis mucosae: Beneath the lamina propria is a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa which helps passing material and aids the interaction between the epithelial layer and the contents of the lumen by agitation and peristalsis. The submucosa surrounds the muscularis mucosa and consists of fat,dense, irregular fibrous connective tissue and larger vessels , lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa. At its outer margin there is a specialized nerve plexus(enteric nervous plexus) called the submucosal plexus or Meissner plexus. This supplies the mucosa and submucosa. This smooth muscle layer consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscle fibres separated by the myenteric plexus or Auerbach plexus. Neural innervations control the contraction of these muscles. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and moves the food down through the tract. From the mouth down to the stomach, Food is called a bolus(ball of food). After the stomach,the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is called as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces. Adventitia is the outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure. It is also called the tunica adventitia or the tunica externa. In GI tract, the muscularis externa is covered mostly by serosa. But, at the oral cavity, thoracic esophagus, ascending colon, descending colon and the rectum, the muscularis externa is bounded by adventitia. (The muscularis externa of the duodenum is covered by both tissue types.) Generally, if it belong to the digestive tract that is free to move, it is bounded by serosa, but if it is relatively rigidly fixed, it is covered by adventitia. See also Wikipedia,Electrogastrogram The Respiratory System is indispensable to every human. Through the respiratory system, oxygen enters our bodies and carbon dioxide leaves our bodies. The respiratory system is composed of the air pathways,the lungs, alveoli, pulmonary vasculature, respiratory muscles, and surrounding tissues and structures. Lungs:There are two lungs in the human chest; the right lung is made up of three incomplete divisions called lobes, and the left lung has two, the space for the heart. Conducting Air pathway: Before gas exchange and respiration, Air should be moved, filtered, warmed and humidified. Alveoli:The gas change occurs.For efficiency, the alveolar walls is very thin. Pulmonary circulation: the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart. Respiratory muscles: the various muscles of respiration participate in both inspiration and expiration. The main muscles are the diaphragm, the external intercostal and the interchondral part of the internal intercostal muscles. 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Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-8493-4788-2. Deakin, Barbara Young ... [et al.] ; drawings by Philip J. (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed. ed.). [Edinburgh? ]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-443-06850-8. Guyton and Hall (2011). Textbook of Medical Physiology. U.S.: Saunders Elsevier. p. 784. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8. Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side Khan, Ali Nawaz. "Chronic Pancreatitis Imaging". Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/371772-overview. Retrieved 5 January 2014. Hellman B, Gylfe E, Grapengiesser E, Dansk H, Salehi A (2007). "[Insulin oscillations--clinically important rhythm. Anti-diabetics should increase the pulsative component of the insulin release]" (in Swedish). Lakartidningen 104 (32–33): 2236–9. PMID 17822201. BRS physiology 4th edition ,page 255-256, Linda S. Constanzo, Lippincott publishing National Library of Medicine,2011 MeSH,Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Kapoor, Vinay Kumar (13 Jul 2011). "Large Intestine Anatomy". in Gest, Thomas R.. Medscape. WebMD LLC.. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948929-overview. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Gray, Henry (1918). Gray's Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. http://www.bartleby.com/107/. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275485/human-body van Gijn J, Gijselhart JP (2011). "Treitz and his ligament.". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 155 (8). PMID 21557825. The Gale Group, Inc. (2008). Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine "large intestine". NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=45097. Retrieved 2014-03-04. Virtual Medical Center, Gastrointestinal System Abraham L. Kierszenbaum (2002). Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-01639-1. eMedicineDictionary, additional text.
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Crescent City is a coastal city in Del Norte County in the northwestern corner of California. From San Francisco or Portland, US Highway 101 makes a scenic but sometimes slow drive along the coast to Crescent City. Between San Francisco and Crescent City, there are no good connector roads from the east, so if you want to take 101, you need to start from the San Francisco Bay Area far to the south. From Grants Pass in Oregon, you can take US Highway 199 southwest to reach Crescent City. Grants Pass is also a stop along Interstate 5, which is the major north-south highway on the west coast. Interstate 5 is known as fast and easy to drive and has good connections to further east, but it's often a boring road. 41.77764-124.2357061 Del Norte County Regional Airport (CEC IATA). Is a small airport in Crescent City on the northwest side of town. Daily flight with Contour Airlines from Oakland. The 41.752409-124.1933612 Cultural Center curbside bus stop on Front Street near K Street acts as the main transfer point for buses serving Crescent City. Redwood Coast Transit, ☏ +1 707 464-6400. Provides service in Del Norte County and limited service in Humboldt County. Route 20 comes all the way from Arcata in the south and terminates in Smith River, north via Crescent City. Route 20 is timed to connect with Curry Public Transit's Coastal Express (serves the southern Oregon Coast, all the way up to Coos Bay/North Bend) in Smith River. Connections to Greyhound, Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach, and the Redwood Transit System (Humboldt County public transit) services in Arcata. $1 local Crescent City routes, $1.50 within the rest of Del Norte County, $30 to travel between Humboldt and Del Norte Counties. (updated Jul 2015) SouthWest POINT, ☏ +1 541 883-2609, toll-free: +1-888-900-2609. Inter-city bus service serving southwestern Oregon. The bus runs from Brookings and Smith River in the south to Cave Junction, Grants Pass, Medford, Ashland, and Klamath Falls in the northeast. Fares $8-45 based on distance. (updated Jul 2015) Point Saint George is a county park northwest of town. You may beach comb, whalewatch or birdwatch among other activities. Drive 15 miles inland to visit Jedidiah Smith Redwoods State Park. This state park is one of the very few redwood parks with trails that go into the deep interior. Must-see: Stout Grove. Must-hike: Boy Scout Tree Trail. This trail is a hidden gem, and arguably one of the most beautiful in the entire state. Drive a few miles south to Enderts Beach Road. This road will take you to the sound end of Crescent Beach, and beyond that a trail will take you to a small, rocky cove--Enderts Beach. 41.744094-124.2030991 Battery Point Light House. Visit the Battery Point Light House, one of the oldest lighthouses on the California coast. Accessible at low-tide. (updated Dec 2016) 41.8667-124.22 Tolowa Dunes State Park, ☏ +1 707 464-6101. (updated May 2020) Coffee Corner Cafe and Deli, 530 L St., ☏ +1 707 464-9255. A real Pacific Northwest coffee shop, free wi-fi, and excellent sandwiches. Good Harvest Cafe, 575 US Highway 101 South, ☏ +1 707 465-6028. Best Western Northwoods Inn, 655 US Highway 101 S, ☏ +1 707 464-9771, fax: +1 707 464-9461. Curly Redwood Lodge (US 101 South Edge). Crescent City is sometimes remembered as the only place in the 48 contiguous American states to have suffered loss of life from a tsunami in recorded history. Its location is particularly vulnerable to such waves. An extensive warning system has been installed to ensure the safety of residents and visitors alike and it works well. When an offshore quake in 2005 triggered the tsunami alert system as a precaution, the city was evacuated in 20 minutes. However, make sure to keep this concern in perspective; even in Crescent City, many more people die in auto accidents than by tsunamis.
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Pyrénées-Orientales is a department in Occitanie, France. 42.69752.8947221 Perpignan — where the flag of Catalonia flies beside that of France 42.4433333.1647222 Cerbère 42.5255563.0808333 Collioure - Beautiful seaside town with historic fort 42.6002782.9711114 Elne 42.4977782.0338895 Font Romeu — (Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via) ski resort with a friendly micro-climate 42.5083332.126 Mont-Louis — a walled town at 1600 metres heavily fortified by Vauban in the late 17th century, still extensively used by the French army. Between here and Olette lies perhaps the most scenic section of the route of Le petit train jaune. 42.5488892.3877787 Vernet-les-Bains — the small village of Casteil is on the road above this and is the nearest access point for the monastery of Saint Martin du Canigou. The even smaller village of Fillols with a beautiful Romanesque church is a pleasing walk away from Vernet-les-Bains. 42.5872222.3677788 Villefranche-de-Conflent — perfectly walled village and the eastern terminus of Le Petit Train Jaune, a highly scenic stretch of rail with wonderful viaducts 42.4569442.6338899 Arles-sur-Tech Thuir 42.5697221.9319441 Pic Carlit — though nearly 3,000 metres in height, does not require specialist climbing skills in summer. Fabulous views and a good chance of seeing ibex and chamois. 42.8275-0.1758332 Pyrénées National Park Perpignan is easily accessible by train from NE Spain and from Paris and southern France. There is also an airport. The petit train Jaune [formerly dead link] is one possibility, but it should be seen as an attraction in its own right rather than merely as a way of getting around. The southern end of the coast is the Côte Vermeille, a beautifully rugged stretch known for its vineyards and historic port towns such as Collioure and Cerbère. Pic Carlit — though nearly 3,000 metres in height, does not require specialist climbing skills in summer. Fabulous views and a good chance of seeing ibex and chamois.
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Managua is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua. A city that saw the death of Sandino, the rise of the Somozas and their fall from power at the hand of the Sandinistas, Managua is full of history and the closest thing to a metropolis Nicaragua has. Ever threatened by earthquakes, Managua mostly lost its historical downtown in a 1972 quake, but is slowly gaining yet another face through the urban renewal policies of the current government. While many visitors to Nicaragua try to limit their time in the capital, you should not make the same mistake, as its theaters, museums, monuments and historical remnants are quite worthwhile, to say nothing of the nightlife. With a population well beyond a million, Managua is the second biggest metro area in Central America and by far the biggest city and urban center in Nicaragua. Almost every fourth Nicaraguan is a Managuan and the city still grows rapidly through people moving in, making a person "born and raised" in Managua something of a rare sight. Managua is the undisputed commercial, political, cultural and religious center of the country and many new trends originate from here before they affect the rest of the country. The Managua focus of nearly all media (print and TV) is so staggeringly large, that an address without mention of the city is almost always meant to mean Managua by default in news or advertising. Managua's location between the rival cities of León and Granada made it an ideal compromise site when the capital was relocated in the 1850s. While this decision seemed genius at the time, geology today indicates otherwise, as there is an active fault line right where downtown Managua used to be (before the 1972 earthquake knocked it down, that is). Managua's economy is based mainly on trade. The city is Nicaragua's chief trading center for coffee, cotton, and other crops. It is also an important industrial center. Its chief products for trade include beer, coffee, matches, textiles, and shoes. The city has seen the rise and fall of political powers throughout Nicaragua's history and suffered major earthquakes in 1931 and 1972. Since the 1972 earthquake, residential and business areas have been built on the outskirts of Managua, giving rise to urban sprawl on a massive scale. Managua has been dubbed the Venice of Central America because of its escalating use of drainage canals that can be found throughout the city. Although it doesn't have the colonial beauty of León and Granada and travelers and expats alike love to complain about the dusty hot streets in the dry season (roughly November to mid May) and the mud and torrential canals in the rainy season (roughly May to mid November), Managua does have some things to offer for the tourist. So it might be worth to spend some time here and not head out on the first bus or plane you can get. As you can see in the climate table above, Managua does not experience big changes in temperature, but it does have a pronounced rainy and dry season. The days at the end of the dry season in May are usually uncomfortably hot, often with a lot of humidity as the clouds of the coming rainfall gather. When the rain finally does come, it can be torrential and both the streets (most are not paved with asphalt but stones) and the makeshift canals throughout the city usually take a heavy toll from this first rainfall. During the rainy season, the aforementioned drainage canals (usually dry) can become vicious streams and many a thing, person or animal has fallen in them never to be seen again, so take care. Residents of the city and of the department of Managua are called Managüas. Nicaragua is one of Latin America's cheaper destinations. Its hotel, food and transportation costs are a fraction of its neighbors. Eating at local restaurants is extremely inexpensive, and for US$30, a meal for four can be served at these locations. Fast food are similarly priced to those in North America and Europe. High-end restaurants are relatively affordable compared to high income countries. Foreign cuisine, like French and Italian specialties, are served at high-end locations for a fraction of the price found in North American and European cities. However, things that are unremarkable or daily fare in Europe may be considered expensive specialties in Nicaragua. Transportation is equally affordable with bus trips for C$2.50 (córdobas) and taxi trips starting at C$20. While Managua also has cheap accommodation, it is one of a few cities in the country with luxury accommodation that may even scrape the four figures in dollars. Managua is the transportation hub of the country so if you're traveling around Nicaragua you're pretty sure to pass through even if only to change buses or planes. Routes heading to the capital are often prioritized when it comes to repairs and upgrades but they also tend to be the most prone to congestion. 12.141389-86.1680561 Augusto C. Sandino International Airport (MGA IATA). This airport has been renamed numerous times due to political changes and used to be named after the Las Mercedes neighborhood it sits in but now bears the name of anti-imperialist fighter Augusto C Sandino who was betrayed and murdered by Somoza in the 1930s. Delta from Atlanta airport, United Airlines from Houston, Spirit Airlines from Fort Lauderdale, Aero Mexico from Benito Juarez international airport (MEX IATA) American Airlines from Miami Airport, Avianca from Miami and Washington Dulles (IAD IATA). Volaris and Nature Air fly to San José, Costa Rica. Avianca also connects several times daily from San Salvador and Copa Airlines once daily from both San Salvador and Panama City. Nicaragua's domestic airline La Costeña (not to be confused with the canned bean company of the same name) flies to destinations throughout the country as well as Tegucigalpa. La Costeña has a baggage limit of 35 pounds (15.88 kg) and despite charging what must be the lowest overbaggage fee in the business ($1.20 per pound), they consider any excess weight "standby bags" and do not guarantee their transportation even if you pay the fee. Flights from Canada are less expensive and less troublesome via San Salvador than via Miami. There are public buses from the airport and taxis of various types. Taxis that are allowed to enter the immediate airport area charge more, but just heading out to the street and flagging a regular cab can greatly decrease costs. Take care to not take "pirate taxis" as per the advice in stay safe. International buses connect Managua to most Central American capitals and southern Mexico. The buses are usually air-conditioned and in a good shape, however bring time and patience as the trips can take quite some time. As flights between Central American cities are expensive and there are no railroads to speak of, buses are often the best option unless you are more pressed for time than money. Reputable companies include: transnica [dead link] ticabus and king quality. For routes schedules and prices see their websites. There are direct bus routes from all major cities stopping at various points. The most important bus stations from a tourist point of view are Mercado Roberto Huembes 12.12354-86.2446572 Mercado Roberto Huembes bus station (buses to the west and southwest), Mercado Israel Lewites 12.128908-86.3004163 Terminal Israel Lewites (buses to the north and northwest) and UCA 12.126251-86.2726264 UCA bus station (minibuses to short distance destinations see below) Buses from Masaya, Granada, San Marcos and some from Jinotepe come in through the southeastern Carretera Masaya entrance and pass by the Centroamerica rotonda before going to either Mercado Roberto Huembes or UCA. Buses from Jinotepe also come in through carretera Sur stopping by 7 Sur, a hub to go to via Carretera Nueva and Vieja Leon and C. Sur. To go to the mountains in the north, the Rio San Juan region in the southeast or the Caribbean coast, buses leave from Mercado El Mayoreo. As can be expected of a city of two million (and growing), Managua has serious issues of traffic congestion. This is not helped by taxi drivers and motorcyclists often driving reckless next to the suicidal and the occasional home-made horse carriage (that given the levels of congestion is not any slower than a car) clogging the streets. Almost all traffic lights see street vendors during the day selling everything from water to newspapers. Keep an eye on your belongings and close the windows if possible, as theft through open windows does occur. AVIS Rent-a-car, ☏ +505-250-3366, toll-free: +1-866-978-6539 (US & Canada), [email protected]. They have offices at the International Airport, Montoya zone, Carretera a Masaya (updated Sep 2016) Budget Rent-a-car, ☏ +505 2255-9000, [email protected]. Has 10 locations around Nicaragua. cars from $10 per day up. Driving directions in Managua are a bit odd and can be confusing until you get used to them. The major earthquakes and subsequent political upheaval have left the city without a consistent and clear street address system. Although the government has made attempts to address (no pun intended) this problem, directions are given relative to landmarks and distances. Most addresses are given based on landmarks and with the directions al lago - north, (towards the lake) arriba/abajo (east/west; literally "up" or "down") and al sur/a la montaña (to the south/to the mountains). To make things even more confusing, sometimes the former location of a landmark or some thing that no longer exists is referenced as in "de donde fue..." (i.e. "from where ... used to be"). For example, to instruct a taxi driver to drop you off at Casa Ben Linder, the directions are "en barrio Moseñor Lezcano, de donde fue el Banco Popular, 2 al lago, 2 arriba", which means, "in the Lezcano neighborhood, from where People's Bank used to be, 2 blocks towards the lake and 2 blocks east." Not even all taxi drivers know all landmarks and as GPS systems are a bit overwhelmed by this system of addresses, sometimes the best you can do is write down a route description. That said, if google maps (or whatever you're using) knows the physical location of the place you're looking for it gets the route the same way as everywhere else. Managua has an extensive public bus system, whose route density and service frequency would far surpass most US or Canadian cities, however it lags behind most European cities and overall public transit is worse than in Central American peers like Panama City or San José and there are no plans to introduce either "bus rapid transit" or any rail based option in the foreseeable future. There is no night bus service. Service starts early in the day, buses on many routes already running (and often full of people!) around 05:00. An unofficial interactive online map of the city's public bus routes, created by volunteers, can be found here; the site also has a downloadable map in PDF format. While buses have a reputation of being dangerous (even among Nicaraguans not living in Managua) you should be fine during daylight hours, but keep an eye on your belongings. Unlike other Nicaraguan cities, buses in Managua are identified by route numbers; unlike most public transport systems around the world, an information placard carried by a Managua city bus would typically only include the route number, and not the names of the route's end points. At the bus stops one could also often see a sign with the numbers of routes serving it, but no additional information. As of 2016, a single-trip fare is just C$2.50. Besides the city buses proper (numbered routes), commuter buses that run between Managua and neighboring cities can be used to travel to points along their routes. For example, there are no city buses south of some point on Carretera a Masaya, but you can get a ride along this road on a Masaya- or Granada-bus (mostly originating/terminating at UCA or Roberto Huembes Market); typically, you'll be charged C$10. No. 110 goes from mercado Israel Lewites (buses to León) to mercado Roberto Huembes (buses to Granada), passing on the way by the UCA, where microbuses leave for Granada, León, Masaya and other cities. Buses to Granada, Leon, Jinotepe, Masaya, and Chinandega are also available at UCA (Universidad Centroamericana). Several city buses connect through UCA as well (102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 114, 119, 168). No. 266 runs to the airport (and beyond, to Zona Franja [the Free Trade Zone]) along the Carretera Norte from the Mercado Oriental area. From other parts of the city, one can take any bus that goes to the eastern part of Carretera Norte (such as 105 or 114), get off at the bus' last stop that's still on the Carretera (typically, La Subasta), and then take an airport-bound bus (such as no. 266 or a commuter bus to Tipitapa). Watch for the airport terminal on your right; it's hard to miss, or ask the driver (or the driver's assistant) in advance to stop there. It's only a short walk across the parking lot from the bus stop to the terminal entrance. There are two forms of taxis in Managua: Collectivos and Privados (Collectives and Privates). Collective taxis work similar to buses: they pick up passengers on the route that you travel on. Usually this means that 3-4 passengers ride in a car with a common or similar destination. This is the fastest transport available in Managua, the cost is also friendly given that the fare is split evenly among the riders. However, collective taxis are also risky given the fact that organized crime has flourished in this transportation sector because of fixed passengers. In other words, drivers already know who they pick up and thus mug the one extra passenger. This crime, however, is not common, but it is the one with the highest chance of being mugged. Private taxis are the most popular option among tourists. The taxi is yours and picks up no one along the way. The fastest service in Managua also is the most expensive. These taxis have the most space and the most personal protection. If you have cargo, ensure that you hail a taxi that has a trunk. Not all cars are equipped with one. Unlike other Nicaraguan cities, taxis are not bound to fixed rates; you'll have to negotiate a fare before you start your trip. Before getting into a taxi, take a look at the license (usually in the windshield or a side window) and the number-plate. Some Nicaraguans have taken to messaging the license plate number of the taxi they are getting in to a friend and it is certainly not a bad idea to do that as a precaution. Stay away from taxis without a license or when you perceive anything to be fishy. While Managua is perhaps the least bikeable city in the country, it is the center of the embryonic beginnings of bicycle activism and advocacy with a critical mass ride dating back to 2011. Few dedicated cycle routes exist and many roads and roundabouts were designed for cars only, but cycling mostly avoids the insanity that is Managua traffic and the not entirely satisfactory buses and taxis. Walking around Managua can be a frustrating experience. Few areas are designed to be walkable, traffic is heavy and in the dry season dust gets everywhere. There are some decent strolls to be had where downtown Managua used to be before the 1972 earthquake and the government has made an effort to revitalize the lakefront around Puerto Salvador Allende, but all in all, locals don't walk long distances when they can avoid it. Furthermore nothing is really close to anything, further complicating the situation. 12.15631-86.27141 Old Cathedral of Managua (Catedral de Santiago). Ruins of the city's old cathedral are a remembrance of the damage caused by a 1972 earthquake that destroyed much of central Managua. Due to structural damage caused by the earthquake, it's fenced with barbed wire and can't be entered. (updated Feb 2016) 12.15637-86.272212 Plaza de la Revolucion. (updated Sep 2020) 12.15551-86.272123 Museum National Palace of the Culture (Palacio Nacional). The first floor of the old national palace is now a museum featuring several salons with exhibits highlighting the indigenous Nahuatl people and the 2,500-year-old stone sculptures they left behind. A smattering of popular arts and cultural exhibits round out the museum, which also features a beautiful courtyard garden. A library (free entry; open Monday to Friday only) is on the second floor Adult US$5 museum admission. Guided tour in Spanish and English may be included. (updated Jan 2016) 12.15714-86.272834 Monumento a Ruben Dario. Tribute to noted Nicaraguan poet who transformed 20th century Spanish literature. (updated Sep 2020) 12.129172-86.2663145 Rotonda Ruben Dario. There is a lovely fountain at the Ruben Darío Rotonda that is lit up at night and visible from Tiscapa. It is also often used as a landmark for reference purposes. 12.139194-86.2709726 Tiscapa Lagoon. Fresh water lagoon in the crater of an extinct volcano. As of 2016, the lake and its wooded shores, with some paths and stairs, are fenced off and are off limits to visitors; however, you can sneak a peak at it from the road south of the lake (Pista Benjamin Zeledon), or enjoy a better view from the Loma de Tiscapa Park just north of the lagoon (see below) 12.141775-86.2727317 Parque Loma de Tiscapa (Enter the park from the north, near Hotel Crowne Plaza). The barren hill on the northern lip of the crater of the Laguna de Tiscapa, known as Loma de Tiscapa used to be the site of the presidential palace and the headquarters of the National Guard in the Somoza era (until they were destroyed in the earthquake of 1972); political prisoners were tortured in a prison close by. This is where you'll also find the landmark silhouette of Augusto C Sandino (with a little American tanquette next to it), as well as military memorials. The hill offers the best views in town, both to the downtown and Lake Mangua to the north, and to the Carretera a Masaya area to the south. This is also the starting point of the Ticapa Canopy Tour; when in operation, zip-lines over the lagoon let you fly across the water in a harness (for a fee). The Nicaraguan Army headquarters (definitely not open to the public!) are located on the hill's northern slope. C$1 (for foreigners); C$20 for a car. 12.16004-86.294328 Museum of Ancient footprints of Acahualinca (Museo Sitio Huellas de Acahualinca), ☏ +505 2266 5774. Footprints of a group of around 10 people that walked towards the lake 6000 years ago. The tracks were found 4 meters below the surface and were preserved thanks to a nearby volcano eruption. Note that this museum is located in a rough neighbourhood. Taking a taxi is highly recommended. Adult US$4. 12.1327-86.26599 [dead link] New Cathedral (Catedral Metropolitana de la Purísima Concepción), 14 Avenida Sureste (Near Rotonda Rubén Darío). Designed by Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta and completed in Sep 1993, some find this unusual Catholic church to be fascinating. Some find the roof's 63 domes to be sleek and mosque-like. Free. (updated Feb 2016) 12.15341-86.27067110 Parque de la Paz, Área Monumental. Your chance to see a lot of grayish-white concrete poured over AK-47s and one tank, which is supposed to symbolize everlasting peace in Nicaragua now that the Contra war is over, but this was largely replaced by Parque Luis Alfonso Velasquez Flores. 12.137755-86.31491311 Asososca Lagoon (Laguna de Asososca) (NW of the junction of Carretera Carretera Nueva a Leon and Carretera Vieja a Leon, and of the US Embassy). Larger than the Tiscapa Lagoon, the Asososca Lagoon is also fenced in, and closed to the public; apparently it's part of the city's water supply. As of 2016, the water company has been replacing parts of the old dilapidated fence. The lagoon can be seen from certain vantage points nearby, and its near-vertical walls are rather stunning. (updated Feb 2016) 12.16244-86.2753712 Puerto Salvador Allende. Wharf and lakefront park with views of Lake Xolotlan, museum dedicated to Pope John Paul II, and restaurants. $5. (updated Sep 2020) 12.1606-86.2733713 Malecón de Managua. 06:00-22:00 daily. Seawall featuring the metal trees of Rosario Murillo, wife and second in command of Daniel Ortega. (updated Sep 2020) 12.15913-86.2708314 Paseo Xolotlan. Walk along Lake Xolotlan featuring replicas of old Managua before the 1972 earthquake, including Augusto C Sandino's and Ruben Darío's house, as well as a Boeing airplane. (updated Sep 2020) 12.15732-86.2679715 Paseo de las Iglesias. Similar to Paseo Xolotlan except focused on representative churches of Nicaragua. (updated Sep 2020) 12.14779-86.2740516 Arboretum Nacional Juan Bautista Salas. A diminutive arboretum, nice and shady. (updated Sep 2020) Gambling - There are many casinos, large and small throughout Managua. Star City has a number of locations. If you like to play poker, go to the Pharo's casino on Carretera Masaya. It has hold'em poker tournaments at night (when there's enough interest); $200 buy-in no limit table can be found a lot of nights, $50 tournaments. The nicest casino in Managua by far is Palms Casino just off of Carretera Masaya. Beware that casinos are said by police and regional security analysts to play a significant role in the regional drug trade and money laundering networks. This is unlikely to impact your personal safety at a casino, but does contribute to Nicaragua's security problems. Play billiards - There are at least three good pool places if you're in a group, Pool8, and the two Time Off locations. All are downtown. Time Off has excellent snacks. Catch a movie - You can catch good Latin American movies some Wednesdays at 19:00 at the theatre near Art Cafe (a bar) near the Parque de las Palmas. The Art Cafe is near Hotel Beneficial Las Palmas and is within walking distance to the hotel. 12.149603-86.2830361 Dennis Martinez National Stadium (Estadio Nacional Dennis Martinez), Avenida 11A SO (near the Tiscapa lagoon). While you might be surprised to hear it, baseball is as much a national pastime in Nicaragua as it is in the US, maybe even more so. The national stadium (named for Major League pitcher Dennis Martinez) has space for 15,000 people, making it bigger than the national soccer stadium. The stadium opened in 2017. Besides baseball games of the national team it is mostly used for home games of the "Indios del Boér", Managua's home team and the serial champion of the Nicaraguan league. Game tickets US$3-30. (updated Oct 2018) 12.15837-86.2747842 Rubén Darío National Theatre. (updated Nov 2018) 12.147222-86.1855563 Pharaoh's Casino. (updated Nov 2018) 12.1519-86.271094 Parque Luis Alfonso Velásquez Flores. Park featuring rides, artificial lake with duck peddle boats, and sports venues. $10. (updated Sep 2020) 12.15803-86.268955 Parque Acuático. Water park next to Lake Xolotlan 30 cords. (updated Sep 2020) If you do not have the time to go to Masaya for handicrafts, go to the Mercado Huembes where you will find everything from souvenirs to hammocks, and paintings. Ask anyone how to get there. Galería Codice, Colonial Los Robles, ☏ +505 2267 2635. Excellent place to buy art (including paintings) and top-quality souvenirs/artesania from all over Nicaragua. As might be expected, though, items are pricey here. 12.148684-86.2594661 Mercado Oriental, Calle 15 de Setiembre. A huge market where almost everything is on sale. However it has a rather dangerous reputation. Pick-pocketing, grab-and-run theft are commonplace and there have even been instances of armed robberies. Overall Mercado Oriental can be a fascinating destination but is generally not recommended for the average tourist. If you still want to go, go with someone who knows the place and whom you know personally and trust. It should go without saying that you should never take any valuables (including cell-phones and cameras), that you can't risk losing. 12.128203-86.2648942 Metrocentro. The most luxurious mall in town right next to rotonda Ruben Dario on the opposite side of the new cathedral. Has a decent food court and a big selection of nearly everything as well as a multiplex cinema 12.1247-86.24293 Mercado Huembes. One of the major markets of Managua, offering a wide variety of goods ranging from clothes to pineapple and from beans to tooth-paste judging from the prices for basic foodstocks frequently printed in the main newspapers La Prensa and El Nuevo Diario it is maybe slightly more expensive than the Mercado Oriental in terms of price, but to a traveller the difference is negligible. 12.13495-86.194444 Mercado Mayoreo. although it isn't as large as Huembes or Oriental the selection is almost as wide. It serves as a terminus of several local bus routes as well as the bus station for buses to northern cities like Estlí and more distant destinations like San Carlos (Nicaragua), Rama and the las Minas towns. 12.14441-86.290491 Los Ranchos. A steak house that is so good, it spawned a chain in South Florida. Has been popular with locals for lunch and dinner since the days of Somoza. During that time, the politicians on opposite sides of the conflict would run into each other here on a regular basis. Service is impeccable. They serve a churrasco that is hard to beat for flavor and tenderness. Order it with a gin Martini for appetizer. Located about 3 blocks north of estatua de Montoya. (updated Sep 2020) 12.14481-86.291152 La Plancha. Steak house. Their signature plate is the name of the restaurant: La Plancha. Comes with mashed potatoes and plantains on a hot grill. (updated Sep 2020) 12.11857-86.265583 Le Café de Paris. French restaurant. Taken care personally by its proprietor and chef, Jeaninne. Very good wines. Ask for its famous foie gras, green salad and pepper steak. In Los Robles. (updated Sep 2020) 12.12535-86.261734 Asados El Gueguense. great local cuisine. Large selection of local meat dishes. (updated Sep 2020) 12.1187-86.261645 La Cocina de Doña Haydée. a good taste of local Nicaraguan cuisine. 3 locations - Original off the Carretera Masaya km 4.5 (not far from Metrocentro), another near the Rotonda Bello Horizonte and the last in the food court at Metrocentro. (updated Sep 2020) 12.12761-86.27556 El Rincon Salvadoreno. fantastic Salvadorian pupusas and fruit juices in a pleasant outdoor area (updated Sep 2020) A good breakfast is Leche Agria - a homemade yogurt-like drink. Look for signs advertising it in store fronts and pulperias. Put a little salt on it and eat it with tortilla. Casa del Cafe for good coffee and breakfast. Four locations, one in Los Robles, one on the second floor of Metrocentro, one in Galerias Santo Domingo and one after the security check at Augusto C. Sandino International Airport. Sushi Itto, in case you have a craving. Three locations, one in Carretera Masaya (in Plaza Familiar), one in Galerias Santo Domingo, and one in Plaza Caracol. La Cueva del Buzo - great seafood freshly caught. Must go if you can afford it. Toro Huaco, in the Zona Rosa across from the Picoteo. Outdoor restaurant bar that is comfortable with large groups. Sit under the stars on clear nights. Open mike night on Thursdays for joke-telling is good night to get to know the Nicaraguan sense of humor. Owner speaks English fluently. Music Lounge, 2 blocks north of the Texaco in Altamira. Outdoor/indoor music bar that plays a range of music. Nice lighting and atmosphere. Show up with friends. El Caramanchel, Del Hospital Militar, 3 cuadras al Norte. cultural bar with a good mix of foreigners and Nicas. HipaHipa. Exclusive Club on Carretera Masaya. Entrance can be C$150, parties W F Sa. Moods, in Galeria Santo Domingo located on Carretera Masaya. Fanciest and Hippest disco in Managua. Entrance can be C$150-300, parties W-Sa. Broder, in Zona Rosa. Disco with entry fee up to C$150, parties Th-Sa. Arribas, in Zona Rosa on top of Broder. A good atmosphere, sometimes live music. Art Cafe. Art Cafe is a very nice place for listening to live alternative music and have a tranquil evening. It has a colorful bohemian looks and art on their walls and in the vibe of the place and the people that frequent it in general. Go there by taxi, ask for "Art Cafe, en frente del Parque las Palmas" There are tons of bars in the area south of the big BAC building downtown, find an abandoned place called Lacmiel and head east to find this zone. Mozara, C$180 entrance fee, open bar till 14:00 Saturdays There are also a few bars and restaurants around Zona Hippos. Woody's has good wings, Pirata's is a popular local restaurant/bar and Tercer Ojo is a more upscale resto-lounge with fusion cuisine. This area is west of the traffic light at Hilton Princess and La Union supermarket. The Zona Rosa is an area with bars and restaurants that has sprung up in what was once a mostly residential area. It is located south of the BAC building. Highlights include Pharaoh's casino, Casa del Cafe, bars east of Lacmiel, la Casa del Baho restaurant, and Hipa Hipa bar. There are also bars and restaurants in the new "Zona Viva" in Galerias Santo Domingo 12.12393-86.279911 Holiday Inn Managua - Convention Center, ☏ +505 2255 6010. 8 km (5 miles) from airport, full service hotel, free Internet, free car rental with room, hotel and convention center. 12.113783-86.2690472 Hotel Yolaina, From semaforos de enitel Villa Fontana 200 meters west, 50 meters north, 50 meters east, ☏ +505 22771337. 24 rooms, each equipped with air conditioning, hot water, wireless Internet, and cable TV. Hotel has 24 hour security, a pool and breakfast is included. 5 minutes from Galeria Santo Domingo and Metro Centro, 3 minutes from Pharaohs, Chinese Embassy, and Zona Hippos. Manager speaks English. Airport pickup/dropoff is available. Discounted rates for long term stays. US$35-50/night. 12.12353-86.264773 Hilton Princess Managua, ☏ +505 2255 5777. 8 km (5 miles) from the airport and mere steps from some of the best bars & restaurants in town. Great staff. 12.14492-86.282034 Casa De Huespedes Santos. is the most renowned budget place in town—or at least the cheapest -- US$7/night/person (June 2011). This place might be handy for backpackers. Don't expect too much from the DIY plumbing and electrical wiring, but you will get your own bathroom/shower. (updated Sep 2020) 12.13863-86.286915 Casa de Huéspedes Bolonia. Homestay with internet access and private bathrooms. (updated Sep 2020) 12.14075-86.28016 [dead link] La Posada del Arcangel, ☏ +505 2254 5212. Small hotel with complimentary breakfast, restaurant, internet access, and a/c. Pet-friendly. $36. (updated Sep 2020) 12.14067-86.284787 Hotel Europa. has clean, comfortable rooms for about US$30/night. It is owned by a Spanish guy. (updated Sep 2020) 12.14314-86.2739918 Crowne Plaza. This is one of the nicest Crown Plazas around. The service is impeccable, the pool is very nice, and there's marble everywhere. There's a casino and a sushi restaurant, several more restaurants within walking distance, and a small shopping mall across the street. Get a room with lake view and you will see clearly all the way to Teatro Nacional Ruben Dario, the old cathedral, and the old and new government buildings. This hotel was the Intercontinental for years until the new Intercontinental was built at Metrocentro. Before the 1972 earthquake that destroyed Managua, this hotel sat on the hill overlooking the whole city right next to the main military base and Somoza's bunker. It's where everyone who was anyone stayed in Nicaragua until the early 1990s. The EEBI (the elite force of the Guardia Nacional during Somoza's time) and the military academy were a short walk away. It's as if the U.S. advisers and politicos had a dorm right next to the Somoza government. Howard Hughes stayed here when he was in Nicaragua in the 1970s. It is said that he rented three floors for weeks and demanded that the staff not rotate. He met with Somoza about some business, but nothing came of it. Rooms go for US$90–120 a night. 12.14252-86.276759 Hotel Mansión Teodolinda (near Hospital Militar (three streets north and two streets west)). has nice rooms with Air Conditioning, cable TV, a pool and a restaurant. It was the well known house of a family until the revolution, hence it is a landmark and reference point for addresses. The original building was destroyed by the 1972 earthquake, remaining as an empty lot. In 1991 the land was purchased and in 1993 opened to the public with only 7 rooms. As a family business has been slowly growing up to 42 rooms, offering restaurant, meeting facilities, swimming pool. A double room with breakfast included goes for about US$60. $60. (updated Sep 2020) Los Balcones (near the Spanish embassy) in Las Colinas close to Managua is a family run hotel with rooms that start at US$25/night. 24-hour security. The owner speaks English, but the rest of the family and the principals of the staff don't. Breakfast is available. Rooms have air conditioning and cable, Wireless Internet for free, refrigerator, pool, safe parking. The hotel's slogan is "One Bed - One Bathroom" The only downside is the traffic during the day if you're on the street side of the hotel; luckily not when you are sleeping. A big plus is the view of downtown Managua from the balconies. Some mornings are just amazing. Contact E-Mail [email protected] or at ☏ +505 255-0031, ending 2 and 3. 12.11847-86.2680710 La Bicicleta Hostal, ☏ +505 8324 3340. Free breakfast, LGBT and pet friendly, wifi and a/c, hammocks, kitchen, bar, gazebo. Organized tours. $15. (updated Sep 2020) 12.11838-86.2697111 Managua Backpackers Inn, ☏ +505 2267-0006, +505 8414-4114 (mobile). Colonial Los Robles, 3era etapa, Casa #55, De donde fue Chaman 75 varas al sur. This hostel is in the heart of modern downtown Managua, and offers guests a wide range of accommodation options and features. In less than 10 minutes you can walk to the MetroCentro shopping center, cinemas, parks, casinos, supermarkets, Zona Hippos, and over 50 restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. The surroundings are very clean and secure allowing guests to explore at any time without worry. Airport transfers take 30 minutes, and a shuttle service is available for guests. Dormitory or private rooms, shared kitchen, pool, hot showers, air conditioning, free wireless internet and a relaxed comfortable atmosphere. Dorms from US$8/night. 12.12651-86.2649412 InterContinental Managua at Metrocentro Mall, Costado Sur Centro Comercial Metrocentro, carretera Masaya, ☏ +505 2 2768989, fax: +505 2 2768988. 157 rooms with wireless high speed internet, 7 suites, rooms and executive floors. It offers its guests the services of restaurant and bar, gym, spa, pool, gift shop and print service. US$150-600. 12.12395-86.2627313 Colibrí Hotel y Desayuno, Pista Miguel Obando, ☏ +505 2270 4312. Hearty complimentary breakfasts, tile corridors and back patio accentuated by a garden and fountain. Has wifi and a/c. $38. (updated Sep 2020) 12.147213-86.29027214 Art Hotel Managua, 19 Av Suroeste (1/2 block north of Parque Las Palmas), ☏ +505-2250-0075. A king bed, internet in every room, cable TV, air conditioning, and access to the pool. Computers are in the lobby for free use. Beverages and snacks are available 24 hours a day. Full breakfast is included -- always cooked fresh for each guest. Lunch and dinners are available at reasonable rates. C$29. 12.12434-86.2571215 Casa de Angeles Hotel. Verandahs, grills, and rocking chairs give this lime-green tinted accommodation some character. Complementary breakfasts. $25/night. (updated Sep 2020) Hotel Dulce Hogar B&B, Bosques de Altamira Avenida principal El Chipote #449. Managua, Nicaragua (De donde fue Lozelsa ahora gasolinera Petronic La centroamerica, 2 cuadras y 75 varas al lago), ☏ +505 22770865, +505 22705936, +1 305 704-7178. A small,nice and cozy family run hotel. The friendly staff love to make travelers feel like home. The hotel is on the main avenue of residential neighborhood in west side of Managua founded by in the 1970s with an increasing commercial transformation since 1995. Close to Zona Rosa, Zona Viva, Hippos and Metrocentro.8 comfortable rooms for one, two or three guests with full breakfast included. Air conditioning, private bathroom, hot water shower, hair dryer, remote controlled cable TV, radio-alarm clock, in-room safe box and telephone. Free Wireless Internet access at and computer use in business center. Cafeteria service by demand. 24-hr reception and video surveillance. US$30-50. As of mid-2018, the political situation continues to be very volatile and even what appears to be a peaceful march can descend into violence without warning. Police are known to have used firearms on protestors and the government has in turn accused opposition forces of being violent and engaging in looting. If a demonstration occurs anywhere near you, stay way clear and abstain from making any kind of comments that could be construed as remotely political, not even about the punctuality of the buses, the hair of Ortega or the design of the "Arboles de Vida" you'll find all over Managua. Nicaragua has made considerable strides in terms of providing police presence and order throughout the country. Crime is relatively low, and the country has been historically ranked as the safest country by INTERPOL and has been ranked as one of Latin America's top 5 safest countries by the Vision of Humanity project. However, starting in 2008, reports of low-level gang violence began coming in from Honduras and El Salvador. The National Nicaraguan Police have been successful in apprehending gang members and reducing organized crime. Remain alert at all times in Managua. Although gang activity is not a major problem in Managua nor Nicaragua, caution should be exercised. Travel in groups, or with someone trusted who understands Spanish. Avoid using foreign currency in local transactions. It is best to have the local currency instead of having to convert with individuals on streets or non-tourist areas. Banks in Nicaragua require identification for any currency conversion transactions, it is best to use ATM machines that dispense the local currency. When using ATM machines, take precautions and be aware of your surroundings. Make sure you are in a well-frequented area and ensure that the ATM has not been altered in any way. Some thieves alter ATM machines with chips that can steal credit card numbers and personal information. This type of crime is rare, but an increase in foreign tourism has stimulated the increase of this crime. Make sure that you monitor your credit card or debit card transactions via online banking. Any suspicious transactions should be reported immediately. Traveling around Managua is relatively simple, but as in any major city, exercise basic caution. When traveling to the Mercado Oriental, go in groups and avoid the use of chains, necklaces and other valuables. Although police officers are available in and around the market, the market tends to be very full and thus it can be hard to find any person who steals your valuables. Be cautious around the outskirts of downtown, the area between MetroCentro and the BAC building. Several muggings have occurred around this area. The area around the Tica Bus Station is unsafe for tourists by the Nicaraguan police due to the high volumes of people moving around. If you must go, take a taxi to and from there. When traveling around the city of Managua or around Nicaragua, there are several transportation alternatives. Popular options include buses and taxis, both of which have different rider standards and different precautions. Buses in Nicaragua tend to be old school buses that transport people and goods to market. These are colloquially called Chicken Buses. Much like the Argentine collectivo, it uses the honor system on travelers and charges based on the distance one travels. It is relatively the most inexpensive option, allowing tourists to travel to major tourist attractions and other destinations. However, these buses can be extremely crowded and tight in terms of space. An overhead rack tends to be provided for the storage of bags and other items, but keep your bags at hand, in you sight, at all times. If you are carrying something valuable and fear the potential loss of theft of it, put a lock on your bag. Don't carry large sums of money in their pockets. On crowded buses (especially during rush hour), thieves can rob you without you noticing. In addition, do not wear any expensive jewelry on the bus. It can be taken from you without your notice due to the high volumes of passengers that board buses. Buses in local urban and interurban routes are not air-conditioned, so ensure that your window is open (provided you are seated). There are also Express Buses in the form of mini-vans. These buses provide express inter-city transport at a higher price compared to the standard local Chicken Bus. This form of transport is also cost-friendly, but extremely tight in terms of space. Tourists cannot carry any heavy cargo. Small purses and bookbags are fine, but exercise the same caution as you would on a Chicken Bus. When riding taxis, close the windows. Leaving windows open allows you to be robbed while in the car and exposes you to beggars and other service providers. Most tourists consider this a nuisance, and so do locals. Air conditioners do not always work on street-hailed cars. In any case, radio-dispached cars are readily available (particularly from resorts and hotels) and offer the same amenities luxury car services offer at roughly the same price as their North American counterparts. A full directory of foreign embassies is available at the city government's site. While there is no single "diplomatic district" in Managua, many foreign missions are located fairly close to each other in Colinas, a neighborhood of large, well landscaped villas, a few blocks east of the km 8 - km 9 marks on Carretera a Masaya. A few others are around km 4-5 of the same Carretera a Masaya. Some embassies are listed below, in English alphabetic order: Canada ("Office of the Embassy in Nicaragua"), Los Pipitos, 2 Cuadras, 25 Calle Nogal, Bolonia, ☏ +505 2268-0433, +505 2268-3323. M-Th 08:00-12:00 (Consular Hours). The Canadian Embassy in Costa Rica fully represents Canada to Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua. (updated Jan 2018) 12.118735-86.2632741 China, Altamira 3ra etapa, Pasteleria Sampsons 50 m al Norte, ☏ +505 2277-1333, +505 2277-1334, +505 8886-0602 (emergencies only). Since 9 December 2021, Nicaragua severed relation with Taiwan and resumed diplomatic relation with China. The former embassy property was then confiscated by the Nicaraguan government and became the Chinese embassy in Nicaragua. Google Maps labels the street the embassy is in as "Avenida Granada". The embassy is some 200 m SW from the Pharaoh Casino (which is in Carretera a Masaya). Sun Yat Sen Park, a small pleasant park across the street from the embassy, is meant to symbolize the former friendship between Nicaragua and the Republic of China (which, since 1949, has been limited to Taiwan). (updated Jan 2022) Colombia, Santo Domingo, Altos del Mirador de la entrada 1 cuadra al sur, 1 cuadra al este, 40 metros al sur, casa # 52, ☏ +505 2255-1753, +505 2255-1742. (updated Jan 2018) Costa Rica, Reparto San Juan del hotel Seminole, 2 Cuadras al Norte y 1/2 Cuadra al Oeste, ☏ +505 2270-7464, +505 2270-7437. (updated Jan 2018) Cuba, 3ra entrada Las Colinas, 400 varas arriba y 75 al sur, ☏ +505 2276-2303. M-F 08:30-12:00 and 14:30-16:30. (updated Jan 2018) Dominican Republic, Prado Encuestre No. 100, Residencial Las Colinas; Apartado Postal: 614, ☏ +505 2276-2029, fax: +505 2276-0654. M-F 08:00-14:00. (updated Jan 2018) Finland (Honorary Consulate), Del Club Terraza media cuadra al Norte, ☏ +505 8787-9070, +52 55-5540-6036, [email protected]. The Finnish Embassy to Nicaragua is accredited from the Finnish Embassy in Mexico City at Monte Pelvoux 111, piso 4, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec (updated Jun 2017) Germany, km 5 Carretera a Masaya, del Colegio Teresiano 1c. al sur, 1 c. abajo, Calle Erasmus de Rotterdam. Greece (Honorary Consulate), Centro Corporativo Los Robles, De La Camara Oficial Española de Comerecio de Nicaragua 100 m al Este # 11 Los Robles; Apto Postal 1436, ☏ +505 2270-2290, +52 55 5520-2070, fax: +505 266-6394, [email protected]. The Greek Embassy to Nicaragua is accredited from the Greek Embassy in Mexico City at Calle Monte Ararat 615, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, Del. Miguel Hidalgo 11010 Honduras, Edificio OPUS II, 2do. Piso, Modulo 103; Planes de Altamira III etapa Semáforos Enitel; Villa Fontana, I cuadra al Este, 50 varas al Norte, ☏ +505 2270-2347, +505 2270-1075. (updated Jan 2018) Japan, Plaza España 1 cuadra abajo y 1, cuadra al lago, Bolonia, ☏ +505 2266-8668, fax: +505 2266-8566. Mexico, Km. 4 1/2 Carretera a Masaya 25 Varas Arriba, Altamira, Contiguo a Optica Matamoros, ☏ +505 2278-1859. 12.098606-86.2317422 Russia, Nicaragua, Managua, Barrio Las Colinas, Calle Vista Alegre, 214, a/p 419601,, ☏ +505 2276-0819. Half a block west from Saint Dominic school, half a block east from the Spanish Embassy, and across the street from the Polish Consulate. As of 2016 Google Maps label the street "Paseo Ecuestre", even though it is locally signed as Calle Vista Allegre. 12.0988-86.23273 Spain, Av. Central, 13; Las Colinas; Apartado de Correos: 284, ☏ +505 2276-0966, +505 8889-5623 (emergencies only). (updated Jan 2018) 12.131085-86.3098134 United States, Kilómetro 5 1/2 Carretera Sur, ☏ +505 2252-7100, +505 2252-7888 (Consulate), fax: +505 2252-7250, [email protected]. León - The second largest city in the country, León is the intellectual center of Nicaragua, with the oldest university, largest cathedral and excellent museums. At nearby Cerro Negro, you can experience the thrill of volcano boarding in a moonlike landscape. Granada - Located at the foot of the impressive volcano Mombacho, Granada is the oldest colonial city on the American continent, with beautiful colorful and picturesque buildings and churches. It is situated on Lake Nicaragua, the second largest lake in Latin America, where you can tour of the Granada Isletas archipelago with many tropical birds and monkeys. Masaya - The third largest city in Nicaragua. Masaya is center for indigenous crafts, and it is famous for its artisan market. Just outside the city you will find Volcán Masaya, featuring a smoking, active volcano, were you can watch the crater fumes rise to the sky. Pueblos Blancos - A cluster of indigenous villages in the mountains above Masaya, each with its own artisan specialty. Do not miss San Juan de Oriente, with its famous pottery workshops. La Laguna de Apoyo - An amazing beautiful lagoon that is over 3 km wide at an elevation of 400 meters. The water is crystal clear beneath an impressive 200-m-tall jungle covered volcanic rim. Swimming, sailing, kayaking and scuba diving is recommended. Ometepe - In the center of Lake Nicaragua (19th largest in the world), to grand volcanoes raises impressively over the water, on the island of Ometepe. A beautiful and wonderful place for ecoturism, hiking, horseabck riding, kayaking and swimming, either in the lake or in the crater lake at the top of the Maderas volcano. Caribbean Coast - Daily flights are available to Nicaragua's Atlantic coastline, where tropical reefs and small offshore islands offer a very different view of the country. Highlights are the English speaking city Bluefields, the pristine Pearl Lagoon and the two Corn Islands. Pacific Beaches - For swimming or some of the best surfing on the American continent, head to one of many beaches on the Pacific Coast. The most popular destination is San Juan del Sur, which is surrounded by many unpopulated beaches with world class surfing waves, such as Popoyo, Madera, Majagual and Marsella. Closest to Managua are the beach towns of Masachapa, Pochomil, Pochomil Viejo and Montelimar, the latter being the home of the Montelimar Beach Resort. Further north you find the popular beaches of Las Peñitas and Poneloya, and the more secluded off-the-beaten-track beaches of Aposentillo, Juiqilillo, Padre Ramos and Mechapa. Caribbean Coast - Daily flights are available to Nicaragua's Atlantic coastline, where tropical reefs and small offshore islands offer a very different view of the country. Highlights are the English speaking city Bluefields, the pristine Pearl Lagoon and the two Corn Islands. Estelí and the Northern Highlands - with beautiful mountains, rivers lakes and national parks, ecological coffee farms and the Somoto Canyon.
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It helps to a know a bit about curvature when you start learning how to do buckling analysis. The following discussion goes through the derivation of some useful elementary results relating to curvature. You have already learned these in your introductory calculus course. However, you may have forgotten the details. So this is a refresher lesson. Let x ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)} be a vector valued function (curve) of the parameter t {\displaystyle t} . The unit tangent vector to the curve traced by the function x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } is given by t ( t ) = x ′ ‖ x ′ ‖ where x ′ := d x d t . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} (t)={\cfrac {\mathbf {x} '}{\|\mathbf {x} '\|}}\qquad {\text{where}}\qquad \mathbf {x} ':={\cfrac {d\mathbf {x} }{dt}}~.} Note that the "velocity" of a point on the curve is in the direction of the tangent. Therefore, the unit tangent vector and the unit velocity vector have the same value t ( t ) = v ‖ v ‖ . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} (t)={\cfrac {\mathbf {v} }{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~.} A straight line has the equation x ( t ) = x 0 + t x 1 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)=\mathbf {x} _{0}+t~\mathbf {x} _{1}~.} Taking the derivative with respect to t {\displaystyle t} we see that the tangent vector is constant, i.e., it does not change direction. Alternatively, we may say that the condition t ′ = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} '=0} implies that the unit tangent vector does not change direction. If the curve is not a straight line, then the quantity t ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} '} measures the tendency of the curve to change direction. The unit normal to the curve is defined as n = t ′ ‖ t ′ ‖ ; ‖ t ′ ‖ ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} ={\cfrac {\mathbf {t} '}{\|\mathbf {t} '\|}}~;~~\qquad \|\mathbf {t} '\|\neq 0} The curvature vector is defined as the rate of change of the unit tangent vector with respect to the arc length. If s {\displaystyle s} measures the arc length, then the curvature vector is given by d t / d s {\displaystyle d\mathbf {t} /ds} . Now, the "velocity" is given by d s d t = ‖ v ( t ) ‖ . {\displaystyle {\cfrac {ds}{dt}}=\|\mathbf {v} (t)\|~.} Then d t d s = d t d t d t d s = 1 ‖ v ‖ d t d t = 1 ‖ v ‖ t ′ = ‖ t ′ ‖ ‖ v ‖ n . {\displaystyle {\cfrac {d\mathbf {t} }{ds}}={\cfrac {d\mathbf {t} }{dt}}~{\cfrac {dt}{ds}}={\cfrac {1}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~{\cfrac {d\mathbf {t} }{dt}}={\cfrac {1}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~\mathbf {t} '={\cfrac {\|\mathbf {t} '\|}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~\mathbf {n} ~.} Therefore the curvature vector has the same direction at the unit normal vector. The curvature ( κ {\displaystyle \kappa } ) of the curve is the length of the curvature vector. That means, κ ( t ) := ‖ t ′ ‖ ‖ v ‖ . {\displaystyle \kappa (t):={\cfrac {\|\mathbf {t} '\|}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~.} To get a feel for the radius of curvature, consider the equation of a circle x ( t ) = r cos t e x + r sin t e y {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)=r~\cos t~\mathbf {e} _{x}+r~\sin t~\mathbf {e} _{y}} where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the circle and e x , e e {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{x},\mathbf {e} _{e}} are the unit basis vectors in the x , y {\displaystyle x,y} directions. Then the "velocity" is given by v ( t ) = − r sin t e x + r cos t e y ⟹ ‖ v ‖ = r {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t)=-r~\sin t~\mathbf {e} _{x}+r~\cos t~\mathbf {e} _{y}\qquad \implies \|\mathbf {v} \|=r} and the unit tangent vector is t ( t ) = − sin t e x + cos t e y . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} (t)=-\sin t~\mathbf {e} _{x}+\cos t~\mathbf {e} _{y}~.} Differentiating with respect to t {\displaystyle t} , t ′ ( t ) = − cos t e x − sin t e y ⟹ ‖ t ′ ‖ = 1 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} '(t)=-\cos t~\mathbf {e} _{x}-\sin t~\mathbf {e} _{y}\qquad \implies \|\mathbf {t} '\|=1~.} Therefore, the curvature of the circle is κ = ‖ t ′ ‖ ‖ v ‖ = 1 r . {\displaystyle \kappa ={\cfrac {\|\mathbf {t} '\|}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}={\cfrac {1}{r}}~.} This shows that the radius of the circle is the reciprocal of the curvature of the circle. The radius of curvature of any curve is defined in an analogous manner as the reciprocal of the curvature of the curve at a point. Let us now consider a curve in a plane x − y {\displaystyle x-y} . Let θ ( t ) {\displaystyle \theta (t)} be the angle that the tangent vector to the curve makes with the positive x {\displaystyle x} -axis. Then we can write t ( t ) = cos θ ( t ) e x + sin θ ( t ) e y {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} (t)=\cos \theta (t)~\mathbf {e} _{x}+\sin \theta (t)~\mathbf {e} _{y}} where e x , e e {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{x},\mathbf {e} _{e}} are the unit basis vectors in the x , y {\displaystyle x,y} directions. Taking the derivative we have t ′ = − sin θ θ ′ e x + cos θ θ ′ e y = θ ′ [ − sin θ e x + cos θ e y ] ; θ ′ := d θ d t . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} '=-\sin \theta ~\theta '~\mathbf {e} _{x}+\cos \theta ~\theta '~\mathbf {e} _{y}=\theta '~[-\sin \theta ~\mathbf {e} _{x}+\cos \theta ~\mathbf {e} _{y}]~;~~\theta ':={\cfrac {d\theta }{dt}}~.} Therefore ‖ t ′ ‖ = | θ ′ | . {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {t} '\|=|\theta '|~.} Using the chain rule θ ′ = d θ d s d s d t = ‖ v ‖ d θ d s . {\displaystyle \theta '={\cfrac {d\theta }{ds}}~{\cfrac {ds}{dt}}=\|\mathbf {v} \|~{\cfrac {d\theta }{ds}}~.} The curvature can then be expressed as κ ( t ) := | d θ d s | . {\displaystyle \kappa (t):=\left|{\cfrac {d\theta }{ds}}\right|~.} If the plane curve is parameterized as x ( t ) = x ( t ) e x + y ( t ) e y {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)=x(t)~\mathbf {e} _{x}+y(t)~\mathbf {e} _{y}} the curvature of curve can also be expressed as κ ( t ) = | x ′ y ′′ − x ′′ y ′ ( x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 ) 3 / 2 | ; x ′ := d x d t , x ′′ := d 2 x d t 2 , y ′ := d y d t , y ′′ := d 2 y d t 2 . {\displaystyle \kappa (t)=\left|{\cfrac {x'~y''-x''~y'}{(x'^{2}+y'^{2})^{3/2}}}\right|~;~~x':={\cfrac {dx}{dt}},~x'':={\cfrac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}},~y':={\cfrac {dy}{dt}},~y'':={\cfrac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}~.} If, in addition, y = g ( x ) {\displaystyle y=g(x)} , we have Proof: The tangent vector to the curve is given by t = x ′ e x + y ′ e y = cos θ e x + sin θ e y . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} =x'~\mathbf {e} _{x}+y'~\mathbf {e} _{y}=\cos \theta ~\mathbf {e} _{x}+\sin \theta ~\mathbf {e} _{y}~.} Therefore tan θ = y ′ x ′ . {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\cfrac {y'}{x'}}~.} Differentiating both sides with respect to t {\displaystyle t} , ( 1 ) sec 2 θ θ ′ = x ′ y ′′ − y ′ x ′′ x ′ 2 . {\displaystyle (1)\qquad \sec ^{2}\theta ~\theta '={\cfrac {x'~y''-y'~x''}{x'^{2}}}~.} Now, ( 2 ) sec 2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 + ( y ′ x ′ ) 2 = x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 x ′ 2 . {\displaystyle (2)\qquad \sec ^{2}\theta =1+\tan ^{2}\theta =1+\left({\cfrac {y'}{x'}}\right)^{2}={\cfrac {x'^{2}+y'^{2}}{x'^{2}}}~.} Plugging (2) back into (1) we get ( 3 ) θ ′ = x ′ y ′′ − y ′ x ′′ x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 . {\displaystyle (3)\qquad \theta '={\cfrac {x'~y''-y'~x''}{x'^{2}+y'^{2}}}~.} The curvature is given by ( 4 ) κ = | d θ d s | = | θ ′ d t d s | . {\displaystyle (4)\qquad \kappa =\left|{\frac {d\theta }{ds}}\right|=\left|\theta '~{\cfrac {dt}{ds}}\right|~.} Also ( 5 ) d t d s = 1 ‖ v ‖ = 1 x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 {\displaystyle (5)\qquad {\cfrac {dt}{ds}}={\cfrac {1}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}={\cfrac {1}{\sqrt {x'^{2}+y'^{2}}}}} since t = x ′ e x + y ′ e y = v x ‖ v ‖ e x + v y ‖ v ‖ e y ⟹ ‖ v ‖ = x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} =x'~\mathbf {e} _{x}+y'~\mathbf {e} _{y}={\cfrac {v_{x}}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~\mathbf {e} _{x}+{\cfrac {v_{y}}{\|\mathbf {v} \|}}~\mathbf {e} _{y}\implies \|\mathbf {v} \|={\sqrt {x'^{2}+y'^{2}}}~.} Plugging (3) and (5) into (4) gives κ = | x ′ y ′′ − x ′′ y ′ ( x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 ) 3 / 2 | . {\displaystyle \kappa =\left|{\cfrac {x'~y''-x''~y'}{(x'^{2}+y'^{2})^{3/2}}}\right|~.} For the situation where y = g ( x ) {\displaystyle y=g(x)\,} we can parameterize the curve using x = t , y = y ( t ) {\displaystyle x=t,y=y(t)\,} to get x ′ = 1 , x ′′ = 0 {\displaystyle x'=1,x''=0\,} . Then, κ = | y ′′ ( 1 + y ′ 2 ) 3 / 2 | ◻ {\displaystyle \kappa =\left|{\cfrac {y''}{(1+y'^{2})^{3/2}}}\right|\qquad \square } Varberg and Parcell, Calculus, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, 1997. Apostol, T. M., Calculus Vol. I, 2nd edition, Wiley, 1967. ← Yeoh material Advanced elasticity Linear buckling →
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The field of neutrino astronomy is still very much in its infancy – the only confirmed extraterrestrial sources so far are the Sun and supernova SN1987A. Neutrino astronomy observes astronomical objects with neutrino detectors in special observatories. The "neutrino fluxes [may be] predicted by such scenarios [as the standard model or grand unification] if consistency with the observed cosmic ray flux and the universal γ-ray background at 1 − 10 GeV is required. Flux levels detectable by proposed km3 scale neutrino observatories are allowed by these constraints. Bounds on or detection of a neutrino flux above ~ 1 EeV would allow neutrino astronomy to probe grand unification scale physics." "The shapes of the [ultra-high energy] UHE nucleon and γ-ray spectra predicted within ["top-down"] TD models are “universal” in the sense that they depend only on the physics of [a supermassive elementary "X" particle associated with some grand unified theory (GUT)] X particle decay." "In contrast to the universality of UHE spectral shapes, the predicted γ-ray flux below ∼ 1014 eV (the threshold for pair production of photons on the [cosmic microwave background] CMB) and the predicted neutrino flux depend on the total energy release integrated over redshift and thus on the specific TD model." "Observational data on the universal γ-ray background in the 1 − 10 GeV region [27], to which the generic cascade spectrum would contribute directly, turn out to provide an important constraint. Since the UHE γ-ray flux is especially sensitive to certain astrophysical parameters such as the extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF), a reliable calculation of the predicted spectral shapes requires numerical methods." "The calculations take into account all the relevant interactions with the (redshift dependent) universal low energy photon background in the radio, microwave and optical/infrared regime." "Above ≃ 100 EeV the corresponding fluxes would dominate all present model predictions for AGN neutrino fluxes [14] as well as the flux of “cosmogenic” neutrinos produced by interactions of UHE [cosmic rays] CRs with the universal photon background [37,38,31]." The "constraint imposed by requiring that TD scenarios do not overproduce the measured universal γ-ray background at 1 − 10 GeV implies an upper limit on these neutrino fluxes which only depends on the ratio r of energy injected into the neutrino versus [electromagnetic] EM channel, and not on any specific TD scenario or even a possible connection to UHE CRs." "[O]ccultation by our planet's core-mantle structure can help constrain the locations of extragalactic neutrino sources." Instead of emitting positrons and neutrinos, some proton-rich nuclides were found to capture their own atomic electrons (electron capture), and emit only a neutrino (and usually also a gamma ray). Each of these types of decay involves the capture or emission of nuclear electrons or positrons, and acts to move a nucleus toward the ratio of neutrons to protons that has the least energy for a given total number of nucleons (neutrons plus protons). "In realistic unified models involving so-called SO(10)-inspired patterns of Dirac and heavy right-handed (RH) neutrino masses, the lightest right-handed neutrino N1 is too light to yield successful thermal leptogenesis, barring highly fine tuned solutions, while the second heaviest right-handed neutrino N2 is typically in the correct mass range." Flavour "coupling effects in the Boltzmann equations may be crucial to the success of such N2 dominated leptogenesis, by helping to ensure that the flavour asymmetries produced at the N2 scale survive N1 washout." The "only relevant asymmetry is that one produced at the N2 scale in the tauon flavour". "This implies that, at least at lower order, the observed asymmetry can only be produced in the tauon flavour". The "asymmetry is mainly produced by the next-to-lightest RH neutrinos in the tauon flavour but this asymmetry is fully washed-out by the lightest RH neutrinos since the condition K1τ ≲ 1 is not compatible with the measured values of the mixing parameters." One "has also to consider that part of the asymmetry in the tauon flavour is transferred to the electron and muon flavours by flavour coupling effects due primarily to the fact that N2-decays produce in addition to an asymmetry in the tauon lepton doublets also an (hyper charge) asymmetry in the Higgs bosons. This Higgs asymmetry unavoidably induces, through the inverse decays, also an asymmetry in the lepton doublets that at the production are a coherent admixture of electron and muon components. Therefore, in this case, inverse decays actually produce an asymmetry instead of wash it out as in a traditional picture." "It should be noticed how the source of the electron and muon asymmetries is in any case the tauon asymmetry, but part of this induces a muon and an electron asymmetry thanks to flavour coupling." "The A to Z model can not only provide a satisfactory fit to all parameters in the leptonic mixing matrix but can also reproduce the correct value of the matter-antimatter asymmetry with N2-dominated leptogenesis. In this respect it is crucial to account for flavour coupling effects due to the redistribution of the asymmetry in particles that do not participate directly to the generation of the asymmetry, in primis the Higgs asymmetry. In particular a “flavour swap” scenario is realised whereby the asymmetry generated in the tauon flavour emerges as a surviving asymmetry dominantly in the muon flavour. The solution works even in the simplest case where the neutrino Dirac mass matrix is equal to the up quark mass matrix." "The muon and the tauon are unstable and after a while they decay into electrons." A neutrino is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle with half-integer spin. ... Neutrinos do not carry electric charge, which means that they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces that act on charged particles such as electrons and protons. Neutrinos are affected only by the weak sub-atomic force, of much shorter range than electromagnetism, and gravity, which is relatively weak on the subatomic scale. They are therefore able to travel great distances through matter without being affected by it. "If neutrinos have negligible rest mass, the present density expected for relic neutrinos from the big bang is nν = 110 (Tγ/2.7 K)3 cm–3 for each two-component species. This is of order the photon density nγ, differing just by a factor 3/11 (i.e. a factor 3/4 because neutrinos are fermions rather than bosons, multiplied by 4/11, the factor by which the neutrinos are diluted when e+–e– annihilation boosts the photon density). This conclusion holds for non-zero masses, provided that mvc2 is far below the thermal energy (~ 5 MeV) at which neutrinos decoupled from other species and that the neutrinos are stable for the Hubble time. Comparison with the baryon density, related to Ω via nb = 1.5 x 10–5 Ωb h2 cm–3, shows that neutrinos outnumber baryons by such a big factor that they can be dynamically dominant over baryons even if their masses are only a few electron volts. In fact, a single species of neutrino would yield a contribution to Ω of Ωv = 0.01 h–2 (mv)eV, so if h = 0.5, only 25 eV is sufficient to provide the critical density." "Neutrinos of nonzero mass would be dynamically important not only for the expanding universe as a whole but also for large bound systems such as clusters of galaxies. This is because they would now be moving slowly: if the universe had cooled homogeneously, primordial neutrinos would now be moving at around 200 (mv)-1eV km s–1. They would be influenced even by the weak (~ 10–5 c2) gravitational potential fluctuations of galaxies and clusters. If the three (or more) types of neutrinos have different masses, then the heaviest will obviously be gravitationally dominant, since the numbers of each species should be the same." The "lightest of the three neutrinos has a mass of at most 0.086 electronvolts, meaning it is at least 6 million times lighter than an electron." "The observations of solar and supernova neutrinos open up a new area of science: neutrino astrophysics. [...] solar neutrinos provide a beam of elementary particles that can be used to investigate fundamental physics, in particular to study intrinsic neutrino properties." "Neutrino astrophysics offers new perspectives on the Universe investigation: high energy neutrinos, produced by the most energetic phenomena in our Galaxy and in the Universe, carry complementary (if not exclusive) information about the cosmos with respect to photons. While the small interaction cross section of neutrinos allows them to come from the core of astrophysical objects, it is also a drawback, as their detection requires a large target mass. This is why it is convenient put huge cosmic neutrino detectors in natural locations, like deep underwater or under-ice sites." "Astrophysical sources of very high energy neutrinos may offer a novel means of imaging the Earth's internal structure." "The Kamioka liquid scintillator anti-neutrino detector (KamLAND) is a low-energy and low-background neutrino detector which could be a useful probe for determining the U and Th abundances of the Earth." Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron, muon or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies periodically as it propagates. Neutrino oscillation is of theoretical and experimental interest since observation of the phenomenon implies that the neutrino has a non-zero mass. A great deal of evidence for neutrino oscillation has been collected from many sources, over a wide range of neutrino energies and with many different detector technologies. "LOREX, the acronym of LORandite EXperiment, is the only long-time solar neutrino experiment still actively pursued. It addresses the long-time detection of the solar neutrino flux with the thallium-bearing mineral lorandite, TlAsS2 at the mine of Allchar" Def. an "elementary particle that is classified as a lepton, and has an extremely small but nonzero mass and no electric charge" is called a neutrino. Def. the "detection and study of neutrinos, in order to investigate astronomical objects and the universe" is called neutrino astronomy. At right is the predicted solar neutrino spectrum. "The [neutrino] line fluxes (pep and 7Be) are given in number per cm2 per second. The spectra from the pp chain are drawn with solid lines; the CNO spectra are drawn with dotted lines." The lower "energy thresholds for the ongoing neutrino experiments" are about 0.2 MeV for Gallium, ~0.82 MeV for Cl, and ~7.5 MeV for Kamiokande. The huge number of neutrinos [a neutron star] emits carries away so much energy that the temperature falls within a few years [after formation] to around 106 kelvin. Even at 1 million kelvin, most of the light generated by a neutron star is in X-rays. In visible light, neutron stars probably radiate approximately the same energy in all parts of visible spectrum, and therefore appear white. "For three quarters of a century, neutrinos have proven the most ghostly of all the quantum entities that make up the universe." Neutrinos are created as a result of certain types of radioactive decay, or nuclear reactions, or when cosmic rays hit atoms. Since many neutrinos [are assumed to] come from stellar cores and supernovae, they are released at great temperature/energy. As neutrinos do not interact with matter electromagnetically, they are by definition dark matter. "Other possible ‘escape clauses’ [to Ωbh2) ≲ 0.1 but not with Ωbh2 = 1 (for ≥ 3 species of neutrinos)] can be invoked—for instance, there might be large-amplitude inhomogeneities in the initial baryon distribution, such that all the baryonic material we can now sample comes from underdense regions, the overdense regions having turned into dark population III objects (Rees 1983)." "When two particles are very close, the mutual screening [gives] rise to a short-range strong force which is of the right strength to hold protons and neutrons within the atomic nuclei. [...] The same process originates also a short-range "weak" force on the electron [of the simple deuterium nucleus] closely orbiting a proton, giving rise to the neutron structure which undergoes β- decay." "Charged-current charged pion production (CC þ) is a process in which a neutrino interacts with an atomic nucleus and produces a muon, a charged pion, and recoiling nuclear fragments." As part of the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect, The presence of electrons in matter affects neutrino propagation due to charged current coherent forward scattering of the electron neutrinos (i.e., weak interaction). The coherent forward scattering is analogous to the electromagnetic process leading to the refractive index of light in a medium. With antineutrinos, the effective charge that the weak interaction couples to (called weak isospin) has an opposite sign. "The observation of a neutrino burst within 3 h of the associated optical burst from supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud provides a new test of the weak equivalence principle, by demonstrating that neutrinos and photons follow the same trajectories in the gravitational field of the galaxy." In the solar neutrino spectrum predicted by the standard solar model, "The neutrino fluxes from the continuum sources (like pp and 8Be) are given in the units of number per cm2 per second per MeV at one astronomical unit." There is a "tight overlapping of the MeV photon flow [prompt MeV γ-ray emission] with the shocked regions [containing GeV photons produced in the shocks] [from supernovae ...] These high energy photons are absorbed by the MeV photon flow and generate relativistic e± pairs. [...] Overlapping also influence neutrino emission. Besides the [3 x] 1015 ~ [3 x] 1017 eV neutrino emission [from photomeson interaction] powered by the interaction of the shock accelerated protons with the synchrotron photons [...] there comes another 1014 neutrino emission component powered by protons interacting with the MeV photon flow." The "intergalactic medium (IGM) may be ionized by photons emitted from a cosmological distribution of massive neutrinos." "The absence of absorption troughs in quasar spectra due to atomic hydrogen and helium, and the possible presence of a trough due to singly ionized helium, would then imply that the neutrino mass lies between 50 and 110 eV." A "calculated lifetime depends critically on whether a mechanism called GIM suppression is operating (de Rujula & Glashow 1980). [...] However, if GIM suppression does not operate (e.g. if there are four neutrino flavours) [... and] the CIV observed by IUE high up in our galactic halo owes its ionization to photons from decaying neutrinos which dominant the halo [...] 96 eV ≤ mν ≤ 110 eV τ ~ 1027 s. These latter ideas might be tested by searching above the atmosphere for a faint narrow emission line (Δλ ~ 10-3λ) at high galactic latitudes with a photon energy lying between 47.9 and ~ 55 eV." "Using the neutral current [NC], elastic scattering [ES], and charged current [CC] reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the νe component of the 8B solar flux is Φe = 1.76±0.05 ([statistical uncertainty] stat. )±0.09 ([systematic uncertainty]syst.) x 106 cm-2s-1 for a kinetic threshold of 5 MeV. The non-νe component is Φμτ = 3.41±0.45 (stat.) +0.48 or -0.45 (syst.) x 106 cm-2s-1, 5.3σ greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar νe flavor transformation." "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) detects 8B solar neutrinos through the reactions:" ν e + d → p + + p + + e − ( C C ) , {\displaystyle \nu _{e}+d\rightarrow p^{+}+p^{+}+e^{-}(CC),} ν x + d → p + + n 0 + ν x ( N C ) , {\displaystyle \nu _{x}+d\rightarrow p^{+}+n^{0}+\nu _{x}(NC),} ν x + e − → ν x + e − ( E S ) . {\displaystyle \nu _{x}+e^{-}\rightarrow \nu _{x}+e^{-}(ES).} "The charged current reaction (CC) is sensitive exclusively to electron-type neutrinos, while the neutral current reaction (NC) is equally sensitive to all active neutrino flavors (x = e, μ, τ). The elastic scattering reaction (ES) is sensitive to all flavors as well, but with reduced sensitivity to νμ and ντ." "The bands intersect [in the figure at right] at the fit values for Φe and Φμτ, indicating that the combined flux results are consistent with neutrino flavor transformation assuming no distortion in the 8B neutrino energy spectrum." The cosmic neutrino background (CNB) is the background particle radiation composed of neutrinos as a relic of the big bang which decoupled from matter when the universe was 2 seconds old. "The isotope 92Nb decays to 92Zr with a half-life of 3.47 × 107 yr. Although this isotope does not exist in the current solar system, initial abundance ratios for 92Nb/93Nb at the time of solar system formation have been measured in primitive meteorites." A "novel origin for 92Nb may be via neutrino-induced reactions in core-collapse supernovae (ν-process)." The "observed ratio of 92Nb/93Nb ~ 10-5 can be explained by the ν-process. Based on interactions between cosmic rays and the photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), cosmic rays with energies over the threshold energy of some 5 x 1019 eV, a theoretical upper limit: the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit), interact with cosmic microwave background photons γ C M B {\displaystyle \gamma _{\rm {CMB}}} to produce pions via the Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } resonance, γ C M B + p → Δ + → p + π 0 , {\displaystyle \gamma _{\rm {CMB}}+p\rightarrow \Delta ^{+}\rightarrow p+\pi ^{0},} or γ C M B + p → Δ + → n + π + . {\displaystyle \gamma _{\rm {CMB}}+p\rightarrow \Delta ^{+}\rightarrow n+\pi ^{+}.} Pions produced in this manner proceed to decay in the standard pion channels—ultimately to photons for neutral pions, and photons, positrons, and various neutrinos for positive pions. Neutrons decay also to similar products, so that ultimately the energy of any cosmic ray proton is drained off by production of high energy photons plus (in some cases) high energy electron/positron pairs and neutrino pairs. Neutrinos are created as a result of certain types of radioactive decay, or nuclear reactions, or when cosmic rays hit atoms. Cosmic "ray neutrinos of local origin are also the background for neutrino astronomy." "Neutral current single π0 production induced by neutrinos with a mean energy of 1.3GeV is measured at a 1000 ton water Cherenkov detector as a near detector of the K2K long baseline neutrino experiment." "The single π0 production rate by atmospheric neutrinos could be usable to distinguish between the νμ ↔ ντ and νμ ↔ νs oscillation hypotheses. The NC rate is attenuated in the case of transitions of νμ’s into sterile neutrinos, while it does not change in the νμ ↔ ντ scenario." "Atmospheric neutrinos can interact with the detector producing also hadrons. The most probable of these reactions is the single pion production [20][21]:" ν μ + p → μ − + π + + p ′ . {\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }+p\rightarrow \mu ^{-}+\pi ^{+}+p^{'}.} "There is also a small loss due to inelastic hadronic interactions of the decay particles before they are stopped." The "optical properties of mixtures of PXE [phenyl-o-xylylethane] and derivatives of mineral oils are under investigation [3]." "Neutrino detection includes four remarkable reactions:" Muon production νμ + N → μ + all gives an excellent tool to search for the discrete sources, since directions of UHE muon and neutrino coincide. Resonant production of W-boson, νe + e → W− → hadrons results in production of monoenergetic showers with energy E0 = m W 2 {\displaystyle m_{W}^{2}} /2me = 6.3 × 106 GeV. This reaction has a large cross-section. Tau production in a detector, ντ + N → τ + hadrons, is characterised by time sequence of three signals: a shower from prompt hadrons, the Cherenkov light from τ and hadron shower from τ-decay. SuperGZK ντ are absorbed less in the Earth due to regeneration: absorbed ντ is converted into τ, which decays producing ντ again. Z-bursts provide a signal from the space, caused by the resonant Z0 production on DM neutrinos, ν + νDM → Z0 → hadrons. The energy of the detected neutrino must be tremendous: E0 = m Z 2 2 m ν = 1.7 × 10 13 0.23 e V m ν G e V . {\displaystyle {\frac {m_{Z}^{2}}{2m_{\nu }}}=1.7\times 10^{13}{\frac {0.23eV}{m_{\nu }}}GeV.} Non-accelerator neutrino sources "include objects with annihilation of DM (the Sun, Earth, cores of the galaxies), objects with the decays of superheavy DM particles (galactic halos) and topological defects. In the last two cases neutrinos are produced in the decays of superheavy particles with the masses up to MGUT ∼ 1016 GeV. A particle decays to virtual particles, partons, which are cascading due to QCD interaction, and at the confinement radius cascade partons are converted to hadrons, most of which are pions. Neutrinos are produced in pion decays with spectrum which can be approximately described at highest energies as dE/E2. Around EeV (1018 eV) energies of ultra high energy neutron astronomy there may be associated ultra high energy neutrons “observed in anisotropic clustering ... because of the relativistic neutrons boosted lifetime.” “[A]t En = 1020 eV, [these neutrons] are flying a Mpc, with their directional arrival (or late decayed proton arrival) ... more on-line toward the source.” Although “neutron (and anti-neutron) life-lengths (while being marginal or meaningless at tens of Mpcs, the growth of their half-lives with energy may naturally explain an associated, showering neutrino halo.” The following fusion reaction produces neutrinos and accompanying gamma-rays of the energy indicated: 1 1 H + 1 1 H → 1 2 D + e + + ν e + γ ( 0.42 M e V ) . Observation of gamma rays of this energy likely indicate this reaction is occurring nearby. In the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, antineutrinos created in a nuclear reactor by beta decay reacted with protons producing neutrons and positrons: ν e + p+ → n0 + e+ The positron quickly finds an electron, and they annihilate each other. The two resulting gamma rays (γ) [511 keV each] are detectable. The neutron can be detected by its capture on an appropriate nucleus, releasing a gamma ray. The coincidence of both events – positron annihilation and neutron capture – gives a unique signature of an antineutrino interaction. "It is fair to note, however, that almost all theories which invoke non-baryonic matter require some level of coincidence in order that the luminous and unseen mass contribute comparable densities (to within one or two powers often). For instance, in a neutrino-dominated universe, (mv/mproton) must be within a factor ~ 10 of nb/nγ. The only model that seems to evade this requirement is Witten’s (1984) idea that the quark-hadron phase transition may leave comparable amounts of material in ‘ordinary’ baryons and in ‘nuggets’ of exotic matter." A "PeV energy photon cannot deliver information from a source at the edge of our own galaxy because it will annihilate into an electron [positron] pair in an encounter with a 2.7 Kelvin microwave photon before reaching our telescope." "In general, energetic photons above a threshold E given by 4 E ε ∼ ( 2 m e ) 2 , {\displaystyle 4E\epsilon \sim (2m_{e})^{2},} where E and ε are the energy of the high-energy and background photon, respectively. [This] implies that TeV-photons are absorbed on infrared light, PeV photons on the cosmic microwave background and EeV photons on radio-waves". "Each [optical module] OM contains a 10 inch [photo-multiplier tube] PMT that detects individual photons of Cerenkov light generated in the optically clear ice by muons and electrons moving with velocities near the speed of light." "Radio Cerenkov experiments detect the Giga-Hertz pulse radiated by shower electrons produced in the interaction of neutrinos in ice." "Above a threshold of ≃ 1PeV, the large number of low energy(≃ MeV ) photons in a shower will produce an excess of electrons over positrons by removing electrons from atoms by Compton scattering. These are the sources of coherent radiation at radio frequencies, i.e. above ∼ 100MHz." "If the proton and neutron are part of an atomic nucleus, these decay processes transmute one chemical element into another. For example: A Z N → Z − 1 A N ′ + e + + ν e , {\displaystyle A_{Z}N\rightarrow ~_{Z-1}^{~~~A}N'+e^{+}+\nu _{e},} where A = 22, Z = 11, N = Na, Z-1 = 10, and N' = Ne. Beta decay does not change the number of nucleons, A, in the nucleus but changes only its charge, Z. Thus the set of all nuclides with the same A can be introduced; these isobaric nuclides may turn into each other via beta decay. Among them, several nuclides (at least one) are beta stable, because they present local minima of the mass excess: if such a nucleus has (A, Z) numbers, the neighbour nuclei (A, Z−1) and (A, Z+1) have higher mass excess and can beta decay into (A, Z), but not vice versa. For all odd mass numbers A the global minimum is also the unique local minimum. For even A, there are up to three different beta-stable isobars experimentally known. There are about 355 known beta-decay stable nuclides total. In β+ decay, or "positron emission", the weak interaction converts a nucleus into its next-lower neighbor on the periodic table while emitting an positron (e+ ) and an electron neutrino (ν e): Z A N → Z − 1 A N ′ + e + + ν e . {\displaystyle _{Z}^{A}N\rightarrow ~_{Z-1}^{~~~A}N'+e^{+}+\nu _{e}.} β+ decay cannot occur in an isolated proton because it requires energy due to the mass of the neutron being greater than the mass of the proton. β+ decay can only happen inside nuclei when the value of the binding energy of the mother nucleus is less than that of the daughter nucleus. The difference between these energies goes into the reaction of converting a proton into a neutron, a positron and a neutrino and into the kinetic energy of these particles. Positron emission' or beta plus decay (β+ decay) is a type of beta decay in which a proton is converted, via the weak force, to a neutron, releasing a positron and a neutrino. Isotopes which undergo this decay and thereby emit positrons include carbon-11, potassium-40, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, and iodine-121. As an example, the following equation describes the beta plus decay of carbon-11 to boron-11, emitting a positron and a neutrino: 6 11 C → 5 11 B + e + + ν e + γ ( 0.96 M e V ) . {\displaystyle _{6}^{11}C\rightarrow ~_{5}^{11}B+e^{+}+\nu _{e}+\gamma {(0.96MeV)}.} The figure at right shows a positron (e+) emitted from an atomic nucleus together with a neutrino (v). Subsequently, the positron moves randomly through the surrounding matter where it hits several different electrons (e-) until it finally loses enough energy that it interacts with a single electron. This process is called an "annihilation" and results in two diametrically emitted photons with a typical energy of 511 keV each. Under normal circumstances the photons are not emitted exactly diametrically (180 degrees). This is due to the remaining energy of the positron having conservation of momentum. At energies near and beyond the mass of the carriers of the weak force, the W and Z bosons, the strength of the weak force becomes comparable with electromagnetism. It becomes much easier to produce particles such as neutrinos that interact only weakly. Muon decay produces three particles, an electron plus two neutrinos of different types. "The important conclusion is that, independently of the specific blueprint of the source, it takes a kilometer-scale neutrino observatory to detect the neutrino beam associated with the highest energy cosmic rays and gamma rays." "As with supernovae, [gamma-ray burst] GRB are expected to radiate the vast majority of their initial energy as thermal [MeV] neutrinos." "Protons [shocked protons: TeV - EeV neutrinos] accelerated in GRB can interact with fireball gamma rays and produce pions that decay into neutrinos." "In a GRB fireball, neutrons can decouple from protons in the expanding fireball. If their relative velocity is sufficiently high, their interactions will be the source of pions and, therefore, neutrinos [GeV]. Typical energies of the neutrinos produced are much lower than those resulting from interactions with gamma rays." Some "of the possible sources of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays, such as very young supernova remnants and X-ray binaries, are associated with relatively dense concentrations of matter and would therefore be likely point sources of secondary photons and neutrinos." "Massive neutrinos are expected to decay into lighter neutrinos and uv photons, with lifetimes long on the Hubble scale." "The arrival times of the Cerenkov photons in 6 optical sensors determine the direction of the muon track." "The optical requirements on the detector medium are severe. A large absorption length is needed because it determines the required spacing of the optical sensors and, to a significant extent, the cost of the detector. A long scattering length is needed to preserve the geometry of the Cerenkov pattern. Nature has been kind and offered ice and water as natural Cerenkov media. Their optical properties are, in fact, complementary. Water and ice have similar attenuation length, with the roles of scattering and absorption reversed. Optics seems, at present, to drive the evolution of ice and water detectors in predictable directions: towards very large telescope area in ice exploiting the long absorption length, and towards lower threshold and good muon track reconstruction in water exploiting the long scattering length." "The Baikal experiment represents a proof of concept for future deep ocean projects that have the advantage of larger depth and optically superior water." "With the attenuation length peaking at 55m near 470 nm, the site is optically similar to that of the best deep water sites investigated for neutrino astronomy." "Astronomy, whether in the optical or in any other wave-band, thrives on a diversity of complementary instruments, not on “a single best instrument”." "With an optical depth of order ∼ 1015, photons are trapped in the fireball. This results in the highly relativistic expansion of the fireball powered by radiation pressure [168, 177]. The fireball will expand with increasing velocity until it becomes transparent and the radiation is released. This results in the visual display of the GRB." "At present all the LEDs used [in the ANTARES neutrino telescope] emit light in the blue at 470nm with a FWHM of 15nm, however, the design is flexible enough to use violet or near-ultraviolet LEDs if there is sufficient interest in water transmission monitoring at these wavelengths and if the individual LED prices permit." "On February 23.316 UT, 1987, [blue] light and neutrinos from the brightest supernova in 383 years arrived at Earth ... it has been observed ... at all wavelengths from radio through gamma rays, SN 1987A is the only object besides the Sun to have been detected in neutrinos." At left is an image of supernova SN 1987A, one of the brightest stellar explosions since the invention of the telescope more than 400 years ago. Four days after the event was recorded, the progenitor star was tentatively identified as Sanduleak -69° 202, a blue supergiant. This was an unexpected identification, because at the time a blue supergiant was not considered a possibility for a supernova event in existing models of high mass stellar evolution. Many models of the progenitor have attributed the color to its chemical composition, particularly the low levels of heavy elements, among other factors. "[N]on-standard neutrino losses [may have an] impact on the red giant branch (RGB)". "For neutrino masses in the eV regime, such a radiative decay process would contribute to the infrared background." The "Shapiro geodesic time delay is identical, to this accuracy, for different elementary particles, independent of spin and internal quantum numbers." "To test the [weak equivalence principle] WEP, however, the issue is not the value of γ but whether it is the same for all species of particles, that is, whether, for example, the same time delay would be measured if neutrino radar rather than photon radar were used." "The neutrino energy is, however, above the threshold for EeV telescopes using acoustic, radio or horizontal air shower detection techniques. This mechanism may represent an opportunity for detectors with very high threshold, but also large effective area to do GRB physics." "Because neutrinos are electrically neutral, conventional Cherenkov radiation of superluminal neutrinos does not arise or is otherwise weakened. However neutrinos do carry electroweak charge and ... may emit Cherenkov-like radiation via weak interactions when traveling at superluminal speeds." "[S]uperluminal neutrinos may lose energy rapidly via the bremsstrahlung [Cherenkov radiation] of electron-positron pairs ( ν → ν + e − + e + ) . {\displaystyle (\nu \rightarrow \nu +e^{-}+e^{+}).} " Assumption: "muon neutrinos with energies of order tens of GeV travel at superluminal velocity." For "all cases of superluminal propagation, certain otherwise forbidden processes are kinematically permitted, even in vacuum." Consider ν μ → [ ν μ + γ ( a ) ν μ + ν e + ν ̄ e ( b ) ν μ + e + + e − ( c ) ] {\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }\rightarrow {\begin{bmatrix}{\nu _{\mu }+\gamma }&(a)\\{\nu _{\mu }+\nu _{e}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}&(b)\\{\nu _{\mu }+e^{+}+e^{-}}&(c)\end{bmatrix}}} "These processes cause superluminal neutrinos to lose energy as they propagate and ... process (c) places a severe constraint upon potentially superluminal neutrino velocities. ... Process (c), pair bremsstrahlung, proceeds through the neutral current weak interaction." "Throughout the shower development, the electrons and positrons which travel faster than the speed of light in the air emit Cherenkov radiation." "High energy processes such as Compton, Bhabha, and Moller scattering, along with positron annihilation rapidly lead to a ~20% negative charge asymmetry in the electron-photon part of a cascade ... initiated by a ... 100 PeV neutrino". "The exploding [GRB] fireballs original size, R0, is that of the compact progenitor, for instance the black hole created by the collapse of a massive star. As the fireball expands the flow is shocked in ways familiar from the emission of jets by the black holes at the centers of active galaxies or mini-quasars. (A way to visualize the formation of shocks is to imagine that infalling material accumulates and chokes the black hole. At this point a blob of plasma is ejected. Between these ejections the emission is reduced.) The net result is that the expanding fireball is made up of multiple shocks. These are the sites of the acceleration of particles to high-energy and the seeds for the complex millisecond structures observed in individual bursts" All "these signals are electromagnetic waves and, as such, interact rather strongly with matter. This means that only the information on the thin surface of stellar objects and/or on diffuse gaseous objects can be conveyed by these signals." Cosmic "rays interact with the Earth’s atmosphere [109, 110] and with the hydrogen concentrated in the galactic plane [46, 47, 111, 112, 113] producing high-energy neutrinos." "The cosmic helium abundance can however be measured with sufficient precision to suggest that the primordial 4He is less than 26 per cent at the 3 σ level (Pagel 1982). This is compatible with Ωbh2) ≲ 0.1 but not with Ωbh2 = 1 (for ≥ 3 species of neutrinos)." There is a practical "possibility for utilizing lithium as a solar-neutrino detector". The isotopes 7Be, with a half-life of 53 days, and 10Be are both cosmogenic nuclides because they are made on a recent timescale in the solar system by spallation, like 14C. These two radioisotopes of beryllium in the atmosphere track the sun spot cycle and solar activity, since this affects the magnetic field that shields the Earth from cosmic rays. The rate at which the short-lived 7Be is transferred from the air to the ground is controlled in part by the weather. 7Be decay in the sun is one of the sources of solar neutrinos, and the first type ever detected using the Homestake experiment. "Also of importance in this emerging field [of observational neutrino astrophysics] are the observation of solar boron-8 neutrinos and the detection of high-energy point sources." "In any case a star with a mass equal to or smaller than 7 M⊙ cannot have a nonviolent carbon burning phase if the neutrino emission due to “universal Fermi interaction” exists." "The [cosmic-ray] shower can be observed by: i) sampling the electromagnetic and hadronic components when they reach the ground with an array of particle detectors such as scintillators, ii) detecting the fluorescent light emitted by atmospheric nitrogen excited by the passage of the shower particles, iii) detecting the Cerenkov light emitted by the large number of particles at shower maximum, and iv) detecting muons and neutrinos underground." "These “atmospheric neutrinos” come from the decay of pions and kaons produced by the collisions of cosmic-ray particles with nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere." "Measurements of fluorine in the interstellar medium (Federman et al. 2005) show no evidence of F overabundances due to the neutrino process in Type II supernova." The neutrino oscillation signatures are discussed regarding "flavor conversion of neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae that have oxygen-neon-magnesium (ONeMg) cores." "[R]adiochemical experiments using gallium (the GALLEX experiment6,7 in Italy and the SAGE experiment8,9 in Russia) have detected the copious low energy (below 400 keV) neutrinos that are the primary component of the solar neutrino flux." The first detection of "solar neutrinos [used] radiochemical techniques and a cleaning fluid (perchloroethylene [C2Cl4]) as a target. [...] After about two months [...] the standard solar model22-24 predicts that only about 54 37Ar atoms are present in the 615 tons of C2Cl4 [...] at extraction [the number observed is] only 17, corresponding to a solar neutrino induced production rate of 0.5 atoms per day, far fewer than the 1.5 atoms per day expected on the basis of the standard model. In terms of the solar neutrino unit, SNU [...] 1 SNU = 10-36 interactions per target atom per second), the observations yield 2.55 ± 0.25 SNU, about one third of the prediction of the standard model." Atmospheric neutrinos result from the interaction of cosmic rays with atomic nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere, creating showers of particles, many of which are unstable and produce neutrinos when they decay. A collaboration of particle physicists from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (India), Osaka City University (Japan) and Durham University (UK) recorded the first cosmic ray neutrino interaction in an underground laboratory in Kolar Gold Fields in India in 1965. Neutrinos are hard to detect. The image is centered on the Sun's position. "The detection of solar neutrinos demonstrates that fusion energy is the basic source of energy received from the sun." In detecting solar neutrinos, it became clear that the number detected was half or a third than that predicted by models of the solar interior. The problem was solved by revising the properties of neutrinos and understanding the limits of the detection mechanisms - only one third of the forms of neutrinos coming in was being detected and all neutrinos oscillate between the three forms. The first experiment to detect the effects of neutrino oscillation was Ray Davis's Homestake Experiment in the late 1960s, in which he observed a deficit in the flux of solar neutrinos with respect to the prediction of the Standard Solar Model, using a chlorine-based detector. This gave rise to the Solar neutrino problem. Many subsequent radiochemical and water Cherenkov detectors confirmed the deficit, but neutrino oscillation was not conclusively identified as the source of the deficit until the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory provided clear evidence of neutrino flavor change in 2001. Solar neutrinos have energies below 20 MeV and travel an astronomical unit between the source in the Sun and detector on the Earth. At energies above 5 MeV, solar neutrino oscillation actually takes place in the Sun through a resonance known as the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect (MSW) effect, a different process from the vacuum oscillation. Most neutrinos passing through the Earth emanate from the Sun. About 65 billion (6.5 x 1010) solar neutrinos per second pass through every square centimeter perpendicular to the direction of the Sun in the region of the Earth. The Mikheyev Smirnov Wolfenstein (MSW) effect is important at the very large electron densities of the Sun where electron neutrinos are produced. The high-energy neutrinos seen, for example, in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) and in Super-Kamiokande, are produced mainly as the higher mass eigenstate in matter ν2m, and remain as such as the density of solar material changes. (When neutrinos go through the MSW resonance the neutrinos have the maximal probability to change their nature, but it happens that this probability is negligibly small—this is sometimes called propagation in the adiabatic regime). Thus, the neutrinos of high energy leaving the sun are in a vacuum propagation eigenstate, ν2, that has a reduced overlap with the electron neutrino νe = ν1 cosθ + ν2 sinθ seen by charged current reactions in the detectors. For high-energy solar neutrinos the MSW effect is important, and leads to the expectation that Pee = sin2θ, where θ = 34° is the solar mixing angle. This was dramatically confirmed in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), which has resolved the solar neutrino problem. SNO measured the flux of Solar electron neutrinos to be ~34% of the total neutrino flux (the electron neutrino flux measured via the charged current reaction, and the total flux via the neutral current reaction). The SNO results agree well with the expectations. For the low-energy solar neutrinos, on the other hand, the matter effect is negligible, and the formalism of oscillations in vacuum is valid. The size of the source (i.e. the Solar core) is significantly larger than the oscillation length, therefore, averaging over the oscillation factor, one obtains Pee = 1 − sin22θ / 2. For the same value of the solar mixing angle (θ = 34°) this corresponds to a survival probability of Pee ≈ 60%. This is consistent with the experimental observations of low energy Solar neutrinos by the Homestake experiment (the first experiment to reveal the solar neutrino problem), followed by GALLEX, the Gallium Neutrino Observatory (GNO), and Soviet–American Gallium Experiment (SAGE) (collectively, gallium radiochemical experiments), and, more recently, the Borexino experiment. These experiments provided further evidence of the MSW effect. The transition between the low energy regime (the MSW effect is negligible) and the high energy regime (the oscillation probability is determind by matter effects) lies in the region of about 2 MeV for the Solar neutrinos. "[N]eutrino flux increases noted in Homestake results [coincide] with major solar flares [14]." "The correlation between a great solar flare and Homestake neutrino enhancement was tested in 1991. Six major flares occurred from May 25 to June 15 including the great June 4 flare associated with a coronal mass ejection and production of the strongest interplanetary shock wave ever recorded (later detected from spacecraft at 34, 35, 48, and 53 AU) [15]. It also caused the largest and most persistent (several months) signal ever detected by terrestrial cosmic ray neutron monitors in 30 years of operation [16]. The Homestake exposure (June 1–7) measured a mean 37Ar production rate of 3.2 ± 1.5 atoms/day (≈19 37Ar atoms produced in 6 days) [13]; about 5 times the rate of ≈ 0.65 day −1 for the preceding and following runs, > 6 times the long term mean of ≈ 0.5 day−1 and > 2 1/2 times the highest rates recorded in ∼ 25 operating years." The parts of the Sun above the photosphere are referred to collectively as the solar atmosphere. "Energetic protons in the solar corona could explain Figure 2 only if (1) they tap a substantial fraction of the entire energy generated in the corona, (2) the energy generated in the corona is at least 3 times what has been deduced from the observations, (3) the vast majority of energetic protons do not escape the Sun, (4) the proton energy spectrum is unusually hard (p0 = 300 MeV c-1, and (5) the sign of the variation is opposite to what one would predict. Neutrinos are part of the natural background radiation. In particular, the decay chains of 238U and 232Th isotopes, as well as 40K, include beta decays which emit antineutrinos. These so-called geoneutrinos can provide valuable information on the Earth's interior. A first indication for geoneutrinos was found by the KamLAND experiment in 2005. KamLAND's main background in the geoneutrino measurement are the antineutrinos coming from reactors. Atmospheric neutrinos result from the interaction of cosmic rays with atomic nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere, creating showers of particles, many of which are unstable and produce neutrinos when they decay. A collaboration of particle physicists from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (India), Osaka City University (Japan) and Durham University (UK) recorded the first cosmic ray neutrino interaction in an underground laboratory in Kolar Gold Fields in India in 1965. The "moon, viewed by ground-based radio telescopes, has been used as a target [87]." "In the 1980s two early water-Cherenkov experiments were built. The Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven detector in an Ohio salt mine and the Kamiokande detector in a Japanese zinc mine were tanks containing thousands of tons of purified water, monitored with phototubes. The two detectors launched the field of neutrino astronomy by detecting some 20 low-energy (about 10 MeV) neutrinos from Supernova 1987A—the first supernova since the 17th century that was visible to the naked eye." The water-based detectors Kamiokande II and IMB detected 11 and 8 antineutrinos of thermal origin, respectively, while the scintillator-based Baksan detector found 5 neutrinos (lepton number = 1) of either thermal or electron-capture origin, in a burst lasting less than 13 seconds. "In 1987, astronomers counted 19 neutrinos from an explosion of a star in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud, 19 out of the billion trillion trillion trillion trillion neutrinos that flew from the supernova." Because neutrinos are only weakly interacting with other particles of matter, neutrino detectors must be very large in order to detect a significant number of neutrinos. Neutrino detectors are often built underground to isolate the detector from cosmic rays and other background radiation. The neutrino experiments that are sensitive to active galactic nuclei neutrinos are Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss Environmental RESearch (ANTARES), Antarctic Ross Ice-Shelf ANtenna Neutrino Array (ARIANNA), Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope / Gigaton Volume Detector (BDUNT (NT-200+) Baikal-GVD), Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND), IceCube Neutrino Detector (IceCube), and KM3 Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT). Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located just outside Batavia, Illinois, near Chicago, is a US Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. In addition to high energy collider physics, Fermilab is also host to a number of smaller fixed-target and neutrino experiments, such as MiniBooNE (Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment), SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search). The MiniBooNE detector is a 40-foot (12 m) diameter sphere which contains 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1520 individual phototube detectors. An estimated 1 million neutrino events are recorded each year. SciBooNE is the newest neutrino experiment at Fermilab; it sits in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but has fine-grained tracking capabilities. The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota. Consider a universe "dominated by neutrinos and 'cold dark matter'". "The evidence for unseen mass [...] suggests that the cosmological density parameter Ω is at least 0.1-0.2 [rather than for an] Einstein-de-Sitter 'flat' universe with Ω = 1 [... This] can only be reconciled with the data if the galaxies are more 'clumped' than the overall mass distribution, and are poor tracers of the unseen mass even on scales of several Mpc." "Particle physicists have other particles ‘in reserve’ which could make a substantial (non-baryonic) contribution to Ω, but which differ from neutrinos in that their freestreaming velocity is negligible, so that small-scale adiabatic perturbations are not phase-mixed away. Such particles can be described as ‘cold dark matter’, in contrast to neutrinos whose free streaming velocity renders them ‘hot’." "There is no shortage of ‘cold dark matter’ candidate particles—although each of them is highly speculative, to say the least. The motivation for nonetheless considering the hypothesis that the universe is dominated by cold dark matter is that it leads to a cosmogonic scheme that avoids the difficulties of the neutrino-dominated scheme and correctly predicts many of the observed properties of galaxies, including their range of masses, irrespective of the identity of the cold particle (Peebles 1984; Blumenthal et al. 1984)." Free neutrons decay by emission of an electron and an electron antineutrino to become a proton, a process known as beta decay: n0 => p+ + e− + ν e For the above relation Starting with the left symbol, Weight is 1 (not mentioned), Oversymbol is not used, Exponent is replaced by Charge, the Coefficient is 1 (not mentioned), the Variable is a letter designation for the subatomic particle of interest (n for neutron), the Operation is actually a relation decays to (=>), Number is the atomic number Z = 0 for a neutron (not mentioned), the Range is not applicable, and no Index is being used. The neutron's decay products are a proton (p), electron (e), and a neutrino (ν), where Index is used to indicate that the neutrino is an electron neutrino and Oversymbol indicates it is actually an antineutrino. The Operation (+) is not mathematical addition, but indicates another decay product. Because neutrinos are only weakly interacting with other
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Thursday, December 31, 2009 Iceland Other stories from Iceland 1 July 2018: FIFA World Cup 2018 day 12, 13, 14, 15: Iran, Nigeria, Germany, Senegal out of the tournament 27 June 2018: FIFA World Cup 2018 day eight, nine, ten, eleven: Belgium, England confirm knockout phase qualification; Poland, Costa Rica miss out Last 16 18 June 2018: FIFA World Cup 2018 day three: France, Denmark and Croatia wins three points; Argentina shares the spoils with debutants Iceland 5 July 2016: UEFA Euro 2016, quarter-finals: France defeats Iceland 5-2 30 June 2016: UEFA Euro 2016, Last 16: Italy-Spain and England-Iceland ... Location of Iceland The Icelandic Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir and her coalition government narrowly escaped a commitment to resign as a €3.8 billion bill to repay British and Dutch savers following the collapse of Icesave online banking passed. The vote margin was only three votes. Only a matter of hours before the anticipated final vote, Wikileaks announced the disclosure of one of 23 documents suppressed by the Icelandic Minister of Finance: an apparent legal summary of meetings between Icelandic and EU representatives held in Brussels in November 2008. The leaked document discusses the then-assessed liabilities of Iceland at 60% of GDP, considerably higher than the reported 40% which repaying Icesave deposit holders entails. Amongst the other details in the report is emphasis of the deep-seated anger of the Icelandic people at the situation around the financial collapse, particularly the UK's use of anti-terrorism legislation in its approach to the country's banks. Iceland's interpretation of the situation, and its financial treaty obligations with the EU, considered foreign deposits lost through force majeure. All 27 EU members disagreed with Iceland's interpretation and Peter Mandelson, although he resigned from the Barroso Commission in October, presented the legal position that Iceland could not pass legislation that did not ensure treaty-mandated minimum balance returns from failed Icelandic banks. Leaked private communication from Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir, Iceland's then-foreign minister, compared the potential liabilities the country faced with the reparations imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles in the wake of World War I. Three banks failed in the financial crisis: Kaupthing, Glitnir, and Landsbanki. As the list of creditors emerged it was found that, among others, UK councils had around £900 million with the banks. Landsbanki agreed to repay the majority of funds held, giving council depositors priority status. Approximately £200 million on deposit with Glitnir is at-risk; the bank has stated the councils will be treated equally with all other creditors seeing them likely to only recover 30% of the amount Glitnir held. Kaupthing faces other difficulties. The UK's Serious Fraud Office began an investigation earlier this month into the bank's UK activities. At issue are allegations savers were misled into selecting one particular account type, plus suspicious financial activity suggesting substantial amounts were moved out of the bank in the days prior to its collapse. At present, UK councils have received little more than ten percent of their over £900 million deposits. They are among over 8,500 creditors claiming a staggering total of £20 billion. The largest single claimant is the British Depositors' and Investors' Guarantee Fund seeking €5 billion, and, of some note, Formula One racing team Williams claiming around £10 million in unpaid sponsorship from Glitnir who took on the liability from the Icelandic buyers of Hamleys. Debt to 84% government-owned Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) by Glitnir stands at around £500 million; much of the actual debt written off in 2008 as RBS posted £24 billion losses. Further write-offs by the bank are expected to total less than £50 million. Icelanders resented the discovery that fifteen senior ex-employees of Landsbanki claim €14 million between them, including a single claim of €2.7 million. Suspicion exists that the banks arranged substantial interest-free loans for various of their shareholders and executives. Today's announcement of the Icelandic government's agreement to pay out €3.8 billion keeps their application for EU membership on-track, although each one of the country's 320,000 citizens effectively faces a €12,000 debt. "Iceland approves new Icesave deal" — BBC News Online, December 31, 2009 Reuters. "Iceland Deputies Brace For Icesave Vote" — New York Times, December 29, 2009 "Iceland begins last repayment debate" — Radio Netherlands Worldwide, December 28, 2009 Hamish Rutherford. "RBS 'owed £500m' by Glitnir" — The Scotsman, December 28, 2009 Emma Wall. "Iceland's Glitnir 'owes' £10m to F1 team Williams" — The Daily Telegraph, December 20, 2009 "Councils seek Iceland cash from Glitnir bank" — BBC News Online, December 17, 2009 "British Councils Threaten to Sue Iceland's Glitnir" — Iceland Review, December 16, 2009 "Highest Claim to Landsbanki ISK 925 Billion" — Iceland Review, November 18, 2009 Rowenta Mason. "UK freezing of Landsbanki assets 'as damaging to Iceland as Treaty of Versailles'" — The Telegraph, July 6, 2009 Wikileaks: Icesave/EU7 - December 30, 2009
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Articulation work is work to make work work. Or to be exact, articulation work is cooperative work to make cooperative work work. (Schmidt 2002) Articulation work is a kind of supra work. It's not the exact work of designing a system, building a building or producing a product. It's all the work around that cooperative work that makes it possible. In that sense it can be viewed as a secondary work process. That said it's a primary focus within CSCW. Types of articulation work can be to: ...divide, allocate, coordinate, schedule, mesh, interrelate, etc.. With the focus of actors, responsibilities, tasks, activities, conceptual structures, common resources Articulation work is often supported by artefacts, which is physical systems or programs produced by humans (fx podio). Artefacts can also be coordination artifacts that integrate and coordinate work. Articulation work itself exists in first and second order. First order articulation work is the planning and coordinating of who will be doing what, when, where and how etc, before the actual project (where cooperative work goes on) begins. Second order articulation work is handling missed responsilities, redelegation of unfinished jobs and all the necessary moves during the project that are necessary so that the project doesn't break down. So; first order articulation work goes before the project, second order articulation work goes on during the project. In CSCW we especially focus on the second order articulation work, which is often the most difficult to identify and define.
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Sayulita is a city in Nayarit, on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Sayulita is located 23 mi (37 km) north of Puerto Vallarta on a two-lane highway (Fed Hwy 200). You can take a bus or a taxi from the Puerto Vallarta airport. If you are staying in the main part of town, nearly everything is walkable. You may want a rental car if you are staying more than a mile or two from the center of town. Sayulita is a natural beauty. It still has plenty of virgin jungle for hiking. You will also find several different hidden beaches as you travel the dirt roads deeper into the jungle. You can rent ATVs and/or horses for jungle tours and the jungle roads are great for mountain biking. Rent kayaks to explore the ocean or hire a panga boat to take you whale watching (November through January). Experience the economic diversity of the Bahia de Banderas while giving back to its Mexican communities. A local nonprofit called Investours offers socially responsible microfinance tours in Sayulita and its surrounding communities. Surfing: Sayulita is an excellent, tranquil place for new surfers to learn the sport. The beach is shallow and you can reach the bottom even fifty meters away from the shore. The bottom of the beginner section is sandy and mostly safe. This makes it easy to get back to the place the waves break and allows more efficient learning. The beach also has a more demanding, rockier section, but it is quite hard to get there by accident. The waves are rather small and easy for beginners (at least in January through March). Plenty of small sport fishing trips available if you look around. If you can find Nacho's boat trips, he will give you a fun trip and can take you whale watching if you don't want to fish (be forewarned he'll stop to fish anyhow if he sees something interesting). There are a couple of other beaches that are more 'local', if you're up for minor adventure scout out the other beaches around town. You can go hiking to the north-east, west and south. Maps.me covers the walking paths. There are ATMs throughout the village, for example from Multiva. As they are standing on the streets, take care that they aren't manipulated. Plenty of shops with tourist things and local art. Huichol Indians sell their handcrafted wares in the plaza daily. The true find: some of the best Huichol art in Mexico in the museum store Galeria Tanana on Avenida Palmar. For breakfast try Rollie's Place just a couple of blocks off of the main square (they also serve dinner now too). There are 40 or more restaurants in town even though it is a small town. Try the street side taco stand vendors for some great fare and cheap eats. Try the Mangiafuoco for dinner, an Italian restaurant with an Italian chef with a menu changing daily, and frequent live music later on. Excellent homemade pasta and wood oven fired pizza. El Itacate. Excellent meat-oriented tacos, one of the best in town. (updated May 2016) Go to one of the grocery stores off of the main square to get cervezas, then return your bottles for deposit returns. There are margaritas the size of your head available at Costeno's, which is located right on the beach, straight down from the plaza. If you are looking for a more upscale establishment, try Don Pedro's (also on the beach) or head to the plaza and check out Miro Vino or Calypso. If you want to learn about and sample Mexico's finest Tequilas, then try Sayulita Fish Taco. There are several affordable options for accommodation. The town center is just a couple blocks in size and you should have no trouble finding a place to stay. The campgrounds in Sayulita are considered to be among the best in Mexico and are famous word of mouth lore passed among seasoned travelers. Camping del Palmar (south of river). Of the two campgrounds in Sayulita (not including the RV park). This is the better maintained and more pleasant. Very nice actually. [dead link] Aurinko Bungalows, Calle Marlin, ☏ +52 329 291-3150, [email protected]. Personally styled bungalows right in the center of Sayulita. The Finnish owner also has two surf shops close to the beach. 20.870681721989-105.4464340211 Estrella del Mar, Calle Vista Mar 5, ☏ +1 323 319-4299 (US), [email protected]. Estrella del Mar is an estate consisting of two separate Mexican Modern architectural one bedroom homes. It sits atop the hill on the southern end of Sayulita's bay, at the edge of the tropical rainforest, so it has spectacular 360 degree views of ocean and untamed jungle. 20.869719-105.4408982 [dead link] Hotel La Casona, Calle Delfin #7, ☏ +1 415 683-3244 (US). Hotel La Casona is the newest boutique hotel in Sayulita, less than one block from the beach. 20.866013-105.4546823 Playa Escondida, Camino a Playa Escondida #1, ☏ +1 415 259-4748 (US), [email protected]. A secluded resort, nested in a beachfront setting surrounded by hills covered with jungle. Close to nature, yet safe and comfortable; clean air, private beach, beautiful rooms, relaxing ambience. As the beaches in Sayulita have shallow temperate ocean water: Do the Stingray Shuffle and you will be fine. It means when going in the water, shuffle or slide your feet forward without lifting them. There are Youtube videos about how to do it. You find hostels and private rooms in: San Francisco (Mexico) – just 7 km in the north-east. At a beach, surrounded by a jungle and notable for its floral diversity. Bucerias – 20 km in the south-east. A coastal village with a long uninterrupted white sand beach Tepic – 130 km in the north-east. It's the capital of Nayarit Puerto Vallarta Guadalajara – 295 km in the east. You can go by carpooling or from Puerto Vallarta by intercity bus or non-stop flight. From there further to San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, San Miguel de Allende or Querétaro Mazatlán – It is recommended to take a flight to and out of the city.
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A bipolar transistor consists of three layers separated by a semi-conductor material. There are two types the NPN and the PNP. Both types perform the same function, however they are different in polarity. A transistor resembles two diodes connected end to end. While you cannot actually make a transistor with two diodes it is a good analogy. In an NPN transistor, if the base and the emitter are the same voltage it prevents the E-B junction from conducting. It is referred to as Zero Bias and will not let current flow between the emitter and the collector. In order for it to conduct the voltage at the base will have to be greater than that at the emitter. At some point the voltage will be high enough for current to flow from the emitter to the collector. The voltage at which it starts to conduct is called the breakover voltage. When the base voltage(Eв) is positive, it is referred to as forward biased. Likewise if it is negative it is reverse biased. The base voltage is normally reverse biased as long as the voltage is less than the supply voltage. When a transistor is reverse biased, and the voltage reaches such a point that it over comes the reverse bias and the breakover point, an avalanche breakdown occurs. When the collecter current versus(Iс) the base voltage(Eв) curve reaches a point in which it levels off the transistor will then be saturated. The transistor at that point is wide open and conducting at its maximum. For a PNP transistor is just the opposite. If you substitute positive for negative and negative for positive a PNP will conduct the same as an NPN.
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Cherie Priest (born 30 July 1975) is an American novelist. All page numbers from the trade paperback published by Tor Books Her lack of interest might have been interpreted as a lack of caring, but it was only a side effect of permanent exhaustion. p. 32 Sometimes, everyone is right. Not always and not even usually, but once in a while, everyone is right. p. 41 “What was it like?” Zeke asked, changing the subject as much as he was willing to. “Fighting in the war, I mean?” He grumbled, “It was war, you dumb kid. Everybody I liked got killed, and most of the folks I'd just as soon have shot made it out with medals on their chests. It wasn’t fair and it sure as hell wasn’t any fun. And Jesus knows it’s been going on way too long.” p. 125 “You're an idiot,” Lucy said. “Just ’cause you don’t understand them don’t mean they’re out to get you.” p. 265 You're a smart boy. Or if you're not, you ought to be. p. 327 He’s not the first man I'd like to kill down here, but I was willing to work him onto the list. p. 353 Wikipedia has an article about: Cherie Priest Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cherie Priest Cherie Priest's Official Site
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Echolocation is a form of acoustics that uses active sonar to locate objects. Many animals, such as bats and dolphins, use this method to hunt, to avoid predators, and to navigate by emitting sounds and then analyzing the reflected waves. Animals with the ability of echolocation rely on multiple receivers to allow a better perception of the objects’ distance and direction. By noting a difference in sound level and the delay in arrival time of the reflected sound, the animal determines the location of the object, as well as its size, its density, and other features. Humans with visual disabilities are also capable of applying biosonar to facilitate their navigation. This page will focus mainly on how echolocation works in bats and dolphins. When a wave hits an obstacle, it doesn't just stop there but rather, it gets reflected, diffracted, and refracted. Snell's law of reflection states that: s i n θ i c 1 = s i n θ t c 2 = s i n θ r c 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {sin\theta _{i}}{c_{1}}}={\frac {sin\theta _{t}}{c_{2}}}={\frac {sin\theta _{r}}{c_{1}}}} where the nomenclature is defined in Figure 1. The law of reflection states the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection ( θ i = θ r {\displaystyle \theta _{i}=\theta _{r}} ) which is clearly shown in the previous equation. In order to determine the reflection coefficient R {\displaystyle R} , which determines the proportion of the wave is being reflected, the acoustic impedance is needed and is define as where c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of sound and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the medium: Z = ρ c {\displaystyle Z=\rho c} For fluids only, the sound reflection coefficient is defined in terms of the incidence angle and the characteristic impedance of the two media as [3]: R = Z 2 Z 1 − 1 − [ n − 1 ] tan 2 θ 1 Z 2 Z 1 + 1 − [ n − 1 ] tan 2 θ 1 {\displaystyle R={\frac {{\frac {Z_{2}}{Z_{1}}}-{\sqrt {1-[n-1]\tan ^{2}\theta _{1}}}}{{\frac {Z_{2}}{Z_{1}}}+{\sqrt {1-[n-1]\tan ^{2}\theta _{1}}}}}\qquad } where n = ( c 2 c 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle n=\left({\frac {c_{2}}{c_{1}}}\right)^{2}} As for the case where medium 2 is a solid, the sound reflection coefficient becomes [9]: R = ( r n − r 1 c o s θ i ) + j x n ( r n + r 1 c o s θ i ) + j x n {\displaystyle R={\frac {(r_{n}-{\frac {r_{1}}{cos\theta _{i}}})+jx_{n}}{(r_{n}+{\frac {r_{1}}{cos\theta _{i}}})+jx_{n}}}\qquad } where Z n = r n + j x n {\displaystyle Z_{n}=r_{n}+jx_{n}} is the normal specific acoustic impedance. The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in a system is constant therefore if it is not being reflected, it is either diffracted, or transmitted into the second medium which may be refracted due to a difference in refraction index. Sound localization denotes the ability to localize the direction and distance of an object, or "target" based on the detected sound and where it originates from. Auditory systems of humans and animals alike use the following different cues for sound location: interaural time differences and interaural level differences between both ears, spectral information, and pattern matching [8]. To locate sound from the lateral plane (left, right, and front), the binaural signals required are: Interaural time differences: for frequencies below 800 Hz Interaural level differences: for frequencies above 1600 Hz Both: for frequencies between 800 and 1600 Hz Humans and many animals uses both ears to help identify the location of the sound; this is called binaural hearing. Depending on where the sound comes from, it will reach either the right or left ear first, therefore allowing the auditory system to evaluate the arrival times of the sound at the two reception points. This phase delay is the interaural time difference. The relationship between the difference between the length of sound paths at the two ears, Δ d {\displaystyle \Delta d} , and their angular position, θ {\displaystyle \theta } , may be calculated using the equation [1]: Δ d = r ( θ + s i n θ ) {\displaystyle \Delta d=r(\theta +sin\theta )} where r {\displaystyle r} is the half distance between the ears. This is mainly used as cue for the azimuthal location. Thus, if the object is directly in front of the listener, there is no interaural time difference. This cue is used at low frequencies because the size of the head is less than half the wavelength of the sound which allows a noticeable detection in phase delays between both ears. However, when the frequencies are below 80 Hz, the phase difference becomes so small that locating the direction of the sound source becomes extremely difficult. As the frequency increases above 1600 Hz, the dimension of the head is greater than the wavelength of the sound wave. Phase delays no longer allow to detect the location of the sound source. Hence, the difference in sound level intensity is used instead. Sound level is inversely proportional to the source-receiver distance, given that the closer you are to the emitting sound, the higher the sound intensity. This is also influenced greatly by the acoustic shadow cast by the head. As depicted in Figure 3, the head blocks sound, decreasing the sound intensity coming from the source[4]. Active sonar supplies their own source and then wait for echoes of the target's reflected waves. Bats and dolphins use active sonar for echolocation. The system begins with a signal produced at the transmitter with a source level (SL). This acoustic wave has an intensity of I(r) where r is the distance away from the source. Next, the source signal travels to the target while gathering a transmission loss (TL). Once arriving at the target, the fraction of the initial source signal which is denoted by the target strength (TS), is reflected toward the receiver. On the way to the receiver, another transmission loss (TL') is experienced. For a monostatic case where the source and the receiver are located in the exact position, TL is equal to TL', thus, the echo level (EL) is written as [9]: E L = 10 log I ( r ) σ I r e f 4 π − T L ′ {\displaystyle EL=10\log {\frac {I(r)\sigma }{I_{ref}4\pi }}-TL'} The equation for target strength is [9]: T S = 10 log σ 4 π {\displaystyle TS=10\log {\frac {\sigma }{4\pi }}} As sound is emitted, other objects in the environment can cause the signal to be scattered creating different echoes in addition to the echo produced by the target itself. If we look at underwater for instance, reverberation can result from bubbles, fish, sea surface and bottom, or planktons. These background signals mask the echo from the target of interest, thus, it is necessary to find the reverberation level (RL) in order to differentiate between the echo level. The equation for RL is as follow: T S R {\displaystyle TS_{R}} represents the target strength for the reverberating region and is defined by: T S R = S v + 10 log V = S A + 10 log A {\displaystyle TS_{R}=S_{v}+10\log V=S_{A}+10\log A} where " V {\displaystyle V} (or A {\displaystyle A} ) is the volume (or surface area) at the range of the target from which scattered sound can arrive at the receiver during the same time as the echo from the desired target" [9] and S v {\displaystyle S_{v}} (or S A {\displaystyle S_{A}} ) is the scattering strength for a unit volume (or a unit surface area). Bats produce sounds through their larynx, emitting them from the mouth or some, via their nose. Their calls consist of various types: broadband components (varies in frequencies), pure tone signals (constant frequency), or a mix of both components. The duration of these sounds varies between 0.3 and 100 ms over a frequency range between 14 to 100 kHz [7]. Each species’ calls can vary and have been adapted in a particular way due to their lifestyles and hunting habits. The broadband components are used for hunting in a closed environment with background noise. The short calls yield precision in locating the target. The short rapid calls, also prevent overlapping of waves, thus, allowing the use of interaural time difference. Pure tones signals are used while hunting in open environments without much background noise. The calls are longer in duration allowing bats to locate preys at greater distances. When searching for preys, bats emit sounds 10 to 20 times per second. As they approach their target, the number of waves emitted can reach up to 200 times per second. The usual range for echolocation is around 17 m. For other mammals, the interaural time difference and the interaural intensity level are cues used only for lateral detection. However bats can also use interaural intensity level to establish objects in the vertical direction. This is only applicable if the signals received are broadband. Another difference is that bats’ ears are capable of moving, thus, allowing them to change between different acoustic cues. The sound conducting apparatus in bats is similar to that of most mammals. However, over years of evolution, they have been adapted to suit their needs. One of these special characteristics is the large pinnae which serves the purpose of acoustic antennae and mechanical amplifiers. The movement of the pinnae permits focusing of the coming sound wave, amplifying or weakening it. The basic idea of echolocation is comparable between bats and dolphins, however, since both animals live in such different environment, there are specific characteristics that differ amongst them. Dolphins use the nasal-pharyngeal area to produce various types of sounds (clicks, burst pulses, and whistles) in order to achieve two main functions: echolocation and communication. Clicks, slow rate pulses that lasts 70-250 μs at a frequencies of 40 to 150 Hz, and bursts, pulses produced at rapid rates, are primarily used for echolocation [1]. After the clicks have been produced, the associated sound waves travel through the melon, the rounded area of the dolphin's forehead comprised of fats. Its function is to act as an acoustic lens to focus the produced waves into a beam, sending it ahead. At such high frequencies, the wave doesn't travel very far in water, hence, echolocation is most effective at a distance of 5 to 200 m for preys that are 5 to 15 cm in length [6]. When waves get reflected after hitting an object, unlike bats that has pinnae to direct the waves to the inner ear, dolphins receive this signal via the fat-filled cavities of the lower jaw bones (Figure 6). Due to the high acoustic impedance of water, these soft body tissues also have a similar impedance allowing sound waves to travel to the inner ear without being reflected. Sound is then conducted to the middle ear and inner ear, from which is then transferred to the brain. [1] Au, W. W. L., Popper, A. N., & Fay, R. R. (2000). Hearing by whales and dolphins. Springer handbook of auditory research, v. 12. [2] Thomas, J. A., Moss, C., & Vater, M. (2004). Echolocation in bats and dolphins. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press [3]Wave Reflection. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2010, from http://www.sal2000.com/ds/ds3/Acoustics/Wave%20Reflection.htm [4] Diracdelta.co.uk, science and engineering encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2010, from Interaural Level Difference: http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/i/n/interaural%20level%20difference/source.html [5] Murat Aytekin, J. Z. (2007, November 27). 154th ASA Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from Sound localization by echolocating bats: Are auditory signals enough? : http://www.acoustics.org/press/154th/aytekin.html [6] Seaworld. (2002). Retrieved September 20, 2010, from Bottlenose Dolphins Communication and Echolocation: http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/bottlenose/echodol.html [7] Wikipedia. (2010, February 4). Retrieved September 19, 2010, from Animal Echolocation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation [8] Wikipedia. (2009, March 14). Retrieved September 19, 2010, from Sound Localization: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localization [9] Kinsler, L. E. (1982). Fundamentals of acoustics.
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Jingdezhen (景德镇; Jǐngdézhèn) is a city in northern Jiangxi Province. It is the world capital of porcelain and the historic home of the Chinese ceramics industry. It is now not only a popular tourist destination but a center for education and workshops, drawing pottery students and artists from around the country. 29.338611117.1758331 Jingdezhen Luojia Airport (JDZ IATA) (in the west of town). Direct flights from Shanghai every other day, from Beijing every day. Shanghai flight is one hour and costs around ¥600-700. (updated Nov 2019) From Shanghai the 2182/2183 trains leave at 12:40 with a travel time of 16 hours. ¥117 for a hard sleeper. From Beijing there is a direct train to Jingdezhen (K645) that takes nearly 24 hours. RMB 361 for had sleeper, RMB 552 for soft sleeper. From Nanchang Railway Station there are three daily direct trains. But the trip takes almost 2 hours longer than the one by bus. There are connections to Tunxi. From Beijing there are 5 daily high speed trains to Wuyuan (about 7 hours). It takes about 2 hours to get to Jingdezhen from Wuyuan, which can easily be combined with any Jingdezhen trip. The long-distance bus station is in the west of town. Licun bus station is on Shuguang Lu. From Wuyuan connections take 2 hours. From Hangzhou West station at 09:00 and 14:20. They cost about ¥140 and take about 7 hours. From Nanchang there is bus service that takes approximately 3 hours departing from Qingshan Road North Station. ¥79. Taxis are the easiest way, the meter starts at ¥6 and is billed to ¥0.1 but rounded either up or down. ie. ¥4.3 = ¥4, ¥8.7 = ¥9. Do not be fooled into taking a fixed fare for ¥10 or more as almost everywhere in the city will cost less. There is also a public bus service, with very frequent buses at least until 23:00. If you manage to get a route plan, it is a quite fascinating way to get where you want while having a better sightseeing than from a taxi, if you can stand being watched at yourself. Very low standard rate, like in Beijing, ¥1 in a box for each trip. There are motor bike taxis, but judging by their propensity to laugh in the face of death, they probably are not a wise choice. 29.29554117.170081 [formerly dead link] Jingdezhen Ceramics Museum (景德镇陶瓷馆; 中国陶瓷博物馆), 1 Zijing Avenue, Changjiang District (昌江区紫晶大道1号) (Bus no. 23), ☏ +86 798-8253702. 9:00-17:00, no entry after 16:30. Free. (updated May 2018) 29.28644117.178792 Ancient Kiln Folk Customs Museum (古窑民俗博览区), 1 Guyao Road, Cidou Avenue, Changjiang District (昌江区瓷都大道古窑路1号) (The nearest bus stop is Fengshushan (枫树山), which is served by over a dozen bus routes, including routes 1, 2, 3, 6. 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 33, 123, k106 and several others), ☏ +86 798-8534444, [email protected]. 08:00-17:30. ¥95 for regular ticket, ¥50 for persons aged 60 to 65 and children over 2 years old who have a student card, free for persons over 65 and children under 1.2 metres in height. (updated May 2018) 29.29712117.201823 [dead link] Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln National Archaeological Remains Park (景德镇御窑厂国家考古遗址公园), 187 Zhushan Middle Road, Zhushan District (珠山区珠山中路187号) (Catch bus no. 27 or K26 and get off at the Imperial Kiln Galleries (御窑长廊)), ☏ +86 798-8201378. 8:00-17:30. ¥60. (updated May 2018) Taoxichuan Ceramic Art Avenue. A hub for ceramics. The old industrial area of red brick buildings and tall coal chimneys was converted into an art district of studios, galleries, and coffee shops. It serves as a gathering point every week for artists and students to sell their ceramics. A nice place for an evening stroll. (updated Aug 2019) Xinchang East Road, Xinchang East Road, Zhushan District. Closing: 5-6 PM. The street is lined with bargain porcelain stores with stock spilling out onto the streets. You can get an entire lower quality tea set for RMB 100. (updated Aug 2019) Ceramic Art Avenue market. On Friday and Saturday nights, vendor stalls take over the streets of Ceramic Art Avenue and offer a dizzying variety of porcelain pieces. (updated Aug 2019) Saturday Creative Market. The Pottery Workshop Creative Market happens every Saturday morning from 08:00-12:00. Over 100 vendors, comprised of young local artists, sell their artistic works. Vendors sell traditional pottery, contemporary designs, jewelry and sculpture. (updated Aug 2019) There is a Chinese style disco/club across the street from the Kaimenzi hotel. Wenyuan Hotel, Tongzhan Road. 4 star Japanese rooms, rooms can smell like an ashtray. There are a number of similar hotels along this street, Ma'anshan Lu, and Shuguang Lu, due to being near the bus and train station. Can be bargained down to ¥120. Jingdezhen International Youth Hostel, No.139, Xinchangdong Road. Hostel across from the Saturday Creative Market site.The streets behind the hostel has lots of shops selling contemporary style porcelain. (updated Aug 2019) Wuyuan - Some of the most beautiful villages in China are also in northeast Jiangxi, just two hours away. Fuliang County - The beautiful villages of this county undisturbed by the mass tourism of Wuyuan
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Wednesday, April 13, 2005 The local government of Arad County in western Romania today launched a project calling for the creation of a new industrial area in the commune of Zimandul Nou. They have already allocated 0.3 km2 for this project, with more land being expected to be allocated for the industrial precinct. The president of Arad Couty Council, Iosif Matula, says that the labour force in the area is qualified in industrial occupations, especially in the fields of textiles, furniture, electronics and tools industries. The site also already has all the necessary infrastructure, such as gas, access to sewage and a water purifying facility. The industrial area will be located on the outskirts of the Zimandul Nou commune, which is a fairly small, rural town. The proposed Zimandul Nou industrial area is one of the latest development projects by the Arad County Council, which has, since a few years ago, embarked on a fairly wide-ranging project of attracting foreign investment and developing further industry in rural areas. The county capital, Arad, with a population of nearly 190,000, is one of Romania's largest industrial centres and is a major centre for foreign investment, but the county council would like to see more industry heading to the rural areas. The Zimandul Nou precinct will be the eighth industrial zone in a formerly-rural area in the county. The other seven areas have already attracted combined foreign investments of over 120 million euro. "New industrial area to be developed in Arad County" — Bucharest Daily News, April 13, 2005
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Sunday, March 26, 2006 The Pentagon claims that Saddam Hussein received intelligence from a Russian ambassador about United States plans and movements during the opening days of the 2003 Iraq invasion. Russia's foreign intelligence service has denied the allegations in a statement issued Friday stating "Similar, baseless allegations concerning Russia's intelligence have been made more than once. We don't consider it necessary to comment on such fabrications." A report released by the Pentagon on Friday states that Russia had a source inside the US Central Command base in Doha, Qatar, who passed information to Russia's ambassador to Iraq. It is alleged that the ambassador provided the information to Hussein. The intelligence passed to Hussein provided information on US military plans, troop numbers, units and locations. The report does not comment on the value or accuracy of the information which was allegedly leaked to Hussein. The Pentagon claims that the report is based on Iraqi documents and interviews with Iraqi officials. A Pentagon staffer who assisted in compiling the report, Brigadier General Anthony Cucolo, stated that there was no evidence that Russia has a spy inside Central Command. He further added that key details provided to Hussein were incorrect. Andrew Buncombe. "Russia denies spying on US for Iraq" — The Independent, March 26, 2006 Barbara Ferguson. "Russia Spied for Saddam: Pentagon" — Arab News, Macrh 26, 2006 "Russia informed Saddam on USA" — The Statesman, Macrh 25, 2006
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Dhyan Chand (August 29, 1905 – December 3, 1979), born Dhyan Singh, was a legendary Indian field hockey player. Often called a "Hockey Wizard" for his masterly stick work and ball control and widely regarded as the greatest hockey player of all time. During his playing years, Chand won three Olympic gold medals in 1928, 1932, and in 1936, the last was one in Berlin Olympics and earned the title as the Hockey Personality of the Century. His career span started as Lance Naik in the Indian Army under the British rule and ended with elevation to the rank of a Major. He scored 109 goals at the Olympics and 300 goals in other international matches, which is till now an unbroken record. He received the national honour of Padma Bhushan and his birth anniversary is celebrated as the National Sports day in India. His statues adorn the National Sports Stadium in Delhi, in Vienna Sports Club, and on the vantage hill top of Jhansi. A commemorative postage stamp was also issued in his honour. Boria Majumdar; Nalin Mehta (22 April 2009). India and the Olympics. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-203-87278-9. In 1933, the Jhansi Heroes decided to participate in the Beighton Cup hockey tournament. My life’s ambition was to win the Beighton Cup, as I had always regarded this competition as the blue riband of Indian hockey. In my opinion it is perhaps the best organized hokey event in the country. Calcutta is indeed lucky that it has at least three of four first class hockey grounds on the maidan, and this is a great advantage to run a tournament on schedule instituted since 1895, this tournament had a non-stop run. World War|World Wars I and II did not affect the tournament. Threats of Japanese bombs and actual bombings in Calcutta while the hockey season was on also did not prevent from the tournament from being held. That being said, it is sad to think that the tournament had to yield to the communal frenzy, which gripped the nation in 1946-47. While writing on the Beighton Cup held in 1952 and he was playing for the Jhansi Heroes cited in page 35 It was a great day for me when my Commanding Officer called me and said ‘Boy, you are to go to New Zealand’ I was dumbfounded, and did not know what to reply. All I did was to click my heels snappily and, give as smart salute as I possibly could, and beat a hasty retreat. Once out of sight of the officer, I ran like a hare to reach my barracks and communicated the good news to my fellow soldiers. And what a reception they gave me! I lost no time in getting prepared for the trip. I was not a rich man, my earnings as a sepoy being only a few rupees a month. My parents were not rich either....I clothed myself as inexpensively as possible, and my personal outfit was my military kit... As soldiers belonging to the Other Ranks (read lower ranks), it was a great experience for us. Prior to this tour we could never conceive of being feted and entertained at private houses and public functions in such a glorious and enjoyable manner. We were made heroes, and on my part, if I may put it quite modestly, I proved myself a great success and left behind a great impression. On his trip to New Zealand in 1926 where they had 18 victories out of 21 matches and had scored a total of 192 goals and Chand had scored bulk of the goals in page=35-36 The cottage had twenty beds, a telephone and a refrigerator. Everything was kept spick and span, and every minute details of our comforts had been attended to. Two stewards were there to look after us. One was Otto, an old seasoned-sailor who had visited India several times and spoke English well. The other was named Schimdt, and he spoke English haltingly. On the facilities provided in Berlin Olympics in page=55 Boria Majumdar/ Nalin Mehta. Olympics - The India Story. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-93-5029-509-0. Nowadays I hear of the princely comforts provided for national teams traveling overseas, and fuss players raise if they happen to miss even a cup of tea! When we used to travel the name of our country and the game were the only two things that mattered. During India’s title defense at the 1936 Berlin Olympics when he captained the hockey team to victory in the Olympics in page=59 My experience thus far had been to win matches and not lose them. I remember that in 1932, after our return from the Olympic tour, we beat Delhi by 12 goals to nil. I never recognised Delhi as a big hockey playing center, but on this day they were right on top of us and completely outplayed us. The news of this defeat created adverse opinions about us, and while touring other centers before we finally sailed from Mumbai. This particular defeat kept worrying me. For the first time I was captaining the Olympic team; will India lose the title under my charge? In the game of January-February 1936 before sailing for the Berlin Olympics in page =59. I was bypassed in 1932 possibly because of my academic handicaps and so called social position in life. I was still an ordinary soldier holding a minor rank. Earlier when in 1932 when his claims for Captaincy was overlooked in page 60 He scores goals like runs in cricket. Don Bradman commented on Dhyan Chand's legendary skill in scoring goals in Hem Shanker Ray. Symbols of India. Rupa Publications. pp. 329–. ISBN 978-81-291-2349-7. You and your boys have done wonderfully to foster the game of hockey in our country I hope that you will return to India with good impressions and with the same feeling of friendship to the German hockey players as we feel towards you...Tell them how much we all admired the sill and performance of the prefect hockey they have shown us. George Evers, President of the Deutsch Hockey Board and the International Hockey Federation after India won the Olympics at Berlin in a message to Dhyan Chand quoted in "India and the Olympics" in page=64 [Dhyan Chand] was humble. He had only one pair of trousers. I took him to Austin Road on Regent Street . We went downstairs. Trousers galore were shown. Can I take them upstairs and see them in the sun? That finished me. I told Shaukat the story, what else do you expect of a Lance Nayak, he laughed Jaipal, the captain of the Hockey team commented during the 1928 Olympics in England, quoted in "India and the Olympics" in page=38 India’s Triumph, Science Scores Over Force, and Dhyan Chand in Form” The Statesman noted when India had defeated Germany by an impressive 8 goals to 1 and won the Olympic gold for the third time in succession and in this game Dhyan Chand had scored 6 goals in "India and the Olympics" in page=63 His real talent lay above his shoulders. His was easily the hockey brain of the century. He could see a field the way a chess player sees the board. He knew where his teammates were, and more importantly where his opponents were - without looking. It was almost psychic. He treated everybody as pieces on a board meant for his use. He'd know from his own movement how the defense was forming, and where the gaps were. In other words, he was the only imponderable, Everybody else (opposition included) fell in predictable patterns around him. Above two quotes by Keshav Dutt, Olympic Gold Medalist. It looks like he has some invisible magnet stuck to his hockey stick so that the ball does not leave it at all.' View of a journalist The Olympic complex now has a magic show too. German papers carried this headline all over Berlin following the Berlin Olympic Final game of Hockey 'Visit the hockey stadium to watch the Indian magician Dhyan Chand in action'. According to widespread reports, German dictator Adolf Hitler offered Dhyan Chand German citizenship and a position in the German Military, after an impressive showing at the Berlin Olympics. The offer was declined by the Indian magician. Australian great Don Bradman met Dhyan Chand at Adelaide in 1935. After watching him play, Bradman remarked, "He scores goals like runs in cricket". Wikipedia has an article about: Dhyan Chand
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Throughout history there have been many different theories and changing ideas about the universe, building upon and contradicting each other. Great minds have measured the planets and calculated their distance and movements. One of the early societies that was famed for the accuracy and inventiveness of their theories was that of Ancient Greece. As early as 230BC, Aristarchus of Samos suggested a heliocentric model of the universe and correctly ordered the planets in distance from the sun. His ideas were not accepted and mainstream and mathematicians such as Aristotle still supported a geocentric model. Aristotle’s contributions to astronomy covered theorems about the substance of the stars and their philosophy. For all of the ancient world and much of the modern, astronomy and astrology were intermingled and indistinguishable. Ptolemy was born over 200 years after Aristarchus’s and Aristotle’s death. Greek by birth, he lived and studied in Roman Egypt. He based his models on existing observations, using methods developed by the Babylonians. His geocentric proposal was widely accepted until Copernicus’s time. It proposed that the earth was stationary and the stars and each of the planets rotated around it in spheres. Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473 almost 1400 years after Ptolemy. His most profound contribution was to challenge the geocentric model and propose a heliocentric one citing Aristarchus. He proposed that the sun was the centre of the universe and ordered the planets around it. Tycho Brahe did not adopt Copernicus’s model but designed an altered geocentric one, in which the sun orbited the earth and the other planets orbited the sun. This was the model accepted by the church when conventional geocentrism was implausible but Copernican heliocentrism considered sacrilegious. Johannes Kepler, a contemporary of both Copernicus and Brahe, Was the first to suggest that the planets moved in ellipses. He also discussed observations and theories with Galileo. Galileo, born 1564, supported Copernicus’s theories. He is famous for his methods, which were very observation and experiment based rather than the abstract approach of the ancients. He also combined mathematics and science, which had previously been thought of as different pursuits. His dedication to observation and study, lead him to question the authority of the philosophers and theologians in the field of science. This was a new and dangerous idea. Designing his own telescopes, he discovered satellites of other planets and suggested that they were orbiting these planets. He also discovered sunspots and lunar craters. Newton was born in 1643, in England. He is most famous for discovering gravity and proposing that it affected far away stars and planets. He also had a great impact on telescopy, enabling for more accurate observation. He supported a heliocentric model of the solar system and showed how it would be possible with his laws of motion and theories on gravity. Ptolemy- they lived from 90–168AD in Roman Egypt. He based his calculations on existing observations made by his predecessors and used methods developed by the Babylonians. In the ancient world, there were catalogues of constellations that have been developed in Babylonia. These detailed the twelve zodiac regions and their movements relative to the sun’s position during the year. Ptolemy understood how the earth related spatially to other bodies and in his Almagest he laid the foundations for modern trigonometry. His work was taken as the definitive source for so many years because he organised such a massive body of information into a clear format. However, he. lived in an age where science, maths, philosophy and religion were intertwined. His model of planetary movements was based on the Apollonian one. It works on the theory that the planets, moon, and sun move in spheres around the earth, though not necessarily with the earth at the centre. This accounts for the motions of the planets as seen from the earth, explained now by the sun being at the centre of the solar system.
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The North Island of New Zealand is warm, with scenery ranging from sandy beaches, through rolling farmland to active volcanic peaks. Although it is smaller than the South Island, it is much more populous, with half of New Zealand's population living north of Lake Taupo in the middle of the North Island. The Māori population of the North Island is much larger than that of the South Island and, in the 2006 census, 24% said that they could carry out an everyday conversation in the Māori language. For more than two hundred years this island was known as Aotearoa, often translated as land of the long white cloud, by Māori. Use of the alternative name Te Ika a Māui, "the fish of Maui", has grown. In 2009, the New Zealand Geographic Board discovered that the North and South Islands had never been officially named. In October 2013, the island was officially named North Island / Te Ika-a-Māui. The regions, listed from north to south (as best as possible), are: -36.85174.783333333331 Auckland – the "City of Sails" and, with more than 1.5 million people, by far the largest city in New Zealand and Polynesia -38.6625178.017777777782 Gisborne – sunny surf city on the east coast -37.783333333333175.283333333333 Hamilton – a major city, with the great Waikato River flowing through it -39.48333176.916674 Napier – Art Deco and wine in sunny Hawke's Bay -39.057777777778174.074166666675 New Plymouth – seaside city beneath the perfectly-shaped volcanic mountain of Taranaki -38.137777777778176.251388888896 Rotorua – famous for Māori culture, geysers and beautiful hot pools -38.69176.087 Taupo – trout fishing and adventure activities at the big lake -37.685833333333176.166666666678 Tauranga – great weather, sun and beaches in the Bay of Plenty -41.288888888889174.777222222229 Wellington – the capital and third largest city in the nation, home of Parliament and the Beehive -35.1729174.3311 Cape Brett – a 16.3-km walking track to an old lighthouse in the Bay of Islands -34.42055172.679712 Cape Reinga – at the northern tip of New Zealand -36.166666666667175.383333333333 Great Barrier Island – the largest of the Hauraki Gulf islands -34.71666667172.933333334 Ninety Mile Beach – used as a road to Cape Reinga, it's actually only 58 miles long, but that's still very long -36.6174.895 Tiritiri Matangi Island – a nature reserve for native birds (some of them rare) and other native species in the Auckland region -39.2175.5833336 Tongariro National Park – snow sports and hiking in and around the three scenic volcanic mountains of Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe and Tongariro -36.8175.17 Waiheke Island – popular for day trips from Auckland, being just a 40-minute ferry ride -38.35175.183333333338 Waitomo – limestone caves, stalactites, stalagmites and glowworms -37.52177.18259 White Island – take a day tour to an active island volcano (eruptions permitting!) For how to get in from other countries, see New Zealand#Get in. For how to cross from the South Island by sea ferry, see New Zealand#By ferry. For how to fly from the South Island, see the "By plane" section of New Zealand#Get around. See New Zealand#Get around. The North Island has an impressive selection of outdoor attractions, and as it has the greater share of the country's population, it also has a good selection of urban sights. The bubbling pools all around Rotorua make it an ideal place to see geothermal activity, with a chance to see how it combines with Māori culture. Taupo has some geothermal and volcanic sights and a big lake. The Tongariro National Park contains the three active volcanoes of Mount Ruapehu (the island's highest peak), Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe. Rangitoto Island was formed in volcanic eruptions that last happened about 600 years ago. The island can be explored as a day-trip by ferry from Auckland. Exploring Te Papa, the national museum, in Wellington can easily fill a day. It is an excellent exhibition of New Zealand history, natural history and art in an impressive modern building. Other museums and galleries in the city could occupy another day. Auckland War Memorial Museum is also a great general museum of New Zealand history and natural history. The Voyager New Zealand Maritime Museum in Auckland is particularly worth visiting if you are interested in sailing. Wellington has a pleasant Botanic Garden on a nice hillside site which gives good views over the city. Hamilton has the impressive Hamilton Gardens which has over a dozen themed gardens each of which would justify a visit. New Plymouth has the substantial Pukekura Park, which is transformed for the Festival of Lights in December and January. The Bay of Islands has some of the earliest Pakeha history, and several historic (nineteenth century) sites. Beach activities. With a temperate climate and a long coastline, North Islanders love to go to the beach and other coastal areas to swim, surf, sunbathe (try to avoid burning), fish, go boating, walk, or just to play in the sand or relax under a pohutukawa tree. It's all-year activity, most popular in the warm summer months. Hiking (or tramping as Kiwis call it). From scenic coastal walkways to native forest covered hills, to volcanic peaks, there are plenty of tracks (trails) for one-day or multi-day walks. Snowsports. The heights of the Central North Island are busy with skiers and snowboarders in winter (July and August). See New Zealand#Eat. See New Zealand#Drink. South Island – the other big island Chatham Islands – small, remote islands to the east
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FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security Foreword — List of Abbreviations — Introduction to FOSS and GNU/Linux — Network Concepts and Architectures — Major Networking Functions with FOSS — Security Functions with FOSS — Network Planning — Further References — Glossary — About the Author — Acknowledgements — About APDIP — About IOSN Gaurab Raj Upadhaya is currently employed as Internet Economics Analyst/Staff Engineer at Packet Clearing House (http://www.pch.net), a research non-profit based in Berkeley, California. He works mostly in Internet backbone operations, analyzing peering relationships between operators and roles of Internet Exchange Points in different parts of Asia. Much of the work involves training ISPs in developing countries about best practices on network operations. He also runs the PCH INOC-DBA (http://www.pch.net/inocdba) hotline phone system for service providers. He initiated the Nepal Internet Exchange and currently serves as its voluntary CEO. In 2003, Gaurab started the South Asian Network Operators Group (SANOG), a non-profit educational event and forum for ISPs in the South Asian Region (http://www.sanog.org). SANOG has a track dedicated to in-depth hands-on workshops on ISP operations using FOSS, along side other workshops on BIND/DNS and Security. He currently chairs SANOG. He is also the vice-chair of Asia Pacific Internet Association (http://www.apia.org), and Management Committee member for Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT) (http://www.apricot.net). In the past he has served as a National UN Volunteer, working for the UNDP/Cisco/USAID Least Developing Countries Initiative (http://www.cisco.com/edu/ldci) as Unites volunteer (http://www.unites.org). He has been using Linux and FOSS since 1996. He previously worked as system and network administrator for United Mission to Nepal (http://www.umn.org.np). His personal website is http://www.gaurab.org.np. He likes travel, photography and reading books when he is not on the network.
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To use Eclipse as IDE to develop web applications using the framework ZK, often database access is needed too. This HowTo shows the basic steps in creating an environment in which Eclipse runs together with ZK, XAMPP, MySQL, Tomcat and JDBC. Often occurring errors are described. The installation as described runs on Windows 2000 machine. The following software packages should be downloaded: ZK: The ZK libraries (Homepage ZK); Eclipse & WTP: The Eclipse IDE combined with the Web Tools Platform (WTP is also separately available as part of the Callisto Project) (Homepage Web Tools Platform); XAMPP: An Apache distribution with MySQL, phpMyAdmin (Homepage XAMPP); Tomcat: The Tomcat server/container (XAMPP Add-ons); JDBC Connector: A converter of JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) calls to MySQL protocols (MySQL Connector/J 3.1.14, NOT 5.0.4). How to setup Eclipse with ZK is discussed in How To Setup Eclipse Wtp For ZK. The Apache distribution is installed in the ${XAMPP} folder. The Tomcat server in the ${XAMPP}/tomcat folder: ${TOMCAT}. The MySQL connector is placed in the ${TOMCAT}/common/lib folder. Eclipse automatically finds all the jars in this folder, so it is not necessary to add it manually as an External Jar to a project. The project in Eclipse runs in the ${APPL} folder (can be outside Tomcat container). Opposed to [1] the information about the connection to the database will be stored in the files: ${APPL}/META-INF/context.xml and ${APPL}/WEB-INF/web.xml. Eclipse adds option "Update root context for Web module MyProject" that uses this information when Run on Server [Alt+Shift eXecute, Run]. In the ${APPL}/WEB-INF/web.xml should be added under the key the following reference: Resource reference to a factory for java.sql.Connection instances that may be used for talking to a particular database that is configured in the server.xml file. jdbc/nicedatabasename javax.sql.DataSource Container And the ${APPL}/META-INF/context.xml should have the following content: It is possible that error after error pops up. These are often encountered errors. The errors are in a certain order. If an error about an empty JDBC driver pops up, it means that the reference to the resource is correctly found in the web.xml file. If the error about the character set pops up, the JDBC driver is found. An error about a wrong name: javax.naming.NameNotFoundException: Name **** is not bound in this Context This error occurs when in web.xml is not equal to the resource name in context.xml. An error about an empty JDBC driver: org.apache.tomcat.dbcp.dbcp.SQLNestedException: Cannot create JDBC driver of class '' for connect URL 'null' This error has probably to do with the version of the Tomcat server that is used. The 5.5 version uses the syntax like described above. The 5.0 version likes the syntax with the ResourceParams elements: driverClassName com.mysql.jdbc.Driver url jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/actualdatabasename?autoReconnect=true It can be the case that the Tomcat server has to be restarted. An error about the character set used: java.sql.SQLException: Unknown initial character set index ’48’ received from server. Initial client character set can be forced via the ‘characterEncoding’ property. Probably, the error is in the MySQL Connector/J JDBC software version 5.0.4, downloaded from www.mysql.org. It is not an Eclipse or QuantumDB issue. If you downgrade to MySQL Connector/J JDBC software version 3.1.14, the issue is resolved. Start the MySQL server (as a service) - not with [Win+X] & "services.msc" but - with a shortcut that has as target: %windir%\system32\net.exe start "MySQL Server" "MySQL Server" is the name that the service has in "services.msc". The attributes "start" and "stop" are recognized. The Tomcat Server can be started from Eclipse itself, and does not need a shortcut. Information regarding startup of the MySQL server incorporated in XAMPP is stored in ${XAMPP}/mysql/bin/my.cnf. In Windows can a *.cnf not be edited by default. Open a Command Shell box and edit by "edit my.cnf". The character set can be added or altered beneath the elements [mysqld] (the server), [mysql], [client]. The phpMyAdmin tool can be used to do such things with editboxes for the GUI-minded. How to setup Eclipse WTP for ZK [1]. "Creating Web Applications with the Eclipse Web Tools Project", Eclipse Developer's Journal, by Boris Minkin. [2]. "MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual". [3]. "Develop ZK Applications with Eclipse", ZK Small Talks, by Andrew Ho
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Beth Anderson (born 3rd January 1950) is an American neo-romantic composer. Anderson is best known for her swales, a musical form she invented based on collages and samples of newly composed music rather than existing music. The relationship of feminism to my work and the evolution of the form of my music are in violent flux. Beth Anderson (1980) in: Heresies. Nr 3. p. 37; Self-cited in: Beth Anderson (1980) "Beauty is Revolution" Regarding my childhood, my grandmother could play by ear and she loved to hear me practice and would say after every piece, "That was pretty. Play that one again." She was a booster. I had two women piano teachers who encouraged me to compose--Margie Murphy and Helen Lipscomb. Helen was also a composer and we used part of my lessons for composition. When I was in high school, I read John Cage's books and fell in love with the ideas and the excitement of the avant garde. My music, as a result, moved over to what has been called post-Cagian, non-academic. That lasted until about 1979 at which point I changed. My music is now quite lyrical, sometimes called neo-Romantic, and full of cut-ups/collage of newly composed materials. Since 1985 I have been composing mostly swales for various instrumental combinations. A swale is a meadow or a marsh where there is nourishment and moisture and therefore, a rich diversity of plant life. My work, since 1984, has been made from swatches (of newly composed music, rather than found music) which are reminiscent of this diversity... Anderson (1996-2011) "Beth Anderson, Composer, Miscellany From The Dark Past" at beand.com, Last Updated January 3, 2011 My own mystic bent leads me to believe that musical variations, collage, reiteration and process, or evolution, are beautiful. Life is worth living and beauty is worth making. Beth Anderson at allmusic.com, 2013 Beth Anderson (1980) "Beauty is Revolution" published in: Americans Women Composers' News. Vol 3.3, 1/82 To make something beautiful is revolutionary (not low class, not easy, not a sign of low intelligence). Opening-sentence The idea that beauty is revolution is a revelation to me. I once believed that the concept of the music was more important than the sound, that the politics of the notation was more important than the time limits of the rehersals and therefore, more important than the sound of the performance Cited (earlier) in: American Women Composers (1979) AWC news. Volumes 2-3. p. 41 I've rediscovered the part of my brain that can't decode anything, that can't add, that can't work from a verbalized concept, that doesn't care about stylish notation, that makes melodies that have pitch and rhythm, that doesn't know anything about zen eternity and gets bored and changes, that isn't worried about being commercial or avant-garde or serial or any other little category. Beauty is enough. Variant quotes: I've rediscovered the part of my brain that can't decode anything, that can't add, that can't work from a verbalized concept, that doesn't know anything about Zen eternity and gets bored and changes, that isn't worried about being commercial or avant-garde or serial or any other little category. Beauty is enough. In: Jane Weiner LePage (1983) Women composers, conductors, and musicians of the twentieth century: selected biographies. p. 14 Beauty means perfect to me, but it also has an additional meaning having to do with being pleasurable, rather than painful. Beauty is hard to make. The making is painful, and involves a certain amount of craft, and a relaxation of the part of the brain that says, "Don't write that. X wrote those four notes in 1542 or 1979 or 1825 or whatever period you are worried about being influenced by." Real music soars above class society. Beth Anderson (1996) "What Makes Music Woman Oriented", Web Exclusive I used to be obsessed with this idea that odd numbers are masculine and even ones are feminine. So I wrote pieces that used even numbers, as in: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Using that code, you get: cello=3+5+3+3+6=20 and 2+0=2 (a feminine choice) or, flute=6+3+3+2+5=19 and 1+9=10 and 1+0=1 (a masculine choice) and then of course after I would get the instruments I have never been able to understand women composers who do not wish to be called women composers. I understand their argument but it seems so superficial to me. Our strength lies in our identification with women and music. To be simply a poorly paid or seldom played composer seems so tragic to me. But to be a woman composer with all the trials and tribulations that seem to go along with being a woman composer, puts everything in perspective. The struggle becomes heroic--not pitiful. The success becomes a success for all of us in the cause, not something merely egoistic. At the start of the twenty-first century, composer Beth Anderson is one of the most exciting personalities on the American classical music scene, bucking trends of formalism and attempting to make touch with her inner self, tastes and identity in her music. David N. Lewis, Assistant Classical Editor, All Music Guide; cited in: beand.com Beth Anderson, 1996-2011 Beth Anderson writes pretty music - the prettiest music I know of, after Schubert, Faure, Debussy, and a few long-dead white males. Her prettiness is not an intellectual deficiency, but a political stance. "To make something beautiful," Anderson likes to say, "is revolutionary." Her web page lists her as a "neo-romantic, avant-garde composer," and she may be the only composer in the world who could justify both contradictory labels. Her music has the simplicity of that of Erik Satie or, even more, Virgil Thomson. It is listenable, melodic, fun to play. Such qualities often bring her into conflict with other composers. On one 12-tone-heavy musical festival, she says, after her lullaby was performed "everyone quit speaking to me." And yet her music is no throwback to an easy past, but radical on its own terms. Kyle Gann (2001) "American Composer: Beth Anderson" in: CHAMBER MUSIC MAGAZINE, January 2001. By the early 1980s, however, Anderson had moved away from text-sound music and conceptualism toward a chamber music style of great beauty, generally simple tonality, and luminous textures. She adopted a deceptively unmilitant motto—“To make something beautiful is revolutionary”... Even today, however, her chamber music betrays its twentieth-century roots in its pervasive use of collage. Her preferred form, and one she invented herself, is the swale: a term for a meadow or marsh in which a lot of plants grow together, and by extension a musical piece in which diverse musical ideas and even styles grow side by side. (The interest is curiously anticipated in a 1979 text-sound piece that runs, “Clover and daisies, alfalfa, and Queen Anne’s lace, hegemony, hodge-podge, and heliotrope... ” However, Anderson didn’t discover the word until a horse named Swale won the 1984 Kentucky Derby.) "The Simple Grace of Beth Anderson by New World Records, on newworldrecords.org, Accessed April 18, 2013. Wikipedia has an article about: Beth Anderson (composer) Beth Anderson, Composer Writings by Beth Anderson, 2003
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Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium anisopliae (also known as Entomophthora anisopliae in the early 1900s) was named after the insect species it was originally isolated from, the beetle Anisoplia austriaca. It is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasite; it thus belongs to the entomopathogenic fungi. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction for which a teleomorph has not yet been discovered. Cordyceps taii was shown to be the teleomorph of Metarhizium taii, so it seems likely that the one of M. anisopliae will also turn out to be a Cordyceps species. However, it is also possible that some, if not most, strains of M. anisopliae have lost the capability of reproducing sexually. Metarhizium anisopliae is being used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests such as Grasshoppers, Termites, Thrips, catterpillers ..aphids/ etc. and its use in the control of malaria-transmitting mosquitos is under investigation. The disease caused by the fungus is called green muscardine disease because of the green color of its spores. When these mitotic (asexual) spores (properly called conidia) of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect host, they germinate and the hyphae that emerge penetrate the cuticle. The fungus then develops inside the body eventually killing the insect after a few days; this lethal effect is very likely aided by the production of insecticidal cyclic peptides (destruxins). The cuticle of the cadaver often becomes red. If the ambient humidity is high enough, a white mold then grows on the cadaver that soon turns green as spores are produced. The microscopic spores are typically sprayed on affected areas; the plan for malaria control is to coat mosquito nets or cotton sheets attached to the wall with them. The level of insect control (mortality) in general depends on factors like the number of spores applied against the insect host, the fungus strain used, the formulation and weather conditions. Oil-based formulations allow the application of fungal spores under dry conditions. The fungus does not appear to infect humans or other animals and is considered safe as an insecticide. Most insects living near the soil have evolved natural defenses against entomopathogenic fungi like M. anisopliae. This fungus is therefore locked in an evolutionary battle to overcome these defenses, which has led to a large number of strains that are adapted to certain groups of insects. Some strains are so specific that they have attained variety status, like Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, which almost exclusively infects grasshoppers in the suborder Caelifera of the Orthoptera. F. Driver, R. J. Milner, W. H. Trueman (2000). "A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA". Mycological Research 104: 135-151. C. J. Lomer, C. Prior, C. Kooyman (1997). "Development of Metarhizium spp. for the control of grasshoppers and locusts". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 171: 265-286. Donald G. McNeil Jr., Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria, The New York Times, 10 June 2005 Index Fungorum record, links to a list of synonyms LUBILOSA Program, website of the program that developed Metarhizium for locust control
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