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The piston, with its connecting rod and bearing, transfers the force of the combustion and expansion of the power stroke to the crankshaft. The piston itself, its rings, and the piston or gudgeon pin are together called the piston assembly. The cutaway shape on this piston allows it to clear the counterweights on this rotating crankshaft. The shape of the piston crown depends on the shape of its combustion chamber, and its compression ratio. In diesel engines, the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown, depending on the method of injection, so they use pistons with different shapes. The piston crown may be flat, concave, dome, or recessed. The piston must stand up to great heat and pressure. It also must change direction from about 10 times a second to up to hundreds of times a second. In most engines, the weight of the pistons is important for engine balance. This is why pistons should only be replaced in matched sets. Some pistons are forged, while others are cast aluminum alloys. All pistons expand as they heat up. As there is more metal near the gudgeon pin, this area tends to expand the most. To allow for this, many pistons are machined into a slightly oval shape. This is called cam grinding. Then, as the piston heats up and expands, it becomes round. Other methods to control expansion include steel struts or ribs, expansion slots in the skirt, or slots called heat dams that restrict movement of the heat.
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Within the subject of algebra, there is a structure called algebra. In order to meet our needs, we need to strongly modify this concept to obtain Boolean algebras. Definition 1.1 (Boolean algebras): A Boolean algebra is a set A {\displaystyle A} together with two binary operations ∨ {\displaystyle \vee } and ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } , an unary operation ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } and 0 , 1 ∈ A {\displaystyle 0,1\in A} such that the following axioms hold for all a , b , c ∈ A {\displaystyle a,b,c\in A} : Associativity of ∨ {\displaystyle \vee } and ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } : a ◻ ( b ◻ c ) = ( a ◻ b ) ◻ c {\displaystyle a\Box (b\Box c)=(a\Box b)\Box c} , ◻ ∈ { ∨ , ∧ } {\displaystyle \Box \in \{\vee ,\wedge \}} Commutativity of ∨ {\displaystyle \vee } and ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } : a ◻ b = b ◻ a {\displaystyle a\Box b=b\Box a} , ◻ ∈ { ∨ , ∧ } {\displaystyle \Box \in \{\vee ,\wedge \}} Absorbtion laws: a ◻ ( a ▽ b ) = a {\displaystyle a\Box (a\triangledown b)=a} , { ◻ , ▽ } = { ∨ , ∧ } {\displaystyle \{\Box ,\triangledown \}=\{\vee ,\wedge \}} Distributivity laws: a ◻ ( b ▽ c ) = ( a ◻ b ) ▽ ( a ◻ c ) {\displaystyle a\Box (b\triangledown c)=(a\Box b)\triangledown (a\Box c)} , { ◻ , ▽ } = { ∨ , ∧ } {\displaystyle \{\Box ,\triangledown \}=\{\vee ,\wedge \}} Neutral elements: a ∨ 0 = a {\displaystyle a\vee 0=a} , a ∧ 1 = a {\displaystyle a\wedge 1=a} Complementation laws: a ∨ ¬ a = 1 {\displaystyle a\vee \neg a=1} , a ∧ ¬ a = 0 {\displaystyle a\wedge \neg a=0} Fundamental example 1.2 (logic): If we take A = { ⊥ , ⊤ } {\displaystyle A=\{\bot ,\top \}} and ∨ , ∧ , ¬ {\displaystyle \vee ,\wedge ,\neg } to be the usual operations from logic, we obtain a Boolean algebra. Fundamental example and theorem 1.3: Let S {\displaystyle S} be an arbitrary set, and let A ⊂ 2 S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}\subset 2^{S}} such that S , ∅ ∈ A {\displaystyle S,\emptyset \in {\mathcal {A}}} A , B ∈ S ⇒ A ∪ B ∈ S , A ∩ B ∈ S {\displaystyle A,B\in S\Rightarrow A\cup B\in S,A\cap B\in S} A ∈ S ⇒ A ̄ ∈ S {\displaystyle A\in S\Rightarrow {\overline {A}}\in S} , where A ̄ {\displaystyle {\overline {A}}} denotes the complement of A {\displaystyle A} . We set 1 := S {\displaystyle 1:=S} , 0 := ∅ {\displaystyle 0:=\emptyset } , ∨ := ∪ {\displaystyle \vee :=\cup } , ∧ := ∩ {\displaystyle \wedge :=\cap } , and ¬ A := A ̄ {\displaystyle \neg A:={\overline {A}}} for all A ⊆ S {\displaystyle A\subseteq S} . Then ( A , 0 , 1 , ∨ , ∧ , ¬ ) {\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}},0,1,\vee ,\wedge ,\neg )} is a Boolean algebra, called an algebra of subsets of S {\displaystyle S} . Proof: Closedness under the operations follows from 1. - 3. We have to verify 1. - 6. from definition 1.1. 1. A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∈ B ∪ C ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∈ B ∨ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S : ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B ) ∨ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S : ( x ∈ A ∪ B ) ∨ x ∈ C } = ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cup (B\cup C)&=\{x\in S:x\in A\vee (x\in B\cup C)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\vee (x\in B\vee x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S:(x\in A\vee x\in B)\vee x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S:(x\in A\cup B)\vee x\in C\}\\&=(A\cup B)\cup C\end{aligned}}} A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∈ B ∩ C ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∈ B ∧ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S : ( x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B ) ∧ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S : ( x ∈ A ∩ B ) ∧ x ∈ C } = ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cap (B\cap C)&=\{x\in S:x\in A\wedge (x\in B\cap C)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\wedge (x\in B\wedge x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S:(x\in A\wedge x\in B)\wedge x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S:(x\in A\cap B)\wedge x\in C\}\\&=(A\cap B)\cap C\end{aligned}}} 2. A ∪ B = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ B ∨ x ∈ A } = B ∪ A {\displaystyle A\cup B=\{x\in S:x\in A\vee x\in B\}=\{x\in S:x\in B\vee x\in A\}=B\cup A} A ∩ B = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ B ∧ x ∈ A } = B ∩ A {\displaystyle A\cap B=\{x\in S:x\in A\wedge x\in B\}=\{x\in S:x\in B\wedge x\in A\}=B\cap A} 3. A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ ( A ∩ B ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B ) } = { x ∈ S : ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ A ) ∧ ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A } = A {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cup (A\cap B)&=\{x\in S:x\in A\vee x\in (A\cap B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\vee (x\in A\wedge x\in B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:(x\in A\vee x\in A)\wedge (x\in A\vee x\in B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\wedge (x\in A\vee x\in B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\}=A\end{aligned}}} A ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ ( A ∪ B ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B ) } = { x ∈ S : ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ A ) ∧ ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B ) } = { x ∈ S : x ∈ A } = A {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cap (A\cup B)&=\{x\in S:x\in A\wedge x\in (A\cup B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\wedge (x\in A\vee x\in B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:(x\in A\vee x\in A)\wedge (x\in A\vee x\in B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\vee (x\in A\wedge x\in B)\}\\&=\{x\in S:x\in A\}=A\end{aligned}}} 4. A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ ( B ∩ C ) } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∈ B ∧ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S | ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B ) ∧ ( x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S | ( x ∈ A ∩ B ) ∧ ( x ∈ A ∩ C ) } = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cup (B\cap C)&=\{x\in S|x\in A\vee x\in (B\cap C)\}\\&=\{x\in S|x\in A\vee (x\in B\wedge x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S|(x\in A\vee x\in B)\wedge (x\in A\vee x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S|(x\in A\cap B)\wedge (x\in A\cap C)\}\\&=(A\cap B)\cup (A\cap C)\end{aligned}}} A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ ( B ∪ C ) } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∈ B ∨ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S | ( x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B ) ∨ ( x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ C ) } = { x ∈ S | ( x ∈ A ∪ B ) ∨ ( x ∈ A ∪ C ) } = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cap (B\cup C)&=\{x\in S|x\in A\wedge x\in (B\cup C)\}\\&=\{x\in S|x\in A\wedge (x\in B\vee x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S|(x\in A\wedge x\in B)\vee (x\in A\wedge x\in C)\}\\&=\{x\in S|(x\in A\cup B)\vee (x\in A\cup C)\}\\&=(A\cup B)\cap (A\cup C)\end{aligned}}} 5. A ∩ S = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ S } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∧ ⊤ } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A } = A {\displaystyle A\cap S=\{x\in S|x\in A\wedge x\in S\}=\{x\in S|x\in A\wedge \top \}=\{x\in S|x\in A\}=A} A ∪ ∅ = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ ∅ } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∨ ⊥ } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A } = A {\displaystyle A\cup \emptyset =\{x\in S|x\in A\vee x\in \emptyset \}=\{x\in S|x\in A\vee \bot \}=\{x\in S|x\in A\}=A} 6. A ∪ A ̄ = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∈ A ̄ ) } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∨ ( x ∉ A ) } = { x ∈ S | ⊤ } = S {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cup {\overline {A}}&=\{x\in S|x\in A\vee (x\in {\overline {A}})\}\\&=\{x\in S|x\in A\vee (x\notin A)\}\\&=\{x\in S|\top \}\\&=S\end{aligned}}} A ∩ A ̄ = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∈ A ̄ ) } = { x ∈ S | x ∈ A ∧ ( x ∉ A ) } = { x ∈ S | ⊥ } = S {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A\cap {\overline {A}}&=\{x\in S|x\in A\wedge (x\in {\overline {A}})\}\\&=\{x\in S|x\in A\wedge (x\notin A)\}\\&=\{x\in S|\bot \}\\&=S\end{aligned}}} We thus see that the laws of a Boolean algebra are "elevated" from the Boolean algebra of logic to the Boolean algebra of sets. Exercise 1.1.1: Let A {\displaystyle A} be a Boolean algebra and a ∈ A {\displaystyle a\in A} . Prove that a ∧ a = a {\displaystyle a\wedge a=a} and a ∨ a = a {\displaystyle a\vee a=a} . During the remainder of the book, we shall adhere to the following notation conventions (due to Felix Hausdorff). If the sets A 1 , ... , A n {\displaystyle A_{1},\ldots ,A_{n}} are pairwise disjoint, we shall write ∑ j = 1 n A j {\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{n}A_{j}} for ⋃ j = 1 n A j {\displaystyle \bigcup _{j=1}^{n}A_{j}} ; with this notation we already indicate that the A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} are pairwise disjoint. That is, if we encounter an expression such as ∑ j = 1 n A j {\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{n}A_{j}} and the A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} are sets, the A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} are assumed to be pairwise disjoint. If A , B {\displaystyle A,B} are sets and A ⊆ B {\displaystyle A\subseteq B} , we replace B ∖ A {\displaystyle B\setminus A} by B − A {\displaystyle B-A} . This means: In any occasion where you find the notation B − A {\displaystyle B-A} within this book, it means B ∖ A {\displaystyle B\setminus A} and A ⊆ B {\displaystyle A\subseteq B} (note that in this way a set obtains a unique "additive inverse").
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You want a toolkit for pulling information out of web pages, even if those pages are not well formed XML files. XQuery is an ideal toolkit for manipulating well-formed HTML; you need only use the doc() function, e.g. doc('http://www.example.org/index.html') or doc('/db/path/to/index.html'). But, if a webpage is not well-formed XML, you will get errors about the source not being well-formed. Luckily, there are programs that transform HTML files into well-formed XML files. eXist provides several such tools. One is the httpclient module's get function, httpclient:get(). To use this function you need to enable the httpclient module, by modifying the conf.xml file so that the module is loaded the next time you start eXist. Uncomment the following line: For example the following example performs an HTTP GET on the list of all the feeds from the IBM web site: let $feeds-url := 'http://www.ibm.com/ibm/syndication/us/en/?cm_re=footer-_-ibmfeeds-_-top_level' let $data := httpclient:get(xs:anyURI($feeds-url), true(), ) return $data Sometimes the HTML is so malformed that even httpclient:get() will not be able to salvage the HTML. For example, if an element has two @id elements, you will get the error, "Error XQDY0025: element has more than one attribute 'id'". In this case, you may need to download the HTML source and clean up the HTML just enough so that eXist can parse the rest. Then, store the file in your database, and use the util:parse-html() function (which passes the text through the Neko HTML parser to make it well-formed). The following XQuery will clean up HTML (saved as text file, because it is still malformed): let $html-txt := util:binary-to-string(util:binary-doc('/db/html-file-saved-as-text.txt')) let $data := util:parse-html($html-txt) return $data Once you have the have the results in Source code for echo.xq xquery version "1.0"; declare namespace httpclient="http://exist-db.org/xquery/httpclient"; let $feeds-url := 'http://www.ibm.com/ibm/syndication/us/en/?cm_re=footer-_-ibmfeeds-_-top_level' let $http-get-data := httpclient:get(xs:anyURI($feeds-url), true(), ) return {$http-get-data}
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Play media Open Educational Resources (OER) are documents, media, software and processes that are useful to teaching, learning, education and assessment, and that are made openly accessible and reusable by anyone for any purpose, free of barriers or restrictions. To achieve this, OER is typically (but not only) published and distributed through the Internet, in a format that can be freely used and modified, carrying a copyright license that permits free and unrestricted reuse – provided the original author is attributed, and sometimes provided derivatives are republished with the same reusable copyright. This resource aims to bring some clarity to what OERs are, and how people can use them. OER has a number of interests, from international agencies like the United Nations, through to individual practitioners who share many of the principles and values. This section highlights some of these interests. By far the largest and most flexible platform for OER is the Wikimedia Foundation, hosting and administering multi lingual and open source sites like Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikibooks, Wikiversity and many others. Wikipedia alone is now the world's 6th most visited website, and the other projects are linked to that in various ways. UNESCO is a very early proponent of OERs and they are accredited with establishing the phrase OER. The OECD published a 147 page report in 2007 called, Giving Knowledge for Free. The emergence of open educational resources. The Hewlett Foundation has granted hundreds of millions of dollars to open educational development, in California and Internationally, for over 10 years. Funded by the Hewlett Foundation and supported by the Commonwealth of Learning, Otago Polytechnic, and Athabasca University, the OER Foundation administers the Wikieducator project and the Open Education Resources University. The Free Software Foundation supports the use of free software in schools and universities. Peer to Peer University (P2PU) Eliademy offers teachers to crowdsource their online courses. OER has a number of characteristics, benefits, challenges, limitations and opportunities. OER derives its name from the free software movement – often conflated with the open source software movement. Since 1986 free software has operated around 4 key principles of freedom/openness and in many respects these principles can and do transfer to OER: The freedom to run the program for any purpose. The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits. Practically speaking though, OER has the following characteristics: Freely accessible content, media and resources Freely reusable copyrights and formats Design is considerate of bandwidth and accessibility Freedom and openness as principles in their production and use Accessible – in terms of being free of restriction, password access, fee for access, or format limitations, but also in terms of bandwidth minimization, and usable for people with disabilities. Minimal cost – Not only are resources cost-free wherever possible, the medium of their distribution should not presuppose expense in hardware, software or resources. For example, media which requires high bandwidth and large data costs for both the user and provider. Media in formats that require proprietary software or specialist skills to edit and modify, may present software licensing and expertise costs. Reusable and adaptable – The copyright explicitly permits reuse (including republishing, modification, and commercial uses), the format doesn't restrict access or reuse, and very often the resource is editable in-situ – such as a Wikipedia page. Cost-shifting – costs are shifted away from the end-consumer, borne by others instead. Consumer relationship – Where openness extends to production process, 'consumers' may become 'producers' and vice-versa. Copyright – Copyright licenses that permit or restrict reuse, derivative productions, or commercial use create a range of challenges for libraries, repositories, producers and consumers. Skills – many aspects of OER demand new and alternative perspectives to 'mainstream' views on content ownership and value, copyright, format and publishing venue. These can become significant challenges to professional development and simply learning about OER. Cultural dominance and globalisation – where OER is primarily produced by educational institutions within industrialised economies, and ones with the most resources for that production. This risks the relegation of people from non-industrialised economies, minor educational institutions, and alternative approaches to education, to the consumption of information less than the production. Quality assurance – if anyone can create, adapt and republish an OER, how can we be sure of its quality? Adaptability – as is often the case with teaching, context is a major consideration, and it may often be that a resource isn't immediately suitable, and requires adaptation. This is called a reusablity paradox. Legalities – Many educational institutions claim ownership of the intellectual property created by staff. This can limit the ability of staff to engage if that institution's policy is to also limit publication on outside websites, and with copyrights other than All Rights Reserved. Such a policy can also limit the reuse of OER that requires a Share Alike copyright license be applied. Quality can be improved and costs can be reduced by sharing resources in copy editing, copyright control, media repositories and publishing platforms Increase rapid development of new learning resources and improve development practices locally Publish accessible and adaptable information Expand access to learning and educational services, and achieve wider participation in education Promote fee-based services such as tuition, formal assessment and accreditation Obtain publicity and develop public relations Reduce the costs of maintaining closed, exclusive and restricted access and reuse of resources Free and open software Share-able learning object theory Open and Distance Learning meets Free and Open Source Software MIT's Open Courseware Initiative 2001 UNESCO coins the phrase 'OER' in 2002 The Capetown Declaration 2007 More info on Wikipedia article for OER, in the History section The Wikimedia Foundation projects Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) Open access to research Legislation, policies and funding Open educational resources and globalization – a panel discussion problematising OER as being global in outlook, where cultural difference is not yet considered Napster, Udacity and the Academy – Clay Shirky offers an opinion that MOOCs disrupt education in the same way that MP3 disrupted the music industry How 'open' are MOOCs – Clay Shirky questioning the trend to close up MOOCs Because OER is poorly defined to date, there are some traps and pitfalls to watch out for when using OER. Primarily copyright, publishing platform and format are the 3 areas to watch. Many publishers of "OER" restrict reuse via these three areas. They often apply copyrights that restrict to Non-commercial or Non-derivative uses, or they publish on platforms that either technically restrict use (such as Youtube not offering file download features), or they use formats that require proprietary software to access and modify the resource. There are ways around all these issues of course, but they can be time consuming, require skill and software, and ultimately amount to barriers and costs. If you start with the projects under the Wikimedia Foundation however, this includes Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikiversity and Wikimedia Commons (as well as several other project spaces), their operating principles require the use of free copyrights, free formats, and obviously using platforms that make it simple to copy and modify works. These project spaces are user generated however, so some caution still needs to be observed in the use of resources found there. In some instances, 3rd party copyrights may not have been properly observed for example. The larger projects like Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons however, have a very large user base and these oversights are usually dealt with quickly. The smaller projects however, have less users participating, and so errors can exist for longer. Wikimedia Commons – User generated images, video, audio, diagrams, graphics and illustrations, in multiple languages, all free for reuse. Wikipedia – User generated encyclopedia reference texts, in multiple languages, including discussion forums on every entry, project portals for subject ranges, and all edit history recorded. Simple English Wikipedia – Similar to Wikipedia, but that articles are written in plain English OER Knowledge Cloud, a UNESCO/COL project. Includes a list of journal articles OER Portals and Gateways OER Repositories OER Commons is one of the largest guides to OER, with over 10,000 resources cataloged, drawn from many other OER sites. Wikiversity's list of open educational resources at other sites Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): Free, full-text, quality-controlled scientific and scholarly journals OER development and publishing initiatives OER Tools Evidence Hub for Open Education at OLnet Organizations advocating for open educational practices can provide valuable sources for citation, like this one: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/members/aps-wikipedia-initiative OER Policy Registry from Creative Commons Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources, 2007. ISBN 9789264032125 [1] JISC OER impact report – UK-focused qualitative view of the impact of OER on academic staff Blog posts like this one document a variety of open educational practices. We should consider the best way to capture the knowledge expressed in such posts, while keeping in mind that blogs run by individuals are not particularly high quality sources (per WP:RS). Open Educational Resources with Learning Tasks about OER Introduction to Open Educational Resources Open educational resources and globalization Developing high quality educational resources Introduction to Learning Objects Composing free and open online educational resources Classifying educational resources Libre knowledge Open Education Week 2013 OECD. (2007) Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources. ISBN 9789264032125 http://www.alexa.com/topsites Alexa Web Statistics Top Sites] Johnstone, Sally M. (2005). "Open Educational Resources Serve the World". Educause Quarterly 28 (3). http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Quarterly/EDUCAUSEQuarterlyMagazineVolum/OpenEducationalResourcesServet/157357. Retrieved 2010-11-01. Free Software Foundation Europe (ed. ): Free Software in Education. Retrieved on 16 May 2013. Jean Peyratout; Free Software Foundation Europe (ed. ): Why give precedence to Free Software at school?. Retrieved on 16 May 2013. Downes, S. (2008) Open Content, Enclosure and Conversion. Half an Hour Blog. Retrieved Nov 2012. GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 Number 1, page 8. Mulder, J. (2008) Knowledge Dissemination in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Role for Open Educational Resources (OER)?. Master’s Thesis International Relations. International School for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam Wiley, D. (2001) The Reusability Paradox. Connexions Blackall, L. (2010) Giving a brief talk at Parliament House. http://leighblackall.com. Retrieved Nov 2012. Amazing stories of openness (Alan Levine) OER Handbook (WikiEducator) OER Course Collaboratory (WikiEducator) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's OER study UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning's OER wiki about OER development OER Grapevine – a wiki and email list bringing OER project leaders together to brainstorm on OER development issues and strategies Software and Community in the Early 21st Century Eben Moglen's keynote address at the Plone Conference 2006 Eben Moglen explains openness: Eben Moglen on Free Software and Social Justice The Cape Town Open Education Declaration Open Source Physics Open educational resources (University of Michigan) Open Learning Initiative Open and free courses from Carnegie Mellon University Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, Volume 24 Issue 1 2009 – Open Educational Resources Education 4.0 : The Future of Learning
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At common law, all statements made to a person in authority must be proven to be voluntary for them to be admissible. This is known as the "confessions rule". This must be determined through a voir dire without a jury on a standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The primary purpose of the common law confessions rule to ensure the reliability of confessions. The use of interrogation techniques present a risk that a person will confess falsely. The rule is also to protect the right against self-crimination and ensure fairness. The voluntariness of a statement is determined by considering the following factors: threats or promises oppression operating mind police trickery The application of the confessions rule is contextual and requires taking into account all the circumstances. The degree of each factor present will be taken into account. For example, a low level inducement may vitiate voluntariness where the level of oppression from lack of sleep may be high. The test for right to silence and voluntariness are functionally equivalent. A voluntary statement cannot violate the right to silence. A statement made to a person in authority is not inadmissible solely because the officer failed to give the proper cautions. This failure may be a factor in the voluntariness analysis, but admissibility rests solely on the question of voluntariness. Origin The voluntariness rule derives its origin from the Ibrahim rule from the English common law, which exlcudes statements only where the police held out explicit threats or promises to the accused. R. v. Singh 2007 SCC 48 (CanLII), [2007] 3 SCR 405 at para. 29 R v Oickle, 2000 SCC 38 at paras. 32 and 47 Singh at para. 21 R. v. Oickle 2000 SCC 38 Oickle at paras. 47, 68, 71 Oickle at para. 71 R. v. Singh, 2007 SCC 48 (CanLII), [2007] 3 SCR 405 at para. 8 R. v. Hamadeh, 2011 ONSC 1241 (CanLII) R. v. Boudreau, 1949 CanLII 26 (SCC), [1949] S.C.R. 262 R. v. Esposito 1985 CanLII 118 (ON CA), (1985), 53 O.R. (2d) 356 (C.A.) R. v. K.P.L.F., 2010 NSCA 45 (CanLII), 2010 NSCA 45, 290 N.S.R. (2d) 387 at para 38 (“the issue of the caution should not be elevated to such an extent as to exclude a proper consideration of all of the relevant factors.”) Ibrahim v. The King, [1914] A.C. 599 (P.C. ), at p. 609 ("no statement by an accused is admissible in evidence against him unless it is shewn by the prosecution to have been a voluntary statement, in the sense that it has not been obtained from him either by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage exercised or held out by a person in authority") See also DPP v Ping Lin [1976] AC 588 at p. 606 for the English test Ibrahim adopted in Canada in Prosko v. The King 1922 CanLII 67 (SCC), (1922), 63 S.C.R. 226 see further history in Oickle The confessions rule is not engaged until a statement has been made to a "person in authority". "Persons in authority" include: peace officer social worker interpreter assisting in a police interrogation It will not include peace officer who are undercover posing as a cellmate or posing as a criminal in a "Mr. Big" operation. R. v. Matchim, 2011 NLTD 60 (CanLII) R. v. Mahmood, 2008 CanLII 56710 (ON SC) R. v. J.(D. ), 2009 ONCJ 555 (CanLII) R. v. Osmar, 2007 ONCA 50 (CanLII) Statements are to be inadmissible where they are the product of a “fear of prejudice or hope of advantage”. Offering "inducements" is a valid method of obtaining statements. The officer may convince the suspect that it is in his best interests to confess. Only "improper inducements" are prohibited. Those are inducements that "whether standing alone or in combination with other factors, are strong enough to raise a reasonable doubt about whether the will of the subject has been overborne". An inducement that came from somewhere other than a person in authority will not render the statement involuntary. The presence of a quid pro quo between a person in authority and the accused is a major factor in determining whether the accused's will was overborne. An inducement that is only the figment of the accused's imagination, the statement will be admissible. Valid forms of inducements include: spiritual or religious appeals polygraph results minimizing moral gravity of offence Invalid forms of inducements include: any connection of statement to liberty quid pro quo for any type of service by police or prosecutor discuss effect of confession on possible penalties Oickle at para. 49 Oickle at para. 57 R. v. Spencer, 2007 SCC 11 at para 13-15 Oickle at para 57 see also R. v. Henri, [2001] A.J. No. 462 (Q.B.) R. v. Carpenter 2001 BCCA 31 Oickle at para. 56,57 R. v. Bakker 2003 BCSC 599 at paras 90, 95 R. v. Crockett 2002 BCCA 658 at para 28 R. v. Grouse 2004 NSCA 108 R. v. Spencer, 2007 SCC 11 at para 13-15 - regarding will being overborne R. v. Whittle, 1994 CanLII 55 (SCC), [1994] 2 SCR 914 R. v. MacNeil (1995), 138 N.S.R. (2d) 117 (NSCA) leave to SCC denied R v. McIntosh (1999) 141 C.C.C. (3d) 97 (Ont CA) leave to SCC denied R. v. Speidel 2003 BCSC 1532 R. v. Bakker 2003 BCSC 599 R. v. Backhouse, 2005 CanLII 4937 (ON CA) - officer offered to release him if he gave a good alibi. This was seens as a valid description of the situation not inducement. R. c. Bégin, 2002 CanLII 41203 (QC CA) - officer offered lenient sentence and protection. Ruled involuntary. R. v. Warren (1997) 117 C.C.C. (3d) 418 (NWTCA) - officer said confession would result in lesser offence charged and lighter sentence. Voluntary as inducements did not cause confession The oppression factor is where the Accused is subject to such pressure that they lose their ability to chose not to speak. Consideration for this factor includes: aggressive and long interrogations confrontation with false or fabricated evidence deprivations of food, water, clothing, warmth/cold, sleep, medical attention An officer hinting at the possibility of a death penalty as well as suggesting the obligation of the accused to prove innocence can be oppressive. R. v. Paternak (1995), 101 CCC 3d 452 (ABCA) 1995 ABCA 356 R. v. Espadilla 2005 BCSC 174 The issue of operating mind asks, on the whole on the evidence, whether 1) the accused understood what he was saying and 2) the consequences of saying it to a person in authority. If so, he can found to have an “operating mind”. The level of awareness cannot go any further than that. The first of the two questions, focuses on the reliability of the statement. The second, concerns the fairness of the process. The judge must take into account an individual’s background. Not all persons have the same mental fortitude and are more easily influenced to a point of making a false confession. Cases have considered circumstances where accused are rendered incapable of voluntarily confessing, (eg. Ward mentioned in Oickle) such as where they undergo “complete emotional disintegration”. The doctrine is not separate and apart from the rest of the confessions rule. Cognitive impairments such as schizophrenia, intoxication, or other mental health conditions will not necessarily render a statement involuntary. Whittle [1994] 2 SCR 914 a p 936 (the standard “does not imply a higher degree of awareness...” than the standard proposed) Concerns of this is detailed at para 42 of Oickle see R v Horvath 1979 CanLII 16 (SCC) at p 400 R. v. Reeves, 2011 BCSC 1513 at 63 R v Whittle [1994] 2 SCR 914 - schizophrenic accused's statement was voluntary R. v. Oldham (1970) 1 C.C.C. (2d) 141 (B.C.C.A.) R. v. McKenna [1961] 1 S.C.R. 660 R. v. Richard (1980) 56 C.C.C. (2d) 129 (BCCA) R. v. Labbe 2002 BCSC 996 appealed on other grounds R. v. Legato (2002) 172 C.C.C. (3d) 415 (QCCA) - accused was on morphine at the time R. v. Pavlovszky, 2005 NBCA 9 R. v. Santinon 11 C.C.C. (2d) 121 (BCCA) R. v. Nagotcha [1980] 1 S.C.R. 714 Trickery by police is allowed. Authorities sometimes must resort to tricks and deceit in dealing with shrewd and sophisticated criminals. What the law does not permit, however, is "conduct on their part that shocks the community". (emph. added) Police trickery is a distinct area of consideration from the other factors of voluntariness. The purpose of considering trickery is to maintain "the integrity of the criminal justice system". Conduct that shocks the community may not necessarily violate the right to silence or any other rule of voluntariness. Examples of improper trickery include: pretending to be a chaplain or legal aid lawyer using truth serum under the pretense that it is insulin pretending to turn off a tape recorder when taking a statement Oickle at para. 66 citing Rothman v. The Queen, 1981 CanLII 23 (SCC), [1981] 1 SCR 640 Oickle at para. 65 Oickle at para. 65 Oickle at para. 67 Oickle at para 67 Oickle at para. 67 R. v. Holt, 2012 BCSC 1121 (CanLII) Video recording "can greatly assist the trier of fact in assessing [a] confession". They provide a means for the court to enforce safeguards, it evaluates interrogation methods and deters improper tactics. A statement that was not recorded does not automatically render it inadmissible. The same goes for incomplete recordings. However, the lack of recording can enhance concerns of voluntariness. Where the accused is in custody in a location equipped to record a statement but it was not used, the non-recorded statement is inherently suspect. Where the statement was not recorded or only partially recorded, the statement may be excluded where the absence of a record results in the inability to determine if the statement was voluntary. Thus, situations where the summarizing notes are too short to capture the whole statement may raise an issue on voluntariness. Similarly, statements that are non-video or audio recorded, it is not necessarily inadmissible. In all cases, the crown must prove there is a sufficient record of the interaction between the accused and police. However, where the recording facilities exist but are not used the statement may be "suspect". Thus, the judge must determine whether a sufficient substitute has been provided to prove voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt. Issues of the accuracy and authenticity of a statement is not an issue of the judge in the voir dire but rather the trier-of-fact in the trial itself. The issue is one of authenticity not admissibility. However, this does not mean all issues of "accuracy and completeness of record[s]". The "completeness, accuracy and reliability of the record" are relevant to the inquiry into the surrounding circumstances of the taking of the statement. Oickle at para. 46 R. v. M.D., 2012 ONCA 841 (CanLII) Oickle at para. 46 Oickle at para. 46 R v Reeves 2011 BCSC 1513 at para. 40 R. v. Richards, [1997] 87 B.C.A.C. 2, 33 W.C.B. (2d) 39, 1997 CanLII 12470 (BCCA)at para. 36 R. v. Moore-McFarlane and Bogel, [2001] O.J. No. 4646 (C.A. ), 2001 CanLII 6363 at para. 64, 65 and 67 Reeves at 41 R. v. White 2003 CanLII 40837 (ON CA) at para. 21 R. v. Moore-McFarlane 2001 CanLII 6363 (ON CA) at paras. 65-6 R. v. M.D., 2012 ONCA 841 (CanLII) at para. 41 R. v. Belanger (1978), 40 C.C.C. (2d) 335 at 345 (Ont. H.C.J.) R v Richards at 33 R. v. Ducharme, 2004 MBCA 29 (CanLII) (Man. C.A. ), leave to appeal to SCC refused at para. 42 R v Lapointe, (1983) 9 CCC (3d) 366 (ONCA) aff'd at 35 CCC (3d) 287 Moore-McFarlane at para. 67 The procedure for conducting a voir dire on voluntariness of a confession should proceed as follows: crown requests a voir dire jury is excluded, if present crown informs court of the purpose of the voir dire crown will call witnesses to give evidence on the treatment of the accused by police up to the statement. accused may choose to call witnesses judge decides whether the statements are voluntary Gibson, "Criminal Evidence, Practice & Procedure" 18(B) This Crown must prove voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt in a voir dire. The Crown is required to lead evidence detailing the surrounding circumstances leading up to the statement. A failure to set out a sufficient record of the interaction between the accused and police may result in the statement being involuntary. There is no obligation of the part of the Crown to call every police officer who was present during any interaction with the accused. Ordinarily the crown should call "all persons in authority who have contact with the accused person while in custody prior to the taking of his statement". This does not include persons who only pass on information unless their evidence bears on the voluntariness of the statement. A person in authority who is sufficiently remote from the taking of the statement should not necessarily be required to testify. However, the Crown should provide some explanation that the officers who did not testify did not have a direct involvement with the taking of a statement. A statement will not be rendered inadmissible because there is a "mere possibility or conjecture of an earlier conversation in which threats or promises may have been made" by a person who did not testify. I do not think there is a rule of law which requires rejection of a statement because of the mere possibility or conjecture of an earlier conversation in which threats or promises may have been made R. v. Moore-McFarlane, [2001] O.J. No. 4646 (C.A. ), 2001 CanLII 6363 at para. 65 and 67 R. v. Ahmed, [2002] O.J. No. 4597 (C.A. ), 2002 CanLII 695 at para. 22 R v Sankey, 1927 CanLII 43 (SCC), [1927] SCR 436 R. v. Guilbride, 2003 BCPC 261 (CanLII) at paras. 48-50 R v Malik [2002] BCJ No 3222 (BCSC) Moore-McFarlane at para. 70 R v Holmes,(2002) 169 CCC (3d) 344 (ONCA) - crown failed to call evidence of 16 hour wait period in custody See also, R. v. Jimmy John, 2007 ABPC 125 (CanLII) - failed to call an officer who was present R. v. Petri, 2003 MBCA 1 (CanLII) R. v. Koszulap (1974), 20 C.C.C. (2d) 193 (Ont. C.A.) at p. 194, 197-198 R. v. Genaille, 1997 CanLII 4333 (MB CA) leave refused - failure to call sherrif's who detained accused prior to statement. statement found voluntary R. v. Guilbride - statement taken in police officer's note books conflicted R v Garfield (1974) 21 CCC (2d) 449 (ONCA) at p. 457 ("The appellant's position ... is that the prosecution is obliged to call ... every witness who had anything to do with an accused who makes a confession, from the moment of his first contact with the police until the statement has been given. In my opinion, the proposition, stated in those terms, is too broad.") R. v. Settee (1974), 22 C.C.C. (2d) 193, pp. 206-207 (SKCA) R. v. Menezes, 2001 CanLII 28426 (ON SC) at para. 19 ("There is no absolute rule that every person in authority irrespective of the degree of contact with the accused need be called on a confessional voir dire.") c.f. R v Thiffault [1933] SCR 509, 1933 CanLII 52 (SCC) R. v. Woodward (1975), 23 C.C.C. (2d) 508 (Ont. C.A.) R. v. Hatfield (1984), 62 N.S.R. (2d) 151 Hatfield elaborated in R. v. G.A.J., (1993), 120 N.S.R. (2d) 432 (N.S.C.A.) ("a person who simply receives and passes the fact of a telephone call unless that person had evidence that bears upon the voluntariness of the statement of the appellant or his understanding of or the exercise of his constitutional right".) R. v. Socobasin, 1996 CanLII 5271 (NS CA) R. v. Menezes, 2001 CanLII 28426 (ON SC) at para. 19 ("A flexible rule designed to examine the role of any police officer with real investigatory or custodial contact generally promotes meaningful scrutiny of relevant governmental conduct.") R. v. Dinardo, (1981), 61 C.C.C. (2d) 52 per Borins C.C.J. R. v. Brooks, 1986 CanLII 1168 (BC CA), (1986) 28 CCC (3d) 441 (BCCA) R v Chow, (1978) 43 CCC (2d) 215 (BCCA) at para. 16 Canadian Criminal Evidence/Cases/Admissions and Confessions#Voluntariness Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations/Voluntariness Voir Dire
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One wishes to solve the time-independent Schr\"odinger equation of motion in order to determine the stationary states of the quantum harmonic oscillator which has a quantum Hamiltonian of the form: H = ( 1 2 m ) ⋅ P 2 + k 2 ⋅ X 2 , {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =({\frac {1}{2m}})\cdot P^{2}+{\frac {k}{2}}\cdot X^{2}~,} where X {\displaystyle X} and P {\displaystyle P} are, respectively, the coordinate and conjugate momentum operators. X {\displaystyle X} and P {\displaystyle P} satisfy the Heisenberg commutation/'uncertainty' relations [ X , P ] = i ħ I , {\displaystyle [X,P]=i\hbar I~,} where the identity operator I {\displaystyle I} is employed to simplify notation. A simpler, equivalent form of the above Hamiltonian is obtained by defining physically dimensionless coordinate and momentum: x = ( X α ) , p = ( α P ħ ) = a n d = α = ħ m k . {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =({\frac {X}{\alpha }})~,~\mathbf {p} =({\frac {\alpha P}{\hbar }})~=and=~\alpha ={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar }{mk}}}~.} With these new dimensionless operators, x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } and p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } , the quantum Hamiltonian takes the form: H = ( ħ ω 2 ) ⋅ ( p 2 + x 2 ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =({\frac {\hbar \omega }{2}})\cdot (\mathbf {p} ^{2}+\mathbf {x} ^{2})~,} which in units of ħ ⋅ ω {\displaystyle \hbar \cdot \omega } is simply: H ′ = ( 1 2 ) ⋅ ( p 2 + x 2 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} '=({\frac {1}{2}})\cdot (\mathbf {p} ^{2}+\mathbf {x} ^{2})~.} The commutator of x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } with its conjugate operator p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } is simply [ x , p ] = i {\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} ]=i} ~.\\ Next one defines the superoperators S_{Hx} = [H, x] = -i \cdot p , a n d {\displaystyle ,and} S_{Hp} = [H, p] = i \cdot \mathbf{x} t h a t w i l l l e a d t o n e w o p e r a t o r s t h a t a c t a s [ [ . . / G e n e r a t o r / | g e n e r a t o r s ] ] o f a [ [ . . / T o p o l o g i c a l O r d e r 2 / | L i e A l g e b r a ] ] f o r t h i s q u a n t u m h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r . T h e e i g e n v e c t o r s < m a t h > Z {\displaystyle thatwillleadtonewoperatorsthatactas[[../Generator/|generators]]ofa[[../TopologicalOrder2/|LieAlgebra]]forthisquantumharmonicoscillator.TheeigenvectorsZ} of these superoperators are obtained by solving the equation S_H \cdot Z = \zeta Z , w h e r e {\displaystyle ,where} \zeta a r e t h e e i g e n v a l u e s , a n d {\displaystyle aretheeigenvalues,and} Z c a n b e w r i t t e n a s < m a t h > ( c 1 ⋅ x + c 2 ⋅ p ) {\displaystyle canbewrittenas(c_{1}\cdot x+c_{2}\cdot p)} ~. The solutions are ζ = ± 1 , = a n d = c 2 = ∓ i ⋅ c 1 . {\displaystyle \zeta =\pm 1~,=and=~~c_{2}=\mp i\cdot c_{1}~.} Therefore, the two eigenvectors of S H {\displaystyle S_{H}} can be written as: a † = c 1 ∗ ( x − i p ) , = a n d = a = c 1 ( x + i p ) , {\displaystyle a^{\dagger }=c_{1}*(x-ip)~,=and=~a=c_{1}(x+ip)~,} respectively for ζ = ± 1 {\displaystyle \zeta =\pm 1} ~. For c 1 = √ 2 {\displaystyle c_{1}=\surd {2}} one obtains normalized operators H , a {\displaystyle H,a} and a † {\displaystyle a\dagger } that generate a 4 {\displaystyle 4} --dimensional Lie algebra with commutators: [ H , a ] = − a , [ H , a † ] = a † , = a n d = [ a , a † ] = I . {\displaystyle [H,a]=-a~,~[H,a^{\dagger }]=a^{\dagger }~,~=and=~[a,a^{\dagger }]=I~.} The term a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } is called the annihilation operator and the term a † {\displaystyle a\dagger } is called the creation operator. This Lie algebra is solvable and generates after repeated application of a † {\displaystyle a\dagger } all the eigenvectors of the quantum harmonic oscillator: Φ n = ( ( a † ) n √ ( n ! ) ) ⋅ Φ 0 . {\displaystyle \Phi _{n}=({\frac {(a\dagger )^{n}}{\surd (n! )}})\cdot \Phi _{0}~.} The corresponding, possible eigenvalues for the energy, derived then as solutions of the Schr\"odinger equations for the quantum harmonic oscillator are: E n = ħ ⋅ ω ( n + 1 2 ) , = w h e r e = n = 0 , 1 , ... , N . {\displaystyle E_{n}=\hbar \cdot \omega (n+{\frac {1}{2}})~,~=where=~n=0,1,\ldots ,N~.} The position and momentum eigenvector coordinates can be then also computed by iteration from (finite) matrix representations of the (finite) Lie algebra, using, for example, a simple computer programme to calculate linear expressions of the annihilation and creation operators. For example, one can show analytically that: [ a , x k ] = ( k √ 2 ) ⋅ ( x k − 1 ) . {\displaystyle [a,x^{k}]=({\frac {k}{\surd 2}})\cdot (x_{k-1})~.} One can also show by introducing a coordinate representation that the eigenvectors of the harmonic oscillator can be expressed as Hermite polynomials in terms of the coordinates. In the coordinate representation the quantum Hamiltonian and bosonic operators have, respectively, the simple expressions: Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle H &= (\frac{1}{2})\cdot[-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}) + (x^2)]~, \\ a &= (\frac{1}{\surd 2})\cdot (x + \frac{d}{dx})~, \\ a\dagger &= (\frac{1}{\surd 2})\cdot (x - \frac{d}{dx})~. } The ground state eigenfunction normalized to unity is obtained from solving the simple first-order differential equation a Φ 0 ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle a\Phi _{0}(x)=0} and which leads to the expression: Φ 0 ( x ) = ( π − 1 4 ) ⋅ exp ( − x 2 2 ) . {\displaystyle \Phi _{0}(x)=(\pi ^{-{\frac {1}{4}}})\cdot \exp(-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}})~.} By repeated application of the creation operator written as a † = ( − 1 √ 2 ) ⋅ ( exp ( x 2 2 ) ) ⋅ ( d d x 2 ) ⋅ exp ( − x 2 2 ) , {\displaystyle a\dagger =(-{\frac {1}{\surd 2}})\cdot (\exp({\frac {x^{2}}{2}}))\cdot ({\frac {d}{dx^{2}}})\cdot \exp(-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}})~,} one obtains the n {\displaystyle n} -th level eigenfunction: Φ n ( x ) = ( 1 ( √ π ) 2 n n ! ) ) ⋅ ( H e n ( x ) ) , {\displaystyle \Phi _{n}(x)=({\frac {1}{(\surd \pi )2^{n}n! )}})\cdot (\mathbf {He} _{n}(x))~,} where H e n ( x ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {He} _{n}(x)} is the Hermite polynomial of order n {\displaystyle n} ~. With the special generating function of the Hermite polynomials F ( t , x ) = ( π − 1 4 ) ⋅ ( exp ( ( − x 2 2 ) + t x − ( t 2 4 ) ) , {\displaystyle F(t,x)=(\pi ^{-{\frac {1}{4}}})\cdot (\exp((-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}})+tx-({\frac {t^{2}}{4}}))~,} one obtains explicit analytical relations between the eigenfunctions of the quantum harmonic oscillator and the above special generating function: F ( t , x ) = ∑ n = 0 ( t n √ ( 2 n ⋅ n ! ) ) ⋅ Φ n ( x ) . {\displaystyle F(t,x)=\sum _{n=0}({\frac {t^{n}}{\surd (2^{n}\cdot n! )}})\cdot \Phi _{n}(x)~.} Such applications of the Lie algebra, and the related algebra of the bosonic operators as defined above are quite numerous in theoretical physics, and especially for various quantum field carriers in QFT that are all bosons. (Please note also the additional examples of special `Lie' superalgebras for gravitational and other fields, related to hypothetical particles such as gravitons and Goldstone quanta that are all bosons of different spin values and `Penrose homogeneity' ).\\ In the interesting case of a two-mode bosonic quantum system formed by the tensor (direct) product of one-mode bosonic states: ∣ m , n >:=∣ m > ⊗ ∣ n > {\displaystyle \mid m,n>:=\mid m>\otimes \mid n>} , one can generate a 3 {\displaystyle 3} --dimensional Lie algebra in terms of Casimir operators. Finite -- dimensional Lie algebras are far more tractable, or easier to compute, than those with an infinite basis set. For example, such a Lie algebra as the 3 {\displaystyle 3} --dimensional one considered above for the two-mode, bosonic states is quite useful for numerical computations of vibrational (IR, Raman, etc.) spectra of two--mode, diatomic molecules, as well as the computation of scattering states. Other perturbative calculations for more complex quantum systems, as well as calculations of exact solutions by means of Lie algebras have also been developed (see for example Fernandez and Castro,1996).
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Always reset the :visited color when you reset the :link/default color of a link for consistent behavior between IE and standards-compliant browsers Use three char styles as shorthand for hex color codes with repeating patterns (#FC0 = #FFCC00; #AAA = #AAAAAA) The difference between the line-height and font-size is called leading The baseline is an invisible line onto which all type characters sit Descenders are lowercase letters that hang below the baseline, including j, g, y, and p. 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) instead of two br tags to add a space between two inline sentences. Use conditional comments to insert another span that has a word-wrap:pre rule around the paragraph preceding the one with the predefined spacing to achieve consistent display in IE6/7 Use margins and the tag (or its equivalents) to control wrapping and vertical alignment of list items and headers with long unbroken strings when overflow:hidden is not an option Use the tag or its entity equivalent in conditional comments to insert a conditional carriage return that will wrap long words if necessary at the position where the tag is placed. Use wbr:after { content: "0200B" } in CSS to insert the equivalent HTML entity for Opera and Safari, which do not recognize the tag, in order to produce the effect on those browsers. Use word-wrap:break-word if Firefox 2, Safari 2, and Opera 9 are not supported. Use p:first-letter to set a large font and create a literature style drop cap effect for paragraphs Use a:first-line to set a specific line-height for links that wrap There can be only one pseudo-element per selector, so :first-letter and :first-line cannot be used together In IE6 and IE7, a pseudo-element has to be followed by whitespace to be parsed correctly, so format your style sheet accordingly to avoid mysterious errors like this: P:first-letter{ color: blue; } /* Fails due to the lack of whitespace */ Succeed - P:first-letter { color: blue; } /* Note the added space */ In IE6 and IE7, a pseudo-element has to be at the end of a selector to be parsed correctly, so make sure to put :first-line or :first-letter after any :hover, :focus, or :first-child pseudo-classes as follows: P:first-letter:hover { color: blue; } /* Fails due to the lack of whitespace */ P:hover:first-letter { color: blue; } /* Note the ordering */ Use CSS3 selectors, generated content, and Unicode values to dynamically surround content in blockquotes with quotation marks: blockquote > *:first-child:before { content:"\201C"; } blockquote > *:last-child:after { content:"\201D"; } Text in Firefox 3 Mac with opacity set on it looks messed up, and text in Firefox 2 Mac with opacity set has reduced contrast Use unicode-bidi:bidi-override; and direction:rtl; to create a left-handed scrollbar Use the writing-mode property with a value of tb-rl value to rotate text 90 degrees clockwise and align it to the right in IE, and using the transform property with a value of rotate(90deg) in standards browsers Use the widows and orphans properties to set the minimum lines of text displayed at the top and bottom of the page respectively when generating page breaks in CSS
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Chibemba or Bemba is a Bantu language spoken in Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and southern Tanzania. It is the biggest ethnic grouping in Zambia, accounting for over 50% of the Zambian population. Bemba people (Ababemba) trace their origin from "KOLA" in Angola. There were other people who learnt Bemba when they were working in the copper mines of Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) during the colonial period. The writing system is very phonetic and Spanish speakers would find it very easy to learn. Many Bemba words can also be found in Swahili. a e i o u b c/ch d f g j k l m n ng' ny p s sh t w y Hello. . (Muli shani ) Hello. (informal) . (Uli shani ) How are you? Muli shani ? Ndi fye bwino, natolela What is your name? Niwe nani ishina? ______ . (Ishina lyandi ni ne _____ .) Nice to meet you. . (chawama ukukumona) Please. Napapata,ndekulomba Thank you. Natotela You're welcome. . (Eya mukwai ) Yes. (Eee ) No. . Awe / Iyoo Excuse me. Njelelako(getting attention) Oti, Otini Excuse me. (mukwai ) I'm sorry. . (Mbelelako uluse; mukwai Goodbye . (Shalenipo; Kafikenio Goodbye (informal) . (shalapo ) I can't speak Chibemba [well]. [ ]. (Nshaishiba iciBemba sana) Do you speak English? ? (Walishiba ukulanda icisungu ?) (bushe pali uwaishiba ukulanda ichisungu pano ?) Help! ! (ngafweniko !) Look out! ! (moneni uko !) Good morning (afternoon). . Mwashibukeni, 'mwabombeni ( when the person is busy') Good evening. . (chungulopo mukwai ) Good night. . (sendamenipo ) Good night (to sleep) . (sendamenipo naya mukutuusha ) I don't understand. . (nshumfwikishe bwino ) Where is the toilet? ? ( ku chimbusu nikwisa?) Please speak slowly (landa panono panono) Welcome mwaiseni (mukwai). (Mukwai added when it's more formal or welcoming people you hold in reverence) Leave me alone. . ( ndeka fye.) (wilanjikatamo !) Winjikatamo I'll call the police. . (nalaita ba kapokola .) Police! ! (Ba kapokola !) Stop! Thief! ! ! (kabolala uyo ! mwikateni!) I need your help. . (njafweniko .) It's an emergency. . ( ndi mu bwafya.) I'm lost. . ( ni nduba.) I lost my bag. . (ni ndufya icola .) I lost my wallet. . (ni ndufya walleti . ): (ni dufya icikwama) I am sick . ( nindwala.) . (ni njichena .) . (ndefwaikwa shinganga/ dokota .) (kuti nabomfyako lamya/ foni yenu ?) 1 (kamo or cimo ) 2 (fibili or tubili ) 3 (tutatu or fitatu ) 4 (cine ) 5 (fisano ) 6 ( mutanda) 7 (cine lubali ) 8 (cine konse konse ) 9 (pabula ) 10 ( ikumi) 11 ( ikumi na kamo) 12 (ikumi na tubili ) 13 (ikumi na tutatu ) 14 (ikumi na tune ) 15 (ikumi na tusano ) 16 (ikumi na mutanda ) 17 ( ikumi na cine lubali) 18 (ikumi na cine konse konse ) 19 (ikumi na pabula ) 20 (ama kumi yabili ) 21 (ama kumi yabili na kamo ) 22 ( ama kumi yabili na tutatu) 23 (ama kumi yabili na tutatu ) 30 ( ama kumi yatatu) 40 (amakumi cine ) 50 (amakumi yasano ) 60 (amakumi mutanda ) 70 (amakumi pabula ) 80 (Amakumi cine konse konse) 90 (Amakumi pabula) 100 (Umwanda umo) 200 (Imyanda ibili) 300 (Imyanda itatu) 1,000 (Ikana limo) 2,000 (Amakana yabili) 1,000,000 (Amakana ikana limo) 1,000,000,000 (Iminshipendwa) 1,000,000,000,000 ( ) number _____ (train, bus, etc.) ( ) half (pakati, citika) less (ukucepako) more (ukucilapo, lundenipo ) now ( nombaline) later ( limbi ) before (taulati ) morning (ulucelo ) afternoon (akasuba ) evening (icungulo ) night ( ubushiku) one o'clock AM ( ) two o'clock AM ( ) noon ( ) one o'clock PM ( ) two o'clock PM ( ) midnight (pakati kabushiku ) _____ minute(s) ( ) _____ hour(s) ( insa) _____ day(s) (ubushiku ) _____ week(s) (umulungu ) _____ month(s) (umweshi ) _____ year(s) (umwaka ) today (lelo ) yesterday (mailo ) tomorrow (mailo ) this week (uno mulungu ) last week (uyu mulungu wapwile ) next week (uyu mulungu uleisa ) Sunday (pa Sondo ): (pa mulungu) Monday (pali cimo ) Tuesday (pali cibili ) Wednesday (pali citatu ) Thursday (pali cine ) Friday (pali cisano ) Saturday (pa cibelushi ) January (Akabengele kanono) February (Akabengele kakalamba) March (Kutumpu) April (Shinde ) May (Akapepo Kanono) June (Akapepo Kakalamba) July (Cikungulu pepo) August (Kasakantobo) September (Ulusuba lunono) October (Lusuba lukalamba (Langashe) November (Chinshikubili) December (Mupundu-milimo) black (ukufita ) white ( ukubuta) gray (ukufitulukila) red ( ukukashika) blue (makumbi makumbi ) yellow (mutuntula ) green (katapa katapa ) orange ( ) purple ( kolokondwe) brown ( ) How much is a ticket to _____? ( tiketi ku Mpika ni shinga?) ( Mpeniko tiketi imo) Where does this train/bus go? (Saca ileya kwi? ) (bushe iyi train/bus ile minina mu_________? ) (bushe ni nshita nshi yala ima train/bus? ) (bushe ni nshita nshi yala fika train/bus ) How do I get to _____ ? ( Bushe kuti naenda shani pakuya ku......) ...the train station? (Ichitesheni ce shitima) ...the bus station? (Citesheni ca saca) ...the airport? (Cibansa ca ndeke) ...downtown? (Kwisamba lya musumba) ...the youth hostel? (My ng'anda ya beni imisepela) ...the _____ hotel? ( ) Where are there a lot of... (Bushe kwalibako ...) ...hotels? (Amayanda ya beni?) (Amayanda ya kulilamo?) ...bars? (Ifikulwa fya bwalwa?) (Incende sha kumona?) (Nangako pali mapu wa calo) street (Mumusebo) Turn left. (Pilibukila ku kuso ) Turn right. (Pilibukila ku kulyo ) left (ukuso ) right ( ukulyo) straight ahead (Ukuya fye ukwabula ukupilibukila kukulyo nelyo kukuso) towards the _____ (Ukupalamina mupepi na ...) past the _____ (Ukucilako pa ...) before the _____ (pantanshi ya ...) Watch for the _____. (Lolesha kuli ...) intersection (Amakumanino) north (Akabanga) south (Amasamba) east (Akapinda ka kukulyo) west (Akapinda ka kukuso) uphill (ku mulundu ) downhill (ku mukunkuluko ) Taxi! (Ntawaloko ku............,Napapata ) How much does it cost to get to _____? (Nishinga ukuya ku.............. ) Take me there, please. (Ntwaleniko uko, Napapata ) Do you have any rooms available? (Namu Kwatako ama Room ya free? ) ( ) ...a TV? (Ichitunsha tusha ) May I see the room first? (Mukwai mbale mbona kukaki) Do you have anything quieter? (Bushe namukwata ichiliko tondolo? ) ...bigger? (Ichikulilepo? ) ...cleaner? (kabomba ) ...cheaper? (Ichachipa ) OK, I'll take it. (Ok, Nalasenda ) I will stay for _____ night(s). (Nkekala inshiku........... ) Can you suggest another hotel? (Bushe Mwalikwata umwakusungila indala? ) ...lockers? (umwakusungila ifipe? ) (Bushe mulapela ifyakula iluchelo? ) (nishita nshi yakulilapo breakfast elo na supper? ) (Mukwai kuti mwapyanga kukati. ) (Bushe kuti wakwanisha uku nshibusha............? ) (Na ambako mukwai ) Do you accept American/Australian/Canadian dollars? (Bushe mulasumina dollar? ) (Bushe mulasumina pound ) Do you accept euros? (Bushe mulasumina Euro ) Do you accept credit cards? (Bushe kuti nabomfye Bank card ukulipila? ) (Mukwai nchingisheni ko impiya/indalama ) Where can I get money changed? (Itebulo lya muntu umo/Itebulo lya bantu babili. ) (Tulefwaya ka menu ) Can I look in the kitchen? ( Nga ma Specal?) (Nshilya inama ) I don't eat pork. (Nshilya Inkumba ) I don't eat beef. (Nshilya inama ya ng'ombe ) I only eat kosher food. (Ndya fye inama epela ) Can you make it "lite", please? (less oil/butter/lard) (Mwifusha sana amafuta elyo mukala ipika ) fixed-price meal ( ) a la carte ( ) breakfast ( ) lunch ( ) tea (meal) ( ) supper ( ) I want _____. (Ndefwaya ) I want a dish containing _____. (Ndefywa ichakula ichalakwata...... ) chicken ( inkoko) beef ( inama ya ng'ombe) fish ( Isabi) ham (inama ya nkumba ) sausage ( soseji) cheese (Chezi ) eggs (Amani ) salad (Saladi ) (fresh) vegetables ( Umusalu) (fresh) fruit ( ) bread (Umukate ) toast (Umukate waku shinga butter elyo ukocha ) noodles () rice (umupunga) beans (cilemba) pronounced "Chilemba" as 'C' in Bemba is pronounced 'Ch" May I have a glass of _____? (Ndefwaya.................? )The recipient will know what is meant based on context May I have a cup of _____? (Ndefwaya..........? ) The recipient will know what is meant based on context May I have a bottle of _____? (Ndefwaya...................? ) coffee ( kofi) tea (drink) Milk (Umukaka) juice (Jusi) (bubbly) water ( ) (still) water (Amenshi ) beer ( Ubwalwa) red/white wine (Umushanga ) May I have some _____? (Ndefwaya..........? ) salt (Umucele ) black pepper ( ) butter ( ) Excuse me, waiter? (getting attention of server) ( Batata (Man), Ba Mayo (if woman)) I'm finished. ( Napwisha) It was delicious. (Fwachiwama ) Please clear the plates. ( Kuti mwa teula) The check, please. (Mulashitisha ubwalwa? ) (Bushe mulapekanisha? ) (Ubwalwa bumo/bubili ) suffix 'b' A glass of red/white wine, please. (Ndefwaya wine ) A pint, please. (Ibotolo limo) ...................(hard liquor) and.......................(mixer), please. (Ubwalwa ubwakila sana nefyaku chefeshako ubukali ) whiskey ( ) vodka ( ) rum ( ) water (Amenshi ) club soda ( ) tonic water ( ) orange juice ( ) Coke (soda) (Coca Cola ) Do you have any bar snacks? (Mpela nakabili/nafuti ) Another round, please. (Mpelako nabumbi. ) (Ni nshita nshi mwisala? ) Cheers! (Chileshe! ) (Namukwata iyi in'gandinga? ) (Ni shinga ici ) That's too expensive. ( wakula sana mutengo) Would you take _____? (Bushe Kutimwafwaya...........?) expensive (umutengo ) cheap (ukuchipa ) I can't afford it. (teti nkwanishe ukulipila ) I don't want it. (Nshilefwaya ici) You're cheating me. (Ulemfwenga? ) (Nalasenda ) Can I have a bag? (Bushe Mulatuma Kubulaya ) I need... (ndefwaya.......... ) ...toothpaste. (Umuswaki ) ...tampons. . ( ) ...soap. ( sopo) ...shampoo. (Sopo ya kusambila umushishi ) ...pain reliever. (e.g., aspirin or ibuprofen) (ka panadol ) ...cold medicine. (umuti wa chifuba ) ...stomach medicine. ... (umuti wa mumala ) ...a razor. (amafuta ya kuchingililwa kukasuba ) ...a postcard. (Inkalata ) ...postage stamps. (Stampu yankalata ) ...batteries. (Ichitpepala Chakulembelapo ) ...a pen. ( ) stop (on a street sign) (STOP ) one way ( ) yield ( ) no parking ( ) speed limit ( ) gas (petrol) station ( ) petrol ( ) diesel ( ) I haven't done anything wrong. (Takuli echo ndufyenye ) It was a misunderstanding. (Mulentwala kwisa? ) (Mule nkaka? ) (Ndefwaya ukulansha/ukulanda no Mwina America/British/Canadian ) I want to talk to a lawyer. (Ndefwaya ukulanda naba lawyer ) Can I just pay a fine now? (Bushe teti ndipile echo mupinguile apapene? )
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As we mentioned earlier, it is difficult to think of a good, clean way to integrate operations like input/output into a pure functional language. Before we give the solution, let's take a step back and think about the difficulties inherent in such a task. Any IO library should provide a host of functions, containing (at a minimum) operations like: print a string to the screen read a string from a keyboard write data to a file read data from a file There are two issues here. Let's first consider the initial two examples and think about what their types should be. Certainly the first operation (I hesitate to call it a "function") should take a String argument and produce something, but what should it produce? It could produce a unit (), since there is essentially no return value from printing a string. The second operation, similarly, should return a String, but it doesn't seem to require an argument. We want both of these operations to be functions, but they are by definition not functions. The item that reads a string from the keyboard cannot be a function, as it will not return the same String every time. And if the first function simply returns () every time, there should be no problem with replacing it with a function f _ = (), due to referential transparency. But clearly this does not have the desired effect. In a sense, the reason that these items are not functions is that they interact with the "real world." Their values depend directly on the real world. Supposing we had a type RealWorld, we might write these functions as having type: printAString :: RealWorld -> String -> RealWorld readAString :: RealWorld -> (RealWorld, String) That is, printAString takes a current state of the world and a string to print; it then modifies the state of the world in such a way that the string is now printed and returns this new value. Similarly, readAString takes a current state of the world and returns a new state of the world, paired with the String that was typed. This would be a possible way to do IO, though it is more than somewhat unwieldy. In this style (assuming an initial RealWorld state were an argument to main), our "Name.hs" program from the section on Interactivity would look something like: main rW = let rW' = printAString rW "Please enter your name: " (rW'',name) = readAString rW' in printAString rW'' ("Hello, " ++ name ++ ", how are you?") This is not only hard to read, but prone to error, if you accidentally use the wrong version of the RealWorld. It also doesn't model the fact that the program below makes no sense: main rW = let rW' = printAString rW "Please enter your name: " (rW'',name) = readAString rW' in printAString rW' -- OOPS! ("Hello, " ++ name ++ ", how are you?") In this program, the reference to rW'' on the last line has been changed to a reference to rW'. It is completely unclear what this program should do. Clearly, it must read a string in order to have a value for name to be printed. But that means that the RealWorld has been updated. However, then we try to ignore this update by using an "old version" of the RealWorld. There is clearly something wrong happening here. Suffice it to say that doing IO operations in a pure lazy functional language is not trivial. The breakthrough for solving this problem came when Phil Wadler realized that monads would be a good way to think about IO computations. In fact, monads are able to express much more than just the simple operations described above; we can use them to express a variety of constructions like concurrence, exceptions, IO, non-determinism and much more. Moreover, there is nothing special about them; they can be defined within Haskell with no special handling from the compiler (though compilers often choose to optimize monadic operations). As pointed out before, we cannot think of things like "print a string to the screen" or "read data from a file" as functions, since they are not (in the pure mathematical sense). Therefore, we give them another name: actions. Not only do we give them a special name, we give them a special type. One particularly useful action is putStrLn, which prints a string to the screen. This action has type: putStrLn :: String -> IO () As expected, putStrLn takes a string argument. What it returns is of type IO (). This means that this function is actually an action (that is what the IO means). Furthermore, when this action is evaluated (or "run") , the result will have type (). Note Actually, this type means that putStrLn is an action within the IO monad, but we will gloss over this for now. You can probably already guess the type of getLine: getLine :: IO String This means that getLine is an IO action that, when run, will have type String. The question immediately arises: "how do you `run' an action?". This is something that is left up to the compiler. You cannot actually run an action yourself; instead, a program is, itself, a single action that is run when the compiled program is executed. Thus, the compiler requires that the main function have type IO (), which means that it is an IO action that returns nothing. The compiled code then executes this action. However, while you are not allowed to run actions yourself, you are allowed to combine actions. In fact, we have already seen one way to do this using the do notation (how to really do this will be revealed in the chapter Monads). Let's consider the original name program: main = do hSetBuffering stdin LineBuffering putStrLn "Please enter your name: " name <- getLine putStrLn ("Hello, " ++ name ++ ", how are you?") We can consider the do notation as a way to combine a sequence of actions. Moreover, the <- notation is a way to get the value out of an action. So, in this program, we're sequencing four actions: setting buffering, a putStrLn, a getLine and another putStrLn. The putStrLn action has type String -> IO (), so we provide it a String, so the fully applied action has type IO (). This is something that we are allowed to execute. The getLine action has type IO String, so it is okay to execute it directly. However, in order to get the value out of the action, we write name <- getLine, which basically means "run getLine, and put the results in the variable called name." Normal Haskell constructions like if/then/else and case/of can be used within the do notation, but you need to be somewhat careful. For instance, in our "guess the number" program, we have: do ... if (read guess) < num then do putStrLn "Too low!" doGuessing num else if read guess > num then do putStrLn "Too high!" doGuessing num else do putStrLn "You Win!" If we think about how the if/then/else construction works, it essentially takes three arguments: the condition, the "then" branch, and the "else" branch. The condition needs to have type Bool, and the two branches can have any type, provided that they have the same type. The type of the entire if/then/else construction is then the type of the two branches. In the outermost comparison, we have (read guess) < num as the condition. This clearly has the correct type. Let's just consider the "then" branch. The code here is: do putStrLn "Too low!" doGuessing num Here, we are sequencing two actions: putStrLn and doGuessing. The first has type IO (), which is fine. The second also has type IO (), which is fine. The type result of the entire computation is precisely the type of the final computation. Thus, the type of the "then" branch is also IO (). A similar argument shows that the type of the "else" branch is also IO (). This means the type of the entire if/then/else construction is IO (), which is just what we want. Note In this code, the last line is else do putStrLn "You Win!". This is somewhat overly verbose. In fact, else putStrLn "You Win!" would have been sufficient, since do is only necessary to sequence actions. Since we have only one action here, it is superfluous. It is incorrect to think to yourself "Well, I already started a do block; I don't need another one," and hence write something like: do if (read guess) < num then putStrLn "Too low!" doGuessing num else ... Here, since we didn't repeat the do, the compiler doesn't know that the putStrLn and doGuessing calls are supposed to be sequenced, and the compiler will think you're trying to call putStrLn with three arguments: the string, the function doGuessing and the integer num. It will certainly complain (though the error may be somewhat difficult to comprehend at this point). We can write the same doGuessing function using a case statement. To do this, we first introduce the Prelude function compare, which takes two values of the same type (in the Ord class) and returns one of GT, LT, EQ, depending on whether the first is greater than, less than or equal to the second. doGuessing num = do putStrLn "Enter your guess:" guess <- getLine case compare (read guess) num of LT -> do putStrLn "Too low!" doGuessing num GT -> do putStrLn "Too high!" doGuessing num EQ -> putStrLn "You Win!" Here, again, the dos after the ->s are necessary on the first two options, because we are sequencing actions. If you're used to programming in an imperative language like C or Java, you might think that return will exit you from the current function. This is not so in Haskell. In Haskell, return simply takes a normal value (for instance, one of type Int) and makes it into an action that returns the given value (for instance, the value of type IO Int). In particular, in an imperative language, you might write this function as: void doGuessing(int num) { print "Enter your guess:"; int guess = atoi(readLine()); if (guess == num) { print "You win! "; return (); } // we won't get here if guess == num if (guess < num) { print "Too low! "; doGuessing(num); } else { print "Too high! "; doGuessing(num); } } Here, because we have the return () in the first if match, we expect the code to exit there (and in most imperative languages, it does). However, the equivalent code in Haskell, which might look something like: doGuessing num = do putStrLn "Enter your guess:" guess <- getLine case compare (read guess) num of EQ -> do putStrLn "You win!" return () -- we don't expect to get here unless guess == num if (read guess < num) then do putStrLn "Too low! "; doGuessing num else do putStrLn "Too high! "; doGuessing num will not behave as you expect. First of all, if you guess correctly, it will first print "You win!," but it won't exit, and it will check whether guess is less than num. Of course it is not, so the else branch is taken, and it will print "Too high!" and then ask you to guess again. On the other hand, if you guess incorrectly, it will try to evaluate the case statement and get either LT or GT as the result of the compare. In either case, it won't have a pattern that matches, and the program will fail immediately with an exception. The IO Library (available by importing the System.IO module) contains many definitions, the most common of which are listed below: data IOMode = ReadMode | WriteMode | AppendMode | ReadWriteMode openFile :: FilePath -> IOMode -> IO Handle hClose :: Handle -> IO () hIsEOF :: Handle -> IO Bool hGetChar :: Handle -> IO Char hGetLine :: Handle -> IO String hGetContents :: Handle -> IO String getChar :: IO Char getLine :: IO String getContents :: IO String hPutChar :: Handle -> Char -> IO () hPutStr :: Handle -> String -> IO () hPutStrLn :: Handle -> String -> IO () putChar :: Char -> IO () putStr :: String -> IO () putStrLn :: String -> IO () readFile :: FilePath -> IO String writeFile :: FilePath -> String -> IO () bracket :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> (a -> IO c) -> IO c Note The type FilePath is a type synonym for String. That is, there is no difference between FilePath and String. So, for instance, the readFile function takes a String (the file to read) and returns an action that, when run, produces the contents of that file. See the section on Synonyms for more about type synonyms. Most of these functions are self-explanatory. The openFile and hClose functions open and close a file, respectively, using the IOMode argument as the mode for opening the file. hIsEOF tests for end-of file. hGetChar and hGetLine read a character or line (respectively) from a file. hGetContents reads the entire file. The getChar, getLine and getContents variants read from standard input. hPutChar prints a character to a file; hPutStr prints a string; and hPutStrLn prints a string with a newline character at the end. The variants without the h prefix work on standard output. The readFile and writeFile functions read an entire file without having to open it first. The bracket function is used to perform actions safely. Consider a function that opens a file, writes a character to it, and then closes the file. When writing such a function, one needs to be careful to ensure that, if there were an error at some point, the file is still successfully closed. The bracket function makes this easy. It takes three arguments: The first is the action to perform at the beginning. The second is the action to perform at the end, regardless of whether there's an error or not. The third is the action to perform in the middle, which might result in an error. For instance, our character-writing function might look like: writeChar :: FilePath -> Char -> IO () writeChar fp c = bracket (openFile fp ReadMode) hClose (\h -> hPutChar h c) This will open the file, write the character and then close the file. However, if writing the character fails, hClose will still be executed, and the exception will be reraised afterwards. That way, you don't need to worry too much about catching the exceptions and about closing all of your handles. We can write a simple program that allows a user to read and write files. The interface is admittedly poor, and it does not catch all errors (try reading a non-existent file). Nevertheless, it should give a fairly complete example of how to use IO. Enter the following code into "FileRead.hs," and compile/run: module Main where import System.IO import Control.Exception main = do hSetBuffering stdin LineBuffering doLoop doLoop = do putStrLn "Enter a command rFN wFN or q to quit:" command <- getLine case command of 'q':_ -> return () 'r':filename -> do putStrLn ("Reading " ++ filename) doRead filename doLoop 'w':filename -> do putStrLn ("Writing " ++ filename) doWrite filename doLoop _ -> doLoop doRead filename = bracket (openFile filename ReadMode) hClose (\h -> do contents <- hGetContents h putStrLn "The first 100 chars:" putStrLn (take 100 contents)) doWrite filename = do putStrLn "Enter text to go into the file:" contents <- getLine bracket (openFile filename WriteMode) hClose (\h -> hPutStrLn h contents) What does this program do? First, it issues a short string of instructions and reads a command. It then performs a case switch on the command and checks first to see if the first character is a `q.' If it is, it returns a value of unit type. Note The return function is a function that takes a value of type a and returns an action of type IO a. Thus, the type of return () is IO (). If the first character of the command wasn't a `q,' the program checks to see if it was an 'r' followed by some string that is bound to the variable filename. It then tells you that it's reading the file, does the read and runs doLoop again. The check for `w' is nearly identical. Otherwise, it matches _, the wildcard character, and loops to doLoop. The doRead function uses the bracket function to make sure there are no problems reading the file. It opens a file in ReadMode, reads its contents and prints the first 100 characters (the take function takes an integer n {\displaystyle n} and a list and returns the first n {\displaystyle n} elements of the list). The doWrite function asks for some text, reads it from the keyboard, and then writes it to the file specified. Note Both doRead and doWrite could have been made simpler by using readFile and writeFile, but they were written in the extended fashion to show how the more complex functions are used. The only major problem with this program is that it will die if you try to read a file that doesn't already exists or if you specify some bad filename like *\^\#_@. You may think that the calls to bracket in doRead and doWrite should take care of this, but they don't. They only catch exceptions within the main body, not within the startup or shutdown functions (openFile and hClose, in these cases). We would need to catch exceptions raised by openFile, in order to make this complete. We will do this when we talk about exceptions in more detail in the section on Exceptions.
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Balaton (Plattensee in German) is the biggest lake by surface area in Central Europe and gives its name to this entire Hungarian Lake Balaton region. 46.8035117.4958371 Badacsony — most famous winehill for its wine, on the northern coast 46.82953917.83512 Balatonszárszó — popular, family-friendly tourist destination on the south shore of Lake Balaton 46.80943917.7710893 Balatonszemes 46.8419117.4483024 Szent György-hegy — perfect for hiking, visit the basalt organs 46.796117.4382895 Szigliget — with the ruins of a Castle on the hilltop 46.90891117.8792316 Tihany — nice peninsula with an inner lake and church visible from most of the lake 46.975817.92947 Balaton Uplands National Park — north of Lake Balaton Exhibition sites: Arboretum Zirc, House of Forests Bakonybél, Lóczy Cave Balatonfüred, Hegyestű Geological Exhibition Site Monoszló, Manor Salföld, Lake Cave of Tapolca, Kotsy Watermill Zalaszántó, Folk House Vörs, Buffalo Reserve Kápolnapuszta, Csodabogyós Cave Balatonederics, Kőlik Cave of Szentgál, Disused Sand Quarry Várpalota The Balaton was popular during the Cold War with both Easterners and Westerners because it was cheap and relatively easy to reach from both sides of the Iron Curtain. Some "German-German" family reunions took place here as that was easier than for either part to travel to the other German state. After falling by the wayside following the fall of the Soviet Union, the Balaton area has seen a resurgence in popularity. While Hungarians love spending time there, you will also encounter people from places like Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Germany. The combonation of natural beauty, cheap price tags, and cultural events make the lake a must-see in Hungary. 46.68638917.1591671 Hévíz–Balaton Airport (SOB IATA), Repülőtér 1, Sármellék (South-west end of the lake is about 20 minutes' drive from Keszthely. ), ☏ +36 83 200 304, fax: +36 83 200 301, [email protected]. Apr 1–Oct 26 M–F 09:00–18:00, Sa 09:00–21:00, Su 09:00–18:00; Oct 27–Mar 31 09:00–16:00. Seasonal charter lines from Berlin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt airport and Hamburg are operated by Mutsch Reisen; from Dresden, Erfurt, Leipzig are operated by Salamon Reisen. (updated Jan 2019) Frequent trains from Budapest Déli run down the south side of Lake Balaton. Intercity trains stop at main stations such as Siófok, Balatonföldvár and Fonyód. Slower trains stop at all stations. Allow between 1.5 and 4 hours for the journey, and about Ft 5000 for the one-way fare. There are discounts for families (33%), adults under 26 (33%), and students (50%). Not all ticket windows at the terminal accept credit cards so you should check the signs. From Western Europe: From the direction of Linz/Vienna: turn off the Motorway A1 towards Eisenstadt on the motor-road A3 and cross the border in Sopron (Klingenbach). From here there is a highway leading through Ukk and Sümeg to Lake Balaton or more precisely to Balatonederics. lf you take road 71 westwards you can reach Keszthely within a short time. From Graz: if you turn off the motorway A2 towards Fürstenfeld you can cross the border in Heiligenkreuz (Rábafüzes). Lake Balaton from here is about 100 km. Through Körmend and Zalaegerszeg on the highway 76 the journey by car takes maximum one and a half hour. From Southern Europe: From Slovenia: from Lendava/Lenti you can reach the West-Balaton Region on road 75 from Croatia on the E71 towards Balatonszentgyörgy. For those who are coming from Italy, take the road leading through Tarvisio and Graz. From Eastern Europe: From Poland, Romania: Through Budapest on the motorway M7 towards Lake Balaton. From Slovakia: You can come either through Budapest and after on the M7 or from Bratislava on the road E65 through the frontier station of Rajka and then through Mosonmagyarovár on road 86, then you take road 84 towards Ukk/Sümeg to the direction of Lake Balaton. From inland: Keszthely is easily reached by road from Budapest using M7 / E71. This highway bypasses Székesfehérvár and Siofok on the southern flank of Lake Balaton and is relatively traffic free except in the peak tourist months of June, July and August. If you are willing to take a little more time to reach your destination you will be rewarded with a more scenic route using highway 71 along the north shore of lake Balaton. This route will take you first a couple km away Gyenesdiás further going through Balatonfured and passes the Tihany peninsula, which is well worth a detour. Badacsony: the most well-known, most popular hill of the region. On this truncated cone of volcanic origin. Viticulture. Hiking routes and a four km long study path Balatonederics: Africa Museum and Zoo Balatonszentgyörgy: Csillagvár is a star form hunting mansion Small-Balaton: A study path on Kányavári Island. Buffalo Reserve in Kápolnapuszta near Zalakomár Szent György Hill: Basalt organ pipes nature monument Szigliget: Castleruin of Szigliget on top of a 230 m high volcanic hill Tapolca: Grotto - Cave Lake with length of four km Beautiful national parks, protected quarters, they demonstrated the old times, reservatums, theatres, aquaparks, sea baths, sport opportunities on earth, water and air, concerts and beautiful museums await every visitor. Caving — see Exhibition sites above Hiking in the northern hills. Exploring wine cellars. A well worn trail is the climb up Badacsony Hill, which is peppered with small wine growers selling their wines by the glass and bottle. Much of it is mediocre but you may find some gems. Treat it like a pub crawl and have fun. Cross-Balaton Swim Contest.. Relaxing in thermal spas. The two best known are at Héviz and Csisztapuszta (just south of Fonyód). Marcali, in northern Somogy county Sailing. There are several annual sailing races for those preferring competition. For boat rental Fonyod, Balatonlelle and Balatonfüred are the best places. An 8-m yacht from about Ft 70,000/day. Swimming. Summer water temperatures range from about 16 °C to the mid 30s; because the lake is shallow, yesterday's air temperature will be a good guide to the warmth of today's water. There are many places to go down waterslides and just take in a bit of shallow bathing, but be aware that the shallow banks of Balaton are very murky. You can scarcely avoid getting silt everywhere. Beaches on the north shore tend to have more facilities, but have an entrance fee.The shore here tends to be rocky and the water deepens rapidly to a maximum of about 14 m. Most beaches on the southern shore are free, though large sections of the shore are privately owned by hotels and campsites. The lake shelves slowly, so you can walk out for 500 m or more before you are out of your depth, so it's very safe for children. Large free beaches are at Zamárdi, Balatonboglár, Fonyód and Balatonfenyves. There are many hundreds of access points to the shore, so you are unlikely to have to walk far to find a pleasant place to swim. Since the lake is shallow, summer storms can create very large waves, and people have drowned in most years. A system of warning beacons around the lake alerts bathers to expected strong winds and storms: 30 flashes/minute, colour white/yellow means winds 40-60 km/h, and you should move close to the shore. 60 flashes red/white means winds over 60 km/h. Time to get out quickly! Kite surfing. On windy days this is an exciting sport, but it takes a few days to learn to stop falling off. Needs a reasonable level of fitness. Centres are Balatonboglár and Balatonfenyves. Buy local wine of course! The land of Balaton delights not just your eye, but your stomach. On every area receive you a real gastronomical history. You can taste the traditional foods of lands, or the famous wines of the land of Balaton. One kind of local food is lángos, a bread-like pastry usually sold on beaches. It is offered with different toppings like cheese, sour cream, and ham, or often plain just with garlic-sauce on top. Another common "beach food" is cooked corn on the cob (főtt kukorica), grilled sausages (sült kolbász) and of course, ice cream (fagylalt, or more colloquially, fagyi). You can also try a special Lake Balaton fish called fogas (pike-perch or Zander), served roasted. The hills north from Balaton are known for their wine. The best you can do is going for a wine spotting tour. Lake Balaton has been the holiday playground of ordinary Hungarians for over a century, and most of the accommodation is in private houses and apartments rented by the owners, often through agencies. All along the road there are signs for "Tourist information" which are really agents for accommodation and tours, rather than the official tourist offices (called Tourinform). Many visitors arrive without booking and can usually find rooms for around €15 per person/night. Costs for a house with 3 bedrooms can run from about €300/week to over €1,000 (luxury house on lake shore). It's worth to book the accommodation before arriving because in July and August most of the places are totally full and it is hard to find a free room. High season for Hungarians is the school holidays, from mid-June to the end of August, but many people go home by St Stephen's Day (20 August). The whole place becomes very much quieter by mid-August, and you can easily find accommodation. On the downside, lakeside bars and restaurants also closed for the season. Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia Western Transdanubia
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Kirkkonummi (Swedish:Kyrkslätt) is in Uusimaa, about 30km west of Helsinki. Kirkkonummi is part of the HSL regional public transport cooperation. See Helsinki#Get around for information about HSL fares and tickets. For coaches, see Matkahuolto. The centre is 500 m from national road 51 (Länsiväylä, Västerleden). There are frequent regional trains from Helsinki and Espoo. Few trains from Turku to Helsinki stop in Kirkkonummi. Usually you have to transfer to a regional train in Leppävaara, Espoo, sometimes in Karis, to a regional train or a minibus. In both cases the transfer should be included on the ticket. Also buses run regularly from Helsinki. Coaches along road 51, mostly between Helsinki and Karis (often continuing farther), stop at "Kirkkonummenportti" (Kyrkslättporten), i.e. the crossroads. Kirkkonummi is a 20–30 minute drive from central Helsinki along highway 51, depending on the traffic. See Helsinki#Get_around for information about fares and tickets The town is sufficiently small to get around in by foot, however for sights further away, the most practical mode of transportation is your own car. HSL operates local bus routes. See Uusimaa#By taxi for information about companies and fares 60.124924.43931 Kirkkonummi church (in the town center). 60.181324.52082 Hvitträsk manor. Sites from the Porkkala parenthesis. From the end of the WW2 until 1956, Soviet Union operated a naval base on the Porkkala peninsula and much of the current Kirkkonummi municipality was part of the base. There are still a couple of landmarks left from the decade known as the "Porkkala parenthesis". 60.136924.50553 Pokrova Orthodox monastery (in Jorvas village). 60.252624.45484 Haapajärvi wooden church. Nuuksio National Park is partially located in Kirkkonummi and there are opportunities for hiking elsewhere in the municipality too. 60.101424.46521 Peuramaa. Small skiing center. 60.180824.38482 Kurk golf. A golf range in the northern part of the municipality. 60.15545224.6095573 JVDEAL Watersports, Siltaranta 8 (bus 171, stop "Rantaniitty"), ☏ +358 45 6133 667, [email protected]. You can rent a jet ski, standup paddleboard or even a paddle boat. Jet ski €70 (1 h), SUP board €20 (1 h), pedal boat €10 (30 min). (updated Mar 2021) Espoo to the east and to the west Siuntio and on to Raseborg and Hanko
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Michael James Milbury (born June 17, 1952) is an American sportscaster currently working as an ice hockey analyst for the New England Sports Network (NESN), Hockey Night in Candad and the NHL on ABC. He played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all of them as a defenseman for the Boston Bruins. This page has been listed as needing cleanup since 2010-06-28. "It’s unbelievable that after more than 30 years in the game, pummeling a guy with his loafer will be my legacy. But I guess it's better than having no legacy at all." Fitzpatrick, Jamie. [proicehockey.about.com/od/musicfilmcardstrivia/a/04_hockey_quote_2.htm 2004 Hockey Quotes of the Year]. About.com. Retrieved on 2006-12-20. "Screw the Rangers. Screw the Devils." The Mix. New York Magazine. Retrieved on 2010-02-24. "I'm so disappointed that they came with their Eurotrash game." http://www.nj.com/olympics/index.ssf/2010/02/nbcs_mike_milbury_uses_eurotra.html "[German head coach Uwe Krupp] is asking his guys to basically be fire hydrants and they're getting peed on right now." http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/137336
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FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security Foreword — List of Abbreviations — Introduction to FOSS and GNU/Linux — Network Concepts and Architectures — Major Networking Functions with FOSS — Security Functions with FOSS — Network Planning — Further References — Glossary — About the Author — Acknowledgements — About APDIP — About IOSN A network in any computing environment is always a long-term investment. It is imperative that proper planning be done before going all out to deploy a network. A few pointers on network design and development are given below. Capacity: Plan for at least two to three years Infrastructure: Build for at least one year Business Models: Look after the next quarter As illustrated above, there are three factors to consider when planning a network. The first is capacity, both in terms of bandwidth as well as human resource. Second, you need to consider the infrastructure that you need to build to support the capacity. Ultimately, your network is good only for as long as it can help you meet business needs and costs. For both service providers and non-profit organizations, planning should be for at least two to three years. However, at the same time, the infrastructure should be able to handle at least another year of operation. Here are some more points to consider: Identify the components of a LAN/WAN and determine the type of network design that is most appropriate for a given site. Identify the different media used in network communications, distinguish between them, and determine how to use them to connect servers and workstations in a network. Differentiate between the different networking standards, protocols, and access methods, and determine which would be most appropriate for a given situation. Recognize the primary network architectures, identify their major characteristics, and determine which would be most appropriate for a proposed system. Identify the primary functions of network operating systems and distinguish between a centralized computing environment and a client/server environment. Determine how to implement and support the major networking components (including the server, operating system and clients), and propose a system for adequately securing data on a given LAN and protecting the system’s components. Distinguish between LANs and WANs, identify the components used to expand a LAN into a WAN, and determine how to implement an appropriate modem in the larger LAN/WAN environment. Identify strategic LAN support tools and resources, and determine how to use these in troubleshooting basic network problems. Mail Choose a reliable MTA, but at the same time be cautious about spam, as it is a big headache. Make redundant servers. Separate user servers from real servers. DNS Use the latest BIND releases. Plan nomenclature properly, but do not make it too obvious. Redundancy is most important. Arrange to host alternative DNS servers at off site/multiple locations. User Services E-mail access – POP, Web. Web access. Transparent caching/proxy. Core Services – Infrastructure Multi home: try to buy bandwidth from an IX facility. Buying capacity is cheaper than managed capacity. Plan to peer with other ISPs as much as possible. Routers Use loopback address in a separate subnet. Use the lookback address as RouterID. For core routers, memory is important. For edge routers, ports are important. Take configuration backups regularly. Switching Switching capacity is never enough. Invest in large switches, if that is what you will need in future. Use VLANs to separate different groups of machines/networks. For backbones, gigabit Ethernet is now more commonly used. Backbone Switched vs. routed backbone. The same decisions apply as in LAN connections. The backbone itself can be switched, and the traffic between different subnets can be routed. Switching has its advantages if there is large local broadband use. Branch Offices Branch offices (BOs) need to be planned well in advance. BOs tend to grow faster than you think they will. Basic considerations for BOs. Multihoming. Distributed user services. Authentication/remote management. Hosts Core services. Use separate servers for separate functions. 1U servers are more manageable and also consume less power and space. Use standardized platform as much as possible. In an integrated environment, FOSS tools are used alongside proprietary software and tools. This is a common scenario, but when it comes to network infrastructure, resources and security, FOSS provides an established and proven track record as the best software choice available in this area. In a networked environment, the ability to quickly diagnose and solve problems is critical. Experienced network administrators know that 80 percent of all network-related problems have to do with cabling and physical problems. Many problems can be minimized by using the best software in each category and, today, as argued above, the best software in most cases are FOSS.
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The Science of Sleep, or La Science des rêves (literally The Science of Dreams), is a 2006 film about a man entranced by his dreams and imagination who is lovestruck with a French woman and feels he can show her his world. Written and directed by Michel Gondry. Open your heart. taglines I am your neighbor and a liar. By the way, do you have Zoe's number? Tonight I'll show you how dreams are prepared,............. love, friendships, relationships. All those ships. Would you marry me when we are seventy? You have nothing to lose. I like your boobs. I think they're very friendly and unpretentious. Are you trying to mock me on the air? P. S. R. Parallel Synchronized Randomness. An interesting brain rarity and our subject for today. Two people walk in opposite directions at the same time and then they make the same decision at the same time. Then they correct it, and then they correct it, and then they correct it, and then they correct it, and then they correct it. Basically, in a mathematical world these two little guys will stay looped for the end of time. The brain is the most complex thing in the universe and it's right behind the nose. [plays drums] Fascinating! I like it when you cry, because it means you have to wear your glasses. No, actually I don't like it when you cry. I find it horrible. Especially when it's not for me. I love her because she makes things. You know? She makes things with her hands. It's as if her synapses was married directly to her fingers. [wiggles fingers] Like this. In this way. This girl is at once all the women that broke my heart. She is so beautiful and generous and she is asking me to leave because she is dumping me. She is dumping me because I am a cheap drug dealer. And I am a drug dealer because she wants to leave me. I am collecting beautiful objects. A pair of shoes. Some glasses. Telephone. Typewriter. They are made from wool and felt. With apparent stitches. Their delicate, unfinished appearance is friendly. And they are quiet. No, I can't speak French with you. I'm too shy. The only thing I can say is: "I like your tit. It erects me in my pants." Well in my case the problem is that I don't have a girlfriend. And I'm not dead. Stephanie, can you hold my hand? I cannot sleep...She takes it. I'm exhausted, I'm going to wake up now. (1:06:11): Distraction is an obstruction to the construction. (1:20:48): Things will turn out the way you want, if you could just stop doubting that I love you. Call me home, next door. Doot. Doot. Doot. Doot. Stephane: [Shows 3-D glasses] You can see real life in 3-D. Stéphanie: Isn't life already in 3-D? Stephane: No but, yeah but, come on. Stephane: It's like touching your penis with your left hand. Stéphanie: I don't have a penis. Stephane: But you have a left hand. Stéphanie: Randomness is very difficult to achieve... organization always merges back if you don't pay attention. Stephane: Death to organization. Stéphanie: How's your head? Stephane: It's okay. It's not normal though... Stéphanie: It's never going to be. Stéphanie:I'm not sure I should accept this gift. Why do I deserve a present anyway? Stephane: Because...for the occasion that you are pretty. Guy: [after throwing his TV into the canal] It floats! Stephane: Yeah, it floats. Guy: Maybe the fish will enjoy that crap. Stéphanie: I have big hands. Stephane: That means you have a large penis. [embarrassed] ...That was inappropriate. Stéphanie: Why me? Stephane: Because everyone else is boring. And because you're different. You don't like me, Stéphanie. Stéphanie: Stephane, wait. Do you feel better? Stephane: I'm going to work Stéphanie: I just wanted to know if you're okay. Stephane: Yeah I'm super fine thanks. Stéphanie: So I get it, so you dont want to be my friend anymore? Stephane: No! I don't want to be your friend anymore!I don't want to be your friend anymore! Do I have to nail it on your door? "I don't want to be your friend." Stéphanie: No you, you can't, you can't stop being my friend. It's not something people can decide. Stephane: Oh yeah they can. People have an argument and they stop talking to each other. Stéphanie: Okay then lets have a date or something and we can talk about things if thats whats you want. Stephane: Whats the point you'll just want me as your friend and then you'll have a really nice boyfriend and that will kill me. Open your heart. In dreams emotions are overwhelming. Gael García Bernal - Stéphane Miroux Charlotte Gainsbourg - Stéphanie Alain Chabat - Guy Miou-Miou - Christine Miroux Pierre Vaneck - Mr. Pouchet Emma de Caunes - Zoé Aurélia Petit - Martine Sacha Bourdo - Serge Wikipedia has an article about: The Science of Sleep The Science of Sleep quotes at the Internet Movie Database The Science of Sleep at Rotten Tomatoes Official site
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Alloy is a formal language deeply rooted in Z. It was developed by Daniel Jackson, currently at MIT. Daniel is the son of Michael Jackson who is well-known for his contributions to computing. The Alloy analyzer is a constraint analyzer developed by Felix Chang, currently at MIT. Let us take the classic example of the address book and convert it into a formal equivalent model of a digital art gallery catalog. Here we are thinking of the names of paintings. A physical painting is located in exactly one place. But the digital form of that painting, which we will call digital image, may be located in many different places. Such digital images are to be subject to control, for quality purposes, for copyright purpose, and so on. To motivate the work we will concentrate on a real-world example: the digital art exhibition. But first let us start with the address book. In today's world we might be thinking of names and web addresses, or names and e-mail adresses, or ... There is so much potential. Let us be conservative and have some fun? Here is a simple old-fashioned address book: To build a model requires investment of time and energy. To develop a meaningful model of one's own helps to understand the process of model building. This gives one a sense of ownership in the model. One might experiment with the simple model above. For example, if interested in the prison system, one might change „Black Rock“ to „Black Rock penitentiary“ or „Black Rock jail“ and maybe change „on the road“ to „on the run“. Let us take the first first example used by Jackson in his book: module addressbook sig Name, Addr {} sig Book { addr: Name -> lone Addr } The special keyword lone needs explanation. It indicates that each name is mapped to at most one address. It is possible for someone to have no address. In our little model „Charlie Bigfoot“ has no address in the usual sense. So, just for fun, we have given him a special sort of address "on the road". We can get a picture of our simple model. The image on the left is the default layout in the Alloy analyzer; that on the right uses the „Magic Layout“. Our next step is to produce some typical address books. In particular we are interested to see if we can produce an example that corresponds to the old-fashioned address book with which we began. pred show () {} run show for 4 but 1 Book Following the pattern of Jackson's development closely, one adds the predicate show to get at most 4 objects in each signature: Name and Addr but only 1 object Book. So! We can think of „Harry Knooall“ having Name1, „Martha Underwude“ having Name0, „Black Rock, Big Peak county“ being represented by Addr2, and so on. In other words, we do have a good working model for the kind of address book we have in mind. Now what shall we do? Let us begin with a simple correspondence. An address book associates names with addresses. The exhibition catalog associates names of digital images (of paintings or whatever) with web addresses. We jump in straight away with the name of the module: module exhibitionCatalog The next step is the introduction of an abstract signature which we will call Xpoint. The idea behind Xpoint is to indicate some end point in an XML namespace. abstract sig Xpoint {} Now we can define exactly what we mean by the web address of the digital image (of the painting or whatever). sig WebAddr extends Xpoint {} We also consider the possibility of groups of names. The purpose of the group is to cover the concept of artistic theme, such as Impressionism, Cubism, and so on. Let us try out the use of ArtTheme for such a group? Similarly, an alias is a name for another name. It is frequently the case, that an artwork will have some name, such as Mother with Child. It is also possible that a caloguer will use an alias such as the Chicago Madonna for exactly the same artwork. It might seem convenient to use Alias for this purpose. However, in order to avoid confusion between this new (isomorphic) model and the original Jackson model we will use OtherName. Both ArtTheme and OtherName are sorts of Names, words which identify. But Name is used in the original Jackson model. Let us use instead the word Identity. And just as the Xpoint is in an XML space, then why not consider the Identity to be a kind of Xpoint? abstract sig Identity extends Xpoint {} Now we can define ArtTheme and OtherName as extensions of Identity: sig ArtTheme extends Identity {} sig OtherName extends Identity {} For convenience, one might like to wrap up the previous two defintion in one line: sig ArtTheme, OtherName extends Identity {} Finally the ArtExhibitionCatalog is determined by setting up a relationship between the Identity (of the ArtWork) and the Xpoint (where it is located). sig ArtExhibitionCatalog {webAddr: Identity —> Xpoint} Now we put everything together module exhibitionCatalog abstract sig Xpoint {} sig WebAddr extends Xpoint {} abstract sig Identity extends Xpoint {} sig ArtTheme, OtherName extends Identity {} sig ArtExhibitionCatalog {webAddr: Identity -> Xpoint} The first thing to do is show a picture of the structure of the metamodel: It might be a good idea to make a printout or a sketch of this picture while studying the rest of the model. Now we are ready to play with our little model. Before we do, it is really worthwhile to listen to what Daniel Jackson has to say on the subject: «Building a model incrementally with an analyzer, simulating and checking as you go along, is a very different experience from using pencil and paper alone. The first reaction tends to be amazement: modeling is much more fun when you get instant, visual feedback, When you simulate a partial model, you see examples immediately that suggest new constraints to be added.» The most basic way to show what is going on is to use the predicate show. Here we want to show some of the possible webAddresses associated with our ArtExhibitionCatalog: pred show (aec: ArtExhibitionCatalog) {some aec.webAddr} and we want to limit our exploration of the model to at most 3 objects in each signature, except for the ArtExhibitionCatalog which is limited to 1 object: run show for 3 but 1 ArtExhibitionCatalog Finally, to get a picture of what is happening with respect to the ArtExhibitionCatalog, we project over it. That is to say, we know there is just one. Let us put it in the background and see what the rest of the picture looks like. Here is one such result. We must go back and fix the model. Specifically, one might add the fact that for any ArtExhibitionCatalog there is no Identity that is in a set of Xpoints which can be reached from that Identity. In other words, cycling (i.e. going round in circles) is out! We state this as fact { all aec: ArtExhibitionCatalog | no id: Identity | id in id.^(aec.webAddr) } Now let us consider the following result: pred show (ace: ArtExhibitionCatalog) some OtherName. (ace.webaddress)} Starting again from the simple address book we can move in the direction of the vCard. The task is to find a simple way of building up the model of the vCard, step by step. Why not begin with the example given in the Wikipedia article? BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:2.1 N:Gump;Forrest FN:Forrest Gump ORG:Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. TITLE:Shrimp Man TEL;WORK;VOICE:(111) 555-1212 TEL;HOME;VOICE:(404) 555-1212 ADR;WORK:;;100 Waters Edge;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:100 Waters Edge=0D=0ABaytown, LA 30314=0D=0AUnited States of America ADR;HOME:;;42 Plantation St.;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:42 Plantation St.=0D=0ABaytown, LA 30314=0D=0AUnited States of America EMAIL;PREF;INTERNET:[email protected] REV:20080424T195243Z END:VCARD Our first task is to identify the meaning of the "key" words which are apparently given in uppercase. We recognize TITLE, WORK, VOICE, HOME and so on. But what exactly is N, FN, REV? These "key" words are called properties. The basic list of properties is FN, N, NICKNAME, PHOTO, BDAY, ADR, LABEL, TEL, EMAIL, MAILER, TZ, GEO, TITLE, ROLE, LOGO, AGENT, ORG, CATEGORIES, NOTE, PRODID, REV, SORT-STRING, SOUND, URL, UID, VERSION, CLASS, KEY. Let us begin by organizing these in a nice table. We will not fill in all the details right now. http://www.imc.org/pdi/pdiproddev.html "Like Z, it describes all structures (in space and time) with a minimal toolkit of mathematical notions," Jackson 2006, p.xii Some brief information on Felix Chang is given in the e-Links. We use addressBook2 as the key example taken from Daniel Jackson's book Software Abstractions, p.17 In practical work we will use digital photographs as digital images in our exhibition. Such digital photographs will be freely available under the usual Creative Commons license. We have simplified Jackson's model a little bit. His module, page 6, has the longer title „tour/addressBook1“ It is important to be open about possible meanings of names. I say him. I could say her. If we want to be specific about gender, then we have to model it: female, male, other, for example. Jackson uses the name Target, p.17. It is very hard to imagine how one might come up with this particular way of doing things. In other words, to start with such an abstract signature seems to require prior knowledge. Such prior knowledge seems to require a great deal of sophistication or intuition. Jackson 2006, p.xiii vCard version 2.1 Specification vCard version 2.1 Specification vCard version 2.1 Specification vCard version 2.1 Specification Jackson, Daniel (2006). Software abstractions : logic, language and analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262101149. Felix Chang last access {2008-08-15} Representing vCard Objects in RDF/XML vCard, The Electronic Business Card, Version 2.1. A versit Consortium Specification, September 18, 1996
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Sociological Visions of Ethics and Responsibility drawn from ideas featured in Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman In this world there is beauty and there are the humiliated... whatever difficulties this situation may present we should all strive to never be unfaithful to either. – Albert Camus As a general rule, in any society at any given time, there is more humiliation and misery occurring than society notices, more still than it admits, and much more still than it resolves to alleviate or rectify. This is the prime reason why justice is always a distant cry , far ahead and out of reach from everything we do for human well-being and dignity. However, we can't be faithful to the humiliated unless we at least reach for beauty. Social thought is done for the benefit of humanity when it shows us how we can refuse to act in systematically hurtful ways even while living under circumstances that make the cruel treatment of others seem easy to accept. As relatively free beings, it is possible to choose to care a little more. In that choice lies our human dignity and our sense of morality. The role of critical sociology is to make these choices more accessible by demonstrating that our currently socially acceptable ways of thinking and acting are based on historically isolated and likely flawed sets of social ethics . Sociologists are not unrealistic utopians who think they know how to finally set the world right to insure that all people live eternally in peace and harmony. This can be rejected on the grounds that the practice of sociology is implicitly tied to the values of the particular culture that surrounds it – those which likewise bind all men and women in the community of social thinkers. However, sociology is an important agent in re-imagining and redoing the current world. It is hoped that this deprives the prevailing institutions of the day the air of invulnerability they desperately need to continue to operate unopposed. What sociology badly needs to fulfill its mandate is an enlarged public forum in which people can come together to recreate their world first in ideas, without the fear that all our hopes and ambitions will be overshadowed by the public desire to make a spectacle out of private lives. It is this forum that our society conspicuously and disastrously lacks and needs to revitalize politics, especially in this time of greatest need. The effort to give some social choices preference over other alternatives is what we call “ethics”. Society is an ongoing effort to increase the probability of some choices occurring over others. Thus, sociology cannot but be inquiry into the ways in which ethical rules are constructed . Societies are systems of coordinated choices and any society you study is but one reality chosen among many . Society may be “good” or “bad” depending on different beliefs, but in each case it may be better than it is. Being moral means accepting that new choices may be good or may be bad, but it does not mean knowing, let alone knowing for sure which are good and which are bad. Being moral means being bound to make such new choices under conditions of acute and painful uncertainty. To be moral means never to feel good enough about our choices or about the current state of our world – this is the restlessness associated with being human. Often ethics comes in handy as a tranquilizer, as a drug to mitigate pangs of conscience. However, becoming dependent on the same tired old ethics of justification may in the long run destroy our moral immune system and deprive the self of the little ability it might have had in facing up to tough moral dilemmas and going after the good on its own volition. This restless and indefatigable search for ways to do away with the wrongs of our world never runs a straight line since new actions bring with them new evils . History has been more like a pendulum that a straight edge ruler. To defend ourselves from the evils perpetrated in the past, we march with our backs turned toward the future, but no sooner do we turn to scrutinize the future than it becomes in its turn a past with ugliness showing anew. Modernity has often been about making the world a “clean” and predictable place. Ordering the world in such a preplanned fashion means making reality vastly different than it currently is by getting rid of the ingredients of reality which are deemed to be responsible for the impurity of the certain human conditions. On this path, we may quickly arrive at a verdict that some people should be refused help, thrown out, or destroyed in the name of a greater good and someone else's greater happiness. Would we be better or worse off without the modern ethos? No one really knows... we still need to wait for full inventory to be made of the atrocities which it may have blinded us to thus far. Modernity's forte is the power of its tools. What counts in the measurements of its success are efficiency, speed, and the scale of performance. Its weakness is the vagueness and uncertainty about the ends to which these tools may be applied. There is a fast growing imbalance between the means we (as members of the privileged lot of humanity) have at our disposal and the ends which we collectively can agree on as worthy of our attention and effort. If you think you know exactly what the good society is like, then any cruelty you commit in its name is justified and absolved. We can abstain from self-assured acts of cruelty only when we are unsure of our wisdom and admit the possibility of our own ideological fallibility. The ghastly failure of our utopias has turned peoples' thoughts away from what a better life would require to be done in the here and now. It seems that societies manipulate morality rather than produce it. Powerful groups enforce the kinds of morality that advance their own interests. It is this socially produced reality which needs to justify itself, to be tried and judged at the tribunal of ethics. Freedom may be the natural condition of humanity, but most of human history has been dedicated to repression. S ecuring bare necessities for all people is the secret to releasing humanity's amazing creative potential. In these times of “liquid modernity”, the hoops one must jump through to achieve security are notorious for being melted as soon as they are molded. For too many, there are only motel beds and sleeping bags available for readjustment. We are told daily that our possibilities are unlimited and that we need only pick and choose those that fit us best. We are then punished for failing to find the best of these advertised alternatives, as if what we had been told of their availability had some guarantee attached. This myth cannot become true for more people as long as the present-day decoupling of freedom and security persists. These two values cannot be entertained separately. We are encouraged to believe that security is in fact disabling, responsible for breeding the kind of dependency that is thought to constrain human freedom. However, acrobatics and tight rope walking without a [social] safety net is an art few people can master and recipe for disaster for all the rest. Take away security and freedom is the first casualty. Most modern atrocities have been byproducts of a desperate search for security. As older unchanging and self-reproducing orders collapsed under the changes of modernity, quelling the fears brought on by this disturbance was brought to obsessive extremes by modernity, which allowed ever more desperate and destructive responses Freedom is the uppermost among human values but first and foremost it is a fate. Free beings, if they are indeed free, may embrace that fate or try to escape it, make it into their vocation or fight against it: this is also the capacity to which they owe their freedom. Often freedom seems to be an ambivalent value because it sometimes attracts and repels at the same time. It is disconcerting and frightening to account for one's actions using the terms “I had to” instead of “I wanted to”. Hence the treacherous allure of “there is no alternative” ideologies as well as many of the awesome seductive powers of totalitarian regimes. Remember, there is never a shortage of offers to absolve us of our freedoms . By itself, the idea of justice has no specific meaning. It only makes sense as a protest against injustice. A just society is a society which considers itself not just enough, which questions the sufficiency of any achieved level of justice and considers justice always to be a step more ahead. A just society is one which reacts angrily to any case of injustice and promptly sets about correcting it. While modernity has blurred many traditional distinctions between justice and injustice, its promise is provide more information on which to base our judgments. Today, the concept of injustice is more hotly contested than any other time in history. However, fast-paced change in the structure and content of our lives has made the idea of justice hazier than ever before. Since justice can only be described as an ever changing ideal, the just society must seek it through ongoing controversy, not majority rule consensus. Like modernity, justice is not just an unfinished project, it is an unfinishible project with only a very limited conception of future directions. What is more noticeable these days is the tendency to ignore or brush off some of the world's most brutal and excessive differences in standards of living (caused both by particularities in human history and by the current economic regime) as “facts of nature” about which we collectively can do nothing but humbly accept and obey. This happens while the moral alertness of the public is redirected to focus on the demands for recognition from small groups and categories of people sufficiently free and resourceful enough to choose a new lifestyle and demanded its acceptance. The increasing global effects of our local actions necessitate responsibility on a scale which has never been confronted before. Global power demands global responsibility. The latter has been much slower to arrive even as it finds itself increasingly impotent in the face of consolidated transnational corporate power. The fraction of our income or gross domestic product we are prepared to share with faraway impoverished people who are deprived of livelihood partly as a result of our economy's global search for wealth is pitifully tiny. Investing in the poor may be a morally correct act, but it makes no economic sense under capitalism – less money in wealthy consumers' pockets only raises prices.The problem of finding ways to catch up with rapidly globalizing economic powers by means of our local and national institutions of democracy may presently constitute the major challenge to our standards of justice and morality. There is a contemporary feeling amongst individuals even in the most free and affluent societies that some of the most basic and important patterns of their lives simply cannot be changed and concern with these problems will only be a waste of time. This is because for the most part the roots of whatever troubles us most and stands in the way of a dignified and morally satisfied life are stuck well beyond the reach of our individual action. These roots are socially planted and cultivated and only collectively can they be dug up and detoxified . Once set in motion, individualization is a self-propelling and self-intensifying process. One of its foremost effects is the undermining of the possibility to act socially to question society and then following this critique with a shared strategy. It is the task of sociology to reconstitute society as the common property and responsibility of free individuals aiming at a dignified life. With the world changing faster every day, levels of anxiety and isolation continue to rise as individuals and families attempt to cope alone – resulting in very negative consequences for some. With the almost forgotten ties of the extended family out of reach in times of need and insecurity, many people long for a community they can no longer locate. We cannot help missing the missing community but the community we miss cannot be found. Most disconcerting to today's consumer masses is that it cannot be commissioned or made on demand. A true community must be able to address serious crises collectively, but also secure stable and productive lives for its individual members. Like cultures, true communities are not as much impositions of fixed identities as they are processes of making sense with and through others. Our culture should be a knife pressed against the future...
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Southeast Bengal is in India. Southeast Bengal consists of the districts of Kolkata, Howrah, Hooghly, Nadia, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas. 22.543588.33421 Kolkata — capital of West Bengal. 22.866788.38332 Chandernagore — the famous site for Jagaddhatri Puja and the immersion rally 22.5988.313 Howrah — part of a very large agglomeration with Kolkata 22.7688.374 Barrackpore — 22.9227788.379445 Bandel — 22.97588.43446 Kalyani — 23.4036488.367647 Nabadwip — Temple city and heritage town. 23.405688.496168 Krishnanagar — 23.1888.589 Ranaghat — 21.94588.8958331 Sundarbans National Park — a wildlife sanctuary with Royal Bengal Tigers and deer found in forests and mangrove swamps 23.1084188.673062 Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary — also known as the Parmadan Forest, a safe haven for a healthy population of nearly 250 deer 21.563288.25943 Bakkhali — 22.288.24 Diamond Harbour — 22.17448988.4183575 Jaynagar Majilpur — 22.2288.056 Gadiara — 22.20688.1267 Raichak — 21.7388.128 Sagar Island — 23.58188.4059 Bethuadahari — wildlife centre 23.436988.392810 Mayapur — religious centre Southeast Bengal is the economic and transport hub of West Bengal, and the region is often called the gateway to Eastern India. It has two of the most busiest railway stations in India-Howrah Station and Sealdah Station and two major ports- Port of Haldia and Port of Calcutta. Geographically situated on the deltaic plains of the river Hoogly, the region is known for its fertile fields, sub-tropical and mangrove forests, East Calcutta wetland and the maze of distributaries in the Sunderban region. The region's culture and food has elements left over by Portuguese, French and British colonists and merchants who have settled here since 1700. The Nawab of Bengal Shiraj-ul Daulah, an Afgan prince, was the last ruling monarch of this region, his capital was Murshidabad. After being betrayed by his own general Mir Zafar, the king and his ally-French East India Company lost in the Battle of Plassey to a daring British general Robert Clive in the year 1757, paving way for the British conquest of the subcontinent for years to come. French merchants developed the city of Chandernagore and the British fortified Calcutta. Southeast Bengal is a paradise for food lovers as street food is not only cheap but also safe in most of the region. Bengali is the most widely used language but a sizable part of the population can converse in Hindi and Urdu. Most people understand basic English, even if they cannot speak it.
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Ralph Waldo Ellison (March 1, 1913 – April 16, 1994) was an American scholar and writer, most famous for his novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in 1953. The blues is an impulse to keep the painful details and episodes of a brutal experience alive in one's aching consciousness, to finger its jagged grain, and to transcend it, not by the consolation of philosophy, but by squeezing from it a near-tragic, near-comic lyricism. As a form the blues is an autobiographical chronicle of personal catastrophe expressed lyrically. "Richard Wright's Blues" (1945), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 129. Life is as the sea, art a ship in which man conquers life's crushing formlessness, reducing it to a course, a series of swells, tides and wind currents inscribed on a chart. "Richard Wright's Blues" (1945), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 133. Perhaps the most insidious and least understood form of segregation is that of the word.[...] For if the word has the potency to revive and make us free, it has also the power to blind, imprison and destroy. "Twentieth-Century Fiction and the Black Mask of Humanity" (1953), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 81. ...there must be possible a fiction which, leaving sociology and case histories to the scientist, can arrive at the truth about the human condition, here and now, with all the bright magic of the fairy tale. "Brave Words for a Startling Occasion" (1953), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 153. Our task then is always to challenge the apparent forms of reality—that is, the fixed meaning and values of the few—and to struggle with it until it reveals its mad, vari-implicated chaos, its false faces, and on until it surrenders its insight, its truth. "Brave Words for a Startling Occasion" (1953), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 154. All novels are about certain minorities: the individual is a minority. The universal in the novel—and isn't that what we're all clamoring for these days?—is reached only through the depiction of the specific man in a specific circumstance. "The Art of Fiction: An Interview" (The Paris Review, Spring 1955), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 212. The understanding of art depends finally upon one's willingness to extend one's humanity and one's knowledge of human life. "The Art of Fiction: An Interview" (The Paris Review, Spring 1955), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 217. By and large, the critics and readers gave me an affirmed sense of my identity as a writer. You might know this within yourself, but to have it affirmed by others is of utmost importance. Writing is, after all, a form of communication. "The Art of Fiction: An Interview" (The Paris Review, Spring 1955), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 218. Every serious novel is, beyond its immediate thematic preoccupations, a discussion of the craft, a conquest of the form, a conflict with its difficulties and a pursuit of its felicities and beauty. "Society, Morality and the Novel" (1957), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 699. Perhaps the novel evolved in order to deal with man's growing awareness that behind the facade of social organisations, manners, customs, myths, rituals and religions of the post-Christian era lies chaos. Man knows, despite the certainties which it is the psychological function of his social institutions to give him, that he did not create the universe, and that the universe is not at all concerned with human values. Man knows that even in this day of marvelous technology and the tenuous subjugation of the atom, that nature can crush him, and that at the boundaries of human order the arts and the instruments of technology are hardly more than magic objects which serve to aid us in our ceaseless quest for certainty. We cannot live, as someone has said, in the contemplation of chaos, but neither can we live without an awareness of chaos, and the means through which we achieve that awareness, and through which we assert our humanity most significantly against it, is in great art. In our time the most articulate art form for defining ourselves and for asserting our humanity is the novel. Certainly it is our most rational art form for dealing with the irrational. "Society, Morality and the Novel" (1957), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), pp. 699-700. Closed societies are now the flimsiest of illusions, for all the outsiders are demanding in. "Society, Morality and the Novel" (1957), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 726. Deep at the dark bottom of the melting pot, where the private is public and the public private, where black is white and white black, where the immoral becomes moral and the moral is anything that makes one feel good (or that one has the power to sustain), the white man's relish is apt to be the black man's gall. "Change the Joke and Slip the Yoke" (1958), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1955), p. 104. When American life is most American it is apt to be most theatrical. "Change the Joke and Slip the Yoke" (1958), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 108. The blues is an art of ambiguity, an assertion of the irrepressibly human over all circumstances, whether created by others or by one's own human failing. "Remembering Jimmy" (1958), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 277. Commercial rock ’n’ roll music is a brutalization of the stream of contemporary Negro church music ... an obscene looting of a cultural expression. "Some Questions and Some Answers" (1958), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 298. At best Americans give but limited attention to history. Too much happens too rapidly, and before we can evaluate it, or exhaust its meaning or pleasure, there is something new to concern us. Ours is the tempo of the motion picture, not that of the still camera, and we waste experience as we wasted the forest. "The Golden Age, Time Past" (1959), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 239. Let's not play these kids cheap; let's find out what they have that is a strength. What do they have that you can approach and build a bridge upon? Education is all a matter of building bridges, it seems to me. "What These Children Are Like" (1963), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 548. If you can show me how I can cling to that which is real to me, while teaching me a way into the larger society, then I will not only drop my defenses and my hostility, but I will sing your praises and help you to make the desert bear fruit. "What These Children Are Like" (1963), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 555. Good fiction is made of that which is real, and reality is difficult to come by. Shadow and Act (New York: Random House, 1964), Introduction, p. xix; in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 56. The act of writing requires a constant plunging back into the shadow of the past where time hovers ghostlike. Shadow and Act (New York: Random House, 1964), Introduction, p. xix; in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 56. Injustice wears ever the same harsh face wherever it shows itself. "If the Twain Shall Meet" (1964), inThe Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 569. Some people are your relatives but others are your ancestors, and you choose the ones you want to have as ancestors. You create yourself out of those values. Time Magazine (27 March 1964). I am a novelist, not an activist... But I think that no one who reads what I write or who listens to my lectures can doubt that I am enlisted in the freedom movement. As an individual, I am primarily responsible for the health of American literature and culture. When I write, I am trying to make sense out of chaos. To think that a writer must think about his Negroness is to fall into a trap. As quoted in "An American Novelist Who Sometimes Teaches" by John Corry in The New York Times (20 November 1966). ...remember that the antidote to hubris, to overweening pride, is irony, that capacity to discover and systematize clear ideas. Or as Emerson insisted, the development of consciousness, consciousness, consciousness. And with consciousness a more refined conscientiousness, and most of all, that tolerance which takes the form of humor, for when Americans can no longer laugh at each other, they have to fight one another. "Address to the Harvard College Alumni, Class of 1949" (1974), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 429. The work of art is, after all, an act of faith in our ability to communicate symbolically. "The Little Man at Chehaw Station" (1978), in The Collected Essays, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), p. 503. Eclecticism is the word. Like a jazz musician who creates his own style out of the styles around him, I play by ear. "The Essential Ellison", interview by Ishmael Reed in Y'Bird 1, no. 1 (1978): 130-59. I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids—and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination—indeed, everything and anything except me. Prologue (opening paragraph of novel). It is sometimes advantageous to be unseen, although it is most often rather wearing on the nerves. Prologue. It's when you feel like this that, out of resentment, you begin to bump people back. And, let me confess, you feel that way most of the time. You ache with the need to convince yourself that you do exist in the real world, that you're a part of all the sound and anguish, and you strike out with your fists, you curse and you swear to make them recognize you. And, alas, it's seldom successful. Prologue. ...there are few things in the world as dangerous as sleepwalkers. Prologue. ...the end is in the beginning and lies far ahead. Prologue. The truth is the light and light is the truth. Prologue. A hibernation is a covert preparation for a more overt action. Prologue. I am one of the most irresponsible beings that ever lived. Irresponsibility is part of my invisibility; any way you face it, it is a denial. But to whom can I be responsible, and why should I be, when you refuse to see me? And wait until I reveal how truly irresponsible I am. Responsibility rests upon recognition, and recognition is a form of agreement. Prologue. All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I accepted their answers too, though they were often in contradiction and even self-contradictory. I was naïve. I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which I, and only I, could answer. It took me a long time and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to achieve a realization everyone else appears to have been born with: That I am nobody but myself. Chapter 1. I am not ashamed of my grandparents for having been slaves. I am only ashamed of myself for having at one time been ashamed. Chapter 1. "I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemy’s country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome ‘em with yeses, undermine ‘em with grins, agree ‘em to death and destruction, let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open..." Chapter 1. Had the price of looking been blindness, I would have looked. Chapter 1. ...you both fail to understand what is happening to you. You cannot see or hear or smell the truth of what you see — and you, looking for destiny! It’s classic! And the boy, this automaton, he was made of the very mud of the region and sees far less than you. Poor stumblers, neither of you can see the other. To you he is a mark on the score-card of your achievement, a thing and not a man; a child, or even less — a black, amorphous thing. And you, for all your power, are not a man to him, but a God, a force... Chapter 3. I recall the sudden arpeggios of laughter lilting across the tender, springtime grass — gay-welling, far-floating, fluent, spontaneous, a bell-like feminine fluting, then suppressed; as though snuffed swiftly and irrevocably beneath the quiet solemnity of the vespered air now vibrant with somber chapel bells. Chapter 5. Man's hope can paint a purple picture, can transform a soaring vulture into a noble eagle or a moaning dove. Chapter 5. "Power doesn't have to show off. Power is confident, self-assuring, self-starting and self-stopping, self-warming and self-justifying. When you have it, you know it." Chapter 6. Play the game, but don't believe in it. Chapter 7. ...there's always an element of crime in freedom. Chapter 7. ...the world is possibility if only you'll discover it. Chapter 7. Perhaps everyone loved someone; I didn't know, I couldn't give much thought to love; in order to travel far you had to be detached, and I had a long road back to the campus before me. Chapter 9 But we are all human, I thought, wondering what I meant. Chapter 11. When I discover who I am, I'll be free. Chapter 11. If only all the contradictory voices shouting inside my head would calm down and sing a song in unison, whatever it was I wouldn't care so long as they sang without dissonance. Chapter 12. And while the ice was melting to form a flood in which I threatened to drown I awoke one afternoon to find that my first northern winter had set. Chapter 12. ...to hell with being ashamed of what you liked. Chapter 13. What and how much had I lost by trying to do only what was expected of me instead of what I myself had wished to do? Chapter 13. So she doesn't think Iʼm black enough. What does she want, a black-face comedian? [...] Maybe she wants to see me sweat coal tar, ink, shoe polish, graphite. What was I, a man or a natural resource? Chapter 14. The clock ticked with empty urgency, as though trying to catch up with the time. In the street a siren howled. Chapter 14. And yet I am what they think I am. Chapter 17. For now I had begun to believe, despite all the talk of science around me, that there was a magic in spoken words. Chapter 17. I do not know if all cops are poets, but I know that all cops carry guns with triggers. Chapter 21. Everywhere I've turned somebody has wanted to sacrifice me for my good—only they were the ones who benefited. And now we start on the old sacrificial merry-go-round. At what point do we stop? Chapter 23. They were very much the same, each attempting to force his picture of reality upon me and neither giving a hoot in hell for how things looked to me. Chapter 23. And I knew that it was better to live out one's own absurdity than to die for that of others. Chapter 25. ...the world is just as concrete, ornery, vile, and sublimely wonderful as before, only now I better understand my relation to it and it to me. Epilogue. Whence all this passion toward conformity anyway?—diversity is the word. Epilogue. America is woven of many strands; I would recognize them and let it so remain. It's "winner take nothing" that is the great truth of our country or of any country. Life is to be lived, not controlled; and humanity is won by continuing to play in face of certain defeat. Our fate is to become one, and yet many— This is not prophecy, but description. Epilogue. Sometimes I feel the need to reaffirm all of it, the whole unhappy territory and all the things loved and unlovable in it, for all of it is part of me. Epilogue. Without the possibility of action, all knowledge comes to one labeled "File and forget." Epilogue. I denounce because though implicated and partially responsible, I have been hurt to the point of abysmal pain, hurt to the point of invisibility. And I defend because in spite of all I find that I love. In order to get some of it down I have to love. I sell you no phony forgiveness, I'm a desperate man—but too much of your life will be lost, its meaning lost, unless you approach it as much through love as through hate. So I approach it through division. So I denounce and I defend and I hate and I love. Epilogue. And the mind that has conceived a plan of living must never lose sight of the chaos against which that pattern was conceived. That goes for societies as well as for individuals. Epilogue. Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I speak for you? Epilogue (last line of the novel). Three Days Before the Shooting...: The Unfinished Second Novel. New York: Modern Library, 2010. Words are everything and don't you forget it, ever. p. 251. Meaning grows in the mind, but the shape and form of the act remains. p. 311. But what a feeling can come over a man just from seeing the things he believes in and hopes for symbolized in the concrete form of a man. In something that gives a focus to all the other things he knows to be real. Something that makes unseen things manifest and allows him to come to his hopes and dreams through his outer eye and through the touch and feel of his natural hand. p. 418. ...the way we talk...you know that our people like to talk around a subject even when there's no danger. They enjoy it, and if they know you well enough they're apt to leave their true subject unstated so you'll have to supply the missing meaning. pp. 680-1. God is love, I said, but art's the possibility of forms, and shadows are the source of identity. p. 987. Wikipedia has an article about: Ralph Ellison Articles on Ellison at The New York Times Ralph Ellison: An American Journey (PBS) Biographical notice and literary assessment Review of a biograpy of Ellison The Life and Legacy of Ralph Ellison (NPR) Invisible Man quotes analyzed; study guide with themes, character, literary devices, teacher resources
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Sheldon: No, Mother, I could not feel your church group praying for my safety. The fact that I'm home safe does not prove that it worked. That logic is post hoc, ergo propter hoc. [lowers his voice] No, I'm not sassing you in Eskimo talk. Sheldon: What are they doing here? Leonard: We came to apologize again and bring you home. So why don't you pack up your stuff, and we'll head back? Sheldon: No, this is my home now. Thanks to you, my career is over, and I will spend the rest of my life here in Texas trying to teach evolution to creationists. Mrs. Cooper: You watch your mouth, Shelly. Everyone's entitled to their opinion. Sheldon: Evolution isn't an opinion, it's fact. Mrs. Cooper: And that is your opinion. Sheldon: [to the guys] I forgive you, let's go home. [Sheldon leaves to pack] Mrs. Cooper: [smiling] Don't tell me prayer doesn't work. [After the guys hear a cricket and Sheldon says its a snowy tree cricket based on the chirps] Howard: I am willing to bet anything, that's an ordinary field cricket. Sheldon: I can't take your money. Howard: What's the matter? You chicken? Sheldon: I've always found that an inappropriate slur. Chickens are not, by nature, at all timid. In fact, when I was young, my neighbor's chicken got loose and chased me up the big elm tree in front of our house. Raj: Chickens can't climb trees. Sheldon: Thank God. Howard: [checking an encyclopedia] Right here. See it? The common field cricket, a.k.a. Gryllus assimilis, which is Latin for "Suck it. You lose." Sheldon: Hang on. [Finds another page] Voila. The snowy tree cricket, a.k.a. Oecanthus fultoni, which is Latin for "I'll suck nothing." Of course I'm joking because the Latin for that is Nihil exsorbibo. Sheldon: Penny, while I subscribe to the "Many Worlds" theory which posits the existence of an infinite number of Sheldons in an infinite number of universes, I assure you that in none of them am I dancing. Penny: Are you fun in any of them? Sheldon: The math would suggest that in a few of them I'm a clown made of candy, but I don't dance. Penny: All right, Want some french toast? Sheldon: It's Oatmeal Day. Penny: Tell you what, Next french toast day, I will make you oatmeal. Sheldon: Dear lord, you're still going to be here on french toast day? [after several scenes where Penny does something of which Sheldon approves, and gets a piece of chocolate in return] Leonard: Okay. I see what you're doing. Sheldon: Really. Leonard: Yes. You're using chocolates as positive reinforcement for what you consider correct behavior. Sheldon: Very good! Chocolate? [while offering the box to Leonard] Leonard: No! [moves away] Leonard: I've always been a little confused about this-- why don't Hindus eat beef? Raj: We believe cows are gods. Sheldon: Not technically. In Hinduism cattle are thought to be like gods. Raj: Do not tell me about my own culture Sheldon! In the mood I'm in, I'll take you out, I swear to cow! Raj: [After Sheldon offers him a job] Please don't take this the wrong way, but I would rather swim butt-naked across the Ganges with a paper cut on my nipple, and then die a slow agonizing death from viral infection, than work with you. Sheldon: For me. [Howard's phone rings] Howard: Damn, it's my mother. Bernadette: Are you going answer it? Howard: I'm torn. She might be dying. I wouldn't want to miss that. On the other hand, if I let it go to voice-mail, I could play it over and over. Bernadette: I know how you feel. My mother makes me crazy. Howard: Not as crazy as my mother makes me. Bernadette: Oh, yeah? Does your mother call you every day at work to see if you've had a healthy lunch? Howard: My mother calls me at work to see if I had a healthy bowel movement. Bernadette: Okay, well, does she lay out your clothes for you in the morning like you're 9 years old? Howard: You live with your mother? Bernadette: No. That's the sad part. Howard: Okay, check this out: my mother made me wear rubber gloves to kindergarten so I wouldn't pick up a disease from the other children. Bernadette: That's nothing! I couldn't ride a bicycle because my mother was afraid I'd hit a bump and lose my virginity. Howard: Oh, wow. You didn't, did you? Bernadette: Not on a bicycle. In a Camry. [short pause] Howard: Corolla! More wine? Bernadette: I'd love some! Howard: Listen, you have to come to Shabbat dinner at my house sometime. Bernadette: Why? Howard: Well, a Catholic girl like you, wearing a big cross like that, might just give my mother the big brain aneurysm I've been hoping for. Bernadette: Okay. But only if you come to Sunday dinner at my house wearing a yarmulke. Howard: It's a date. Penny: [aside to Leonard] Am I a matchmaker or what? Sheldon: [after winning a card game match in a tournament] Now fetch me Wil Wheaton! [he looks at where Wil Wheaton and Stuart are playing their own match] bortaS bIr jablu’DI’ reH QaQqu’ nay’ Wil Wheaton: Did that guy just say 'Revenge is a dish best served cold' in Klingon? Stuart: I believe so. Wil Wheaton: What is wrong with him? Stuart: Everyone has a different theory. Sheldon: Alright, Poindexter, sit down, shut up, and listen. Leonard: I'm sorry? Sheldon: Oh, that's how my father always began our football conversations, and if you'd like, after the game I'll take you outside and teach you to shoot close enough to a raccoon that it craps itself. Leonard: [watching football on TV] I think I'm starting to get this. Raj: Really? The only thing I've learned in the last two hours is that American men love drinking beer, pee too often, and have trouble getting erections. Leonard: Focus on the game, not the commercials, Raj. Raj: I'm just saying, maybe if people cut back on the beer, you could get out of the bathroom and satisfy your women without pharmaceutical help. [Howard and Raj are fighting. Eventually, Sheldon loses his cool] Sheldon: Stop it both of you! All this fighting, I might as well be back with my parents! "Damn it, George, I told you if you didn't quit drinkin', I'd leave you!" "Well, I guess that makes you a liar, 'cause I'm drunk as hell and you're still here!" "Stop yelling! You're making Sheldon cry!" "I'll tell you what's making Sheldon cry! That I let you name him Sheldon!" [Sheldon storms out] Howard: Boy, what got him so upset? Raj: Oh, sure, you can tell when Sheldon's upset. Penny: Come on, Sheldon, let's go home - we're done fighting. Sheldon: I've heard that before. Then the next thing you know I'm hiding in my bedroom blaring a Richard Feynman lecture while my mom is shouting that "Jesus would forgive her if she put ground glass in my dad's meatloaf." And my dad's on the roof skeet shooting her Franklin Mint collectible plates. Penny: There's gonna be no more shouting and no skeet shooting. Sheldon: Really? Where's your friend Justin going to sleep? Leonard: Yeah, where's he gonna sleep? Penny: Oh, my God, would you let this go?! Stuart: [walking by] I'd let it go. Leonard: Why do I have to let it go, why can't you just tell the guy to find another place to sleep?! [Sheldon turns on a toy robot to drown out the arguing] Oh, for God's sakes! [turns off the robot] So, you have childhood issues - we all have childhood issues. At some point you just need to grow up and get past them. [Sheldon turns on another robot] Penny: Leonard, will you just let me handle this, please? [takes robot from Sheldon and turns it off] Sheldon, please, try and understand. Look, Leonard and I are in a relationship, and occasionally, we're gonna fight. But - no matter what happens between us, we'll always love you. Right, Leonard? Leonard: Always is a long time. [both look at him] Sure, always. Penny: You know, how 'bout we buy you this robot and we all go home? Sheldon: I want that one. [points to the toy robot held by Leonard] Penny: Okay, we'll buy you that one. Leonard: Ah, come on, he's just gonna play with it twice and then it'll end up in his closet with all the other junk. Penny: Buy him the robot, Leonard. [Leonard walks off to buy the robot] Sheldon: Can I get this comic book, too? Penny: [mom-like tone and face] Yes, you can. [Sheldon runs off] Sheldon: The 'Check Engine' light is on; we need to find a service station. Penny: No, the light's been on since I bought the car. Sheldon: All the more reason to consult with a mechanic before it explodes! Penny: It's not gonna explode, just keep driving. Warp speed ahead, Mr. Spock. Sheldon: Mr. Spock did not pilot the Enterprise, he was a science officer, and I guarantee you that if he ever saw the Enterprise's 'Check Engine' light blinking, he would pull the ship over immediately! Sheldon: According to the inexplicably irritable nurse behind the desk, you'll be seen after the man who claims to be having a heart attack but appears well enough to be playing Doodle Jump on his iPhone. [Holding clipboard] We have to fill these out. Describe the illness or injury. Penny: I dislocated my shoulder. Sheldon: Alright, and how did the accident occur? Penny: You already know that. Sheldon: [writing] Cause of accident - lack of adhesive ducks. Okay, medical history. Have you ever been diagnosed with diabetes? Penny: No. Sheldon: Kidney disease? Penny: No. Sheldon: Migraines? Penny: Getting one. Sheldon: Are you currently pregnant? Penny: No. Sheldon: Are you sure? You look a bit puffy. Penny: Change migraine to 'yes'. Sheldon: When was your last menstrual period? Penny: Oh, Next question! Sheldon: I'll put 'in progress'. Okay, moving to psychiatric disorders, list all behavioral diagnoses e.g. depression, anxiety etcetera. Penny: Oh, my God! What the hell does this have to do with my stupid shoulder?! Sheldon: [Writing] Episodes of sub-psychotic rage. Penny: Ass! Sheldon: Possible Tourettes. Sheldon: [about his appearance on NPR] My mother is very excited. She's convening her Bible study group to listen in and then pray for my soul. Howard: I just always thought when I finally settle down and do a relationship, it would be with someone... you know... different. Penny: Different how? Howard: Well, you know... more like Megan Fox from Transformers or Katee Sackhoff from Battlestar Galactica. Penny: Are you high? Leonard: You'd have a better shot with that three-breasted Martian hooker from Total Recall. Howard: Okay, now you're just being unrealistic. Anyway, that movie was like twenty years ago. Imagine how saggy those things would be. Sheldon: Why are you crying? Penny: Because I'm stupid. Sheldon: Well, that's no reason to cry. One cries because one is sad. For example, I cry because others are stupid, and that makes me sad. Penny: Oh, yeah, you can't sit there. Bernadette: Why not? Leonard: That's where Sheldon sits. Bernadette: He can't sit somewhere else? Penny: Oh no, you see in the winter, that seat is close enough the the radiator so he's warm yet not so close that he sweats. In the summer it's directly in the path of a cross-breeze created by opening windows there and there. It faces the television at an angle that isn't direct so he can still talk to everybody yet not so wide that the picture looks distorted. Sheldon: Perhaps there's hope for you after all. Sheldon: I found the Grinch to be a relatable and engaging character, and I was really with him right up the point that he succumbed to social convention and returned the presents and saved Christmas. What a buzz-kill that was. Leonard: When we watch Frosty the Snowman, he roots for the sun. Sheldon: Excuse me, but the sun is essential for all life on Earth. Frosty is merely a bit of frozen supernatural ephemera and a stolen hat—a crime, by the way, for which he is never brought to account. Leonard: [singing] Fa-la-la-la la-la-la-la! Dr. Beverly Hofstadter: [after hugging Leonard] I'm getting a warm feeling across my chest. Penny: That's the Del Taco. Sheldon: Why is Leonard softly banging his head on his bedroom door? Dr. Beverly Hofstadter: Speaking of warm feelings, come here! [kisses Sheldon square on the lips] Nah, I'd rather have the busboy. [Howard enters Leonard's laboratory to mock him for his unsuccessful date the previous evening] Howard: Hey. Leonard: [handing him a pair of glasses] Laser. Howard: Had a great night last night. I don't like to kiss and tell, but... [puts glasses on] somebody made it to eighth base! Leonard: The hell is eighth base? Howard: Seventh base with shirt off. Well... My shirt. How'd things go with Penny? Leonard: [sarcastically] Oh, yes... Couldn't be better. [He fires up the laser, igniting a Cylon action figure in its path and startling Howard] Howard: Are we taking our relationship frustrations out on innocent Cylons? Leonard: [extinguishing the fire] It's not just Cylons. Superman's next. Howard: Alright. I was gonna try to squeeze in a little more mocking before lunch, but I can come back later, when you don't have a high-power weapon. Leonard: How can I go out with a woman who believes in psychics? Howard: Hey, I once dated a girl who believed she was abducted by aliens. Leonard: And that didn't bother you? Howard: Au contraire. It meant she was gullible and open to a little probing. Leonard: What am I supposed to do, pretend I believe something I don't whenever I'm with Penny? Howard: Hey I'm sure Penny fakes all kinds of things when she's with you. Leonard: Do me a favor. [points to the area in front of the laser] lean over and put your head right here. Howard: Let me show you another way to look at this. [Draws a large box on a dry-erase board] Here we have the universe of all women. [Draws one large circle inside the box] These are the ones you want to sleep with. [Draws an equal-size circle slightly intersecting the first] These are the women who believe exactly what you believe. [Draws a very small circle at bottom of the intersection] These are the women who would be willing to sleep with you. Right there at the little triple intersection is your ideal mate. Odds are she's a short physicist with low self-esteem who lives in a government research facility in China. Leonard: What's your point? In order to keep having a sexual relationship with Penny, I have to give up everything I believe in, my intellectual integrity, the very nature of who I am? I can't do that, Howard. Howard: I respect that. [takes Leonard's hand and dots his palm with the marker] Leonard: What is that? Howard: Your new girlfriend. Have fun tonight. Raj: Okay, let's check out the females. Sheldon: Alright, there's a female. Raj: That's Professor Wilkinson's wife, she's like 80 years old! Sheldon: But she's female, isn't that the game? Raj: No, I'm looking for a hookup. Sheldon: Oh. So the point of this exercise is to find someone for you to copulate with. Raj: Not so loud, but ideally yes. Sheldon: And what is my function as wingman? Raj: You help me run my game. Sheldon: Alright, and what is your game? Raj: When I lie through my teeth to a woman, you nod and agree. [Abby walks by and notices Sheldon's lantern] Abby: Hey, that's pretty cool, what is it? Sheldon: It's a limited edition Green Lantern lantern. My friend is looking for someone to copulate with. Abby: [laughs] You're very funny, I'm Abby. Sheldon: I'm Sheldon. Raj: How do you do? Rajesh Ramayan Koothrappali. Call me Raj. Abby: Hey Raj, where are you from? Raj: The mysterious, sub-continent of India. Abby: Ooh, India. Raj: You know India? Abby: I saw Slumdog Millionaire. Raj: Well, I'm a slumdog astrophysicist. Sheldon: I thought your father was a gynecologist? [Raj looks at him] Sorry. [Smiles and nods] Abby: Hey, Martha, come over here. Meet Sheldon and Raj. Martha: Is that the limited edition Green Lantern lantern? Sheldon: In brightest day, in darkest night, no evil shall escape my sight. [Holds up his ring to the lantern and it lights up.] Martha: Oh, that is so awesome. Sheldon: Thank you. [To Raj] Have you chosen one to copulate with? Sheldon: Oh, Lord, they re-did the menu. Leonard: So what, it's the same food. Sheldon: Really? Look at this: General Tso's chicken is no longer under specialties. It's now under chicken. Raj: So? Sheldon: Yes, General Tso. Raj: Not Tso the chicken, so the question. So? Sheldon: So? Did the chef lose confidence in himself or the dish. And just look at this, Shrimp with "mobster sauce". What is "mobster sauce"? Leonard: It's obviously a typo. Sheldon: Perhaps. Or perhaps this restaurant is now a front for organized crime. For all we know the mobster sauce actually contains chunks of deceased mobsters. Raj: No, I just think it means it's the kind of sauce mobsters like. Howard: It doesn't mean anything, it's just a typo! Leonard: Here's an idea: why don't we go out for pizza? Sheldon: Good idea. We'll go to Corleone’s. Howard: Sure, no mobsters there. Sheldon: The more I think of it, mobster sauce couldn't possibly contain actual mobsters. Leonard: [impatient] Why not? Sheldon: It's listed under seafood. [after Penny and Leonard slipped on marbles that Sheldon has spread across the floor] Howard: Sheldon, what the hell are you doing? Sheldon: Same thing I've been doing for three days. Trying to figure out why electrons behave as if they have no mass when traveling through a graphene sheet. Bernadette: With marbles? Sheldon: I needed something bigger than peas now, didn't I? Bernadette: Sheldon, when was the last time you got any sleep? Sheldon: I don't know, two, three days? Not important. I don't need sleep. I need answers. I need to determine where, in this swamp of unbalanced formulas squateth the toad of truth. Penny: [aside to Leonard] The toad of truth? Is that a physics thing? Leonard: No, that's a crazy thing. Bernadette: [making her way to Sheldon] Okay, Sheldon, what happens to our neuro-receptors when we don't get enough REM sleep? Sheldon: [looks at Bernadette] They lose their sensitivity to serotonin and norepinephrine. Bernadette: Which leads to...? Sheldon: Impaired cognitive function. Bernadette: Right. [firmly, pointing at his bedroom] So march in there, brush your teeth and go to bed! Sheldon: [in a childish manner] ...But I don't wanna go to bed. Bernadette: [firmly] I'm gonna count to three. One... Sheldon: [exasperated] Oh, alright! [leaves] Leonard: [shocked] That was amazing how you handled him. Bernadette: I know how to deal with stubborn children. My mother used to run an illegal day-care center in our basement. Penny: [at the restaurant] What are you doing here? Sheldon: A reasonable question. I asked myself, "What is the most mind-numbing, pedestrian job conceivable?" and three answers came to mind: tollbooth attendant, Apple Store genius, and what Penny does. Now, since I don't like touching other people's coins, and I refuse to contribute to the devaluation of the word "genius", here I am. Penny: So that's it? You just walked in and they hired you? Sheldon: Oh, heavens, no! Since I don't have to be paid, I didn't have to be hired. I just walked in, picked up a tray, and started working for the Man. Leonard: [About everyone's Valentine's Day plans] Okay, to sum up, one giant marble horse [Howard], one... asinine comment [Sheldon], one lonely man and his chicken [Raj] and that leaves... oh, that's right! My plans! [no one responds] Isn't anyone gonna ask? Raj: Fine, tell us you're gonna have sex with Penny. Leonard: No, that's not was I was going to say. Raj: It's okay, I don't mind hearing about your sex life, it's his [Howard's] that bugs me. Leonard: That's not what I was going to say. Guess who the university is sending to see the Hadron Collider in Switzerland? Sheldon: Professor Norton, although God knows why. He hasn't published anything in years since he won that Nobel prize. Leonard: Actually, he can't go. He threw his back out rock climbing. Howard: I heard he threw his back out climbing his new girlfriend. Raj: The big-boobed weather girl from Channel 2? Howard: That's the one. Leonard: Anyway, since he can't go, the university is asking me to fill in for him! Sheldon: In Switzerland or on the big-boobed weather girl? Leonard: [Who is trying to cheer up Sheldon] I have an idea, why don't we play one of your car games. Sheldon: Alright, this game is called Traitors. I will name three historical figures and you will name them in order of the heinousness of their betrayal. Benedict Arnold, Judas, Dr. Leonard Hofstadter. Leonard: Do you really think I belong with Benedict Arnold and Judas? Sheldon: You're right. Judas had the decency to hang himself after what he did. Okay, round two. Leonard Hofstadter, Darth Vader, Rupert Murdoch, Leonard: Rupert Murdoch? Sheldon: He owns Fox, and they canceled Firefly. Hint: he and Darth Vader are tied for number two. Penny: Well, here we are. Sheldon: Oh, my, we're at Stan Lee's front door. Penny: Yep. Sheldon: First we were at Stan Lee's curb, than we were at Stan Lee's walk and now we're at Stan Lee's front door. We're going to have milk and cookies with Stan Lee. [Penny rings the doorbell] Penny: Okay, sweetie I don't know if we're gonna have cookies or he's just gonna say hi so let me do the talking and... [Stan Lee comes out] Stan Lee: Yeah? Penny: Are you Stan Lee? Stan Lee: Aw, damn. Penny: Hi, I'm Penny and this is my friend Sheldon... Sheldon: We're not friends at the moment. It depends on how this goes. Penny: Anyway, Sheldon is a huge fan and he was supposed to be at your signing but he kind of, ended up in jail, so we got your address and... Stan Lee: Wait, so you just decided to come to my house, uninvited? Sheldon: You said we were invited. Penny: No Sheldon, I said, I'm inviting you to come with me to Stan Lee's house. Stan Lee: You know, you fan boys are unbelievable. You think you can just ring by doorbell anytime you want? [Sarcastically] I mean why don't you just come in and watch the Lakers game with me? Sheldon: [comes inside] Well, I’m not much of a sports fan, but thank you. Penny: I'm sorry. He doesn't really understand sarcasm. Stan Lee: Well, I’ll give him something he’ll understand. Joanie, call the police! [Sheldon comes in the apartment] Leonard: Hey, where've you been? Sheldon: I'll tell you where I've been. You boys may have had gelato with Stan Lee, and gotten autographed comics, but I got to see the inside of his house, and got a signed form for a restraining order from him. Howard: Sweet? Sheldon: Plus I get to hang out with him again, at the hearing. [Walks off to his room] This will look great next to my restraining order from Leonard Nimoy. Penny: Who's Adam West? Sheldon: "Who's Adam West"?! Leonard, what do the two of you talk about after the coitus? Howard: My guess is "Hey, four minutes! New record!" Sheldon: Waterfalls! Raj: What? Sheldon: Waterfalls, crashing waves, babbling brooks. Howard: What are you doing? Sheldon: Subliminal messaging. I'm going to make you want to pee. Dripping faucets, leaky gutter, peeing. Raj: It's not working, dude. Sheldon: Oh, it's working, alright. I have to pee. Raj: Then let go of the ring and go. Howard: Well, actually I wouldn't mind going either. Raj: Well, on the count of three. 1, 2... Sheldon: Wait, just to be clear. When we get to three, do we stand up? Or do we pee? Howard: We stand up. Sheldon: Excellent choice. Raj: 3. Howard: Something tells me this was a bad day to wear suede shoes. Penny: So, what do you say, Sheldon? Are we your X-Men? Sheldon: No. The X-Men were named for the "X" in Charles Xavier. Since I'm Sheldon Cooper, you will be my C-Men. Howard: Oh, that's not a good name. Raj: [teaching Sheldon how to calm himself with meditation] Okay, Sheldon, imagine the place you feel most at home. Where is that? Sheldon: Sim City. In particular, the Sim city I designed: Sheldonopolis. Raj: Okay, you're in Sheldonopolis, Sheldon: Where exactly? Sheldon Square? Sheldon Towers? Sheldon Stadium, home of the fighting Sheldons? Raj: Whatever you like. Sheldon: I thought this was supposed to be a guided meditation. Raj: Fine, you're in Sheldon Square. Sheldon: Really? This time of year? It's a bit nippy. Raj: Then put on a sweater. Sheldon: I suppose I could run downtown and pick something up at Shel-Mart. Raj: Yeah, whatever. Just go buy a sweater. Sheldon: You know, the nice thing about Shel-Mart is I own it, so I get a 15% discount. Raj: You own the damn thing. Just take a freaking sweater! Sheldon: Look, I didn't turn a profit last quarter by taking product off the shelves willy-nilly. Raj: Alright. You've paid for a sweater and you're in Sheldon Square. Sheldon: Hang on. It's a cardigan. I have to button it. [He does so] Oh, no! Raj: What now? Sheldon: A Godzilla-like monster is approaching the city. I have to get my people to safety. People of Sheldonopolis, this is your mayor. Follow me! If the children can't run, leave them behind! Oh, the simulated horror! [Raj leaves and slams the door. Sheldon opens his eyes] Raj? [To himself] Just as I suspected. Meditation is nothing but hokum. Stuart: You guys still on for bowling tonight? Sheldon: Oh, yes. In fact, I've prepared some trash-talk for the occasion. Ahem... You bowl like your momma! [short pause] Unless she bowls well, in which case you bowl nothing like her. Stuart: Oh. Ouch. Sheldon: That is what is referred to as a burn on you. Sheldon: Attention all bowlers! I've taken the liberty of having these made for our rematch! [holds up a bowling shirt that reads "Wesley Crushers"] Penny: The Wesley Crushers? Sheldon: No, not the Wesley Crushers, the Wesley Crushers. Penny: I don't get it. Leonard: Wesley Crusher was Wil Wheaton's character on Star Trek. Penny: Still don't get it. Sheldon: It's a blindingly clever play on words. By appropriating his character's name and adding the S, we imply that we will be the crushers of Wesley. Penny: Okay, I'm sorry, honey, but the "Wesley Crushers" sounds like a bunch of people who like Wesley Crusher. Sheldon: No! Again, it's not the Wesley Crushers, it's the Wesley Crushers. Howard: If you wanted to mean you're crushing Wesley, it'd be the Wesley Crushers. Sheldon: Do you people even hear yourselves? It's not the Wesley Crushers, it's not the Wesley Crushers, it's the Wesley Crushers! Wil Wheaton: [enters with his bowling team] Hey, look! They named their team after me! Leonard: Hey, where've you been? Sheldon: I was talking with Penny. Howard: What's wrong with you? You can't hang out with your roommate's ex. That's totally uncool. Leonard: No, it's fine. I don't care. I'm over it. Raj: Yeah, he's over it; that's why he's been whining all day about trying to invent that memory-wiper gizmo from Men in Black. Sheldon: Is he making any progress? Because I'd like to erase Ben Affleck as Daredevil. Howard: [to himself] So would Ben Affleck. [to Sheldon] The point is, in a situation like this, you gotta pick sides. You're either on Team Leonard or Team Penny. Sheldon: Which one picks last? Howard: What? Sheldon: Usually, I'm on the team that picks last... unless there's a kid in a wheelchair. Sheldon: Thanks for seeing me on such short notice. Leonard: What do you want? Sheldon: Maybe this isn't a good time. Leonard: Tell me what you want or I swear to God I will kill you. Sheldon: Do you really think death threats are a good way to start this conversation? Leonard: Alright, I'm sorry. Sheldon: Sometimes your lack of social skills astonishes me. Leonard: What do you want? Sheldon: You may wanna sit down. Leonard: I'm in bed! Sheldon: Point taken. You may wanna sit up. Leonard: Just tell me what you want! Sheldon: I've been seeing Penny behind your back. Leonard: When you saying seeing Penny, what do you mean? Sheldon: We had dinner last night. She made me spaghetti with little hot dogs. I like spaghetti with little hot dogs. Well, a hot dog. I gave up the other 5 hot dogs to a real dog. A real big dog. A hell hound. There'll be a tangent line at the end, it's not important. Leonard: Then why did you have Chinese food with us? Sheldon: Wolowitz made it very clear my loyalty should be to male comrades before women who sell their bodies for money. Leonard: Is it possible that he said bros before hoes? Sheldon: Yes, but I rephrased to avoid offending the hoes. Leonard: Sheldon, I don't care if you wanna be friends with Penny. Sheldon: Really? Leonard: Yeah. Sheldon: You mean all the emotional distress I've been feeling is essentially useless and in vain. Leonard: I guess so. Sheldon: Well, as my Meemaw would say, "Looks like we butchered a pig but nobody wanted bacon." Oh, and as for the tangent line. Sheldon and the hell hound. OR How I lost my hot dogs. Sheldon: I must say, I am shocked by this betrayal. Leonard: I didn't betray Penny. Sheldon: Not Penny, me! Leonard: How am I betraying you? Sheldon: Elizabeth's my friend, and you're playing with her! [Storms off to his room] Leonard: Yeah, I guess I did. Elizabeth Plimpton: Do you like role-playing games? Howard: Yeah, sure. In fact, I'm a dungeon master. Elizabeth: Not tonight. Tonight, you are a delivery man. You brought soup, but, uh-oh, Raj and I don't have enough money to pay you. So we'll have to come to some other kind of arrangement. Howard: Beg your pardon? Elizabeth: You two figure out the details, I'm going to change into something I don't mind getting ripped off my milky flesh. Howard: [after Elizabeth goes into another room] What the frak? Raj: Go away. She wants New Delhi, not kosher deli. Besides, you have a girlfriend. Howard: We broke up weeks ago. Raj: Why didn't you say anything? Howard: I was waiting for the right time. This is the right time. Leonard: [arriving] Hey, who's ready for Halo? Raj: Oh, this is like a nightmare. Get lost! Howard: He's right. The numbers are shaky enough as it is. Leonard: I don't understand. Elizabeth: [peeking head through door] Oh, good. Leonard's here. Raj: Good?! Leonard: Elizabeth, what's going on? Elizabeth: What's going on is you and Howard are my moving men and Raj is my new landlord and I don't have enough money to pay any of you. [goes back inside the room] Leonard: Is she suggesting what I think she's suggesting? Howard: Yep! Welcome to the Penthouse Forum. Sheldon: [reading his standard roommate agreement to new roommate Leonard] "Roommates agree that Friday nights shall be reserved for watching Joss Whedon's brilliant new series Firefly." Leonard: Does that really need to be in the agreement? Sheldon: We might as well settle it now; it's gonna be on for years. Sheldon: Explain the couch. Leonard: Well, there were some people on the first floor moving out, and they sold it to me for $100. Howard and Raj helped me bring it up. Sheldon: But what's wrong with the furniture we have? Leonard: They're lawn chairs. And there was no place for company. Sheldon: Did it occur to you that was by design? Zack: Wow, is that the laser? It's bitchin'. Sheldon: [sarcastically] Yes. In 1917 when Albert Einstein established the theoretic foundation for the laser in his paper "Quantentheorie der Strahlung", his fondest hope was that the resultant device be "bitchin'". Zack: Well, mission accomplished. [Sheldon looks at him in surprise and confusion] [at the site for Sheldon's online date] Amy: Excuse me. I'm Amy Farrah Fowler, you're Sheldon Cooper. Sheldon: Hello, Amy Farrah Fowler. I'm sorry to inform you that you've been taken in by unsupportable mathematics designed to prey upon the gullible and the lonely. Additionally, I am being blackmailed with a hidden dirty sock. Amy: If that was slang, I'm unfamiliar with it. If it was literal, I share your aversion to soiled hosiery. In any case, I'm here because my mother and I have agreed that I will date at least once a year. Sheldon: Interesting. My mother and I have the same agreement about church. Amy: I don't object to the concept of a deity, but I'm baffled by the notion of one that takes attendance. Sheldon: Well, then you might want to avoid East Texas. Amy: Noted. Now, before this goes any further, you should know that all forms of physical contact up to and including coitus are off the table. Sheldon: May I buy you a beverage? Amy: Tepid water, please. Howard: [to Raj, seeing their "experiment"] Good God, what have we done? Wikipedia has an article about: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)
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Qt Quick includes a modeling language named QMLto build graphical user interfaces. When creating a new Qt Quick 2 application with Qt Creator, a default QML window is added. It describes a window saying Hello World which closes when clicked. import QtQuick 2.0 Rectangle { width: 360 height: 360 Text { text: qsTr("Hello World") anchors.centerIn: parent } MouseArea { anchors.fill: parent onClicked: { Qt.quit(); } } } Rectangle has 5 main properties: border.color, border.width, color, gradient and radius; they define the rectangle's shape and colors. Text says Hello World. MouseArea quits the application when clicked. anchors statements are part of the Item type that is inherited by other visual types, such as Rectangle and Text. window.qml: This file describes a window including a programmatically defined triangle. The Triangle item is defined in the Shapes library (version 1.0). import QtQuick 2.0 import Shapes 1.0 Item { width: 400; height: 300 onWidthChanged: console.log("Width change: ", width) Triangle { anchors.top: parent.top; anchors.left: parent.left; anchors.right: parent.right; height : parent.height /2 } } application.qrc: This file defines the resources used by the application; here window.qml is added to the gui namespace. window.qml main.cpp: This is where the application starts. It includes the TriangleItem defined in the triangle.h file : it is registered by the function qmlRegisterType under the name Triangle in the Shapes library as of version 1.0. The main window starts with the gui/window.qml template. #include "triangle.h" #include #include int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QGuiApplication app(argc, argv); qmlRegisterType("Shapes", 1, 0, "Triangle"); QQuickView view; // resize items when resizing window view.setResizeMode(QQuickView::SizeRootObjectToView); view.setSource(QUrl("qrc:///gui/window.qml")); view.show(); return app.exec(); } triangle.h: The triangle item is made of geometry (containing 3 points) and a material (red). The red triangle is drawn within the updatePaintNode function. #ifndef TRIANGLE_H #define TRIANGLE_H #include #include #include class TriangleItem: public QQuickItem { Q_OBJECT public: TriangleItem(QQuickItem* parent = 0); protected: QSGNode* updatePaintNode(QSGNode*, UpdatePaintNodeData*); private: QSGGeometry m_geometry; QSGFlatColorMaterial m_material; }; #endif // TRIANGLE_H triangle.cpp: The material is set to the Qt::red color. The triangle vertices are defined using the window boundaries (from the boundingRect() function). Material and geometry are then assigned to a new geometry node which is added to the scene node (QSGNode* n). #include "triangle.h" #include #include TriangleItem::TriangleItem(QQuickItem *parent): QQuickItem(parent), m_geometry(QSGGeometry::defaultAttributes_Point2D(), 3) { setFlag(ItemHasContents); m_material.setColor(Qt::red); } QSGNode* TriangleItem::updatePaintNode(QSGNode* n, UpdatePaintNodeData*) { if (!n) n = new QSGNode; QSGGeometryNode* geomnode = new QSGGeometryNode(); QSGGeometry::Point2D* v = m_geometry.vertexDataAsPoint2D(); const QRectF rect = boundingRect(); v[0].x = rect.left(); v[0].y = rect.bottom(); v[1].x = rect.left() + rect.width()/2; v[1].y = rect.top(); v[2].x = rect.right(); v[2].y = rect.bottom(); geomnode->setGeometry(&m_geometry); geomnode->setMaterial(&m_material); n->appendChildNode(geomnode); return n; } application.pro: This is the project definition file used by Qt to build our little application. QT += qml quick TARGET = example TEMPLATE = app SOURCES += main.cpp \ triangle.cpp HEADERS += \ triangle.h RESOURCES += application.qrc Build and run the application with: qmake make ./example Overview: Qt Quick official tutorial Getting started with Qt Quick References: Qt Quick XML types Positioning with anchors
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See also: Post-op RT (in Early Stage Resectable) Generally stage IIIA and lower is considered resectable, since all sites of disease can be removed by extended surgery. In contrast, stage IIIB disease (N3 or T4) is generally considered unresectable due to contralateral lymph node involvement or extensive local tumor. However, a subset of T4 patients may actually be able to undergo surgical resection. Pulmonary function: FEV1 > 2 L. Predicted post-surgical FEV1 should be > 0.8 L based on qualitative VQ scan. 16% of NSCLC is IIIA Heterogenous: T3N1 vs. T1-3N2 N2 nodes: single vs. multiple N2 nodes: bulky vs. macroscopic vs. microscopic involvement Gustave Roussy, 2000 (France) PMID 10944131 -- "Survival of patients with resected N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: evidence for a subclassification and implications." (Andre F, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Aug;18(16):2981-9.) Retrospective. 702 patients with resected N2 disease, stratified into clinically positive and clinically negative but microscopically positive at surgery. Multi-institutional, 6 centers. Median F/U 4.3 years 5-year OS treated with surgery only: single level microscopic N2: 34% (site of LN+ had no prognostic significance) multiple levels microscopic N2: 11% single level clinical N2: 8% multiple levels clinical N2: 3% 5-year OS in clinical N2: surgery only 5% vs. preop chemo 18% Maryland: DeYoung CM et al (ASTRO 2004, Abstract 122) 39 pts. Stage IIIA-IIIB. Induction chemo (carboplatin + Navelbine) + concurrent hyperfractionated RT (69.6 Gy). After induction, restaging with PET 4-6 weeks after and mediastinoscopy (MED) @ 6-8 weeks. If negative MED, underwent resection + consolidative therapy; otherwise, consolidation only. 32 completed MED. For the mediastinum: SUV after induction could not differentiate between those with and without pCR; PET false negative 30%, false positive 45%. For the primary tumor, false negative 73%, false positive 57%. PET not useful for restaging within 4-6 weeks after induction chemo/RT. VA Trial Randomized. 331 patients, with centrally located tumors amenable to endoscopic biopsy (peripheral lesions excluded). Arm 1) Pre-op RT vs. Arm 2) Surgery alone. RT given 40-50 Gy to primary tumor + mediastinum. Surgery 4-6 week later (maximum 12 weeks). Lobectomy 12%, majority pneumonectomy. 4-years; 1972 PMID 5083076 -- "Preoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of bronchial carcinoma." (Shields TW, Cancer. 1972 Nov;30(5):1388-94.) Outcome: pCR 25%. 1-year OS pre-op RT 44% vs. surgery only 60% (SS); 4-year OS 12% vs. 21%. Survival decrement during first 6 months, then curves comparable. Survival also worse with higher pre-op RT dose Toxicity: post-op mortality 12% both groups Conclusion: Pre-op RT worse survival, manifested during first 6 months RTOG 02-29 - Phase II 2010 RedJournal Abstract: Stage IIIA(T1-3N2) or IIIB(N3) resectable at diagnosis. Treated with induction chemo/RT, carboplatin and taxol weekly x 6 weeks and RT to 61.2 Gy. Surgery evaluation 4-6 wks after chemo/RT. Consolidative carbo/taxol x 2 cycles. Recommended prophylactic cranial irradiation (on RTOG 02-14). RT dose: 50.4 Gy (offcord by 45 Gy) + 10.8 Gy boost Result: 43 pts (75%) were evaluable; 36 pts underwent resection. 7 pts had residual mediastinal dz. 27/43 (63%) achieved mediastinal clearance: improved mediastinal sterilization (50-->70%, power of 80%, p=0.05) Med f/u 20 months,** med OS: 26.6 mos; med PFS: 13.1 mos; 1-y OS: 77%; 1-y PFS: 52% Toxicity: 14% (5/37) G3 post-op pulmonary complications; 1 post-op G5 toxicity (3%). Conclusion: confirms the ability of neoadj CCRT to sterilize known mediastinal nodal disease. SWOG 8805 - Phase II 1999 PMID 7636530 — "Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide plus chest radiotherapy followed by surgery for stages IIIA (N2) and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: mature results of Southwest Oncology Group phase II study 8805." Albain KS et al. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Aug;13(8):1880-92. 126 pts. Biopsy proven N2, N3, or T4. IIIA 60%, IIIB 40%. 85% of IIIA and 80% of IIIB were resected. Concurrent chemo/RT (2 cycles cisplatin + etoposide + 45 Gy RT), followed by surgery. Median f/u 2.4 yrs. 2-yr OS 37%, 3-yr 24-27%. Strongest predictor of survival was pCR in mediastinal LN (30 months vs 10 month MS; 5-yr OS 33% vs 11)%. Conclusion: induction chemo/RT before surgery is feasible Duke, 1994 PMID 8055445 — "Phase II study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy with thoracotomy in the treatment of clinically staged IIIA non-small cell lung cancer." Deutsch M et al. Cancer. 1994 Aug 15;74(4):1243-52. 28 pts. Carbo/etoposide followed by carbo + 60 Gy followed by surgery. Conclusion: well tolerated Intergroup INT-0139 (RTOG 93-09, SWOG 93-36) (1994-2001) -- induction CRT + surgery vs definitive CRT Randomized. 396 patients with stage IIIA (pN2) lymph node positive NSCLC. Arm 1) Induction chemo-RT (cisplatin 50 mg/m2 x2 cycles, etoposide 50 mg/m2 x2 cycles, concurrent RT 45/25), followed by CT restaging 2-4 weeks later, and complete surgical resection with LN evaluation vs. Arm 2) Same cisplatin/etoposide + concurrent RT 61 Gy. Consolidation cisplatin/etoposide in both groups x2 cycles. Primary endpoint OS. 2003 ASTRO Abstract 2497 Video Presentation — Turrisi et al. Initial results suggest a disease-free survival benefit for the surgical arm (median, 13.4 vs. 11.8 months) without any difference in overall survival at a follow up of 22 months. 2005 ASCO Abstract -- "Phase III study of concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CT/RT) vs CT/RT followed by surgical resection for stage IIIA(pN2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Outcomes update of North American Intergroup 0139 (RTOG 9309). (Albain KS, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. Vol 23, No. 16S, Part I of II (June 1 Supplement), 2005: 7014). Median F/U 2.5 years Outcome: median PFS: CRT+S 12.8 months vs. CRT 10.5 months (SS); 5-year PFS 22% vs. 11% (SS); median OS: 23.6 month vs. 22.2 months (NS); 5-year OS: 27% vs. 20% (p=0.1) Subgroup analysis revealed better survival for patients who underwent a lobectomy (p = .002). Trimodality therapy was not optimal when a pneumonectomy was required owing to the high mortality risk. N0 status at surgery significantly predicted a higher 5-year survival rate. Conclusion: significantly improved PFS but not OS with trimodality 2009 Lancet, PMID 19632716 -- "Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with or without surgical resection for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial" (Albain KS, The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 27 July 2009). Median F/U 1.8 years, for survivors 5.8 years Outcome: Median OS Induction 24 months vs. definitive 22 months (NS). 5-year OS 27% vs. 20% (NS). Median PFS 13 months vs. 11 months (SS). 5-year DFS 22% vs 11%. First relapse: primary tumor site 2% vs. 14%, regional LNs 7% vs. 3%, brain 11% vs. 15%, other DM 37% vs. 42% Subset analysis: Lobectomy vs matched CRT 2.8 years vs. 1.8 years (SS); pneumonectomy vs matched CRT 1.6 years vs. 2.4 years (NS) Toxicity: Treatment-related death 8% vs. 2%. Grade 3-4 esophagitis 10% vs. 23% (SS), no difference in pneumonitis or nausea/vomiting Conclusion: Chemo-RT with or without resection (preferably lobectomy) all options for IIIA NSCLC Meta-Analysis MRC; 2007 (UK) PMID 17636828 -- "Chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone in non-small cell lung cancer." (Burdett SS, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD006157.) Meta-analysis. 12 randomized trials, data available for 988 patients (75%) Outcome: Pre-op chemo increased OS with HR 0.82 (SS), equivalent to 5-year OS benefit 6% (14% to 20%) Conclusion: Significant increase in survival attributable to pre-op chemotherapy Randomized Trials Roth (MDACC) (1987-93) 60 patients with resectable IIIA NSCLC randomized to induction chemo (cyclophosphamide, etoposide, cisplatin) x 3 cycles followed by surgery, followed by 3 more cycles chemo if response, vs. immediate surgical resection alone. Both groups received RT if incompletely resected at the discretion of treating physician (66 Gy for gross residual, 60 Gy for microscopic). Trial stopped early as stoppage criteria met. >50% of patients received RT in each arm 1994: PMID 8158698 -- "A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer." (Roth JA, J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 May 4;86(9):673-80.) estimated 3-year OS 56% vs. 15% for perioperative chemo vs. immediate surgery, respectively. MS 64 months vs 11 months. Clinical response rate of 35% with preoperative chemotherapy. 1998: PMID 9792048 -- "Long-term follow-up of patients enrolled in a randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer." (Roth JA, Lung Cancer. 1998 Jul;21(1):1-6.) -- Median f/u 82 months. updated 3- and 5-year OS, respectively, 43% and 36% for periop chemo, 19% and 15% for immediate surgery. Rosell (Spain) (1989-?) 60 patients with resectable IIIA NSCLC randomized to induction chemo (mitomycin, ifosphamide, cisplatin) x 3 courses followed by surgery, followed by 50 Gy thoracic RT, vs. immediate surgical resection followed by 50 Gy thoracic RT 1994: PMID 8043059 -- "A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer." (Rosell R, N Engl J Med. 1994 Jan 20;330(3):153-8.) median OS 26 months vs. 8 months, median DFS 20 months vs. 5 months (p < 0.001 for both) 7-year, 1999: PMID 10574676 -- "Preresectional chemotherapy in stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer: a 7-year assessment of a randomized controlled trial." (Rosell R, Lung Cancer. 1999 Oct;26(1):7-14.) updated median OS 22 months vs. 10 months, updated 3- and 5-year OS, respectively, 20% and 17% for pre-op chemo, 5% and 0% for immediate surgery. Depierre (French) (1991-97) - Induction chemo + surgery vs surgery 355 pts. Stage IB - IIIA. Preoperative chemotherapy (PCT) consisted of 2 cycles mitomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin. 2 additional cycles were given postoperatively for pts who responded. Pts in both arms received post-op RT for pathologic T3 or N2 disease. PMID 11773176, 2002 — "Preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with primary surgery in resectable stage I (except T1N0), II, and IIIa non-small-cell lung cancer." Depierre A et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Jan 1;20(1):247-53. Median survival 37 m (PCT) vs 26 m (S), N.S. Survival difference 8.6% at 4 yrs (S.S.). Survival difference was S.S. only for pts with N0-N1 disease. RTOG 04-12 / SWOG S0332 Stage IIIA (N2). Randomized to induction chemotherapy (cisplatin/docetaxel) vs induction chemo/RT (RT to 50.4 Gy). Followed by surgical resection then consolidative chemotherapy with docetaxel. N2 status must be confirmed pathologically. RT technique: uses 3D-CRT, no field reductions, no elective nodal irradiation. Terminated due to poor accrual German GLCCG (1995-2003) -- Induction cisplatin/etoposide then concurrent chemo-RT followed by surgery vs. induction cisplatin/etoposide then surgery then postop RT Randomized. 524 patients with NSCLC Stage IIIA (33%) or resectable IIIB (67%). Arm 1) Induction cisplatin 55 mg/m2 + etoposide 100 mg/m2 x3 cycles, then concurrent RT 45/30 in 1.5 Gy BID with carboplatin 100 mg/m2 + vindesine 3mg, followed by surgery vs. Arm 2) Same induction, followed by surgery, followed by RT (54/30 if R0, 68.4/38. Surgery after 4-6 weeks. Primary endpoint PFS. 2004 Abstract ASTRO Plenary Session — "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by preoperative radiochemotherapy (hfRCT) plus surgery or surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer: results of a randomized phase III trial of the German Lung Cancer Cooperative Group." Ruebe et al. 3-year OS 26.2% (Arm A) vs 24.6% (Arm B) (NS). 3-year PFS 17.8% vs 19.9% (NS). Difference was in toxicity, with worse Grade 3/4 esophagitis in Arm A (19% vs 3%), and worse Grade 3/4 pneumonitis in Arm B (6% vs 1%). No difference in treatment related toxicity. Concluded that both regimens are effective. 2008 PMID 18583190 -- "Effect of preoperative chemoradiation in addition to preoperative chemotherapy: a randomised trial in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer." (Thomas M, Lancet Oncol. 2008 Jul;9(7):636-648. Epub 2008 Jun 24.) Outcome: Surgery chemo 59% vs. chemo-RT 59%; mediastinal downstaging 29% vs. 46% (SS). Median PFS (primary endpoint) 10.0 months vs. 9.5 months (NS). Toxicity: If pneumonectomy (35% in both groups), worse mortality 14% vs. 6% Conclusion: Preop chemo-RT increases mediastinal downstaging, but doesn't improve survival. After induction, pneumonectomy should be avoided EORTC 08941 -- Induction platinum x3 cycles, then surgery vs. RT Randomized. 579 patients with unresectable IIIA-N2 NSCLC. Unresectable considered N2 non-squamous; or N2 squamous exceeding Station 4R for right or Station 5/6 for left side. Platinum-based induction x3 cycles, then randomized to surgical resection or RT. Had to show at least "minor" response. Induction response rate 61%. RT: Start within 70 days of last chemo cycle. 3D planning + tissue correction. Dose 60-62.5 Gy involved mediastinum and 40-46 uninvolved mediastinum. Post-op RT given to 40% patients in the surgery-only arm (if R1/R2, to 56 Gy). RT arm compliance 55% 5-years, 2007 PMID 17374834 -- "Randomized controlled trial of resection versus radiotherapy after induction chemotherapy in stage IIIA-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer." (van Meerbeeck JP, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Mar 21;99(6):442-50.) 5-year outcome: OS resection 16% vs. RT 14% (NS); median OS 16 months vs. 17 months (NS) Toxicity: After surgery 4% deaths. After RT Grade 3-4 pulmonary toxicity 7%, one death of RT pneumonitis (0.6%) Conclusion: Surgery did not improve OS or PFS. Given low morbidity and mortality, RT should be preferred modality Editorial PMID 17374824: high number of pneumonectomies, which have negative outcome after induction chemo; better local control with surgery. Surgery may be an option if patients experience "downstaging" and clear their mediastinal LNs. On the other hand, RT techniques also improving for better toxicity. Conclusion that chemotherapy-radiation is appropriate for IIIA patients with initial N2 disease RT Arm, 2006 PMID 16785054 -- "Quality assurance of thoracic radiotherapy in EORTC 08941: a randomised trial of surgery versus thoracic radiotherapy in patients with stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after response to induction chemotherapy. (Kramer GW, Eur J Cancer. 2006 Jul;42(10):1391-8.) QA Review Surgery Arm, 2005 PMID 16055865 -- "Morbidity and mortality in the surgery arm of EORTC 08941 trial." (Van Schil P, Eur Respir J. 2005 Aug;26(2):192-7.) 167 patients in surgery arm: 50% R0; 47% pneumonectomies worse survival on subgroup analysis Outcome: 50% R0, 40% pathologic downstaging to N0/N1 Toxicity: 30-day perioperative mortality 4%; reoperation 8% Conclusion: morbidity and mortality acceptable RTOG 89-01 (1990-1994) -- Induction chemo, then surgery vs. RT 2002 PMID 12243809 -- "Phase III study comparing chemotherapy and radiotherapy with preoperative chemotherapy and surgical resection in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with spread to mediastinal lymph nodes (N2); final report of RTOG 89-01. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group." (Johnstone DW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Oct 1;54(2):365-9.) Randomized. Trial stopped early after initiation of INT 0139. 73 (goal 224) patients, mediastinoscopy-verified N2 NSCLC (T1-T3N2). Induction with cisplatin/vinblastine x2 cycles, then Arm 1) surgery vs. Arm 2) RT 64/32. Adjuvant cisplatin/vinblastine. 45 patients actually randomized post induction. Outcome: Median OS chemo + surgery 1.6 years vs chemo + RT 1.4 years (NS); 1-year OS 70% vs. 66% (NS). If induction chemo only, median OS 9 months. No difference in PFS or LC Conclusion: Trial inconclusive due to limited accrual, nevertheless, surgery and RT arms comparable and similar to historical controls Adjuvant chemo has become standard of care in patients who are treated with surgery and found to have stage IIIA disease. This is based on the IALT trial, as well as by extrapolating from NCIC (Stage I-II) and CALGB 9633 (Stage IB) trials Please see early stage operable NSCLC section Please see Early stage operable NSCLC section Netherlands; 2003 PMID 14676792 -- "Accelerated regrowth of non-small-cell lung tumours after induction chemotherapy." (El Sharouni SY, Br J Cancer. 2003 Dec 15;89(12):2184-9.) Retrospective. 23 patients with NSCLC. Interval times between end of induction of start of RT evaluated. Mean time to RT 80 days Outcome: 41% potentially curable patients became incurable; tumor median doubling 29 days (8.3-171 days) Conclusion: Accelerated tumor cell proliferation, much shorter doubling time than for untreated tumors. Gain from chemo (tumor decrease) was lost with waiting for RT Complete resection in 50%, 5-year OS 30%. SWOG 9416 / Intergroup 0160, 2001 (1995-99) - Phase II PMID 11241082 — "Induction chemoradiation and surgical resection for non-small cell lung carcinomas of the superior sulcus: Initial results of Southwest Oncology Group Trial 9416 (Intergroup Trial 0160)." Rusch VW et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001 Mar;121(3):472-83. 111 pts. T3-4 N0-1, mediastinoscopy negative. Treated with 2 cycles of cisplatin and etoposide concurrent with 45 Gy RT. Pts who responded or had stable disease underwent resection 3-5 weeks later. Two additional cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were given. Of 95 pts eligible for surgery, 83 had thoracotomy and 76 (92%) had complete resection. 54 (65%) showed pCR or microscopic residual disease. 2-year OS 55% for all pts and 70% for those with complete resection. ACCP; 2007 PMID 17873172 -- "Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer-stage IIIA: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)." (Robinson LA, Chest. 2007 Sep;132(3 Suppl):243S-265S.) Stage IIIA NSCLC evidence review Conclusion: Combination chemo-RT is preferred treatment for prospectively recognized IIIA. Neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery is not supported by current evidence
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Pirin is in Pirin Macedonia, in Bulgaria. The range is a national park and since 1983 part of the UNESCO World nature heritage. Bansko, the popular ski resort, is an important entry gate for the Pirin range. Several buses per day go from Bansko bus station (from the bridge near the bus and train stations, also calls at Strazhite Hotel) to Vihren hut at 08:30, 13:20, 17:00, and return from Vihren hut at 09:30, 14:20 and 18:00. 8 лв. The taxi is around 25 лв. In summer there is a once a day gondola 08:00 and 16:30. A good option to reach Pirin from Bansko is to hitchhike, which is particularly easy during the summer with a good amount of domestic tourists heading up to either of the huts. Walk south (gently uphill) from the train or bus stations though town until you reach the entrance to the Pirin National Park, indicated by a small house for information about the park. From there, the only cars going will be into the park. Another popular entry point is via Sandanski, about which this article is lacking. Once inside you will have to hike, the different huts and summits are connected by hiking trails. There are many different options for hikes, with indications on how many hours each hike will take at a moderate, comfortable pace. If you plan to spend a while hiking, check with the tourist office (during normal business hours) to get a map of the area and plan out your hike. For reliable offline maps, including trails and huts, consult OpenStreetMap, which is used by this travel guide and by many mobile Apps like OsmAnd (complex with many add-ons) and MAPS.ME (easy but limited). There is a broad network of flagged trails through the mountains. The Pirin tourist map (1:50,000, available at local shops) offers a good overview of the trails and huts/chalets to sleep in. Notable geological features of the park include: 41.76638888888923.3994444444441 Mt. Vihren. The second highest peak in Bulgaria and third on the Balkan Peninsula. Many do this as a day tour from Vihren hut, which can be reached by road, i.e. car and bus. (updated Dec 2021) 41.781255723.39322322 Koncheto. A name given to an approximately 200 m long ridge between the 2nd and 3rd highest mountains in the range with steep cliffs on either side, leading to an amazing panorama. (updated Dec 2021) 41.6996723.479913 Tevno Ezero Lake. A very picturesque lake with a shelter/hut for overnighting. The hut is quite pricey and the owner not the most friendly person, but the surrounding is well worth the trip. If you do not want to stay here, heading out southeast, there are some wilderness huts and serviced huts after around 10 km. (updated Dec 2021) Popular with domestic tourists, you can hike Mt. Vihren, the second highest peak in Bulgaria (2,914 m). Round trip from the Vihren hut takes 6 hr; it is a beautiful mountain which offers beautiful views. There are also plenty more trails to be discovered. The area around Vihren peak is quite barren, so you may want to hike in lower elevations if you want to explore more of the incredible pine forests in the area. Most serviced huts offer basic meals, provided you can communicate with the caretaker. Prices are low, and food in generally tasty. For example, a good breakfast will cost around 6 лв, a dinner with beer will be around 10–12 лв, a soup 3–4 лв, omelette 6 лв, and a hearty salad will be 5–7 лв. Coffee and tea are 1–2 лв. There is a network of mountain huts/chalets, which offer rooms and bungalows (bungalow for about 20 лв for two persons). Bring your sleeping bag just in case, but you can expect that a dorm room in the hut will provide blankets and sometimes even clean linen, the latter becomes more sparse the more remote. Sleeping in the huts is 15-20 лв. Prices are often pinned at the wall inside of the huts. BTS member pay a few leva less. Alternatively, there are marked camping areas around the huts. There is a popular, inexpensive tent camping area around Banderitsa, close to the restaurant and water source, about 20-30 min walking slightly downhill from Vihren hut/chalet. Many popular huts are serviced between April and November. But even if not serviced, the sleeping area is often left open during winter. This is mountainous terrain between 2,000-3,000 m, which can be rough, slippery sometimes, with steep cliffs, and getting cold at night very quickly. Take the usual precautions. If inexperienced, better just do Mt. Vihren and Vihren hut, or go with an organised tour. Take well enough time to hike the trails, due to the sometimes rugged underground, walking speeds of 2-3 km/hr are not uncommon. Except for the popular trails, most are badly marked and you will better have GPS and maps with you. Bansko – The skiing village to the slope of Mt. Vihren, very touristy. Melnik Rhodope Mountains – Not as steep as Pirin, and thus probably more enjoyable for people less used to alpine conditions. Sofia - If taking the train, you will want to check the schedule of departures. You will first have to transfer at Septemvri, so check the schedule to there.
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Businesses and organizations use various types of information systems to support the many processes needed to carry out their business functions. Each of these information systems has a particular purpose or focus, and each has a life of its own. This “life of its own” concept is called the systems development life cycle or SDLC, and it includes the entire process of planning, building, deploying, using, updating, and maintaining an information system. The development of a new information system involves several different, but related activities. These activities, or phases, usually include planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance/support. In other words, SDLC is a conceptual model that guides project management in information system development. According to author Harold Kerzner, Ph.D. there are sixteen points that will lead to project management maturity: Adopt a project management method and use it consistently. Implement a philosophy that drives the organization toward project management maturity and communicate it to everyone. Commit to developing effective plans at the beginning of each project. Minimize scope changes by committing to realistic objectives. Recognize that cost and schedule management are inseparable. Select the right person as a project manager. Provide executives with project sponsor information and not project management information. Strengthen involvement and support of all appropriate management. Focus on deliverables rather than resources. Cultivate effective communication, cooperation, and trust. Share recognition for project success. Eliminate nonproductive meetings. Focus on identifying and solving problems early, quickly, and cost effectively. Measure progress periodically. Use project management software as a tool; Not as a substitute for effective planning or interpersonal skills. Establish an all-employee training program with periodic updates based upon documented lessons learned. As NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) points out, including security early in the SDLC will usually result in less expensive and more effective security than adding it to an operational system. The following questions should be addressed in determining the security controls that will be required for a system: How critical is the system in meeting the organization's mission? What are the security objectives required by the system, e.g., confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA)? Confidentiality refers to limiting access to information to authorized users only-- "the right people" -- and preventing access by unauthorized ones -- "the wrong people." Integrity refers to the trustworthiness of information resources. It includes the concept of "data integrity" -- namely, that data have not been changed inappropriately, whether by accident or deliberately malign activity. It also includes "origin" or "source integrity" -- that is, that the data actually came from the person or entity you think it did, rather than an impostor. Availability refers to the availability of information resources. An information system that is not available when you need it is almost as bad as none at all. What regulations and policies are applicable in determining what is to be protected? What are the threats that are applicable in the environment where the system will be operational? Incorporating Security Into The SDLC (NIST Special Publication 800-64 Revision 2)) This section describes a number of security considerations that will help integrate information security into each phase of the SDLC. Planning During this first phase of the development life cycle, security considerations are key to diligent and early integration, thereby ensuring that threats, requirements, and potential constraints in functionality and integration are considered. At this point, security is looked at more in terms of business risks with input from the information security office. For example, an agency may identify a political risk resulting from a prominent website being modified or made unavailable during a critical business period, resulting in decreased trust by citizens. Key security activities for this phase include: Initial delineation of business requirements in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and availability; Determination of information categorization and identification of known special handling requirements to transmit, store, or create information such as personally identifiable information; and Determination of any privacy requirements. Analysis This section addresses security considerations unique to the second SDLC phase. Key security activities for this phase include: Conduct the risk assessment and use the results to supplement the baseline security controls; Analyze security requirements; Perform functional and security testing; Prepare initial documents for system certification and accreditation; Although this section presents the information security components in a sequential top-down manner, the order of completion is not necessarily fixed. Security analysis of complex systems will need to be iterated until consistency and completeness is achieved. Design During this phase of SDLC, the security architecture is designed. Implementation During this phase, the system will be installed and evaluated in the organization’s operational environment. Key security activities for this phase include: Integrate the information system into its environment; Plan and conduct system certification activities in synchronization with testing of security controls; and Complete system accreditation activities. Maintenance/Support In this phase, systems are in place and operating, enhancements and/or modifications to the system are developed and tested, and hardware and/or software is added or replaced. The system is monitored for continued performance in accordance with security requirements and needed system modifications are incorporated. The operational system is periodically assessed to determine how the system can be made more effective, secure, and efficient. Operations continue as long as the system can be effectively adapted to respond to an organization’s needs while maintaining an agreed-upon risk level. When necessary modifications or changes are identified, the system may reenter a previous phase of the SDLC. Key security activities for this phase include: Conduct an operational readiness review; Manage the configuration of the system ; Institute processes and procedures for assured operations and continuous monitoring of the information system’s security controls; and Perform reauthorization as required. Disposal Usually, there is no definitive end to a system. Systems normally evolve or transition to the next generation because of changing requirements or improvements in technology. System security plans should continually evolve with the system. Much of the environmental, management, and operational information should still be relevant and useful in developing the security plan for the follow-on system. The disposal activities ensure the orderly termination of the system and preserve the vital information about the system so that some or all of the information may be reactivated in the future, if necessary. Particular emphasis is given to proper preservation of the data processed by the system so that the data is effectively migrated to another system or archived in accordance with applicable records management regulations and policies for potential future access. Key security activities for this phase include: Build and Execute a Disposal/Transition Plan; Archive of critical information; Sanitization of media; and Disposal of hardware and software. Planning the system requires the user to define what the problem is. The planning may also include how the user would like to solve the problem. Defining the scope of the problem is also important in this stage as well. Defining the scope helps to prevent the project from scope creep. Once the problem is determined, and one or more solutions have been selected, planning to implement the solution begins. Multiple scenarios may be enacted to determine the best course of action for implementing the system. Course of action should be well documented and take into consideration a schedule showing anticipated start and completion times of activities (milestones) leading to the objectives, knowing expenditures required to achieve objectives, scheduling regular status reviews (are we on course? ), anticipating any organizational restructuring to accommodate the objectives, anticipating and planning for mitigation of risks that may hinder achievements, implementing policies and procedures for decision making, and defining a standard level of performance. Within the planning according to the John Sazinger "five of the main activities must exist" as he explain in his book the fives activities should include: Define the problem Produce the project schedule Confirm project feasibility Staff the project Launch the project Why do plans fail? Some of the many reasons are: Goals/specifications are not understood. Objectives are too extensive for the time allotted. Budgets were not accurate. Project is understaffed or under skilled. Status reviews were not scheduled or insufficient. Poor morale (no commitment). One of the most difficult decisions in planning is to know when to pull the plug on a project. This will require an effective control and monitoring system. If you cannot monitor a system you cannot control it. No organization wants to admit failure but there may come a point when a project can no longer be salvaged. This is especially critical with Information Technology projects because of rapidly changing technologies. Most managers are reluctant to prematurely terminate a project as careers and egos are at stake. The fallacy of sunk costs may play a role as well. The result is that projects continue beyond the point of no return. To avoid this problem, monitor and control systems must be put in place early during the planning stage. It is critical to define and enforce milestones where a project will be terminated if necessary. A saving grace is that because a project is terminated it doesn't make it a complete failure. Excessive cost are saved for the organization and management can walk away with lessons learned that can be applied to the next project. In general there are two types of monitoring "INFORMAL" and "FORMAL". Informal are typically general meetings, email, and observing. The formal include status reports, scheduled milestones, audits, reviews, and benchmarks. The formal reviews are generally more costly and are used during system development processes. Both systems can be used in combination and involve the questions: "what performance metrics to use" and "how often do reviews occur"? Attention and energy must be focused on identifying and correcting out-of-control processes. The analysis phase involves gathering requirements for the system. At this stage, business needs are studied with the intention of making business processes more efficient. The system analysis phase focuses on what the system will do in an effort that views all stakeholders, as viable sources of information. In the analysis phase, a significant amount of time is spent talking with stakeholders and reviewing the stakeholder’s input. Common stakeholders for IT projects are: Architecture office Testing & certification office Records management team Application support group Once stakeholders have been recognized, the gathering and analysis of the requirements can begin.Requirement gathering must be related to business needs or opportunities. Requirement analysis involves capturing requirements and analyzing requirements. Capturing requirements is communicating with stakeholders to agree on what the requirements are. Analyzing requirements is using standard tools to produce a baseline of the requirements. Once the stakeholders concur on the requirements, the baseline is created and becomes the formal requirement source. Within this analysis phase, the analyst is discovering and fact finding. Along with meeting with stakeholders,the analyst must meet with end users to understand what the user's needs are and to learn about problems that affect the current system in order to assist with designing a new and more efficient system. There are several activities that must occur within the analysis phase: Gather Information Define the new system's requirements Build prototypes for the new system Prioritize requirements Evaluate alternatives Meet with management to discuss new options The design phase is concerned with the physical construction of the system. Included are the design or configuration of the network (hardware, operating system, programming, etc. ), design of user interfaces (forms, reports, etc. ), design of system interfaces (for communication with other systems), and security issues. It is important that the proposed design be tested for performance, and to ensure that it meets the requirements outlined during the analysis phase. In other words, the main objective of this phase is to transform the previously defined requirements into a complete and detailed set of specifications which will be used during the next phase. Some of the activities that need to take place during the design phase are: Design the application Design and integrate the network Design and integrate the database Create a contingency plan Start a Maintenance, Training and Operations plan Review the design Articulate the business processes and procedures Establish a transition strategy Deliver the System Design Document Review final design Initiating a project first requires the documenting of needs or requirements. Clear objectives should be developed from this study with reasons for selecting the objectives. Deliverables then need to be documented along with the project scope. Scope can be refined during this initialization process. Assumptions and constraints should also be documented. All stakeholders should be involved in this process. This information will become the projects charter and the basis for initiating the project. The project then follows the PLAN-DO CHECK-ACT cycle (as defined by Shewhart and modified by Deming, in the ASQ Handbook, pages 13-14, American Society for Quality, 1999). The results of each cycle will be linked to the next as input. This process should increase the likelihood of deliverable acceptance. In order to achieve deliverable of acceptance and meeting of objectives, the new system being built must be tested. Aligned with this, the end users must be fully trained so the company will benefit from the new system. There are five activities that must be performed during the implementation phase: Construct software components Verify and test Convert Data Training end users and document the system Install the system Maintenance and support covers all activities that are required once the system is in place. Activities include, but are not limited to: Phone support for users Physical onsite user support Resolving any issues that may arise with the new system Providing support materials/tools for users The amount of support required may be determined based on the system. If it is a large system involving many different departments, maintenance and support may be needed for a longer time. If is a smaller system, maintenance and support may only be needed for a short time. This section discusses the most popular methods for developing computer-based information systems. A popular, traditional method is called structured analysis, but a newer strategy called object-oriented analysis and design also is used widely. Each method offers many variations.Some organizations develop their own approaches or adopt methods offered by software vendors or consultants. Most IT experts agree that no single, best system development strategy exists. Instead, a systems analyst should understand the alternative methods and their strengths and weaknesses. Structured Analysis Structured analysis is a traditional systems development technique that is time-tested and easy to understand. Because it describes the processes that transform data into useful information, structured analysis is called a process-centered technique. In addition to modeling the processes, structured analysis includes data organization and structure, relational database design, and user interface issues. Structured analysis uses a series of phases, called the systems development life cycle(SDLC) to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system. Structured analysis relies on a set of process models that graphically describe a system. Process modeling identifies the data flowing into a process, the business rules that transform the data, and the resulting output data flow. Basically, the structured analysis technique requires that the developer defines three things: 1) what processing the system needs to do, 2) what data the system needs to store, and 3) what inputs and outputs will be needed in order for the system to work as a whole. In order to see how all these functions work together, the data flow diagram (DFD) is needed to show the inputs, processes storage, and outputs. Object-Oriented Analysis Whereas structured analysis regards processes and data as separate components, object-oriented analysis combines data and the processes that act on the data into things called objects. Object-oriented analysis defines the different types of objects that are doing the work and interacting with one another in the system and by showing user interactions, called use cases, are required to complete tasks. Systems analysts use O-O methods to model real-world business processes and operations. The result is a set of software objects that represent actual people, things, transactions, and events. Using an O-O programming language, a programmer then transforms the objects into reusable code and components. O-O analysis uses object models to represent data, behavior, and by what means objects affect other objects, By describing the objects(data) and methods (processes) needed to support a business operation, a system developer can design reusable components that allow faster system implementation and decreased development cost. Many analysts believe that, compared with structured analysis, O-O methods are more flexible,efficient,and realistic in today`s dynamic business environment. The object-oriented approach has many benefits, they provide naturalness and reuse. The approach is natural because people tend to think about things in terms of tangible objects and because many systems within an organization uses the same objects (i.e. windows, dialog boxes, menus, and buttons) the classes can be used repeatably. Also, O-O analysis provides an easy transition to popular O-O programming languages, such as Java and C++. Other Development Strategies In addition to structured analysis and O-O methods, there are other systems development techniques created by individual companies.For example, Microsoft has developed an approach called Microsoft Solutions Framework(MSF).Using MSF, you design a series of models, including a risk management model, a team model, model has a specific purpose and outputs that contribute to the overall design of the system.Although the Microsoft process differs from the SDLC phase-oriented approach, MSF developers do the same kind of planning,ask the same kinds of fct-finding questions,deal with the same kinds of design and implementation issues, and resolve the same kinds of problems. MSF uses O-Oanalysis and design concepts, but also examines a broader business and organizational context that surrounds the development of an information system. Ad hoc, is something that one can use to do a specific task but the process that was used cannot be used for another process. It's like doing some work on the fly no major planning is required. The whole project cannot run at that level. One can use a template to create a project but with Ad Hoc, it is not possible. As whole the term "Ad hoc" means for this purpose only. The waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle approach that is considered farthest to the left on the predictive/adaptive scale for software engineering. Often considered the classic approach to the systems development life cycle, the waterfall model (mostly predictive) describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds (drops over the waterfall) into the next phase and there is no turning back. The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps. The disadvantage of waterfall development is that it does not allow for much reflection or revision. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. This pure waterfall model makes it very difficult because there is no room for error and that is virtually impossible when dealing with humans. However, on the right side of the predictive/adaptive scale we are able to make modifications in different phases; this is called a modified waterfall model. In the modification waterfall model, phases of projects will overlap influencing and depending on each other. For instance, if the analysis phase is completed and the project moves into the design phase but something was left out in the requirements in the analysis phase making it hard to implement in the design phase then additional project management tasks need to be added causing an overlap. Efficiency is another reason why overlapping might occur. Some activities depend on the results of prior work. In the project planning phase, there might be some additional project management tasks that need to be added, in the analysis phase, additional analysis activities may be added, and in the design phase, additional design activities may be added. Basically, the modified waterfall model is a more efficient model to use. Today, many information systems and projects are based on the modified waterfall model. Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. In terms of an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers build an information system that is intuitive and easy to manipulate for end users. Prototyping is an iterative process that is part of the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle. During this analysis phase, prototyping usually referred to as the discovery prototypes are very important because it is geared for understanding the users’ needs. The prototypes are not built for full functionality but are built to see if the prototypes are feasible for what goals the business is trying to achieve. Sometimes, end users are trying to improve on the business processes or simplify a procedure. In any case, by using trial reports and screens will help analysts explain to end users’ how this can update and improve their business procedures. If the business decides to implement new technology, then discovery prototyping can help with whether to implement the new technology and to see if it will align with or will be feasible to the company’s business need. Prototyping comes in many forms - from low tech sketches or paper screens(Pictive) from which users and developers can paste controls and objects, to high tech operational systems using CASE (computer-aided software engineering) or fourth generation languages and everywhere in between. Advantages of prototyping include; Reduction of developments time and cost User involvement Quantifiable user feedback Facilitates system implementation Higher user satisfaction Exposure to potential future enhancements for developers On the other hand disadvantages include; Insufficient analysis Expectation of ultimate system performance to be the same as the prototype by users The temptation of implementation before the final product Attachment to prototypes by developers Incomplete documentation The best reason for prototyping is that it lets a programmer work with a client so that the system will satisfactorily meet the client's expectations. However this is a double edge sword. The problem is that most of the time a protype is a clunky, quick approach to solving a problem that will most often need major reconstruction and most programmers are hesitant at best to throw away their code for a new stream line approach. Consequently you end up with code associated with patch after patch that is difficult to maintain. Also the give and take with the client during prototyping may lead to scope creep within the project. Every time you think you are finished there will be some improvement or new functionality suggested. This will stop any sign off on the project. To avoid this make sure that there is a project plan with a noted number of iterations specified and a cut off date for adding new functionality. Incremental approach is dividing the project in various [as much as possible] independent parts and developing these sub-parts at the same rate/ different rate and integrating them when ready. Example is development of a social networking website with parts like member registration, sign in, forgot password, member profile, search members, friends list, blog, blog search, photos, photo search and messaging. Depending on the product owners requirements, development team can start with member registration, sign in, member profile and search members.These can be completed and integrated into a common repository as they become ready. Once these parts are ready, next set is picked. It is also possible that all the parts can be simultaneously worked on and integrating them when ready in the central repository. According to Alistair Cockburn, Iterative development is a rework scheduling strategy in which time is set aside to revise and improve parts of the system. The spiral model is one of the newer adaptive approaches to the SDLC. Basically, an adaptive approach is a development approach which will include project activities such as plans and models that are adjusted as the project progresses. The spiral model includes several adaptive features that will cycle over and over through the development of the project until the completion of the project. The spiral life cycle is shown as a spiral model that begins with the planning phase first from the center (inward) of the spiral, eventually working its way outward, over and over again, until completion of the project. The planning phase will include activities such as feasibility study, a survey of user's requirements, overall design choice, generation of implementation alternative, and implementation strategy. The purpose of this phase is to have enough information to build a prototype. Rapid Application Development makes use of tools to facilitate the development of systems to meet aggressive time lines. [1] The key emphasis is to reuse the created working models [prototypes/ models/ user interfaces/ wire-frames] [2] Key objective is to reduce the time spent on analysis, this is achieved by use of working models for design Modeling promotes better understanding of requirements. Visual Modeling helps us understand and organize complex endeavors. Notation plays an important part in any model. It has been said that if you can not document the artifacts of your work, you will probably fail. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a very robust notation, which grows from analysis to design. It is a language used to specify, visualize, and document the artifacts of an object-oriented system under development. You can model just about any type of application running on any type of hardware, operating system, programming language, and network with UML. It is a natural fit for Oject-Oriented languages and environments but you can use it to model non Object-Oriented applications as well. Before coding, there should be a understanding on pseudo, algorithm and the high level language(C, C++, C#, Java, etc.) you want to make use of. This will aid you to designing a system for a specific purpose. Modern programming usually requires an object oriented approach to software development. Object-oriented development attempts to use the classifications, relationships, and properties of objects to aid in program development. The object can be any item or concept. The objects contain both attributes and operations that interact to meet a specific need. Attributes are properties that relate to the object and operations are methods or actions that the object can perform to modify itself or data. Access to the data within an object is available only via the objects operation also known as the interface to the object. An object's functionality is bound to the data it uses. You can easily alter the details controlling how the object is implemented to improve performance , add new features, or fix bugs without changing the interface. This allows the other parts of the project to access the object and remain unaltered. This book is organized in 5 major units: Planning Analysis Design Implementation Maintenance/Support What are the categories of technology requirements of an information system? Satzinger, J. W., Jackson, R. B., & Burd, S. (2007). Systems Analysis & Design In A Changing World, Fourth Edition. Boston: Thomson Course Technology. Kerzner, H. (2006). Project Management - A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling Systems Analysis & Design 5th Edition The Farm Service Agency Enterprise Architecture Satzinger, Jackson, Burd, Systems Analysis & Design In A Changing World; Fifth Edition Satzinger, Jackson, Burd, Systems Analysis & Design In a Changing World; Fifth Edition Satzinger, Jackson, Burd; Systems analysis & Design In a Changing World; fifth Edition Satzinger, Jackson, Burd; Systems analysis & Design In a Changing World; Fifth Edition Systems Analysis & Design 5th Edition Satzinger, Jackson, Burd, Systems Analysis and Design In A changing World; Fifth Edition Satzinger, Jackson, Burd; Systems Analysis & Design In A Changing World; Fifth Edition http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html http://www.agilecollab.com/incremental-and-iterative-software-development http://alistair.cockburn.us/Incremental+versus+iterative+development#discussion Satzinger, Jackson, Burd; Systems Analysis & Design In A Changing Word; Fifth Edition
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Falera is a mountain village in the Surselva region of Switzerland. It is in the canton of Graubunden. 46.800359.232191 Center Communal 20, ☏ +41 81 921 30 30, [email protected]. M-F 09:00-11:30, 13:30-17:00, Sa 09:00-11:30, closed mid-October until mid-December. (updated Mar 2017) Falera can be accessed from Chur via Laax. The trip to Laax takes between 40 minutes and 1 hour, depending on whether it is a direct bus or not. There are 1-3 trips an hour depending on the season and the time of the day. The bus goes via Flims. From there the bus to Falera leaves once an hour (more often during the main season) and takes 7 minutes. Alternatively, there is also an hourly bus from Illanz via Laax which takes around 30 minutes. Buses from Chur are timed to allow changing on the bus to Falera in Laax. To access Falera by car, look out for the sign towards Falera, when driving through Laax. From there it's a short drive. A shuttle bus operated by the Alpenarena runs around Falera in the winter. In the summer it is possible to walk about easier as there is no ice. The town itself is car-free, which means that you will have to leave your car at the entrance of the village, unless you have a special permission. The views of course are the other thing to be seen in Falera. The village sits on a lip of high land overlooking the Surselva with spectacular views both up and down the valley. To the southwest sits the impressive Piz Terri at 3149 meters the highest mountain in the immediate area. 46.7993589.2341551 Church St. Remigius. This ancient church, perched scenically on the hillside, is the pride of Falera. It's ornate interior shows how much the locals care for their church. Nearby the church are some prehistoric megaliths, telling us that this has been a place of worship for many years. (updated Mar 2017) 46.89.2355562 Parc la Mutta, ☏ +41 81 921 30 30, [email protected]. This collection of prehistoric megaliths forms an ancient place of cult. It can be explored independently or with the help of a local guide. (updated Mar 2017) 46.802969.228711 Alpenarena (235 km in winter, 28 lifts). Skiing is the major winter activity here. The Alpenarena ski area is shared with Flims and Laax and has its highest point on the glacier at 3018 metres altitude. Skiers are mostly Swiss, but English can be heard as the place has been discovered by foreigners. From Falera, a chair lift gives access to the ski domain. Day pass Fr. 77/26. (updated Mar 2017) 46.801739.236581 Restaurant La Siala, Via Principala 2, ☏ +41 81 927 22 22. Main course around Fr. 30, evening set mel for Fr. 54. 46.801729.231292 Restaurant Aurora, Via Stonas 1, ☏ +41 81 921 49 49. F-Tu (winter Th-Tu) 08ː30-23ː00. Mains around Fr. 25. 46.801719.236521 La Siala, Via Principala 2, ☏ +41 81 927 22 22, [email protected]. From Fr. 79, but much more expensive most of the time.
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Saturday, March 25, 2006 A supersonic jet engine known as a "scramjet," which could substantially reduce air travel time has been tested at Woomera, in South Australia's far north. An international team launched the Terrier-Orion rocket carrying the hypersonic scramjet—an oxygen-sucking supersonic combustion ramjet engine. The rocket took the prototype aircraft to an altitude of 314km (195 mi) before crashing ten minutes later, a spokeswoman for the Hyshot program said. A supersonic boom was felt across the Woomera test range seconds after the jet took off. The Queensland-led HyShot III experiment uses a scramjet engine developed by UK company, QinetiQ. Travelling at 8,000 km/h (~5000 mph), or ten times the speed of a conventional jet, and almost eight times the speed of sound (Mach 8), the rocket turned and powered back to Earth some 400 km (250 mi) down the range. The scientists are hoping the scramjet kicked into action during a six-second window shortly before impact. The advantage of a scramjet is that once it is accelerated to about Mach 4 by a conventional jet engine or booster rocket, it can fly at hypersonic speeds, possibly as fast as Mach 15, without carrying heavy oxygen tanks, as conventional rockets do. Team leader Professor Allan Paul says that the flight went well, but that it will take several months to analyse the collected data. He told the media it was too soon to tell if the $2 million experiment had been a success. Another HyShot team member Michael Smart said the flight followed the nominal trajectory and impacted 400 km (250 mi) from its launch pad. Dr Smart said that radar tracking data showed the experiment had gone to plan. Professor Paull said scramjet-powered passenger jets were still a long way off, but it might be possible to have a scramjet-powered vehicle within the next decade. He says the team is happy with the result so far. NASA set the speed record for a jet-powered aircraft in [November 2004] during the third and final flight of the experimental X-43A scramjet project. Two HyShot scramjet flights had previously been made—one on 30 October 2001 and another on 30 July 2002. Supersonic combustion was achieved on the second flight. HyShot IV launch is planned for 28 March. Paul Carter. "Super jet engine trial excites boffins" — News.com, March 25, 2006 "Scramjet team 'happy' after Woomera flight" — The australian Broadcasting Corporation, March 25, 2006 "HyShot scramjet experiment blasts off in South Australian desert" — Centre for Hypersonics, University of Queensland, March 25, 2006 "Hyshot Images" — University of Queensland, March 25, 2006 "Faster Than a Speeding Bullet: Guinness Recognizes NASA Scramjet" — NASA press release, June 20, 2005
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Monday, January 15, 2007 A hydrofoil and a cargo ship have entered into collision this evening, at around 18:15 Italian local time (17:15 UTC) near the harbor of Messina, Sicily, Italy. The hydrofoil, named "Segesta jet", was doing a regular passenger service from Reggio Calabria to Messina, carrying 151 passengers and 6 crew members. The cargo ship is reported to be the "Susan Borchard", registered in Antigua and Barbuda. The number of people dead or injured is not currently established, but during the night the number of fatalities rose to 4. "Two die in Italy ferry collision" — BBC News Online, January 15, 2007 "SCONTRO ALISCAFO-NAVE AL LARGO DI MESSINA, DUE MORTI" — Ansa, January 15, 2007 (Italian) "Messina, collisione mercantile-traghetto: almeno 2 morti" — Reuters, January 15, 2007 (Italian) "Naufragio di Messina, i testimoni "Ci siamo tuffati, temevamo di morire"" — la Repubblica, January 15, 2007 (Italian) "Scontro in mare: 88 feriti, vittime erano dell'equipaggio dell'aliscafo" — Corriere della Sera, January 15, 2007 (Italian) "Scontro aliscafo- nave: 4 morti" — Ansa, 16 gennaio 2006 (Italian) "Ship and ferry collide off Sicily; four dead" — Reuters, January 15, 2007 Frances D'Emilio. "4 dead in hydrofoil-cargo ship collision" — Associated Press, January 15, 2007
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Yehuda Bauer (Hebrew: יהודה באואר) (born April 6, 1926) is a historian and scholar of the Holocaust. He is a Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Holocaust was perpetrated by the Nazis for very specific reasons. They saw in the Jews the ultimate enemy, who was behind all the other enemies they had. And the Jews were in their eyes Satan; coming from a Christian background, although anti-Christian, if somebody was Satan you knew what to do with him. Murder him. Kill him. Annihilate him. Ultimately. Perhaps drive him out first. And then finally when this didn't work kill him. And it wasn't really directed against the Jews of country X but against the concept of the Jew. The Jew. Anywhere. Everywhere. At all times. Forever. And that is unique. That has never happened before but it can happen again. The idea of some powerful force that unless it is totally annihilated there's no chance for your survival. That was the Nazi ideology. Interview with Michael Dunn (2 June 1993). Thou shall not be a perpetrator, thou shall not be a victim, and thou shall never, but never, be a bystander. As quoted in The Legacy of the Holocaust (2011) by Jason Skog, p. 57. In the book of which I have spoken before, are the Ten Commandments. Maybe we should add three additional ones: "You, your children and your children's children shall never become perpetrators"; "You, your children and your children's children shall never never allow yourselves to become victims"; and "You, your children and your children's children shall never, but never, be passive onlookers to mass murder, genocide, or (let us hope it may never be repeated) to a Holocaust-like tragedy." Address to the Bundestag (27 January 1998) Wikipedia has an article about: Yehuda Bauer Profile at the Anti-Defamation League Interview (1993) Interview (1998) Address to the Bundestag (27 January 1998) Audio interview at KQED Forum (11 January 2005) Profile at Yad VaShem Profile at HUJI Lectures at Researchchannel
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Open Education covers a broad range of activities and has a long history. From the public library movement of the 19th century which promoted open universities and state-provided education, when education suddenly became accessible to all, to the setting up of institutions like the Open University in the UK which lowered the boundaries to access. An historical reconstruction is provided by Peters and Deimann (2013) who begin with the scholastic movement of the Middle Ages. They write: The late Middle Ages were characterised by a number of changes that “opened” education from what had been, until then, one mostly restricted to monastery open schools. A major factor was the growth of medieval towns and increasing urbanisation of society.. Out of the cathedral schools grew what we today recognise as institutions of higher learning, then termed “studium generale”. The “generale” or general nature already recognised the importance and signified that it was “intended for entire Christendom without regard for national or territorial boundaries”. By the late 1500s access to knowledge and learning had become very different. No longer a place for the free exchange of students, teachers and ideas, the higher education institution had become increasingly closed. By the 1600s the invention of the printing press was beginning to spread knowledge more widely. 17th century coffee-houses provide us with another instance of openness. Here patrons from all walks of life were given access to the premises and could sit down and read (or listen) to the latest news, pamphlets and books and participate in lively discussions covering science, religion, business, literature and of course the latest gossip. The 18th century is marked by wide-ranging popular literacy among men. The popular response to Thomas Paine’s 1791 Rights of Man fuelled “literacy from below” as artisans and the new industrial working class taught one another to read and established growing numbers of self-education societies. From the late 19th century until the end of the Second World War, miners’ libraries emerged as the thirst for knowledge and rise of interest in self-education coincided with the growth of the coal industry. With few exceptions, every mining town and village had its own “workmen’s institute”, containing, among other a reading room and a library that would be at the heart of the establishment. The 20th century continued to see education “open” as the belief in the people’s right to access society’s knowledge grew. In Argentina for instance, this is particularly visible in the University of Buenos Aires, as shaped by the ideas of the 1918 Cordoba reform. Openness was also enabled by further developments in distance learning. Best known is probably The Open University (UK) founded in the 1960s, at a time of significant developments in communications technology and mass media. More recently it has taken on new impetus in a new direction, not disconnected with that history, but not entirely similar in focus. Fabian Tompsett from Wikipedia argues that: Open Education has its roots in the civil rights movement in America, in particular the Freedom Schools which were tied in with the Greensboro sit-ins where students broke down the colour bar. The students involved in this sit-ins took their college books with them and used the time to study. People like Mario Savio and Tom Hayden acknowledge the role of what they learnt from their participation in the civil rights movement in their subsequent activities like the Berkeley Free Speech Movement and the Port Huron Statement. These social movements played a crucial role in providing the environment which gave rise to Silicon Valley. The People's Computer Company were advocates of Open Source, and went on to spawn the Homebrew Computing Club. It was the social activism of the sixties and seventies which gave rise to the knowledge revolution and the technological advances which have had such an impact on contemporary society. Fabian also points out that schools played a part too and Ivan Illich and questioned the role of schools and advocated learning webs. Technological innovation has naturally contributed to changes in educational practice but tools are often enablers rather than drivers. Open education is very much the result of a dialectical relationship between technology and human aspirations. As Ivan Illich said in Deschooling Society: "Technology is available to develop either independence and learning or bureaucracy and teaching." As Martin Weller notes in The Battle for Open: "Openness has a long history in higher education. Its foundations lie in one of altruism, and the belief that education is a public good. It has undergone many interpretations and adaptations, moving from a model which had open entry to study as its primary focus, to one that emphasises openly available content and resources. This change in the definition of openness in education has largely been a result of the digital and network revolution. Changes in other sectors, most notably the open source model of software production, and values associated with the internet of free access and open approaches have influenced (and been influenced by) practitioners in higher education. The past decade or so has seen the growth of a global open education movement, with significant funding from bodies such as the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and research councils. Active campaigners in universities have sought to establish programmes that will release content (data, teaching resources, publications) openly, while others have adopted open practices regarding their own working, through social media and blogs. This has been combined with related work on open licenses (notably Creative Commons) which allow easy reuse and adaptation of content, advocacy at policy level for nation or state-wide adoption of open content and sharing of resources, and improved technology and infrastructure that make this openness both easy and inexpensive." Open Education Timeline - the interactive online timeline created by the Open Education Working Group Intro to Openness in Education - a course by David Wiley for the School of Open Kernohan, David and Amber Thomas (2012) OER - a historical perspective Tompsett, Fabian (2013) Vernacular Education, a presentation at Eduwiki 2013.
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Nagykőrös (historical names: Kalanguerusy, Kalánkőröse) is a town in Pest County. From Budapest is about 80 km toward southeast. Between Cegléd and Kecskemet. From Cegléd take #441 main road. 47.03319.78451 Nagykőrös Bus Station (Nagykőrös autóbusz-állomás), Nagykőrös, Szolnoki u. 1 (Center close to Reformed church), ☏ +36 53 350-993, fax: +36 53 351-335. Cashdesk open weekdays (from 1st up to 6th day each month): 05:00-15:00 (from 7th-31th day each month): even weekdays days 06:00-14:00, odd weekdays 08:00-16:00. Budapest (need a transfer at Kecskemét bus station, usually 11⁄2 hour, choose carefully: a wrong connection can mean 3 hours journey time! ), Cegléd (1⁄2 hour, from about 05:00 till late night, every 1⁄2 hour), Kecskemet same as Cegléd further to Szeged always need to change at Kecskemét (about 21⁄2 hours, 12 per day).Timetable. 47.038419.76022 Nagykörös Train Station (Nagykőrös Vasútállomás), Kossuth Lajos út 78 (One km west of the Center), ☏ +36 53 351 211. By train from Szeged via Kecskemet direct train, or from Cegléd. 47.033719.78351 Reformed Church (Református Templom), Szabadság tér (Center, close to Szolnoki road), ☏ +36 53 351535, [email protected]. Opening hours: Sat at 18, Sun at 10 and 18. It was founded in 1545. Built in Gothic and Neo-Gothic elements. Admission: free of charge. (updated Dec 2018) 47.034419.78222 St. Ladislaus Church (Szent László Templom), Szabadság tér 3 (Center), ☏ +36 53 350051, +36 70 3843816, fax: +36 53 350051, [email protected]. Holy mass: on Sa at 19:00; on Su 09:00 and 19:00; on M 08:00. A Late Baroque and Classicist Roman Catholic Church Cavalryman's barrack-room of Nagykőrös, is the home of the Arany János Museum. This is a 'landscape' museum, houses significant collection of ethnographical, archelogical and historical relics, and of fine art. A couple of the 'must see' items: the golden mounted sword of an Avar prince, the gold-plated bronze procession cross of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries and wrought-iron. (Hu:Huszárkaszárnya, Nagykőrösi Kulturális Központ - Arany János Közérdekű Muzeális Gyűjtemény. Loc:Ceglédi út 19. Phone: +36 53 350810, +36 20 9509560, Email: [email protected], Web. Opening hours: 1 Apr-31 Oct 10:00-18:00 Th F 9:00-13:00, Sa 12:00-16:00, closed M-W. Winter: 09:00-16:00; closed on M. Admission: adult/reduced: Ft600/300) Gaál Manor Court , It was built in 1909 in Art Nouveau style. Now it works as an office. (Hu:Gaál-kúria. Loc: Outskirt. Phone: +36 53 550300, fax: +36 53 351058 Admission: Free of charge) Halász Mansion was built in 1810 in Copf (late Classicist) style (Hu: Halász kúria. Loc:Kecskeméti utca 17. Phone: +36 53 550300). Patay-Szeless-Kiss Mansion was built in 1810 and renovated in 1881 in neo-classicist style. It works as flats. (Hu:Patay-Szeless-Kiss Kúria. Loc: Kalotsa Balázs utca 4. Phone: +36 53 550300, closed for the visitors). Kalotsa Balázs Mansion was built in 1790 and was renewed in 1850 in romantic style. Nowadays it is a nursery school. (Hu:Kalotsa (Balázs)-kúria. Loc: Kalotsa Balázs utca 1. Phone: +36 53 351991). Kalotsa István Manor Court is a primary school. Built in Classicist style (Hu: Kalotsa István-kúria. Loc: Dalmady Győző utca 10. Phone: +36 53 550290, Admission: free of charge) Szalay Mansion, the building includes architectural elements of Romantic and Classicist style. It is now the Mango Disco Club (Hu:Szalay-kúria. Loc: Dalmady Győző utca 3. Phone: +36 20 5557709 [email protected], Opening hours: Sa 22:00-05:00). Molnár-Benkó Mansion, a residential building, has architectural elements of Romantic and Classicist style (Hu: Molnár-Benkó-kúria. Loc: Koszorú utca 2. Phone: +36 53 550300). Rákóczi-Beretvás-Segesváry Mansion, a mixed style Baroque, Classicist building, is a boarding school (Hu:Rákóczi-Beretvás-Segesváry-kúria. Loc: Arany János utca 28, Phone: +36 53 350064, [email protected]). Jakabházy Eötvös Mansion (Hu: Jakabházy Eötvös-kúria) is an Art Nouveau dwelling house. Loc: Szilágyi utca 2. Phone: +36 53 550300, closed to visitors). 47.000819.92163 Kocsér (Middle Age name: Kötsér, German: Kolter) (10 km east-southeast of Nagykőrös, 13 km northwest of Tiszakécske, buses from Cegléd or Kecskemét via Nagykőrös). Kocsér is in the north-eastern to ridge of the Danube-Tisza. Village is about 100 m above sea level in slightly undulating plain with depressions. An arid area situated on the border of warm and moderately warm climate areas. The former desert flora is best-preserved in Kalocsa lawn and around Sárhalom district. Sights: Saline pasture, nature protection area, plant and animal species. Part of the Hungarian steppes area ('puszta'), evolved as a result of grazing in the past centuries. Saline and marsh plants plus sand and loess vegetation represents the flora. Amphibians, small reptiles, hares, deers, foxes are the most common vertebrates. The most interesting bird species: the Rollers, different falcons, Buzzards, Lesser Grey Shrike, white stork (Hu:Szikes legelő. Loc: Outskirt. Phone: +36 53 359080. Admission: free.) St. Stephan Roman Catholic Church found in 15th century, rebuilt on a new site in 1873 to King St. Stephen honor (Hu:Szent István király Templom. Loc: Szabadság utca 16. Phone: +36 53 359491, Masses: M-Sa at 07:15, Su 09:00). Reformed Church (Hu:Református templom. Loc: Kossuth Lajos út, in the city centre. Phone: +36 53 351535, [email protected] Opening hours: Su 10:00-12:00. Admission: free). Gothic church ruins are in the Catholic cemetery. Scratching Dog Tavern, an architectural monument which has been operating since the 1700s. (Hu:Kutyakaparó Csárda, loc: around five km north-northeast of the village.) Events: pony race (two days long), farewell (Aug 20). Do: fishing lake, Toma lake in nearby, hunting options). 47.03819.78451 [dead link] Nagykőrösi Outdoor swimming (Alföld Aqua Termálfürdő és Strand), Ceglédi út 14 (A couple blocks north from the Center), ☏ +36 20 422 7177. 09:00-19:00. Adult ticket Ft1400. Kinizsi Catering and Leisure Centre (Kinizsi Vendéglátó és Szabadidő Központ Nagykőrös), Deák tér 2. Patria Bistro and Pension (Pátria Bisztró és Panzió), Szultán u. 2. Reformed Teacher Training College (Református Tanítóképző Leányinternátusa. ), Arany J. U. 28. Central hotel (Központi Hotel), Nagykőrös, Széchenyi tér 1, ☏ +36 70 6660946, [email protected]. Pintér Étterem és Hotel, Téglagyári út 2/a, [email protected]. The postal code for Nagykőrös is: H-2750 and H-2751. Area Phone code: 53. 47.03519.78393 Main Post Office (Nagykőrös 1 posta), Nagykőrös, Hősök tere 3 (Center), ☏ +36 53 350721, [email protected]. Cegléd Kecskemét Szeged
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County Londonderry is one of the six historic counties of Ulster that in 1921 formed Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. These counties have been abolished as units of local government, and since 2015 Londonderry is admininistered in three districts: Derry and Strabane, Causeway Coast and Glens, and Mid-Ulster. Nevertheless it retains a distinct regional identity. The city of Derry / Londonderry has two names (at least!) discussed on that page, but the county has always been Londonderry. Some prefer to call it County Derry or Contae Dhoire but these pages stick to Londonderry, not least to distinguish it from the city. In 2011 the county population was 247,132. 54.991666666667-7.34166666666671 Derry / Londonderry is a fascinating city with 17th century walls and in-your-face history. 55.053-6.9462 Limavady is a small market town in the scenic Roe Valley. 55.133-6.6613 Coleraine is the former county town. It remains a transport hub, and has the main campus of Ulster University. 55.18-6.7114 Portstewart is a coastal resort with a long sandy beach. 55.15-6.78333333333335 Castlerock is a seaside village with the eccentric Mussenden Temple and ruin of Downhill Demesne. 54.752-6.5936 Magherafelt is near 17th century Springhill House and the shores of Lough Neagh. Glaciers scoured out fjords such as Lough Foyle then melted and sea levels rose. The coastal lowlands became carpeted by oak forest, in Irish called doire, hence "derry". Stone Age people arrived soon after, and Mount Sandel in Coleraine had settled habitation in 7000 BC - that's Mesolithic, way before the stone monuments and villages of the Neolithic Age. At the other end of the spectrum, Grianan of Aileach (whick looks as old as the hills) was occupied as late as 1050 AD, until its owners finally succumbed after centuries of nagging, and re-housed their families in nice wattle-and-daub huts like their get-ahead neighbours. Ireland's bays and rivers were essential for transport and for fishing. A monastery was founded on the River Foyle in the mid 6th century by St Colmcille, better known as St Columba. This was the beginning of Derry city, but it was repeatedly destroyed by the Vikings. By the 12th century the Vikings were ousted from Ireland, and the new powerful tribe were the Normans, who grabbed land in the southeast and divided Ireland into shires or counties, but never gained control of the northwest. It was only in the 16th century that Tudor England was able to assert its might. Yet still the Gaelic chiefs of Tyrconnell and Tyrone held out, until routed in the Nine Years War. In 1607 those chiefs fled to Europe: mission accomplished! But it wasn't. The last Gaelic rebellion was in 1608 by Sir Cahir O'Doherty of Donegal, who destroyed Derry. English troops poured in, killed O'Doherty and most of his men, took reprisals, and hunted down the last few rebels holed up on Tory Island. Right, let's sort this place so it stays sorted. The novel solution was to outsource Derry to a London business consortium, "The Honourable The Irish Society". The Society rebuilt Derry with stout walls, carved up the territory between their twelve leading merchant companies (in order the Mercers, Grocers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skinners, Merchant Taylors, Haberdashers, Saltners, Ironmongers, Vintners and Clothworkers), and populated it with loyal Protestant settlers mostly from Scotland. What had been County Coleraine became County-definitely-Londonderry-no-way-Derry, the eastern part of Ulster was similarly settled and industrialised, and the seeds of Irish partition were lain. Those city walls enabled Derry to withstand sieges in 1649 and in 1688, when the apprentice boys famously slammed the gates against the forces of catholic King James. Over the next 200 years, Protestant control was cemented in Belfast and the east, while to the west rural Donegal became de-populated - its Catholics found no welcome, housing or jobs here so they moved on to Glasgow and North America. Londonderry therefore became a pivot as the 19th / 20th century "Troubles" escalated into the Anglo-Irish conflict and Irish civil war. The 1921 Treaty partitioned Ireland, and specifically Ulster, with Donegal, Cavan and Monaghan joining the Republic, Londonderry joining the North, and a "hard border" suddenly appearing on Derry's city limits. The border blighted trade and development on both sides. Economic grievances and sectarian tensions simmered especially in "interface areas" such as Derry / Londonderry; the border was always resented, but what propelled Ulster into the late 20th century "Troubles" was the new dynamic of civil rights. On "Bloody Sunday" on 30 Jan 1972, British troops opened fire on unarmed protesters in Derry, who were marching against mass imprisonment without trial. How could Britain govern its own backyard in this way? This meant that in the 1970s, Beirut, Kabul, Teheran and Baghdad were agreeable places for westerners to visit, people even walked safely on the moon, while Derry and Belfast were off-limits, blighted, dangerous. Of course many still visited for business or family, but leisure travellers averted their eyes from the moral crater of Ulster. Not until 1998 was the conflict defused by the Good Friday Agreement. That agreement has been sorely tested but has largely ended violence, downgraded the border to a mere county line, and allowed Derry to re-launch itself as a tourist destination. The uncertainty in 2021 is because Brexit has created a new border with the European Union, and the long-term effects of this remain to be seen. 55.043-7.1621 City of Derry Airport (LDY IATA) is 7 miles northeast of Derry and has flights from the UK. You've more choice flying into one of the Belfast airports, and even more into Dublin. Trains run hourly from Belfast via Newtownabbey, Antrim and Ballymena to Coleraine, Castlerock and Derry. Buses run to Derry from Belfast, from Dublin city and airport, and from Galway via Sligo and Letterkenny the transport hub for County Donegal. Car ferries sail from Cairnryan in Scotland to Belfast and to Larne, then an hour by road brings you into the county. By road from Dublin it's usually simplest to take M1 / A1 north to Belfast then M2 / A6 west. In summer a car ferry plies across the outlet of Lough Foyle, between Macgilligans Point north of Derry and Greencastle in County Donegal. Train is the best public transport between Derry, Castlerock and Coleraine, with hourly trains from Belfast. Buses on that route only run 4 or 5 times a day: Ulsterbus 134 / 234 runs from Derry via Eglinton (for Derry airport), Ballykelly, Limavady and Castlerock to Coleraine. Buses from Coleraine run a frequent triangle to Ulster University, Portstewart and Portrush. You need a car to explore much of the county, or be a keen cyclist. A network of national cycleways crosses the county, though they're mostly on road. File:Free Derry mural Londonderry [email protected] Walled city of definitely-Londonderry, that name is what they were built to preserve. The walls are in good condition as they were only built in the early 17th century, in an age when other cities were demolishing the straitjacket of their medieval walls. The difference is that the city within was built to a grid pattern to aid defence, unlike the higgledy-piggledy alleys of other walled cities. Bogside in definitely-Derry lies at the foot of the walls, with Free Derry Corner and the Museum. Grianan of Aileach is a well-preserved ringfort. It's 5 miles west of Derry city, which means it's in County Donegal in the Republic, but easiest visited from the city. Mussenden Temple is an 18th century oddity teetering on a cliff-edge above Castlerock. It's part of Downhill Demesne, a ruined mansion. Binevenagh is the plateau rising abruptly northeast of Limavady. It's popular for rock-climbing and hang-gliding, but most visitors just drive up for the view. Beaches: most of the coastline is sandy beach, with resort strips at Portstewart, Castlerock and Benone. Lough Neagh is accessed from Ballyronan marina near Magherafelt. Gaelic games: Derry GAA play football and hurling, with their usual home ground at Celtic Park in Derry. There are 40 GAA teams across the county. Year-round soccer: can you stand the excitement? Derry City FC play in the Republic's League of Ireland, which is April-Oct. All the other teams in Northern Ireland (such as Coleraine) play in the NIFL Aug-April, same as the season in England, Scotland and Wales. Northwest 200 is a motorbike race held in May on a triangular on-road circuit between Coleraine, Portrush and Portstewart. East to County Antrim for the big tourist attractions of Bushmills, Giant's Causeway and Carrick-a-Rede Bridge. South to County Tyrone for the Ulster American Folk Park and prehistoric sites around Cookstown. West to County Donegal and indeed north: these Atlantic-dashed headlands of the Republic of Ireland extend further north than Northern Ireland. The last outpost is the island of Inishtrahull, nowadays uninhabited.
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Introduction Homophobia in Schools Including GLBT Curriculum in Classroom Creating Safe Learning Environment Opposition Conclusion Multiple Choice Sources Answers By Jocelyn Carter Students should be able to: a) Identify Homophobia in Class. b) Identify the Importance of incorporating GLBT curriculum in the classroom. c) Describe strategies for creating a safe classroom for GLBT Students. Human diversity is a normal, natural thing. We teach our kids that it is alright to be different, but we don't tell them how different it is okay to be. Today, the most common place to study differences of the world is in the classroom. If children are to grow up prepared to live in a complex, multicultural society, more issues of diversity need to be discussed in the classroom (Banks 1993). The issue of sexual orientation has become of great importance to today's children. Researchers and Social scientist suggest that 1 to 3 of every 10 students is either gay or lesbian, or has an immediate family member who is (Wood p. 16). This article will focus on homosexuality and homophobia, GLBT students in the classroom, social bias, and what can be done to provide a safe classroom for GLBT students. Why is “Homophobia” present in the Schools? Most people would agree that the topic of homophobia carries very negative undertones; I guess that is unless you are homophobic. Homophobia is the fear, dislike, and hatred of same-sex relationships or those who love and are sexually attracted to those of the same sex. It occurs in schools on personal, institutional, and societal levels (Woods p 14). Homophobia is often based on ignorance, because an individual is so closed-minded that they are not willing to educate themselves on something they know nothing about. When Eric Marcus, a homosexual man and author, addressed the question, “What do students learn about homosexuality in elementary school and high school?” his answer was simply stated. “Students learn plenty about homosexuality in school, almost all of it informally, and nearly all of it bad. The first lesson occurs when one child calls another a fag in elementary school cafeteria, and the lesson continue right on through high school, when a group of students decides to torment a theater teacher they think is gay” (Marcus, 1999 p 173) We are taught when young that being “gay” is bad. You may not even know what the word gay means, but your parents and everyone else around you have already put in your head that it is wrong and not accepted. Everyone is afraid of what they don't know. When you are introduced to something new, it is a natural reaction to be skeptical about it. You hesitate to try it, or you state from the beginning; I know that I am not going to like it. How do we teach students about GLBT related topics? How do we protect our GLBT students in the school? Why is it important to include GLBT related issues into the curriculum? Imagine this, Lindsey is sitting in her 4th grade class on the first day of school, and everyone is sharing stories about their families. When it's Lindsey's turn she tells the class that she has two moms because they are lesbians. The class is confused and Megan asks “What is a Lesbian?” What do you do as a teacher? DO you answer the question or ignore it and change the subject? How do you answer this without overstepping your ethical boundaries? When discussing the inclusion of GLBT it is important to understand the diversity in a classroom. There may be students in your class that are already struggling with understanding their own sexual orientation. One report indicated that lesbian, gay, and bisexual students first come to realization of their sexual orientation at age 10( D’Augelli & Hershbeger, 1993) When you put that age into perspective, that child is in the 3rd or 4th grade. People fear the unknown. They fear what they are unfamiliar with. On the issue of homophobia, Kevin Jennings, executive director of the Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network states, “ If you really want a long-term solution to homophobia, you’d better start when kids are young, and start teaching very early” (Quinlan, 1999). Opposition There are different reasons why incorporating GLBT issues in the classroom may come result in negative results rather than positive. It may not be the best to bring these issues up with children that are 8 or 9, even though some may already be experiencing a feeling of attraction towards the same sex, and not understand why they feel that way. Teachers could feel great discomfort in speaking about this subject in the classroom. Many parents feel that incorporating GLBT curriculum into the classroom, may cause their child to choose a gay lifestyle. When a teacher raises gay and lesbian issues in the classroom, some students respond with intellectual curiosity, but often the consequences are less positive. Some students: become embarrassed and uncomfortable, become hostile, or even question the teacher's sexuality. A lot of times students tend to make homophobic accusations against other students in the class or against other students and staff within the school (Lipkin 1999). Negative results could come about when GLBT issues are raised in the classroom. Creating a Safe learning environment for GLBT Students Everyone is entitled to a safe learning environment, no matter what your sexual orientation is. I think it is important to let the GLBT students know that we care, and that they are not alone. It is the duty of a teacher to keep order and command respect for everyone in their classroom, and I am sure many people sincerely would like to create a safer environment for GLBT students. There are ten suggestions that were compiled by Youth Pride, Inc. that would help with reducing homophobia in your environment: 1. Make no assumption about sexuality. 2. Having something gay-related visible in your office or classroom. 3. Support, normalize and validate student's feelings about their sexuality. 4. Do not advise youth to come out to parents, family and friends as they need to come out at their own safe place. 5. Guarantee confidentiality with students. 6. Challenge homophobia. 7. Combat heterosexism in your classroom. 8. Learn about and refer to community organizations 9. Encourage school administrators to adopt and enforce anti-discrimination policies for their schools or school systems which include sexual orientation 10. Provide role models. It is important to incorporate this suggestion into the school. GLBT students need to be protected and I think the best way to start that is by educating their classmates and peers on what it means to be GLBT. “Opening these conversations with young children gives us an opportunity to prevent prejudice, discrimination, and violence and to support the lives of all children just as they are” (Chasnoff and Cohen, 1997, p 10) Conclusion An estimated 6 to 11 percent of school children have gay or lesbian parents, and another 5 to 9 percent will at some point realize that they are homosexual (Chasnoff and Cohen, 1997). Even with these statistics, schools are still hesitant to include gay or lesbian curriculum into the school. The fact remains that in the present 21st century, gay and lesbians no longer represent a taboo. Students are choosing to come out while still in school, and they are expecting to be accepted. No matter what a student's sexual preference is, they deserve to be able to come to school and feel like they are safe. Whether or not it is the teacher's or school's responsibility to educate students on GLBT issues, is still to be decided. But in the meantime it is of upmost importance that these students are treated with respect and equality. Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce homophobia in the classroom? A. Challenge homophobia B. Point out all the GLBT students in your classroom and tell the students not to make fun of them. C. Provide role models D. Support, normalize and validate student's feelings about their sexuality. 2. What is the definition of Homophobia? A. Refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex, or to a homosexual orientation. B. Refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes, or to a bisexual orientation. C. The fear, dislike, and hatred of same-sex relationships or those who love and are sexually attracted to those of the same sex. D. To cause harm to those who are not like yourself within sexual preference. 3. Researchers and Social scientist suggest that ___ of every 10 students is either gay or lesbian, or has an immediate family member who is gay? A. 1 to 3 B. 4 to 6 C. 7 to 10 D. 2 to 4 4. If a teacher hears a student yell out “ That is so Gay” how should they respond to the student's outburst? A. Ignore it. B. Laugh with the students, because it's not like they called a specific student gay. C. Take the student to the side and explain to him or her why that is an inappropriate thing to say. D. Tell the student to go to the principal's office. References Banks, J. A. (1993). The canon debate, knowledge construction, and multicultural education. Educational Researcher, 22, 4-14. Bass, E., & Kaufman, K. (1996). Free your mind. New York: HarperPerennial. Bullough, V. L. (1979). Homosexuality: A history. New York: New American Library. Chasnoff, D., & Cohen, H. (Producers). (1997). It's Elementary: Talking about gay issues in school [Film]. (Available from Women's Educational Media, San Francisco, CA) Children's right to a loving family. (1999). Retrieved September 3, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.pflag.org/press/current/tips_tactics/tips_apr99.htm Clay, J. W. (1990). Working with lesbian and gay parents and their children. Young Children, 45, 31–35. D’ Augelli, A. R., & Hershberger, S. L. (1993). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 56–63. Lipkin, Arthur (1999). Raising Gay/Lesbian Issues in the Classroom Retrieved October 1, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.glsen.org/cgi-bin/iowa/all/news/record/193.html Answers 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C
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Adobe has done a great deal of engineering to make it as easy as possible to combine filters with motion tweens for animated effects. The result is a very intuitive system that works behind the scenes to support tweens while preserving editable filter settings. Filters are not necessarily incompatible with shape tweens, but because filters can only be applied to symbols or text fields and shape tweens can only be applied to primitive shapes, filters and shape tweens never get a chance to work together. The only workaround for this rule is to create a shape tween inside of a Movie Clip and then apply a filter to the Movie Clip. In this case, the final visual result is a combination of a shape tween and a filter, but they remain on separate timelines. You can apply a filter to an item and then tween it, or you can select an item that has been tweened and add a filter to enhance the motion - in most cases, you'll get exactly the animated effect you were hoping for. The only time you'll need to know what is going on behind the scenes is when you don't get the result you want on the first try. Here are some notes that should help you troubleshoot if things go wrong when you try to combine filters and Motion tweens: + Filters "stick" to symbol instances, so if you insert a keyframe (with the same content as the initial keyframe), and set up a Motion tween, the settings and the stacking order in the live list will automatically match in the first keyframe and the last keyframe of the tween. + If you add a filter to a symbol in one keyframe of a tween, Flash automatically adds a matching filter with all the settings adjusted to create "no effect" to the symbol in the other keyframe. This is also called a "dummy filter" because it will have no visible effect on the symbol, but it is required to support the tween. + If you remove a filter from a symbol in one keyframe of a tween, Flash automatically clears the matching filter from the other keyframe. + If you apply different filters (or different combinations of filters) on two different keyframes and then apply a tween, Flash will analyze the symbol with the most filters and apply dummy filters to the symbol in the other keyframe to support the tween. The visual difference between the two symbols will be interpolated in the span of the tween. + You can modify filter settings to create a visual change from the first keyframe to the last keyframe in a Motion tween. The differences will be tweened evenly across the span unless you use easing to adjust the interpolation. + The knockout and type of gradient (such as inner, outer, or full) filter settings will not interpolate properly as part of a tween if they are set differently on the beginning and end keyframes. If the filter options in the first keyframe and the end keyframe of a tween are inconsistent and cannot be interpolated properly, Flash will apply the options set in the first keyframe to the frames in the span of the tween.
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(Discuss) Rose Marion Tyler is a fictional character portrayed by Billie Piper in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She was the primary traveling companion of the ninth incarnation of the Doctor until, in The Parting of the Ways, she absorbed the energies of the time vortex, and called herself "the Bad Wolf", defeating the Daleks and their plans to conquer the universe, resurrecting Jack Harkness who had died fighting them, and prompting the Doctor to absorb the fatal energies from her with a kiss, resulting in his need to regenerate into his tenth incarnation. After traveling with him for a while, she realized she had fallen in love with the new Doctor. I'll let The Doctor explain, he does it better. The Long Game [1.7] (7 May 2005) Doctor: This is wrong, you should go downstairs. Rose: Tough. The Long Game [1.7] (7 May 2005) Is it just me, or is he a bit... Slitheen? Love and Monsters [2.10] (17 June 2006) I'll give you a fiver if you can tell me what the hell it is, 'cause I haven't got the foggiest. Fear Her [2.11] (24 June 2006) Planet Earth. This is where I was born. And this is where I died. The first nineteen years of my life, nothing happened. Nothing at all, not ever. And then I met a man called the Doctor. A man who could change his face. And he took me away from home in his magical machine. He showed me the whole of time and space. I thought it would never end. ... Well, that's what I thought. But then came the Army of Ghosts. Then came Torchwood and the war. That's when it all ended. This is the story of how I died. Army of Ghosts [2.12] (1 July 2006) Five million Cybermen? Easy. One Doctor? Now you're scared! Army of Ghosts [2.12] (1 July 2006) I made my choice a long time ago, and I'm never gonna leave you. Doomsday [2.13] (1 July 2006) Right, now we're in trouble. And it's only just beginning... The Stolen Earth [4.12] (28 June 2008) Doctor Who : (Ninth Doctor, 26 March 2005) Rose: You pulled his arm off. The Doctor: Yep. Plastic. Rose: Very clever. Nice trick! Who were they then, students? Is this a student thing or what? The Doctor: Why would they be students? Rose: I don't know. The Doctor: Well, you said it. Why students? Rose: 'Cos to get that many people dressed up and being silly, they got to be students. The Doctor: That makes sense. Well done. Rose: Thanks. The Doctor: They're not students. Rose: Whoever they are, when Wilson finds them, he's going to call the police. The Doctor: Who's Wilson? Rose: Chief electrician. The Doctor: Wilson's dead. Rose: Who are you, then? Who's that lot down there? [The Doctor ignores her] I said, who are they?! The Doctor: They're made of plastic. Living plastic creatures. They're being controlled by a relay device on the roof. Which would be a great big problem if — [he pulls a bleeping bomb out of his coat] — I didn't have this. So I'm gonna go upstairs and blow it up. And I might well die in the process. But don't worry about me, no. You go home, go on! Go and have your lovely beans on toast. [suddenly serious] Don't tell anyone about this, 'cos if you do, you'll get them killed. [closes the door, then opens it again] I'm the Doctor, by the way. Rose: Rose. The Doctor: Nice to meet you, Rose. [holds up the bomb, shaking it slightly while grinning.] Run for your life! Rose: So what you’re saying is, the whole world revolves around you? The Doctor: Sort of, yeah. Rose: You’re full of it. The Doctor: Sort of, yeah. Rose: If you are an alien, how come you sound like you're from the north? The Doctor: Lots of planets have a north! Doctor Who (Ninth Doctor, 2 April 2005 The Doctor: Right then, Rose Tyler, you tell me. Where do you want to go? Backwards or forwards in time. What's it going to be? Rose: Forwards. The Doctor: How far? Rose: One hundred years. The Doctor: [after a few seconds of travel] There you go. Step outside those doors, it's the 22nd century. Rose: You're kidding. The Doctor: That's a bit boring, though. Do you want to go further? Rose: Fine by me! The Doctor: [after a few more seconds of travel] Ten thousand years in the future. Step outside, it's the year 12005 - the New Roman Empire. Rose: You think you're so impressive. The Doctor: I am so impressive! Rose: You wish! The Doctor: [opening Rose's phone] Tell you what. With a bit of jiggery pokery— Rose: Is that a technical term, "jiggery pokery"? The Doctor: Yeah, I got a first in jiggery pokery, what about you? Rose: [playing along] Nah, I failed hullabaloo. Rose: [to Jabe's cutting] Hello. My name's Rose...That's sort of a plant. We might be related. [pauses] I'm talking to a twig. The Doctor: You think it'll last forever: people and cars and concrete. But it won't. One day it's all gone. Even the sky. [long pause] My planet's gone. It's dead. It burned, like the Earth. It's just rocks and dust. Before its time. Rose: What happened? The Doctor: There was a war, and we lost. Rose: A war with who? [The Doctor doesn't answer, seemingly lost in thought.] What about your people? The Doctor: I'm a Time Lord. I'm the last of the Time Lords. They're all gone. I'm the only survivor. I'm left travelling on my own, 'cause there's no one else. Rose: There's me. The Doctor: You've seen how dangerous it is — do you want to go home? Rose: I don't know...I want...Oh, can you smell chips? [laughs] Yeah! Rose: I want chips. The Doctor: Me too. Rose: Right then, before you get me back in that box, chips it is. And you can pay. The Doctor: [pats down his pockets] No money. Rose: [laughs slightly] What sort of date are you? Come on then, tight wad, chips are on me...we've only got five billion years 'til the shops close! (9 April 2005) The Doctor: Christmas. 1860. Happens once, just once and it's gone, it's finished, it'll never happen again. Rose: Except for you. You can go back and see days that are dead and gone a hundred thousand sunsets ago - No wonder you never stay still. The Doctor: Not a bad life. Rose: Better with two. The Doctor: [seeing Rose in period costume] Blimey! Rose: [points at him] Don't laugh! The Doctor: You look beautiful! [Rose smiles widely] ...Considering. Rose: [smile fades] Considering what? The Doctor: That you're human. Rose: I think that's a compliment... Rose: [to Mr. Sneed, furious] First of all, you drug me, then you kidnap me - and don't think I didn't feel your hands having a quick wander, you dirty old man! Mr. Sneed: [indignant] I won't be spoken to like this! Rose: -Then you stuck me in a room full of zombies! And if that ain't enough, you swan off! And leave me to die! So come on, talk! Gwyneth: Don't tell anyone, but one week, I didn't go and ran on the heath all on my own! [laughs] Rose: [grins] I used to go down the shops with my mate Shareen. We used to go and look at boys. Gwyneth: [hesitantly] Well, I don't know much about that, miss. [turns away] Rose: Come on, times haven't changed that much. I bet you've done the same. Gwyneth: I don't think so, miss. Rose: Gwyneth, you can tell me. I bet you've got your eye on someone. Gwyneth: [smiles shyly] I suppose...There is one lad - the Butcher's boy. He comes by every Tuesday. Such a lovely smile on him. Rose: Oh! I like a nice smile. Good smile, nice bum. Gwyneth: [startled] Well, I have never heard the like! [beat, they both laugh] Gwyneth: And you've come such a long way. Rose: What makes you think so? Gwyneth: You're from London, I have seen London in drawings, but never like that. All those people rushing about, half-naked for shame. And the noise, and the metal boxes racing past, and the birds in the sky — no, no they're metal as well. Metal birds with people in them, people are flying. And you, you have flown so far, further than any one. The things you've seen — the Darkness, The Big Bad Wolf! The Doctor: I love a happy medium! Rose: I can't believe you just said that. [Gwyneth chooses to help the Gelth] Rose: Look, you don't understand what's going on- Gwyneth: You would say that, miss. Because it's very clear inside your head, that you think I'm stupid. Rose: [shocked] That's not fair! Gwyneth: It's true, though. Things might be very different where you're from, but here and now, I know my own mind - And the angels need me. [As the Gelth attack them] Rose: We'll go down fighting, yeah? Rose: Together? [takes her hand] I'm so glad I met you. Rose: Me too. [They both grin] (16 April 2005) Rose: She slapped you! The Doctor: Nine hundred years of time and space, and I've never been slapped by someone's mother. Rose: Your face! The Doctor: [defensively] It hurt! Rose: [to the Doctor] Every conversation with you just goes... mental. And there's no one else I can talk to. I've seen all that stuff up there, the size of it, and I can't say a word. Aliens and spaceships and things and... I'm the only person on planet Earth who knows they exist. [a large spaceship crashes into Big Ben and lands in the Thames] Oh, that's just not fair. [the Doctor laughs delightedly and pulls her toward the crash] (23 April 2005) Harriet Jones: When they fart — if you'll pardon the word — it doesn't smell like a fart — pardon the word — it's like something else. What is it? It's more like, um... Rose: Bad breath! Harriet Jones: That's it! Rose: Hasn't it got, like, defence codes and things? Can't we just launch a nuclear bomb at them? Harriet: [shocked] You're a very violent young woman. [Harriet Jones finds out the Doctor is an alien] Harriet: But he's got a northern accent! Rose: Lots of planets have a north. (30 April 2005) Van Statten: Quite a collector, yourself. She's very pretty. Rose: "She"'s going to smack you if you keep calling her "she". Rose: [approaching the Dalek] ... Hello. Are you in pain? My name's Rose Tyler. I've got a friend who can help, he's called the Doctor. Dalek: [quietly] Yes. Rose: What? Dalek: [eyestalk lifts feebly] I... am in pain. They torture me... but still they fear me. Do you fear me? Rose: No. Dalek: [eyestalk drops, as if in resignation] I... am... dying. Rose: No, we can help-- Dalek: I... welcome death. But... I am glad... that before I die... I have met a human who was not afraid. Rose: Isn't there anything I can do? Dalek: My race... is dead. I shall die... alone. [Rose is cornered by the Dalek, but it finds itself reluctant to kill her] Rose: Go on then, kill me. [no response] Why are you doing this?! Dalek: I am armed. I will kill! It is my purpose! Rose: They're all dead because of you! Dalek: They are dead because of us! Rose: And now what? Dalek: I... feel... your fear. Rose: Well, what do you expect--? Dalek: [panicked] Daleks do not fear! Must not fear! [shoots, but the blasts hit the walls either side of Rose] You gave me life! What else have you given me?! I am contaminated!! Rose: I'm begging you, don't kill them. You didn't kill me. Dalek: But why not? Why are you alive? My function is to kill! What am I? What am I?! Dalek: Van Statten. You tortured me. Why? Van Statten: [increasingly nervous as the Dalek gets closer] I wanted to help you, I just... I don't know, I was trying to help. I thought, if we could get through to you, we could mend you... I wanted you better. I'm sorry. I'm so sorry! I swear! I just wanted you to TALK! Dalek: Then hear me talk now. Exterminate! Exterminate! EXTERMINATE!!! Rose: DON'T DO IT, DON'T KILL HIM!! [the Dalek's eyestalk turns to her] You don't have to do this anymore. There must be something else, not just killing. Dalek: [considers; eyestalk moves back to Van Statten, but then back to Rose] I want... freedom. [Rose and the Dalek are standing in the upper corridor. The Dalek has opened up its armor, revealing the mutated creature inside.] The Doctor: Get out of the way! [The Doctor is aiming a hand-held cannon at the Dalek. Rose looks back at him with an appalled look on her face. She doesn't move.] Rose, get out of the way now! Rose: No. I won't let you do this. The Doctor: That thing killed hundreds of people! Rose: It's not the one pointing the gun at me. The Doctor: I've got to do this. I've got to end it! The Daleks destroyed my home, my people! I've got nothing left! Rose: Look at it. [The Dalek lifts a tendril out to feel the sunlight coming out of a hole in the ceiling, which it created itself.] The Doctor: [confused] What's it doing? Rose: It's the sunlight, that's all it wants. The Doctor: [still confused] But it can't. Rose: It couldn't kill Van Statten, it couldn't kill me. It's changing. What about you, Doctor? What the hell are you changing into? The Doctor: [struggling with himself] I couldn't....I wasn't.... [Rose stares back at him, an expectant look on her face. The Doctor suddenly looks ashamed of himself] Oh, Rose. The Doctor: Rose did more than regenerate you. You've absorbed her DNA. You're mutating. Dalek: Into what? The Doctor: Something new. I'm sorry. Rose: Isn't that better? The Doctor: Not for a Dalek. Dalek: I can feel so many ideas. So much...darkness. Rose...give me orders. Order me to die. Rose: I can't do that. Dalek: This is not life. This is sickness! I shall not be like you. Order my destruction! Obey! Obey! Obey! Rose: [sad and pitying] Do it. Dalek: Are you frightened, Rose Tyler? Rose: [tearful] Yes. Dalek: So am I. Rose: Is that the end of it? The Time War? The Doctor: I'm the only one left. I win. How 'bout that? Rose: The Dalek survived. Maybe some of your people did, too. The Doctor: [shakes his head] I'd know. In here. [taps his head] Feels like there's no one. Rose: Well then...good thing I'm not going anywhere. (7 May 2005) [The Doctor and Rose exit the TARDIS first] The Doctor: So, it's 200,000, it's a spaceship—no, wait a minute—space station, and uh... go try that gate over there. Okay, off you go. Rose: 200,000? [The Doctor nods, and leans back against the wall as Adam exits the TARDIS] Adam: Where are we? Rose: Good question. Let's see. So, um, judging by the architecture, I'd say we're around the year [looks at the Doctor] 200,000? If you listen, engines. We're on some sort of space station. Yeah, definitely a space station. It's a bit warm in here. They could turn the heating down. Tell you what, let's try that gate. Come on. Rose: [looking out over the Earth] That's...well, I'll let The Doctor explain, he does it better. The Doctor: The Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire. And there it is: planet Earth at its height. Covered with megacities, five moons, population 96 billion. The hub of a galactic domain, stretching across a million planets, a million species. With mankind right in the middle. [Adam faints. The Doctor leans towards Rose, still looking out over the Earth] He's your boyfriend. Rose: [deadpan] Not anymore. (14 May 2005) [first lines] Rose Tyler: Peter Alan Tyler — my dad. The most wonderful man in the world. Born 15th of September 1954. The Doctor: [sternly] When we met, I said "travel with me in space"; you said "no". Then I said it was a time machine. Rose: It wasn't some big plan! I just saw it happening, and I thought... I can stop this. The Doctor: Oh, I did it again; I picked another stupid ape! I should've known. It's not about showing you the universe, it never is. It's about the universe doing something for you! Rose: So it's okay when you go to other times, and you save people's lives, but not when it's me saving my dad?! The Doctor: I know what I'm doing! You don't. Two sets of us being there made that a vulnerable point. Rose: But he's alive! The Doctor: My entire planet died! My whole family! Do you think it never occurred to me to go back and save them? Rose: But it's not like I've changed history! ...Not much. I mean, he's never gonna be a world leader, he's not gonna start World War Three or anything-- The Doctor: Rose, there's a man alive in the world who wasn't alive before. An ordinary man - that's the most important thing in creation! The whole world's different because he's alive! Pete: Listen, don't worry about him. Couples have rows all the time. Rose: We're not a couple! Why does everyone think we're a couple? (21 May 2005) Rose: What's the emergency? The Doctor: It's mauve! Rose: Mauve? The Doctor: Universally recognized colour for danger. Rose: What happened to red? The Doctor: Oh, that's just humans. By everyone else's standards, red's camp. Oh, those misunderstandings, all those Red Alerts, all that dancing. The Doctor: Know how long you can knock around the universe without bumping into Earth? Rose: Five days? Or is that just when we're out of milk? The Doctor: All the species in all the universe and it has to come out of a cow... Rose: What's the plan, then? Are you going to do a scan for alien tech, or something? The Doctor: Rose, it hit the middle of London with a very loud "bang! "; I'm going to ask. [shows her the Psychic Paper] Rose: Doctor John Smith, Ministry of Asteroids. The Doctor: It's Psychic Paper. It tells you- Rose: -Whatever you want it to tell me, I remember. Not very Spock, is it? Just asking. The Doctor: Door, music, people. Rose: I think you should do a scan for alien tech. Give me some Spock, for once! Would it kill you? Jack: [to Rose while she is caught in his tractor beam.] Oh, and could you switch off your cell phone? No, seriously, it interferes with my instruments. Rose: [as she turns it off] You know, no one ever believes that. Jack: Thank you, that's much better. Rose: [slightly hysterical] Oh yeah, that's a real load off, that is! I'm hanging in the middle of a German air raid with a Union Jack across my chest but, hey, my mobile phone's off! Jack: [amused] Be with you in a moment! Ready? Hold on tight! Rose: To what? Jack: [short pause] Fair point. [Jack catches Rose in his arms] Rose: [dazed] Hello. Jack: Hello. Rose: Hello. [beat] Sorry, that was "Hello" twice, there. Dull but, y'know, thorough. [after Rose wakes up] Jack: Hello. Rose: Hello. Jack: [cheekily] Hello. Rose: [blushes] Let's not start that, again...So, uh, who are you supposed to be, then? Jack: Captain Jack Harkness. [hands her a bill fold] 1-3-3 squadron, Royal Air Force, American volunteer. Rose: [looks at the bill fold, and smirks] Liar. This is Psychic Paper; It tells me whatever you what it to tell me. Jack: How do you know? Rose: Two things. One, I have a friend who uses this all the time... Jack: Ah. Rose: ...And two, you just handed me a piece of paper telling me you're single and you work out. Jack: Tricky thing, Psychic Paper. Rose: Yep, can't let your mind wander when you're handing it over. [hands it back to him] Jack: [reading the Psychic Paper, amused] Oh...you sort of have a boyfriend called Mickey Smith, but you consider yourself to be "footloose and fancy-free". Rose: [embarrassed] What? Jack: Actually, the word you use is..."available"! Rose: N-no way! Jack: And another one..."very"! (28 May 2005) [after Jack goes to distract the guard] The Doctor: Relax, he's a 51st century guy; he's just a bit more flexible when it comes to dancing. Rose: H-how flexible? The Doctor: Well, by his time, you lot have spread out across half the galaxy. Rose: Meaning? The Doctor: [gleefully] So many species, so little time. Rose: [shocked] What, that what we do when we get out there? That's our mission? We seek new life, and- and... The Doctor: Dance. The Doctor: History says there was an explosion here, and who am I to argue with history? Rose: Usually the first in line! [the pair grin at each other] (4 June 2005) Rose: I don't believe it! We actually get to go to Raxa... [the Doctor rolls his eyes] Wait a minute! Raxacor... The Doctor: Raxacoricofallapatorious. Rose: Raxacorico... The Doctor: ...fallapatorious. Rose: Raxacoricofallapatorious. [cheers delightedly] The Doctor: That's it! [hugs her] Rose: [ecstatic] I did it! Rose: [after capturing Margaret Blaine] We've got a prisoner. The police box is really a police box. (11 June 2005) The Doctor:Rose? Rose: Yes, Doctor? The Doctor: I'm coming to get you. 18 June 2005) Rose: But what do I do every day, Mum? Get up. Go to work. Catch the bus, eat chips, and go to bed. Mickey: It's what the rest of us do. Rose: But I can't. Mickey: Because you’re better than us? Rose: No, I didn't mean that. But it was, it was a better life. I don’t mean all the travelling and seeing aliens and spaceships and things. That don't matter. The Doctor showed me a better way of living your life. [to Mickey] You know, he showed you too. [continues] You don't just give up. You don’t just let things happen. You make a stand. You say "no." You have the guts to do what's right when everyone else just runs away, and I just can't...! Rose: I am the Bad Wolf. I create myself. I take the words; I scatter them in time and space —[the words "BAD WOLF" detach from the Corporation's sign on the opposite wall and fly off] — a message to lead myself here. The Doctor: Rose, you've got to stop this! You've got to stop this now! [pause] You've got the entire Vortex running through your head! You're gonna burn! Rose: I want you safe. My Doctor, protected from the false god. Rose: I can see everything. All that is. All that was. All that ever could be. The Doctor: [gets up suddenly] That's what I see, all the time. And doesn't it drive you mad? Rose: My head — The Doctor: Come here. Rose: — is killing me. The Doctor: I think you need a doctor. [The Doctor kisses Rose, absorbing the Time Vortex. She passes out and he sets her gently on the ground before returning the Vortex to the TARDIS.] The Doctor: Rose Tyler. I was gonna take you to so many places. Barcelona! Not the city Barcelona, the planet Barcelona. You'd love it, fantastic place! They've got dogs with no noses! [laughs] Imagine how many times a day you end up telling that joke and it's still funny! Rose: Then.... why can't we go? The Doctor: Maybe you will, and maybe I will. But not like this. Rose: You're not making sense! The Doctor: I might never make sense again! I might have two heads, or no head. Imagine me with no head! And don't say that's an improvement. But it's a bit dodgy, this process. You never know what you're gonna end up with. [The Doctor is suddenly wracked by intense pain.] Rose: Doctor!! The Doctor: Stay away!! Rose: Doctor, tell me what's going on — The Doctor: I absorbed all the energy of the time vortex, and no one's meant to do that — every cell in my body's dying. Rose: Isn't there something you can do? The Doctor: Yeah, I'm doing it now. See, Time Lords have this little trick, it's sort of a way of cheating death. Except.... it means I'm gonna change. And you're not gonna see me again. Not like this. Not with this daft old face. And before I go — Rose: Don't say that! The Doctor: Rose, before I go, I just wanna tell you: you were fantastic, absolutely fantastic. — So was I! (25 December 2005) Rose: [holding a stethoscope to the Doctor's chest] Both working. Jackie: What do you mean, "both"? Rose: Well, he's got two hearts. Jackie: Oh, don't be stupid! Rose: He has. [gets off the bed] Jackie: Anything else he's got two of? Rose: Leave him alone! The Doctor: Be honest...How do I look? Rose: Umm... different. The Doctor: Good different or bad different? Rose: Just...different. The Doctor: Am I... ginger? Rose: No, you're just sort of... brown. The Doctor: [disappointed] Oh, I wanted to be ginger! I've never been ginger! And you, Rose Tyler! Fat lot of good you were! You gave up on me! [Rose looks annoyed.] Oh, that's rude! Is that the sort of man I am now? Am I rude? Rude and not ginger. (15 April 2006) The Doctor: So, the year 5 billion. The Sun expands, the Earth gets roasted. Rose: That was our first date. The Doctor: We had chips. [Rose chuckles] So anyway, planet gone. All rocks and dust, but the human race lives on spread out across the stars. Soon as the Earth burns up, ooh, they get all nostalgic, big revival movement. They find this place. Same size as the Earth. Same air, same orbit. Lovely. The call goes out, the humans move in. Rose: What's the city called? The Doctor: New New York. Rose: Oh, come on. The Doctor: It is! It's the city of New New York! Strictly speaking, it's the fifteenth New York since the original, so that makes it New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New-New New York. [Rose laughs.] What? Rose: You're so different. The Doctor: [grins] New-New Doctor. Cassandra-in-Doctor: Ooh, my. Well this is... different. Rose: Cassandra? Cassandra-in-Doctor: Goodness me, I'm a man! Yum! So many parts... and hardly used. [clutches the Doctor's chest] Oh, two hearts! [dancing to the dual heartbeat] Oh baby, I'm beating out a samba! Rose: Get out of him! Cassandra-in-Doctor: Oh, he's slim. [turns to Rose] And a little bit foxy! [raises eyebrows] You thought so, too. I've been inside your head, you've been looking. You like it. (22 April 2006) The Doctor: [in a Scottish accent] Oh, I'm, I'm dazed and confused. I've been chasing this... this wee-naked child over hill and over dale. Ain't that right, ya... tim'rous beastie? Rose: Uh, uh... [adopts an extremely terrible Scottish accent] och aye, I've been oot and aboot— The Doctor: [quietly to Rose, in normal voice] No, don't do that. Rose: Hoots, mon! The Doctor: [still quiet] No, really don't. Really. The Doctor: And I'll tell you something else; we just met Queen Victoria! Rose Tyler: I know! She was just sitting there! The Doctor: Like a stamp! Rose Tyler: I wanted to say [imitating Queen Victoria] "we are not amused". Bet you five quid I can make her say it. The Doctor: Well if I gambled on that, it'd be an abuse of my privilege as a traveller in time. Rose Tyler: Ten quid? The Doctor: Done. Rose: I'll tell you what, though... Rose: Werewolf! The Doctor: [excited] I know! [hugs her] You alright? Rose: I'm okay, yeah. Rose Tyler: [about the Koh-i-Noor] How much is that worth? The Doctor: They say the wages of the entire planet for a whole week. Rose Tyler: Good thing my mum's not here, or she'd be fighting the wolf off with her bare hands for that thing. The Doctor: She'd win. Queen Victoria: You may think on this, also; that I am not amused. Rose: Yes! (29 April 2006) Sarah Jane: I saw things you wouldn't believe! Rose: Try me. Sarah Jane: Mummies. Rose: I've met ghosts. Sarah Jane: Robots. Lots of robots. Rose: Slitheen. In Downing Street. Sarah Jane: Daleks! Rose: [smugly]' Met the Emperor. Sarah Jane: Anti-matter monsters! Rose: Gas-mask zombies! Sarah Jane: Real-living dinosaurs! Rose: Real-living werewolf! Sarah Jane: The Loch Ness Monster! Rose: [stunned] Seriously? (Sarah Jane claps her hand over her mouth) Rose: I thought you and me were — Well, I obviously got it wrong. I've been to the year 5 billion, right, but this... Now, this is really seeing the future. You just leave us behind. Is that what you're gonna do to me? Not to you. Rose: But Sarah Jane. You were that close to her once, and now you never even mention her. Why not? The Doctor: I don't age. I regenerate. But humans decay; you wither and you die. Imagine watching that happen to someone that you — [he breaks off] Rose: What, Doctor? The Doctor: You can spend the rest of your life with me, but I can't spend the rest of mine with you. I have to live on. Alone. That's the curse of the Time Lords. Rose: With you, did he do that thing where he'd explain something at, like, ninety miles per hour, and you'd go; "What?" And he'd look at you like you'd just dribbled on his shirt? Sarah Jane: All the time! [Rose giggles] Does he still stroke bits of the TARDIS? Rose: [laughs] Yes! He does! I'm like, "Do you two want be alone"? Rose and Sarah Jane: HA HA HAAA HA HA HA HAAA HA HA!!! [The Doctor enters, oblivous] The Doctor: How's it going? [Rose and Sarah Jane laugh at him] What? Listen, I need to figure out what's programmed inside these- [they continue laughing] What? [suddenly self-conscious] Stop it! (6 May 2006) Rose: Oh, here's trouble. What you been up to? The Doctor: Oh, this and that. Became the imaginary friend of a future French aristocrat, picked a fight with a clockwork man... [A horse whinnies off screen] Oh, and I met a horse. Mickey: What's a horse doing on a spaceship? The Doctor: Mickey, what's pre-revolutionary France doing on a spaceship? Get a little perspective! (13 May 2006) [The Doctor and Rose are on a hillside outside the Tyler estate. A limo passes them.] The Doctor: They've got visitors. Rose: February the 1st. Mum's birthday. Even in a parallel universe, she still loves a party. The Doctor: Well, given Pete Tyler's guest list, I wouldn't mind a look. And there is one guaranteed way of getting inside. Rose: Psychic paper! The Doctor: Who do you want to be? [The scene cuts to the Doctor and Rose dressed as waiters carrying trays out of the kitchen.] Rose: We could have been anyone. The Doctor: [looking at her] It got us in, didn't it? Rose: You're in charge of the psychic paper. We could have been guests, celebrities, Sir Doctor, Dame Rose. We end up serving. I had enough of this back home. The Doctor: If you want to know what's going on, work in the kitchen. [gestures towards one of the guests] According to Lucy, that man over there... Rose: Who is Lucy? The Doctor: She's carrying the salmon pinwheels. [nods towards a waitress on the other side of the room] Rose: Oh, that's Lucy, isn't it? Lucy says that that is the President of Great Britain. Rose: What, there's a "President", not a "Prime Minister"? The Doctor: Seems so. Rose: Or maybe Lucy's just a bit thick. Rose: [about the Cybermen] They're people?! The Doctor: They were, until they had all their humanity taken away. That's a living brain jammed inside a cybernetic body, with a heart of steel. All emotions removed. Rose: Why no emotions? The Doctor: Because it hurts. (20 May 2006) The Doctor: I'm the Doctor, by the way, if anyone's interested. Rose: And I'm Rose. [after discovering the parallel world's Jackie has been converted] Rose: They killed her. They just took her and killed her. Pete: Maybe there's a chance, I don't know... Maybe we can reverse it. Rose: There's nothing we can do. Pete: But if... If she remembers... Where is she? Which one was it? Which one was her?! Rose: [sadly] They all look the same. (27 May 2006) Rose: Where're we off to? The Doctor: Ed Sullivan TV studios. Elvis did "Hound Dog" on one of the shows, there were loads of complaints. Bit of luck, we'll just catch it. Rose: And that would be TV studios in... what, New York? The Doctor: That's the one. [A red double-decker bus goes by. The Doctor hits the brakes.] Rose: Ha ha! Dig that New York vibe. The Doctor: Well, this could still be New York. I mean, this looks very New York to me. Sort of a London-y New York, mind you, but... The Doctor: Lost 'em! How'd they get away from us?! Rose: Surprised they didn't turn back and arrest you for reckless driving! Have you actually passed your test? The Doctor: Men in black? Vanishing police cars? This is Churchill's England, not Stalin's Russia! Rose: "Monsters", that boy said...maybe we should go and ask the neighbours. The Doctor: That's what I like about you; the domestic approach. Rose: Thank you! [pause] Hold on, was that an insult? Eddie Connolly: You'll be proud of us, sir. We'll have Union Jacks left, right, and centre. Rose: Excuse me, Mr. Connolly, hang on a minute. "Union Jacks"? Eddie: Yes, that's right, isn't it? Rose: That's the Union Flag. It's the Union Jack only when it's flown at sea. Eddie: [reddening] Oh. Oh, I'm sorry. I... I do apologise. Rose: Well, don't get it wrong again. There's a good man, now get to it! The Doctor: Right then! Nice and comfy, at Her Majesty's leisure. [mutters to Rose] Union Flag? Rose: Mum went out with a sailor. The Doctor: Oh, I bet she did... (3 June 2006) The Doctor: [talking about the TARDIS] I don’t know what is wrong with her, she's sort of... queasy, indigestion... like she didn't want to land. Rose: [deadpan] Well if you think that's gonna be trouble, we can always get back inside and go somewhere else. [Pause. The Doctor and Rose then start laughing.] The Doctor: I've trapped you here. Rose: [sarcastically] Oh, don't worry about me. [There is a rumble overhead.] Okay... we're under a black hole... on a planet which shouldn't exist, with no way out. Right, I've changed my mind—start worrying about me. Rose: I want that spacesuit back in one piece, you got that? The Doctor: [playfully] Yes sir. [puts on helmet] Rose: It's funny, because people back home think that space travel's going to be all whizzing about and teleports and anti gravity...But it's not, is it? It's tough. The Doctor: I'll see you later. Rose: [smiles] Not if I see you first. [kisses the front of the Doctor's helmet] (10 June 2006) Rose: It doesn't make sense; We escaped, but there are a thousand ways it could've killed us. It could've ripped out the air, or, I dunno, burnt us, or anything...But it let us go. Why? [pause, realises] Unless it wanted us to escape... Toby: [irritated] Hey, Rose, do us a favour: Shut up. Toby: [possessed by the Beast for the last time] I am the rage, and the bile, and the ferocity! I am the Prince, and the fool, and the agony! I am the sin, and the fire, and the darkness! [opens his mouth and breathes fire] I shall never die! The thought of me is forever: in the bleeding hearts of men, in their vanity, obsession, and lust! Nothing shall ever destroy me! NOTHING! Rose: [aiming a Boltgun] Go to hell. [Rose fires at the ship viewscreen, causing it to suck Toby (and the Beast) out of the ship and into outer space.] (17 June 2006) The Doctor: [after Rose throws a bucket at the Hoix] Wrong one! You made it worse! Rose: You said blue! The Doctor: I said not blue! The Doctor: [to Elton] Someone wants a word with you. Rose: [angrily] You upset my mum! Elton: [glances at the Abzorbaloff] Great big absorbing creature from outer space, and you're having a go at me? Rose: No one upsets my mum. Rose: [about the Abzorbaloff] Is it me, or is he a bit... Slitheen? (24 June 2006) Rose: Easy for you to say, you don't have kids. The Doctor: I was a dad once. Rose: [surprised] What did you say? Rose: [sees a cat] Aren't you a beautiful boy? The Doctor: Thanks! I've been experimenting with back combing- [realizes she isn't talking to him] Oh. Rose: [pets the cat] I used to have one just like you... [notices the Doctor frowning] What? The Doctor: No, I'm not really a cat person. Once you've been threatened by one in a nun's wimple, it kind of takes the joy out of it. Rose: You said it was in the street. The Doctor: Probably. Rose: The girl. The Doctor: Of course! [beat] What girl? Rose: Something about her gave me the creeps. Even her own mum looked scared of her. The Doctor: [playfully] Are you deducing? Rose: I think I am. The Doctor: Copper's hunch? Rose: Permission to follow it up, Sarge? Kel: You just took a council axe from a council van, and now you're digging up a council road! I'm reporting you to the council! [Rose finds the Isolus pod] Rose: It went for the hottest thing in the street: your tar! Kel: [surprised and confused] What is it? Rose: It's a spaceship! Not a council spaceship, I'm afraid. Rose: You know what, they keep trying to split us up, but they never, ever will. The Doctor: Never say never, ever. Rose: Nah, we'll always be all right, you and me. [she pauses] Don't you think? Doctor? The Doctor: [looking up in the sky] Something in the air. Something's coming. A storm's approaching... (1 July 2006) The Doctor: How long are you going to stay with me? Rose: Forever. (1 July 2006) Mickey: I could transport out of here, but it only carries one and I'm not leaving you. Rose: You'd follow me anywhere. What did I do to you all those years ago? Mickey: Guess I'm just stupid. Rose: [pause] You're the bravest man I've ever met. Mickey: What about the Doctor? Rose: [rolls eyes] Oh, all right...bravest human. [Mickey smirks] Dalek Sec: Which of you is least important? Rose: What's that supposed to mean? Dalek Sec: Which of you is least important? Rose: No, we don't work like that. None of us. [Rose reacts with delight at seeing the Doctor on the Dalek viewscreen.] Dalek Sec: The female's heartbeat has increased. Mickey: Yeah, tell me about it. Dalek Sec: [to Rose] Identify him. Rose: All right, then. If you really want to know,... that's the Doctor. [The Daleks back away.] Rose: Five million Cybermen, easy. One Doctor? Now you're scared. Rose: If you...escaped the Time War, don't you want to know what happened? What happened to the Emperor? Dalek Sec: The Emperor suvived?! Rose: Until he met me. 'Cause if these are gonna be my last words, then you're gonna listen; I met the Emperor. And I took the time vortex and poured into his head, and turned him to dust. Did you get that? The god of all Daleks...and I destroyed him. Ha! Dalek Sec: (furiously) YOU WILL BE EXTERMINATED! The Doctor: Once the breach collapses, that's it. You will never be able to see her again. Your own mother! Rose: I made my choice a long time ago, and I'm never gonna leave you. [The Doctor appears in from of Rose as a translucent hologram] Rose: Where are you? The Doctor: Inside the TARDIS. There's one tiny little gap in the universe left, just about to close. And it takes a lot of power to send this projection — I'm in orbit around a supernova. [smiling weakly] I'm burning up a sun just to say goodbye. Rose: You look like a ghost. The Doctor: Hold on... [activates the sonic screwdriver on something out of sight, and his image solidifies.] Rose: Can I t— [Rose holds out her hand to his face, but he interrupts her before she can.] The Doctor: I'm still just an image. No touch. Rose: Can't you come through properly? The Doctor: The whole thing would fracture. The two universes would collapse. Rose: So? [Both laugh shakily.] The Doctor: [looking around] Where are we? Where did the gap come out? Rose: We're in Norway. The Doctor: Norway, right. Rose: About fifty miles out of Bergen. It's called "Dålig Ulv Stranden". The Doctor: [confused] "Dalek"? Rose: "Dålig". It's Norwegian for bad. This translates as "Bad Wolf Bay". How long have we got? The Doctor: [checks his watch] About two minutes. Rose: ...I can't think of what to say. [The Doctor smiles, then glances over at Jackie, Pete, and Mickey who are waiting by the jeep] The Doctor: You still got Mr. Mickey, then? Rose: Oh there's five of us now. Mum, Dad, Mickey... and the baby. The Doctor: [shocked smile] You're not—? Rose: No. It's Mum. She's three months gone. More Tylers on the way. The Doctor: And what about you? Are you—? Rose: Yeah, I'm... I'm back working in the shop. The Doctor: Oh, good for you. Rose: Shut up. No, I'm not. Torchwood on this earth's open for business. Think I know a thing or two about aliens. The Doctor: [smiles] Rose Tyler, defender of the Earth... You're dead. Officially, back home. So many people died that day and you've gone missing. You're on the list of the dead. [pause] Here you are, living your life day after day. The one adventure I can never have. Rose: Am I ever going to see you again? The Doctor: You can't. Rose: What are you going to do? The Doctor: Back to the TARDIS. Same old life, last of the Time Lords. Rose: On your own? The Doctor: [nods] Rose: [crying] I... I love you. The Doctor: Quite right, too. [Pause] And I suppose, if it's my last chance to say it...Rose Tyler- [The transmission cuts, and the Doctor fades away from Rose. She runs crying into Jackie's arms] (21 June 2008) [the sky is engulfed in flames] Donna: And that was...? Rose: That was the Torchwood team. Gwen Cooper, Ianto Jones...They gave their lives. And Captain Jack Harkness was transported to the Sontaran home world...There's no one left. Donna: [talking about the Doctor] But if he was so special, what was he doing with me? Rose: He thought you were brilliant. Donna: Don't be stupid. Rose: But you are. It just took the Doctor to show you that, simply by being with him. He did the same to me...to everyone he touches. Rose: Just remember: when you get to the junction, change the car's direction by one minute past ten. Donna: How do I do that? Rose: That's up to you. Donna: Well, I just have to run up to myself and have a good argument! Rose: I'd like to see that! (28 June 2008) Drunken Man: The end of the word, darlin'! End of the stinkin' world! Rose: Have one on me, mate. Rose: [walks into an electronics store when two people are looting it] Right! You two! You can put that stuff down, or run for your lives. [powers up her big gun] Do you like my gun? Rose: I've got you. I missed you. Look, it's me, Doctor! The Doctor: [weakened and in pain] Rose! Long time, no see! Rose: [crying] Yeah, well...been busy, you know? [The Doctor gasps in pain and begins to lose consciousness.] Don't die! Oh my God, don't die! Oh my God, don't die! (5 July 2008) Rose: Basically, we've been building this, um... This... This time travel machine, this er, dimension cannon, so I could... Well... So I could... The Doctor: [bemused] What? Rose: So I could come back. [The Doctor grins. Rose does the same] Shut up. [Rose is impressed by Martha Jones] Rose: She's good! Martha: [notices Rose] Who that? Rose: Oh, my name's Rose. Rose Tyler. Martha: [softly] Oh my god...he found you! Rose: Hold on, this is the parallel universe, right? The Doctor: You're back home. Donna: And the walls of the world are closing again, now that the reality bomb never happened. It's dimensional retro-closure. See, I really get that stuff now. Rose: No, but... I've spent all that time trying to find you, I'm not going back now! The Doctor: But you've got to. Because we saved the universe, but at a cost. [looking at his Metacrisis duplicate] And the cost is him. He destroyed the Daleks, he committed genocide. He's too dangerous to be left on his own. Metacrisis Doctor: You made me. The Doctor: Exactly. You were born in battle, full of blood and anger and revenge. [to Rose] Remind you of someone? That's me, when we first met. And you made me better. Now you can do the same for him. Rose: But he's not you! The Doctor: He needs you. That's very me. Donna: But it's better than that, though. Don't you see what he's trying to give you? Tell her, go on. Metacrisis Doctor: I look like him and I think like him, same memory, same thoughts, same everything... except I've only got one heart. Rose: Which means? Metacrisis Doctor: I'm part human. Specifically, the aging part. I'll grow old and never regenerate. I've only got one life, Rose Tyler. I could spend it with you, if you want. Rose: [in disbelief] Y-You'll grow old at the same time as me. Metacrisis Doctor: Together. The Doctor: We've got to go. This reality is sealing itself off, forever. Rose: But... it's still not right. 'Cause the Doctor is... still you! The Doctor: And I'm him. Rose: All right, both of you, answer me this: When I last stood on this beach, on the worst day of my life... what was the last thing you said to me? Go on, say it. The Doctor: I said "Rose Tyler". Rose: Yeah? And how was that sentence gonna end? The Doctor: Does it need saying? Rose: And you, Doctor, what was the end of that sentence? [The Metacrisis Doctor whispers something in her ear, presumably "I love you". Rose pauses briefly, then kisses him, allowing Donna and the original Doctor to slip away unnoticed into the TARDIS. As Rose realises, she turns to watch them go sadly. The Metacrisis Doctor stands beside her and they hold hands.] (1 January 2010) Rose: I'm late now. I've missed it. It's midnight. Mickey's going to be calling me everything. This is your fault! Jackie: No, it's not! It's Jimbo! He said he was going to give us a lift, then he said his axle broke. I can't help it! Rose: Get rid of him, Mum. He's useless! Jackie: Listen to you, with a mechanic! Be fair, though; My time of life, I'm not going to do much better. Rose: Don't be like that. You never know, there could be someone out there. Jackie: Maybe, one day... Happy New Year. Rose: Happy New Year! Don't stay out all night! Jackie: Try and stop me! [They walk in opposite directions. Rose turns when she hears the Doctor grunt with pain.] Rose: You alright, mate? Too much to drink? The Doctor: Something like that, yeah. Rose: Maybe it's time you went home. Rose: Anyway, happy New Year. The Doctor: And you. [Rose turns away] What year is this? Rose: Blimey, how much have you had? [the Doctor shrugs] 2005, January 1st. The Doctor: 2005? [Rose nods] Tell you what...I bet you're going to have a really great year. (23 November 2013) The Moment, a Time Lord doomsday device first mentioned in The End of Time, is stolen by the War Doctor in The Day of the Doctor in order to put a final end to the Time War. The Moment, however, is sentient and possesses a conscience. Its interface manifests in the form of Rose Tyler to challenge the War Doctor, questioning whether mass killing is the best option and showing him the potential costs of his actions. [To keep the War Doctor from tampering with its box, The Moment causes the machine to heat up] The War Doctor: Ow! The Moment: What's wrong? The War Doctor: The interface. It's hot. The Moment: Well, I do my best. [The War Doctor pauses, and stares at the Moment] The War Doctor: [realizing] You're the interface? The Moment: They must have told you The Moment had a conscience. [waves] Hello. The Moment: Oh, look at you. Stuck between a girl
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By: Mark Powers The telephone was the first electrical instrument to transmit speech via wire. The early technology of the telephone is derived from the telegraph. Both devices use electrical pulses to transmit a signal across a wire. While Alexander Graham Bell is credited with the invention of the telephone in 1876, the matter is still debated. The telephone is superior to the telegraph in multiple ways. Firstly, the telegraph could only send the sounds of a dot and a dash while the telephone was capable of transmitting speech. Second, a telegraph was only capable of transmitting one signal at a time across a single wire, while the telephone can utilize the same wire to send multiple signals. Use of the telephone quickly became widespread across the US and the world. Use of the telegraph had become widespread and was the only communication mode of the time that could send a message across long distances in a short time. The capabilities of the telegraph was limited by its technologies, and multiple inventors sought to improve upon it. One such idea was to develop a method of transmitting speech with the use of electricity. While many are men are credited with trying to invent the telephone, the final race came down to Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Grey. It is said that both men went to the patent office on the same day, but that Bell had beaten Grey there by an hour, and was awarded the patent. Grey attempted to sue Bell for the patent, but ultimately lost. Bell had teamed up with a young electrician named Thomas Watson. Initially they were working on an improved telegraph that would be capable of sending multiple signals across the same wire. Working with Watson, they were able to determine how different tones would result in varying electrical pulses. The first telephone message was then made on March 10, 1876 by Bell to Watson in the other room when he famously said, "Come here Mr. Watson, I want to see you." The Bell Telephone Company was founded in July 1877 and by the end of that year there were 3000 telephones in service, and 10,000 by the middle of the next year. The first telephone lines were constructed in Boston and were made of iron and steel. Not long after iron and steel was replaced by copper wiring. Phone services continued to expand, and the first switchboard was constructed in 1878 and located in New Haven Connecticut. Up to this point, all phones operated on one-wire circuits, and the sound quality was poor. To improve upon this, Bell invented a new two-wire circuit in 1881, which was also encased in lead to further cut down on noise. Also in that year, the first long distance service was opened up for calls between Boston and Salem. The Next giant leap forward for the telephone came in 1891 in Kansas City, Missouri. An Undertaker named Almon Strowger grew irritated by constantly waiting on operators, and also feared that some operators were purposely routing his customers calls to his competitors. To get around this situation, Strowger invented the first automatic switching telephone. This was the first model that modern phones were based on in that it was capable of dialing its party directly without the need of an operator. In 1894 the Bell patents finally expired. This allowed other companies to jump into the fray. Independent phone companies began to appear all over the country. A lot of the areas where the independent companies came about were smaller and rural areas that didn't appeal to Bell. Bell continued to expand rapidly over the early 1900s and by 1915 completed its first coast to coast call from New York to San Francisco. Expansion continued to grow exponentially until the Great Depression hit in the 1930s. For the first time ever, phone companies saw a decline in customer base. Production picked up right where it left off after the depression had passed, and the telephone was on the verge of a major boon. The end of the 1930s also so the formation of the Federal Commerce Commission. To this day the FCC is still the regulatory agency that oversees telephone companies. While telephone service was already expanding rapidly all over the country under its own device, World War II proved to be the catalyst. During the war the demand for service was greater than the companies, who were putting the majority of their efforts in to the war, could keep up with. One innovation that came about during the war was the coaxial cable which could accommodate 600 phone calls at once. By the end of the 1940s the dismantling of Bell Telephone had begun under the new antitrust laws. The suit was finally settled in 1956, and Bell was left intact. The 1950s and 60's was a time of innovation and style for the telephone. In 1963 the touch tone phone was invented. The same combination of overtones and undertones used on these phones is still used on all modern phones. The 60's also brought unrest, as union strikes brought a halt to service for a time in New York. By the 1970s there were over 100 million phones in service. In 1970 the FCC ruled that independent companies, called common carriers, could begin to service businesses. Then in 1974 the US government once again attempted to dismantle Bell Systems. The trial was delayed until 1979 and finally ended in 1983, but this time it succeeded and Bell Systems was torn apart. The late 80's and 90's saw landline telephones giving way to newer technologies like cell phones, cable, and the internet. There was less and less demand for landlines. For this model data was extracted on the miles of telephone wire in the US from the United States Census Bureau records. As one might expect, it would seem that landlines are peaked in the US. The developed S-curve model has an upper asymptote of 1,650,000,000 miles. The inflection came about in 1971. As discussed earlier, the cell phone, cable television, and internet industries have replaced the landline telephone as mode of communication. It seems conceivable that at some point in the near future telephone landlines begin being removed to make way for newer infrastructure. However, this mode will likely not ever be completely erased. The reliability of the service is too good to not have around in some capacity in case of emergency. 1
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Merit is a word which denotes worth, and desirable qualities, traits or abilities of persons, places or things. Thy father's merit sets thee up to view, And shows thee in the fairest point of light, To make thy virtues, or thy faults, conspicuous. Joseph Addison, Cato, A Tragedy (1713), Act I, scene 2. View the whole scene, with critic judgment scan, And then deny him merit if you can. Where he falls short, 'tis Nature's fault alone Where he succeeds, the merit's all his own. Charles Churchill, The Rosciad (1761), line 1,023. ...Fatherland without freedom and merit is a large word with little meaning. Anders Chydenius, For What Reason do so Many Swedes Emigrate Every Year?, 1765. On their own merits modest men are dumb. George Colman the Younger The Heir at Law (1808) epilogue. He who thinks to be justified by any strength or merit of his own, and not by faith, puts himself in the place of God. William Farel, reported in Josiah Hotchkiss Gilbert, Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895), p. 409. Transforming hereditary privilege into ‘merit,’ the existing system of educational selection, with the Big Three [Harvard, Princeton, Yale] as its capstone, provides the appearance if not the substance of equality of opportunity. In so doing, it legitimates the established order as one that rewards ability over the prerogatives of birth. The problem with a ‘meritocracy,’ then, is not only that its ideals are routinely violated (though that is true), but also that it veils the power relations beneath it. For the definition of ‘merit,’ including the one that now prevails in America’s leading universities, always bears the imprint of the distribution of power in the larger society. Those who are able to define ‘merit’ will almost invariably possess more of it, and those with greater resources—cultural, economic and social—will generally be able to ensure that the educational system will deem their children more meritorious.” Jerome Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Houghton Mifflin: 2005), pp. 549-550. Merit is a work for the sake of which Christ gives rewards. But no such work is to be found, for Christ gives by promise. Just as if a prince should say to me, "Come to me in my castle, and I will give you a hundred florins." I do a work, certainly, in going to the castle, but the gift is not given me as the reward of my work in going, but because the prince promised it to me. Martin Luther, reported in Josiah Hotchkiss Gilbert, Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895), p. 409. By merit raised To that bad eminence. John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667; 1674), Book II, line 5. A man is perhaps ungrateful, but often less chargeable with ingratitude than his benefactor is. François de La Rochefoucauld Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims (1665–1678) maxim 95. The art of being able to make a good use of moderate abilities wins esteem and often confers more reputation than real merit. Also translated as: "The art of using moderate abilities to advantage wins praise, and often acquires more reputation than real brilliancy." François de La Rochefoucauld Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims (1665–1678) maxim 162. Le monde récompense plus souvent les apparences de mérite que le mérite même. The world oftener rewards the appearance of merit than merit itself. François de La Rochefoucauld Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims (1665–1678) maxim 166. Il y a du mérite sans élévation mais il n'y a point d'élévation sans quelque mérite. There is merit without elevation, but there is no elevation without some merit. François de La Rochefoucauld Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims (1665–1678) maxim 400. Also translated as: "There may be talent without position, but there is no position without some kind of talent". We must treat each man on his worth and merits as a man. We must see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less. Theodore Roosevelt, A Square Deal (7 September 1903). The spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes. William Shakespeare, Hamlet (1600-02), Act III, scene 1, line 73. The force of his own merit makes his way. William Shakespeare, Henry VIII (c. 1613), Act I, scene 1, line 64. Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 510-11. It sounds like stories from the land of spirits, If any man obtain that which he merits, Or any merit that which he obtains. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Good, Great Man. On their own merits modest men are dumb. George Colman the Younger, Epilogue to The Heir-at-Law. La faveur des princes n'exclut pas le mérite, et ne le suppose pas aussi. The favor of princes does not preclude the existence of merit, and yet does not prove that it exists. Jean de La Bruyère, Les Caractères, XII. Du même fonds dont on néglige un homme de mérite l'on sait encore admirer un sot. The same principle leads us to neglect a man of merit that induces us to admire a fool. Jean de La Bruyère, Les Caractères, XII. Le mérite des hommes a sa saison aussi bien que les fruits. There is a season for man's merit as well as for fruit. François de La Rochefoucauld, Maximes, 291. Virtute ambire oportet, non favitoribus. Sat habet favitorum semper, qui recte facit. We should try to succeed by merit, not by favor. He who does well will always have patrons enough. Plautus, Amphitruo, Prologue, LXXVIII. The sufficiency of merit is to know that my merit is not sufficient. Francis Quarles, Emblems, Book II. Em. I. Wikipedia has an article about: Merit Look up merit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Friday, February 22, 2008 Reports say that Turkey has sent at least 10,000 troops into northern Iraq in an attempt to take down terrorists from the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and their bases of operations. Reports also say that thousands more Turkish troops are prepared to enter Iraq if needed. "The Turkish Armed Forces, which attach great importance to Iraq's territorial integrity and stability, will return home in the shortest time possible after its goals have been achieved," said a statement posted on the Turkish military's website. The United States military in Iraq is "aware" that Turkish troops have begun to enter the country and Rear Adm. Gregory Smith, a U.S. military spokesman states that "Turkey has given its assurances it will do everything possible to avoid collateral damage to innocent civilians or Kurdish infrastructure." "The United States continues to support Turkey's right to defend itself from the terrorist activities of the PKK and has encouraged Turkey to use all available means, to include diplomacy and close coordination with the Government of Iraq to ultimately resolve this issue," stated Smith. On Thursday February 21, Turkish troops began to take out buildings in abandoned villages believed to be hideouts for militants of the PKK. Paul de Bendern. "Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq" — Reuters, February 22, 2008 "Turkey launches incursion into Iraq" — CNN, February 22, 2008
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The Old City of Istanbul (Turkish: Eski İstanbul, "Old Istanbul", also Tarihi Yarımada, "Historic Peninsula" and Suriçi, "Walled City") is the oldest part of the city, and the location of most of its historic sights. Being a peninsula bounded by bodies of water to the north, east, and south (the Golden Horn, Bosphorus, and the Sea of Marmara, respectively) and by the old city walls to west, this part of the city is essentially what used to be called Constantinople. The rest, of what is today Istanbul, were independent cities, towns, villages, fields or even complete wilderness later absorbed by the city. This process is still going on as Istanbul grows with an increasing speed. The construction of Yenikapı train and subway station, from 2004 to 2014, on the southern coast of the peninsula, revealed archeological finds that date the very first time of Istanbul's settlement back to about 8000 years ago, which makes the city one of the oldest still-inhabited spots of the world. However, tradition states that Byzantium was first settled by Greek colonists from Megara on the Greek mainland in 667 BC. According to this tradition, they and their leader Byzas consulted the Delphi oracle, who said they would create a great harbor city "across from the land of the blind". After much sailing, they arrived at the strategically superb peninsular site of Seraglio Point (Sarayburnu) and encountered some fishermen who told them they lived in Chalcedon, a very less privileged site across the Bosphorus. ("They are the blind! ", said Byzas to himself). This spot that the Megarans chose to found their new colony is now occupied by Gülhane Park and the Topkapı Palace. The urban area was greatly expanded by Constantine the Great for his Imperial capital, inaugurated on 330 AD: foundations of the Constantine walls were uncovered by the digs for Yenikapı station. Once the starting point of the Hippie Trail, the Sultanahmet area has been the main tourist district of the city since the 1960s. As the Hippodrome of Constantinople, it was for long one of the main social centres in the city — a role it still temporarily plays for the evening feasts during the Ramadan — and hence is a part of the old city with an exceptionally disproportionate number of historic sights. The name of the district derives from the Turkish name of the imposing Blue Mosque on one side of its main square, which in turn is named after the Ottoman sultan Ahmet I (r. 1603–1617), who had the mosque built, and is buried in a mausoleum on its grounds. Parts of the peninsula was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. Being central, the Old City is easy to reach by public transport. See also Istanbul main page: note especially that Atatürk Airport closed in April 2019, and that Sirkeci railway station has closed - trains from Europe terminate at Halkali. The Marmaray cross-city line runs between Halkali in the western suburbs, via several dozen stops including Sirkeci, under the Bosphorus to Kadikoy, then out east to Pendik and Gebze. Trains run 06:00-23:00 every 15 mins, fares are by distance but won't exceed 4TL. This is the quickest way to reach Asia side, and to connect with mainline trains east and west. A modern tram line runs through the old city, passing most of the main sights, and linking it with Galata and other places north, and the suburbs in the west. Tram stops are located at Eminönü, Sirkeci, Gülhane, Sultanahmet, Beyazıt, and Aksaray among others. Trams can be very crowded, but services are frequent and journey times are short. Bus 61B runs between Taksim and Beyazıt close to the Grand Bazaar. Any bus to Eminönü or Beyazıt will pass within 10 mins walk of Sultanahmet. Ferries cross the Bosphorus from Kadıköy and Üsküdar to Eminönü. There are also smaller private boats plying on the same routes. Another option is to take the ferry from Üsküdar to Kabataş and take the tram. If you are arriving in Istanbul by one of fast ferries from towns across on the southern and southeastern coast of Marmara, your likely point of entry to the city is Yenikapı on the southern shore of the peninsula. In Istanbul there are plenty of yellow taxis and cab fares are not expensive. A ride from Sabiha Gokcen Airport (SAW) to Sultanahmet is about 45 km and costs around 145 TL, as of Feb 2018. Most of the sights in the old city are close enough to be negotiated on foot, as they are located in or around Sultanahmet Square. For many others, just follow the tram line. However, between Eminönü/Sirkeci and Sultanahmet, it's quicker to shortcut along Ankara Caddesi (Street) as the tramline makes a roundabout loop through that part of the city. The sidewalk along Hüdavendigar Caddesi between Sirkeci, Gülhane, and Sultanahmet Square is not very wide and trams pass along fairly close to the sidewalk, so watch your step especially when you hear tram's horn. Many of Istanbul’s historical gems, mostly consisting of Byzantine and Ottoman-built monuments are within the Old City. Most are located a short walk away from, if not immediately on the edges of, Sultanahmet Square. Some other sights are dispersed throughout the peninsula. 41.00852828.9799171 Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), Ayasofya Meydanı (By tram T1: Sultanahmet), ☏ +90 212 522-1750, [email protected]. Dating from the 6th century, it was built as a basilica for the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. A masterwork of Roman engineering, the huge 30-m diameter dome covers what was for over 1000 years the largest enclosed space in the world. The church was looted by the fourth Crusaders in 1204, and became a mosque in the 15th century when the Ottomans conquered the city. It was converted into a museum in 1935, and in 2020 was again proclaimed a mosque. Free. (updated Dec 2020) 41.01328.9842 Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı, Bab-i Hümayün Caddesi), ☏ +90 212 512-0480, [email protected]. M W-Su 09:00-17:00 during winter; 09:00-19:00 during summer. The imperial enclave of the Ottoman emperors for four centuries. Contains exhibitions of fine craftmanship. Lavishly decorated, with four courts of increasing grandeur. In the second court of the entrance to the Harem (admission extra) and the State Treasury, housing a weaponry display. The third court has the Imperial Treasury. Islamic and Christian relics, rugs, china. The views from the Fourth Court over the Bosphorus are spectacular. You can also see Prophet Mohammed's belongings. Any bus or tram with a sign or indication that it heads for or calls at Topkapı will not take you anywhere near Topkapı Palace. Rather, it is going to a neighbourhood named after the homonymous city gate ("cannon gate"), which may be worth a trip to take a look at the impressive city walls. Topkapı neighbourhood is located in the extreme western part of the old city, near the city walls, while Topkapı Palace is located in the extreme eastern part, which means the distance between them is at least 7–8 km. ‘Topkapı’ alone almost always refers to the neighbourhood, not the palace. For the palace, the stop/station you should look for is 'Sultanahmet'. 100 TL, Harem 70 TL extra. (updated Dec 2020) 41.0097228.981113 Hagia Irene (Aya İrini) (on the grounds of Topkapı Palace), [email protected]. The same working hours as Topkapı Palace. Hagia Irene, which you will notice to your left after entering the outer yard of Topkapı Palace, is one of few Byzantine-era cathedrals which was never converted to a mosque during the Ottoman period. The place is now accessible year-round, which is a novelty, but requires a different entry fee from Topkapı palace. 60 TL. (updated Dec 2020) 41.00538528.9768254 Sultanahmet Mosque (Blue Mosque), Meydan Sokak 17 (By tram T1: Sultanahmet), ☏ +90 212 518-1319. May-Oct 09:00-21:00, Nov-Apr 09:00-19:00. With its six minarets and sweeping architecture the Sultanahmet or 'Blue' Mosque impresses from the outside. This is still a working mosque, entry is through the courtyard on the SW side which is back side of mosque. No shorts or bare shoulders (shawls are provided) and you will need to remove your footwear (bags are provided that you can place your shoes in). The mosque is closed during ritual prayer but mosque volunteers provide you with a free presentation about the Mosque and also about Islam during that period. The venue for this event is the mosque's conference hall. It is the building with "Free Event" sign that will be on your left while you are approaching the mosque from Hagia Sophia. They do not charge you anything. Free, donations welcome upon exit. (updated Dec 2021) 41.00805628.9777785 Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarnici), Yerebatan Cad 13 (By tram T1: Sultanahmet). 09:00-17:30. A giant underground cistern built by Justinian in 532 to provide water to the city in cases of siege. A wooden walkway winds between the 336 columns, most of which were re-used from other sites and are highly decorated. The massive underground space is worth a visit simply to marvel at the scale of building in ancient times. Lights and piped music add to the eerie atmosphere. Bring some type of fish food as you'll see enormous fish swimming below your feet. The Medusa stone heads are impressive. There are ongoing renovations that leave some parts inaccessible. Be aware that the Basilica Cistern is a major tourist attraction; the crowds might take away some of the atmosphere. Foreigners 30 TL. (updated Dec 2020) 41.0072528.97266 Theodosius Cistern (Şerefiye Sarnici), Piyer Loti Cd (By tram T1: Sultanahmet). 09:00-18:00. Though smaller than Basilica cistern, Theodosius Cistern is your option of choice if you want to avoid the crowds, but still soak in the atmosphere of an underground cistern. The lighting of the columns is much better than in Basilica Cistern. Free. (updated May 2019) 41.0063928.975837 Hippodrome (adjacent to the Basilica Cistern, Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia). This was the centre of Roman and Byzantine Constantinople, and is a great place to begin one's tour and to watch people. The building no longer stands, but the Egyptian obelisk, and the Serpent Column from the Delphi oracle, standing here since Theodosius' time in the fourth century, remain. The four bronze horses that used to be on top of the Emperor's box in the Hippodrome were looted by the crusaders in 1204, and are now on the façade of St. Mark basilica in Venice . While you are on your way to the hippodrome, don’t forget to check out German Fountain (Alman Çeşmesi), a neo-Byzantine style fountain building at the square leading to Hippodrome. It was a gift sent by German Kaiser Wilhelm II to the Ottoman Sultan. 41.00861128.9711118 Column of Constantine (Çemberlitaş sütunu/Burnt Stone), Yeniçeriler Caddesi. One of the most important examples of Roman art in Istanbul. The column is 35 m tall. (updated Feb 2016) 41.01027828.9702789 Nuruosmaniye Mosque (Nuruosmaniye Camii), Vezirhan Cd 33 (just east of the Covered Bazaar; two blocks north of the Column of Constantine/Çemberlitaş). Built in the 18th century, this is the earliest mosque built in the Ottoman Baroque, and one of the primest examples of that style. Even if you are in a rush to tick off the main sights of Istanbul, when you are nearby — very likely, given the mosque's location inbetween several major attractions — drop by to take a peek inside, which is elegantly dominated by white and powdery colours, and, true to its name meaning "the light of the Ottomans," is drenched in natural light thanks to its lavish fenestration, in contrast to the far gloomier classical Ottoman mosques. 41.010728.981210 The Museum of Archaeology (Arkeoloji Müzesi), Osman Hamdi Bey Yokuşu, Gülhane (Tram T1: Gülhane; take the first right after entering Gülhane Park), ☏ +90 212 520-7742, [email protected]. Tu-Su 9:00-19:00, and till 17:00 during winter. A must see! One of the best, including a great collection of Sumerian tablets, pieces of the wall of Babylon and Roman marble statues. It contains some very famous pieces of ancient art, such as the Alexander Sarcophagus, once believed to be the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great himself (but later found out to be not the case), very well preserved and highly adorned with bas-relief carvings of Alexander the Great; one of the Serpent Column's missing heads; a twin sister head of the Medusas inside the Basilica Cistern; and several red porphyry Imperial sarcophagi on the courtyard. 50 TL. (updated Feb 2020) 41.00444428.97666711 Great Palace Mosaics Museum (Büyük Saray Mozaikleri Müzesi), Arasta Çarşısı, Sultanahmet (inside Arasta Bazaar, just south of Blue Mosque), ☏ +90 212 518-1205, fax: +90 212 512-54-74, [email protected]. 9:00-19:00 (15 Apr-25 Oct); 9:00-17:00 (25 Oct-15 Apr). This museum hosts the pavement mosaics of the Byzantine-era Great Palace of Constantinople, which stretched from the Hippodrome to the coast of the Sea of Marmara. 30 TL. (updated Dec 2020) 41.00627828.97455612 Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art, Binbirdirek Mh. Atmeydanı Sk. No: 12, [email protected]. Daily 9:00 - 19:00 (summer), Tu-Su 9:00 - 17:00 (winter). Carpets, rugs, calligraphy, pottery. With the same ticket, you can visit also the Ethnographic Museum downstairs where you can learn about the lifestyle of the Turks and their ancestors. 50 TL. (updated Dec 2020) 41.00804328.97806613 Milion (on the street with the tram line, close to the entrance of Basilica Cistern). While this partially intact marble pillar dating back to the 4th century BCE may seem unremarkable, it was the starting point of any distance measured within the empire during the Byzantine era, so it may be nice to think that you are in the centre of where all the roads lead to (or, rather, start from). 41.01222228.9814 Gülhane Park (near Sultanahmet, and next door to Museum of Archaeology). This park was royal hunting grounds in the past. Today it’s a public park with lots of seasonal flowers, including huge patches of tulips in early April, and huge plane trees (Platanus orientalis)—which means lots of shade as well. The high walls on one side of the park separates it from Topkapı Palace. While there are still signs in the park for cafes overlooking the Bosporus, as of October 2017, they are derelict and behind temporary barriers. It is still possible to check out the Column of the Goths (Gotlar Sütunu), a Corinthian-style marble pillar dating back to Roman times, with some badly deformed Latin inscriptions on its pedestal, just north of the palace wall. It was erected in honour of victory over Goths by either Claudius II Gothicus (reigned 268-270) or Constantine the Great (reigned 306-337), and it likely is the oldest artefact dating back to Roman era that is still intact in the city and possibly pre-dates the foundation of Constantinople. Also nearby are the ruins of a Byzantine monastery. The park has two gates, one near Sultanahmet (on the street between Sultanahmet Sq and Sirkeci, the street on which trams run), and the other on the avenue lying on the coastline. To get to Sirkeci/Eminönü from the latter, turn left after exiting the park. Free. 41.009328.980215 Soğukçeşme Street (Soğukçeşme Sokağı) (between Hagia Sophia, Topkapı Palace, and the gate of Gülhane Park). A car-free downhill cobbled street just behind Hagia Sophia, with renovated (or totally rebuilt) traditional wooden houses two- or three-storeys tall typical of Ottoman era, leaning against the outer wall of Topkapı Palace grounds/Gülhane Park. Worth a look to see what typical streetscape of Istanbul was like before the concrete came over. While around there, don't forget to check out Fountain of Sultan Ahmed III, at the square in front of the outer gate of Topkapı Palace, a huge standalone fountain building built in typical Ottoman rococo style in 1728. 41.013828.979616 History of Science and Technology in Islam Museum, Gülhane Park, [email protected]. 09:00 - 18:45 during summer, and till 16:45 during winter. Fascinating museum in a restored building that was the stables for Topkapı Palace. Contains mainly reconstructions of historical instruments and tools including instruments for astronomy, clocks, and pumps. Advances the view that Islamic science and technology preceded that of Europe. 14 TL. (updated Feb 2020) 37.8852227.3805717 Istanbul Railway Museum (TCDD Museum), Sirkeci Railway Station (Within station at ground level. ), ☏ +90 212 520 65 75, [email protected]. This ever-popular gem of a museum combines in a single room many different and unusual artifacts covering both Ottoman and Modern Turkish railway history. Likely to appeal both to the dedicated rail fan and those with a more casual interest in the history of Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. The Orient Express used to depart from just opposite the museum. The station itself dates from late Ottoman times and is full of attractive architectural detail. Closed on certain national holidays. Free. 41.00691128.9770318 Tombs Museum (Türbeler Müzesi), Sultan Ahmet Mahallesi, [email protected]. Free. (updated Jan 2019) 41.0047828.9721319 Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque (Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Camii), Suterazisi Sk (on a sidestreet downhill from the Hippodrome). One of the three mosques in the city and its suburbs bearing this name, this mosque was built in 1571 by the imperial architect Sinan and commissioned by Sokollu Mehmet Pasha, the grand vizier and de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire during part of its golden age at the 16th century. Rarely visited as it is dwarved by the other imperial mosques in the vicinity, it nonetheless has a fascinating set of blue İznik tiles covering its interior, and devout Muslim travellers will want to note that in three different locations of the mosque (none clearly signed, although protective covers will help locating them), what is said to be original pieces of the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) of the Kaaba can be seen. 41.00277828.97194420 Little Hagia Sophia (Kücük Ayasofya Camii), Küçük Ayasofya Cd No:78 (10-min walk from Tram T1 Sultanhamet stop, or 5 minutes from Hippodrome and the Blue Mosque by going roughly south and downhill). Formerly known as the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus, this building was constructed around 530 AD (at about the same time as Hagia Sophia) and was transformed into a mosque following the Ottoman conquest. This building is beautifully decorated and offers a much more intimate experience than the large mosques scattered throughout Fatih. Adjoining is a small madrasa with truly original craft shops. 41.02916728.95166721 Patriarchate of Constantinople (Fener Rum Patrikhanesi), Sadrazam Ali Paşa Caddesi, Fener (between S. Ali Paşa Cd. and İncebel Sokağı; northwest of old city, close to Golden Horn shore), ☏ +90 212 531-9670, fax: +90 212 534-9037, [email protected]. 08:30-16:00. Many view this as the centre of the world's Orthodox faith. The Patriarchate has been housed since 1586 in the Church of St George (Greek: Agíou Geōrgíou, Turkish: Aya Yorgi) in the Fener (Phanar) neighbourhood overlooking the Golden Horn, which was the traditional Greek quarter of the city during the Ottoman period, and its prominent inhabitants, called Phanariotes, exerted great influence on the European possessions of the empire. Despite its religious importance, the St George is an otherwise unremarkable and unimpressive building from the outside, though its lavishly decorated interior is worth a look. While you are around, don't forget to check out the Phanar Greek College (Fener Rum Lisesi) just next to the St George, which has an imposing tower made of red brick which seems to appear straight out of medieval times. 41.03194428.94972222 St Stephen Church (Sveti Stefan Kilisesi), Fener (on the southern shore of the Horn; close to waterfront, on the main avenue). A Bulgarian Orthodox church better known as Demir Kilise, i.e. "Iron Church", St Stephen is totally made of cast iron, a product of 19th-century experimentation with prefabricated iron churches. This building combining neo-Gothic and neo-Baroque influences, has a richly-ornamented exterior. (updated May 2018) 41.02916728.94638923 Fethiye Mosque (Pammakaristos Church), Fethiye Cad. Çarşamba, [email protected]. It was built as the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos ("All-Blessed Mother of God"), between the 11th and the 12th centuries. After the fall of Constantinople, the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate was moved from the Church of the Holy Apostles in 1456 to the Pammakaristos Church, which remained as the seat of the Patriarchate for 26 years, until the Ottoman Sultan Murad III converted the church into a mosque and renamed it in honor of his Fetih (Conquest) of Georgia and Azerbaijan, hence the name Fethiye Camii. The parekklesion, besides being one of the most important examples of Constantinople's Palaiologan architecture, has the largest amount of Byzantine mosaics in Istanbul after the Hagia Sophia and Chora Mosque. The whole building was proclaimed a mosque, as of 2020. Free. (updated Jan 2019) 41.03015128.94967224 Dimitrie Cantemir Museum (Dimitrie Cantemir Müzesi), Sancaktar Yokuşu 6. The residence in Fener neighbourhood of the Moldavian prince, Dimitrie Cantemir (updated Oct 2018) 41.0327828.9455625 Ahrida Synagogue (Ohrid Synagogue). It was built by Macedonian Jews from the city of Ohrid around 550 years ago. The synagogue is located in Balat, once a thriving Jewish quarter in the city, which housed the first Jews who settled in Istanbul after the Spanish expulsion. Today, it’s a middle-class neighborhood and as you walk you can see the oldest Jewish houses with the Star of David. (updated Feb 2019) 41.03111128.93916726 Chora Mosque (Kariye Camii), Edirnekapı (near the city walls; bus: #87 from Taksim), ☏ +90 212 631-9241, fax: +90 212 621-3435, [email protected]. 09:00-17:00 during winter, and till 19:00 during winter. Also known as the Church of St Saviour in Chora (chora translates "countryside" in Byzantine Greek, which refers to what the site of the church exactly was when it was built), this is 1000-year-old Byzantine church, an example of a church somewhat out of the traditional centre, but is an absolute must see with precious mosaic frescoes and a captivating mood inside. The early church frescoes had been covered with plaster for nearly 500 years, as the building had been converted into a mosque, but were uncovered in the mid-20th century and have been partially restored. As of 2020, it was again proclaimed a mosque. An impressive section of the Theodosian walls is a short walk from here. Free. (updated Feb 2020) 41.031328.936127 Old City Walls (Walls of Constantinople). The old city walls, which were built during the reign (408–450) of Byzantine emperor Theodosius II and enclose the entire western boundary of the peninsula from the Golden Horn to the coast of the Sea of Marmara, are mostly intact although partially dilapidated, suffering from battle damage of 1453 and unsightly restorations of early 1990s, and occasionally pierced by wide avenues into the old city. For a complete and detailed walking route along the walls, see Theodosian Walls Walk. Those too lazy to do the entire route may check out easily accessible sections around Chora Church, Pazartekke station of T1 tram line, or Yedikule Fortress. 41.01972228.94972228 Fatih Camii (Conqueror's Mosque), Ali Kuşcu Mh.. The first monumental project in the Ottoman imperial architectural tradition, the Fatih Mosque complex was built in Istanbul between 1463-1470 by the Greek architect Atik Sinan, by the order of Sultan Mehmet II the Conqueror, on the site of the former Church of the Holy Apostles, which had served as Byzantine Imperial burial place for one thousand years and had been in poor condition since the Fourth Crusade. The original complex included a set of well-planned buildings constructed around the mosque. They include eight medrese, library, hospital, hospice, caravanserai, market, hamam, primary school and public kitchen (imaret) which served food to the poor. The original mosque was badly damaged in the 1509 earthquake, after that it was repaired, but was then damaged again by earthquakes in 1557 and 1754 and repaired yet again. It was then completely destroyed by an earthquake on 22 May 1766, when the main dome collapsed and the walls were irreparably damaged. The current mosque (designed on a completely different plan) was completed in 1771 under Sultan Mustafa III, by the architect Mimar Mehmet Tahir. Following the trend of the Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors, whom he considered as his predecessors, Mehmet II's tomb is in the graveyard in the southeast side of the mosque, as is that of his wife, Gülbahar Hatun. Both were reconstructed after the earthquake. The türbe of the Conqueror is very baroque with a lavishly decorated interior. 41.01611128.96388929 Süleymaniye Mosque (Süleymaniye Camii), Süleymaniye Mh. (about 15-20 min walk away from Beyazıt tram stop/Grand Bazaar, also same distance away from Eminönü, but you should walk uphill from there). On the top of a hill overlooking Golden Horn is a work of Mimar Sinan, an Ottoman architect of the 16th century. The mosque is a fine example of Ottoman architecture of the era, and inspired the architects of the Blue Mosque (Sultanahmet) which was built later. Comparing these two mosques, Süleymaniye is noted for its gloomier and more atmospheric feeling. Next to the courtyard of the mosque are tombs of Sinan, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and his Ukrainian spouse, Roxelana (known as Hürrem Sultan in Turkish). Free admission to the mosque building and tombs in the courtyard. Considering the resemblance of Fatih and Süleymaniye, it is very like that Atik Sinan and Mimar Sinan knew each other or where even related, father and son. 41.01594428.95555630 Valens Aqueduct (Bozdoğan Kemeri) (over Atatürk Boulevard, north of Aksaray, south of Unkapanı). A double-storey Roman one built during the reign of Valens (r. 364-378) to provide the city with fresh water coming from the surrounding forests, this 921-m long aqueduct spans the valley occupied by what is now Atatürk Boulevard (Atatürk Bulvarı), which lies in the very middle of the peninsula, connecting Aksaray with Unkapanı on the bank of Golden Horn and then Taksim Square, behind the opposite shore of Golden Horn. The aqueduct is one of the symbols of the city and it will likely welcome you to the city on your way from airport to hotel if you are going to stay around Taksim/Beyoğlu. 40.992928.922731 Yedikule Fortress (Yedikule Hisarı) (suburban train: Yedikule). This fortress in the very southwest of old city was Porta Aurea ("Golden Gate") in Byzantine times, when it was main ceremonial entrance into the capital, used especially for the triumphal entry of an emperor on the occasion of military victories. During Ottoman era, the gate was expanded into its present shape ("the Fortress of Seven Towers", direct translation of its current Turkish name) and during late Ottoman period, it served as a state prison for high-level detainees like ambassadors or pashas. 41.01972228.95722232 Zeyrek Mosque (Turkish: Zeyrek Camii, also Molla Zeyrek Camii), Sinanağa Mah. İbadethane Sokak, Zeyrek (west of Atatürk Bulvarı/Unkapanı). Located in the neighbourhood of Zeyrek close to Fatih, Zeyrek Mosque is made by joining two former churches and a chapel all located next to each other. It represents the most typical example of architecture of the Byzantine middle period and is, after Hagia Sophia, the second largest religious edifice built by the Byzantines still extant in Istanbul. A really picturesque place, so prepare your camera! It is in a somewhat rough neighbourhood, so better visited when there is still daylight. Free. 41.01759128.96874833 Rüstem Pasha Mosque (Rüstem Paşa Cami), Hasırcılar Cd 74-88 (7-min walk for Tramway T1 Eminönü stop, the mosque is on a terrace accessible from street level through staircases.). Built in 1564 by renowned architect Sinan for Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier of Suleiman the Magnificent, this small mosque is the archetype of Ottoman art. The interior walls are fully covered by beautiful Iznik pottery, then at its height of sophistication. 41.003428.928634 Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Sümbül Efendi Mh. 34107. Built as a monastery dedicated to Saint Andrew the Apostole, at the beginning of the 5th century, by order of Princess Arcadia, sister of Emperor Theodosius II. Later, Saint Andrew of Crete, a martyr of the fight against Byzantine Iconoclasm, was killed on 20 November 766 in the Forum Bovis because of his opposition to the iconoclastic policies of Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775), and buried in this church. Due to his popularity after the final triumph of Orthodoxy, the dedication of the church changed from Saint Andrew the Apostle to him. During the second half of the 9th century, Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) wholly rebuilt the church, which possibly had been damaged during the iconoclastic fights. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople the monastery, known by the Turks as Kızlar Kilisesi ("women's church"), continued to be inhabited for a while. Between 1486 and 1491, Grand Vizier Koca Mustafa Pasha, executed in 1512, converted the church into a mosque. A folkloric tradition related to a chain hung to a cypress tree in the courtyard. The cypress is since long dead but still stands - together with the chain - inside a small round building in the yard of the mosque. The chain was swung between two people who were affirming contradictory statements, and the chain was said to hit the one who was telling the truth Walk Along the Golden Horn Poke around forgotten corners just over this hauntingly beautiful inlet from the Bosphorus. You make some thrilling - and chilling - "finds" on cobbled streets as you trace its narrow alleyways and ancient squares. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate housing a column which is believed to have been used for the binding and flogging of criminals in Jerusalem is here. The magnificent Neo-Gothic, Neo Baroque - well literally hand-made doll house - St. Stephens Church is on the western shores. The cascading domes and four slender minarets of the Imperial Suleymaniye Mosque dominating the skyline. One of Istanbul’s surviving mediaeval synagogues, and trendiest houses in town that are now enjoying their second or even third type of use. Highlight is the famous Chora the Byzantine marvel of mosaics and frescoes. Most of Istanbul's historical Turkish baths, known as hamam and quite an inevitable part of any Istanbul experience, are located in Old City around Sultanahmet. 41.00638928.9758331 Hurrem Sultan Hamamı, ☏ +90 212 517-3535. Daily 07:00-23:59. The Ayasofya Hurrem Sultan Hamam in Istanbul was designed and built by Mimar Sinan, the chief Ottoman architect. It was built at the request of Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana), the wife of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century (1556-1557 AD). It was built where the ancient public baths of Zeuxippus (100-200 AD) used to stand, between the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia. The area is also particularly significant as the site where the Temple of Zeus once stood. Ayasofya Hurrem Sultan Hamam consists of the baths, a restaurant and a café, all located in the gardens of the hamam. 35 min: €85, 50 min: €105, 70 min: €120, 90 min: €170. (updated May 2016) 41.00859728.971652 Çemberlitaş Hamamı, ☏ +90 212-5112535, [email protected]. The Cemberlitas Bath is on Cemberlitas Square in the midst of some of Istanbul's greatest monuments. It was also built by architect Sinan in 1584. It has 2 sections, female and male. 70 TL for self-service, 115 TL for Turkish massage, 190 TL for Turkish massage and oil massage). (updated May 2016) 41.010628.97563 Cağaloğlu Hamamı, ☏ +90 212 522-2424, [email protected]. The Cağaloğlu hamam was constructed in 1741 and is the last hamam to be built after a long period during the Ottoman Empire. It is three blocks from the Hagia Sophia. It has separated sections. Popular and normally visited by tourists. You can get a "service" which mean one of the staff helps you get scrubbing, and the most expensive option contain scrubbing and massage. The payment is done before, but if choose not to take massage, don’t be surprise if one of the staff will secretly offer you one, letting you decide how much to add to his tip. It should be said that the atmosphere is very touristic, and everything has a price. Once you are done, they give you a souvenir; a pair of underwear and a comb. Fron self-service €30 to full €180. Credit cards not accepted. (updated Feb 2020) 41.015928.96584 Süleymaniye Hamamı, Mimar Sinan Caddesi 20, ☏ +90 212 520-3410, [email protected]. Sultan Suleyman had this hamam built by the famous architect Sinan in 1550. Sinan used this hamam for washing as did the Sultan once. It's a bit touristy, though it could be worse, and the Suleymaniye hamam is the only mixed hamam in Istanbul. However, no singles (male or female) are allowed, families or couples only. There are no different sections for each sex, thus the families may comfortably enjoy this hamam together. Hamam also has two way free shuttle services for the hotel guests if the booking comes through their reception. €40. Credit cards not accepted. (updated Feb 2020) Tarihi Şifa Hamamı, Sifa Hamami Sokak No. 24, ☏ +90 212 638-3849. Established 1777, this is one of the cheaper options. It is entirely marble throughout and the fittings might well be the originals. It has a mixed main section and a separate female section for the scrubbing. Enjoy a good scrub and clean, a massage and an apple tea which is all included in the general service. The staff's English is limited. 80 TL for a scrub and massage, 120 TL for scrub, massage, and an oil massage. (updated May 2018) You can buy tourist-kitsch souvenirs all around the city. A magnet with coloured picture of Blue Mosque and Hagia Sofia will cost 2 TL each. Haggling over the price is the norm when shopping. Shopkeepers usually let you offer a price lower than the retail price; once a price agreeable to both is met, then the sale can be finalized. 41.010628.96851 Grand Bazaar (Kapalı Çarşı). M-Sa 09:00-19:00. Istanbul's grand old bazaar with an estimated 4,400 shops lined along covered walkways. It is said to be the world's oldest shopping mall, covers several blocks and features a labyrinth of side streets to keep you lost for the better part of a day. The shops are organized around their wares, e.g. the silver jewellers are clustered together, the carpet shops are clustered elsewhere and the shoe shops are bunched together somewhere else. Parts of it now are modernized and rather touristy—most locals don't shop here—and you are likely to pay up to twice as much as elsewhere. However, with the vast selection you will find what you're looking for and it is one of Istanbul's character pieces. (updated Feb 2019) [formerly dead link] Can Antik, Cadircilar Caddesi Lutfullah Sokak no 34/36, Beyazit (in the Grand Bazaar), ☏ +90 212 512-5828. You will find Ottoman and other antique metalware here - copper bowls, jugs, pots Ottoman silver, furniture jewellery and big collection antique textile dating back to Ottoman era. (updated Feb 2010) Chalabi, 6 Sandal Bedesten Sokak, ☏ +90 212 522-8171. Grand Bazaars’ oldest family-run antiques dealer offers Ottoman silver, furniture and jewellery from old Ottoman families, and other oriental treasures. (updated Feb 2010) Deli Kızın Yeri, 82 Halıcılar Çarşısı, ☏ +90 212 526-1251. Deli Kızın Yeri (The Crazy Lady's Place) was founded by The Crazy Lady herself, an American who has retired in Turkey, who specializes in creating flat, useful, packable items using traditional Turkish motifs, handicrafts and fabrics. Items produced by local artists suiting the flavour of the shop comprise the rest of their inventory. The selection of items changes constantly, but generally includes items such as placemats, tablecloths, purses, doorstops, plastic bag holders, napkin rings, tea cozies, Turkish Delight-flavoured teddy bears and dolls, luggage tags, aprons, pillows, and limited edition clothing. (updated Feb 2010) Derviş, 33-35 Keseciler Sokak, ☏ +90 212 514-4525. Turko-Californian spa shop with raw silk and cotton clothing made to last a long time. (updated Feb 2010) Polisajci Brothers Antique Show, 37-39 Yaglikcilar Sokak, ☏ +90 212 526-1831. You will find Ottoman and other antique metal ware - copper bowls, jugs, pots and the like - once used in hammams and kitchens. (updated Feb 2010) 41.01638928.9705562 Egyptian Bazaar / Spice Market (Mısır Çarşısı) (in Eminönü). It is also a covered bazaar, which is a lot smaller than Grand Bazaar, and as its name implies, houses herbalist and spice shops. It is very touristy. Good for taking some nice pictures, but shopping should be only be done elsewhere, prices are up to twice as high as in the rest of the city. (updated Feb 2019) Rugs and kilims Mevlana Rug Store, Torun sok. 1, ☏ +90 212 517-1260. The only store recommended by The New York Times. (updated Feb 2010) Bazaar 55 Rug House, Akbiyik Cad. 55, ☏ +90 212 6382289. Arguably the most trust-worthy carpet shop. (updated Feb 2010) Mehmet Cetinkaya Gallery, Kucuk Ayasofya Caddesi, 7 Tavukhane Sokak, ☏ +90 212 517-6808. Glorious museum-quality textiles, a feast for the eyes. (updated Feb 2010) Chalcedony, 2 Ayasofya Caferiye Sokak, ☏ +90 212 527-6376. One stop shop for raw rocks, smooth stones and finished jewellery of the pale-blue. They also sell chalcedony, a semi-precious gemstone named after the nearby ancient town of Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy across the Bosphorus). (updated Feb 2010) 41.01287628.951563 HorHor, Kırma Tulumba Sokak 13. Antique market with more than 200 stores and workshops. Very relaxed atmosphere. You will be able to walk around and study the selection undisturbed. The items are mainly Arabic, European, and Turkish. (updated Apr 2017) 41.0143328.94544 Historia, Vatan Caddesi (Adnan Menderes Bulv.) 2 (roughly at the midway between 'Aksaray' and 'Emniyet-Fatih' stations of M1 metro line; public bus stop 'İskenderpaşa' is right in front of the place), ☏ +90 212 532-0202, fax: +90 212 531-1010, [email protected]. Historia is the only shopping mall in the Old City (and likely will be the only one, as large-scale new development is restricted in most of this part of the city), and is the place to go if you are looking into something more modern and less touristy than in the Covered Bazaar. Usual selections of garment, electronics, and furniture stores, a large supermarket, as well as a bowling alley, fast food joints, and movie theatre. While there, you may also want to check out Fenari İsa Mosque just next to Historia (across the narrow alley at the side of the mall), which is a small red-brick Byzantine church from early era, which was renovated in 1970s and has served as a mosque after staying derelict since a fire damaged the building in 1918. Restaurants in the eastern part of the Fatih area (Sultanahmet) are mainly targeted at tourists, and charge much higher prices than those in places such as Galata. A kebab can cost here 8 TL, 10 TL or even higher (the real price is about 4-5 TL). The quality of most restaurants aimed at tourists varies, so it's well worth looking for online reviews or following the recommendations of a good guidebook when making your selection (this also reduces your exposure to the aggressive touts employed by many of the restaurants). If one wants not to spend much money, it is worth to spend 10 minutes and leave Sultanahmet neighbourhood to the north or west and have much cheaper - and probably nicer - meal. For budget meals it is advisable to avoid the restaurants along the tram line and to the West and South from the Blue Mosque. For really budget places, where locals eat, one should go to the Gedik Paşa street and look in the side streets. But if you search some normal prices, it easy to find some place on Peykhane street. 41.0145728.975051 Ali Usta Çig Köfte. Best, inexpensive and most entertaining Çig Köfte in Istanbul. 5 TL for a dürüm. (updated Dec 2019) 41.0063228.973232 Beydagi Restaurant, Klod Farer Cad. No.27/B (Go to the Hippodrome, walk west past the museum of Islamic Art and the Oriental Cafe and take the street to the right, you will reach an older small mosque and the restaurant is across the street), ☏ +90 212 638 34 44. The staff is friendly and the food is great. Chicken Shish for 10 TL or Chicken Crepe for 8 TL. (updated Feb 2019) 41.00411628.9755223 Doy-Doy Restaurant, Sifa Hamamı Sokak No: 13, Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 517 15 88. 9:00 - 22:00. An unassuming cafe spread out over three floors and a roof terrace with views over the Marmara Sea and the Blue Mosque. Serves a menu of simple kebabs, chicken and lamb stews, and pide baked in a wood-burning oven. A variety of mezes are also available. Lunch specials include bean or lentil soup. Soups, meatless pizzas, veggie kebabs and salad are great options for vegetarians. Service varies. meals 10-15 TL. 41.00845628.9749984 Karadeniz Aile Pide ve Kebap Salonu, Divanyolu Cad. Hacı Tahsinbey Sok. Sultanahmet (about five meters down a side street just a bit west from the Sultanahmet tram stop), ☏ +90 212 528 62 90. Their specialty is pide, and at this they excel. The other dishes are also good though. Prices are ordinary for a quality pide place. around 10-15 TL for mains, 4 TL soup/salad, complementary Turkish tea. 41.01832228.9712835 Full-screen Galata Bridge Fish Sandwiches, Galata Bridge (lower level). "Balik ekmek"! That's what you listen out for when you're heading down to the lower level of the Bridge on the Eminonu side. Once a raucous tradition for the local fishermen to sell their 'fish in bread' straight of the side of the boat—occupational health and safety policy banned the popular trade, though you can still find the delicious morsels here! Wash it down with a fresh pickle juice. 41.00829728.9765176 Rumeli Cafe, Ticarethane Sokak No:8 (near Divanyolu Caddesi, about one block from the Basilica Cistern), ☏ +90 212 512 00 08. On a relatively quiet street but close to all the attractions of Sultanamet. Serves mostly traditional Ottoman and Turkish dishes, with lots of lamb on the menu. Staff are friendly and there are tables indoors and on the sidewalk. Sometimes overcharge. 35-55 TL per person (main, appetizer + one drink). (updated Dec 2015) 41.0088328.9787697 Green Corner (just down the road from the Basilica Cistern). Nice, lovely little open-air café. Eat a gözleme whilst lying down and smoking a Turkish pipe. (updated Dec 2015) 41.005828.988 Palatium Cafe & Restaurant, Kutlugün Sok. 33 (Opposite Four Seasons Hotel), ☏ +90 212 516 5132. Daily 11:00-23:45. Decent food and ice cold beer. Lounge in the comfy bean-bag chairs, and backgammon and Nargileh are available. The restaurant looks down into the foundations of a Roman-era palace. (updated Mar 2019) 41.008328.97399 Cafe Amedros, Hoca Rüstem Sok 7, ☏ +90 212 522 83 56. Good Ottoman cuisine and a small international & vegetarian selection. The street here is plagued by aggressive touts, but they drift away once you've sat down and one of them has earned his baksheesh. (updated Mar 2019) Other cuisine: admit it, you might want a break from Turkish - especially if you've been touring away from the city, where alternatives are rare. So try Korecan (Korean) on Yeni Sarachane Sk, Seoul on Akbiyik Cad, Virginia Angus Steakhouse on Uzun Carsi Cad, and Burgerillas near the bridge ramp. Four Seasons Hotel, Tevkifhane Sokak No. 1, Sultanahmet-Eminönü (see Sleep listing), ☏ +90 212 638-8200. Lunch 12:00-15:00, Sat brunch from 11:00. Seasons Restaurant does lunch for non-residents, but what it's famous for is its sumptuous (and pricey) Saturday brunch. (updated Mar 2019) 41.03087828.93895310 Asitane, Dervişali Mahallesi Kariye Cami Sokak No:6 34240 Fatih (200 m east of jcn of Edirnekapi & Fezvi Pasa). Th-Tu 12:00-22:30. Not easy to find, this up-market place specialises in "Ottoman Palace" cuisine, which tends to mean sweet-and-savoury with lamb. (updated Mar 2019) There's a cluster of fish restaurants beneath the Galata Bridge over to Kadikoy. Their open-air decks have great views of the Old City, with the water traffic bustling past as if you were on a liner in harbour. The sea reflects the view and so do the prices. These places are happy for you just to sit and drink without eating. Bars: Sultanahmet doesn't really do freestanding bars, they're usually part of a restaurant or hotel. Some options are: Galata Star on the bridge, Wagon Bar and Red River Pub adjacent off Hüdavendigar Cad, Beni Afet on Atmeydani Cad, Just Bar on Akbiyik Cad, Pierre Loti off Divan Yolu Cad, and Room Bar off Ataturk Blvd. Cafés and Dessert Restaurants are numerous. They include: Cagaloglu Hamami Café, Prof. K.I. Gurkan Caddesi, Cagaloglu. Within a former hammam, dating 1741, where you can listen to live traditional Turkish music. Cash only, open W-M 12:00-22:00. 41.017528.9861 Sarayburnu Aile Çay Bahçesi (Exit Gulhane Park below the Gothic Pillar, cross busy Kennedy Cad. Turn left and take the ugly road down and right to Sarayburnu point). Tu-Su 24 hrs, M 07:30-00:00. Ugly surrounds but this open-air cafe has fantastic views. Tea, coffee and many flavours of hubble bubble. (updated Mar 2019) Water: the Ottoman Drinking Fountain is at the corner of Şeyhülislam Hayri Efendi Cad and Bankacilir Sk. It's probably okay to drink; it's definitely okay for rinsing face and hands when you're sticky with baklava from the cafes. Accommodation in the peninsula is mostly around Sultanahmet. Budget hotels and hostels are clustered in Cankurtaran, the neighbourhood just south of Sultanahmet Square towards the coastal strip of Kennedy Cd. Istanbul has a large community of CouchSurfing.com users who will let you stay at their home free. In return you take your host out for a meal, and spend time sharing your culture with them. Serenity Hotel Istanbul, Kucukayasofya Mahallesi Kasap Osman Sokak No:27 Sultanahmet (200 m from Blue Mosque), ☏ +90 212 638 2802, fax: +90 212 638 2804, [email protected]. 3 star, rooms include air-con, TV, laundry, free wireless connection and internet. B&B double from €50. (updated Jul 2018) Blue Tuana Hotel (Formerly Big Orange Hotel), Akbıyık Değirmen Street No: 3 Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 518 1061, fax: +90 212 518-10-62. Small 3-star with wi-fi in the lobby, free internet in the rooms, air-con. No curfew, 24 hour check in. B&B double from €35. (updated Jul 2018) Olimpiyat Hotel, Ebusuud Caddesi Erdogan Sokak no: 6 (Just next to Topkapi Palace), ☏ +90 212 511 96 59, fax: +90 511 99 16, [email protected]. 3 star, rooms include air-con, TV and minibar, laundry, free wireless connection and internet. B&B doubles from €60. (updated Jul 2018) Star Holiday Hotel, Divanyolu Street No:10 Sultanahmet (right in front of the Blue Mosque), ☏ +90 212 512 29 61, fax: +90 212 512 31 54, [email protected]. 3 star, rooms include air-con, TV and minibar. Breakfast terrace overlooks Sultanahmet. B&B double from €50. (updated Jul 2018) Deniz Houses Hotel, Küçük Ayasofya Caddesi No:14 Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 518 95 95, [email protected]. Rooms with own bathroom, wireless internet access, cable TV, possibly sea view with balcony, minibar, free breakfast, 24-hr reception, air-conditioning, terrace, laundry service. B&B double €40. (updated Jul 2018) Istanbul Holiday Hotel, Küçük Ayasofya Caddesi No:28 Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 512 29 61, fax: +90 212 512 31 54, [email protected]. Rooms with en suite bathroom, satellite TV, and internet access. Doubles from €40. (updated Jul 2018) Dongyang Hotel, Alemdar Cad. Tramway Yolu Üzeri No: 7 Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 511 24 14, fax: +90 212 528 95 33, [email protected]. Rooms with en suite bathroom, satellite TV, and internet access. Korean spoken. Dorm €15, doubles from €40. (updated Jul 2018) Stone Hotel Istanbul, Binbirdirek Mah.Sehit Mehmet pasa yokusu Sk.No 34 Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 638 1554, fax: +90 212 517 6330, [email protected]. Rooms with en-suite bathroom, satellite TV, and internet access. Highly variable on cleanliness. B&B doubles from €45. (updated Jul 2018) Hotel Alp Guesthouse, Cankurtaran Mh., Adliye Sk. No:4, ☏ +90 212 517 7067, [email protected]. All the rooms have en-suite bathroom, TV, wired/wireless free internet connection, mini-bar, safe box. B&B double €40. (updated Jul 2018) Grand Anka Hotel, Molla Gürani Mahallesi, Molla Gürani Cd. No:46, ☏ +90 212 635 20 20, fax: +90 212 534 18 55, [email protected]. 3/4-star with modern rooms. B&B doubles from €50. (updated Jul 2018) Tulip Guesthouse, Akbiyik cad. Terbiyik Sokak No:15/2, Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 517 65 09, [email protected]. Very friendly and helpful staff, two guys both university educated, intelligent, well acknowledged about Turkish history and Middle East politics, always eager to let you know about Istanbul's cultural events and highlights. Kitchen has a great view to Marmara with free coffee and Turkish tea. Dorm beds €10, en suite rooms from €45. Avrasya Hostel, Cankurtaran Mh., Seyit Hasan Sk. No:12, Sultanahmet (Next to Blue Mosque), ☏ +90 212 516 93 80. Check-in: 11AM, check-out: 10-11AM. Six and eight bed dorms, street-level tables, rooftop restaurant and lounge area with amazing views and mediocre food, basement bar/cafeteria/patio. Free wfi and free internet in the lobby. Staff are very helpful and friendly. Downstairs rooms may be noisy; the upstairs rooms share a single (working) shower (which doesn't get hot) in an unventilated restroom. No real common room. Dorms from €20. (updated Jul 2018) Eski Konak Hotel, Cankurtaran Mahallesi Akbiyik Cad. No:44, Sultanahmet (100 m from Sultanahmet Mosque), ☏ +90 212 458 74 23, [email protected]. New 9-room hotel with friendly multilingual staff. B&B doubles from €40. (updated Jul 2018) Bahaus, Bayramfirin Sokak No:11, Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 638 65 34, fax: +90 212 517 66 97. Friendly staff with lots of useful objective information to share. Free internet. Dorm €15-20 ppn with breakfast. (updated Jul 2018) Yeni Otel, Hocapaşa mah.Nöbethane Cad.Dervişler Sok. No:12 Sirkeci (100 m from Sirkeci station). Shared basic bathrooms, hot water. Manager is friendly but has little English. B&B doubles from €25. (updated Jul 2018) Hotel Nomade, Divanyolu Caddesi, Ticarethane Sokak 15, Sultanahmet, ☏ +90 212 513 81 72, fax: +90 212 513 24 04, [email protected]. Rooms with en suite bathrooms and air-con. (updated Jul 2018) Tulip House, Katip Sinan Cami Sok. No:28 (close to Blue Mosque, Sultanahmet tram
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A resort is an establishment with activities for visitors, together with dining and accommodation for a prolonged stay. Resort activities can be winter sport, horse riding, agritourism, gambling, spas, golf, beaches, a zoo or an amusement park. A resort town is a city or district dominated by tourist venues; the main attraction can be beaches, winter sports or pleasant upland climate in otherwise hot seasons or areas, and/or gambling. Some of these towns also have an old town, or less touristy districts. A purpose-built resort is a facility run by a single company. This kind of resort in particular is a captive market, and might be framed as an overpriced "tourist trap" detached from genuine local culture. They can however be preferred for travelling with children, honeymoon travel, senior travel, group trips or business conferences, to provide more comfort and safety, and lower culture and language barriers, than a regular city. In uninhabited regions, a resort might be the only place to stay. An all-inclusive resort provides activities as well as food and a place to stay. Travelers may go there with the expectation of staying for a week without leaving the property. The daily fee can be quite high compared to a nearby hotel, but once you arrive, nearly everything is included. When comparing prices, look carefully at what is and isn't included in the quoted price and the services offered. For example, does the price you were given include all the taxes and fees? Does it include alcoholic beverages, individual services (such as a massage or manicure) and all activities, such as golf? Are the activities included the ones that you want to use? If you don't plan to get on a horse, then it might not matter whether horseback riding lessons are included in the standard fee. A destination resort is a resort with activities that people would travel to visit, such as a seaside resort with a particularly lovely beach, or a ski resort in an area known for its winter sports. The Disney properties with integrated hotels are considered destination resorts. See also: Spas, Hot springs Resort spas appeal to visitors looking for relaxation in a health-conscious environment. Spa towns are resorts at a water spring, with some historical legacy; usually from the 19th century. Spas can also spring up near hot springs. Places marketed under this title vary in their offerings, from large, all-inclusive resorts with a wide variety of programs to focused weight-loss programs to hotels that offer little more than a hot tub and a masseuse on call. Unlike most larger resorts, resort spas can be small and in the middle of a city. Smaller resort spas are not usually all-inclusive resorts. Instead, they charge separately for different exercise classes and personal services. Consider a health spa if you are looking for a focused health-improvement program. Most health spas don't allow children as guests. It is typical for guests at a health spa to be travelling alone. Many resorts are available for business meetings, weddings, and other events. Consequently, they usually have large rooms and other facilities available for rent. Today, resorts are usually booked through the resort company itself, or through a travel agency. Prices tend to peak during holidays and favorable weather. Retired people and others with a flexible schedule can find cheaper offers outside the main season. Some resorts provide ownership of second homes, usually timeshared. Most package trips to resorts include the flight to the nearest airport, often on "holiday charter" airlines. The stretch from the airport to the resort is usually covered by a bus or taxi ride arranged by the tour operator. In addition to a place to sleep and food to eat, resorts are known for offering activities. Many are located outside of urban areas, and offer the benefits of outdoor life in that region. Some common activities at resorts include: Golf Water sports, such as swimming Tennis and other racket sports Fitness center Massage Saunas Horse riding Hiking trails Skiing Boating Especially at larger resorts, the services offered onsite can include a variety of stores, art galleries, hair salons, and tanning salons. Many resorts offer activities for children or daycare facilities. Resorts may also host festivals or other events. Gambling is the main attraction at some destinations with liberal gaming legislation. All-inclusive resorts serve food at least three times a day. Resort towns usually have a choice between dining at the hotels, or downtown restaurants. In general, the food becomes more affordable (and possibly more authentic) the further you go from the hotels and the attractions. Resorts might provide guided tours to the surroundings. LGBT-friendly beach resorts Resort hotels Second homes Spa towns
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Cookbook | Recipes | Ingredients | Cereal Grain The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops or grains, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. They do not form a taxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one. Their essential similarities are that they are small-seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments. It was millets, rather than rice, that formed important parts of prehistoric diet in Chinese Neolithic and Korean Mumun societies. The protein content in millet is very close to that of wheat; both provide about 11% protein by weight. Millets are rich in B vitamins, especially niacin, B17, B6 and folic acid, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, and zinc. Millets contain no gluten, so they are not suitable for raised bread. When combined with wheat or xanthan gum (for those who have coeliac disease), though, they can be used for raised bread. Alone, they are suited for flatbread. As none of the millets are closely related to wheat, they are appropriate foods for those with coeliac disease or other forms of allergies/intolerance of wheat. However, millets are also a mild thyroid peroxidase inhibitor and probably should not be consumed in great quantities by those with thyroid disease. Millets are principally food sources in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In Western India, millet flour (called "Bajari" in Gujarati and marathi) has been commonly used with "Jowar" (Sorghum called "Jwari" in Marathi) flour for hundreds of years to make the local staple flat bread (called "Rotla"). Millets are traditionally important grains used in brewing millet beer in some cultures, for instance by the Tao people of Orchid Island and, along with sorghum, by various peoples in East Africa. Millet is used to prepare boza fermented drink in Balkan peninsula countries. Millet is the base ingredient for the distilled liquor, rakshi, in Nepal. Millet porridge is a traditional Russian food, eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. Coeliac patients can replace certain cereal grains in their diets by consuming millets in various forms including breakfast cereals. Millet can often be used in recipes instead of buckwheat, rice, or quinoa. Millet sprays are often recommended as healthy treats to finicky pet birds, as they are easily eaten and (in the case of destruction-prone hookbills) easily broken. Millet, and other birdseed, is commonly used as fillings for juggling beanbags. The basic preparation consists in washing the millet and toasting it while moving until one notes a characteristic scent. Then five measures of boiling water for each two measures of millet are added with some sugar or salt. The mixture is cooked covered using low flame for 30-35 minutes.
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Threats of immediate death or gbh by a person present when offence commit. Defendant must believe threats will be carried out. Compulsion is not available for a number of offences, including murder, gbh, treason, kidnapping, robeery arson, piracy etc. Facts T sold drugs to undercover drugs, said he supplied drugs in fear of O’Keefe. But O’Keefe was not present when T obtained drugs. Held CA The offence was to supply. The ingredients of the offence did not including obtaining. O’Keefe was present throughout entire supply. Compulsion requires continuing threat of death or gbh. Person must be both present and in a position to carry out threat. Believing one is is some danger is not the same as being in fear of instant death or gbh. Facts Raroa helped two men to dispose of bodies. The two men threatened anyone who narked on them. The two men did not specifically threaten Raroa. Held Raroa was no doubt very frightened but he was not under a threat of immediate death or gbh. Section 24 provides very narrow defence. Facts Two year old died of abuse and neglect. Mother and partner charged w/ murder and in the alternative manslaughter. Crown didn’t try to identify principal and secondary, argued: - one must have been principal and the other the secondary; - both defendants had duty to intervene. Held Where there is a special relationship btwn the parties or btwn one of the parties and the victim, there is a duty to intervene. Failure to intervene, together with an intention to encourage/approve by non-intervention, amounts to abetting. Facts Accused drove drunk because partner had hit and threatened her. History of domestic violence. Held Gbh = serious bodily harm = harm that will seriously interfere for a time with health and comfort. Seen against the background of the relationship, the threats of an assault/serious assault did not amt to threats of gbh. Defence could only succeed if accused had no realistic alternative but to offend – if actions were proportionate to the peril faced.
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Not to be confused with Switzerland, a country hundreds of miles to the southwest. Saxon Switzerland (German: Sächsische Schweiz) is an area in Saxony, Germany, so named after its picturesque upland scenery. About 30 km (18 mi) upward the Elbe River from Dresden this is a mountain area made of sandstone. Bizarre stone formations and spectacular views are only a few characteristics of this region that is ideal for hiking, but also for a relaxed day out. For those who like nature, it is surely the most beautiful landscape in Saxony. It can get crowded along the river at summer weekends, if you don't like this, try the colder days. In late autumn or even winter you will nearly be alone outside the villages. There are also many rock castles and caves within the region, most worth a visit. Further up stream along the Elbe/Labe one enters the Czech Republic. However, the rock formations and the natural splendor continue and this region is known historically as the Bohemian Switzerland or "Böhmische Schweiz" in German. 50.96222222222213.9402777777781 Pirna — a bigger historically industrial town, called the gate to Saxon Switzerland 50.85833333333313.952 Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel — a well-known cure spa close to Saxon Switzerland 50.91666666666714.153 Bad Schandau — on the river within Saxon Switzerland 50.98333333333313.8666666666674 Heidenau — former chemical industrial town between Dresden and Pirna 50.91888888888914.0713888888895 Königstein — home to the one of the largest mountain fortresses in Europe 50.9514.0833333333336 Rathen — Bastei rock formation and Open-air-arena Felsenbühne 50.96666666666714.2833333333337 Sebnitz — bigger Saxon province town in Saxon Switzerland 50.96666666666714.0666666666671 Bastei — bizarre rock formation and spectacular view from a 19th-century stone bridge 51.04888888888914.0827777777782 Stolpen — site of the castle of Stolpen (Burg Stolpen) 50.91666666666713.8166666666673 Weesenstein — site of the castle Weesenstein The mountain range was formed after the sea retreated and left (Cretaceous era, roughly contemporary with T-Rex) sandstone as the remains. It was once a wild area, known for robbers and hard to conquer strongholds. Many of those still remain and can be visited. The most impressive is certainly the fortress of Königstein that was used for centuries as jail for high-ranking prisoners. Like in most other parts of Germany, English is generally well understood by people, in this area especially by people under 50. Some know Russian and some also Czech. As this region is close to the border some signs will be in Czech and/or Polish. Saxon Switzerland is best accessible from Dresden by suburban train (S-Bahn). Probably the most comfortable way to get in, even faster than car due to a direct line along the river Elbe. Eurocity trains from Prague (1:45 hours) and Berlin (21⁄2 hours) call in Bad Schandau every two hours. Otherwise you may take an intercity or high-speed train to Dresden and connect to the half-hourly running suburban train line S1, direction Bad Schandau, that stops in several towns of Saxon Switzerland (incl. Pirna, Rathen, Königstein), taking between 20 and 45 minutes from Dresden main station. Every other S1 (i.e. hourly) continues until Schöna on the Czech border (55 minutes from Dresden). It may be a little tricky to find the roads out of the city Dresden if you're not used to it. Follow the signs to Czech Republic (Dečin) or Bad Schandau. Be aware of traffic jams at hot summer weekends. A good bench mark is the Elbe River. Simply follow it to the east (i.e. upstream). If you have some time, try this. Old beautiful steam ships (there are modern diesel too, so take care when you buy tickets) bring you up the river through the beautiful Elbtal. Relaxing trip. You will have a good look to the engines! Before 1990 they were fired with coal, now oil is used, but it's still a steam engine. There is a good bicycle way along the Elbe River, take the right river (northern) side if you go up. Best option is a car, although there is public transport (question is not if you get there, but when). To get a good overview over all destinations, visit the site of the regional management (available in German, English and Czech). Elbe Radweg (cycle trail): (Dresden –) Pirna – Wehlen – Rathen – Königstein – Bad Schandau – Schöna (– Děčín) Hiking: great network of well-maintained and signposted hiking trails. While some are suitable for casual walkers, others are rather challenging and require some stamina. Cycling and mountainbiking: The Elbe Radweg (Dresden–Bad Schandau: 54 km) is totally suitable even for average bikers without mountain training. While riding downhill may be less strenous, the opposite direction rewards with the mountain view always in front of you. There are a few other, more demanding trails. Enjoy the beauty of nature Watch a performance at the Felsenbühne Rathen. Open-air arena for nearly 2,000 spectators. Classical concerts, musicals, theatre amidst the scenery of sandstone rocks piling up 100 m above your heads. A regional tradition is Boofen, meaning bivouacking without a tent but under a rock shelter. The National Park administration keeps a list and map of possible bivouacking sites. You should absolutely bring a bedroll as it can get cold during the night, even in Summer. Camp fires are prohibited within the National Park, except at nine specified campfire sites. In any case, please take along your waste in order to leave the place as untouched as possible to other visitors. There are a number of inns along the hiking trails and small restaurants in every town. It is a very safe region and there should not be any problems (you still have to lock your car). If you've read in a newspaper about the election results of extreme right wing parties in this area, yes, they are true, but in touristic areas they won't do anything to you. If you are visibly or audibly "foreign", it might be wise to exercise caution at night or when alone as violent incidents with Neo-Nazis are rare but do happen and have happened here as well. Saxon Elbland around Dresden, downstream the Elbe river As this region is right next to the Czech-German border, Bohemian Switzerland is a natural next step
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The Canberra Times reported "that a fire lookout has been established on the top of Mount Stromlo, and is in telephonic communication with Head Quarters at Acton". Over subsequent years, fire towers were established at Uriarra, Kowen, Parkwood and Mt. Aggie; Mt Aggie being erected in February 1941. The Canberra Times of Saturday 13 December 1941 reported that the Bush Fire Council had established three new look-outs at Mt. Brindabella, Black Spring Mountain, and Pierce's Creek. The look-out at Brindabella Mountain was built into the top of an ancient Snow Gum. The Canberra Times, Monday 2 November 1942 reported a new lookout was set up on Mr C R Kilby's property which was in the Hall district, and was provided with a telephone. The ACT Bush Fire Annual Report of 1942-43 noted that a fire tower was erected on Bag Range. When interviewed by Matthew Higgins, a noted historian of the Canberra region, Ted Kennedy – the primary builder of the hut cited the fear of Japanese aircraft dropping incendiaries to start bushfires, as the reason for building the tower. The tower with its adjacent shelter hut was staffed during the 1940's by Vince Oldfield and Billy Jemmett, alternately, each on 16-day shifts. Extension of Fire Tower System and Bag Range (N.S.W.) Tower. The fire tower system has been extended by the erection of two additional towers. The first of these is situated on Bag Range at an elevation of approximately 4,100 feet. The site of the tower is approximately 18 miles from Stromlo by air line, but so in accessible that it takes five hours to reach it on horseback from the nearest point on the Two Sticks road. To overcome this difficulty of access a lookout man will be required to remain on duty over periods when fire danger is present, and a hut for his accommodation has been provided. A portable radio transceiver set will be made available and a wind generating set has been installed to provide the necessary electric current for the set. Members of the Cavan and Mullion Volunteer Fire Brigade made an invaluable labour contribution by felling trees which needed clearing. In 1948 a fire lookout was established at Bulls Head. The annual report of the A.C.T. Bush Fire Council, 1954-55 reported the replacement of the existing fire lookout at Kowen Forest with a new tower. Between 1955 and 1965 a fire tower was established on Mt. McDonald. In late 1972 the Department of the Interior installed a fibreglass fire tower lookout cabin on Mount Tennant, near Tharwa. The cabin was erected on a 20 ft stand on top of the 4,544 ft mountain with the intention of providing an extensive view of the Canberra plain, from Tharwa to Black Mountain. On 5 October 1994, the new One Tree Hill fire-detection tower was opened by the Minister for Urban Services, David Lamont. The tower - at the northern end of the hilly range behind the village of Hall – was the latest addition to the fire-tower detection network operating around the ACT region. "BUSH FIRES MEASURES FOR CONTROL". 18 November 1926. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/1208694. "BUSH FIRE MENACE". 13 December 1941. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2562032. Matthew Higgins, Rugged Beyond Imagination: Stories from an Australian Mountain Region, published June 2009 "BUSH FIRES". 2 November 1942. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2607932. A.C.T. Bush fire Council Report 1942-43
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Epistemology is the study and inquiry into the nature of knowledge and what we can know. The Ancient Greeks had notions about reality and knowledge. Plato's Allegory of the Cave was an early analogy to reality and the acquisition of radical knowledge. Throughout the years, philosophers have discussed the individual's relationship to reality and knowledge, and 'what we can know.' René Descartes' Meditations were an early foray into the field of epistemology and scepticism — questioning what a person can know. Descartes begins his work by relating reality to a dream, and wondering whether anything around him is truly real. That is, he notes that, in a dream, the fire in his fireplace feels as warm as it does now. How does he know that he is simply not dreaming now, and all the time, and that reality is not an illusion? Descartes posits that there could be an "evil daemon" who is dedicated to fooling him, pulling the wool over his eyes and creating this false world for him to see. Descartes, fairly early in the Mediations, concludes that firstly: Cogito ergo sum. I think, therefore I am. He realizes that, even if he is being fooled about everything that is going on around him, he must still exist to be able to be fooled. Descartes' early scepticism has been reworked in a modern question: "How do I know that I am not just a brain in some mad scientist's lair?" Indeed, many sceptics would defend this thesis. But again, if you were in that unfortunate position, you would still have to be at least a brain. Descartes continued throughout his Meditations to build the foundations for mathematics and much of reality, to the point near the end where reality was, to him, everything he had perceived at first. Until the late twentieth century, the epistemological community had settled comfortably into the belief that knowledge was "justified true belief." That is, if a person holds a true belief, and that is justified, he knows that fact. For example: I believe that the car in my driveway is red, because I can see it through the window right now. [I am justified to believe that fact.] Therefore, I know that the car in my driveway is red. Even if I held the belief that there are 85,486,075,000,000,000,000 gallons of water in the Atlantic Ocean, it would be difficult for me to know it. It may very well be true, but I would also have to be justified in my belief: I would have had to have some proof or some firsthand experience with the exact number of gallons of water in the Atlantic ocean in order for my belief to be justified. This theory of knowledge known as justified true belief (JTB), was thrown into question when Professor Edmund Gettier published a three page paper on the occasion of his review for tenure. Can you tell the difference between a dream and reality? Think of relevant disanalogies between the two. For example: In a dream, there seems to be a lack of logical progression of events In a dream, the traditional laws of physics are sometimes broken In a dream, I can fly if I try very hard, or I can instigate other events with thought Take turns with a partner playing Devil's advocate and defending Descartes' original sceptical position. An Epistemological Nightmare, Raymond Smullyan, 1982.
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Thestrals are skeletal creatures about the size of a horse, with a reptilian hide, white eyes, and leathery black wings. They are considered a breed of winged horse. Thestrals are invisible except to those who have seen death; Harry can see them, but because his friends can't, he is initially afraid that they are a sign that he is going mad. It is Thestrals that pull the (apparently horseless) Hogwarts carriages to and from the train station at the beginning and end of the school year. They are carnivorous, and are attracted to the scent of blood. They are strong flyers and can carry you anywhere you want to go, and they have a good sense of direction. Because of the relationship with death, it is widely believed that seeing a Thestral is a bad omen. It is not until Hagrid teaches a class on Thestrals that Harry is reassured that these are real creatures and he is not losing his mind. Only four students in Harry's Care of Magical Creatures class can see the thestrals: Harry himself, Neville Longbottom, a "tall, stringy Slytherin" who the author has identified as Theodore Nott and Luna Lovegood. Luna Lovegood (who saw her mother die) can see them as well; but she is in Ravenclaw, and a different year, so she attends a different class. Hagrid is proud of having the largest domesticated herd of Thestrals in the UK. The ability of Thestrals to fly, and their navigation ability, will prove invaluable to Harry when he, Ron, Hermione, Neville, Ginny, and Luna need to get to the Ministry of Magic. We will see them again briefly in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. One of the things we are beginning to perceive, by the time that Thestrals are introduced, is that Wizards in general are every bit as afraid of death as Muggles are. This is somewhat perplexing, as Wizardkind can create and perceive Ghosts, where Muggles cannot, and one would think that ghosts prove the existence of life after death. (For purposes of these discussions, we will ignore the matter of Shades and Horcruxes, as those are extremely rare in the Magical world, so the average Wizard will not have seen them.) In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, we are told that there is an entire book written about Death Omens, and from Ron we learn how seriously the Wizarding world takes them. The association with death that is caused by the Thestrals' selective visibility makes them undeservedly one such omen. The author has commented that her mothers' death, midway through writing the series, may have caused something of an additional preoccupation with that transition in the books. However, the main story line, involving Horcruxes as a means of cheating death, and the Deathly Hallows, perforce will involve itself with death. Neville's parents have not died, they are alive still, if insane. Who did Neville see die? Hagrid must also be able to see them, but he didn't see his father die: Hagrid told Harry that his father had died during Hagrid's first year. Who would he have seen die? Generally, what do those who devote their lives to Magical Beast research when they cannot see Thestrals (yet)? How come the Thestrals drawing the carriages at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire were still invisible to Harry? Does it take some time for the fact that you've seen a death to set in before you can see them? For that matter, why does he not see them from the very first story, as presumably he had seen his mother die? Are Thestrals dark creatures? The question has come up that Harry should have been able to see the Thestrals when he rode the horseless carriages down to the train at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire; after all, he had just seen Cedric Diggory killed. There are actually two answers to why he could not, one in the context of the books, one in the context of the author's plans. In the context of the books, then, while Harry has seen Cedric Diggory die, at that point he is still in shock and has not yet completely internalized it; Cedric's death is not entirely real to him, and it is only after he has been brooding over it all summer that he accepts that Cedric is dead. Only then, when he fully believes that he has seen death, is he able to see the Thestrals. Did he not see death earlier, when Lord Voldemort killed his parents? No, in fact he did not; he was not fully aware of it, being only a baby, and it happened beyond the sides of his cot so he could not see it. While it could be argued that Voldemort would have to see him in order to kill him, and the spell rebound killing Voldemort would have been visible to Harry at the time, Voldemort is not really dead, is he? Did he not see Professor Quirrell die at the end of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone? No, he didn't; he had lost consciousness by the time Quirrell actually died. The author has stated that she also had the idea that having the Thestrals visible to Harry just before the end of the book would have left another puzzle for the readers, a very uncomfortable one in fact: what are these creatures, are they Dark? So she made the conscious decision to leave them invisible to Harry until the next book. The above is a paraphrase of the author's own comments on the matter. It would, of course, also be possible that Harry did see the Thestrals at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, only failed to take notice of them having other thoughts on his mind, and consequently the reader is also not told about them. We strongly doubt this, however, as Harry would have had to remain completely withdrawn from the world throughout the entire process of getting to the train station from Hogwarts, and the "horseless carriages" are specifically mentioned as arriving at Hogwarts as students of the three schools are preparing to depart for the summer. The author has also stated that the magical core of the Elder Wand is a tail hair from a Thestral, "a powerful and tricky substance that can be mastered only by a witch or wizard capable of facing death."
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Katherine Vandam "Kate" Bornstein (born March 15, 1948) is an American author, playwright, performance artist, and gender theorist. If we don't show ourselves the same amount of compassion we show others, we'll eventually come to resent the compassion we have for others. I think there's little enough compassion in the world right now, so we need to grow our own to compensate for that. My New Gender Workbook: A Step-by-step Guide to Achieving World Peace Through Gender Anarchy and Sex Positivity (2013), p. 6 I tell people that I’ve never been hurt by an honest question, and that’s true: it’s a cruel opinion that hurts, not a question. p. 9 There are only people who are fluidly-gendered, and ... the norm is that most of these people continually struggle to maintain the illusion that they are one gender or another. p. 65 Standing with freaks never hurt anyone - it’s when we agree that we deserve the oppression and the ridicule that accompanies the freak’s position in the culture - that’s when the wound is mortal. p. 81 They believe (foolishly I think) that the power they have and exert over others is a good thing and they want to hang on to it, they're terrified of losing this stuff. What I'm talking about is what's been called 'male privilege.' p. 108 'Male privilege' is assuming one has the right to occupy any space or person by whatever means, with or without permission. It's a sense of entitlement that's unique to those who have been raised male in most cultures - it's notably absent in most girls and women. Male privilege is not something that's given to men in this culture; it's something that men take. It's not that women don't have the ability to have and wield this privilege; some do. It's that in most cases, this privilege is withheld from them culturally and emotionally. Male privilege is woven into all levels of the culture, from unearned higher wages to more opportunities in the workplace, from higher quality, less expensive clothing to better bathroom facilities. Male privilege extends into sexual harassment, rape, and war. Combine male privilege with capitalism (which rewards greed and acquisition) and the mass media (which, owned by capitalists, highlights only the reward of acquisition and makes invisible its penalties), and you have a juggernaut that needs stopping by any means. Male privilege is not the exclusive province of men; there are some few women who have a degree of this horrifying personality trait. Male privilege is, in a word, violence. p. 108 Any power-over position forwards a culture that oppresses the transgendered. We should look for positions that allow us to bring out the power we have within us, and to acknowledge the power of others. Wikipedia has an article about: Kate Bornstein Official website
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Saturday, July 1, 2006 Portugal reached the semi-final of the Fifa World Cup for the first time since 1966 after a penalty shootout win over England, Saturday. Ricardo was the hero for Portugal making three saves to defeat a resolute England team that had been down to 10 men since 62 minutes. Portugal were the better team on the day having got twice as many shots than England and 57 per cent of ball possession. Ronaldo was a terror holding down England's left flank. However; England's excellent defending kept the score level for 120 minutes. Portugal captain Luis Figo was one of Portugal's less effective players due to England's quickness into the challenge and was substituted for Helder Postiga on 86 minutes. Owen Hargreaves won the Fifa Man of the Match award for many important tackles breaking up dangerous Portugal plays near the England penalty area. The crowd in the Veltins Arena enjoyed the drama of penalties in part due to the hard work of the Bayern Munich player, particularly when England were down to ten. The turning point of an uneventful first hour, which saw neither keeper troubled, was Wayne Rooney's sending off. The striker was visibly frustrated with his lone role in England's attack and with two Portugal players attempting to tackle alerted the attention of Horacio Elizondo. A red card rose above the melee in front of the referee and Rooney was off to the dressing room. Portugal used the extra-man to apply more pressure on England's goal, with Miguel getting to England's goal line. But Luiz Felipe Scolari's team did not finish well. Paul Robinson made nine saves but none tested him. In extra-time England mounted counter attacks but did not cross well and managed only four shots on target in the game. Portugal won on penalties against England in the Euro 2004 championship and after Frank Lampard's effort was saved by the magnificent Ricardo the result did not look like it would go any other way. Match 59 Attendance: 52'000 Notes are from the goalkeeper's view. Substitutes 52'+ Aaron Lennon (-119') 65' Peter Crouch for Joe Cole 119' Jamie Carragher for Lennon Coach: Sven Goran Eriksson denotes one goal scored. Substitutes 63'+ Simao Sabrosa for Pauleta 74'+ Hugo Viana for Tiago 86'+ Helder Postiga for Luis Figo Coach: Luiz Felipe Scolari denotes one goal scored. Referee: Horacio Elizondo Assistant referee: Dario Garcia Assistant referee: Rodolfo Otero Fourth referee: Coffi Codija Fifth referee: Aboudou Aderodjou France beat Brazil 1-0 to take last semi-final spot "England 0-0 Portugal" — BBC Online, July 1, 2006 "Fifa match report" — Fifa, July 1, 2006 "Rooney's dismissal stuns England" — BBC Online, July 1, 2006 Mike Collett. "World-FIFA officials at loss to explain Rooney red card" — Reuters, July 1, 2006 Simon Hart. "Big Phil's tactics finally bring best out of Eriksson" — Telegraph.co.uk, July 2, 2006 "Rooney 'gobsmacked' by red card" — BBC Online, July 3, 2006 This article is about the 2006 World Cup; for more World Cup news visit the World Cup portal.
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This library handles the hardware and software expansion of your system. void AddConfigDev(struct ConfigDev *configDev) BOOL AddBootNode(LONG bootPri, ULONG flags, struct DeviceNode *deviceNode, struct ConfigDev *configDev) void AllocBoardMem(ULONG slotSpec) APTR AllocExpansionMem(ULONG numSlots, ULONG slotAlign) struct ConfigDev *AllocConfigDev() void ConfigBoard(APTR board, struct ConfigDev *configDev) void ConfigChain(APTR baseAddr) struct ConfigDev *FindConfigDev(struct ConfigDev *oldConfigDev, LONG manufacturer, LONG product) void FreeBoardMem(ULONG startSlot, ULONG slotSpec) void FreeConfigDev(struct ConfigDev *configDev) void FreeExpansionMem(ULONG startSlot, ULONG numSlots) UBYTE ReadExpansionByte(APTR board, ULONG offset) void ReadExpansionRom(APTR board, struct ConfigDev *configDev) void RemConfigDev(struct ConfigDev *configDev) void WriteExpansionByte(APTR board, ULONG offset, ULONG byte) void ObtainConfigBinding() void ReleaseConfigBinding() void SetCurrentBinding(struct CurrentBinding *currentBinding, ULONG bindingSize) ULONG GetCurrentBinding(struct CurrentBinding *currentBinding, ULONG bindingSize) struct DeviceNode *MakeDosNode(APTR parmPacket) BOOL AddDosNode(LONG bootPri, ULONG flags, struct DeviceNode *deviceNode)
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Thursday, February 24, 2005 A paste containing synthetic tooth enamel can seal small cavities without drilling. Kazue Yamagishi and colleagues at the FAP Dental Institute in Tokyo say that the paste can repair small cavities in 15 minutes. Currently, fillers don't stick to such small cavities so dentists must drill bigger holes. Hydroxyapatite crystals, of which natural enamel is made, bond with teeth to repair tiny areas of damage. Yamagishi and colleagues have tested their paste on a lower premolar tooth that showed early signs of decay. They found that the synthetic enamel merged with the natural enamel. The synthetic enamel also appears to make teeth stronger which will improve resistance to future decay. As with drilling, however, there is still the potential for pain: The paste is strongly acidic to encourage crystal growth and causes inflammation if it touches the gums. The paste is reported in the journal Nature. "Synthetic enamel offers painless fillings" — New Scientist, February 23, 2005 "Paste could silence dental drill" — BBC News, February 24, 2005 Kazue Yamagishi, Kazuo Onuma, Takashi Suzuki, Fumio Okada, Junji Tagami, Masayuki Otsuki and Pisol Senawangse. "A synthetic enamel for rapid tooth repair" — Nature, February 24, 2005
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Head right from Clyde's house until you get to your house, then head inside and go to bed. After falling asleep, you will awaken to find the Underpants Gnomes in your room, who will panic and attack you. They will only deal one point of damage and all die after one hit, making this an easy fight. After defeating them, they will shrink you and you will be forced to fight them again. Without the advantage of your size this fight can be challenging, as they have powerful magic attacks that can be devastating. Defeat them and follow them through the mouse hole in your wall. Take extra care to avoid the mouse trap, as it will kill you instantly if triggered. Head to the left and shoot the wire to kill the rat. Head left again and you will trigger a cutscene. Keep heading left and climb up the wires. Break the wood and head to the left, then wait for the timing on the electricity to reach the loot on the other side. Then head right and shoot the pipe to create a ramp. In order to get past the rat, climb up the wires and knock down some insulation, which will then be set on fire by the live wire. Climb back down and fart on the flames to take out the rat. Climb up the wires again and make your way to the right, then break a section of the pipe, which will fall and kill another rat. Head back down and defeat the remaining rat. Head all the way to the right, and exit the wall through the electrical socket. You'll find yourself on top of your parent's dresser. Defeat the gnomes to the right, then climb down the wire after the Underpants Warlock. He will then confront you on your parent's bed. The Underpants Warlock has about 3400 HP. He is heavily armored and can inflict medium-high damage and the Ability Down status affect. Use your highest-damage attacks, or attacks that lower defense and armor to defeat him. He has three main attacks, detailed below: Melee Attack - The Warlock stabs you with his pencil, inflicting medium damage. Shrink Underwear - The Warlock sneaks up from behind you to attack. This inflicts medium-high damage and the Ability Down status if unblocked. Levitate - The Warlock levitates towards you before giving you a frontal telekinetic wedgie. This inflicts medium-high damage and the Ability Down status if unblocked. At a certain point during the fight, your father's testicles will swing into the battlefield. Follow the directions on the screen to dodge them. Failure to dodge them will result in high damage. After defeating the Warlock, he will give you Gnome Powder, which gives you the ability to shrink and return to normal size. He will then be crushed by your mother's breast, and you will be crushed by your father's testicles. You will awaken in your bed the next morning.
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Sunday, November 19, 2006 Nintendo has released its newest video game console in North America. Known as the Wii, the system and games have an MSRP of US$249.99 and US$49.99 respectively. The North American release is to be followed by the December 2nd launch in Japan and the December 8th launch in Europe. Launched officially at midnight, more than a thousand people gathered in New York's Time Square to be among the first to buy one of the Wii. In contrast to the crowds that have challenged crowd control officials over the last two days in connection with the launch of Sony's Playstation 3, the Wii crowds have been much calmer. Many observers attribute this to the fact that Nintendo had more than ten times as many Wii consoles available on launching day than Sony did for their PS3 that had been hounded by part shortages in manufacturing right up to the day of launch. Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aime said that several tough choices had been made in the design of the Wii. The company decided to develop a new way of playing games with revolutionary controllers instead of following the PS3 and the Xbox down the road of stunning graphic and multimedia options. This produced a console with a much talked-about sensor/controller design and the lowest price point of the three major consoles. While not having a DVD player or high-definition TV capabilities, the Wii retails for about $250 while its competitors the Xbox 360 and PS3 retail for about $400 and $600 respectively. While the Wii will launch with several games available, one of its advertised advantages is that the new console is largely compatible with older games made for the GameCube, giving the new console an instant and extensive launching library. A GameCube controller will be needed to play GameCube games with the Wii. Several hardware items that GameCube games may be expecting, such as the modem or broadband adapter or the GameBoy player are not supported on the Wii. Across the country in Los Angeles about 500 people were waiting for the doors to open at Universal City Walk's Game Stop store. Fearing that the Wii introduction might be as contentious as the PS3 debut just a few days ago, the store handed out numbered wristbands to the throng. No problems were reported. 1 Wii Hardware System. 1 Wii Controller. 2 AA Batteries. 1 Nunchuk Controller. 1 AVI Connector. 1 Wii Power supply. 1 Copy of Wii Sports. 1 Wii Stand. 1 Wii Stand Supporter. 1 Wii Sensor Bar. 1 Wii Sensor Bar Clip. Nicole Maestri. "Nintendo debuts game console, eyes Microsoft, Sony" — Reuters, November 19, 2006 CNN. "Wii's midnight launch goes smoothly" — CNN, November 19, 2006 BBC News Online. "Buyers line up for Nintendo Wii" — BBC, November 19, 2006 Nicole Maestri and Lisa Baertlein. "Crowds gather to buy Nintendo's Wii" — Reuters, November 18, 2006
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James C. Wang is a biochemist who had taught at Harvard University and University of California, Berkeley. He is the person who discovered DNA topoisomerase, which was a new enzyme at that time that was able to convert a DNA ring from one form to another. After its discovery, researchers and scientists were able to study how DNA strands and double helixes were passed from one another. Wang was born in the Jiangsu Province of China during a time of war and tension between China and Japan. Although his time in school was constantly being interrupted, he received a decent education from his mother and through self-learning. Majoring (graduating) in chemical engineering at the National Taiwan University, he continued to pursue his love for chemistry working as a lecturer after graduation. He continued his education and received his PhD in Physical Chemistry at the University of Missouri. Soon after, he received a position to work with DNA alongside with Norman Davidson at the California Institute of Technology in 1964. While Wang was working with DNA, he started to question why isolated DNA rings were negatively supercoiled. Back then, scientists answered this questions with two different models - one, because the helical structure of DNA inside and outside a cell were different; or two, because of the unique structure within an intracellular DNA where the two complementary strands were kept apart. In other words, the first model suggested that an increase in the number of negative supercoils correlated with its size, while the second suggested that the number of negative supercoils would be independent to its size. Wang decided to look into these two models under identical conditions and discovered that a 25-fold range would have a 1.5 factor of negative coils per length. In an accidental discovery, Wang left centrifuge tubes containing lysate with infected E. coli cells unattended only to come back with relaxed DNA rings 2.5 hours later. From that small incident, Wang later discovered that supercoiled removal activity and DNA ligase did not correlate with each other. Instead, the "w" protein was the one that removed negative supercoils. The 1970s was a time of breakthrough regarding DNA research. James Champoux and Renato Dulbecco discovered an activity in mouse cell that relaxed both negative and positive supercoiled DNA with the presence of Magnesium in 1972, and in 1976, Martin Gellert discovered an E. coli enzyme that catalyzed ATP-dependent DNA (DNA gyrase). In 1979, Wang named these enzymes "topoisomerase" because of their ability to interconvert topological isomers. From there, he was also able to prove that positively supercoiled DNA can be relaxed if a short single-stranded loop is inserted into the DNA. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.030107.090101
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Tuesday, October 24, 2006 India Related articles 16 November 2021: Glasgow Climate Pact deal struck; nations to reduce coal usage 25 July 2021: Heavy monsoon rains kill over 100 in India, many thousands evacuated 24 July 2021: According to recent study, deaths in India number roughly 4 million during COVID-19 pandemic 18 April 2021: India records 14 millionth case of COVID-19 amid new surge in infections 26 February 2021: Ahmedabad's Sardar Patel Cricket inaugrated after being renamed as 'Narendra Modi Stadium' Location of India Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Pranab Mukherjee was appointed the External Affairs Minister while veteran Congressman A K Antony took his place as Defence Minister in a minor expansion-cum-reshuffle of his 29-month-old government by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Kannada actor-turned-politician M H Ambareesh made his debut in the Union Ministry as Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting. Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav, an RJD leader and a protege of Railway Minister Lalu Prasad, who had to resign last year following allegations of influencing the police in a case of electoral malpractices against his brother, returned to the government, again as Minister of State for Water Resources. Oscar Fernandes took over Ministry of Labour. Manmohan Singh : Prime Minister Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions Ministry of Planning Department of Atomic Energy Department of Space Pranab Mukherjee : External Affairs A K Antony : Defence Arjun Singh : Human Resource Development Sharad Pawar : Agriculture, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Lalu Prasad : Railways Shivraj Patil : Home Ram Vilas Paswan : Chemicals & Fertilizers and Steel S Jaipal Reddy : Urban Development P Chidambaram : Finance Mahavir Prasad : Small Scale Industries, Agro & Rural Industries P R Kyndiah : Tribal Affairs T R Baalu : Shipping; Road Transport & Highways Shankersinh Vaghela : Textiles Kamal Nath : Commerce & Industry H R Bhardwaj : Law & Justice Raghuvansh Prasad Singh: Rural Development Priyaranjan Dashmunsi : Information & Broadcasting and Parliamentary Affairs Mani Shankar Aiyar : Development of North Eastern Region, Panchayati Raj, Youth Affairs and Sports Meira Kumar : Social Justice & Empowerment A Raja : Environment & Forests Dayanidhi Maran : Communication & Information Technology Anbumani Ramdoss : Health & Family Welfare Sis Ram Ola : Mines Murli Deora : Petroleum and Natural Gas Sushil Kumar Shinde : Power A R Antulay : Minority Affairs Vayalar Ravi : Overseas Indian Affairs Ambika Soni : Tourism and Culture Saifuddin Soz : Water Resources Shibu Soren : Coal Santosh Mohan Dev : Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises P C Gupta : Company Affairs Kapil Sibal : Science & Technology and Ocean Development Ministers of State (Independent Charge) Renuka Choudhury : Women and Child Development Subodh Kant Sahay : Food Processing Industries Vilas Muttemwar : Non-Conventional Energy Sources Kumari Selja : Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation. Praful Patel : Civil Aviation G K Vasan : Statistics and Programme Implementation Oscar Fernandes : Labour & Employment Ministers of State E Ahamed : External Affairs Suresh Pachauri : Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions and Parliamentary Affairs B K Handique : Chemical and Fertilisers; Parliamentary Affairs Panabaka Lakshmi : Health & Family Welfare Dasari Narayan Rao : Coal & Mines Shaqeel Ahmed : Communications & Information Technology Rao Inderjit Singh : Defence Naranbhai Rathwa : Railways K H Muniappa : Road Transport & Highways M V Rajashekharan : Planning Kantilal Bhuria : Agriculture, Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Manik Rao Gavit : Home Affairs Sri Prakash Jaiswal: Home Affairs Prithviraj Chavan : Prime Minister's Office Taslimuddin : Agriculture, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Suryakanta Patil : Rural Development & Parliamentary Affairs Md. Ali Ashraf Fatmi : Human Resource Development R Velu : Railways S S Palanimanikkam : Finance S Regupathy : Home Affairs K Venkatapathy : Law & Justice Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan : Social Justice & Empowerment E V K Elangovan : Textiles Kanti Singh : Heavy Industries Namo Narayan Meena : Environment & Forests Akhilesh Singh : Agriculture, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Pawan Kumar Bansal : Finance Anand Sharma : External Affairs Ajay Maken : Urban Development M M Pallam Raju : Defence Akhilesh Das : Steel Chandrasekhar Sahu : Rural Development Ashwani Kumar : Industries D Purandareshwari : Human Resource Development Dinshaw Patel : Petroleum & Natural Gas T Subbirami Reddy : Mines Jairam Ramesh : Commerce Jai Prakash Narayan Yadav: Water Resources M H Ambareesh : Information and Broadcasting. "Mukherjee is new Foreign Minister, Antony gets Defence" — DD-News, October 24, 2006 V. Sudhershan, Shanker Chakravarty. "Pranab is External Affairs Minister" — The Hindu, October 24, 2006 Vinod Sharma and Aloke Tikku. "Pranab Mukherjee is EAM, Antony defence minister" — Hindustan Times, October 24, 2006
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Fixed gear bikes have been around for decades. It has become an easy way of transport for riders in the city for their daily commute. Fixed gear bikes are stripped to the bare mechanism of steering, pedaling, and rolling while still maintaining a sense of simplicity and elegance as riders weave in and out of traffic on them. As they become increasingly popular, more and more people are discovering the joy they receive from riding fixed gear. Some of the first bikes ever created were fixed geared. This was before the invention of the derailleur which allowed for people to switch gears when riding. Single-speed were the only bikes available back then so they naturally became very popular in the sporting world. Bike racing became super popular and attracted huge crowds and turned bike racers in to stars. In fact, bike racers back in those days could earn almost $150,000 per year. One of the best known events in the sport of track racing was the hour record where world riders would pit themselves against the clock in an attempt to ride as far as they possibly could in an hour. Some of the greats of the sport have held the hour record, including Francesco Moser, Eddy Merckx and Miguel Indurain. Fixed geared bikes work by the having the cog directly attached to the rear hub which means that coasting isn't an option. When you pedal forward you go forward, when you pedal backwards you go backwards. This can as be used a style of braking, simply by resisting the pedals, riders are able to slow down. Riders say this makes them feel more connected with the bike. > Despite being stripped down to the bare minimum parts, fixies still remain incredibly popular to this day. "History of Fixed Geared Bikes(Fixies)", accessed September 19, 2017,http://www.bigshotbikes.com/history-fixies.html
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Computers in all walks of life Sample Text for Computers in Every Day Life The Social Origins of Ubiquitous Computing In 1991, Scientific American published Mark Weiser's article 'The Computer for the 21st Century' and planted the seed for a new paradigm in computing that is arguably set to dominate the coming decades. In the late 1980s, researchers at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) moved away from personal computing - which they understood as forcing computers to the centre of our attention - and towards what they called ubiquitous computing, or Ubicomp, which 'takes into account the natural human environment and allows the computers themselves to vanish into the background' (Weiser, 1991: 1). In other words, they were interested in 'invisible' computers that would allow us to focus on life beyond computational devices. According to Weiser, not only would ubiquitous computing liberate us from the constraints of desktop computing, it would free us from equally isolating immersive and simulated virtual reality environments. From the perspective of design, ubiquitous computing was also novel because Weiser's inspiration came from the social and cultural realms more than from the technological (Weiser, 1993a). Anne Galloway | Resonances & Everyday Life: Ubiquitous Computing & the City (Draft) – www.purselipsquarejaw.org/...
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Monday, April 21, 2008 Related news Bristol on Wikinews Zebra stripes may 'dazzle' pathogen-packing horse flies, say scientists Four die in dump truck crash in Bath, England UK Wikinews Shorts: December 3, 2012 African Olympians and Paralympians prepare for their London odyssey Rioting develops throughout England Collaborate! Newsroom Style Guide - how to write Content Guide - what to write Families who were evacuated in Bristol, United Kingdom have been allowed to return home. This move by the police comes two days later than that reported by the BBC. Avon and Somerset police recently released a statement on this issue, part of which is available below: This move comes after Avon and Somerset police arrested a man in the Westbury on Trym area of the city on suspicion of terrorism. "Blast families returning to homes" — BBC News Online, April 21, 2008 Press Release: "Evacuees return home" — Avon and Somerset police, April 21, 2008 "Blast families kept out of homes" — BBC News Online, April 20, 2008 "Bristol police plan second blast" — BBC News Online, April 19, 2008 "Second controlled explosion to be carried out" — Avon and Somerset police, April 18, 2008 "Police to hold terror suspect" — BBC News Online, April 18, 2008 "BREAKING NEWS: MAN, 19, HELD IN ANTI-TERROR RAID" — Bristol Evening Post, April 18, 2008 "LATEST: BRISTOL TERROR SUSPECT NAMED" — Bristol Evening Post, April 18, 2008 "Man arrested under Terrorism Act" — Avon and Somerset police, April 18, 2008
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Saturday, November 15, 2008 Wake turbulence from a larger aircraft is believed to be the cause of a crash of a Mexican government Learjet 45 into rush-hour traffic in Mexico City earlier this month. All nine on board, including Interior Minister Juan Camilo Mourino, and five on the ground were killed. As well as Mourino, anti-drug advisor Jose Luis Santiago Vasconcelos died in the wreck, leading to speculation of murder. There have been rumours the jet may have been sabotaged or bombed, but both of these have been ruled out, as have mechanical failure. To try to prevent conspiracy theories, there has been unusual openness to the press over the accident. The investigation is being led by Mexico, who have been joined by teams from Britain and the United States. Instead, the readout from the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) coupled with the knowledge that the aircraft had come in too close behind another suggest the likely cause to be an encounter with wake turbulence - dangerously unstable air left behind by an aircraft as it passes through an area. The Learjet came within 4.15 nautical miles of a Boeing 767-300 on the same approach towards Mexico City International Airport, whereas for safety there should have been around 5 nautical miles of separation between the two. It has also been revealed that air traffic control instructed the accident aircraft's flight crew to slow down to keep back from the airliner, but that this had not happened. The pilots may have lacked adequate training, as they are reported to have experienced difficulties and unfamiliarity with the plane's controls. The CVR transcript reveals that the pilots were aware they had hit severe turbulence immediately prior to the crash. "Wow, check out this turbulence!" pilot Martin Oliva exclaimed to co-pilot Alvaro Sanchez. Apparently panic-stricken, he then asks "Alvaro, what should we do, Alvaro?" and is told "Give it [control of the aircraft] to me, give it to me, give it to me!" Sanchez then says simply "God." It was to be his last word. The plane became uncontrollable and crashed down at a forty-two degree angle, killing all on board. The investigation continues. "Bomb ruled out in Mexico plane crash that killed twelve" — Wikinews, November 9, 2008 Wikipedia has more about this subject: 2008 Mexico City plane crash Catherine Bremer. "Turbulence likely caused Mexico minister air crash" — Reuters, November 14, 2008 "Turbulence 'caused Mexico crash'" — BBC News Online, November 14, 2008 Julie Watson. "Air turbulence likely caused Mexican jet crash" — Associated Press, November 14, 2008
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Saturday, August 24, 2013 LGBT Related articles DaBaby Levitating remix losing US radio audiences after the rapper's comments on HIV/AIDS Taiwan's legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage Toronto serial killer Bruce McArthur pleads guilty to eight murders 22nd annual ILGA-Europe conference meets in Brussels: in pictures In pictures: thousands attend 16th annual Taiwan Pride Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article A transgender woman attacked in Harlem, New York last week died on Thursday after being declared brain dead and taken off life support. Police are treating the death of Islan Nettles, 21, as a hate crime. Nettles was walking with transgender friends early on August 17 when they met a group of men opposite a local police building. Police say a fight ensued after the men discovered the group was transgender and local man Paris Wilson, 20, was arrested at the scene. Wilson was charged by prosecutors in Manhattan with assault and harassment. Prosecutors say more serious charges could be brought after police received allegations homophobic language was used, with a hate crimes team now investigating. The death has been ruled a homicide and a spokeswoman for the New York City medical examiner's office said Nettles was killed by "blunt impact head injuries". The criminal complaint Wilson presently faces says a police officer found Nettles "unconscious on the ground with a swollen shut eye and blood on her face". Wilson is accused of punching Nettles to the ground and then repeatedly hitting her while she lay there. Nettles was interested in a fashion career, working as an intern for local fashion firm Ay'Medici. "Fashion became a definite decision for my life after my first show with my hand designed garments in highschool", she wrote on LinkedIn, where she described herself as "anti-violence". She has previously instructed fashion at Harlem Children's Zone, undertaking studies at New York College of Technology and the Bread and Roses Integrated Arts High School. Her mother, Dolores Nettles, told press Nettles and her friends were subject to transphobic insults. "They were called faggots, they were called he-shes, she-males, things of that nature," she said. Daniel L. Squadron of the New York State Senate said yesterday in a statement "Islan was 21 years old — 21 years old. And her life and future were stolen from her. Let's be clear: intolerance, discrimination and hate have no place in New York or anywhere." He called for the passage of a related bill he supports, the Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act. Wilson is presently free on bail, with a court hearing scheduled for October 4. Laura Ly. "Police: Death of transgender woman a possible hate crime" — CNN, August 24, 2013 Alan Feuer. "Transgender Woman Dies in a Possible Hate Crime" — The New York Times, August 23, 2013 Islan Nettles. "Islan nettles" — LinkedIn, August 24, 2013 (date of access)
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Code Pink is an internationally active NGO that describes itself as a "women-led grassroots organization working to end U.S. wars and militarism, support peace and human rights initiatives, and redirect our tax dollars into healthcare, education, green jobs and other life-affirming programs." Codepink applauds President Trump’s decision to withdraw U.S. troops from Syria. The president made a statement on Twitter that the U.S had defeated ISIS in Syria, saying this was his only reason for being there. The statement contradicts that National Security Adviser John Bolton’s comments earlier in September that “the United States wouldn’t be leaving Syria so long as Iranian forces continued to operate there.” We are glad that the president has not followed Bolton’s advice. Bolton was a cheerleader for the US invasion of Iraq, an invasion that devastated the country and led to the creation of ISIS. In turn, the US fight against ISIS in Syria and Iraq was marked by ruthless, indiscriminate bombings that led to thousands of civilian casualties... We also call on all foreign powers that have been involved in Syria’s destruction, including the United States, to take responsibility for rebuilding this nation and providing assistance to the Syrian people, including the refugees, who have suffered so tragically for over seven years. Excerpt of CodePink's statement on President Trump’s decision to withdraw U.S.troops from Syria Full text online (19 December 2018) ...Trump should continue to stand up to the neocons & the military-industrial complex that profit from endless war by bringing these troops home as well.... We call on all sides to stop military actions and instead focus on the peace process.... #Syria Twitter Post (22 Dec 2018) FoxNews hates the #SyriaWithdrawal. So does #MSNBC and #CNN. So both parties, cable networks and weapons makers all agree. No wonder our wars never end. Twitter Post (26 Dec 2018) A CODEPINK delegation of 30 Americans will be traveling to Iran from February 25–March 6 to express their deep concern to the Iranian people about the effect of the Trump administration’s crippling sanctions, abrogation of the Nuclear Agreement and building a case for war. The delegation is composed of lawyers, journalists, physicians, activists, artists, and other professionals who hope to help move our two nations from a place of hostility and military threats to a place of mutual respect and peace. Delegates will be meeting Iranian academics, students, artists, religious leaders and parliamentarians. “Americans should challenge policies of our country that are wrong and harm others,” said retired US Army Colonel and former US diplomat Ann Wright. “The Trump administration’s abrogation of the nuclear agreement and the increased sanctions on Iran are harmful and dangerous, which is why our people-to-people delegation is so important.” “We are anxious to see firsthand how the sweeping US sanctions are affecting ordinary Iranians so we can come back and convey their stories,” said CODEPINK cofounder Medea Benjamin. “We also want to show the people of Iran that there are Americans who oppose our government’s bellicose policies and want to live in peace with our Iranian neighbors.” 30 American Peace Delegates Traveling to Iran to Express Concern About Looming War (20 Feb 2019) A very angry Senator John McCain denounced CODEPINK activists as “low-life scum” for holding up signs reading “Arrest Kissinger for War Crimes” and dangling handcuffs next to Henry Kissinger’s head during a Senate hearing on January 29. McCain called the demonstration “disgraceful, outrageous and despicable,” accused the protesters of “physically intimidating” Kissinger and apologized profusely to his friend for this “deeply troubling incident.” But if Senator McCain was really concerned about physical intimidation, perhaps he should have conjured up the memory of the gentle Chilean singer/songwriter Victor Jara. After Kissinger facilitated the September 11, 1973 coup against Salvador Allende that brought the ruthless Augusto Pinochet to power, Victor Jara and 5,000 others were rounded up in Chile’s National Stadium. Jara’s hands were smashed and his nails torn off; the sadistic guards then ordered him to play his guitar. Jara was later found dumped on the street, his dead body riddled with gunshot wounds and signs of torture... Rather than calling peaceful protesters “despicable”, perhaps Senator McCain should have used that term to describe Kissinger’s role in the brutal 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor, which took place just hours after Kissinger and President Ford visited Indonesia. They had given the Indonesian strongman the US green light—and the weapons—for an invasion that led to a 25-year occupation in which over 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed or starved to death. McCain could have also perused the warrant issued by French Judge Roger Le Loire to have Kissinger appear before his court. When the French served Kissinger with summons in 2001 at the Ritz Hotel in Paris, Kissinger fled the country. More indictments followed from Spain, Argentina, Uruguay — even a civil suit in Washington DC. Henry Kissinger or CODEPINK: Who’s the "Low Life Scum"?, by Medea Benjamin, CommonDreams, (January 30, 2015) Medea Benjamin Veterans for Peace Wikipedia has an article about: Code Pink Code Pink official site
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Sunday, August 2, 2015 Italy Related articles 25 May 2021: 'Rock and roll never dies': Italy wins Eurovision after 30 years 23 February 2021: Italian ambassador to DR Congo, Luca Attanasio, killed in militia attack 11 January 2020: Cairo summit denounces Turkish-Libyan maritime border agreement 10 January 2020: Greek prime minister reaffirms EastMed pipeline project is open for other countries to join 15 July 2018: English football: Chelsea announces Maurizio Sarri as their head coach Location of Italy Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article In the past few days in Italy, several municipalities have started asking religious schools to pay taxes for property and local services, despite the resistance of the Catholic Church. The request of the municipalities results from the sentence of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation on July 8, recognising as legitimate the request of the Municipality of Livorno asking religious schools to pay property taxes. Requests have come from the Municipality of Bogliasco, next to Genova, and from the deputies of Movimento 5 Stelle (M5S) of the regional counsel of Lombardy. The first case is of the mayor Luca Pastorino that in last years received several refusals of his requests for payment because of the religious nursery school and retirement home. In the second case, the M5S party asks to the regional government to assure the local administrations of the region regularly apply the sentence of the Supreme Court. The case on which the Court has ruled was of the religious schools Santo Spirito and Immacolata in Livorno, Tuscany, to pay over 422,000 euros in arrears for the period from 2004 to 2009. The request was advanced by the Municipality of Livorno in 2010. The city reasoned, "because the users of the private schools pay a frequency fee, this kind of activity is considered as a commercial one" ((it))Italian language: poiché gli utenti della scuola paritaria pagano un corrispettivo per la frequenza, tale attività è di carattere commerciale. In 2014 the Italian municipal tax discipline has changed from the ICI system to the IMU system by the Monti government. A mean cost per student criterion is used to tax only the schools that receive a fee higher than the mean cost per student fixed by the State. The new law is not retroactive, so the taxes requested in arrears from 2006 to 2009 are under the ICI system. Minister of Education Stefania Giannini said a "more general reflection" ((it))Italian language: riflessione più generale is needed. Claudio De Vincenti, undersecretary to the prime minister, said "a discussion table will be opened with the non-profit associations, religious association included" ((it))Italian language: apriremo quindi un tavolo di confronto con le organizzazioni non profit, comprese quelle religiose. Undersecretary for Education Mr. Toccafondi says "many schools will increase their fees or they will quit. Then the State will have to find new resources to build new structures and manage them" ((it))Italian language: Molti istituti aumenteranno le rette o chiuderanno. Così lo Stato dovrà trovare nuove risorse per costruire nuove strutture e gestirle. Also the president of the Lombardy region, Roberto Maroni, has reacted by proposing some regional counter-measures to finance private schools. The secretary general of CEI (Italian Episcopal Conference), Nunzio Galantino, has called the sentence "dangerous" ((it))Italian language: pericolosa and "ideological" ((it))Italian language: "ideologica: "We face a dangerous sentence. Who takes the decisions, do it with less ideology. Because I have the clear sensation that with this way of thinking, they wait the praise of some ideologized supporters. Indeed, they don't understand what kind of good service private schools held" ((it))Italian language: Siamo davanti a una sentenza pericolosa. Chi prende decisioni, lo faccia con meno ideologia. Perché ho la netta sensazione che con questo modo di pensare, si aspetti l'applauso di qualche parte ideologizzata. Il fatto è che non ci si sta rendendo conto del servizio che svolgono le scuole pubbliche paritarie. Italian secularist associations are concerned the Government will modify the law in order to maintain an exception for religious schools. The secularist magazine MicroMega describe the court's judgement as historic. The Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics (UAAR) has launched a petition which now has more than 11,000 signatures, asking the government to respect and execute the sentence of the Supreme Court. It is also encouraging citizens to ask for application of the law in their local municipalities. "Ici/Imu/Tasi per le scuole private paritarie!" — UAAR, August 2, 2015 (date of access) (Italian) Renzo Parodi. "Imu, Bogliasco: guerra sindaco-prete. “Asilo e casa riposo paghino”. “No, esentati”" — Il Fatto Quotidiano, July 30, 2015 (Italian) "Ici alle scuole paritarie, colpite le materne" — La Provincia di Sondrio, July 30, 2015 (Italian) Infodata. "Scuole e Imu, nessun cambiamento per le 13.625 scuole paritarie italiane" — Il Sole 24 Ore, July 30, 2015 (Italian) Enrico Lenzi. "Scuole paritarie e tasse, le norme dimenticate" — Avvenire, July 29, 2015 (Italian) "Le scuole private lombarde devono pagare l'Ici: ordine del giorno del M5s Lombardia per la sessione di bilancio" — Milano Today, July 28, 2015 (Italian) Tobia Invernizzi. "ICI e Chiesa, lo scandalo della “legge uguale per tutti”" — MicroMega, July 28, 2015 (Italian) "Ici, i vescovi protestano. Il governo: "Le paritarie non pagheranno"" — la Repubblica, July 26, 2015 (Italian) "Scuola, la Cei insorge: "Sentenza su Ici a paritarie pericolosa". Giannini non si sbilancia: "C'è una riflessione da fare"" — la Repubblica, July 25, 2015 (Italian) "Scuole cattoliche e tasse sugli immobili, Maroni studia misure ad hoc per sostenere gli istituti" — la Repubblica, July 25, 2015 (Italian) FQTemplate:Source/ucauthor. "Ici-Imu alla Chiesa, la Cassazione: “Ha ragione il Comune di Livorno, le scuole religiose devono pagarla”" — Il Fatto Quotidiano, July 24, 2015 (Italian) "Livorno, sentenza Cassazione: "Le scuole religiose devono pagare la tassa sugli immobili"" — la Repubblica, July 24, 2015 (Italian)
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Prato [dead link] is a city of 186,710 inhabitants in Tuscany, immediately to the west of Florence, and also the capital of the Province of Prato since 1992. The city is famous in Italy and beyond for textile production and for the famous biscotto di Prato (biscuit with almonds better known as "cantuccio"). In the last few decades, Prato has enjoyed a significant population boom and increased immigration. It is now the second largest city in Tuscany, third largest in central Italy (after Rome and Florence) and the eighteenth largest in Italy. Prato is the low-profile cousin of Florence and Pisa in the Central Italy region of Tuscany. Not as mobbed with tourists and without the typical tourist ripoffs it nonetheless has a history and artistic heritage dating back to the Etruscan civilisation and everything since, plus great food. It's a great place to stay and save a few euros while doing day trips to Pisa or Florence. As regards the area, Prato is a city that is part of the north-east and covers about 100 km2. Located at the foot of the mountain of Retaia, it is bisected by the Bisenzio River, a tributary of the Arno. 43.8801611.097461 [dead link] Tourist Information Office, Piazza Buonamici, 7, ☏ +39 574 24112. Open daily. (updated Dec 2015) The nearest airports are Galileo Galilei di Pisa close to Pisa and Amerigo Vespucci di Firenze close to Florence. The train station at Pisa airport is directly connected with the Santa Maria Novella station in Florence and Pisa Central Station (line Pisa - Lucca - Pistoia - Florence). The airport is very close to the Pisa Nord motorway. From the Pisa Nord motorway take the A11 motorway and continue towards Florence. West Lawn toll is about 65 km from Pisa, while the exit Prato Est is about 73 km away. The Amerigo Vespucci Airport is located in Peretola and is as close to the province of Prato. The airport is not directly connected to the railway line. You can reach the station of Firenze Santa Maria Novella and Florence Rifredi using the bus. Arriving by car from Florence in Prato is very simple: the airport is the A11 motorway exit "Firenze Nord", which is only 5 km from the exit Prato Est and 13 km from the exit West Prato. There is a bus service between the airport and Prato (Prato Central Station) operated by Cap Autolinee Prato. Driving in Italy is not for the faint-of-heart and Prato is no exception especially in the old center of the city where the city walls, narrow streets, and ubiquitous pedestrian zones make navigating and parking particularly difficult. There are three train stations in Prato. The main station 43.878811.10951 [dead link] Central Station of Prato is a large railway station and located on the Florence-Bologna and Florence-Prato-Pistoia-Lucca-Viareggio lines. The station 43.8844711.098572 [formerly dead link] Prato Porta al Serraglio is a railway station railway Maria Antonia. Least, is the second station in the city of Prato. Among the three stations of the city is the closest to the old town, being only five minutes walk from Piazza del Duomo. The station of 43.891411.07553 [formerly dead link] Prato Borgonuovo is a small station on the outskirts of the city of Prato. It is located on the Florence-Prato-Pistoia-Lucca-Viareggio, has two tracks and two small loops shelters. On the first track passing convoys for Pistoia, Lucca and Viareggio. While the second track the convoys to Prato Central and Firenze Santa Maria Novella. Only regional trains stop. Cap Autolinee Prato operate five lines: LAM blu (blue): Repubblica - Centro Città - Maliseti LAM arancio (orange): Stazione Centrale - Piazza Carceri - Piazza San Domenico - Galciana LAM rossa (red): Galceti - S. Lucia - Centro Città - Paperino - S. Giorgio - S. Giusto LAM-MT viola (purple): Prato - Montemurlo - Montale - Oste - Agliana LAM-MT azzurra (light blue): Prato - autostrada A11 - Firenze. This line goes to Firenze via the airport. LAM-MT azzurra (light blue): Prato - Poggio a Caiano - Comeana - Seano - Carmignano See route map for details and timetables. All of the above lines have a stop near the main train station Stazione Centrale and pass through the city centre/historic centre (centro città or centro storico). The old centre can easily be discovered by foot. Taxis can be typically found at Piazza Duomo, Piazza Stazione and Via Cavour. You can also call a taxi with this number: +39 574 5656. 43.8818911.097871 Duomo of Prato (Cathedral of Santo Stefano) (leaving the Piazza of Comune and leaving along the Corso Mazzoni you reach the large Piazza del Duomo). At the large Piazza del Duomo is the Cathedral of Santo Stefano. A splendid example of Romanesque - Gothic Tuscan, the Cathedral is characterized by clever use of two colors on alberese clear and serpentine green marble from Prato, typical materials of the town until 1400. On the right side of the front is the famous pulpit, built between 1433 and 1438 by Michelozzo and decorated by Donatello. The pulpit was designed specifically for the Exposition of the Holy Girdle of the Virgin Mary, preserved in the chapel inside the Basilica. There are splendid, precious frescoes of the "Dance of Salome" by Filippo Lippi in the Cappella Maggiore. Bishop's Palace. Adjacent to the cathedral is the Bishop's Palace (14th-17th century), part of which is occupied by the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo. In the territory of Prato, probably since the eighth century, there was a reorganization of the Church with the division into districts that were owned by new churches, the churches (from plebs, the people, namely the community of the baptized), with the baptismal font. The churches listed below are those that were already in medieval churches and are included in the diocese of Prato: San Giusto in Piazzanese San Lorenzo a Usella San Michele a Montecuccoli San Pietro a Figline San Pietro a Iolo San Vito e San Modesto a Sofignano Santa Maria a Colonica Santa Maria a Filettole Sant'Ippolito e San Cassiano Sant'Ippolito in Piazzanese Prato was long known as "City of the Virgin" for the strong Marian devotion that began with the veneration of the Sacred Belt, then grew with the construction of shrines dedicated to Our Lady (three parishes are today). These are is a newer one dedicated to St. Anthony Mary Pucci. Fourteenth-century walls. Within these gathered almost all the major historic buildings. The hexagonal circuit of the walls enclosing the original core city of Prato, dotted with ancient tower houses. 43.8789411.098562 [dead link] Castello dell'Imperatore (Emperor's Castle). Fortress, also known as Santa Barbara or Swabian castle, can be considered the most important architectural evidence of the 9th-13th centuries. Piazza del Comune. Created at the end of the 13th century, the intersection of two main roads of the city. In the central area of the square is the Fountain of Bacchino, which was cast in bronze between 1659 and 1665 by Ferdinando Tacca, during the recognition status of city of Prato. In front of City Hall (located in the square) is also found in white Carrara marble statue dedicated to the merchant of Prato, Francesco Datini Antonio Garella (1896). 43.8808511.096773 Palazzo Comunale (Town Hall), Piazza del Comune, 2 (overlooking Praetorian Palace), ☏ +39 574 1836220. It was created as the seat of the priors, linking different buildings. It houses the Town Hall. In the hall of the Municipal Council are held two frescoes of the 14th century, representing an Allegory of Justice and Majesty. Inside the building are kept several portraits of the Podestà of Prato and the Granduchi of Tuscany. 43.8805711.096544 Palazzo Pretorio and Museum (Praetorian Palace), Piazza del Comune, ☏ +39 574 1934996, +39 574 1837860 (on weekends). M W-Su 10:30-18:30 (last admission at 18:00), Tu closed. The old Town Hall Lawn, located in the town square opposite of the current Town Hall. Since 1912 it has housed the Museo Civico. After major restoration works the palace and museum opened again in 2013 to the public. €8. (updated Dec 2015) 43.8800311.095345 Datini Palace, Via Ser Lapo Mazzei, 43, ☏ +39 57421391. It was the home of the famous merchant Francesco di Marco Datini (Prato 1335-1410). He leaves an important witness to himself, made up of records and correspondence, which constitute a substantial fund today filed with the State Archives of Prato, which is housed in the old house. 43.8777311.101856 Sculpture by Henry Moore (Large Square Form with Cut), Piazza San Marco. This is one of many contemporary works of art that the city hosts. The square-shaped cut of the famous contemporary sculptor Henry Moore. 43.860711.10887 Centro per l'Arte Contemporanea "Luigi Pecci", Viale della Repubblica 277, ☏ +39 574 5317. 43.882111.09798 Museo dell'Opera del Duomo. This museum is adjacent to the cathedral and occupies parts of the Bishop's Palace (14th-17th century). 43.8772611.098699 Museo del Tessuto (Textile museum), Via Puccetti 3, ☏ +39 574 611503. Fondazione Museo e Centro di Documentazione della Deportazione e Resistenza, Via di Cantagallo, 250 (in Figline) (Take bus 12A from Piazza San Domenico. It stops in front of the museum), ☏ +39 574 470728. Museum of Deportation and centre of documentation. Galleria virtuale. An art museum of "Images of the sacred" permanent exhibition. Quadreria. collection of paintings held in the Town Hall. [dead link] Museo di pittura murale. Centro di Scienze Naturali. 43.8796911.099451 Teatro Metastasio, Via Benedetto Cairoli, 59. Venue for operas, theatre plays and concerts. Built in 1830. (updated Dec 2015) 43.8812311.099112 Teatro Politeama Pratese, Via Garibaldi, 33/35. (updated Dec 2015) [dead link] Corteggio storico di Prato (Festa dell'8 settembre). Annual event in September (updated Dec 2015) 43.8798411.096271 [dead link] Biscottificio Antonio Mattei, Via Ricasoli, 20, ☏ +39 574 25756. M closed. Has made delicious biscotti di Prato since 1858. (updated Dec 2015) There is a large Coop supermarket near Piazza San Marco between the historic city centre and the main train station. Prato is the wellspring of biscotti di Prato, also called cantuccini, so why not indulge while you are there? They are commonly accompanied by vin santo, a Tuscan dessert wine. [dead link] Ristorante Amalfi, via Strozzi, 207, ☏ +39 338 8917671, +39 0574 483010. (updated Mar 2017) Ristorante Pizzeria Da Giovanni - Cavallino Rosso, v. Pistoiese, 26, ☏ +39 0574 23143, [email protected]. [dead link] Mangia, v. Ferrucci, 173, ☏ +39 0574 572917, [email protected]. Tu-Su 19:30-24:00. Pizza €6-10. Mains €13-18. (updated Mar 2017) Ristorante Pizzeria Il Mercante, v. Traversa il Crocifisso, 47, ☏ +39 0574 627174, [email protected]. M-Sa 12:30–15:00, 19:30–23:00. Mains €12-35. (updated Mar 2017) 43.8798811.099871 Ristorante Pizzeria Lo Scoglio, Via Verdi, 42, ☏ +39 574 22760. Daily 19:15-24:00. (updated Dec 2015) Fancy King - Ristorante Pizzeria, v. Valentini, 21, ☏ +39 0574 581343, [email protected]. M-F 12:30–15:00, 19:30–24:00; Sa-Su 19:30–24:00. (updated Mar 2017) Pizzeria Il Ragno, v. Valentini, 133, ☏ +39 0574 596700. Di Adorni Eraldo & C. s.n.c. Ristorante Pizzeria Il Piccolo Borgo, v. Ferro, 390/b, ☏ +39 0574 643060, fax: +39 0574 072872, [email protected]. M-F 12:00–14:30, 19:00–24:00; Sa 19:00–24:00. Pizza €7-13, mains €12-20. (updated Mar 2017) Prota Catering, v. Guinizelli, 20, ☏ +39 0574 634478, fax: +39 0574 638079, [email protected]. [dead link] Don Chisciotte, Viale Galileo Galilei, 21, ☏ +39 0574442903. Il Pirana, Via Giuseppe Valentini, 110, ☏ +39 574 25746. Pepe Nero, Via Zarini 289, ☏ +39 0574 550353. [dead link] Ristorante Pizzeria Sancho Panza, Via Giuseppe Valentini, 39, ☏ +39 0574757383. [dead link] Enoteca Ristorante Razmataz, Piazza Mercatale, 107, ☏ +39 0574 448619. [dead link] Il Palazzolo, Via Mazzini Giuseppe, 37, ☏ +39 0574 400730. Pizzeria Re Nudo, Via Baldinucci Quirico, 3, ☏ +39 0574 27720. Closed Monday. Di Quattrocchi Domenico. La Vecchia Cucina di Soldano, Via Pomeria, 23, ☏ +39 0574 34665. (updated Apr 2017) Babaloo, Via Roma, 2/4 (Porta S. Trinita), ☏ +39 0574 448600. Ristorante bar pub. (updated Mar 2017) Cencio's, Via Strobino 1., ☏ +39 0574 580788. Controsenso, Via Dino Saccenti, 31/33 - Prato, ☏ +39 393 1151351, [email protected]. Free admission for members ACSI. Concerts start at 23:00. Closed: Monday and Tuesday. [dead link] Enoteca Razmataz, Piazza Mercatale 107/108/110, ☏ +39 0574 448619, +39 338 5690611 (Cellulare), +39 393 0521015, [email protected]. Tu W 19:00–00:30, Th 19:00–01:00, F Sa 19:00–01:30. Tu-W prix fixe menu for €20 with reservation. (updated Mar 2017) Exenzia Club, Via Ettore Sambo, 10, ☏ +39 336 3722344, +39 333 3546607, [email protected]. F Sa 21:00-03:00. Rock club with concerts of various kinds. Smoking area inside. Free admission for members ACSI. (updated Mar 2017) [dead link] Hop Store, Via Terracini, 11, ☏ +39 0574 440629. Beers from Italy, the UK, Belgium and Germany. (updated Mar 2017) [dead link] I Francescaioli, Piazza San Francesco 8, ☏ +39 0574 607499, +39 348 7723940, [email protected]. Daily 08:00-16:00, 19:00-24:00. Ristorante - pizzeria - pub Mains €8-13, pizza €4.50-8.50. (updated Mar 2017) [dead link] Kellerplatz, Via Migliorati, 7, ☏ +39 0574 41364. Concerts and live music. (updated Mar 2017) Le Barrique, fax: +39 0574 30151, [email protected]. Wine bar: Via G. Mazzoni, 19 - Prato. Aperitif every evening. Wine-tasting. Palasport Bowling Prato, Via F. Ferrucci 309, ☏ +39 0574 591310. M-Th 20:30–01:00, F 20:30–02:00, Sa 15:30–02:00, Su 15:30–01:00. (updated Mar 2017) Pub Mostodolce, Via Dell' Arco, 6., ☏ +39 0574 21973. M-W 19:30-02:00, Th-Sa 19:30-02:30. (updated Mar 2017) Siddharta, Via Traversa Pistoiese, 83, ☏ +39 0574 35906. Alternative club. (updated Mar 2017) Wallace GastroPub, Piazza Mercatale, 24, ☏ +39 0574 442003. Su-Th 11:00-02:00, F Sa 11:00-03:00. (updated Mar 2017) Charme Hotel, v. Badie, 228, ☏ +39 0574 553706, +39 0574 550541, fax: +39 0574 597606, [email protected]. di Sogeneral srl. Buffet breakfast included single €70-130, double €90-170. (updated Mar 2017) [formerly dead link] Hotel Trendy, v. Pistoiese, 833, ☏ +39 0574 799990, fax: +39 0574 798447. Wall Art Hotel, Viale della Repubblica, 4/6/8, ☏ +39 0574 389981, +39 0574 596600, fax: +39 0574 575335. B & B Il Bagnolo, v. Labriola, 174, ☏ +39 0574 654335, +39 345 2547747, fax: +39 0574 654335, [email protected]. Albergo Giardino, v. Magnolfi, 4, ☏ +39 0574 26189, +39 0574 606588, +39 0574 606576, fax: +39 0574 606591, [email protected]. [dead link] Albergo "Il Giglio", Piazza S. Marco, 14, ☏ +39 0574 604351. Albergo "Le Fontanelle", Traversa Il Crocifisso, 6, ☏ +39 0574 623692. Art Hotel, Viale Della Repubblica, 272, ☏ +39 0574 5787. Datini Hotel, Viale Marconi Guglielmo, 80, ☏ +39 0574 562348. Flora Hotel, Via Cairoli Benedetto, 31, ☏ +39 0574 33521, +39 0574 400289, [email protected]. Golf Residence, di Residence Golf Hotel S.R.L. : Traversa Il Crocifisso, 24/N, ☏ +39 0574 621054, +39 0574 623195. Hotel President, Via Simintendi Arrigo, 20, ☏ +39 0574 30251. Hotel San Marco, Piazza S. Marco, 48, ☏ +39 0574 21321. single €60-67, double €85-90, triple €99. (updated Mar 2017) Hotel Toscana Hotel, Piazza Ciardi Giovanni, 3, ☏ +39 0574 28096, fax: +39 0574 25163. Florence, right next door, is the obvious place for day trips The hill town of Fiesole is another neighbour of Florence, with its own Etruscan-to-now history and charm. Lucca — Puccini's birthplace; beautiful old town surrounded by ancient walls Pisa — for the world famous Leaning Tower and the rest of the Campo dei Miracoli Siena, a Medieval city with a unique character, history and great artistic heritage
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Pink Floyd:Live at Pompeii (1972) is a concert film by Pink Floyd. Along with footage of the band performing their music in an ancient Pompeii ampitheatre, it also includes interviews and studio footage of the band recording their legendary Dark Side of The Moon album. The film was directed by Adrian Maben. Don't worry about that... Christ, where would rock 'n roll be without feedback? It was very heavy back a few years ago. It's not so bad since, but I think some people still think of us as a very drug oriented group. 'Course we're not. You can trust us! I mean, obviously they're all a gang of idiots, but, you know, live and let live. (Regarding his bandmates) It's all extentions of what's coming out of our heads. I mean, you've got to remember you've got to have it inside your head to be able to get it out at all anyway. Oh, we have some pretty good arguments from time to time, yes. It's like saying, Give a man a Les Paul guitar and he becomes Eric Clapton. And it's not true. Give a man an amplifier and a synthesizer and he doesn't become...whomever, he doesn't become us. In the finished article, the only thing that's important is whether it moves you or not. There's nothing else that's important at all. When the great economic collapse happens, it's going to happen right across the board. But, I don't think rock and roll will go first. I mean, the market at the moment in rock and roll is expanding a phenomenal rate. People are constantly saying it: "Rock's dying." You know? Every six months someone says it, with enormous conviction! It's not gonna happen! [To camera, with mouth full] Hello, mum! All that media stuff is all very irrelevant. Because people...if people come to a concert and they don't like it, they don't come again. It's not that we're trying to shake an image off. But, we're doing other things. 'Cause we want to do other things. We share the same sense of humor, to some extent. We lust after money, to some extent. And we've all got a lot of interest in what we're doing together. We have a great understanding of eachother, we're very tolerant of eachother. But, a lot of things unsaid as well...I feel. We have a very recognizable sound. I mean, anyone who listens to our records will know it's the Floyd. Where as, anyone who listens to many other bands will know they're playing blues, or they're playing this or that. Nick: (to manager Steve O'Rourke) Could you go out there and get another apple pie, without the cream and no crust. Steve O'Rourke: Can I have an apple pie without the crust? Just the middle piece. You got any middle pieces? [...] They've only got the round apple pies now, Nick. What're you gonna do about it? Nick: Go without. [Roger and David are sitting at a table eating oysters, Rick is sitting at the table too, but eating a sandwhich.] Roger: These oysters are good, aren't they? David: Yes. Roger: Yes, these're good oysters here, aren't they? David: Yes. Roger: Yes, these're good oysters here. David: Seems to be the right season of year. Rick: The oysters are alright? Roger: The oysters are very good. David: Yes, this time of year. Adrian: Are they French oysters? David: Well, I don't know what nationality they are Roger: ...I like to think oysters transcend national barriers, Adrian. Adrian: What's this film you'll be making? David: [Laughing] You ought to know! You're the director! Adrian: Are you fairly happy with the film? Roger: What do you mean happy? Adrian: Well, do you feel it's going in a direction that is interesting or not? Roger: [Pretends to look perplexed]...What do you mean interesting? Roger: I mean, they can say anything they like. Adrian: Yes, but do you think they're right? Roger: Well, of course I don't think they're right. I mean, who are they to say whether anything is enough or not enough about anything? Particularly about our records. Adrian: Well, they're the people who buy the records... Roger: Well, the people who buy the records can listen to the record and decide whether it's evolved enough for them to want to buy it. If it hasn't, they don't have to buy it, do they? David: Is this your milk, Rick? Can I drink it? Rick: No, you can have a sip. David Gilmour - Himself Roger Waters - Himself Nick Mason - Himself Rick Wright - Himself Wikipedia has an article about: Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii
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Name Means: Bo He - mint (Chinese name: 薄荷) English Name: mint Latin Name: Herba Menthae Taste & Temperature: Xin-Spicy Liang-Cool Xiang-Aromatic Channels: Hand Tai Yin of Lung Foot Jue Yin of Liver Actions & Indications: disperse Wind-Heat (Spicy & Cool) benefit throat, release rashes calms Stomach clear head & eyes soothes Liver Qi, irritability Contraindication: Qi & Yin deficiency causing excessive sweating deficiency exterior patterns Yin deficiency with Heat not for nursing mom, may lead to insufficient lactation Caution: Yin syndrome Blood deficiency chronic skin infection Dosage: 1-2 qian (1.5-6 grams) Cooking: To be added in the last five minutes when brewing a herbal concoction or formula, as the active ingredients of peppermint or spearmint will be reduced otherwise. back to: Xin Liang Jie Biao TCM Materia Medica Cheryl Lans, Nancy Turner, Tonya Khan, Gerhard Brauer. "Ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat endoparasites and stomach problems in pigs and pets in British Columbia, Canada", Veterinary Parasitology, Volume 148, Issues 3-4, 30 September 2007, Pages 325-340.
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Brec Bassinger (May 25, 1999–) is an American actress. I feel I was very blessed to be diagnosed at eight years old. I was old enough to understand what was going on, for the most part, but young enough to adapt quickly. I first managed my diabetes using insulin syringes but quickly switched to the pen. My advice to someone who is diagnosed around that age is to embrace it. Going back to school can be extremely challenging at first. But most people will not know much about diabetes and will be eager to learn. So don’t be afraid to talk about it and don’t hide it. It is now a part of you and you can celebrate that thing that makes you different. Actress Brec Bassinger on Type 1 Diabetes (November 12, 2018) If there’s one thing that I will take away from this quarantine and the pandemic, it’s how relationships are important. Just simply by being there for someone, hugging someone, I was never a hugger ever. But the fact that I can’t hug- when my Mom comes to town, I won’t be able to hug her. Also, it’s about being kind to the people in your life, because you never know when you are going to see them or talk to them again. Don’t take anyone for granted, be there for them. Interview: DC Stargirl’s Brec Bassinger (May 18, 2020) Wikipedia has an article about: Brec Bassinger Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brec Bassinger
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Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician, the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state, twice elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan, first in 1988 and again 1993. She was the eldest child of former premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and was assassinated in December of 2007 while campaigning for the Pakistan Peoples Party which her father had founded. Democracy needs support and the best support for democracy comes from other democracies. Democratic nations should... come together in an association designed to help each other and promote what is a universal value — democracy. Speech at Harvard University (1989), as quoted in "Born leader who lived and died by her unfailing conviction" in The Scotsman (28 December 2007) You are creating a Frankenstein. - Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto, concerned about the growing strength of the Islamist movement, told President George H. W. Bush. To make peace, one must be an uncompromising leader. To make peace, one must also embody compromise. Throughout the ages, leadership and courage have often been synonymous. Ultimately, leadership requires action: daring to take steps that are necessary but unpopular, challenging the status quo in order to reach a brighter future. And to push for peace is ultimately personal sacrifice, for leadership is not easy. It is born of a passion, and it is a commitment. Leadership is a commitment to an idea, to a dream, and to a vision of what can be. And my dream is for my land and my people to cease fighting and allow our children to reach their full potential regardless of sex, status, or belief. "Reflections on Working Towards Peace" in Architects of Peace: Visions of Hope in Words and Images (2000) edited by Michael Collopy Leadership is to do what is right by educating and inspiring an electorate, empathizing with the moods, needs, wants, and aspirations of humanity. Making peace is about bringing the teeming conflicts of society to a minimal point of consensus. It is about painting a new vision on the canvas of a nation's political history. Ultimately, leadership is about the strength of one's convictions, the ability to endure the punches, and the energy to promote an idea. And I have found that those who do achieve peace never acquiesce to obstacles, especially those constructed of bigotry, intolerance, and inflexible tradition. "Reflections on Working Towards Peace" in Architects of Peace: Visions of Hope in Words and Images (2000) edited by Michael Collopy It is one thing being able to contest an election and to give the people hope that I can be the next prime minister. It is a totally different situation where the people of Pakistan are told that the results are already taken and the leader of your choice is banned. As quoted in "I never asked for power" in The Guardian (15 August 2002) I find that whenever I am in power, or my father was in power, somehow good things happen. The economy picks up, we have good rains, water comes, people have crops. I think the reason this happens is that we want to give love and we receive love. As quoted in "I never asked for power" in The Guardian (15 August 2002) Whatever my aims and agendas were, I never asked for power. I think they need me. I don't think it's addictive. I think, if anything, it's the opposite of addictive. You want to run away from it, but it doesn't let you go. It's doing it again. As quoted in "I never asked for power" in The Guardian (15 August 2002) I fully understand the men behind Al Qaeda. They have tried to assassinate me twice before. The Pakistan Peoples Party and I represent everything they fear the most — moderation, democracy, equality for women, information, and technology. We represent the future of a modern Pakistan, a future that has no place in it for ignorance, intolerance, and terrorism. The forces of moderation and democracy must, and will, prevail against extremism and dictatorship. I will not be intimidated. I will step out on the tarmac in Karachi not to complete a journey, but to begin one. Despite threats of death, I will not acquiesce to tyranny, but rather lead the fight against it. "Journeying to democracy" in The Boston Globe (18 October 2007) If they only showed this much spunk when it came to containing the terrorists I don't think we would have such a problem. On being prevented from participating in a march for democracy and being placed under house arrest. TIME video interview (13 November 2007). I put my life in danger and came here because I feel this country is in danger. People are worried. We will bring the country out of this crisis. At the rally in Rawalpindi after which she was assassinated. (27 December 2007) No, I am not pregnant. I am fat. And, as the Prime Minister, its my right to be fat if I want to. When asked by a journalist if she was pregnant again, as quoted in "Benazir, the steely and vulnerable" by Lyse Doucet in BBC News (29 December 2007) Democracy is the best revenge. As quoted by her son, in "Democracy is the best revenge: Bilawal Bhutto Zardari," in Times of India (30 December 2007) Looting. Rape. Kidnappings. Murder. Where no one had cared about Pakistan when I arrived at Harvard, now everyone did. And the condemnation of my country was universal. At first, I refused to believe the accounts in the Western press of atrocities being committed by our army in what the East Bengal rebels were now calling Bangladesh. According to the government-controlled Pakistani papers my parents sent me every week, the brief rebellion had been quelled. What were these charges then that Dacca had been burned to the ground and firing squads sent into the university to execute students, teachers, poets, novelists, doctors and lawyers? I shook my head in disbelief. Refugees were reportedly fleeing by the thousands, so many of them strafed and killed by Pakistani planes that their bodies were being used to erect road blocks. The stories were so extreme I didn't know what to think. The lecture we'd been given about the dangers of rape during freshman orientation week at Radcliffe had initially seemed as unbelievable. I had never even heard of rape until I came to America and the very possibility of it kept me from going out alone at night for the next four years. After the lecture, the possibility of rape at Harvard was real to me. The rape of East Bengal was not. I found security in the official jingoistic line in our part of the world that the reports in the Western press were 'exaggerated' and a 'Zionist plot' against an Islamic state. How many times since have I asked God to forgive me for my ignorance? I didn't see then that the democratic mandate for Pakistan had been grossly violated. I was also too young and naive at Harvard to understand that the Pakistani army was capable of committing the same atrocities as any army let loose in a civilian population. The psychology can be deadly as it was when US forces massacred innocent civilians in Mylai in 1968. Interview with Ginny Dougary, "Destiny’s daughter" in The Times [UK] (28 April 2007) It’s premature to talk about working alongside General Musharraf at this stage, although in the past we have worked jointly on certain issues such as the Women’s Bill. At the same time, I want you to know that we are also partners with Mr Nawaz Sharif in something called the charter for the restoration of democracy, so we are talking about a new democratic process in which the people of Pakistan are allowed to choose their leader and put together a coalition. And for that we are calling for a robust international monitoring team to ensure that these elections are fair and free because obviously if they’re not, the ruling party will still be in the driver’s seat and the creeping Talebanisation of Pakistan will continue. If the people vote for my party and parliament elects me as prime minister, it would be an honour for me to take up that role and General Musharraf would be there as president, so I think that a good working relationship between him and me would be a necessity for Pakistan. ... I would have the choice of either respecting the will of the people and making it a success or being short-sighted and putting my personal feelings about past events ahead of the national interest, and what I want more than anything is for Pakistan to prosper as we make a transition to democracy My party would not have allowed the Taleban to become such a huge force that they would need to sign a peace treaty. My father always would say, "My daughter will go into politics? My daughter will become prime minister", but it’s not what I wanted to do. I would say, "No, Papa, I will never go into politics." As I’ve said before, this is not the life I chose; it chose me ... But I accepted the responsibility and I’ve never wavered in my commitment. I don’t fear death. I remember my last meeting with my father when he told me, "You know, tonight when I will be killed, my mother and my father will be waiting for me." It makes me weepy ... but I don’t think it can happen unless God wants it to happen because so many people have tried to kill me. I really do think that there is at least some degree of causality that most major terrorist attacks took place when the extremists did not have to deal with a democratic Pakistani government, when they operated without check and oversight. I believe that if my government had not been destabilised in Pakistan in 1996, the Taleban could not have allowed Osama bin Laden to set up base in Afghanistan, openly recruit and train young men from all over the Muslim world and declare war on America in 1998. I know death comes. I’ve seen too much death, young death. It would be so nice to have the luxury just to laze. So nice not to have to always get up and get dressed for some occasion. Always having to move from here to there, where everything is scheduled and even having lunch with my kids on their Easter break has to be slotted in. Maybe one day... I was brought up to believe that human beings are good, which is why it shocks me to the core when I see human beings behaving badly. Sorted alphabetically by author or source Benazir Bhutto was a woman of immense personal courage and bravery. Knowing, as she did, the threats to her life, the previous attempt at assassination, she risked everything in her attempt to win democracy in Pakistan, and she has been assassinated by cowards afraid of democracy. Benazir Bhutto may have been killed by terrorists, but the terrorists must not be allowed to kill democracy in Pakistan. And this atrocity strengthens our resolve that terrorists will not win there, here or anywhere in the world. UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, quoted in "Brown: Bhutto killers are cowards" at BBC News (27 December 2007) Mrs. Bhutto served her nation twice as Prime Minister and she knew that her return to Pakistan earlier this year put her life at risk. Yet she refused to allow assassins to dictate the course of her country. We stand with the people of Pakistan in their struggle against the forces of terror and extremism. We urge them to honor Benazir Bhutto's memory by continuing with the democratic process for which she so bravely gave her life. US President George W. Bush, in a public statement after her assassination (27 December 2007) Bhutto represents everything the fundamentalists hate — a powerful, highly-educated woman operating in a man’s world, seemingly unafraid to voice her independent views and, indeed, seemingly unafraid of anything, including the very real possibility that one day someone might succeed in killing her because of who she is. Ginny Dougary in "Destiny’s daughter" in The Times (28 April 2007) It was her father who chose to call his first-born daughter Benazir, which means “without comparison”. I think he would feel that she is living up to his name. Ginny Dougary in "Destiny’s daughter" in The Times (28 April 2007) We in Afghanistan condemn this act of cowardice and immense brutality in the strongest possible terms. She sacrificed her life for the sake of Pakistan and for the sake of this region. Afghan President Hamid Karzai, as quoted in "Reactions to Bhutto assassination" at BBC News (27 December 2007) Bhutto is a survivor and has an infinite belief in herself and her abilities. Rarely does she reveal even glimpses of her true character or her real thoughts. She may have genuinely not yet decided whether to return. Or she may have accepted that she can never return, but intends to leave the military on tenterhooks for as long as possible. Despite Musharraf's hostility, Bhutto's party is still the strongest political force in Pakistan and she is the only Pakistani politician with any natural charisma. Rory McCarthy, in 'I never asked for power', in The Guardian (15 August 2002) It is not a sad day ... it is the darkest, gloomiest day in the history of this country. Nawaz Sharif, former Prime Minister of Pakistan, and political rival, on Bhutto's assassination, as quoted in "What now for Pakistan?" in The Independent (28 December 2007) The U.S. came to understand that Bhutto was not a threat to stability but was instead the only possible way that we could guarantee stability and keep the presidency of Musharraf intact. Mark Siegel, as quoted in "U.S. brokered Bhutto’s return to Pakistan" by Robin Wright and Glenn Kessler at MSNBC (28 December 2007) In her death the subcontinent has lost an outstanding leader who worked for democracy and reconciliation in her country. The manner of her going is a reminder of the common dangers that our region faces from cowardly acts of terrorism and of the need to eradicate this dangerous threat. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as quoted in "Reactions to Bhutto assassination" at BBC News (27 December 2007) The Islamists killed Benazir Bhutto as they killed her father. But they shouldn’t be allowed to kill Pakistan’s hopes for democracy. Amir Taheri, "The Bhutto assassination: Democracy must go on", New York Post (28 December 2007) It's the vacuum that has been created by the martyrdom of my late wife that has sparked the [new situation] in Pakistan. She said in her book, "My death will be the catalyst of the change." Asif Ali Zardari at an interview of Newsweek, commenting about his late wife's (Benazir Bhutto), martyrdom. [1] Wikipedia has an article about: Benazir Bhutto Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Benazir Bhutto The Official Website of Benazir Bhutto The Death of Benazir Bhutto at BBC News Benazir Bhutto becomes Prime Minister Profile at famous Muslims David Frost interview with Bhutto (3 November 2007) Bhutto on Al-Qaeda TIME images: "Inside Bhutto's 'Prison'" Bhutto cleared of corruption Pakistan Peoples Party website Videos of Benazir Bhutto https://www.newsweek.com/war-terror-road-september-11-151771
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Wednesday, September 23, 2009 Listen to this article Audio file created from text revision dated 2009-09-23 and may not reflect subsequent edits to this report. Audio Help / Audio Wikinews Australia Related articles 26 January 2022: Australian government pays A$20m for copyright to Aboriginal flag 21 January 2022: Australian authorities probe rapid antigen test price gouging 25 November 2021: New Zealand raises interest rates in second straight month to 0.75% 12 November 2021: 33-year old charged with murder of Dalibor Pantic 10 November 2021: Wikinews interviews RSL Australia for Remembrance Day 2021 Location of Australia Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article A huge dust storm has covered much of New South Wales and southern Queensland, Australia, including the major cities of Sydney and Brisbane. The storm is causing eerie red skies, as well as breathing problems, traffic chaos, and flight cancellations. Residents have described it as like "Armageddon" or "being on Mars". Vulnerable people including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses have been warned to stay indoors, as air pollution levels soared. According to the New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change, PM10 (particulate matter) readings are at 15,500 micrograms per cubic metre. This is the highest since records began, and compares with normal readings of around 10 micrograms per cubic metre. Even a bushfire typically raises levels to only 500 micrograms per cubic metre. The red dust plume is visible from space and, according to Dr John Leys of the NSW Department of Climate Change and Water, stretches 600 km along the coast, dropping 75,000 tonnes of dust into the sea every hour. The Bureau of Meteorology said it was the worst storm in 70 years. The dust was caused by strong winds which lifted valuable top soil from the desert and drought affected areas by an intense low pressure system, which has also caused other extreme weather. Hail storms have smashed windows in New South Wales, with stones as large as cricket balls reported in Crookwell with large hail also reported in Wagga Wagga. Winds up to 100 km per hour are also predicted for Sydney. The dust storm seen from space, flowing out into the Tasman sea Image: NASA. Morning in Sydney Image: Nico Nelson. Maitland, New South Wales Image: Nomad Tales. 3.5cm hail stone which fell during one of two hail storms which hit Wagga Wagga. Image: Bidgee. "Desert dust storm chokes Sydney" — BBC News Online, September 23, 2009 Angus Hohenboken. "Sydney dust storm worst in 70 years, says weather bureau" — The Australian, September 23, 2009 Angus Hohenboken. "Skies in Queensland, NSW go red in dust storm" — NEWS.com.au, September 23, 2009 "Storms lash the region" — The Daily Advertiser, September 23, 2009 Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: 2009 Australian dust storm
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Finding a shape, like a triangle for instance, in true length consists of first treating the triangle like lines, and then finding it in edge view. Create a line intersecting two edges of the shape parallel to the folding plane. Create a new folding plane perpendicular to the line created will give the point view and the triangle in edge view Rotation can now be used to find this triangle in true shape by projecting back into top view. Rotate the line in the third view by using an arbitrary axis (either lying on the line or off the line). Rotate the line so that it is parallel to the previous folding line. Project this rotated line back to top view so the triangle in true shape is revealed Example 01: Determine the true shape of the quadrilateral plane by using rotation Draw a horizontal line parallel to the folding line in front view, transfer it to top view, and this line will be in true length Create a folding line perpendicular to the horizontal line to get the quadrilateral in edge view Now, rotate the edge view of the quadrilateral parallel to the folding line In top view, draw construction lines through each points parallel to the folding line Transfer the points back to the previous view. Where each construction line intersects with thee construction line though each point is the location of the new points. Connect all the points and you will have the plane in true shape http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Example_Problem_01.pdf Example 02: Determine the true shape of the quadrilateral plane by rotating about an axis outside the plane Draw a horizontal line parallel to the folding line in front view, transfer it to top view, and this line will be in true length Create a folding line perpendicular to the horizontal line to get the quadrilateral in edge view To rotate the edge view of the quadrilateral parallel to the folding line, draw a construction line perpendicular to the rotation Axis to the edge view Use it to rotate the points parallel to the folding line In top view, draw construction lines through each points parallel to the folding line Transfer the rotated edge view back. Where each construction line intersects with the construction line through each point is the location of the new points. Connect all the points and you will have the plane in true shape http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Example_Problem_02.pdf Practice Problems: Problem 1: Question: An archer fires an arrow at a rectangular piece of plywood, creating a punctured hole through the plywood's center. Represent the hole the arrow makes in true shape if the radius of the hole is .5". Use methods of revolution to solve this problem. Image for Question 1 on Methods of Revolution Answer for Question 1 on Methods of Revolution Problem 2: A planet orbits around a sun in the image seen. If the radius of its orbit is 10,000 miles (roughly 1 inches scaled) determine the shape of its orbit in top view. Use methods of revolution to solve this problem Question for Problem 2 on Methods of Revolution Answer for Problem 2 on Methods of Revolution Problem 3: Find the dihedral angle between the two planes through the method of revolution Question: Find the Dihedral Angle between the two planes Answer
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The SPC700 is a Sony coprocessor that coordinates SNES audio. Once it is initialized with data and code sent from the SNES CPU, it manipulates the state of its accompanying digital signal processor (DSP), which produces the output audio. The SPC700 has 64KB of memory for code and data. Within this memory are memory-mapped registers, used for communicating with the SNES CPU, the DSP, and three available timers. The SPC700 has 6 registers: A - An 8-bit accumulator X & Y - 8-bit index registers SP - 8-bit stack pointer PC - 16-bit program counter PSW - 8-bit "Program Status Word", which stores the status flags The Y and A registers can be paired together for some operations to form a 16-bit register with Y as the upper byte. The DSP has eight channels, each of which can play a 16-bit sound. Each of the eight channels has separate left and right stereo volume, can be played at different pitches, and can have an Attack-Decay-Sustain-Release (ADSR) envelope applied to it. A white noise source can be set to replace the sampled data on any of the eight channels. Additionally, the DSP can apply an echo to the audio. The 16-bit audio samples are read from the SPC700's 64KB memory space, where they are stored in a packed 4-bit lossily-compressed format. $0000 - $00EF - direct page 0 $00F0 - $00FF - memory-mapped hardware registers $0100 - $01FF - direct page 1 $0100 - $01FF - potential stack memory $FFC0 - $FFFF - IPL ROM Many instructions offer an addressing mode that accesses 1-byte memory addresses in the "direct page". This addressing mode yields shorter bytecode which presumably executes faster. The direct page's upper byte is either $00 or $01, corresponding to the P bit in the PSW register. The lower byte of the stack pointer is specified by the SP register; the upper byte is always $01. The stack pointer is set to $01EF on restart by the IPL ROM and grows downward. On restart, the 64-byte chunk of memory at the end of the 64KB of RAM is initialized to the contents of the IPL ROM, which is where execution starts. The code in the IPL ROM sets the stack pointer to $01EF, zeroes the memory from $0000 to $00EF, and then waits for data from the SNES via the input ports.. Anomie has done some tests with this register. A document on romhacking.net describes it. PC32 - Writing 1 in this bit will zero input for ports 2 and 3 PC10 - Writing 1 in this bit will zero input for ports 1 and 0 ST0-2 - These are for starting the timers. Warning: Writing to this register will always restart/stop all of the timers. Writing to $00F2 sets the address of the DSP register to access. Writing to $00F3 changes the value of the register pointed to. Reading from $00F3 will return the value of the register pointed at. Writing a word to $00F2 is allowed and it can be used to simultaneously set the address and write a value to the register. Reading from these ports will give you the values that the SNES set at $2140-$2143. Values written to these registers will be viewable by the SNES using the same $2140-$2143. The input of these ports can be cleared using the Control register. Registers $00FA-$00FC are used to set the timer rate. Timers 0 & 1 have a resolution of 125 microseconds. Timer 2 has a finer resolution of ~15.6 microseconds. $00FD-$00FF are 4-bit registers containing the timer overflow count. Here is how the timers operate. Each timer has an internal counter which is incremented at each clock input. If it equals the number in $00FA-$00FC (depending on which timer you're using) the corresponding counter register is incremented and the internal counter is reset. The counter registers ($00FD-$00FF) are 4-bit registers and can be read only. Reading from them will cause them to reset back to zero. If you don't read the counters in the limited time frame then they will overflow and be cleared to zero as well. The timer must be stopped before setting the $00FA-$00FC registers. To start a timer write to bits 0-2 of the Control register. To stop a timer, reset the bits. Take note that writing to the control register will restart the existing timers. The DSP plays a special ADPCM encoded sound format. The sample is made up of a series of 9 byte compression blocks. Each block holds 16 4-bit samples and a 1 byte header. 16-bit samples will get a 9/32 compression ratio, but 8-bit samples must be inflated to 16-bit before compression (giving them only 9/16 compression ratio). The first byte of each block contains the header. Range - This is the shift value for the data. It can be 0-12. Filter - This selects the filter coefficients used in the decoding process. (see table below) Loop -This bit marks the block as one that will be within a loop. The exact function of this bit is unknown, but some commercial SPC samples that I have examined have this bit set for all blocks in the sample. End - This bit marks the block as the last block in the sample. The DSP channel will terminate or jump to the loop point if it reaches this block. Each block contains 8 bytes of sample data (16 signed 4-bit samples). The higher nibble in each byte contains the sample that is to be decoded before the one in the lower nibble. Here is an equation to estimate the 16-bit output of the DSP. Let y and z be the last two previously decoded samples. 'a' and 'b' are the filter coefficients selected by bits 2-3 of the header byte. sample = S + ay + bz S is the shifted data: S = (4-bit sample) << Range The DSP performs this procedure using minimal basic shifting operations; output accuracy won't be perfect. It also applies Gaussian interpolation to the output. https://wiki.superfamicom.org/spc700-reference https://www.romhacking.net/documents/197/ https://www.romhacking.net/documents/191/
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Author: , Wikidata [[:d:|]] Missing or empty |title= (help) This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review. If it passes peer review, it is intended to also be used to update the Wikipedia article Partisan Congress riots. To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form Create peer review location Author info: The Partisan Congress riots were attacks on Jews in Bratislava and other cities and towns in the autonomous Slovak region of Czechoslovakia between 1 and 6 August 1946. Nineteen people were injured, four seriously, in Bratislava alone. After World War II ended in May 1945, former Slovak partisans were often appointed as national administrators of businesses that had been Aryanized, or confiscated, from Jews by the Axis client state known as the Slovak State, leading to conflict with Jews seeking to regain their property. This conflict sporadically erupted into attacks on Jews. Tensions between Jewish and non-Jewish Slovaks were exacerbated in May 1946 by the passage of an unpopular law that mandated the restitution of Aryanized property and businesses to their original owners. Both antisemitic leaflets and attacks on Jews—many of them initiated by former partisans—increased following the restitution law. Rioting began on 1 August with the robbery of František Hoffmann's apartment. A national congress of former Slovak partisans was held in Bratislava on 2–4 August 1946, and many of the rioters were identified as former partisans. Rioting continued until 6 August. Despite attempts by the Czechoslovak police to maintain order, ten apartments were broken into, nineteen people were injured (four seriously), and the Jewish community kitchen was ransacked. Additional attacks and riots were reported in other Slovak towns and cities, including Nové Zámky and Žilina. The contemporary press played down the involvement of partisans and instead claimed that the riots were organized by "reactionary elements", Hungarians, or former Hlinka Guardsmen. In response, the government launched a crackdown on antisemitic incitement and simultaneously suspended restitution to Jews. Jews have lived in Bratislava (then known by its German name, Pressburg) since the medieval era. Although they were expelled in 1526, Jews began to settle in the suburb of Podhradie towards the end of the seventeeth century. In the eighteenth century, Pressburg was the most influential Jewish community in the Kingdom of Hungary, with more than a thousand members. In the nineteenth century, traditional religious antisemitism was joined by economic antisemitism, the stereotypical view of Jews as exploiters of poor Slovaks. National antisemitism strongly associated Jews with the Hungarian state and accused them of sympathizing with Hungarian national aims at the expense of Slovak ambitions. Between the revolutions of 1848 and the end of the nineteeth century, Pressburg witnessed repeated and extensive anti-Jewish rioting, in 1850, 1882 (in response to the Tiszaeszlár blood libel), 1887, and 1889. The Jewish community of the city numbered 4,500 in 1869 and expanded to its peak of 18,000 in 1940, 13 percent of the population. Many Jews in the city spoke Hungarian and considered themselves of Hungarian nationality. In 1918, Bratislava was included in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The Slovak State, a one-party state of the far-right, fascist Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (HSĽS), declared its independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939. Although the Slovak State was an Axis client state during World War II, it enjoyed considerable latitude in domestic policy, including anti-Jewish actions. Anti-Jewish laws were passed in 1940 and 1941, depriving Jews of their property via Aryanization and redistributing it to Slovaks viewed by the regime as more deserving. The Slovak State organized the deportation of 58,000 of its own Jewish citizens to German-occupied Poland in 1942, which was carried out by the paramilitary Hlinka Guard and regular policemen. On 29 August 1944, Germany invaded Slovakia, sparking the Slovak National Uprising. The fighting, and German countermeasures, devastated much of the country; nearly 100 villages were burned by Einsatzgruppe H. Thousands of people, including several hundred Jews, were murdered in Slovakia, and at least another 10,000 Jews were deported. Anti-regime forces included Slovak Army defectors, Agrarians, Communists, and Jews. Altogether 69,000 of the 89,000 Jews in the Slovak State were murdered. About 3,500 Jews from Bratislava survived. After the war, Slovakia was reincorporated into Czechoslovakia; it retained a government in Bratislava with significant autonomy. By April 1946, 7,000 Jews were living the city, only 1,000 of whom had lived there before the war. Conflict over Aryanization and restitution characterized postwar relations between Jews and non-Jewish Slovaks. For many Slovaks, restitution meant returning property that they had paid for under the then-existing law, developed, and considered theirs. From the perspective of Jews, however, it was the obligation of those in possession of stolen property to return it. Former partisans, veterans of the Czechoslovak armies abroad, and ex-political prisoners were prioritized for appointment as national administrators of previously Jewish businesses or residences. In some cases, national administrators were appointed even though the owners or their heirs were still alive. The newly appointed national administrators considered their gains just reward for their sacrifices during the war—a rationale that was endorsed by the government. Prewar antisemitism combined with the residual effects of the Slovak State's anti-Jewish propaganda and the economic interests of non-Jewish Slovaks in the contested properties, polarised disputes. However, informal agreements between former Jewish owners and national managers were not uncommon and were usually approved by the authorities. The first postwar anti-Jewish riots occurred in 1945, in Košice (2 May), Prešov (July), Bardejov (22 July), Topoľčany (24 September), and Trebišov (14 November). Former partisans were involved in some of these events. There were no major anti-Jewish incidents in Bratislava between the end of the war and the summer of 1946. Most of the culprits of the attacks were not prosecuted. Top officials in the Slovak autonomous government, such as Jozef Lettrich and Ján Beharka [cs], did not issue clear condemnations of the attacks and even blamed Jews. The organizations ÚSŽNO (Central Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Slovakia) and SRP (Association of Racially Persecuted People) advocated for the rights of Holocaust survivors. The SRP advocated for the rights of people persecuted for their Jewish ancestry who did not belong to the Jewish religious community. After the September 1945 Topoľčany pogrom, the central Czechoslovak government in Prague pressured the autonomous Slovak government to adopt a law for the restitution of Aryanized property. In May 1946, the Slovak autonomous government passed the Restitution Act 128/1946, which canceled Aryanizations in cases where the victim was judged to be loyal to the Czechoslovak state. Jews could regain their property via the court system, rather than local authorities, which were less favorable to their claims. At this time, most of the Aryanized property was in the hands of either the Aryanizers or national administrators. The government faced overwhelming public pressure not to implement the law and many officials refused to implement it. The restitution law triggered a resurgence of popular anti-Jewish sentiment which led to the riots at the Partisan Congress. In postwar Slovakia, anti-Jewish leaflets appeared regularly, despite mostly unsuccessful attempts by the state to seek out and prosecute their creators. Multiple leaflets gave Jews an ultimatum to leave the country by the end of July 1946; Slovak historian Michal Šmigeľ suggests that the similarities in the leaflets imply that there was a coordinated campaign. In late July and early August, leaflets appeared with the phrases "Beat the Jews! ", "Now or never, away with the Jews! ", and even "Death to the Jews!". During the last week of July, posters were put up around Bratislava with slogans such as "Attention Jew, a partisan is coming to beat Jews", "Czechoslovakia is for Slovaks and Czechs, Palestine is for Jews", "Jews to Palestine!" "Jews out!" and "Hang the Jews!" In early July, two former partisans in Bytča repeatedly attacked Jews; an incident involving Jews and several former partisans occurred in Humenné on 27 July. The next day, provocateurs tried to incite anti-Jewish rioting in Trenčianske Teplice. From mid-July 1946, minor anti-Jewish incidents were occurring on an almost daily basis in Bratislava. For example, on 20 July, two men publicly hounded Jews on Kapucínska Street during the day, one of them "publicly calling all Hlinka Guardsmen, Hlinka Party members, and partisans to unite against the Jews". That night, Jews were assaulted on various streets, especially Kapucínska and Zámocká Streets. The SRP complained of systematically organized anti-Jewish demonstrations which pointed towards a future pogrom, which according to Šmigeľ was "not far from the truth". The First National Congress of Slovak Partisans (Slovak: Prvý celoslovenský zjazd partizánov), also known as the Partisan Congress (Partizánsky zjazd), took place between 2 and 4 August 1946. The Slovak authorities had intelligence anticipating riots at the Partisan Congress. On 31 July, podplukovník Rudolf Viktorin [sk] of the Czechoslovak police met with ÚSŽNO leaders and told them that he expected trouble from "reactionary elements" at the congress. Masariak, a representative of the Union of Slovak Partisans, met with the SRP. He told them that a thousand politically reliable former partisans were on hand to protect the Jews in Bratislava. However, the police erred in planning the strictest security measures for the evening of 3 August to the morning of 5 August—when the main group of former partisans were expected to be in the city. Previous to that, only 250–300 delegates were scheduled to attend meetings. Contrary to expectations, two to three thousand former partisans arrived in Bratislava on 2 August; total attendance at the congress was estimated at fifteen thousand. Many of the partisans were armed. The local police went on alert and the SRP set up an observation station in the Jewish quarter to report on incidents by telephone. On the night of 1/2 August (Thursday/Friday) around midnight, several men identifying themselves as partisans showed up at František Hoffmann's apartment on Kupeckého Street and threatened to shoot him if he refused to open the door. The attackers beat him with canes and stole clothes, shoes, cigarettes, and 400 Czechoslovak koruna (Kčs) in cash, causing 18,000 Kčs in damage. One left behind his Czechoslovak Medal of Merit [cs]. Later that night and the following day, Jewish apartments at 30–32 Židovská Street were robbed. A dummy was hung at Sloboda Square with a sign stating "Hang all Jews", while pedestrians on Kapucínska Street were assaulted. SRP reported that these attacks were carried out by men wearing partisan uniforms as well as soldiers, officers, and civilians. The police dispersed the crowd, but did not make any arrests. Later, an apartment on Schreiberova Street was broken into, the residents beaten and the property vandalized. The Jewish community kitchen was also attacked, but the army intervened and dispersed the crowd. In the evening on 2 August, Vojtech Winterstein, SRP chairman, called Arnošt Frischer, who led the Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia, telling him that the Jews in the city feared an increase in the rioting. He also mentioned that two grenades had been thrown into the Jewish community offices in Komárno and an increase in antisemitic incidents on trains and at stations. The next day, Frischer called deputy prime minister Petr Zenkl, and received assurances from Lettrich that the situation was completely under control. However, after Winterstein's call, around 20:30, a group including former partisans stopped passersby to check their identification and beat Jews. Another group of former partisans and civilians gathered on a street in order to attack Jews. The rabbi Šimon Lebovič was beaten and robbed in his home. The Jewish kitchen was attacked again; Jews present were assaulted and 15,000 Kčs was stolen. After Winterstein notified Frischer of these events, the Ministry of the Interior assured Frischer that the incidents were not serious and would not reoccur due to security measures. According to a police report, violence continued until 01:30 on 3 August, when two grenades were thrown into Pavol Weiss' house, where three Jewish families lived, without causing injury. During the day, Jews were attacked on the streets, especially Leningradská and Laurinská Streets. In the afternoon, a crowd of up to a thousand people shouting anti-Jewish slogans tried to break onto Židovská Street from Župné Square [cs; sk]. Slovak politicians Karol Šmidke, Ladislav Holdoš [cs; sk], and Gustáv Husák addressed the demonstrators, ineffectually attempting to calm the situation. After their departure, the rioters were stopped by the police. At 16:00, a crowd—described as about fifty "radicalized partisans" in a police report—attacked Pavol Rybár's apartment on Laurinská Street after Ružena Dobrická accused Rybár of abducting her husband. The police and a group of former partisans led by Anton Šagát intervened to stop the rioters, but not before Rybár's personal documents had been stolen along with 5,000 Kčs. Throughout the evening, small groups of rioters robbed Jewish residences on Kupeckého, Laurinská, Svoradova, and Židovská Streets. A considerable number of police had been diverted to Modra, due to a false rumor that some partisans had gone there to attack Jews. At 21:00 in October Square a crowd described as mostly partisans in the police report assaulted the Jewish businessman Manuel Landa, who had to be hospitalized after he was hit on the head. At 22:00, a crowd reported to be 300 strong in a subsequent police report chased a Jew on Kolárska Street, who took refuge in a police station. The rioters broke into the station, vandalized it, and cut the telephone line. Other Jews were injured at Sloboda Square. At 23:00, more rioters attacked Eugen Gwürt's residence on Svoradova Street and beat him, causing severe injuries, as well as robbing the apartment. Some former partisans were arrested and briefly detained at the city hall, but were released before they could be identified. On 4 August, former partisans held a parade at which anti-Jewish slogans were shouted, especially by the contingents from Topoľčany, Žilina, Spišská Nová Ves, and Zlaté Moravce. There were also riots that morning in front of the Slovak National Theater, especially by the former partisans from eastern Slovakia. Jews were physically attacked on Svoradova and Zamocká Streets, but the rioters were dispersed by police and several of the attackers arrested. On 5 August, the Jewish kitchen was attacked for the third time, reportedly by twelve partisans, causing several injuries among the Jews there. A boarding school for Jewish girls on Šrajberova Street was also vandalized; police intervened to stop the damage. Physical attacks on Jews and robbery of their apartments continued. Winterstein told Frischer that thousands of Jews had left the city for fear of being targeted. Frischer responded with more appeals to the Czechoslovak authorities, who again assured him that the situation was under control. By the time the riots ended on 6 August, participants at the congress were reported to have robbed at least ten apartments and injured at least nineteen people (four seriously). The actual number of injuries was probably much higher than this, especially as minor injuries—probably dozens—were not recorded. Along with anti-Jewish incidents, the Partisan Congress was accompanied by non-racially motivated fights and disturbances caused by persons under the influence of alcohol. Perpetrators included actual partisan veterans, people pretending to be ex-partisans, disgruntled residents of the city, and some who had come from elsewhere, including Aryanizers, peasants, national administrators, and supporters of the former HSĽS regime. Drunkenness, lax security, crowd effects, and anonymity due the large number of visitors all played a role in the rioting. Thirty-one arrests were made, but most detainees were released quickly and without being charged. The police were reluctant to arrest partisans. Possible reasons for this include a belief that crimes committed by partisans should be dealt with internally, the difficulty of arresting armed persons, and the sympathy of some policemen with the rioters. Winterstein criticized the police response, arguing that law enforcement tended to arrive late and release detained persons quickly, who then went on to make additional attacks. In addition to the riots in Bratislava, other anti-Jewish incidents occurred in August 1946 in several cities and towns in northern, eastern, and southern Slovakia. These included Nové Zámky (2 August and 4 August), Žilina (4–6 August), Komárno (4 August), Čadca (5 August), Dunajská Streda, Šahy (8–9 August), Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, Beluša, Tornaľa (11 August), Šurany (17–18 August), Veľká Bytča, and other places. Some of the partisans who had been at the congress in Bratislava went to Nové Zámky on 4 August, attacking the Ungar café at 19:30, beating the owner so severely he was unable to work, and stabbing six Jewish patrons. Other Jews were beaten or stabbed in the streets of the town by a band of ten to twenty partisans or robbed at gunpoint in their apartments. The events continued the next day, with another five or six Jews injured. In Žilina, partisans returning from Bratislava shouted anti-Jewish slogans, assaulted Jews on the streets, and made a "partisan raid" on the Hotel Metropol. About fifteen people were injured as a result of the disturbances. In Rajecké Teplice on 4 August, partisans checked the identity cards of hotel guests and insulted two of them. In Zbehy and Leopoldov, partisans returning by train attacked Jewish residences near the station. In Nitra, a uniformed partisan threatened to shoot any Jews he saw in the street on 29 August. The windows of Jewish residences were broken in Šurany and Levice, while in Čadca a bomb was thrown into the garden of a nationalized enterprise managed by a Jew. Minor anti-Jewish demonstrations took place over the following days in Topoľčany, Banská Bystrica, Trnava, Komárno and Želiezovce. Anti-Jewish leaflets reappeared in Revúca, Michalovce and in several places in eastern Slovakia. One suggested that the last of the "Ten Commandmants of the brave Slovak Catholic" was "To guard against the Jews and Czechs". Police detained only a few people as a result of these attacks. Slovak historian Ján Mlynárik suggests that the occurrence of similar events in multiple locations in Slovakia may indicate that they were planned in advance. On 6 August 1946, the state-controlled Slovak News Agency denied the riots had occurred, claiming that foreign newspapers had printed incorrect information. The next day, the news agency released another report, accusing illegal organizations linked to foreign interests of conspiring to distribute anti-Jewish propaganda to partisans arriving in Bratislava by train. The Czech News Agency reported the riots, but claimed that those responsible were supporters of the Hlinka party and not partisans. The more accurate coverage by the Czech News Agency was, according to Czech historian Jan Láníček, "achieved by political negotiations and carefully crafted behind-the-scenes threats" by Frischer and the Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia to publicize the story in foreign media. Frischer considered the release of the story and the government's promise to protect Jews to be a victory. Hungarian newspapers also covered the riots. On 20 August, the government newspaper Národná obroda claimed that Hungarians had colluded with former Hlinka Guardsmen and HSĽS members to cause the riots. The article also claimed that the grenades used on the Komárno attack were of Hungarian make and that the anti-Jewish leaflets were written in poor Slovak, indicating that their authors were Hungarians. In fact, most of the anti-Jewish rioters were Slovak, not Hungarian. Mlynárik points out that riots also took place in August 1946 in the northern and eastern parts of Slovakia, where Hungarians did not live, belying the official narrative. Čas, the newsletter of the non-Communist Democratic Party, referred to isolated incidents in its 6 August article on the rioting: "During the first congress of Slovak partisans, a few minor, insignificant incidents occurred in which the partisans showed their dissatisfaction with the resolution of pressing social issues." Čas downplayed antisemitism among the partisans, instead blaming former members of the Hlinka Guard. On 11 August, Pravda, the official daily of the Communist Party of Slovakia, published an article on the events, blaming "various influential groups" for conspiring with "anti-state elements" and fomenting unrest. Both the Democratic Party and the Communist Party officially condemned antisemitism, blaming the other party for it. On 5 September, the newsletter of the ÚSŽNO published an article on the riots, "What happened in Slovakia", which claimed that "every child in Slovakia" had known that there would be riots at the Partisan Congress. The article also stated that on 7 February 1946, a circular had been sent by the Union of Slovak Partisans in Dunajská Streda to other branches, calling for anti-Jewish actions and that the central leadership of the Union of Slovak Partisans knew of this circular but took no action. The Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia forwarded the article to Prime Minister Klement Gottwald, asking him to investigate the allegations; Gottwald forwarded the request to his office. The resulting undated report, by Ján Čaplovič, quoted the Interior Ministry Commissioner of Czechoslovakia, Michal Ferjencik, who blamed Jews for not speaking Slavic languages, failing to reconstruct the country, and trading on the black market. Čaplovič said that the partisan villages destroyed during the Slovak National Uprising ought to be higher priority than restitution to Jewish survivors. The Ministry of Information successfully pressured Frischer not to hold a press conference to inform journalists of the riots, on the grounds that the dissemination of information on the riots as the Paris Peace Conference was ongoing "could harm Czechoslovakia". Jewish leaders argued that the riots were already causing bad publicity for Czechoslovakia, therefore making it an urgent matter to take action against them. On 7 August, Frischer and a group of SRP leaders met with officials in the Ministry of Information, presenting a detailed report on the riots. They were assured that the ministry "has taken and will take all necessary steps to prevent the reoccurrence of such and similar disturbances" and that the policemen who had sided with the rioters would be disciplined. Frischer disagreed, pointing out that only seventeen people had been formally arrested, of whom twelve had been since released, and the government had not actively condemned antisemitism. In response to criticism, the Slovak government did not condemn the riots but instead blamed Hungarians in Slovakia, arguing that the Hungarians were trying to discredit Czechoslovakia at the Paris Peace Conference. The coverage given to the events in the Hungarian media was supposed to substantiate this theory. On 8 August, Minister of the Interior Václav Nosek opened investigations into the riots and the role of the police in them. In September, members of the security forces were threatened with dismissal if they did not act decisively against anti-Jewish riots, and they were ordered to seek out and punish the attackers in previous demonstrations. Due to the government's concern about disturbances during the second anniversary celebrations of the Slovak National Uprising later in August, hundreds of policemen were transferred from Czechia to Slovakia. Ultimately, these disturbances did not materialize with the only antisemitic actions consisting of the distribution of leaflets. In a note dated 10 August, Main Headquarters of National Security (HVNB) claimed that the riots were "orchestrated with the intention of sullying the reputation of the [Czechoslovak] Republic at the [Paris] Peace Conference". On 19 August, the agency distributed an order to local police authorities emphasizing that anti-Jewish speeches and demonstrations were to be suppressed. Partisan organizations were also ordered to seek out and eliminate antisemites among their membership. A 1947 report, the last known official document relating to the riots, downplayed the events, asserted that the police had intervened in all of the anti-Jewish attacks, and claimed that all perpetrators of the attacks had been prosecuted—despite the fact that no known prosecutions resulted. To prevent a reoccurrence of the rioting, the commissioner of internal affairs of the autonomous Slovak government recommended dismissing or arresting members of the security forces who had participated in anti-Jewish actions, and a crackdown on public gatherings. The riots also caused a turning point in the restitution process. Justifying its actions in terms of the public interest, the government forbade informal agreements between former Jewish owners and national managers. It also suspended restitution on the grounds that it required an executive order, although the suspension was soon called off. Nevertheless, most Jewish property was not returned to the owners or heirs, a result which result angered many Jews. In Frischer's words, "everything points to the conclusion that [preventing restitution] was the goal of the rioters, and the street won". In September 1946, the Ministry of the Interior announced that Jews who had declared German or Hungarian nationality on prewar censuses would be allowed to retain Czechoslovak citizenship, rather than face deportation. The government was seeking to counteract the negative coverage that it had received in the Western press, in part due to the riots in Bratislava. Despite the government's security precautions, there were additional anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava on 20 and 21 August 1948. The riots originated in an altercation at a farmers' market in Stalin Square in which Emilia Prášilová, a pregnant non-Jewish Slovak woman, accused sellers of favoring Jews. Alica Franková, a Jewish woman, called Prášilová "an SS woman" and they attacked each other. After both women were arrested, passersby beat up another two Jewish women, one of whom was hospitalized. Yelling "Hang the Jews!" and "Jews out! ", they sacked the same Jewish kitchen that had been attacked two years previously. Another attempted demonstration the next day was dispersed by police, and 130 rioters were arrested, of whom forty were convicted. The 1948 riots occurred at a time when antisemitic incidents were decreasing in Slovakia. About 80% of the Jews who lived in Slovakia immediately after the war had left by the end of 1949, mostly after the 1948 communist coup. The 1946 riots were one of the reasons that Bratislava Jews chose to emigrate. National administrators (Slovak: národné správcovia) were the state-appointed managers of nationalized property Aryanized by the Slovak State regime, left behind by deported Jews, or confiscated from "traitors and politically unreliable people" (Germans and Hungarians) by the postwar Czechoslovak government. The administrators were required to be "nationally and politically reliable, with appropriate professional and practical knowledge", and benefitted economically from their appointment. Many Jewish survivors from the countryside moved to the cities in search of greater protection, more anonymity, and access to Jewish organizations. "Bite Židov!" (29 July in Bratislava), "Teraz alebo nikdy preč so Židmi!" (1 August in Zlaté Moravce) and "Smrť Židom!" (1/2 August in Žilina). "Pozor žide, partisan ide židov biť" "ČSR pre Slovákov a Čechov, Palestína pre židákov" "Židia do Palestíny!" "Židia von!" "Židov obesiť!" "... verejne volal všetkých gardistov, hlinkovcov ako aj partizánov, aby sa spojili proti Židom." Full quote from the SRP: "... výtržnosti, ktoré v Bratislave už zistiteľné sústavne organizované a môžu byť čoskoro koreňom ďalších a pozdejších protižidovských verejných demonštrácií, ba pogromov." Equivalent to $8 stolen and $360 in damage in 1946 dollars, according to the official exchange rate of 50 Kčs/USD, or $100 stolen, $4700 damage in current dollars. "Všetkých Židov obesiť" Equivalent to $300 in 1946 dollars, or $3900 in current dollars. "sfanatizovaných partizánov" Equivalent to $100 in 1946 dollars, or $1300 in current dollars. "Polícia prichádza dosť neskoro, zatýka Tudí, ale prepúšťa ich za krátky čas a tieto osoby sa potom opäť vracajú k útoku. Nejde o pogrom, nie je hluk, nie sú veľké masy. Prepadávanie sa deje v malých skupinách." "Ktorého Žida dňa 29. augusta 1946 uvidím na ulici, ho odstrelím." "Desatoro prikázaní statočného Slováka katolíka"... "Na stráž proti Židom a čechom." "Z príležitosti prvého zjazdu slovenských partizánov stalo sa niekoľko menší ch, bezvýznamných incidentov, v ktorých partizáni dávali najavo svoju nespokojnosť s riešením ich pálčivých sociálnych otázok." Original title: "Co se stalo na Slovensku". Full quote: "Že v souvislosti s chystaným sjezdem partyzánů dojde k protižidovským demonstracím a výtržnostem, vědělo na Slovensku každé malé dítě. Ve vlacích, na nádražích a v hospodách se otevřeně agitovalo. Zdá se však, že to bylo zatajováno příslušným ústředním orgánům v Praze. Slovenské bezpečnostní orgány a organizátoři sjezdu byli na nebezpečí upozorňováni a sami na ně též varovně poukazovali. Isteže vedenie partizánov nielenže s týmito nekalými akciami nemalo nič spoločné, ale práve naopak, pracovalo proti nim. Ale všechno, co se tu podnikalo, bylo polovičaté, uskutečňované bez plného přesvědčení a zodpovědnosti." Quote from Ferjencik: "Príčiny vzplanutia antisemitizmu na Slovensku, ktoré boli ojedinelé, sú tieto: V prvom rade dedičstvo 6 rokov rozširovanej protižidovskej propagandy, silné protižidovské hnutie v Maďarsku a v Poľsku, nevyriešená otázka vlastníckeho práva arizáciou dotknutých poľnohospo-dárskych majetkov. Ďalej repatriovalo mnoho takých Židov, ktorí unás nikdy nebývali, neovládajú ani jeden zo slovanských jazykov, ako aj to, že sa všeobecne nezapojovali do všeužitočných prác pri rekonštrukcii vojnou zničených častí Slovenska. K tomu pristupuje i značne vysoká ich úč asť na čiernom obchode." "...že roz šíř ení zprávy v době mírové konference by mohlo ČSR škoditi." "Prehlasujem Vám, že ministerstvo vnútra podniklo a podnikne so všetkou rozhodnosťou všetky potrebné kroky, aby k takým a podobným výtržnostiam nikdy nedošlo." "...celá táto akcia je riadená s úmyslom poškodiť čistý štít Republiky na mierovej konferencii..." "... ž e vše poukazuje k tomu, že to byl účel demonstrací a že tudiž ulice vyhrála..." Cichopek 2014, pp. 94–96. Silber, Michael K. "Bratislava". YIVO Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 May 2020. Láníček 2013, p. 35. Lorman 2019, pp. 47–48. Cichopek 2014, pp. 12–13. Cichopek 2014, pp. 90–92. Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018, p. 845. Cichopek 2014, pp. 14–16. Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018, p. 847. Cichopek 2014, p. 21. Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018, p. 849. Cichopek 2014, p. 19. Bumová 2007, p. 14. Cichopek 2014, p. 3. Cichopek 2014, p. 213. Cichopek 2014, p. 53. Cichopek 2014, p. 90. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 272. Bumová 2007, p. 27. Cichopek 2014, pp. 96, 99. Cichopek 2014, pp. 105, 107. Bumová 2007, p. 16. Cichopek 2014, p. 105. Cichopek 2014, p. 117. Lônčíková 2019, pp. 938–939. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 273. Bumová 2007, p. 15. Bumová 2007, pp. 14–15. Cichopek 2014, p. 96. Šmigeľ 2011, pp. 256–257. Cichopek 2014, pp. 102–103. Bumová 2007, p. 21. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 257. Bumová 2007, p. 17. Bumová 2007, pp. 17–18. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 259. Cichopek 2014, p. 119. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 258. Šmigeľ 2011, pp. 259–260. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 260. Bumová 2007, p. 18. Cichopek 2014, p. 118. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 261. Bumová 2007, p. 24. Bumová 2007, pp. 19–20. Veres, István (6 May 2013). "Kam zmizlo Podhradie? — Židovská štvrť" [Where did Podhradie disappear? — Jewish Quarter]. Bratislavské rožky (in Slovak). ISSN 2585-7762. Retrieved 7 July 2020. Majerský 2004, p. 24. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020. Bumová 2007, p. 19. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 262. Bumová 2007, p. 20. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 263. Mlynárik 2005. Bumová 2007, p. 25. Bumová 2007, pp. 18, 20. Bumová 2007, pp. 20–21. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 264. Bumová 2007, p. 22. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 265. Láníček 2017, p. 160. Láníček 2013, p. 170. Bumová 2007, pp. 23–24. Cichopek 2014, p. 135. Bumová 2017, p. 110. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 268. Bumová 2007, pp. 27–28. Bumová 2007, p. 28. Bumová 2007, pp. 21, 23. Bumová 2007, p. 23. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 266. Šmigeľ 2011, pp. 266–267. Bumová 2007, pp. 28–29. Cichopek 2014, pp. 105–106. Šmigeľ 2011, p. 267. Bumová 2007, p. 26. Láníček 2017, p. 157. Cichopek 2014, pp. 120–121. Šmigeľ 2011, pp. 268–271. Cichopek 2014, pp. 228–230. Bumová 2007, p. 29. Bumová, Ivica (2007). "Protižidovské výtržnosti v Bratislave v historickom kontexte (august 1946)". Pamäť národa (3): 14–29. ISSN 1336-6297. https://www.upn.gov.sk/publikacie_web/pamat-naroda/_pamat-naroda-03-2007.pdf#page=13. Bumová, Ivica (2017). "Obraz židov v dobovej tlači v rokoch 1945–1948. Denníky Čas a Pravda.". In Vrzgulová, Monika; Kubátová, Hana. Podoby antisemitismu v Čechách a na Slovensku v 20. a 21. století (in sk). Prague: Karolinum Press. pp. 97–118. ISBN 978-80-246-3461-6. https://www.academia.edu/31677824. Cichopek, Anna (2014). Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48 (in en). ISBN 978-1-107-03666-6. Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation (in en). ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6. Láníček, Jan (2017). Arnošt Frischer and the Jewish Politics of Early 20th-Century Europe (in en). London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-8590-5. Lônčíková, Michala (2019). "Atrocities in the borderland: anti-Semitic violence in eastern Slovakia (1945–1946)". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 26 (6): 928–946. doi:10.1080/13507486.2019.1612328. Lorman, Thomas (2019). The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-10938-4. Majerský, Radovan (2004). "Development of the Exchange Rate of the Czechoslovak Koruna". Biatec (National Bank of Slovakia) XII (1): 23–26. ISSN 1335-0900. https://www.nbs.sk/_img/Documents/BIATEC/BIA01_04/23_26.pdf. Mlynárik, Ján (2005). "Pogromy na Slovensku 1945-1948". Dějiny židů na Slovensku (in cs). Prague: Academia. ISBN 978-80-200-1301-9. https://www.holocaust.cz/zdroje/clanky-z-ros-chodese/ros-chodes-2005/kveten-6/pogromy-na-slovensku-1945-1948/. "Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany". 3. (2018). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Šmigeľ, Michal (2011). "Protižidovské výtržnosti v Bratislave v rokoch 1946 a 1948 (v kontexte povojnových prejavov antisemitizmu na Slovensku)" [Anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava in 1946 and 1948 (in the context of postwar manifestations of antisemitism in Slovakia)]. In Medvecký, Matej (ed.). Fenomén Bratislava. Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. pp. 251–273. ISBN 978-80-893-3539-8.
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The plants pictured below have been recorded as blooming during the month of May in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Note: Because many species have variation in flower color, some of the photographs on this page show flowers of a different color than Pink. In most cases, the "typical" (most common) color is shown here. Trifolium pratense Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall Regional data and additional images for Trifolium pratense Sinocalycanthus sinensis Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer Regional data and additional images for Sinocalycanthus sinensis Viburnum x burkwoodii Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Viburnum x burkwoodii Weigela Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer Regional data and additional images for Weigela Rhododendron Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer Regional data and additional images for Rhododendron Malus Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Malus Vinca minor Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Winter, Mid Winter, Early Spring, Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall Regional data and additional images for Vinca minor Malus domestica Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Malus domestica Cercis canadensis Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Cercis canadensis Claytonia virginica Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Claytonia virginica Cornus florida Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Cornus florida Dicentra spectabilis Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer Regional data and additional images for Dicentra spectabilis Aquilegia x hybrida Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer Regional data and additional images for Aquilegia x hybrida Lunaria annua Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Lunaria annua Geranium maculatum Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer Regional data and additional images for Geranium maculatum Lonicera x heckrottii Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Winter, Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall, Early Winter Regional data and additional images for Lonicera x heckrottii Hesperis matronalis Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer, Late Summer, Mid Fall Regional data and additional images for Hesperis matronalis Erigeron philadelphicus Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer Regional data and additional images for Erigeron philadelphicus last updated 10:01, 19 October 2007 (UTC) with 18 plants
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In TeX, a length is a floating point number followed by a unit, optionally followed by a stretching value; a floating point factor followed by a macro that expands to a length. First, we introduce the LaTeX measurement units. All LaTeX units are two-letter abbreviations. You can choose from a variety of units. Here are the most common ones. The point is the default unit and 1pt is the default length. All other units are converted to the point by a fixed ratio. Here are some less common units. A box in TeX is characterized by three lengths: depth height width See Boxes. You can change the values of the variables defining the page layout with two commands. With this one you can set a new value for an existing length variable: with this other one, you can add a value to the existing one: You can create your own length with the command, and you must create a new length before you attempt to set it: You may also set a length from the size of a text with one of these commands: The calc package provides also the function \settototalheight{\mylength}{some text} When using these commands, you may duplicate the text that you want to use as reference if you plan to also display it. But LaTeX also provides \savebox to avoid this duplication. You may wish to look at the example below to see how you can use these. See Boxes for more details. You can also define stretched values. A stretching value is a length preceded by plus or minus to specify to what extent tex is authorized to change the length. Example: It means that tex will try to use a length of 10pt; if it is underfull, it will raise the length up to a maximum of 15pt; if it is overfull, it will lower the length up to a minimum of 7pt. Note that it is not mandatory to specify both the plus and the minus values, but if you do, plus must be placed before minus. To print a length, you can use the \the command: To create a new length: To set a length: To view, it is the same as with LaTeX, using the command \the. Common length macros are: \baselineskip The normal vertical distance between lines in a paragraph. \baselinestretch A factor multiplying \baselineskip. Has to be set with \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor} \columnsep The distance between columns. \columnwidth The width of the column. \evensidemargin The margin for 'even' pages (think of a printed booklet). \linewidth The width of a line in the local environment. \oddsidemargin The margin for 'odd' pages (think of a printed booklet). \paperwidth The width of the page. \paperheight The height of the page. \parindent The normal paragraph indentation. \parskip The extra vertical space between paragraphs. \tabcolsep The default separation between columns in a tabular environment. \textheight The height of text on the page. \textwidth The width of the text on the page. \topmargin The size of the top margin. \unitlength Units of length in picture environment. To insert a fixed-length space, use: \hspace stands for horizontal space, \vspace for vertical space. If such a space should be kept even if it falls at the end or the start of a line, use \hspace* instead. If the space should be preserved at the top or at the bottom of a page, use the starred version of the command, \vspace*, instead of \vspace. If you want to add space at the beginning of the document, without anything else written before, then you may use It's important you use the \vspace* command instead of \vspace, otherwise LaTeX can silently ignore the extra space. TeX features some macros for fixed-length spacing. \smallskip Inserts a small space in vertical mode (between two paragraphs). \medskip Inserts a medium space in vertical mode (between two paragraphs). \bigskip Inserts a big space in vertical mode (between two paragraphs). The vertical mode is during the process of assembling boxes "vertically", like paragraphs to build a page. The horizontal mode is during the process of assembling boxes "horizontally", like letters to build a word or words to build a paragraph. The fact they are vertical mode commands mean they will be ignored (or fail) in horizontal mode such as in the middle of a paragraph. The first token next to a double linebreak is still in vertical mode if it does not expand to characters. The command: generates a special rubber space where factor is a number, possibly a float. It stretches until all the remaining space on a line is filled up. If two \hspace{\stretch{factor}} commands are issued on the same line, they grow according to the stretch factor. The same way, you can stretch vertically: You can also use \fill instead of \stretch{1}. The \stretch command, in connection with \pagebreak, can be used to typeset text on the last line of a page, or to center text vertically on a page. There are 'shortcut commands' for stretching with factor 1 (i.e. with \stretch{1} or \fill): \hfill and \vfill. Example: Several macros allow filling the rest of the line -- or stretching parts of the line -- in different manners. \hfill will produce empty space. \dotfill will produce dots. \hrulefill will produce a rule. Resize an image to take exactly half the text width : Make distance between items larger (inside an itemize environment) : Use of \savebox to resize an image to the height of the text: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/latex/ltx-86.html http://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/debian-tex/texlive-bin.git/tree/texk/web2c/pdftexdir/pdftex.web?h=debian/2015.20150524.37493-5#n10460 University of Cambridge > Engineering Department > computing help > LaTeX > Squeezing Space in LaTeX
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style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"We maintain that this force exists in society, and that God has placed it there. If it did not exist, we should be reduced, like Utopian dreamers, to seek for it in artificial arrangements, in arrangements which imply a previous alteration in the physical and moral conditution of man; or rather, we should conclude that the search was useless and vain, for the simple reason that we cannot understand the action of a lever without its fulcrum. Let us try, then, to describe the beneficent force which tends gradually to surmount the mischievous and injurious force to which we have given the name of spoliation, and the presence of which is only too well explained by reasoning, and established by experience. Every injurious or hurtful act has necessarily two terms: the point whence it comes, and the point to which it tends—the terminus a quo, and the terminus ad quem—the man who acts, and the man acted upon; or, in the language of the schoolmen, the agent and the patient. We may be protected, then, from an injurious act in two ways: by the voluntary abstention of the agent; or by the resistance of the patient. These two moral principles, far from running counter to each other, concur in their action, namely, the religious or philosophical moral principle, and the moral principle which I shall venture to term economic. The religious moral principle, in order to ensure the suppression of an injurious act, addresses its author, addresses man in his capacity of agent, and says to him: "Amend your life; purify your conduct; cease to do evil; learn to do well; subdue your passions; sacrifice self-interest; oppress not your neighbour, whom it is your duty to love and assist; first of all be just, and be charitable afterwards." This species of moral principle will always be esteemed the most beautiful and touching, that which best displays the human race in its native majesty, which will be most extolled by the eloquent, and call forth the greatest amount of admiration and sympathy. The economic moral principle aspires at attaining the same result; but addresses man more especially in the capacity of patient. It points out to him the effects of human actions, and
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Sunday, December 19, 2010 Play media This month is set to be one of the coldest ever recorded in the United Kingdom, as snow leads to millions of people's travel plans disrupted. One person at London Heathrow Airport said the grounding of aircraft, and disruption to rail services, had created "the Christmas from hell." On one of the busiest weekends for travellers of the year, Heathrow and Gatwick Airports closed their runways and roads countrywide became impassable. One person has already died this weekend after the ambulance he was being treated in crashed in Eastbourne, East Sussex. Meterologists warn that the conditions are unlikely to recede soon, adding that this month is set to be one of the coldest on record. Britain is not alone in Europe; airports in Germany, Italy, France and the Netherlands are similarly affected. Wikinews today reports from the village of Flackwell Heath, Buckinghamshire, England, where villagers were buying essentials from the local supermarket, and roads were covered in six inches of snow. Wikinews journalist Paul Wace reported that councillors pledged to grit major routes, but the main road through the village was covered in a slushy mix of snow and grit, making travel extremely difficult. "Heavy snow and ice bring travel chaos across UK" — BBC News Online, December 18, 2010 Robin McKie, Jamie Doward. "UK snow: Britain in gridlock as big freeze brings Christmas travel misery" — The Guardian, December 18, 2010
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THE CASE AGAINST ZEROS Shirl Giuliani Students will learn some strategies to deal with missing work Students will learn how a zero can affect a student's grade There are a variety of reasons for students to miss assignments, ranging from being absent due to illness or being a member of a sports team that has an away event to just not wanting to do the work. As a teacher, how do handle the missing work? What options do you have? You want your students to pass your class and learn something. Given the option of writing a zero in your gradebook or allowing the student to make up the work, which do you prefer? Schools and teachers around the country are coming up with so very innovative ways to cancel the zeros and encourage students. They are realizing the effect that a zero will have on a student's grade and the impact that will have on their learning. Danna Garland, principal at Glenpool Middle School, Glenpool, OK has instituted ZAP (Zeros Aren't Permitted) as a way to counteract students who were failing classes not because they didn't understand the work, but because they chose not to do it (Bafile, 2008). The ZAP program requires students to complete assignments during lunch periods. Since beginning ZAP the "ineligible list" has shrunk from 100 students to 50 students. Garland told Education World, "students attitudes are changing. They are beginning to understand that it is a priority to do the assignments and do them with quality. The program doesn't ensure passing grades, but it does emphasize being accountable. The students are required to work to the best of their abilities insuring that they will get some credit for each assignment. During the ZAP periods books are provided, as well as one-on-one assistance. Ms. Garland even helps supervise during the periods. The program has also increased parent contact. If a student doe not complete work during lunch ZAP the school contacts a parent to schedule time before or after school when the student can complete the work. Another solution to the zero issue was inspired by a conversation that Bill Ferriter, a sixth grade teacher at Salem Middle School in Apex, NC, had with a colleague. The colleague wanted to fail one of her students for the whole year because of his horrible grades in her class, the problem was that his scores on the end-of-grade exams placed him in the top 20% of sixth grade students(Bafile). Ferriter felt that this teacher's desire wasn't so much to identify if the student had mastered the content, but to punish him for not doing the work. Ferriter realized that grades on a report card are incredibly subjective and dependent on an individual teacher's approach to late work. He worked out a grading system that would be accurately reflective of a student's work behaviors and academic ability. Every child in his class is required to turn in every assignment. When as assignment is not turned in on time, the student must finish it instead of going outside to recess. This is referrd to a "working lunch." The number of missing assignments in his clss decreases quickly over the school year. Students learn that missing work means losing recess, a hard thing for a young adolescent. Ferriter sees his kids taking a positive attitude toward completing missing tasks, and starting to take pride in having good grades for the first time. Parents are cautious about his grading policies, but they come to appreciate the system because it gives them accurate feedback about their children's strengths and weaknesses. They don't have to guess what a D means. They can look at the work records and to find out what behaviors are influencing the grades and exert positive parental pressure to encourage the kids to improve (Bafile). The impact of a zero on a student's grade is disproportionate. A zero can bring a B average down to failing. The impact on the student is even worse. There may be things going on at home that interfere with a student doing homework, the student could be bored in the class or they could not understand the work and be afraid to ask for help. Until a teacher starts to look at grades in a different way, they will never know. !. What is one common effect of ZAP and "Working Lunch"? A) Passing grades B) Increased parental involvement C) Students don't turn in work so they have to attend D) More work for teachers 2. Bill Ferriter started "Working Lunch" because A) he wanted more work for himself B) his students were failing C) he felt that letter grades didn't accurately reflect a student's performance D) he wanted to punish students for missing work 3. You have a student who consistently misses class and doesn't turn in work, what do you do? A) Refer them to guiidance B) Talk to the student and find out what is going on C) Be the "cool" teacher and allow them extra chances to make up work and hope the problem solves itself D) Give them a zero, they're not doing the work, so they should fail. 4. You have a student who gets perfect scores on the SOls, but fails to turn in or do homework or written assignments, what can you do? A) Fail them, they obviously don't understand the subject B) Talk to the student and find out if there is anything going on at home that can impact their work C) Have them tested for a learning disability D) Engage them during class, their learning style may not be compatible with written work 1. B, 2. C, 3. B, 4. B & D Bafile, Cara. Teaching Heroes: Toss the Zeros. Education World August 8, 2008. accessed 19 March 2009 from http://www.education-world.com/a_admin/admin/admin531.shtml. O'Donnell, Hugh. The Math of Zero in a Percentage Scale. accessed 19 March 2009 from http://repairman.wordpress.com/2007/11/25/dont-give-a-zero-try-50-59-or-60-or-not/ Roth. Lauren. For Some Schools, Using Zero Scores Doesn't Add Up. Virginian-Pilot October 5, 2008. accesses 19 March 2009 from http://hamptonroads.com/2008/10/some-schools-using-zero-scores-doesnt-add Trim, Diane. Here's What I Do: Zero Papers for Missing Work. accessed 19 March 2009 from http://www.insidetheschool.com/hereâs-what-i-do-zero-papers-for-missing-work-part-one
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Data types are separated into value types and reference types. Value types are either stack-allocated or allocated inline in a structure. Reference types are heap-allocated. Both reference and value types are derived from the ultimate base class System.Object. In cases where a value type needs to act like an object, a wrapper that makes the value type look like a reference object is allocated on the heap, and the value type's value is copied into it. The wrapper is marked so that the system knows that it contains a value type. This process is known as boxing, and the reverse process is known as unboxing. Boxing and unboxing allow any type to be treated as an object. In .Net and mono (nearly) everything is a Type. The key to finding out about types is the System.Type class. This class can be used to investigate a type. The quickest way to get hold of a type in c# is to use the typeof operator. This operator returns a System.Type object. using System; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section1 { public class TypeQuery { public static void Main () { // Getting an instance of Type in c#. Console.WriteLine (typeof (Type).FullName); // Getting an instance is more complicated using the CTS. Console.WriteLine (Type.GetType ("System.Type").FullName); } } } We can investigate types using System>Type and some reflection. using System; See: System.Exception All exceptions derive from the System.Exception class. This class has three constructors to throw a new exception either the first or second constructor can be used. To throw a nested exception the third constructor is used. Each of the constructors is illustrated below. using System; public class ThrowSimpleException { public static void Main () { throw new Exception(); } } using System; public class ThrowExceptionWithMessage { public static void Main () { throw new Exception ("Exception with message was thrown. "); } } using System; public class ThrowNestedException { public static void Main () { Exception innerException = new Exception ("Inner exception message. "); throw new Exception ("Outer exception message. ", innerException); } } In practice exceptions that are thrown should derive from System.Exception. It is bad practice to throw System.Exception directly. Managing groups of data as a unit where each data item can be accessed is a common operation. The System.Collections namespace provides several different types for managing collections. The collections are related to one another by the fact that they implement IEnumrable and ICollection (Check this). The three interfaces IList, ICollection and IDictionary are structured in the following way: The main classes of System.Collections are as follows: ArrayList implements a variable-size IList that uses an array of objects to store the elements. A ArrayList has a ArrayList.Capacity, which is the allocated length of the internal array. The total number of elements contained by a list is its ArrayList.Count. As elements are added to a list, its capacity is automatically increased as required by reallocating the internal array. ICollection interface and IList interface public interface ICollection { int Count { get; } bool IsSynchronized { get; } object SyncRoot { get; } void CopyTo (Array array, int index); } public interface IList { bool IsFixedSize { get; } bool IsReadOnly { get; } object this [ int index ] { get; set; } // TODO: Add methods. } IComparer interface and IEqualityComparer interface IDictionary interface and IDictionaryEnumerator interface IEnumerable interface and IEnumerator interface public interface IEnumerable { IEnumerator GetEnumerator (); } public interface IEnumerator { Object Current { get; } bool MoveNext (); void Reset (); } A Hashtable represents a dictionary with a constant lookup time that contains entries of associated keys and values. The type of each entry in a Hashtable is DictionaryEntry. A statement that exposes each element in the collection is required to iterate over this type. The System.Collections.BitArray implements a collection of boolean values. There are a number of different constructors for a BitArray. The BitArray( ) creates ... The methods of a BitArray allow a bitwise operation to be performed on the BitArray. using System; using System.Collections; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section2 { public class BitArrayExample { public static void Main () { BitArray bitArray = new BitArray (new byte [] {byte.Parse ("25")}); Console.WriteLine ("bitArray.Count: {0}", bitArray.Count); for (int i = 0; i < bitArray.Count; i++) Console.WriteLine ("bitArray [{0}]: {1}", i, bitArray [i]); } } } Compiling and running this example gives the following output: ~/work/70-536/70-536.1/70-536.1.2> gmcs bitarrayfrombyte.cs ~/work/70-536/70-536.1/70-536.1.2> mono bitarrayfrombyte.exe bitArray.Count: 8 bitArray [0]: True bitArray [1]: False bitArray [2]: False bitArray [3]: True bitArray [4]: True bitArray [5]: False bitArray [6]: False bitArray [7]: False The stack is a collection supporting only the push, pop, and peek operations. The push method puts an object onto the end of the stack. The peek method returns the most recent object placed on the stack. The pop method removes the most recent object placed on the stack and returns it. There is often a need to have a collection only store objects of a given type. For example an ArrayList might be used to store only strings. ArrayList stringArray = new ArrayList (); stringArray.Add ("String 1. "); stringArray.Add ("String 2. "); stringArray.Add ("String 3. "); However this is not type safe as at any point in the lifetime of the stringArray object an object that is not a string can added. There is also the convenience of having to cast down the items retreived from the stringArray. string string2 = (string) stringArray [1]; In earlier versions of c# the only way to have type safe collections was either to wrap an existing collection or derive from an existing collection. public class StringArray { private ArrayList stringArray; public StringArray () {} } Generic IComparable interface (Refer System Namespace) Generic ICollection interface and Generic IList interface Generic IComparer interface and Generic IEqualityComparer interface Generic IDictionary interface Generic IEnumerable interface and Generic IEnumerator interface IHashCodeProvider interface Generic Dictionary class and Generic Dictionary.Enumerator structure Generic Dictionary.KeyCollection class and Dictionary.KeyCollection.Enumerator structure Generic Dictionary.ValueCollection class and Dictionary.ValueCollection.Enumerator structure Generic LinkedList class Generic LinkedList.Enumerator structure Generic LinkedListNode class StringCollection class StringDictionary class StringEnumerator class HybridDictionary class IOrderedDictionary interface and OrderedDictionary class ListDictionary class NameObjectCollectionBase class NameObjectCollectionBase.KeysCollection class NameValueCollection class A delegate is similar to a typed function pointer. The ThermoStat class using System.Threading; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section6 { public delegate void ThermostatChangedEventHandler(ThermostatState newState); public class Thermostat { private ThermostatState state = ThermostatState.Open; public ThermostatChangedEventHandler ThermostatChanged; public void MonitorTemperature() { while (true) { Thread.Sleep(2000); FlipState(); if (ThermostatChanged != null) { ThermostatChanged(state); } } } private void FlipState() { if (state == ThermostatState.Open) { state = ThermostatState.Closed; } else { state = ThermostatState.Open; } } } } A delegate allows the act of calling a method to be delegated to someone else. public delegate void TemperatureChangedEventHandler(double temperature); public class ClientServer { public static void Main () { Server server = new Server (); WriteMessage (server.GetMessage ()); // TODO: poll servers here. } public void WriteMessage (string message) { Console.WriteLine (message); } } public class EventHandlingClient { public static void Main () { Server server = new Server (); MessageReceived += new MessageReceivedEventHandler (WriteMessage); // TODO: loop waiting for servers here. } } In this section we'll explore delegates using unit tests. The first question we'll look at is when are delgates created? A delegate is created when an method is added to the invocation list. The delegate is distroyed when there are no more methods in the invocation list. using NUnit.Framework; namespace OpenEd.Ms70536.Part1.Section6 { [TestFixture] public class ThermostatTests { [Test] public void AddingHandlerCreatesDelegate () { Thermostat thermostat = new Thermostat (); Assert.IsNull (thermostat.ThermostatChanged); thermostat.ThermostatChanged += new ThermostatChangedEventHandler (OnThermostatChanged); Assert.IsNotNull (thermostat.ThermostatChanged); thermostat.ThermostatChanged -= new ThermostatChangedEventHandler (OnThermostatChanged); Assert.IsNull (thermostat.ThermostatChanged); } public void OnThermostatChanged(ThermostatState newState) { } } } The EventArgs class is a base class for use in the pattern described in the next section. To pass arguments sub classes are derived from the EventArgs class. public class ThermostatChangedEventArgs : EventArgs { private ThermostatState newState; public ThermostatChangedEventArgs (ThermostatState newState) { this.newState = newState; } public ThermostatState NewState { get { return newState; } } } The EventHanlder is part of a pattern for handling events that is aimed at reducing the proliferation of different delegates. In this pattern there is one delegate, the EventHandler delegate. public delegate void EventHandler (object sender, EventArgs e)
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Hongcun (宏村, Hóngcūn) is a village in Yixian County, Anhui. Hongcun is the China you think of when you think of ancient China. Imagine an old man stroking his wispy grey beard while smoking a long thin pipe and this is where he probably lives. Hongcun’s narrow cobblestone paved lanes winding around boxy whitewashed buildings with pointed black tiled roofs offer a pleasant place to spend a few unhurried days in a beautiful part of rural China. Several larger residences reflect the wealth of its one time resident in the ornate carvings on every beam and column. Many of the buildings date back to the Ming and Qing dynasties and are regarded as the best examples of typical Anhui-style architecture. The layout of Hongcun resembles the shape of an Ox and is crisscrossed by a complex network of water canals feeding into the central half-moon pond and southern lake. Though Hongcun isn’t on most China travelers itinerary’s many would have unknowingly seen it in the background of several scenes from the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Hongcun doesn’t feel like it has given itself over to tourism. Tacky souvenir stalls and pushy touts are few and otherwise easy to avoid. Apart from the odd noisy Chinese tour group that buses in at the hour, the atmosphere is quiet and low key. This is real village where people go about their daily lives with little concession to your presence. They hang fish out to air dry at the front of the house to preserve it, not to entice you to buy it for a souvenir. Hongcun and nearby Xidi (西递; Xīdì) were listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2000. Hongcun was established in the Song Dynasty and flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties when it became a centre for trade. Most of the buildings from this period still exist in the village today. Several significant buildings are open to the public. Of these Chengzhi Hall (承志堂; Chéngzhì Táng) is the grandest. The sign at the front calls it the 'Folk Imperial Palace'. Its diminutive size may fall short of that onerous title it offers a much of interest. Chengzhi Hall was built by a wealthy salt merchant to accommodate his two wives. Throughout, wooden beams and wall panels are decorated with intricate carvings of nature, Chinese mythology or scenes from Qing dynasty life. Many are gilded in gold. The red army used the hall to accommodate troops during the long march leaving a few, now fading, yellow ‘Long live Mao’ slogans painted on the walls. Though the red army’s usual practice was to deface artwork depicting figures from ancient China by cutting away the face, these ones were spared the soldiers knife and remain intact. The village layout is said to take the shape of an Ox or the Chinese character for cow (牛; Niú). Leigang Hill at the west end of the village is the head, two huge trees are the horns and the village forms the body. The canal system functions as its intestines. The central half-moon Yuezhao (月沼; Yuèzhăo) pond is the stomach and the larger South Lake the abdomen. The four bridges spanning the Jiyin stream at the front and rear of the village represent the Ox’s legs. The villages’ intestinal network of canals runs past the front yard of each house, fed by water diverted from Jilin stream which originates from a spring in the hillside behind the village. Admission to the village is ¥104 (2015). The ticket is valid for several days and must be show whenever leaving or entering the village. Don’t lose it. Hongcun is 85 km from Tunxi (屯溪; Túnxī) and 11 km from Yixian (黟县; Yīxiàn) by a good sealed road through some very nice rural scenery. From Tunxi: Buses leave from the main bus station: (every hour; 06:00-16:00; ¥17.5 as of 2012) drops you off at the Hongcun entrance. Busses pass through Xidi so you could stop off in Xidi and can catch an onward but to Hongcun from the road (regular; ¥3; 20 min). An hourly bus leaves from the new Huangshan North station (¥30), a taxi from the station to Hongcun would be around ¥160 as of November 2015. There are also buses that start directly in front of Huangshan Railway Station. They will drop you in Yixian (¥13). From there you can take the local bus (¥3) which stops at the main road, 5-10 min walk from the entrance. From Yixian: Green mini-buses leave from the main bus station. (When it’s full; ¥2; 20 min.) A taxi to Hongcun might cost ¥20 or so. The village is quite small and reasonably flat. Hongcun’s myriad of short, narrow, cobblestone paved lanes make walking not only the best but the only way to get around. While the prospect of getting lost wandering in the narrow lanes doesn’t sound bad, all roads inevitably lead back to the central Yuezhao Pond or the South Lake. If you do find yourself lost just keep turning left and if you end up back in the same place, make a right. A day can be spent walking randomly about the village's maze-like lanes but there are some interesting sights to see along the way. A few may (or may not) require an admission fee but most are free. South Lake. An artificial lake built during the Ming Dynasty wraps itself around the front of the village in the shape of an archers bow. A long stone bridge crossing the lake provides and elegant entry to the village and is a great spot to take in the beautiful view of the village and hills reflected in the water. The South Lake College is located on the lake edge next to the bridge. Chengzhi Hall. Built during the late Qing Dynasty this hall belonged to a rich salt merchant. The entire hall has nine open roofed yards with more than 60 rooms. Not all rooms are open but there is plenty to see as you may still walk freely around the main areas. The supporting beams of one room are constructed in the shape of the Chinese character for ‘Luck’ (福; Fú). Almost all wooden beams and wall panels are decorated with carvings of nature, Chinese mythology or scenes from Qing dynasty life. The open roofed yards let the light in and gaps in and the stone floors let the rain out. Keep an eye out for fading yellow Mao heads painted in the walls left by the Red Army when they stayed here during the long march. The hillside behind the village can be a pleasant place for a walk among the trees and bamboo. Most eastward lanes end here so just pick one and head for the hills. The local specialty is preserved vegetable (雪菜; Xuĕcài) and is used in almost everything. Though quite tasty it can be a bit salty. A local style crispy flat bread (饼; Bĭng) filled with preserved vegetable are readily available from elderly women with their portable drum ovens throughout the village. (¥2) Restaurants in the village can be expensive and have limited options if you don’t require a banquet. The usual vegetable or meat dishes with rice can be had for ¥15-¥20 per plate but expect to have the proprietor firmly recommend some ‘local fish’ dish not on the menu that will run you ¥100 and up. More budget oriented diners should head to the small noodle places outside of the village near the south bridge where a good bowl of noodles will cost ¥4-5. Baozi with various meat or vegetable fillings are sometimes available, usually only in the mornings, for ¥1 or less Non-Chinese are prohibited from sleeping in the village and are required to stay at the government run hotel outside the village. As of September 2019, non-Chinese visitors are allowed to stay at one of the numerous hotels in the village. A much better option is to wander around the village with your backpack on, perhaps around the south lake, and wait for some friendly local to furtively usher you into their home. Quickly they will offer you to stay in one of their clean doubles for ¥80-100 per night. Air-conditioning is provided in the winter but you may have to pay extra. They may ask you to stay only one night and find another friendly local tomorrow. Xidi is a nearby village similar to Hongcun. Tourist buses heading to Tunxi pass through Xidi (whenever; ¥3; 20 min) or you could take a taxi for ¥20. Tunxi (Huangshan) is a 45-min to 1-hour minibus ride away from Tangkou (¥20) the starting point for trips to Huangshan. It has bus and rail connections. The tourist bus leaves Hongcun from the main entrance carpark whenever the driver feels like it. (Whenever; ¥13, 2.5 hr) Yixian is a transport hub with nothing else of interest. The main bus station has services to just about everywhere in the province. Green mini-buses from Hongcun leave from outside the village near the south bridge. (When it’s full; ¥2; 20 min) A taxi to Yixian should cost around ¥20.
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The colorful Castro is the famous gay center of San Francisco, a vibrant and historic neighborhood full of businesses geared towards the city's LGBT community. Adjacent to the Castro and sitting beneath Twin Peaks to the west is Noe Valley, a pleasant neighborhood with lots of lovely restaurants and boutiques to explore. The area is bounded roughly by the Twin Peaks on the west, Dolores/Church Streets on the east, Duboce Avenue on the north and San Jose Avenue on the south. Originally an Irish working-class neighborhood of San Francisco, the Castro has been transformed for the past 35 years and recognized by many as the gay mecca of the world. Filled with bookstores, clothing outlets, video stores and bars (and practically anything else you can think of) that cater towards the LGBT community, the Castro is a required visit for anyone even slightly interested in gay lifestyle and culture, and is truly a local authentic gem of San Francisco. Noe Valley is a long gentrified neighborhood in San Francisco with many hip and trendy restaurants and boutique shops. The main commercial corridor is on 24th Street between Church Street and Diamond Street. Walking along 24th Street during the day you will see well-attended coffee shops, chic boutiques and several baby strollers. You can learn more about the goings-on in Noe Valley by reading either the print or online edition of the Noe Valley Voice. This is the best way to get to the Castro. The K , L , or M MUNI Metro underground lines are the quickest way from Downtown, stopping at the Church Street station at Market and Church and the Castro Street station at Market and Castro, with the T line also serving trips inbound to Downtown. The J Church line can also get you to the Castro, although it comes above ground and turns south on Church Street, which runs along the eastern edge of the district. For a more scenic ride, take the historic F Market streetcar line from Fisherman's Wharf, the Embarcadero and Downtown down Market to Castro Street. MUNI bus lines which serve the area include 24-Divisadero, which runs along Castro Street through most of the district, heading north to Pacific Heights and southeast to Bayview-Hunters Point, the 33-Ashbury/18th, which runs east-west along 18th Street, the 48-Quintara/24th Street, which runs east-west along 24th Street, continuing east to Potrero Hill and west past Twin Peaks, West Portal and into Sunset, and the 35-Eureka and 37-Corbett neighborhood lines. The BART system runs through the nearby Mission neighborhood, where you can either get off at the 16th Street station and transfer to the 33 bus line, or get off at the 24th Street station and transfer to the 48 bus line. Don't drive into the area. Use public transit instead. There is a public parking garage on Noe just north of Market, but it is small. Street parking is very hard to find, especially on the weekends. If you park at the Safeway on Market and you don't go exclusively there, you will be towed. There are some metered spots along 18th between Sanchez and Eureka, but these are hard to come by. On weekends, parking is better as the 2-hour neighborhood permits don't apply. Noe Valley has one small public lot, but you will likely need to find street parking, and this can be particularly scarce on weekends during brunch and dinner times. 37.762-122.4351 The Castro Theatre, 429 Castro St (between 17th and 18th Sts), ☏ +1-415-621-6120. A lovingly restored Art Deco jewelbox of an independent movie theatre, with a Wurlitzer organ and splendid organist, special sing-along showings, and more. A "rep house" or repertory theater, it tends to screen a wide variety of classic or obscure but worthwhile films, and be a venue of choice of local film festivals. $11 adults, $8.50 seniors/teens/matinee. (updated Apr 2015) 37.7607-122.43562 GLBT History Museum, 4127 18th St (between Castro St and Collingwood St), ☏ +1-415-621-1107. M, W-Sa 11AM-7PM, Su noon-5PM (except holidays), Tu closed. A GLBT history museum, with exhibits that take you from the bedrooms and back rooms to the bookstores and bars, from Harvey Milk's victories to transgender sex workers' riots, from social movements to secret fantasies. $5. (updated Apr 2015) 37.7645-122.43833 Randall Museum, 199 Museum Way, ☏ +1-415-554-9600. A small but fun children's museum with several interactive exhibits, including live animals, a science exhibit, a toddler play area, and a railroad exhibit which includes a model railroad layout which is open on Saturdays. The museum is perched on a hill, offering great views of the San Francisco skyline. Free. 37.7642-122.44654 Michael McClure house, 264 Downey St. Former home of the Beat-era playwright and poet. There are several major cultural festivals and events in the Castro annually. Pink Saturday (Castro St from Market St downhill). Saturday night before the LGBT Pride Parade, last weekend in June. A street party, organised by the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. Free, donations encouraged. Castro Street Fair (On Castro St), ☏ +1-415 841-1824. First Sunday in October, 11AM-6PM. Vendors, dancing, fundraising for community groups. 37.7613-122.43471 Cliff's Variety, 479 Castro St (between Market and 18th St), ☏ +1-415-431-5365, fax: +1-415-431-0803. Toys, gifts, kitchenware, hardware, and the newly remodeled annex next door is where to shop for do it yourself home decor items and is THE place to get rhinestones. (updated Sep 2016) 37.761-122.43042 ImagiKnit, 3897 18th St (at Sanchez), ☏ +1-415-621-6642. M-Th 10:30AM-7PM, F-Sa 10:30AM-6:30PM, Su 10:30AM-5PM. These women opened up the yarn shop that they'd like to hang out in and the whole neighborhood concurs that they're doing it right. 37.7514-122.4293 Noe Valley Farmers Market, 3861 24th St (between Sanchez and Vicksburg), ☏ +1-415-248-1332. Sa 8AM-1PM. Year-round California-certified farmers market. 37.7516-122.43144 Just For Fun & Scribbledoodles, 3982 24th St, ☏ +1-415-285-4068. M-F 10AM-6:30PM, Sa 9AM-7PM, Su 10AM-6PM. Stationery and gifts; custom color printing and calligraphy for announcements. They have also opened an art supply store across the street. (updated Sep 2016) 37.7514-122.42941 24th Street Cheese Company, 3893 24th St (between Sanchez and Vicksburg), ☏ +1-415-821-6658. Carries hundreds of cheeses where you can taste before you buy. 37.7467-122.42722 Eric's, 1500 Church St (at 27th), ☏ +1 415 282-0919, fax: +1-415-282-9989. M-Th 11AM–9:30PM, F 11AM–10PM, Sa noon–10PM, Su 12:30PM–9:30PM. California Chinese cuisine (e.g. : many vegs are fresh, white or brown rice, mu shu comes with grilled flour tortillas) with a nod towards Hunan and Mandarin styles. Tasty food in a bustling place. Accessible, vegetarian friendly, beer and wine. Minimum charge of $8 per person. $5–8 apps and soups, $8–11 entrees. (updated Aug 2018) 37.7512-122.43823 Firefly, 4288 24th St (between Diamond and Douglass), ☏ +1-415-821-7652, [email protected]. 5:30PM–10PM daily. A favorite neighborhood restaurant among locals with creative home cooking and friendly service. Vegan and gluten-free options. Not usually too noisy. Reservations recommended, especially on weekends. $35. (updated Aug 2018) 37.7514-122.42924 Haystack Pizza, 3881 24th St (at Sanchez), ☏ +1-415-647-1929. Su-Th 11:30AM-11PM, F-Sa 11:30AM-midnight. A neighborhood favorite with a full menu with many choices for various diets. 37.7623-122.4350175 Hot Cookie, 407 Castro Street, ☏ +1 415 621-2350. Bakery known for their macaroon cookies distinctively shaped like a piece of male anatomy. 37.7609-122.4336 Kasa Indian Eatery, 4001 18th St (at Noe), ☏ +1-415-621-6940. 11AM-10PM. Indian food in a casual setting emphasizing from-scratch cooking with fresh ingredients. $5-12. 37.7419-122.42677 La Ciccia, 291 30th St (at Church), ☏ +1-415-550-8114. Tu-Su 5:30PM-10PM. Gourmet Sardinian food, Italianate but often surprisingly spiced. Large list of unusual Sardinian and other Italian wines. 37.7492-122.4278 Lovejoy's Tea Room, 1351 Church St (at Clipper), ☏ +1-415 648-5895. W–Su 11AM–6PM. Combination antique store and one of the best places to have a cosy high tea in the city. Pub fare also served. Minimum charge $12 per person. $20–30. (updated Aug 2018) 37.7512-122.43349 Noe Valley Bakery, 4073 24th St (at Castro), ☏ +1-415-550-1405, fax: +1-415-550-1485, [email protected]. M-F 7AM-7PM, Sa-Su 7AM-6PM. Considered one of the best local bakeries in the area. They supply some of the better SF restaurants as well as neighborhood demand for baked goods. 37.7423-122.426410 Pomelo, 1793 Church St. Small, quiet restaurant with an affordable variety of international dishes. 37.7605-122.434611 Sausage Factory, 517 Castro St (between 18th and 19th Sts), ☏ +1-415-626-1250. 11:30AM-midnight daily. An Italian restaurant that's larger than it looks from the outside, extending back into the middle of the block. Delivery. 37.7514-122.4312 Savor, 3913 24th St (at Sanchez), ☏ +1-415-282-0344. M-Sa 8AM-10PM, Su 8AM-9PM. A popular brunch spot. (updated Sep 2016) 37.7594-122.434713 Thai House, 599 Castro St (at 19th), ☏ +1-415-864-5000. 11:30AM-10:30PM daily. Excellent Thai food in a gay atmosphere, with some dishes that are not on the menu of most American Thai restaurants, such as Kao Soy, chicken with soft and crispy noodles in mustard sauce. 37.74371-122.4309314 Alice's Restaurant, 1599 Sanchez St (at 29th St; bus route 24 and light rail KJ line stops are nearby), ☏ +1 415 282-8999. 11AM–9:30PM, later weekends. Good, not fanciful Chinese food, and quiet enough that you can talk to your dinner companions. $10–15. (updated Aug 2018) 37.7617-122.43531 440 Castro, 440 Castro St (between 17th and 18th Sts), ☏ +1-415-621-8732. Heavy gay bar with a rowdy crowd and lots of bears, but for some this is the definitive Castro bar. 37.7644-122.43342 The LookOut, 3600 16th St (at Noe/Market), ☏ +1-415-431-0306. M-F 3:30AM-2AM, Sa-Su 12:30PM-2AM. Very popular gay bar with great food, a nice balcony, and a much calmer crowd than the 440 Castro. 37.7611-122.43453 Mix, 4086 18th St (between Castro and Hartford), ☏ +1-415-431-8616. M-F 7AM-2AM, Sa-Su 6AM-2AM. Billing itself as a "neighborhood bar", Mix has strong drinks and a great back patio. 37.7608-122.43384 Moby Dick, 4049 18th St (at Castro), ☏ +1-415-294-0731. Great bartenders, cheap strong drinks, music videos, and pinball. (updated Sep 2016) 37.7624-122.4355 Twin Peaks Tavern, 401 Castro St (between 17th and 18th Sts), ☏ +1-415-864-9470. M-W noon-2AM, Th-Sa 8AM-2AM, Su 10AM-2AM. Very nice gay bar with a great atmosphere and nice staff. Historically this was the first gay bar in the US to display its patrons to the public, offering large windows looking IN to the bar. Until this addition, most all gay bars were underground bars/clubs that kept the clientele hidden from the general public. (updated Sep 2016) 37.7648-122.43296 Cafe Flore, 2298 Market St (at Noe), ☏ +1-415-621-8579. Su-Th 7AM-11PM, F-Sa 7AM-midnight. Go for the good tea or latte and the prime people watching, not necessarily the food. Noe Valley also has the nickname "coffee gulch". While Starbucks is popular, the locals prefer 37.7518-122.42897 Martha's (24th Street between Church and Sanchez) and 37.7516-122.43128 Bernie's (24th between Noe and Sanchez). 37.7634-122.4351 Inn on Castro, 321 Castro St (at 16th), ☏ +1-415-861-0321, [email protected]. An upscale bed and breakfast in a restored house. $95–190. 37.7625-122.42872 Parker House, 520 Church St (at 17th), ☏ +1-415-621-3222, fax: +1-415-621-4139, [email protected]. A gay owned and operated hotel in a very pretty old building. $139–249. 37.7669-122.43033 Twin Peaks Hotel, 2160 Market St (between 14th and 15th), ☏ +1-415-863-2909. Not the Ritz but a cheap budget hotel option 37.764-122.43191 San Francisco Public Library - Eureka Valley Branch, 1 Jose Sarria Ct (at 16th and Prosper), ☏ +1-415-355-5616. M noon-6PM, Tu 10AM-9PM, W noon-9PM, Th 10AM-6PM, F 1PM-6PM, Sa noon-6PM, Su closed. (updated Apr 2015) 37.7502-122.43512 San Francisco Public Library - Noe Valley Branch, 451 Jersey St (between Diamond and Castro), ☏ +1-415-355-5707. M noon-6PM, Tu 10AM-9PM, W 1PM-9PM, Th 10AM-6PM, F 1PM-6PM, Sa 10AM-6PM, Su 1PM-5PM.
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Europe attracts more tourists than any other continent: over 600 million international visitors annually, more than half of the global market. Out of Earth's ten most visited countries, seven are in Europe, with good reason. Transport infrastructure is generally efficient and well-maintained. At the other end of a short ride on a starkly modern high speed train, a brief flight, or an easy drive, you will likely be able to delve into a new phrasebook and culture. Europe has cultural heritage dating back more than three millennia: the continent has seen the rise and fall of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, and birthed the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution. Countless kingdoms, republics and empires have left archaeological sites and old towns galore, and the most magnificent cathedrals in the world for you to explore. Aside from history, Europe is the home of high culture, is renowned for its diverse cuisines, and is justly celebrated for its exciting and romantic cities. Europe stretches from the shivering Arctic Ocean in the north, to the pleasantly warm subtropical Mediterranean Sea in the south, and contains a vast array of temperate climates and variety of landscapes in between. The east of the continent is connected to Asia, and for historical reasons a boundary is usually drawn from the Ural mountains via the Caucasus to the Aegean Sea, while the continent's western extremities jut bracingly into the Atlantic Ocean. Amsterdam — canals, Rembrandt, hashish and red lanterns, the epitome of social liberal attitudes Barcelona — capital of Catalonia and home to Gaudí's famous Sagrada Família this place is much more than "Spain's second city" Berlin — scarred by four decades of division but experiencing an almost unprecedented boom, the capital of reunited Germany is one of Europe's most creative and innovative cities and still surprisingly affordable Istanbul — the heart of both the Ottoman and Byzantine empires, this bi-continental city is a bridge between east and west and Europe's largest London — Europe's financial metropolis and the former heart of the British Empire, packed with all sorts of attractions from sports to museums and two millennia of history Moscow — the heart and brain of the largest country on Earth, Moscow has the heritage of both the tsars and the Soviets and all the other current or former occupants of the Kremlin Paris — the "City of Light" and one of the most visited places on Earth: romance, cuisine, the Eiffel Tower and a surprising amount of green await you Prague — home to Kafka and medieval emperors, this city has tons of well-preserved history as well as a vibrant nightlife to keep you fascinated Rome — an empire was named after this eternal city of seven hills and today it is chock full of old and new, and even contains its own state, the Vatican Alps — both a barrier and a bridge for millennia, Europe's climate is formed by them and the continent's transportation funneled into their passes. This mountain range is also Europe's most beloved winter sports and hiking destination, as well as home to mythical mountains like Mont Blanc or the Matterhorn Białowieża National Park — the last and largest remaining parts of the immense primeval forest that once spread across the European Plain Cinque Terre — a gorgeous national park, which connects five picturesque villages Gotland — a sunny limestone island in the Baltic Sea with a legacy from the Hanseatic League Hardangervidda — a mountain plateau in Norway with astounding views of mountains and glaciers Mallorca — a Spanish island famous for seaside resorts, nightlife, and spectacular landscapes Meteora — six Eastern Orthodox monasteries built on natural sandstone rock pillars Plitvice Lakes National Park — beautiful turquoise-coloured lakes surrounded by a large forest Stonehenge — the well-known Neolithic and Bronze Age stone monument on Salisbury Plain Europe has an area of 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 square miles), and 742 million inhabitants. European nations came to dominate the world from the 16th century and onward. As the continent was devastated by the World Wars in the early 20th century, most Europeans now seek peace and unity. See also: Prehistoric Europe, European history Homo Sapiens reached Europe from Africa through the Middle East roughly 40,000 years ago, and displaced the Homo Neanderthalensis, which died out around 30,000 years ago. As writing, farming and urban culture all spread to Europe from the Middle East, European culture has owed much to "foreign" influences from its very beginning. The Mediterranean was one of the first centres of writing and city-states. Among its numerous cultures, those of Ancient Greece are the earliest well-known ones that arose in Europe. Greek poets such as Homer, Hesiod, and Kallinos dated to the 8th century BC are the oldest European writers still widely studied. Ancient Greece has been credited with the foundation of Western culture, and has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and arts of the European continent. The city of Rome, inhabited since at least 800 BC, became the centre of the Roman Empire, which conquered much of Europe, as well as North Africa and the Middle East, and came to define a common European identity, through the Latin language and alphabet, as well as law and architecture. Christianity and Judaism were both found throughout the Empire by the early second century AD and the former seems to have been particularly popular with soldiers along the Germanic frontiers. After two centuries of on and off persecution, Constantine officially tolerated Christianity (though he did not convert until his dying moments) and intervened in theological debates, cementing a path that would lead to an openly Christian Empire that persecuted non-Christians and "the wrong kind" of Christianity alike. This pattern could be found throughout most of Europe in the ensuing millennium. Under the rule of Constantine's distant successor from another dynasty Theodosius, Christianity would be declared the state religion of Rome, and became mandatory for all Roman subjects, thereby leading to the eventual Christianisation of all Europe. Theodosius, who died in 395 after having briefly ruled both halves of the Empire, would also prove to be the last person to rule both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, as the land was divided among his sons after his death. While this was not seen as a dramatic move at the time and such divisions had occurred before, the rift never healed, and the Western Empire fell some eighty years later. The cultural divide would deepen and ultimately result in a schism of Christianity during the Middle Ages that endures today. See also: Vikings and the Old Norse, Hanseatic League The Migration Period began around AD 300, and saw especially Germanic tribes moving across the continent, in part fleeing from Hunnic invasions. Military and political errors led to humiliating defeats for the Romans such as the Battle of Adrianople of 376 that saw emperor Valens and most of his army perish fighting Goths. Around AD 500 (AD 476 is a commonly cited date, but there are good arguments for slightly different dates) the Western Roman Empire ceased to be, with most of it invaded by Germanic tribes, such as the Franks in Gaul and Germania, and the Visigoths in Spain. The millennium that followed the fall of Rome has by posterity been called the Middle Ages. The eastern half of the Roman Empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire, which dominated the eastern Mediterranean for a thousand years, was significantly weakened by the fourth crusade sacking Constantinople in 1204 and finally ceased to be when its capital (Constantinople) was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, who came to dominate southeastern Europe until the First World War. Roman scholarship survived in the Byzantine Empire, and later in the Muslim World. The Franks rose to power under the Merovingian dynasty, and converted to Catholic Christianity in the 5th century. An Arab-Muslim force landed on the Iberian peninsula in 711, wiping out the Visigoths, conquering most of Iberia within the next few years, before being stopped by the Franks near Tours and Poitiers in 732. Much of Spain remained Muslim until the 15th century. The most notable Frankish ruler Charlemagne conquered much of Western Europe, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope in 800 AD. The Carolingian empire largely disintegrated on Charlemagne's death in 814, and the last East-Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty died in 911. The 9th and 10th centuries are also remembered for the Viking raids and expeditions from Scandinavia across most of Europe. The 10th to 13th centuries are known as the High Middle Ages, and saw a wave of urbanisation especially in Western Europe, with the rise of cathedrals and universities, the first of which, University of Bologna, has remained in continuous operation since 1088. The High Middle Ages were marked by the Crusades; a series of military campaigns launched by the Catholic church, many of them towards the Holy Land. Several crusades went nowhere near Jerusalem and one ended in the conquering and destruction of Constantinople, weakening the Byzantine Empire enough that it would collapse two centuries hence. Merchant-ruled city-states such as the Hanseatic League, Novgorod, Genoa and Venice, came to control much of commerce in Europe, while the Mongol Empire came to conquer most of the European plains in the 13th century. The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed one-third of Europe's population around 1350, making it probably the worst epidemic in European history. The Black Death led to an increase in anti-Jewish pogroms and is cited as causing dissatisfaction with secular and religious authorities which had been largely powerless to stop it. See also: Early modern Europe An intellectual movement called the Renaissance (rebirth) began in Italy and started to spread across Europe in the final years of the 15th century, rediscovering Classical Graeco-Roman culture. The invention of the printing press made books much more affordable, leading to broader literacy and the emergence of literature in languages besides Latin. This also enabled the faster spread of "heretical" ideas during the Protestant Reformation that unlike prior reform movements did not stay contained to scholarly circles (writing mostly in the vernacular and not Latin) and was not snuffed out in its infancy or contained locally like the 15th-century Jan Hus movement in what is now the Czech Republic. This period, which saw the invention of movable type, the voyages of Columbus and Vasco da Gama and the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, is usually considered the beginning of the Early Modern Era. The 17th and 18th centuries would bring about the Age of Enlightenment, which saw the birth of modern science, as well as the introduction of secularism and constitutional government. The ideals of the Enlightenment would greatly influence the founding fathers of the United States during the American War of Independence, with many of these ideals being incorporated into the United States Constitution. Gunpowder weapons revolutionised warfare, including artillery that could tear down most medieval fortresses. A series of wars, especially the very destructive Thirty Years' War of the 17th century, replaced the political patchwork of nobles' fiefs and city-states with centralised empires, such as the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. From the late 15th century, European navigators found the way to Asia, the Americas (see voyages of Columbus) and Oceania. They paved the way for Spain, Portugal and later other countries to establish colonies and trading posts on other continents, through superior military power, and epidemics that decimated much of the native populations, especially in the Americas and Australia. The independence of the USA, Haiti and many other parts of the Americas at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century ended the first wave of colonialism. European interests turned to Africa, India, East Asia and Oceania, and from the 1880s onward Africa was colonised during what is commonly known as the "Scramble for Africa", leaving only Liberia and Ethiopia independent. Most colonies became independent in the decades following World War II, and today only Spain has some small possessions in mainland Africa, while Spain and Portugal continue to control some islands off the African coast, and France, Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands still maintain overseas territories in various parts of the world. Immigration from former colonies has shaped the face of Europe, and of countries such as France, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal and Spain in particular. See also: Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, British Empire, Industrial Britain, Nordic history The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century (see Industrial Britain), but took a century to spread to continental Europe. Modern times in Europe are considered to have begun with the 1789 French Revolution, which was the beginning of the end of European aristocratic power and absolute monarchy, and led to a series of wars, including the Napoleonic Wars. Although Napoleon was ultimately defeated, the legacy of his rule over much of Europe can still be seen today, with the concept of secularism (also known as the "separation of church and state") having been introduced by Napoleon into the occupied territories. The 19th century saw the rise of democracy, social reform and nationalism, with the unification of countries such as Germany and Italy. Some historians speak of the "long 19th century" beginning with the first major liberal European revolution in 1789 and ending with the beginning of the First World War, giving rise to the "short 20th century" that spans the 75 years from 1914 to 1989 and was dominated by the rise and fall of Soviet-style communism and an overall decline in the importance of Europe on the world stage. The First World War, at its time known as the Great War, caused unprecedented destruction, and made the end to the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. The Soviet Union replaced the Russian Empire, and fascist movements rose to power in Italy, and later in Spain, Portugal, Germany and Greece. While Europeans were weary of war, the League of Nations failed to stop the Second World War, which came to be the most destructive war ever in Europe. See also: Soviet Union, Second World War in Europe, Holocaust remembrance, Cold War Europe During the Second World War, there was destruction, wide-spread human suffering and large-scale war crimes. It singlehandedly ended the period in which the dominant power of Europe was the dominant power of the world, and the United States and the Soviet Union became the new superpowers. The war led to a broad consensus across all political camps and in several countries that more cooperation among European countries was necessary to avoid another even bloodier war. Furthermore, the spectre of the Soviet-dominated East made cooperation appear more desirable for those countries in the West where parliamentary democracy had returned after the war. The first step was to cooperate in the fields of Coal and Steel (both essential to modern industry and any war effort) with West Germany, France, the Benelux states and Italy creating the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. While Britain was a sympathetic spectator, it believed at the time that its interest lay in the Commonwealth and the (at the time still considerable) remains of the British Empire, so it did not join this or any other attempt at European integration until two decades later. The six members of the European Coal and Steel Community meanwhile pressed on, signing the Treaty of Rome in 1956 and making more and more steps at common institutions, with formalised meetings of heads of government or ministers and a European parliament with democratic elections every five years. The 2014 elections were again the second biggest election in the world by numbers of votes cast (after Indian federal elections). The end of the Second World War also gave rise to the Cold War, which was perhaps most visible in Europe. Most of Europe was either dominated by the Soviet Union or closely allied with the US, with only a handful of neutral countries like Yugoslavia, Austria, Finland and Switzerland and even those that officially stayed neutral often heavily leaned one way or the other. The remaining dictatorships in the western aligned countries slowly fell - Spain transitioned to democracy shortly after Franco's death, Portugal's "Estado Novo" did not long outlast its founder Antonio Salazar and the Greek military junta fell in 1974. Meanwhile, Leninist dictatorships in the East remained firmly entrenched, even in places like Romania, Albania or Yugoslavia where leaders were able to implement less Moscow-dominated foreign policies or in places like Poland, Czechoslovakia or Hungary where popular uprisings had to be quashed by Soviet or domestic tanks. However, when Mikhail Gorbachev took over in the USSR, the economic malaise and political oppression led to widespread protests and by 1989 most regimes were either falling or reforming and Soviet tanks were not rolling in this time. While this is rightfully remembered as a mostly peaceful revolution, there was some violence in Romania and its president Nicolae Ceaușescu was the only dictator to meet a violent death. The fall of communism also re-ignited ethnic and religious conflicts in the Balkans and the former Soviet Union, resulting in violent conflicts that have not been resolved. Germany reunited in 1990 and the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991 bringing the Cold War to an end. As the process of European integration proved successful, most countries that could soon joined the European Communities. Ireland, Denmark and the United Kingdom (after France gave up on its longstanding veto to British membership) joined in 1973, while Greece, Portugal and Spain joined in the 1980s after their dictatorships had been replaced by democratic regimes. Another round of enlargements occurred in 1995 when due to the end of the Cold War three democratic and capitalist neutral countries - Austria, Sweden and Finland - joined after there was no Cold War need to withhold participation any more. At the same time more and more powers were given to the European level and it was renamed the European Union in 1992 with a new currency to be introduced in 2002 after attempts to link European currencies in stable fixed exchange rates faced threats of speculation. However, the euro, as the new currency came to be called, was not introduced in all countries then-members of the EU, and it is today used by countries that are not members of the EU and will likely not join the EU for years to come, like Monaco or Kosovo. Several other countries that had pegged their currencies to the French franc or the Deutsche Mark now peg their currencies to the euro instead. The end of the Cold War also raised the question of whether former Soviet allies could join the EU and when and how this would take place. Unlike most previous expansions of the EU, which admitted no more than three countries at a time, this expansion was the biggest to date and on 1 May 2004 four former Soviet satellites (Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary), three former Soviet Republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) one former Yugoslav Republic (Slovenia) and two former British colonies in the Mediterranean (Cyprus and Malta) joined the EU in what was dubbed the "Eastern Expansion". Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007 and Croatia became the second former Yugoslav Republic to join in 2013. Seven countries are in different stages of "accession talks", but none of them are anywhere close to resolution and some of them seem to be maintained more out of diplomatic courtesy than anything else. Iceland submitted an accession bid in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis but has subsequently expressed no intention of joining. North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia are applicants, but are considered to be economically and politically not ready for joining. The continued negotiations with Turkey (which seem to only exist on paper anyway at the moment) are in constant threat of being ended outright over diplomatic disagreements with its government. Norway and Switzerland remain outside the EU and are not having talks about accession. However, all non-members mentioned here have various forms of bilateral agreements and often follow EU rules and regulations and are sometimes party to some European agreements that are partly linked to the EU. While the Iron Curtain is no more, Russia joining the EU is generally regarded unthinkable, and in some of the former Soviet states or satellites, whether to seek cooperation with Russia or with the EU is a major political issue. Neither Russia nor the EU has been particularly keen to pursue closer political relations with the other, to the extent that they won't allow their own allies to have close relations with the other. Georgia and Ukraine have made overtures towards breaking away from the Russian sphere of influence, and joining the EU and NATO; in response, Russia has annexed Crimea from Ukraine and sponsored separatist movements in both countries. In the 2000s, populist far-right parties have challenged the established parties in the EU, and there has been a rise in anti-Muslim and xenophobic sentiment in many European countries. This has partly coincided with the Arab Spring and many refugees from upheavals in Syria, Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other Muslim-majority countries arriving in Europe, with the "immigration crises" in 2015 closing Schengen borders. In 2016 the United Kingdom voted by referendum to leave the EU, and left it on 31 January 2020. Europe makes up the western one fifth of the Eurasian landmass, bounded by bodies of water on three sides: the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Europe's eastern borders are ill-defined, and have been moving eastwards throughout history. Currently, the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian and Black Seas and the Bosporus Strait are considered its eastern frontier, making Istanbul the only metropolis in the world on two continents. Cyprus is also considered a part of Europe culturally and historically, if not necessarily geographically. The geographic boundaries are a contentious issue and several eastern boundaries have been proposed. Europe's highest point is Russia's Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains, which rises to 5,642 m (18,510 ft) above sea level. Outside the Caucasus, the highest point is Mont Blanc in the Alps at 4,810 m (15,771 ft) above sea level. Other important mountain ranges include the Pyrenees between France and Spain and the Carpathians that run through Central Europe to the Balkans. Most regions along the North and Baltic Seas are flat, especially eastern England, the Netherlands, northern Germany and Denmark. The North and Baltic Seas feature labyrinthine archipelagos and hundreds of miles of sandy beaches. Europe's longest river is the Volga, which meanders 3,530 km (2,193 mi) through Russia, and flows into the Caspian Sea. The Danube and the Rhine formed much of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire, and have been important waterways since pre-historic times. The Danube starts in the Black Forest in Germany and passes through the capital cities Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade before emptying in the Black Sea. The Rhine starts in the Swiss Alps and caused the Rhine Falls, the largest plain waterfall in Europe. From there, it makes up the French-German border border flowing through Western Germany and the Netherlands. Many castles and fortifications have been built along the Rhine, including those of the Rhine Valley. Most of Europe has a temperate climate. It is milder than other areas of the same latitude (e.g. north-eastern U.S.) due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. However, there are profound differences in the climates of different regions. Europe's climate ranges from subtropical near the Mediterranean Sea in the south, to subarctic and arctic near the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. In general, seasonal differences increase further inland, from a few degrees on small Atlantic islands, to burning summer sun and freezing winter on the Russian plains. Atlantic and mountain regions have high precipitation; especially north-western Spain, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, the Alps, and the Dinaric mountains on the western Balkans. North of the Alps, summers are slightly wetter than winters. In the Mediterranean most rain falls in the winter, while summers are mostly dry. Winters are relatively cold in Europe, even in the Mediterranean countries. The only areas with daily highs around 15°C in January are Andalucia in Spain, some Greek Islands, and the Turkish Riviera. Western Europe has an average of around 4–8°C in January, but temperatures drop below freezing throughout the winter. Regions east of Berlin have cold temperatures with average highs below freezing. Moscow and Saint Petersburg in Russia have average highs of -5°C and lows of -10°C in January. Most of the Nordic countries have averages below -10°C. Winter in Europe might be most comfortable to spend in the light and warmth of a big city, unless you specifically want to enjoy the snow. In December, Christmas markets and other Christmas and New Year attractions can be found. While tourism peaks during the holidays, the rest of the winter is low season in cities, providing decently cheap accommodation, and smaller crowds at famous attractions. While the winter sport season begins in December in the Alps and other snowy regions, daylight and accumulated snow can be scarce until February. Mountains in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Scandinavia have snow well into spring while the valleys get warm; allowing visitors to experience many seasons on the same day. The highest peaks of the Alps have perpetual snow. Most of Europe has the most comfortable weather in summer, though southern Europe can get unbearably hot. In August, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Benelux, Germany and northern France have average highs of around 23°C, but these temperatures cannot be taken for granted. The Mediterranean has the highest amount of sun-hours in Europe, and the highest temperatures. Average temperatures in August are 28°C in Barcelona, 30°C in Rome, 33°C in Athens and 34°C in Alanya along the Turkish Riviera. Many workplaces close down in July or August, leaving the cities deserted and the seaside crowded. Autumn provides colourful trees and harvest of fruits and vegetables, with associated festivals (see agritourism), and is a good time to visit the countryside. Summers have longer daylight than winter; the variation increases with latitude. At 60 degrees north (Shetland Islands, Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki and St Petersburg), white nights can be enjoyed in June, while the sun is above the horizon for only six hours in December. North of the Arctic Circle, visitors can see the Midnight Sun in summer, and the Arctic Night in winter. The Network of European Meteorological Services has a useful website providing up-to-date information for extreme weather, covering most of the EU countries. Most European languages belong to the Indo-European language family, with grammatical similarities and shared vocabulary. They can be broadly divided into the following sub-families: Germanic languages — English, Scots, German, Dutch, Frisian and the Nordic languages (Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish) Romance languages, which are the descendants of Latin — national languages French, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian, as well as regional languages such as Corsican and Galician. Balto-Slavic languages — are found throughout Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans; such as the Slavic Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Polish, Serbian, and the Baltic Latvian and Lithuanian Celtic languages — found in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and France, they comprise Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh. Other Indo-European languages include Albanian, Armenian and Greek, as well as the Romani language (an Indo-Aryan language) of the Roma people. There are also languages unrelated to the Indo-European languages. The Uralic language family includes Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Sámi and some minority languages in Russia. Turkic languages include Turkish and Azerbaijani. Other exceptions include Maltese (a Semitic language), Georgian (a Kartvelian language) and Basque (a language isolate). Speaking a Romance language may be of some use in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Romania as there are many similarities in words and grammar, while the same is true if you speak one of the Slavic languages in the East. Some training helps in identifying the similarities, as some of the differences are systematic. English proficiency varies greatly across the continent, but tends to increase the further north you get; in the Netherlands and the Nordic countries, most people can communicate in English with varying degrees of fluency. German-speaking areas in the middle also have good levels of proficiency. In the south and east you'll often be out of luck, especially outside major cities and tourist centres, though front line staff in the tourism industry usually speak at least basic English. In many formerly communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, English is widely spoken by the younger generation who grew up after the fall of communism, but not by older people. Russian is still widely studied in Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It was widely studied as a second language in Central and Eastern Europe by the generations who lived through the communist era, but has largely been supplanted by English among the younger generations. Countries that were part of the former Soviet Union have significant Russian-speaking minorities. In some of these countries, when talking to non-native speakers, it may be important to make clear you don't think they are Russian, such as by asking in their own language whether they speak Russian. German is also a useful foreign language in Eastern Europe. The Latin alphabet stems from Europe, and is used for most European languages, often with some modified or additional letters. The related Cyrillic alphabet is used for Russian, some other Slavic languages and some non-Slavic minority languages spoken in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union. Both these alphabets were derived from the Greek alphabet. Other writing systems in use include the Georgian and Armenian alphabets. Rules for entering Europe depend on where you are going. Citizens of European Union countries and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) can travel freely throughout the continent – except Russia, Belarus and parts of the Caucasus – so the following applies only to non-EU/EFTA citizens. If you are entering a Schengen country and you plan to visit only other Schengen countries, you need only one Schengen visa. The nationals of the following countries do not need a visa for entry into the Schengen Area: Albania(1), Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina(1), Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova(1), Monaco, Montenegro(1), New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Macedonia(1), Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Serbia(1, 2), Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan(3) (Republic of China), Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine(1), United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vatican City, Venezuela, additionally persons holding Hong Kong SAR or Macau SAR passports and all British nationals. The non-EU/EFTA visa-free visitors noted above may not stay more than 90 days in a 180 day period in the Schengen Area as a whole and, in general, may not work during their stay (although some Schengen countries do allow certain nationalities to work – see below). The counting begins once you enter any country in the Schengen Area and is not reset by leaving one Schengen country for another. However, New Zealand citizens may be able to stay for more than 90 days if they visit only particular Schengen countries. See the New Zealand Government's explanation. If you are a non-EU/EFTA national (even if you are visa-exempt, unless you are Andorran, Monégasque or San Marinese), make sure that your passport is stamped both when you enter and leave the Schengen Area. Without an entry stamp, you may be treated as an overstayer when you try to leave the Schengen Area; without an exit stamp, you may be denied entry the next time you seek to enter the Schengen Area as you may be deemed to have overstayed on your previous visit. If you cannot obtain a passport stamp, make sure that you retain documents such as boarding passes, transport tickets and ATM slips which may help to convince border inspection staff that you have stayed in the Schengen Area legally. The 90-day visa-free stay applies for the whole Schengen area, i.e. it is not 90 days per country as some assume. Citizens of the above countries who wish to travel around Europe for longer than 90 days must apply for a residency permit. This can be done in any Schengen country, but Germany or Italy are recommended, because many other countries require applicants to apply from their home countries. Non-Schengen countries, on the other hand, maintain their own immigration policies. Consult the country article in question for details. If you wish to visit a non-Schengen country and return to the Schengen area, you will need a multiple-entry visa. Cyprus and Ireland are EU members, but they are not part of the Schengen Area while EU members Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania are in the process of joining the Schengen Area. To add confusion Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Iceland, Norway and Gibraltar are not EU members but part of the Schengen area. The United Kingdom also continues its own immigration policies after Brexit. If your rights in the European Union or Schengen depend on your connections with the UK, or vice versa, check your status and rights carefully in light of the ongoing negotiations. Countries in the European Union maintain similar customs controls. They form a customs union and you usually do not need to pass through customs when travelling between EU countries. There are still some goods that need handling at customs, or special permits, etc., also travelling inside the EU, and the customs may do checks not only at the border. Check details if you have a pet, arms, medicines, exceptional quantities of alcohol, or similar. Note the difference between EU countries and Schengen countries. Between what countries you have to pass through customs does not depend on where you have to go through immigration controls or vice versa. You are legally allowed to bring through the EU border limited amounts of tobacco (exact numbers depend on your arrival country) and 1 litre of spirits (above 22% alcohol) or 2 litres of alcohol (e.g. sparkling wine below 22% alcohol) and 4 litres of non-sparkling wine and 16 litres of beer. If you are below 17 years old it's half of these amounts or nothing at all. Countries not in the EU maintain their own customs policies. The largest air travel hubs in Europe are London (LON: LCY, LHR, LGW, STN, LTN, SEN), Frankfurt (FRA IATA), Paris (CDG IATA, ORY IATA), Amsterdam (AMS), Madrid (MAD), Moscow (SVO, DME, VKO), and Istanbul (IST) which in turn have connections to practically everywhere in Europe. However, nearly every European capital and many other major cities have direct long-distance flights to at least some destinations. Other, smaller airports can make sense for specific connections: for example, Vienna (VIE) has a very good network of flights to the Middle East and Eastern Europe, while Helsinki (HEL IATA) is the geographically closest place to transfer if coming in from East Asia. If coming from North America, there is an abundance of cheap flights from the United States and Canada that connect in Reykjavík (KEF IATA) to virtually any major city in northern and western Europe. If you are coming from Asia, Australia or New Zealand, the big Middle Eastern hubs of Dubai (DXB IATA), Doha (DOH IATA) and Abu Dhabi (AUH IATA) have an abundance of fights on Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways respectively connecting virtually all the major European cities to all the major cities in Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Depending on your final destination it might make sense to avoid the last connection, or rather replace it with a train-ride, as many airports are connected to the train-network (sometimes directly to high-speed lines) and some airlines offer tickets for both train and plane in cooperation with a railway company (which often works out to be a steep discount) (see: rail air alliances). However due to the quirky nature of airline-pricing the exact opposite might be true as well, meaning that a "longer" flight might actually end up being cheaper. As everywhere: caveat emptor! The Trans-Siberian Railway from Beijing and Vladivostok to Moscow is a classic rail journey. The Historic Silk Road is becoming increasingly popular with adventurers trying to beat down a new path after the finalised construction of a railway link between Kazakhstan and China. The Almaty–Urumqi service runs twice per week, and Moscow is easily reached from Almaty by train. Other options include several connections from the Middle East offered by Turkish Railways (TCDD). There are weekly services from Tehran in Iran to Istanbul via Ankara, but the services from Syria and Iraq have been suspended, hopefully temporarily, due to the ongoing armed conflicts in those countries. For information on how to get from Istanbul to many other points in Europe by train see our itinerary on the Orient Express. It is still possible, but expensive, to do the classic transatlantic voyage between the United Kingdom and the United States. The easiest option is by the historic, and only remaining ocean liner operator, Cunard Line, which sails around 10 times per year in each direction, but expect to pay USD1,000–2,000 for the cheapest tickets on the 6-day voyage between Southampton and New York. If your pockets are not deep enough, your options of crossing the North Atlantic without flying are pretty much limited to freighter travel and "hitchhiking" with a private boat. Most major cruise ships that ply the waters of Europe during summer (June–September) also do cruises in Latin America and Southeast Asia for the rest of the year. That means those ships have a transatlantic journey twice per year, at low prices considering the length of the trip (at least a week). These are often called positioning cruises. MSC has several ships from the Caribbean to Europe at April and May. There are several lines crossing the Mediterranean, the main ports of call in North Africa are Tangier in Morocco and Tunis in Tunisia. If you're time rich, but otherwise poor, it may be possible to "hitchhike" a private boat there as well. There are virtually no border controls between countries that have signed and implemented the Schengen Agreement, except under special circumstances during major events – and in later years during some crises. Likewise, a visa granted for any Schengen country is valid in all other Schengen countries. Be careful: not all European Union countries are Schengen countries, and not all Schengen countries are members of the EU. See the table above for the current list. Since 2015, the free mobility within the European Union has been disrupted somewhat by the large number of refugees entering the area. Some borders have been closed (at least partly) and traffic at some is much less smooth than normal. Identification documents are now being asked for at some border crossings. Expect delays at international borders. Airports in Europe are divided into "Schengen" and "non-Schengen" sections, which effectively act like "domestic" and "international" sections elsewhere. If you are flying from outside Europe into one Schengen country and continuing to another, you will clear passport control in the first country and then continue to your destination with no further checks. However, if travelling between an EU Schengen country and a non-EU Schengen country, customs controls are still in place. Travel between a Schengen country and a non-Schengen country will entail the normal border checks. Regardless of whether you are travelling within the Schengen Area, at some ports and airports, staff will still insist on seeing your ID card or passport (this may now also occur at land borders, particularly Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland). As an example of the practical implications on the traveller: Travel from Germany to France (both EU, both Schengen): no controls Travel from Germany to Switzerland (both Schengen, Switzerland not in EU): customs checks, but no immigration control Travel from France to Ireland (both EU, Ireland not in Schengen): immigration control, but no customs check. Travel from Switzerland to Ireland: immigration and customs checks Citizens of EEA/Schengen countries never require visas or permits for a stay of any length in any other EEA/Schengen country for any purpose. The only remaining exception is the employment of Croatian workers in some countries. Main article: Rail travel in Europe Europe, and particularly Western and Central Europe, has trains which are fast, efficient, and cost-competitive with flying. High-speed trains like the Italian Frecciarossa, the French TGV, the German ICE, the Spanish AVE and the cross-border Eurostar and Thalys services speed along at up to 320 km/h (200 mph) and, when taking into account travel time to the airport and back, are often faster than taking the plane. The flip side is that tickets bought on the spot can be expensive, although there are good discounts available if you book in advance or take advantage of various deals. Roughly speaking, European high-speed rail tickets work similar to airline tickets with the best offers for non-refundable tickets on low demand routes and times and high prices for "last minute". If you want flexibility without spending an arm and a leg, various passes can be a good deal. In particular, the Inter Rail (for Europeans) and Eurail (for everybody else) passes offer good value if you plan on traveling extensively around Europe (or even a single region) and want more flexibility than cheap plane (or some advance purchase train) tickets can offer. Sometimes individual railroads offer one-off passes for their country, but they are often seasonal and/or only announced on short notice. The most extensive and most reliable train travel planner for all of Europe is the one of the German railways (Deutsche Bahn, DB), which can be found here in English. As most long-distance trains and almost all high-speed trains are powered electrically, and through economies of scale even in diesel-trains, trains are "greener" than cars and a lot "greener" than planes. How trains fare compared to buses depends mostly on three factors: the fuel (if electric, then how the electricity is generated), the occupancy and road congestion (congested roads make buses inefficient). The most fuel-efficient train that operates in Europe, DB's ICE3, consumes the equivalent of 0.3 litres of petrol in electricity per seat per 100 km (62 mi). If you are a proponent of ecotourism the website of Deutsche Bahn offers a CO2 emission calculation tool to help you calculate the carbon footprint for your trip. Most large cities in Europe have an extensive urban rail network that is usually the fastest way around town. All flights within and from the European Union limit liquids, gels and creams in hand baggage to 100 ml/container, carried in a transparent, zip-lock plastic bag (1 l or less). The bag must be presented during security checks and only one bag per passenger is permitted. Dozens of budget airlines allow cheap travel around Europe, sometimes cheaper than the train or even bus fares for the same journey, however "legacy" airlines (or their subsidiaries) can be a better deal when you have luggage. The cheapest flights are often offered by low cost airlines such as Eurowings, EasyJet, Norwegian, Ryanair, Transavia, Vueling and WizzAir. All of these flights should be booked on the internet well in advance, otherwise the price advantage may become non-existent. Always compare prices with major carriers like British Airways, Air France-KLM or Lufthansa. Only in very few cases prices are higher than €80 on any airline when booking a month or more ahead of time (except on very long routes, e.g. Dublin–Istanbul). You should also make sure where the airport is, since some low cost airlines name very small airports by the next major city, even if the distance is up to two hours drive by bus (e.g. Ryanair and Wizzair's "Frankfurt"-Hahn, which is not Frankfurt/Main International). Budget airlines tickets include little service; account for fees (e.g. on luggage, snacks, boarding passes and so on) when comparing prices. Many airports throughout central Europe have several airlines that serve warm water destinations around the Mediterranean, particularly Palma de Mallorca and Antalya. They are aimed towards outgoing tourists on package deals but almost all of them sell (remaining) tickets "unbundled". Depending on your plans, particularly if you go "against the flow" (e.g. Heading into a cold weather destination at the beginning of the holiday season) they can offer amazing deals and their luggage fees are usually among the lowest in the business. At some airports they may also be the only airlines on offer besides a lone flight by the flag carrier to its hub. See also: Intercity buses in Europe, Intercity buses in Germany, Intercity buses in France Cheap flights and high speed rail have relegated buses to second or third fiddle in many markets, serving the needs of migrants, secondary routes, or countries with poor rail, such as the Balkans, and sparsely inhabited areas such as the Nordic countries or Russia. However, legal reforms in Germany and later France have allowed bus companies to serve cities that had seen no or hardly any intercity service. Cooperation between bus companies may be non-existent. Expect to have to check connections locally or separately for every company involved. Systems vary from one country to the next, though the bigger players (e.g. Flixbus, Eurolines, Student Agency) are increasingly active in several countries. For a long time, buses mostly served package tours, or were chartered for a specific trip. One exception to this was in a sense the European answer to Chinatown buses, companies based in Eastern Europe, the Balkans or Turkey and mostly serving as a means for the diaspora to visit the home of their forebears. While most of those companies still exist doing what they always did, they are today overshadowed by more tourist oriented companies with denser networks and a bigger focus on domestic routes. Eurolines connects over 500 destinations, covering the whole of Europe and Morocco. Eurolines buses make very few stops in smaller cities, and are generally only viable for travel between large cities. Eurolines offers several types of passes but each individual journey must be booked in advance of its departure date/time. That means that, depending on availability, you may or may not be able to simply arrive at the bus terminal and board any available bus. The pass works well for travellers who either prefer only to see major cities, or who intend to use the pass in conjunction with local transportation options. Touring (German variant of Eurolines), Sindbad (Polish), Linebus [formerly dead link] (Spanish) and National Express (from the UK) are other options. Newer players include Flixbus, student agency, Megabus and ouibus. Most of these companies originated in a certain country and still mostly serve that country, but cross border services or domestic services in a third country are becoming increasingly common. Main articles: Baltic Sea ferries, Ferries in the Mediterranean, Ferry routes to Great Britain The Baltic sea has several routes running between the major cities (Gdańsk, Stockholm, Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, etc.) Most ships are very large and on a par with Caribbean cruise liners both in size and service. In the Atlantic, Smyril Line is the only company sailing to the rather remote North Atlantic islands of Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It sails from Denmark, which also has numerous lines to Norway and Sweden. There are also numerous services to Denmark, the Benelux and even across the Biscay to Spain. Further south there is a weekly service from Portimão to the Canary Islands via the remote volcanic Madeira island. There are many ferry routes serving the United Kingdom and Ireland, not just between Great Britain and Ireland, but also around the numerous other islands of the archipelago, most extensively in the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland. From southern England and the Republic of Ireland, several routes still cross the English Channel to France and Spain, despite the opening of the Channel Tunnel. The Channel Islands are also all connected to one another and to France and England by high-speed catamaran. In the North Sea, services operate from Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands to ports on the east coast of England. The hovercraft has been withdrawn from Cross-Channel service due to competition from the Channel Tunnel, but there is still a hovercraft service from mainland Britain to the Isle of Wight. In the Mediterranean Sea a large number of ferries and cruise ships operate between Spain, Italy and southern France, including Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics. And on the Italian peninsula's east coast, ferries ply across the Adriatic sea to Albania, Croatia, Montenegro and Greece, with Bari as one major terminal of many. And finally the Black Sea has several ferries sailing across its waters, although service can be fairly sketchy at times. Poti, Istanbul and Sevastopol are the main ports. Nearly all the Black Sea ports have a ferry going somewhere, but rarely anywhere logical – i.e., often along the same stretch of coast. There are various ferries on
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Islam, a name given by Allah to this religion (Quran 5:4), is an Arabic word which literally means 'submission to God'. So, 'Islam' would mean the path of those who are obedient to Allah (God). The word Muslim means 'one who submits to God'. According to Islamic belief, Islam is not a new religion. It is, in essence, the same message and guidance which Allah revealed to all prophets before Muhammad. Allah says in the Qur’an: "Say, We believe in Allah (God) and that which has been revealed to us, and that which was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and in that which was given to Moses and Jesus and other Prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them and to Him we submit." (Qur’an 3:85) Islam (Arabic: الإسلام; al-'islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion. It is the second-largest religion in the world today, with an estimated 1.8 billion adherents, and as well as the fastest growing religion in the world. Linguistically, Islam means "submission to God", referring to the total surrender of one's self to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and a Muslim is "one who submits to God". Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad while he existed, and that Muhammad is God's final prophet. The Qur'an and the traditions of Muhammad in the Sunnah are regarded as the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Jesus and other prophets whose messages had become corrupted over time (or according to some authorities only misinterpreted). Islam is not only a faith, but also a way of life. Being the faith of a quarter of humanity, one can find a diversity of cultures, peoples who adhere to Islam, and the areas they inhabit, all of which make Islam a global culture. Today, Muslims may be found throughout the world! Some of the most populous majority-Muslim countries are in South and Southeast Asia. Other concentrations are found in Central Asia. Only about 20 percent of Muslims originate from Arab countries. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries, such as France, which has the largest Muslim population in Western Europe, and the United Kingdom. "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger". Whoever believes in this statement and declares it openly is a Muslim. Islam, with its literal meaning of submission to God, is the message Muslims believe God has given to mankind from the first day of creation. Allah, the Creator, has sent prophets in all ages starting from Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus until Muhammad. Muslims believe that all prophets carry the same message of the oneness of God. Abraham, Moses, Jesus are prophets of Allah the Almighty who carried the message from God to mankind. As Muhammad is the last prophet, Allah sent Qur'an down to him, and its teachings constitute the true ruling of Allah for mankind until the end of the world. Course Outline Introduction 5 Pillars Muslims Muhammad Qur'an Hadith Sunni Islam Sufism and Islamic Mysticism Salafism/Wahhabism Names of Allah Praying Introduction to Muslim Cultures Iran Pakistan and Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Egypt Portal:Islam Islamic Studies Expert Wikipedians in Islamic issues Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran) w:Islam Islam Book:Islam w:Christianity Historical Introduction to Philosophy: Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Faith and Reason Feel free to add learning resources to this list: The Holy Qur'an at Wikisource Qur'an is the word of God Project Islamic Political Thought Find more aboutIslamat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Academic resources Patheos Library – Islam University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts Divisions in Islam Online resources Islam, article at (Encyclopædia Britannica)] DMOZ Directories Islam (Bookshelf) at Project Gutenberg ] Islam from UCB Libraries GovPubs islam (video) Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān Encyclopædia Iranica BOOK (Questia Online Library)
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Tall Tale: The Unbelievable Adventures of Pecos Bill is a 1995 American family western film released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film stars Nick Stahl, Patrick Swayze, Scott Glenn, Roger Aaron Brown and Oliver Platt. I hate the farm! I wish you'd sell it, I hate it! [...] It's nothing, it's just a dried up, miserable piece of ground! There's this man named Bell. He's claiming that people can be hundreds of miles away and hold a conversation like they're as close as I am to you. Everybody and their dog's probably after us by now. [referring to Babe] Is that ox really blue? Seems like fishing's the only time me and pa actually get along. I just want to get home. Kind of makes it all worthwhile, don't it? Widowmaker's kind of particular of folks taking liberties with him. Matter of fact, last man who tried that... Widowmaker kicked him so hard he ended up halfway to the Moon. Name of Lanky Hank. He bounced up and down for a month of Sundays until finally I just had to shoot him down so he could have a proper burial. You sure do know a lot for a half-growed piglet, so how’s this for plain English: stay away from the horse or he'll kill you. [surrounded by thugs] Howdy. [a thug punches him] [after Daniel describes telephones] Everybody'll know everybody else's business? Well, in no time at all, there won't be a single place left where a man can find any privacy. Used to be when a man got a head start, it meant something. You gave it your best shot? Well, if you gave it your best shot, you ain't got nothing to be sorry for. Mister, you can insult me, and you can insult my friends. As a matter of fact, you can insult my mother and my horse. But mister, don't you ever insult the great state of Texas. First that blasted ox, now a gall-darn jackass. Might as well be ridin' turtles. [John Henry: Cold Molasses is a mule!] I wasn't referrin' to her. This ain't nothin' compared to the summer of '88. It was so hot, that chickens was layin' fried eggs, and babies was cryin' out sawdust. So I hightailed it up to Kansas... It is amazing, the things heat'll do to a man. I am a ring-tailed roarer. I can draw faster, shoot straighter, ride harder, and drink longer than any man alive. I ride cyclones and I wrestle. I'm the rip-snortinest cowboy that ever rode North, South, East or West of the Rio Grande. I'm Pecos Bill. Never enough for you termites, is it? Not enough you swindled me out of my camp, robbed me of my trade. Now you want my woods, too. You want it all! I'm makin' my stand! At least, if I go down swinging, I go down like a man! Pecos? Let me take a gander at ya... You steamin' pile of buffalo puckey. You're still ugly. I told Sam, "They're not loggers, they're butchers! Them and their fancy machines, cuttin' down everything in sight, the weak with the strong. A sapling won't get to full growth." Said, "Nothing will ever sprout again." You know what Sam said? He said I was behind the times. Me. Paul Bunyan. The man who invented logging. Who thought up the double-bladed axe, huh? Me. Who dreamed up the log flume? Me again. Don't think it's easy! My head hurt for days, coming up with that one! What about the grindstone? Flapjack contest! Wedge cutting! Three point stance! Me, me, me, me! You watch your mouth, Pecos! Babe's very sensitive. [about Daniel] He's bad news, Bill. In britches. Timber! I'm Paul Bunyan! I'm 300 pounds of raging fury! [deflects a bullet with his axe] You're in trouble now! Don't point your little gun at me, you sissy! I can out-eat, out-swing any one of you! I'm Paul Bunyan! That's a tall tale. That's a tall tale for sure. My name's John Henry, and mister, you got yourself a bet! Even money, Pecos! You can do better than that! [Pecos Bill: I don't know, John Henry, that thingamajigger looks like it means business!] We'll see! You don't know what you can do until you try. I never miss. Least-wise, I haven't yet. Twenty-pound hammer, shines like silver. Knowing the code ain't the same as living by it. I used to be the line with my daddy when I was a young'un. I never caught much, but that was never the point. My daddy was the same way, always telling me what to do like I didn't have no mind of my own. [...] Well now, see, he only bothered on account of how much he cared for me. Daddy was just doing the best he knew how. It's what grieves me, I never got the gumption to tell him how I felt about it. [Daniel: Why not?] Daddy got sold downriver. [Daniel: Sold?] We were slaves. It's too late for me. Let's hope it's not too late for you. My pa was a farmer, and I know what it's like to work the land until your hands are blistered and raw. Hoping the weather won't turn bad, praying the crop will come in, hanging on when it don't. Oh, yeah. I know what it's like to be a farmer. And I got out, hallelujah! Paradise Valley. My idea of Heaven. Iron, coal, oil, copper. Riches beyond the imagination, just waiting for a few rugged individuals with the vision, the strength and the means to make their dreams come true. Gentlemen, we stand on the edge of history. Hackett's farm, right smack in the middle of everything. Without that deed, I won't have a bucket to spit in. Son, your pa's a fool. He's stuck in the past and he wants you stuck there with him. But that ain't what you want, is it? You don't want to waste your life behind a plow. You want more than that. You hate that farm! It ain't nothing but a dried up, miserable piece of ground. Early to bed, early to rise. Makes a boy healthy, wealthy, and alive. You don't stop progress, cowboy. That's the difference between me and you. I can adjust to the times. You can't. You fool! There'll be others just like me, and more after them and after them. Long as there's a profit to be made, we'll never stop. We're comin'! This is a farm, Daniel! Work's got to be done when it's supposed to be done. Man works and slaves to give his son something, something worth having, and he throws it back like it ain’t worth beans. [Pecos Bill] He's still out there, where there's still enough room for a man to wander. He's out there, where the land's still young and wild. I swear to you, by the Code of the West, Pecos Bill's as real as you and me. Now you know the Code of the West, don't you? Respect the land, defend the defenseless, and don't you never spit in front of women or children. [spits] [Stiles: And who might you be, friend?] The name's Jonas Hackett, and you ain't no friend of mine. This here's the deed to my farm - my farm! It's got my sweat in it. My blood, too. It's where my children were born. Where my father's buried, and it's where I want to be buried, too. And that's worth more to me than $50 an acre. It's worth more to me than any price. Makes it all worthwhile, doesn't it? Daniel Hackett: Who are you? Pecos Bill: I am a ring-tailed roarer. I can draw faster, shoot straighter and drink longer than any man alive. I ride cyclones and i wrassle-- Daniel Hackett: You got a name, don't you? Pecos Bill: I'm gettin' to that. I'm the rip-snortinest cowboy that ever rode North, South, East or West of the Rio Grande. I'm Pecos Bill. Daniel Hackett: And I'm Santy Claus. Pecos Bill: Friendly cuss, ain't he, Widow Maker? Well, Dan'l Hackett, I think them two varmints got somethin' that belongs to you. Pecos Bill: I oughta plug you two right now. But I make it a rule never to kill a man on a Sunday. Grub: Sunday? Zeb: Today's Wednesday. Pecos Bill: Wednesday? Paul Bunyan: Maybe I'm just old-fashioned, but in my day, we didn't steal from the land, we just borrowed from it. Pecos Bill: Well, now what in tarnation are you going to do about it? Paul Bunyan: I'm going to do as I darn well please and the rest of the world can go to the blazes! Pecos Bill: And would that be includin' Paradise Valley? Paul Bunyan: Paradise Valley is no concern of mine. Daniel Hackett: You're not Paul Bunyan. Paul Bunyan: Who says I ain't? Daniel Hackett: My pa used to tell me stories about Paul Bunyan. He said that Paul Bunyan was a giant of a man, a man who could tame a continent, a man who could look danger in the eyes and laugh in its face. Paul Bunyan: Well, he did get those parts right. Daniel Hackett: Well, not from where I'm sitting! Seems to me you're just hiding out, feeling sorry for yourself. Paul Bunyan: Pecos, who is this kid? Daniel Hackett: Seems to me that you're just plain scared. You are not the Paul Bunyan my pa was telling me about. Paul Bunyan: How old are you, kid? Daniel Hackett: Twelve. Paul Bunyan: Do me a Sequoia-sized favor - Stay out of my way if you want to be thirteen. John Henry: My record was perfect before today. Paul Bunyan: Now you are forever tarnished with ignominious defeat. Calamity Jane: Well, paint my toenails and curl my hair. Pecos Bill: Calamity? My cactus flower! Calamity Jane: [shoots his cigar] Don't you "Cactus Flower" me, you double-crossing dog! Pecos Bill: I missed you, darling! If only you knew how much I've been thinkin' about you... Calamity Jane: I know too well, you pissant, flea-infested little weasel. [shoots the ceiling, causing a bucket to fall on his head] Pecos Bill: Calamity, you're looking mighty pretty tonight. Calamity Jane: Trying to sweet-talk me, you hairy, overgrown, meally-mouthed, two-faced, lyin', yellow-bellied snivelling snake?! [shoots his belt off] You gutless, brainless, heartless, sidewinder! Pecos Bill: [backed to a wall] Now, you still ain't sore about Amarillo, are you? Calamity Jane: You had to bring up Amarillo? [shoots an outline of Pecos Bill into the wall] Pecos Bill: Stupid ox! What's wrong with the dumb animal?! Why ain't he pulling, Paul?! Why'd he quit pulling, Paul? Paul Bunyan: It's very simple. If you insulted him, you have to apologize. Pecos Bill: Paul. Paul Bunyan: Mister Pecos Bill. Pecos Bill: I ain't apologizing to no ox. Daniel Hackett: I once seen a picture of New York City at night, it's all lit up with all these electric light bulbs. Can use a few of them right now. Pecos Bill: Electric light ball? Daniel Hackett: Light bulbs. They're balls of glass that light up hundreds of times brighter than the brightest candle. John Henry: Go on. Daniel Hackett: Well, pretty soon, people won't need lanterns, won't have to go chop their wood to make fires. Just turn this little knob and the electric light bulbs just come on. Paul Bunyan: But I like chopping wood. Daniel Hackett: Pretty soon, there won't be no darkness. It'll be like noontime at midnight. John Henry: Well, how are folks going to see the stars? Daniel Hackett: They just... won't see the stars, I guess. Pecos Bill: Well, I don't like it. No siree Bob, I don't like it one... Oh... [laughs] If you ask me, I think he's telling us a tall tale. Paul Bunyan: Yeah, that's a tall tale. That's a tall tale for sure. Daniel Hackett: That's God's honest truth. Paul Bunyan: Not see the stars? Pecos Bill: This ain't nothin' compared to the summer of '88. It was so hot, all the chickens was layin' fried eggs and babies was cryin' sawdust. Things got so bad, the whole state of Texas lit on fire. So I hightailed it up to Kansas... Paul Bunyan: Does this story have a point? Or does it just go on and on and on like this stinkin' desert? Pecos Bill: Yeah, this story has a point. I blew out the dang fire! You know, I'm gettin' sick and tired of you complaining and whining all the time! Paul Bunyan: I'm lost in a giant barbeque pit and I don't know what's going to kill me first: the heat, the thirst, or having' to listen to your inceseant yammerin! John Henry: [Kicking Paul with sand] You shut up, shut up, shut up, you over-grown tub of lard! Paul Bunyan: You stay out of this you-you contest loser! What did you call me?! [Paul and Henry start to fight] John Henry: You're nothing but a big fat quitter! QUITTER, QUITTER, QUITTER! Pecos Bill: Harm one hair on that boy's head and you're a dead man, Stiles. J.P. Stiles: I got no quarrel with you, cowboy, or your friends. Pecos Bill: You sure got a peculiar way of showing it. J.P. Stiles: [to Daniel] The deed. Pecos Bill: You can't have the - Daniel Hackett: [pulls the deed from his jacket] We don't have a prayer. We never did. Pecos Bill: If that's your way of thinking, I reckon we don't. J.P. Stiles: You don't stop progress, cowboy. That's the difference between me and you. I can adjust to the times. You can't. Paul Bunyan: Don't listen to him, Daniel. John Henry: We can beat this thing yet. Pecos Bill: You've just got to believe, boy. Daniel Hackett: [hesitates, turns to Pecos, John and Paul] Where do you get off telling me what to do? Where do any of you get off telling people how to live?! J.P. Stiles: That's it, boy. That's the spirit! Pecos Bill: Don't lose the dream, Daniel. John Henry: You don't know what you can do until you try. Paul Bunyan: Don't give up on yourself, kid. Daniel Hackett: You all are nothing! Just a bunch of tall tales that my pa made up! [turns to Pecos Bill] And you are nothing but hot air. J.P. Stiles: I ain't got all day, boy. Time is money. Pecos Bill: Don't do it, Daniel. J.P. Stiles: Well, I see your pa sent a boy to do a man's job. Daniel Hackett: I come of my own accord! J.P. Stiles: The time for deeds is over, kid. Get off the track. Daniel Hackett: I'm telling you... to get out of Paradise Valley! J.P. Stiles: A little speck of dust like you? You really think you can stop all this? [showcasing the train and tunnel] Daniel Hackett: Well, maybe not, but I sure am going to give it my best shot! J.P. Stiles: All right. Have it your way, then. [to the engineers] Run him over. [pause] I said, run him over! Daniel Hackett: John Henry! Where have you been?! John Henry: [holding the train back] Just waiting for you to make your move, Daniel. Just waiting for your to make your move. J.P. Stiles: Mister, I got no fight with you. Pecos Bill: Naw, defenseless youngins' and farmers are more your style. J.P. Stiles: Mister, you just killed yourself. J.P. Stiles: Boy, be reasonable! You know we're gonna win in the end! [Daniel moves to strike the pillar] Stop! Just stop. All right, all right. I admit it. You got me over a barrel. My back's to the wall. Name your price. Daniel Hackett: I ain't interested! J.P. Stiles: You fool! There'll be others just like me, and more after them and after them. Long as there's a profit to be made, we'll never stop. We're comin'! Daniel Hackett: Not through our land! Scott Glenn as J.P. Stiles Oliver Platt as Paul Bunyan Nick Stahl as Daniel Hackett Stephen Lang as Jonas Hackett, Daniel's father Roger Aaron Brown as John Henry Jared Harris as Head Thug Pug Catherine O'Hara as Calamitty Jane Patrick Swayze as Pecos Bill Wikipedia has an article about: Tall Tale
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The Blessed Jacopone da Todi O.F.M. (Todi ca. 1230 – Collazzone 1306), also known as Fra Jacopone, was an Italian mystic of the Catholic Church and poet, born in Umbria in the 13th century. He wrote several lauds (songs in praise of the Lord) in Italian. He was an early pioneer in Italian theatre, being one of the earliest scholars who dramatized Gospel subjects. He is considered to be the greatest Italian poet before Dante Alighieri. His major shrine is the Church of San Fortunato in Perugia, Italy. Now, a new creature, I in Christ am born, The old man stripped away; -- I am new-made; And mounting in me, like the sun at morn, Love breaks my heart, even as a broken blade: Christ, First and Only Fair, from me hath shorn My will, my wits, and all that in me stayed, I in His arms am laid, I cry and call -- O Thou my All, O let me die of Love! From All Saints: Daily Reflections on Saints, Prophets, and Witnesses for Our Time, by Robert Ellsberg From "Jacopone da Todi: Lauds (Classics of Western Spirituality)", Translated by Serge and Elizabeth Hughes O Love, divine Love, why do You lay siege to me? In a frenzy of love for me, You find no rest. From five sides You move against me: Hearing, sight, taste, touch, and scent. To come out is to be caught; I cannot hide from You. If I come out through sight I see Love Painted in every form and color, Inviting me to come to You, to dwell in You. If I leave through the door of hearing, What I hear points only to You, Lord; I cannot escape Love through this gage. If I come out through taste, every flavor proclaims: "Love, divine Love, hungering Love! You have caught me on Your hook, for you want to reign in me." If I leave through the door of scent I sense You in all creation; You have caught me And wounded me through that fragrance. If I come out through the sense of touch I find Your lineaments in every creature; To try to flee from You is madness. As air becomes the medium for light when the sun rises, And as wax melts from the heat of fire, So the soul drawn to that light is resplendent, Feels self melt away, Its will and actions no longer its own. So clear is the imprint of God That the soul, conquered, is conqueror; Annihilated, it lives in triumph. What happens to the drop of wine That you pour into the sea? Does it remain itself, unchanged? It is as if it never existed. So it is with the soul: Love drinks it in, It is united with Truth, Its old nature fades away, It is no longer master of itself. The soul wills and yet does not will: Its will belongs to Another. It has eyes only for this beauty; It no longer seeks to possess, as was its wont -- It lacks the strength to possess such sweetness. The base of this highest of peaks Is founded on nichil [nothing], Shaped nothingness, made one with the Lord. Love, infusing with light all who share Your splendor, You teach us the true light Is not to be found in the light of this world. Light that enlightens, light that teaches, He who is not illumined by You Does not reach the fullness of love. Love, You give light To the intellect in darkness And illumine the Object of love. Love, Your ardor, Which enflames the heart, Unites it with the Incarnate One. Love, where did You enter the heart unseen? Lovable Love, joyful Love, unthinkable Love, In Your plenitude You lie far beyond the reach of reason. Love, jocund and joyous, Divine fire, You do not stint Of your endlessly beautiful riches In losing all, the soul has risen To the pinnacle of the measureless; Because it has renounced all That is not divine, It now holds in its grasp The unimaginable Good In all its abundance, A loss and a gain impossible to describe. To lose and to hold tightly, To love and take delight in, To gaze upon and contemplate, To possess utterly, To float in that immensity And to rest therein -- That is the work of unceasing exchange Of charity and truth. There is no other action at those heights; What the questing soul once was it has ceased to be. Neither heat nor fiery love Nor suffering has place here. This is not light as the soul has imagined it. All it had sought it must now forget, And pass on to a new world, Beyond its powers of perception. Love beyond all telling, Goodness beyond imagining, Light of infinite intensity Glows in my heart. Light beyond metaphor, Why did You deign to come into this darkness? Your light does not illumine those who think they see You And believe they sound Your depths. Night, I know now, is day, Virtue no more to be found. He who witnesses Your splendor Can never describe it. I once thought that reason Had led me to You, And that through feeling I sensed Your presence, Caught a glimpse of You in similitudes, Knew You in Your perfection. I know now that I was wrong, That that truth was flawed. On achieving their desired end Human powers cease to function, And the soul sees that what it thought was right Was wrong. A new exchange occurs At that point where all light disappears; A new and unsought state is needed: The soul has what it did not love, And is stripped of all it possessed, no matter how dear. In God the spiritual faculties Come to their desired end, Lose all sense of self and self-consciousness, And are swept into infinity. The soul, made new again, Marveling to find itself In that immensity, drowns. How this comes about it does not know. One of the greatest and most interesting Italian mystical poets: Jacopone da Todi, the typical singer of the Franciscan movement, the first writer of philosophic religious poetry, and perhaps the most picturesque figure in the history of early Italian literature...this vigorous missionary and subtle philosopher: this poet, by turns crude satirist, ardent lover, and profound contemplative, who can sink to the level of the popular hymnal and rise above that of St. John of the Cross...a hard and avaricious lawyer, converted in middle life by crushing domestic sorrow, who renounces the world, accepts Franciscan poverty, in its most drastic sense, and becomes like brother Juniper a "fool for Christ"...A rich and complete human experience, a fully-developed physical, emotional and intellectual life, was the foundation from which Jacopone climbed up to those heights where he had communion with the Eternal Order and satisfied at last his craving for perfection. Thither he carried a warmth of human feeling, a passionate energy, a romantic fervour, which represent the spiritualization of qualities developed not in the cloister but in the world. Evelyn Underhill (1919) Jacopone Da Todi, Poet and Mystic--1228-1306: A Spiritual Biography Wikipedia has an article about: Jacopone da Todi Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category: Jacopone da Todi
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Dora Russell, Countess Russell (3 April 1894 – 31 May 1986), born Dora Black, was a British feminist, social activist and writer. She was the second wife of philosopher Bertrand Russell. We want better reasons for having children than not knowing how to prevent them. Nor should we represent motherhood as something so common and easy that everyone can go through it without harm or suffering and rear her children competently and well. Hypatia (1925), Ch. 4 Nothing whatever is to be gained by driving the timorous and weak by lies or compulsion into pain which they will resent and responsibility which they will evade. Everything is to be gained by training a woman in knowledge, courage, and physical strength, and leaving it then to her own instinct and her mind to tell her that to create new human beings is worth the discomfort and the suffering she must necessarily undergo. Those in whom the courage to create survives when choice is free and all the facts are known are those best fitted to bring children into the world, and breed in them eagerness and intrepidity. The others will only pass on fear and distaste for life from which individuals and the community suffer far too much already. Hypatia (1925), Ch. 4 Feminists have emphasized for a long time the importance of each woman’s individual entity and the necessity of economic independence. Perhaps it was necessary. But now I think we need some emphasis on the instinctive side of life, sex and motherhood.... Life isn’t all earning your living. Unfortunately we fall in love and Feminism must take that into consideration. "Who is Dora Black?" Equal Rights (5 June 1926) Humanity will ever seek but never attain perfection. Let us at least survive and go on trying. The Religion of the Machine Age (1983) We have never yet had a Labour Government that knew what taking power really means; they always act like second-class citizens. As quoted in The Observer (30 January 1983) We do not want our world to perish. But in our quest for knowledge, century by century, we have placed all our trust in a cold, impartial intellect which only brings us nearer to destruction. We have heeded no wisdom offering guidance. Only by learning to love one another can our world be saved. Only love can conquer all. Challenge to the Cold War (1985) Vol. 3, Ch. 14 It has taken us centuries of thought and mockery to shake the medieval system; thought and mockery here and now are required to prevent the mechanists from building another. Without falling into a mystical vitalism that reverences organic nature as sacred, we can at least try rather to serve than to subdue the prancing seas of life. With this in view I have taken as impulses, instincts, or needs certain driving forces in the human species as we know it at present, and argued for such social and economic changes as will give them new, free, and varied expression. To take even this first step towards a happy society is a herculean task. After it has been accomplished, generations to come will see what the creature will do next. We none of us know; and we should be thoroughly on our guard against all those who pretend that they do. Preface Strictly speaking, no person who believes that wars between classes and nations are inevitable is fit to be in charge of the destiny of children. To believe in the unity of the human race and get children to believe it in early youth would mean the creation of that unity and the end of war. Ch. V, p. 205 Art that means anything in the life of a community must bear some relation to current interpretations of the mystery of the universe. Our rigid separation of the humanities and the sciences has temporarily left our art stranded or stammering and incoherent. Both art and science ought to be blended in our early education of our children's emotions and powers of observation, and that harmony carried forward in later education. Ch. V, p. 235 Marriage laws, the police, armies and navies are the mark of human incompetence. We have not yet found the right road to conquering ourselves and our environment. p. 241 All my life I have tried to do too many different things. I wonder if this is not a perpetual dilemma for women. A man enters on a job or profession, needs to stick to it to earn his living, and is unlikely to have to change it on marriage. For a woman marriage presents not only practical problems, but she finds herself emotionally pulled all ways, and tends by tradition and impulse to put the needs of others before her own. What is more, opening her eyes on the world, she feels intensely responsible for setting it to rights. Ch. IX Women must not merely imitate men. Women have more to give than performing any job in society like neutered robots. Those who talk today of rousing the 'consciousness' of women contribute an idea of real importance. It was such a grievous mistake to leave out women. For whence can come love, compassion and understanding if not out of the relations of men and women and of them to their children? Ch. XIV Wikipedia has an article about: Dora Russell
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The Ballestas Islands are located roughly 15 km off the coast of southern Peru. These islands are home to various fauna like the guanay guano bird, the blue-footed booby, the tendril, the Humboldt penguin and two varieties of marine mammals (fur seals and sea lions). They can be reached by the small sea side town of Paracas. Paracas is also the name of a nature reserve further south on the coast. The Ballestas Islands are located off the coast close to Paracas. The best way to get there is to take a speed boat tour of the islands from Paracas. Barring scientific research, the only access is by boat tours, which do not land. Depending on the season, the islands are teeming with seals, terns, penguins, and other seabirds. Tours will take you quite close, perhaps too close. Las Islas Ballestas are protected, which means you can't swim with the animals or walk on the islands by yourself, but you can get very close to them on a boat tour. Tours depart from the port of Paracas at about 08:30 but with a great deal of variability. Most shops in Paracas sell tickets, but it's best to arrive early for the boats; Paracas businesses tend to tell you that they will sell you services and then vanish on you (but don't take your money; they're not scammers) and you have to go through lines to buy tickets, pay taxes, and pay an additional fee before joining the line to get on a boat. Tours operate in English and Spanish, but the latter have more availability.
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Attitudinals are markers of attitude or emotion, modifying the word (brivla, cmavo, cmene, sumti, or tanru) directly before it. For example, the simple << mlatu >> for "cat" can become << mlatu .ui >> for "cat (happiness!/:D)". At the beginning of a sentence (after the place of .i) they modify the entire sentence (bridi), and after the attitudinal beginning bracket << fu'e >>, they continue the emotion for all the statement until the closing bracket << fu'o >>. Attitudinals can also affect vocatives, the same way a change in vocal tone can greatly affect a simple "hello". For example, << coi .ui >> means not a simple "Hello. ", but something like "Hello! :D". Combined with the attitudinal question-maker pei, you can easily create more complex << coi .uipei >> may be thought of as "Hello - are you glad to see me? ", while << co'o .uipei >> may be viewed as "Good-bye - are you happy that we part?". Beyond mere emotion, they can mark prepositional ideas such as desire ("I want this to happen"), obligation ("This needs to happen"), and many other complex functions we take for granted - for example, << mi citka >> means "I eat", while << .au mi citka >> means "I want to eat", and << .e'e mi citka >> means "I am able to eat". See also: Emotions Lojban for Beginners Chapter 1 Section 6: Lojban with attitude! Lojban for Beginners Chapter 13 Section 1: Lojban with lots more attitude Lojban for Beginners Chapter 13 Section 2: My attitudinals! All mine! (And you?) Lojban Reference Grammar Chapter 13: Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators the Cniglic Livejournal page
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Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 | Main Daria was an American animated sitcom created by Glenn Eichler and Susie Lewis Lynn for MTV. The series focuses on Daria Morgendorffer, a smart, acerbic, and somewhat misanthropic teenage girl who observes the world around her. [in the hallway, Daria and Jane stand in front of their poster] Jane: All clear? Daria: Just about. Jane: [sees Jodie walking towards them] Wait. Jodie: [walking up] What are you guys doing here? Daria: Observing. Jane: Innocently. Jodie: I can't believe what Ms. Li did to your poster. Wait a minute...what are you guys planning? Daria: Get lost Landon. Jane: It's for your own good. Daria: You got a bright future kid. Jane: You don't want to be here when what's going to go down goes down. Ms. Li: Hello, Mrs. Morgendorffer, this is Angela Li, principal of Lawndale High. Helen: Yes, Ms. Li, how may I help you? Ms. Li: [over the telephone] Mrs. Morgendorfer, I'm afraid I have some rather bad news. Your daughter Daria appears to have been involved in an act of vandalism. Helen: What? Ms. Li: Mrs. Morgendoffer, your daughter collaborated with Jane Lane in the creation of a poster for our art contest. Helen: Yes, I'm aware of that. Ms. Li: We found part of the poster unacceptable. So it was altered prior to it's entry. Unfortunatley someone defaced the poster while it was on display and since your daughter and Miss Lane were objecting to changing it, I must assume that they were the vandals. I'm going to have to take drastic action. Helen: Wait a moment. You're saying the girls were against changing the poster but entered it into the contest anyway? Ms. Li: It was entered for them. Helen: I was under the impression that participation in this contest was voluntary. Ms. Li: Yes, but your daughter refused to volunteer, so in her case I made it mandatory. Helen: All right, Ms. Li, let me make sure I have this straight. You took my daughter's poster from her, altered its content, exhibited it against her will, and are now threatening discipline because you claim she defaced her own property, which you admit to stealing? Ms. Li: [flustered] That's not what I said at all! Helen: Ms. Li, are you familiar with the phrase "violation of civil liberties"? Ms. Li: I... Helen: And the phrase "big fat lawsuit"? Quinn: I mean, just because you dump a guy for his older, cuter brother, does that give him the right to hold a grudge? Stacy: That's so immature. Tiffany: You know, if I knew we were going to be running around in the dirt, I wouldn't have worn my good sneakers. Jodie: Will you quiet down? I think I see something. [leaves] Stacy: Hey Quinn, is that your cousin? [Points her finger at Sandi] Sandi: [Quinn fires the paintpalls at Sandi] Ow! Tiffany: Way to go, Quinn! Stacy: Our leader! [Sandi fires paintballs at both Quinn, Stacy and Tiffany] Tiffany: Hey! I just bought this! [All of them fire at each other until they give up where Sandi takes off the helmet and the goggles] Quinn: Sandi? Sandi: I was looking for the bathroom and all of a sudden you started shooting at me. I thought we promised not to do that! Quinn: I would never fire at you, Sandi. I didn't recognize you with your goggles. Tiffany: Yeah, why are you wearing them, anyway? They're so ugly. Sandi: Because those are the rules. Quinn: Well, some rules were meant to be broken, like wearing red lipstick with an orange top. Stacy: Or black mascara with blond hair. Quinn: Besides, you fired on us when you were already hit, and that's against the rules, too. Tiffany: Yeah. Sandi: Gee, if everyone's on Quinn's side, maybe Quinn should be president of the Fashion Club. Quinn: Don't be silly. I would never try to be president, as long as you were around. Sandi: Really? Quinn: Sure. I mean, do you really think I could replace you? Ms. Li: I'm glad to see you take such an interest in your daughters, Mrs. Morgendorffer. Helen: Well, it isn't easy raising two teenagers all by yourself... with Jake. Ms. Li: Of course, I like to think the school environment also plays a pivotal role. Helen: Absolutely. Although it would be nice if the students got a little more encouragement. Maybe a bright kid like Daria would have a better attitude. [Ms. Li laughs] Did I say something funny? Ms. Li: With all due respect, I can't think of a prison that could create an attitude like your daughter's, much less a school. No, I always assumed that came from interaction with her parents, or lack of it. Helen: Oh, so you draw a distinction between prison and school. Because from what I've heard, you run the one pretty much like the other. Ms. Li: I don't have to listen to this! Helen: No, you don't! Ms. Li: And by the way, you look 50! Jake: Hey! It's my daughter the genius. Helen: Our own academic achiever. Jake: We're all so proud of you. Aren't we, Daria? Daria: Sure, if you mean proud as in "stunned." Quinn: Mom, Dad, making you happy is the greatest reward I could ask for. Of course, when other kids get a good grade, they sometimes get, like, a little present. Helen: Now, Quinn, I really think... Jake: [Interrupts] I'll handle this. You're absolutely right, sweetheart. You got an A, you should be rewarded. Here you go! Quinn: Thanks, dad. Daria: Wait, isn't that a double standard? Jake: Huh? Daria: You just gave her a twenty for getting one A. What about all the As I get for free? Jake: Yeah, but this is a special occasion, so Quinn gets a special reward; It's a motivational thing. Daria: But won't that demotivate your other daughter whose work is consistently good? Helen: Yes, Jake, where are you going with this? Jake: I wasn't finished. Daria should have a consistent reward for her consistently good work. Quinn: Hey! Jake: And Quinn should have a special one time reward for her one time effort. Daria: But what about a higher reward for maintaining a standard of excellence over time, perhaps with compound interest? Jake: [passes his wallet] Here, just take it! Helen, I told you I was no good at this parenting crap! Jane: Listen to this. "Like a hamster on one of those wheel things, school runs us around and around until we yearn for the food pellet. But only more homework awaits." You know, it's like she read my mind. Daria: Right after you suffered a severe blow to the head. Quinn: [comes in] Could you put that away? They're everywhere. Daria: What are you doing here? Bomb scare at your table? Quinn: Keep it down, okay? I'm trying to keep a low profile since the paper came out. Daria: Lucky for you, the Pulitzer committee has already finished eating. Jane: They had the meatloaf. Daria: You must be very excited about what people are calling you. Quinn: What? Jane: Brains Morgendorffer. Quinn: Come on, because of one little essay? Daria: It's a slippery slope. Behold, the future. [Gestures to a table of geeks, one of whom is blowing milk out of his nose and making everybody else laugh] Quinn: Ew! Jane: Last week, they were trying out for football, then they won one debate tournament. Quinn: What am I gonna do? I can't be a brain! My friends will hate me! Daria: Yes, but just think of all the new friends you'll make in Chess Club. Quinn: Maybe I can steal all the newspapers before anyone else reads them. Daria: Hey, wait a minute, "Brains." You don't even have lunch this period, do you? Quinn: Of course not! I cut Science so I can talk to you. You think I'd sit with you while my grade is at lunch? Daria: About that being mistaken for a brain thing? I wouldn't worry too much about it. Amy: [giving her car keys to the valet] I don't mind a few dents, but change the radio station and you're a dead man. Rita: Amy, how delightful. I thought you weren't coming. Amy: I wasn't, but I thought if you two could put aside years of bitterness and resentment, then so can I... for a day. Rita: Oh, Amy, why do you say such ridiculous things? Amy: Out loud? So, Jake. You're still with Helen, huh? Shows remarkable fortitude. And Roger. How's the skydiving going? Helen: Amy, Roger passed away. This is Paul. Rita: Oh. Sorry Paul. How do you do? Paul: Who's Roger? Quinn: He fell onto a cow. Paul: Ick! Daria: And he was one of the lucky ones. Helen: Girls! Amy: Hey, what's the point of a senseless tragedy if you can't find a little humor in it? I like the way you think, Daria. Rita: Now, Amy, I don't know where we're going to seat you... [leads Amy into building] Helen: I need a drink. [Jake laughs] Why are you laughing? [Jake's laughter dies as he follows Helen inside] Quinn: Wow, Aunt Amy's really weird. Daria: Yeah. [dark clouds roll in, thunder rumbles] [in the bathroom] Amy: Hmm. I thought when I hit thirty I would stop feeling out of place at these things. Daria: You feel out of place? Amy: You didn't notice my sisters are so busy competing with each other that I don't even register on their radar? Daria: Yeah, but I just figured you were above all that. I mean, you're kind of... Amy: Cool? Daria: Um... Amy: I know, you can't say that to me. Law of the teenagers. Daria: Thank you for respecting it. Amy: When I was a kid, with Helen and Rita going at it all the time, all they left for me to do was to supply the color commentary. Then, one day, I found myself all grown up with my own point of view, and feeling no particular obligation to listen to anyone else's B.S. Ever. Daria: So it actually worked out pretty well. Amy: Unless I have to see my sisters at a wedding, yeah. Sarcasm. It's a great way to deal. [puts on round glasses similar to Daria's] But, you wouldn't know anything about that, would you? Daria: [smirks] Nah. Quinn: Daria, you can't leave me here with those, those... yuppies! Daria: Yuppies are from the '80s. Quinn: So what do you call people in funny outfits who talk about peace and love and stuff? Daria: Trekkies. [Jesse and Trent try to wake up Jane and Daria] Jane: Come back at six. Jesse: It is six. Jane: Then how come you're so damn chipper?! Trent: We thought it would be smarter to stay up all night than try to wake up early. [a home video is playing on TV: Daria as a young child and Quinn as a toddler are seated at a table wearing party hats, each seated on on either side of a birthday cake with three candles; when Daria goes to blow out the candles, Quinn blows them out first] Little Daria: Hey! You're ruining my birthday cake! [in the living room, Daria and Quinn are seated on one sofa, Jake on another, watching the video] Daria: If only that were all she ruined. [on the video, a long-haired Helen enters the frame] Little Daria: Make her stop! Helen on the Video: Oh, Daria, she's just a baby. She wants to play, too! [in the living room] Quinn: I'm such a cute baby. Little Daria: Why can't I be an only child? Daria: Yeah. Why can't I? [on the video, Quinn starts to dance and Daria shuts down] Helen: It's just that sometimes you judge people's behavior by a pretty rigid set of standards. Not everyone can live up to them. Daria: That's what's wrong with the world. Helen: Not even you live up to them all the time. Quinn: Is that my movie? Can I see? Daria: Sorry, but that would interfere with the creative process. Jane: See, we're like artists, and this is how we express ourselves. Quinn: I can't wait to see it. I just hope I don't sound stupid or anything. Not that I would. Daria: Perish the thought. Quinn: I just, I know that sometimes certain types of people, jealous people, might think, who does she think she is? Because I sometimes think that. But I can't let myself go on too long thinking that. Daria: Or anything else. Quinn: I mean, sometimes I'm walking down the hall with Sandi and Stacy, and Tiffany and suddenly I'm outside of myself watching, and it's like, who are these girls? Can't they talk about anything besides guys and clothes and cars but then what would we talk about? You have to be good at something. You're good at your reading and writing and stuff and you're good at your little paintings. Jane: They are minuscule, aren't they? Quinn: I figure, being attractive and popular, that's what I'm good at. Maybe it's not that important, but you know, it's what I can do. [leaves] Daria: Aw, hell. Jane: Yeah. Quinn: [club pages have been cut from the yearbook] But you can't be serious about this! Daria: Listen, Ted has a point. Quinn: Aha! It's that boy! So it's about love, is it? Daria: It is not about love! Quinn: Alright, keep it your secret to cherish always, but just because you're going out - Daria: Ted and I are *not* going out! Quinn: Whatever! Just tell loverboy we want our yearbook back! Daria: Did you hear that? You just used the verb "want" with the noun "book." Quinn: Save the math games for your boyfriend. [Daria and Ted walk up to a virtual 3D simulator] Attendant: Which do you want? Castle scenario, underwater paradise, futuristic dystopia? Ted: I guess the castle one. Attendant: Okey-doke, boss. [Daria and Ted each step onto the pads and slip a pair of VR goggles on; the view shifts to the inside of the game, a TRON-like environment where both Ted and Daria are dressed in suits of armor] Ted: Daria? Daria: It's too much, right? I feel a little sick myself. [Ted looks around in awe] Ted: It's not really representative of medieval society, but I have to say this is the coolest thing I've ever seen in my life! [outside, Robert and friends approach the attendant] Robert: Uh, those are some friends of ours. Can we join in? [inside the VR game] Ted: The royal throne! Daria: Good. I need to sit down. [Robert and his two friends appear in the game] Robert: Not so fast, weirdoes. Daria: Robert? Robert: That's Sir Robert, Darcy. Daria: Daria. [Robert and friends charge and Ted steps in, easily beating all three back with his sword] Ted? Wow. Ted: I taught myself from the eleventh-century manuscript on swordplay. It's easy. Robert: No way. I'm not going out like this. Come on! [runs away after his friends] Ted: Let's go, Daria. We can catch them! Daria: This is making me nauseous. You go ahead. [Ted chases Robert as Daria removes the helmet] Ah[sits down on a bench and later she walks up to where Ted and the others are still playing] Ted, they're gonna close up pretty soon. Ted: They'll have to pull the plug, then. We still have a lot of fight left. Right, men? Guys: Aye! [Daria exits, leaving Ted and the other guys to continue playing] Helen: So, Jodie, do you belong to any clubs? Daria: You don't have to answer that. Jodie: I'm president of the French Club, vice president of Student Council, editor of yearbook, and I'm also on the tennis team. Jake: Daria, why aren't you on the tennis team? Daria: Because it's classified as a sport. Helen: Speaking of sports, Jodie, do you know Kevin Thompson? He and Daria did a science project together. Jodie: Oh, sure. Kevin's great... [softly to Daria] ...at smashing beer cans with his head. Helen: I don't know why Daria doesn't hang around with him and his gang more. Daria: For the same reason I don't sleep with my head packed in ice. Jake: So, Jodie, got a fella? Jodie: Yeah, his name's Michael. But everyone calls him Mack. Jake: Wow! Daria: Should we go to the main building, or just apply for jobs in the stables? Lara: Before I came here I was an intellectual outcast. They made fun of me for quoting Ayn Rand. Jodie: Actually, I think she's pretty disturbing... Graham: That's not the point. The point is that you know who she is, and that at Grove Hills, you can discuss her with people like us, instead of idiots and fools and a quarterback who tells the whole school you shower in a towel. I'd like to see a quarterback write a paper on Mao. Jodie: I think the Cultural Revolution is... Graham: You have an awful lot to say for someone who doesn't even go to this school yet. Jodie: What's that supposed to mean? Graham: It means why don't we see whether you get in to Grove Hills before we start listening to your opinions. Jodie: Hey! Just because some jock made you feel like the loser you are, don't take it out on me. Graham: I'm not a loser! I have a 165 I.Q.! Jodie: Who cares? You're still boring and miserable! Try taking your head out of your butt for once and opening up your myopic little eyes. Or doesn't your 165 I.Q. make you smart enough to see the way you really are? [leaves] Graham: I'll make sure you never set foot in this school again! Daria: That's a relief. For a minute there I thought you were going to threaten us. [leaves] (At Sandi Griffin's House) Quinn: So I told Peter, "Look...I don't care how many times you ask me out. You're not my type!" Sandi: I know. I don't know how many times he's asked me out. Quinn: That's what I just said. Sandi: No, you said you don't care how many times he's asked you out. Quinn: Well, I meant-- Sandi: (pointing to the television) Oh, look, Quinn. She's wearing sandals like yours. Is this a rerun? Quinn: I don't think so. (stands) Can I get you a diet soda? Sandi: No, thanks. But help yourself to the grapes. I hear they're good for breakouts. '''(Worried- Quinn runs out as Sandi's younger brothers Sam and Chris come inside)''' Sam: (grabbing the remote) Hey, sis, what you watching? (turns the channel) Sandi: Turn it back! (Chris punches her arm) Ooow! You little geek! Quinn: Hey, what happened to Fashion Vision? Sam: (gushingly) Oh, sorry, Quinn. Um, you want a peanut butter log? Chris: Need a smoother glass? Sam: Should I fluff your shoelaces? Quinn: Well, let's see-- Sandi: (jealous) If you guys like Quinn so much, maybe you should adopt her and I can go live with the Morgendorfers. Sam: Cool. Chris: I'll help you pack. Sandi: Quinn, it's getting kind of crowded in here. Maybe Tiffany has more room. Quinn: What do you mean, Sandi? (Sandi points to the door- kicking Quinn out) Jake: Have you seen this pamphlet? [hands Daria a pamphlet] Daria: "Is Your Teenager Using Drugs? Ten Warning Signs." Yes...yes...no...maybe...sometimes...hmm, about three times a week...and not if she can possibly avoid it. In my opinion, Quinn's clean. Quinn: What? Daria: Although you might want to check her pupils. Jake: [laughs nervously] I, uh, was thinking more about you, Daria. Daria: Oh, then you're not supposed to let me read this. You're supposed to sneak around, spying on me and looking through my sock drawer. [doorbell rings, Daria leaves] Jake: Oh. Kiddo, which one is your sock drawer? Quinn: I can show you, Daddy. Helen: Jake, have you seen her face? What did the doctor say? Jake: No one's been in to see her yet, but Dr. Davidson doesn't think it's drugs. Helen: No one's been in to see her, and you're going out for sodas?! Jake, can't you take charge of a situation for one damn minute? Jake: But I... Quinn: Hi, Daria. Daria: Hi, Quinn. Helen: If you had any sense you'd realize that these big hospitals let patients slip through the cracks all the time. You have to keep after them every second. Daria: You know, this is exactly the kind of constant bickering that could make an otherwise happy young person turn to drugs. Helen: I want a doctor in here now! Oh, why do I bother? [leaves] Nurse... nurse... nurse! Jake: You said I could have a root beer. Ms. Barch: You will marry a man while still in your prime. Then, after putting him through school and spending 20 long-suffering years begging him to turn off those damn Broncos and get a real job, he'll walk out of your life, leaving a trail of muddy footprints behind on the freshly cleaned carpet. But you'll be better off without him. Much better off. [girl runs away, sobbing] Jane: Much, much better off. Daria: And she's the living proof. Jane: Should we get our fortunes read? Daria: I'll pass. Knowing the present is bad enough. Jane: Then how about a Ferris wheel ride? Daria: Do I look desperate to you? [Sam and Chris Griffin and Upchuck come running at them] Sam and Chris: Crusades! Crusades! Upchuck: Ladies...wait till you hear "The Ballad of the Misunderstood Minstrel." Daria: Do I look desperate to you now? Jane: Yep. Daria: Let's go. [Daria and Jane are on the ferris wheel with Stacy crying] Stacy: [sobs] But why? Is it something I said? Something I wore? Oh, I wish I were dead. Daria: Look, don't flush your entire world down the drain just because some jerk didn't ask you out on a second date. It probably had nothing to do with you anyway. Jane: Unless you did something really stupid, like bore him with your petty problems and convoluted logic. Stacy: Why would I do that? Ms. Morris: Miss Lane, what are you doing here? Jane: Trying out for track team. Ms. Morris: You won't participate in regular gym class, but you want to join an extracurricular sport? Jane: I like to run. Ms. Morris: Okay. Let's see if you're any good at it. [leaves] Jane: I'd particularly like to run up and down your spine wearing track spikes. Evan: She isn't your favorite teacher? Jane: We have a score to settle. Evan: I'm Evan, by the way. Jane: Jane. Evan: So, you think you're ready for track? Jane: Yeah. I figure if the people suck I can always wear headphones. Evan: I'm way ahead of you. Jane: Until we get out there. Jane: Tell me that at least I have my integrity. Daria: Integrity is a funny word. Jane: Well, then, at least tell me I'm marginally less corrupt than the jocks. Daria: You refused to participate in a crooked system where good grades are exchanged for athletic performance. But you didn't try to reform the system, either. Jane: For fear of complete teenage exile. Daria: Right. So the system continues, you haven't redeemed yourself, and we're ostracized anyway. Jane: Come on, now, stop trying to paint a rosy picture. Daria: You know what? Jane: What? Daria: They really are preparing us for the real world. Daria: I'm not pierced anymore. It closed up. Jane: You didn't take the ring out? Daria: Just for the night. I couldn't stand the itching. Jane: I've heard of fast healers but this is ridiculous. Daria: Gee, maybe E.T. came in my room and touched my navel while I slept. Jane: Boy, Daria, you have the weirdest sex dreams. Daria: Don't tell Trent. Jane: About E.T.? [Daria comes in] Jake: [angrily] We want to see your belly button, young lady, and we want to see it now! Daria: What are you talking about? Helen: Out with it! Daria: [shows her navel] Do you have a problem with innies? Helen: Quinn, what's the matter with you? Jake: Your sister's not pierced. Why would you scare us like that? Quinn: But... but it was there yesterday! Daria: Trying to brighten your ho-hum life with a little illusion? [yawns] Boy, I'm tired. Night, everybody. [heads upstairs] Quinn: She was pierced... pierced, I tell you! Oh, the humanity... Daria: Shouldn't we comfort her or something? Jake: [laughs] Oh, let her go. Helen: She'll get over it. Daria: We should at least tell her about that eight-lane highway they built outside the house during the night. Jake: Hmm... you may be right. [cars collide outside] Helen: That can't be good. [more cars collide] Quinn: Ow! God! Daria: Mom... you know I'm not ready for kids. The whole idea makes me uneasy and I'm not sure why. [Quinn enters with her kids] Girl: Give me that! Boy: No, it's mine! Girl: Mommy! Daria: Oh, yeah. Quinn: Hi. [to her kids] You know where Grandma's TV is. Go watch something educational. [kids scamper into living room] Boy, I'm exhausted. SSW Announcer: Breast implants for chickens- Quinn and Daria: Not that! Wikipedia has an article about: Daria
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It is popularly imagined that Special Relativity forbids travel faster than the speed of light or the propagation of signals faster than the speed of light. However, the actual theory does not contain this assumption. The original theory, framed by Einstein in 1905, states that the speed of light in free space is constant in all inertial frames of reference so how did people in general come to believe that this implies a speed limit? The idea of a speed limit comes from two predictions of the theory, that inertia increases towards infinite as velocity approaches light speed and that causality, the succession of cause and effect, is violated if we could signal at speeds above the speed of light. The inertial constraint does not apply to particles without a rest mass, such as the photon, or to particles that might oscillate between massless and massive forms. The possibility that causality would be violated if signals could travel faster than the speed of light is a more interesting problem however. The relationship between Faster than Light signal speeds and causality will be considered and it will be shown that if a Faster than Light signal were ever discovered then either Special Relativity or Causality will be false. Prior to the twentieth century physicists believed that sending signals from one observer to another was straightforward. They believed that light was always transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver where the transmitter was earlier than the receiver (the red line in the diagram below) and that signals might be transmitted instantaneously (the blue and purple lines in the diagram). In this pre-relativistic scenario the two observers in the diagram, Bill and Bertha, have total freedom to transmit signals at any rate up to an infinite velocity. Prior to Special Relativity there was no theory for how signals might be sent backwards in time and such a possibility was discounted. Special Relativity leads to different predictions about the behaviour of signals. In the section of this book on simultaneity it was shown that Special Relativity predicts that clocks on two relatively moving observers will go progressively out of phase with distance along a common x-axis. This effect is shown in the diagram below. The x' axis on the diagram is all those points that Jim considers to be NOW, events that exist at the present moment. Jim's NOW differs from Bill's NOW. The two observers read the same time at the origin of the graph but clocks differ with distance from the origin. This means that if Jim were able to send a message instantaneously from one place to another, so that it was transmitted and received at the same time, Bill would see the signal to be spanning two different times. The signal would appear to go backwards or forwards in time. This is shown in the diagram below in which Bertha sees the signal begin at one time (point B) and end at another time (point A). Notice that if Bertha asks Jane to send an instantaneous signal to Jim then Bill, who is right next to Jim when the signal arrives, will register this signal as arriving at an earlier time than the time it was started by Bertha. If it is possible to signal instantaneously then it is possible to transmit messages backwards through time! This transfer of information back through time would apply to any signal that could be sent at a speed faster than the speed of light. If signals could be sent at faster than light speed then Bertha and Bill could work together to become rich. Bertha could ask Jane and Jim to signal the result of a race or the price of a stock back to Bill then Bill could send this result back to Bertha at a time before the race. Bertha could then place a bet to win a fortune.. This sequence of events is shown in the diagram below, Bertha sees the result of the race at point B, signals this back to Bill at point A, using Jane and Jim to send the signal, then Bill signals back to Bertha how she should bet before the race begins. This sequence of events might be held to be impossible in physics because it violates the principle of Causality. Causes precede effects according to the principle of Causality but if faster than light signals are possible then effects could precede causes. Notice that the violation of causality would actually be quite limited and would only apply to "space-like" separated events, these are events that are so recent that it would require a signal travelling faster than the speed of light to observe them now. Even if Bill and Jim were as far away as the moon they would only be able to peek a little over a second into Bertha's future if instantaneous signals were possible (the moon is less than 2 light seconds away). It is well known that weakly interacting, free particles which cannot be observed because they are "space-like" separated from observation are described by the probabilistic predictions of Quantum Theory so it would not be altogether shocking, though certainly surprising, if causality were violated in these circumstances. Further Reading Liberati, S., Sonego, S. and Visser, M. (2002) Faster-than-c signals, special relativity, and causality. Annals Phys. 298 (2002) 167-185. http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0107091 Garrison, J.C., Mitchell, M.W., Chiao, R.Y., Bolda, E.L. (1998) Superluminal Signals: Causal Loop Paradoxes Revisited. Phys.Lett. A245 (1998) 19-25 http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9810031
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Batu Ferringhi is a beach town in Penang, Malaysia. It takes up the northern coast of Penang island along with the nearby beach town of Tanjung Bungah and the local fishing village of Teluk Bahang, which are also covered on this page. Probably the single most heavily developed stretch of tourist resorts in the entire country, the scenery and the beaches have undeniably suffered under the assault of all that concrete. Still, while the beaches aren't the best in Malaysia, there are still miles of white sand and palm trees left. Fierce competition keeps hotel prices low and there's some great food to be found too. Also a notable fact making the decision to visit Batu Ferringhi an easier one is, that the more you approach to the west, the less the touristisation has infected the beaches. Beaches near the famous night-market are very nice, though with less than perfect water quality because of the extensive powered water sports and infestations of jellyfish. From east to west (that is, moving further 'out' from George Town and the airport), the main beaches are Tanjung Bungah, Batu Ferringhi proper and Teluk Bahang. From Kuala Lumpur, a 45-minute flight to Penang Airport, or several hours by bus or car. On Penang Island (and neighbouring Butterworth), Penang's Rapid Transit bus system is very efficient, with a fleet of modern buses (some even have free wi-fi). It's possible to catch a bus #102 all the way to Batu Ferringhi from the airport, or you might have to go to the central transport hub — Komtar in George Town first and then catch a #101 bus. Bus drivers are usually quite helpful. Taxis are the alternative - they almost never use the meter, so negotiate a price first. Taxis trawl up and down the windy roads of the north coast. Fares are negotiable but tourists will have a hard time getting anywhere for less than RM 15. Most hotels have shuttle services too. Penang Rapid buses are fairly regular till about 11PM, plying the route from Georgetown through Tanjung Bungah, Batu Ferringhi to Teluk Bahang. One bus route goes down the western coast from Teluk Bahang, but with an average frequency of 2 hours at best, and reputedly can't be relied on. 7-day Rapid Transit Passport cards (RM 30) give unlimited travel, though are available from limited locations including Komtar and the airport (see website for complete details). Bus stops can be unmarked, so ask a local. 5.4478100.21511 Entopia (by Penang Butterfly Farm), 830 Jalan Teluk Bahang, ☏ +60 4 885-1253, fax: +60 4 885-1741. Daily 9AM-8PM, including weekends & public holidays. More than just a tourist attraction, it is set up as a 'live museum' to educate the public as well as a research centre to develop breeding methods. It houses about 4000 Malaysian butterflies of 120 different species, including the most famous in Malaysia, the Rajah Brooke's Bird wing of the Papilionidae family. Besides, it also exhibits dead-leaf mantis, orchid mantis and Trogonoptera. It also features an art and artifact gallery, souvenir shop and a cafe. This place underwent major renovation in 2016, and was renamed from Penang Butterfly Farm to Entopia. Therefore now it doesn't specialise merely in butterflies but shows whole lot of other insects and reptiles. Entopia offers lots of talks and events throughout the day so check their schedule to catch one of them. Admission: adult RM 49 and children RM 29. (updated Jun 2016) 5.4632100.22942 Tropical Spice Garden (between Batu Ferringhi and Teluk Bahang, easily reachable by bus or taxi), ☏ +60 04-8811797. Daily 9AM-6PM. The well-done eco-tourism site was set up in 2003 on an old 8-acre rubber plantation, with three trails meandering through the beautiful jungle landscape. Around 500 species of spices, herbs and exotic flora to explore. At one corner is Tree Monkey Cafe (predominantly Thai food) set on a deck in the middle of a rainforest and sea views, and a gift shop and cooking school - these are accessible from the exit gate so you don't have to pay an entry fee to get to them. Guided tours are available (at 9AM, 11:30PM, 1:30PM, 3:30PM) and recommended. Audio tours RM 26, live guided tours RM 35. (updated Jun 2016) 5.45626100.2163 Toy Museum, MK2, Teluk Bahang (bus 101 or 102), ☏ +60 12 460-2096. Daily 9AM-6PM. This is the latest attraction in Penang, located at in front of Copthrone Orchid Hotel. The owner, Ir Loh Lean Cheng, has spent 30 years collecting over 100,000 toys, dolls, models and other fun stuff. The vast collection includes characters from cartoons, comics, computer games, sports, movies, novels, shows and the music world. Dozens of amazingly realistic, life-size figures add to the fun. There is also wax museum, museum of bags and collectibles. Adult and children above 3-feet RM 16, children below 3-feet RM 11. (updated Jun 2016) 5.4491100.21554 Escape Adventureplay, 828, Jalan Teluk Bahang, Teluk Bahang, ☏ +60 4-881 1106. Tu-Su 9AM-6PM. Adults RM 83, RM43 child. (updated Jun 2016) 5.4607100.20395 Penang National Park (Taman Negara Pulau Pinang). Enjoy jungle trekking through the reserved forest in this national park, go to northwestern cape of the island and stay nights over there, you will experience an unforgettable life with beaches, sea and the sky. Typically people do a morning hike into monkey or turtle beach and catch a boat back. If with larger group book boat before. Around RM 50. If you're travelling just one or two and you see others around combine with them, which can usually be done once arrived on the beach. Check before if the canopy walk is open. Entrance is free, but canopy walk is RM 5 for adults and RM 3 for child. (updated Jun 2016) 5.4727100.18076 Muka Head Lighthouse, at the northwestern cape of the Penang island. This impressive lighthouse serves as a beacon to sailors and ships in the region. The tower, while not as accessible as other structures on the island, offers spectacular ocean views. There is 2 ways to reach the site: taking boat from Teluk Bahang jetty or climb over the hills by foot. (updated Jun 2016) 5.4458100.22437 Teluk Bahang Forest Eco Park (Taman Rimba Teluk Bahang), next entrance after Entopia. A huge recreational forest with about a dozen of marked trails leading to other parts of the island, including Batu Ferringhi proper and Penang Hill, as well as nearby hills and small waterfalls. Part of the park near the entrance is equipped with parking lot, toilets, picnicking and camping facilities, ponds, children playground. Though it's a bit rundown and some maintenance won't harm. There is also a 5.4465100.2178 Forestry Museum that can be found near the entrance. (updated Jun 2016) 5.46871100.278219 Floating Mosque. (updated Jun 2016) 5.46083100.2957810 Mount Erskine Peak. (updated Jun 2016) Sunbathe on the beach, enjoy the foot or body massage could be a good idea to rest and relax. Watersports are on the agenda for many visitors, although the waters are a bit too murky for scuba diving and a bit too calm for surfing or more extreme pursuits. Beware of the jellyfish! If stung, apply vinegar and if you experience chest pain, consider seeing the doctor for something to combat the allergic reaction. Penang International Dragon Boat Festival, ☏ +60 4-650 5133. Staged annually since 1979 and has successfully attracted teams from all over the world including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Indonesia, the Netherlands, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Canada, and the USA. The event is now usually held at the Teluk Bahang Dam in late May. 5.473843100.2481461 Batu Ferringhi Night Market, Jl Batu Ferringhi. 7PM-midnight. A nightly market that runs the length of the main road through Batu Ferringhi. Set-up along the side walk, this market sells all the typical nick nacks you would expect including DVDs, Jewellery, artworks, crafts, clothing and everything in between. Be prepared to haggle hard as prices are typically inflated due to the markets location along this tourist strip. 5.463793100.2848282 Tanjung Bungah Market, Jl Sungai Kelian. Daily 9AM-noon, Tu 7-11PM. In the morning a local wet market comes to life selling local fruits, vegetables and other produce. Food is also on the agenda, with many stalls selling food for breakfast. Every Tuesday evening the market opens as a local Pasar Malam, with even more food to entice your taste buds. There are also stalls selling all the typical goods and wares at this market. 5.459100.30863 Tesco Supermarket. Big supermarket with a few other shops and small food court. (updated Jun 2016) There are plenty of places to eat all around, although discerning gourmands might want to explore less watered-down Malaysian cuisine in George Town. One option worth a special trip are the seafood restaurants at the pier of Teluk Bahang, at the northwestern tip of the island, past the hotels and the little village. The famed "End of the World" has closed, but quite a few have sprung up to take its place. For families, or those who just want to get out of the resort, you can't go past the hawker centres and fresh fruit stalls on the side of the road. At the hawker centres the kids can pick and choose what they like from the different shops, you just pay the bill when it is delivered to your table. For best results, stick with the Asian cuisines, the attempts at Western food are not worth eating. Viva Food Court, formerly known as "Golden Sands Bayview food court; this eatery is just outside the Naza Hotel and it provides a wide range of Malaysian food (mostly Penang hawker). Ferringhi Garden, just south of the Parkroyal Plaza. A little pricey, but a wonderful atmosphere and a very wide ranging menu. Gerai Makanan, hawker centre near the Golden Sands Resort Hotel, a dozen or so food and drink stalls. Covers a range of cuisines, with Indian, Chinese, Malay, Seafood and reasonably priced beer. Khaleel Nasi, at the south end of Eden Parade mall, serves reasonable Muslim Indian food such as roti, prata and nasi kandar. Good for breakfast, brunch or lunch and expect to pay RM 8 per person for a filling meal and a soft drink. Beach Corner Seafood, good quality seafood restaurant at reasonable prices almost on the beach near the Lone Pine Hotel. 5.4659100.24121 Marco Polo, Jalan Batu Ferringhi (Inside Bayview Hotel). Good Malaysian and international food and air conditioning. (updated Jul 2015) Hard Rock Cafe (At Hard Rock Hotel). Western food, including good burgers. Air conditioned. (updated Jul 2015) Fresh juice at the hawker centre about halfway through the markets. At RM2 each, these are a bargain and there are many different combinations, helpful if you are travelling with fussy kids! There are lots of options with rack rates above RM 500, but only in peak season (notably Christmas/New Year) will you have to pay this much. The cheaper places charge around RM 50. Almost all backpacker accommodation, in the form of local guest houses opposite the beach past the Parkroyal Resort has been destroyed and it's really difficult to find some cheap bed. A simple room with a fan begin at around RM 15-60 per night, it is some times cheaper to sleep in Georgetown (also much more services and better local meals) and travel back and forth by public bus. If arriving by bus get off at the post office and walk down to the beach. Sapphire Resorts-Penang Island Holiday Apartment, ☏ +60 14-3494464. At Batu Ferringhi, (Meg). Eden Seaview Condominium, Batu Ferringhi, ☏ +60 16-4522505 (Mr. Tan). Offering fully furnished units with basic amenities for rental. (updated Jun 2016) 5.4758100.25321 EQ Ferringhi Hotel, No. 17 Lorong Sungai Emas, Batu Ferringhi, ☏ +60 48851533. Offers standard and triple sharing rooms, all of which are equipped with television, air conditioning, fan, high pressure water heater, bathroom and shower. Free Wi-Fi and satellite TV with ASTRO channels at the lobby. Best rates on official website start at RM 88. Shalini's Guest House, ☏ +60 4-8811859. 56, Batu Ferringhi. Ali'sFerringi Guest House, ☏ +60 4-8811316, fax: +60 4-8814015. 53&54B, Batu Ferringi. Baba's Guest House, 52, Batu Ferringhi, ☏ +60 48811686. Rooms are pretty basic but still nice. Inside the building rooms have shared bathroom on the floor, but the rooms in front of the house have an own bathroom with shower. Air conditioned rooms start RM 85 in the building and RM 100 outside. Walk distance to beach: 25 m. Staff: at least the owner speaks fluent English, and is very friendly. Perfect for backpackers who want to enjoy direct beach access and walk over the vast night-bazar. Very clean. Rates start RM 75 double w/o air-con, up to RM 100. Copthorne Orchid Hotel Penang, Tanjung Bungah, ☏ +60 4 892-3333. Located at Tanjung Bungah facing the sea. 5.4694100.24252 E.T Budget Guest House, ☏ +60 4-8811553. 47,Batu Ferringi. Fishermans Village Guest house, Teluk Bahang. fan rooms from MYR 18. (updated Apr 2015) 5.4775100.2623 Bayview Beach Resort Penang. (updated Jun 2016) 5.477653100.269264 DoubleTree Resort by Hilton Penang (Formerly Hydro Hotel), 56, Jalan Low Yat (=Miami Beach is just across the road (accessible by elevated walkway), Rapid Transit bus stops right outside hotel driveway on both sides of the road (bus stop not marked on side heading to Batu Ferringhi) and is very regular during the day/evening), ☏ +60 4 8928000. The hotel has 316 guest rooms and suites. There are also 3 dining venues, an outdoor pool, spa and a gym. RM 240+. By The Sea Suites Apartment, Jalan Batu Ferringhi, ☏ +60166708017. Available for daily, weekly and monthly rental. 5.4789100.25425 Shangri-La's Rasa Sayang Resort & Spa (Batu Feringghi Beach), ☏ +60 4 888-8888, fax: +60 4 881-1800, [email protected]. 5.4722100.2466 Park Royal Penang (Batu Ferringhi Beach), ☏ +60 4 881-1133, fax: +60 4 881-2233, [email protected]. Great location for families - right in the middle of the night markets, short walk at night to a hawker centre, and the second pool has a water slide. Check out the pool toy stalls at the markets for a range of water toys to help increase the fun. Try to get a side sea view room on the 2nd floor, where the rooms open out onto a grassed terrace. Great deals and coupons are found on their Facebook page. 5.4759100.25017 Lone Pine Penang. Owned and operated by famous Eastern & Oriental Hotel in Georgetown. Superb standard of accommodation and food, with prices to match. 5.4677100.24158 Hard Rock Hotel Penang (Batu Ferringhi Beach), ☏ +60 4 8811711, fax: +60 4 8812155. Large pools with some swim up rooms. Slides and good watersports play area for children. Day passes available for 60RM to use the pool area. 5.4767100.2519 Shangri-La's Golden Sands Resort. There is still plenty more of Penang to visit, simply hop on one of the local Rapid Penang buses and explore. Head south to discover Penang's backcountry at Balik Pulau. The area is literally the back of the island and is a slice of an undeveloped Penang. Around the expansive area you will find kampungs, fruit farms and rice paddies scattered throughout. Visit Air Itam, a town just west of George Town. Explore the famous Penang Hill, either by funicular train or spend a few hours and trek to the top. The views of Penang are exceptional from the hill. Be sure to check out the local markets and the gigantic Kek Lok Si Temple. Cross over to Penang's mainland, which is somewhat off the tourist track. The towns of Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam are a great place to start.
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Comparative Religion CORE 140 textbooks: Pythagoreans corpus Plato's works neo-Platonic works (at least Enneads) The Vedas (at least Upanishads) or Sefer Yetzira, some/all of Zohar any other philosophical/sacred text(s) Metaphysics ('Classical' Physics,) is the study of existence, truth, knowledge, etc., and metaphysics branches are cosmology ('classical/quantum' Physics) and ontology. Cosmology is the study of the creation & development (genesis,) of the universe, and ontology is the study of the nature of being, but actually 'be-ness.' Read Plato's Theaetetus, the rest of The Republic or at least the part about the soul and axis mundi, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Meno, Parmenides, and if you like review Timaeus. If you are Eastern, read either the a little of the Vedas (at least the Gayatri mantra and some parts about the Rishis) and at least the principal Upanishads or the abhidharma or both; if you are Western read either the Sefer Yetzira and at least a little of the Zohar (at least the glossary) or the Pythagorean texts, and the rest of Plato's as well as neo-Platonic texts (at least Plotinus' Enneads.) As you should know from Plato's theory of forms, and "The Divided Line," he was a metaphysical monist, dualist, respectively, and similar things, none of which he was restricted to--he was a mathematician. The categories of the divided line may be called the ideal (thoughts but also forms beyond the mind) and the material (thoughts with subtle form but also things below the mind.) When divided again, they may also be called, firstly, the spiritual, which according to neo-Platonic Theosophists, is also soulful and both abstract and abstract-concrete mental, and secondly, the concrete mental to emotional and the ethereal to material. That is 4 to 7 categories: high spiritual (3) human spiritual-soulful mental-emotional vital (2) This does deal with cosmology of the emanation of planes, but feel free to add more cosmological topics or some other ontological ones. Ontological Questions
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Monday, November 9, 2009 Iraq Related articles 6 January 2020: Iraqi Parliament votes for expulsion of United States troops 6 January 2020: United States military kills Qasem Soleimani 10 November 2019: Coalition authorities report no casualties from missile strike on Iraqi air base 9 November 2018: Mass graves of thousands of ISIL victims found, UN reports 19 October 2017: Iraqi army regains control over Peshmerga fighters' occupied Kirkuk Location of Iraq Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article The United States military in Iraq has said that two US helicopter pilots were killed in a crash in the Salah ad Din province in north-central Iraq today. The military described the crash as a "hard landing" in a statement; however, few other details were provided. According to the statement, the cause of the incident is under investigation, although there was no immediate indication that the crash could have been caused by an enemy attack. The identities of the pilots are being withheld until their families are notified. With these deaths, as well as that of a US Marine killed today in an accident, the number of US troops killed in Iraq since the invasion in March of 2003 has increased to 4,362. This article includes material from 2 US Pilots Killed in Iraq by VOA News, which is in the public domain. "2 US Pilots Killed in Iraq" — VOA News, November 9, 2009 "US helicopter pilots die in Iraq" — BBC News Online, November 9, 2009
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File: Algorithms/pattern_match_knuth_morris_pratt_test.adb (view, plain text, download page, browse all) -- pattern_match_knuth_morris_pratt_test.adb an implementation for fixed strings -- Written by Wikibob, 2004, from notes on the Knuth_Morris_Pratt pattern match algorithm -- adapted to fixed strings of characters. -- It is in the public domain. -- If you are using GNAT, use gnatmake to compile and link this program. -- To use the pattern match functions in your own software extract -- the inner package's specification and body into separate files. -- This program is self-contained and demonstrates a particular -- implementation of the Knuth_Morris_Pratt algorithm applied to -- fixed strings, with the following restrictions: -- * the search pattern is limited to a maximum of 256 characters -- * the caller must first call the function Pre_Compute on a pattern -- to obtain a context variable containing the pre-computed pattern. -- There is no limit to the number of contexts. -- * the caller must handle the exception Pattern_Error that will -- be raised if function Find_Location was unable to find the -- pattern in the given string. -- Suggested improvements to the inner package are: -- * add type Result_T is record Location : Index; Found : Boolean; end record; -- and use it instead of raising Pattern_Error. -- * produce a version that dispenses with the Context and has Find_Location -- perform the Pre_process internally. -- References: http://ww0.java3.datastructures.net/handouts/PatternMatching.pdf procedure Pattern_Match_Knuth_Morris_Pratt_Fixed_Test is -- You may extract this spec into file pattern_match.ads package Pattern_Match is Max_Pattern_Length : constant Positive := 256; type Context is private; function Pre_Compute (Pattern : in String) return Context; -- precomputes the table of skips for the Pattern. function Find_Location (Of_Context : in Context; In_Text : in String) return Positive; Pattern_Error : exception; -- alternative is return Natural and use 0 to mean not found. private subtype Pattern_Length_T is Positive range 1..Max_Pattern_Length; type Failure_Function_T is array (Pattern_Length_T) of Positive; subtype Slided_Pattern_T is String (1 .. Max_Pattern_Length); type Context is record Failure_Function : Failure_Function_T; M_Pattern : Slided_Pattern_T; Pattern_Length : Positive; end record; end Pattern_Match; -- Variables and data for testing. IFPLID_Context : Pattern_Match.Context; SRC_Context : Pattern_Match.Context; Text_Test1 : constant String := "IMCHG DLH5877 -BEGIN ADDR -IFPLID AT05428113 -SRC FPL -RFL F330"; Text_Test2 : constant String := "IMCHG DLH5877 EDDKCLHD -BEGIN ADDR -FAC CFMUTACT AA05428113 FPL -STAR WLD5M -SRC "; IFPLID_Pos : Positive; IFPLID_Pos_2 : Positive := 1; SRC_Pos : Positive; SRC_Pos_2 : Positive; -- You may extract this spec into file pattern_match.adb package body Pattern_Match is function Pre_Compute (Pattern : in String) return Context is I, J : Positive; Pattern_Context : Context; begin if Pattern = "" then raise Pattern_Error; end if; Pattern_Context.M_Pattern (1..Pattern'Length) := Pattern; Pattern_Context.Pattern_Length := Pattern'Length; Pattern_Context.Failure_Function (1) := 1; I := 2; J := 1; while I <= Pattern_Context.Pattern_Length loop if Pattern (I) = Pattern (J) then -- we have matched J + 1 chars. Pattern_Context.Failure_Function (I) := J + 1; I := I + 1; J := J + 1; elsif J > 1 then -- use failure function to shift Pattern J := Pattern_Context.Failure_Function (J - 1); else Pattern_Context.Failure_Function (I) := 1; I := I + 1; end if; end loop; return Pattern_Context; end Pre_Compute; function Find_Location (Of_Context : in Context; In_Text : in String) return Positive is subtype Slided_Text_T is String (1 .. In_Text'Length); Slided_Text : constant Slided_Text_T := Slided_Text_T (In_Text); I, J : Positive; begin I := 1; J := 1; while I <= Slided_Text'Last loop if Slided_Text (I) = Of_Context.M_Pattern (J) then if J = Of_Context.Pattern_Length then return I - J + 1; else I := I + 1; J := J + 1; end if; elsif J > 1 then J := Of_Context.Failure_Function (J - 1); else I := I + 1; end if; end loop; raise Pattern_Error; -- Or change function to return Natural and return 0. end Find_Location; end Pattern_Match; -- You may extract the rest of this file into file pattern_match_test.adb -- and modify accordingly. procedure Check_Pattern_Found (Pattern : in String; At_Location : in Positive; In_Text : in String) is subtype Slided_Text_T is String (1 .. Pattern'Length); Slided_Pattern : constant Slided_Text_T := Slided_Text_T (Pattern); begin if At_Location > In_Text'Last or else At_Location + Pattern'Length - 1 > In_Text'Last or else Slided_Text_T (In_Text (At_Location .. At_Location + Pattern'Length - 1)) /= Slided_Pattern then -- We expected Find_Location to return the location of the pattern, as it did not there is a program error. raise Program_Error; end if; end Check_Pattern_Found; begin IFPLID_Context := Pattern_Match.Pre_Compute ("-IFPLID "); SRC_Context := Pattern_Match.Pre_Compute ("-SRC "); Expect_Pattern_Found: begin IFPLID_Pos := Pattern_Match.Find_Location (Of_Context => IFPLID_Context, In_Text => Text_Test1); exception when Pattern_Match.Pattern_Error => -- We expected Find_Location to find the pattern, but it did not so there is a program error. raise Program_Error; end Expect_Pattern_Found; Check_Pattern_Found (Pattern => "-IFPLID ", At_Location => IFPLID_Pos, In_Text => Text_Test1); Expect_Pattern_Not_Found: begin IFPLID_Pos_2 := Pattern_Match.Find_Location (Of_Context => IFPLID_Context, In_Text => Text_Test2); -- We expected Find_Location to NOT find the pattern, but it did so there is a program error. raise Program_Error; exception when Pattern_Match.Pattern_Error => -- We expected Find_Location to NOT find the pattern, and it did not so there is no error. null; end Expect_Pattern_Not_Found; if IFPLID_Pos_2 /= 1 then -- We expected Find_Location to NOT return a result, so there is a program error. raise Program_Error; end if; Expect_Second_Pattern_Found: begin SRC_Pos := Pattern_Match.Find_Location (Of_Context => SRC_Context, In_Text => Text_Test1); exception when Pattern_Match.Pattern_Error => -- We expected Find_Location to find the pattern, but it did not so there is a program error. raise Program_Error; end Expect_Second_Pattern_Found; Check_Pattern_Found (Pattern => "-SRC ", At_Location => SRC_Pos, In_Text => Text_Test1); Expect_Second_Pattern_Found_At_End: begin SRC_Pos_2 := Pattern_Match.Find_Location (Of_Context => SRC_Context, In_Text => Text_Test2); exception when Pattern_Match.Pattern_Error => -- We expected Find_Location to find the pattern, but it did not so there is a program error. raise Program_Error; end Expect_Second_Pattern_Found_At_End; Check_Pattern_Found (Pattern => "-SRC ", At_Location => SRC_Pos_2, In_Text => Text_Test2); end Pattern_Match_Knuth_Morris_Pratt_Fixed_Test;
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Khloé Alexandra Kardashian (born 27 June 1984) is an American television personality, socialite, model, and businesswoman. Since 2007, she has starred with her family in the reality television series, Keeping Up with the Kardashians. Everyone in the family wears fur except me. ... Kim wore fur last night. I told her you cannot wear fur. "Khloe Kardashian Butts In to Animal Rights", E! Online (10 December 2008). I never was against wearing fur because I truly did not know how these animals were tortured and killed in order to have these coats and accessories. I am done with fur forever and I have now found so many amazing faux fur lines that are great alternatives for women who love the look and love animals. I love that PETA is all about individuals taking baby steps in becoming aware of animal rights. I am not a full vegetarian but I have not eaten red meat or pork in over 10 years. ... I am also extremely careful now not to purchase products that are tested on animals. I have started with fur but I hope that over time I will become a full vegetarian. "My PETA Billboard Has Been Unveiled!!!!! ", on her blog Khloekardashian.celebuzz.com (10 December 2008). Wikipedia has an article about: Khloé Kardashian Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Khloe Kardashian
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The Australian Convict Sites are a world heritage site in Australia. It's made up of 11 components, mostly in New South Wales and Tasmania. One of the most distant colonies of the British Empire, during the 18th and 19th centuries penal colonies were set up around Australia. During the 80 years of this practice, some 162,000 convicts were transported from Britain to Australia. These penal colonies were located around Australia, but concentrated on the southeastern parts including Tasmania, and today there are more than 3,000 such sites remaining in the country. In 2010 UNESCO inscribed 11 of these sites on the world heritage list. -33.8474151.17231 Cockatoo Island Convict Site. Cockatoo Island is biggest of all the harbour islands. It used to be a penal colony and is today one of eleven sites making up the UNESCO World Heritage listing "Australian Convict Sites". Sydney Ferries run scheduled ferry services about every hour from 6AM until 9PM. The island is stop for some services on the Parramatta Ferries or for the Woolwich - Cockatoo Island Service. Just check the indicator board at Circular Quay for the next service, or check the Sydney Ferries timetable if you are coming from anywhere else. Ferries run from early until late to services those staying on the island. There is no admission fee to the island. (updated Dec 2017) Take care on sunny Sundays as the ferries to Cockatoo Island run to capacity, and you may be delayed for a couple of hours getting off the island early-afternoon. if you visit on weekday, the island can seem deserted. During major events (such as the Biennale) special access arrangements can apply. There is a new marina on the island, and you can moor a boat for a fee. If you have a kayak, it seems acceptable to paddle up the slipway, if you leave your kayak on dry land. If you decide to kayak, make sure you know where you are going. Don't land on the neighbouring Spectacle Island, which is still a working naval base. -33.3046151.09312 Great North Road (Central Coast (New South Wales)). The Great North Road was built by convicts through rough terrain. (updated Dec 2017) -33.869589151.2126693 Hyde Park Barracks, Macquarie St, Sydney/City Centre (north eastern corner of Hyde Park), ☏ +61 2 8239 2311. Daily 10AM-5PM, closed Good Friday and Christmas Day. Built in 1818-1819. Constructed by convicts and housed by them, the Hyde Park Barracks provided housing for convicts working in government employment around Sydney from 1819 until its closure in 1848. Interior is restored with exhibits depicting the furnishings and life of the time. Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Adult $12, child/concession $8, family $30. Consider the pass if visiting other historical houses and/or trust properties. (updated Jan 2017) -33.8122150.99734 Old Government House, Parramatta Park, Parramatta, ☏ +61 2 9635 8149, [email protected]. The site of the residence of early colonial governors, today a UNESCO World Heritage site. It was especially important during the term of office of Governor Lachlan Macquarie. On the third Friday of each month, ghost tours of Old Government House are available. adult $8. -29.0577167.95585 Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (Kingston, Norfolk Island). (updated Dec 2017) -41.6161147.1316 Brickendon and -41.6261147.14797 Woolmers Estates. -42.8939147.29948 Cascades Female Factory, 16 Degraves St, Hobart, ☏ +61 3 6233 6656, [email protected]. Daily 9:30AM-4PM. This site operated as a female factory between 1828 and 1856, which was intended to reform female convicts and segregate them from the "temptations" of Hobart. The ladies of this female factory were often completing many chores, such as needlework and laundry. The factory is now one of 11 penal sites that make up the Australian Convict Sites on the UNESCO World Heritage list. A daily Heritage tour runs several times daily and an additional show, title Her Story, runs daily at 11AM. Entry: $5; entry + tour: adults $15, child $10; Her Story show: adult $20, child $12.50. -42.9883147.71719 Coal Mines Historic site. (updated Dec 2017) -42.5817148.066210 Darlington Probation Station, Maria Island. (updated Dec 2017) -43.15147.8511 Port Arthur. (updated Dec 2017) -32.05403115.7533212 Fremantle Prison, 1 The Terrace St, Fremantle, ☏ +61 8 9336 9200. Open every day of the year except Good Friday and Christmas day. Constructed in 1851 by the convicts that were transported to Australia from the UK to house themselves. Following the end of convict transportation in 1868, Fremantle Prison served as Western Australia's main maximum security prison until its closure in 1991. Today it remains as a world heritage listed building and is used for several purposes including as an art gallery, museum and a conference center. Basic tours run throughout the day, and a 'Torchlight tour' runs on Wednesday and Friday nights, which explores the history of prison hauntings. For the really adventurous, there is the tunnels tour which will take you through the tunnel network underneath the prison. Basic $18.50, tunnel tour $59, less for students and children. Australia#History British Empire
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Tuesday, September 18, 2007 Pakistan defeated Australia by six wickets in the Super 8 stage of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 at Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa. Australia lost early wickets, with Matthew Hayden caught on one run in the first over. Adam Gilchrist made 24 before being removed in the fourth over. Andrew Symonds and Ricky Ponting added a 48 run partnership but Shahid Afridi bowled Symonds for 29 runs and Mohammad Hafeez bowled Ponting, who made 27. Michael Hussey (37) and Brad Hodge (36) shared 63 runs to help Australia to 164-7, while Sohail Tanvir took 3-31 for Pakistan. In response Pakistan were reduced to 46-4 in the seventh over as Australia's bowlers made breakthroughs. Stuart Clark took three wickets, dismissing Imran Nazir, Mohammad Hafeez and Younis Khan cheaply, while Salman Butt fell lbw to Mitchell Johnson. However Shoaib Malik (52 not out) and Misbah-ul-Haq (66 not out) claimed victory and a likely semi-final place for Pakistan. Toss: Pakistan won, and chose to field first. Fall of wickets: 1-8 (Hayden, 1.3 ov), 2-32 (Gilchrist, 3.4 ov), 3-80 (Symonds, 8.5 ov), 4-92 (Ponting, 11.1 ov), 5-155 (Hussey, 17.5 ov), 6-159 (Clarke, 18.4 ov), 7-162 (Hodge, 19.3 ov) Did not bat: N W Bracken, S R Clark Fall of wickets: 1-25 (Imran Nazir, 3.1 ov), 2-27 (Mohammad Hafeez, 3.4 ov), 3-35 (Younis Khan, 5.1 ov), 4-46 (Salman Butt, 6.4 ov) Did not bat: Shahid Afridi, Kamran Akmal, Mohammad Asif, Umar Gul, Sohail Tanvir Australia: A C Gilchrist (wkt), M L Hayden, R T Ponting (capt), A Symonds, M E K Hussey, B J Hodge, M J Clarke, B Lee, M G Johnson, N W Bracken, S R Clark Pakistan: Salman Butt, Imran Nazir, Mohammad Hafeez, Younis Khan, Shoaib Malik (capt), Shahid Afridi, Misbah-ul-Haq, Kamran Akmal (wkt), Mohammad Asif, Umar Gul, Sohail Tanvir Man of the Match: Misbah-ul-Haq (Pakistan) Wikipedia has more about this subject: 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Umpires: M R Benson (England) and N J Llong (England) TV Umpire: D J Harper (Australia) Match Referee: B C Broad (England) Reserve Umpire: K H Hurter (South Africa) "ICC World Twenty20 18th Match, Group F: Australia v Pakistan at Johannesburg" — Cricinfo, September 18, 2007 "Pakistan beat Aussies in thriller" — BBC Sport, September 18, 2007 Return to the Cricket Portal for more cricket news.
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Also called interception wells, these are shallow wells which put (or draw) water into (or from) a natural aquifer outside of a riverbed, but which have a partial lining. They can be used to either drain a catchment area or recharge groundwater, especially where recharge of the aquifer is low due to low rock/soil permeability (the well penetrates through this). Water extraction, however, is a secondary activity, as the water levels will be lower and the amount extracted will be more limited. Infiltration wells do not have to have a direct inlet (although they can have one). Without an inlet, they can become a larger hole and be filled with porous natural materials to increase the ground's infiltration capacity and, in most cases, have a coiled drain between the soil surface and the underground piping. This coiled drain is perforated to allow water inside where it can flow more quickly out of the drain. It acts as a security for high rainstorm runoff events that might rain too much water to effectively infiltrate into the well or aquifer. Rocks, coarse wood chips or straw can be used as filtering material. Wells made of straw are constructed like permeable trenches and do not have a coiled drain, which can limit their infiltration capacity. Water extraction can be done with Handpumps or Small and efficient motor pumps. Handpump cylinders will need to physically be able to fit inside the screen that has been installed. Site where water table is within 5 metres of ground surface, and where soils are stable. Site where water demand is low, e.g. for small communities. Do not install in areas where water drainage is rapid. Since infiltration wells have a low infiltration capacity, the drainage rate will be insufficient and will not make it possible to reduce the risk of erosion. Site wells at a sufficient distance away from sources of contamination. For microbiological contamination, the distance from the source of contamination (e.g. latrine) to the water intake (screen) needs to be sufficient so as to pose a “low” to “very low” risk – this translates into a minimum of 25 days of potential travel of pathogens in the ground. Travel time is influenced by porosity, hydraulic conductivity (permeability), and hydraulic gradient. For medium size sand with an average porosity, the distance equivalent to 25 days is around 30 metres, but this can increase to over 100 metres for coarser sediments. However, the distance from contamination to water intake can reduce significantly where the screen intake is at a sufficient depth – this is due to greater variation of aquifer properties in vertical directions than lateral, meaning that a borehole with handpump could be placed very close to a latrine with low risk. However, screen depth must increase with increased extraction rate. Effects of drought: Less recharge of aquifer due to less rainfall; Increasing population & water demand; Size of aquifers – e.g. limited sand volume; Wells not sunk deep enough into water table; Incorrect siting; Graded gravel around pipe not correctly done. Underlying causes of effects: Less recharge of aquifer due to less rainfall; Increasing population & water demand; Size of aquifers – e.g. limited sand volume; Wells not sunk deep enough into water table; Incorrect siting; Graded gravel around pipe not correctly done. To increase resiliency of WASH system: Increase volume through construction of groundwater dam; Sink wells/pipes deeper; De-water wells during caissoning within the water table; Construct during the latter half of the dry season; Site in riverbeds that are dry for part of the year, where water remains in the riverbed throughout the dry season; Increase flow by use of porous concrete & perforated pointed steel pipes driven horizontally into the aquifer (riverbed wells) and graded gravel (infiltration galleries & jetted wells); Site in a degrading river section where there is no deposition (infiltration galleries); Put graded gravel around pipes to minimize clogging and increase flow. General advice on cement: A common cause of cracks in structures and linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells) is errors in mixing and applying the cement. First of all, it is important that only pure ingredients are used: clean water, clean sand, clean rocks. The materials have to be mixed very thoroughly. Secondly, the amount of water during mixing needs to minimal: the concrete or cement needs to be just workable, on the dry side even, and not fluid. Thirdly, it is essential that during curing the cement or concrete is kept moist at all times, for at least a week. Structures should be covered with plastic, large leaves or other materials during the curing period, and kept wet regularly. Construction involves digging a hole to the water table in stable soil that has no risk of collapsing. Digging should not go deeper than 5 metres for safety reasons. Digging continues inside the water table but due to the low yield of the aquifer, digging can proceed only without buckets for de-watering purposes. An intake needs to be created which will be installed in the well before backfilling. The intake can normally be a screen that is connected to casing – this should be large enough in diameter to fit the handpump cylinder. The intake can be installed in several ways: A chamber can be constructed within the water table zone from suitable material (e.g. blocks) and covered with a slab – the intake pipe is placed through the slab, after which the hole can be backfilled to ground level, adding more sections to the intake section as required. A cheaper way is to install the intake in the empty hole. Verticality is ensured using a spirit level, after which the intake is secured temporarily to beams at ground level. The hole is then backfilled with clay-free sand to the height of the wet season water table level, after which the hole is backfilled with original soil. In this way, an artificial aquifer is created around the intake and well volume is equivalent to the porosity of the sand. A pump can then be installed within the intake screen. Where wells dry up in the dry season, recharge techniques could be used upstream of the well. A hole measuring 1 to 1.5 m in diameter and approximately 1 m deep is excavated at the location selected for the infiltration well. If the well is constructed with rock in sandy or loamy soil, the bottom and sides of the excavation can be covered with a geotextile membrane (of the Texel 7609 or 7612 type). This membrane will prevent lateral clogging by the rock and is attached to the drain with drainage adhesive tape where the drain crosses it. The membrane is cut 30 cm below the surface of the soil if the soil is to be tilled above the well once installation is complete. Otherwise, the membrane can extend up to the soil surface. Note that no geotextile membrane is used in wood-chip wells. The excavation is progressively backfilled with the desired material. The drain is coiled in the porous material as it is placed in the hole. In wells made of rock, it is recommended that backfilling begin with clean 56-mm rock, although finer stone (such as 19-mm stone) can also be used. The drain is cut at the desired height, and a cap is placed at the end. If the soil is to be tilled above the wells after the work is complete, the coiled piping must stop at least 30 cm below the ground surface so that the piping is not damaged by tilling equipment. The backfilling of the rock well is completed with materials that will not damage the tilling equipment (coarse soil if available, coarse sand, wood chips or clean 19-mm stone). Laying a geotextile membrane between these two zones is not recommended, because it would quickly be clogged by the silt contained in the surface runoff. Wood-chip wells are generally fully backfilled with wood chips. Where the erosion rate is high and the risk of clogging is significant, it is preferable that the soil above the infiltration well not be tilled. A minimum radius of 3 m around the well is therefore grassed over to filter the soil particles and create a buffer zone between the tilled soil and the infiltration well. The well can also be covered with rock (e.g. clean 100- mm rock) to finalize the installation. Permeability of some types of rock (meters/day) Generally, it is recommended that minimum tillage practices be adopted to maximize the lifespan of the well. If a well gets clogged, the first 30 cm of the porous material is replaced to improve the infiltration capacity. Organic filtering materials decompose gradually over time. Because of better oxygenation conditions near the ground surface, decomposition is faster in the upper part of the well. In wood-chip wells, it is generally necessary to add more wood chips every 10 years to compensate for subsidence caused by the decomposition of the material in place. Given its lower carbon/nitrogen ratio and high cellulose content, straw decomposes much faster and must be replaced more frequently. Coarse sand can also be used to replace decomposed material in both cases. Lastly, infiltration wells and separate drain outlets must be inspected frequently to evaluate the condition of the structures as well as their efficiency in improving surface drainage and reducing erosion problems. Well revival effort sees many other benefits A community drive to revive wells in Mokhla talab near Udaipur results in water security for longer periods of time as well as making leaders out of women. Experiments with 'community wells' Mobilized farmers in Dhule, Maharashtra, show how communities can use groundwater as a common resource in an organised and collective manner. Infiltration wells Factsheet. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and the Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ). ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE FOR WATER SUPPLY OF MEDIUM-SIZE COMMUNITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. E.H. Hofkes and J.T. Visscher. December, 1986. October 2010. Infiltration wells Factsheet. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and the Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ). Original Akvopedia.org article and more images: akvopedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_wells
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Ernest William Hobson FRS (27 October 1856 – 19 April 1933) was an English mathematician, now remembered mostly for his books, some of which broke new ground in their coverage in English of topics from mathematical analysis. See also: Mathematics, from the points of view of the Mathematician and of the Physicist The second part of the book... contains an exposition of the first principles of the theory of complex quantities; hitherto, the very elements of this theory have not been easily accessible to the English student, except recently in Prof. Chrystal's excellent treatise on Algebra. The subject of Analytical Trigonometry has been too frequently presented to the student in the state in which it was left by Euler, before the researches of Cauchy, Abel, Gauss, and others, had placed the use of imaginary quantities, and especially the theory of infinite series and products, where real or complex quantities are involved, on a firm scientific basis. In the Chapter on the exponential theorem and logarithms, I have ventured to introduce the term "generalized logarithm" for the doubly infinite series of values of the logarithm of a quantity. A Treatise on Plane Trigonometry (1891) Preface Nature, Vol. 84. Perhaps the least inadequate description of the general scope of modern Pure Mathematics—I will not call it a definition—would be to say that it deals with form, in a very general sense of the term; this would include algebraic form, functional relationship, the relations of order in any ordered set of entities such as numbers, and the analysis of the peculiarities of form of groups of operations. p. 287; Cited in: Robert Edouard Moritz. Memorabilia mathematica; or, The philomath's quotation-book, (1914), p. 5: Definitions and objects of mathematics. A great department of thought must have its own inner life, however transcendent may be the importance of its relations to the outside. No department of science, least of all one requiring so high a degree of mental concentration as Mathematics, can be developed entirely, or even mainly, with a view to applications outside its own range. The increased complexity and specialisation of all branches of knowledge makes it true in the present, however it may have been in former times, that important advances in such a department as Mathematics can be expected only from men who are interested in the subject for its own sake, and who, whilst keeping an open mind for suggestions from outside, allow their thought to range freely in those lines of advance which are indicated by the present state of their subject, untrammelled by any preoccupation as to applications to other departments of science. Even with a view to applications, if Mathematics is to be adequately equipped for the purpose of coping with the intricate problems which will be presented to it in the future by Physics, Chemistry and other branches of physical science, many of these problems probably of a character which we cannot at present forecast, it is essential that Mathematics should be allowed to develop freely on its own lines. p. 286; Cited in: Moritz (1914, 106): Modern mathematics. I have said that mathematics is the oldest of the sciences; a glance at its more recent history will show that it has the energy of perpetual youth. The output of contributions to the advance of the science during the last century and more has been so enormous that it is difficult to say whether pride in the greatness of achievement in this subject, or despair at his inability to cope with the multiplicity of its detailed developments, should be the dominant feeling of the mathematician. Few people outside of the small circle of mathematical specialists have any idea of the vast growth of mathematical literature. The Royal Society Catalogue contains a list of nearly thirty-nine thousand papers on subjects of Pure Mathematics alone, which have appeared in seven hundred serials during the nineteenth century. This represents only a portion of the total output, the very large number of treatises, dissertations, and monographs published during the century being omitted. p. 283; Cited in: Moritz (1914, 108-9): Modern mathematics. Much of the skill of the true mathematical physicist and of the mathematical astronomer consists in the power of adapting methods and results carried out on an exact mathematical basis to obtain approximations sufficient for the purposes of physical measurements. It might perhaps be thought that a scheme of Mathematics on a frankly approximative basis would be sufficient for all the practical purposes of application in Physics, Engineering Science, and Astronomy, and no doubt it would be possible to develop, to some extent at least, a species of Mathematics on these lines. Such a system would, however, involve an intolerable awkwardness and prolixity in the statements of results, especially in view of the fact that the degree of approximation necessary for various purposes is very different, and thus that unassigned grades of approximation would have to be provided for. Moreover, the mathematician working on these lines would be cut off from the chief sources of inspiration, the ideals of exactitude and logical rigour, as well as from one of his most indispensable guides to discovery, symmetry, and permanence of mathematical form. The history of the actual movements of mathematical thought through the centuries shows that these ideals are the very life-blood of the science, and warrants the conclusion that a constant striving toward their attainment is an absolutely essential condition of vigorous growth. These ideals have their roots in irresistible impulses and deep-seated needs of the human mind, manifested in its efforts to introduce intelligibility in certain great domains of the world of thought. pp. 285-286; Cited in: Moritz (1914, 229): Mathematics and Science. Who has studied the works of such men as Euler, Lagrange, Cauchy, Riemann, Sophus Lie, and Weierstrass, can doubt that a great mathematician is a great artist? The faculties possessed by such men, varying greatly in kind and degree with the individual, are analogous with those requisite for constructive art. Not every mathematician possesses in a specially high degree that critical faculty which finds its employment in the perfection of form, in conformity with the ideal of logical completeness; but every great mathematician possesses the rarer faculty of constructive imagination. p. 290. ; Cited in: Moritz (1914, 184): Mathematics as a fine art. The actual evolution of mathematical theories proceeds by a process of induction strictly analogous to the method of induction employed in building up the physical sciences; observation, comparison, classification, trial, and generalisation are essential in both cases. Not only are special results, obtained independently of one another, frequently seen to be really included in some generalisation, but branches of the subject which have been developed quite independently of one another are sometimes found to have connections which enable them to be synthesised in one single body of doctrine. The essential nature of mathematical thought manifests itself in the discernment of fundamental identity in the mathematical aspects of what are superficially very different domains. A striking example of this species of immanent identity of mathematical form was exhibited by the discovery of that distinguished mathematician . . . Major MacMahon, that all possible Latin squares are capable of enumeration by the consideration of certain differential operators. Here we have a case in which an enumeration, which appears to be not amenable to direct treatment, can actually be carried out in a simple manner when the underlying identity of the operation is recognised with that involved in certain operations due to differential operators, the calculus of which belongs superficially to a wholly different region of thought from that relating to Latin squares. p. 290; Cited in: Moritz (1914, 27): The Nature of Mathematics. The opinion appears to be gaining ground that this very general conception of functionality, born on mathematical ground, is destined to supersede the narrower notion of causation, traditional in connection with the natural sciences. As an abstract formulation of the idea of determination in its most general sense, the notion of functionality includes and transcends the more special notion of causation as a one-sided determination of future phenomena by means of present conditions; it can be used to express the fact of the subsumption under a general law of past, present, and future alike, in a sequence of phenomena. From this point of view the remark of Huxley that Mathematics "knows nothing of causation" could only be taken to express the whole truth, if by the term "causation" is understood "efficient causation." The latter notion has, however, in recent times been to an increasing extent regarded as just as irrelevant in the natural sciences as it is in Mathematics; the idea of thorough-going determinancy, in accordance with formal law, being thought to be alone significant in either domain. p. 290 ; Cited in: Moritz (1914, 29): The Nature of Mathematics. Success, even in a comparatively limited field, is some compensation for failure in a wider field of endeavour. If the question be raised, why such an apparently special problem as the quadrature of the circle, is deserving of the sustained interest which has attained to it, and which it still possesses, the answer is only to be found in a scrutiny of the history of the problem, and especially in the closeness of the connection of that history with the general history of Mathematical Science. p. 2 In the year 1775, the Paris Academy found it necessary to protect its officials against the waste of time and energy involved in examining the efforts of circle squarers. It passed a resolution... that no more solutions were to be examined of the problem of the duplication of the cube, the trisection of the angle, the quadrature of the circle, and the same resolution should apply to machines for exhibiting perpetual motion. an account... drawn up by Condorcet... is appended. It is interesting to remark that the strength of the conviction of Mathematicians that the solution of the problem is impossible, more than a century before an irrefutable proof of the correctness of that conviction was discovered. pp. 3-4 The objects of abstract Geometry possess in absolute precision properties which are only approximately realized in the corresponding objects of physical Geometry. p. 5 A new point is determined in Euclidean Geometry exclusively in one of the three following ways: Having given four points A, B, C, D, not all incident on the same straight line, then (1) Whenever a point P exists which is incident both on (A,B) and on (C,D), that point is regarded as determinate. (2) Whenever a point P exists which is incident both on the straight line (A,B) and on the circle C(D), that point is regarded as determinate. (3) Whenever a point P exists which is incident on both the circles A(B), C(D), that point is regarded as determinate. The cardinal points of any figure determined by a Euclidean construction are always found by means of a finite number of successive applications of some or all of these rules (1), (2) and (3). Whenever one of these rules is applied it must be shown that it does not fail to determine the point. Euclid's own treatment is sometimes defective as regards this requisite. In order to make the practical constructions which correspond to these three Euclidean modes of determination, correponding to (1) the ruler is required, corresponding to (2) both ruler and compass, and corresponding to (3) the compass only. ...it is possible to develop Euclidean Geometry with a more restricted set of postulations. For example it can be shewn that all Euclidean constructions can be carried out by means of (3) alone... pp. 7-8 As in Mathematics in general, the really great advances, embodying new ideas of far-reaching fruitfullness, have been due to an exceedingly small number of great men... there are periods when for a long series of centuries no advance was made; when the results obtained in a more enlightened age have been forgotten. We observe the times of revival, when the older learning has been rediscovered, and when the results of the progress made in distinct countries have been made available as the starting points of new efforts and a fresh period of activity. p. 10 The history of our problem falls into three periods marked out by fundamentally distinct differences in respect of method, of immediate aims, and in equipment in possession of intellectual tools. p. 10 The first period embraces the time between the first records of empirical determinations of the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle until the invention of the Differential and Integral Calculus, in the middle of the seventeenth century. This period, in which the ideal of an exact construction was never entirely lost sight of, and was occasionally supposed to have been attained, was the geometrical period, in which the main activity consisted in the approximate determination of π by the calculation of the sides or the areas of regular polygons in- and circum-scribed to the circle. The theoretical groundwork of the method was the Greek method of Exhaustions. In the earlier part of the period the work of approximation was much hampered by the backward condition of arithmetic due to the fact that our present system of numerical notation had not yet been invented; but the closeness of the approximations obtained in spite of this great obstacle are truly surprising. In the later part of this first period methods were devised by which the approximations to the value of π were obtained which required only a fraction of the labour involved in the earlier calculations. At the end of the period the method was developed to so high a degree of perfection that no further advance could be hoped for on the lines laid down by the Greek Mathematicians; for further progress more powerful methods were required. pp. 10-11 The second period, which commenced in the middle of the seventeenth century, and lasted for about a century, was characterized by the application of the powerful analytical methods provided by the new Analysis to the determination of analytical expressions for the number π in the form of convergent series, products, and continued fractions. The older geometrical forms of investigation gave way to analytical processes in which the functional relationship as applied to the trigonometrical functions became prominent. The new methods of systematic representation gave rise to a race of calculators of π, who, in their consciousness of the vastly enhance means of calculation placed in their hands by the new Analysis, proceeded to apply the formulae to obtain numerical approximations to π to ever larger numbers of places of decimals, although their efforts were quite useless for the purpose of throwing light upon the true nature of that number. At the end of this period no knowledge had been obtained as regards the number π of the kind likely to throw light upon the possibility or impossibility of the old historical problem of the ideal construction; it was not even definitely known whether the number is rational or irrational. However, one great discovery, destined to furnish the clue to the solution of the problem, was made at this time; that of the relation between the two numbers π and e, as a particular case of those exponential expressions for the trigonometrical functions which form one of the most fundamentally important of the analytical weapons forged during this period. pp. 11-12 In the third period, which lasted from the middle of the eighteenth century until late in the nineteenth century, attention was turned to critical investigations of the true nature of the number π itself, considered independently of mere analytical representations. The number was first studied in respect of its rationality or irrationality, and it was shown to be really irrational. When the discovery was made of the fundamental distinction between algebraic and transcendental numbers, i.e. between those numbers which can be, and those numbers which cannot be, roots of an algebraical equation with rational coefficients, the question arose to which of these categories the number π belongs. It was finally established by a method which involved the use of some of the most modern of analytical investigation that the number π was transcendental. When this result was combined with the results of a critical investigation of the possibilities of a Euclidean determination, the inferences could be made that the number π, being transcendental, does not admit of a construction either by a Euclidean determination, or even by a determination in which the use of other algebraic curves besides the straight line and the circle are permitted. The answer to the original question thus obtained is of a conclusive negative character; but it is one in which a clear account is given of the fundamental reasons upon which that negative answer rests. p. 12 We are able to appreciate the difficulties which in each age restricted the progress which could be made within limits which could not be surpassed by the means then available; we see how, when new weapons became available, a new race of thinkers turned to the further consideration of the problem with a new outlook. p. 12 The quality of the human mind, considered in its collective aspect, which most strikes us, in surveying this record, is its colossal patience. p. 12 Wikipedia has an article about: E. W. Hobson Wikisource has original works written by or about: Ernest William Hobson "E. W. Hobson", at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
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Monty Hall Problem Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors. Behind one door is a car; behind the other two, goats. You pick on door, say No. 1. The host, who knows what lies behind each of the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then asks you, " Would like like to pick door No.2?" Is it in your best interest to switch or stay with the same door. How Should we go about solving this problem? - Let's first think about the possible door outcomes: Right? So we choose door one (*). The host opens a door with a goat (o). So, based of of this, the probability must be 1/2 of the time or 50%. Because of this, it doesn't matter if you stay or switch. WRONG But why not? There are only two choices? - The critical thing to know is that the host does not have a choice in the door he opens. He must always open a door that has a goat behind it after the contestant has made their choice. - As long as the 3 choices are equally likely, there can never be a probability of 1/2 since the host's choice does not have an effect on the outcome. So what is the best thing to do? Should we stay or should we switch? - Let's start by thinking of all the possible outcomes behind the doors: - To figure out the outcomes of staying or switching, let's assume that you always choose door one. The results would be as follows: - Our outcome when we stay yields a car one out of three times or 1/3 of the time. If we were to switch doors, this would yield a car two out of three times or 2/3 or the time.
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Suppose there is a point charge q traveling with location at all times given by γ ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {\gamma } (t)} . We will use the formulas developed in the previous section to find the potentials and the fields. The retarded time is given by t r e t = t − | | r − γ ( t r e t ) | | c {\displaystyle t_{ret}=t-{\frac {||\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {\gamma } (t_{ret})||}{c}}} (since, when we measure go back, the particle wasn't where it is now, it is at γ ( t r e t ) {\displaystyle \gamma (t_{ret})} ) Note that at most one previous instance of the particle is generating the field at the point, since the particle is moving at subluminal speeds. Thus, η = r − γ ( t r e t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {\eta } =\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {\gamma } (t_{ret})} is a unique vector. Thus, the scalar potential is φ ( r , t ) = 1 4 π ε 0 ∫ ρ ( r − r ′ , t r e t ) | | η | | d V = 1 4 π ε 0 | | η | | ∫ ρ ( r − r ′ , t r e t ) d V {\displaystyle \phi (\mathbf {r} ,t)={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r'} ,t_{ret})}{||\mathbf {\eta } ||}}dV={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}||\mathbf {\eta } ||}}\int \rho (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r'} ,t_{ret})dV} You might think that equals q 4 π ε 0 | | η | | {\displaystyle {\frac {q}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}||\mathbf {\eta } ||}}} but that is wrong! The reason is very subtle: for the integral to be equal to the total charge, the charge distribution has to be taken at a specific time. However, we are obliged to evaluate the distribution at different times for each point! Thus, the charged particle is "smeared" out! Even though we are considering a point particle, the formula is still wrong, since the correction factor doesn't depend on geometric size! Suppose the particle is a box of length a and is moving towards us. However, we will observe the particle to have length b, because the light that is simultaneously reaching our eyes from the front and back of the box originated from different times. In the time that light from the back of the box travels the extra distance b, the car traveled distance b − a {\displaystyle b-a} , so b c = b − a v {\displaystyle {\frac {b}{c}}={\frac {b-a}{v}}} , and b = a 1 − v / c {\displaystyle b={\frac {a}{1-v/c}}} ; the box is stretched by factor 1 1 − v / c {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-v/c}}} that has nothing to do with the size of the object. This is not an effect of length contraction; this is rather more similar to the Doppler shift. The correct formula for the scalar potential is φ = ( 1 1 − η ^ ⋅ w ′ ( t r e t ) / c ) q 4 π ε 0 | | η | | {\displaystyle \phi =\left({\frac {1}{1-\mathbf {\hat {\eta }} \cdot \mathbf {w} '(t_{ret})/c}}\right){\frac {q}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}||\mathbf {\eta } ||}}} where w ′ ( t r e t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} '(t_{ret})} is the particle velocity at time t r e t {\displaystyle t_{ret}} The current density is ρ v {\displaystyle \rho \mathbf {v} } , and by similar arguments, A = ( 1 1 − η ^ ⋅ w ′ ( t r e t ) / c ) μ 0 q v 4 π | | η | | = v c φ {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} =\left({\frac {1}{1-\mathbf {\hat {\eta }} \cdot \mathbf {w} '(t_{ret})/c}}\right){\frac {\mu _{0}q\mathbf {v} }{4\pi ||\mathbf {\eta } ||}}={\frac {\mathbf {v} }{c}}\phi } These are the Lienard-Wiechert Potentials for a moving charge. The correction factors are for the components of velocity pointing to the point we are measuring the potentials at.
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ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ ਘਿਉ ghee; clarified butter ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੁਧ ਘਿਉ ਦੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਘੀਆ gourd ਘੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਛੋਲੇ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ਸਬਜੀ ਬਣਾਉ। ਘਸੀਟਣਾ drag ਕਿਸੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਦਾਲਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਘਸੀਟਣਾ i.e. drag him into litigation. ਘਸਣਾ wear off ਮੇਰੀ ਜੁਤੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਘਸ ਚੁੱਕੀ ਹੈ। ਘੁਸਣਾ enter ਚੋਰ ਸਾਡੇ ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੁਸ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ। ਘਾਹ grass ਬਗੀਚੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਰਾ ਘਾਹ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਲਗਦਾ ਸੀ। ਘੂਕ a continued long sound made by the spinning of spinning wheel ਅਜ ਕਲ ਚਰਖੇ ਦੀ ਘੂਕ ਬੰਦ ਹੋ ਗਈ ਹੈ। i.e. spinning wheel is no more in use. ਘੁਗੀ dove ਘੁਗੀ ਇੱਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਭੋਲ਼ਾ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੈ। ਘੋਗਾ snail ਘੋਗਾ ਧੀਰੇ ਚਲਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਜਾਨਵਰ ਹੈ। ਘੱਗਰ ਘੱਗਰਾ a traditional women's long skirt ਮੁਟਿਆਰ ਘੱਗਰੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਲਗ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ। ਘੁੰਗਰੂ one of the ringing bells in the anklet etc. ਹਮੇਲ ਦੇ ਘੁੰਗਰੂ ਛਣਕੇ। ਘਟਨਾ event; accident ਰਾਜ ਕੁਮਾਰ ਘਟਨਾ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਤ ਹੋਇਆ। ਘੱਟ less; little ਪਤਨੀ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਪਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਦੋ ਸਾਲ ਘੱਟ ਹੈ। ਘੁਟ goblet ਰਾਹੀ ਦੋ ਘੁਟ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀ ਕੇ ਅੱਗੇ ਚਲ ਪਿਆ। ਘੱਟਾ dust ਸੜਕ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਘੱਟਾ ਸੀ। ਘੰਟੀ bell ਪੁਜਾਰੀ ਨੇ ਮੰਦਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੰਟੀ ਵਜਾਈ। ਘਟਾਉਣਾ reduce ਮੰਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਨੇ ਸਭਦੀ ਤਨਖਾਹ ਘਟਾ ਦਿਤੀ। ਘੁਟਣਾ strangulate ਪਹਾੜ ਤੇ ਮੇਰਾ ਸਾਹ ਘੁਟਦਾ ਹੈ। ਘੋਟਣਾ beat something into a paste ਸਾਗ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਘੋਟਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। ਘਣ cube ਇਮਾਰਤ ਘਣ ਅਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਹੈ। ਘੁਣ termites ਲਕੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਘੁਣ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਖੋਖਲਾ ਕਰ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ। ਘੋਨਾ a shaved head ਉਸਨੇ ਘੋਨੇ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਤੇ ਹੱਥ ਫੇਰਿਆ। ਘੁਪ ਹਨੇਰਾ absolute dark ਸਰਦੀ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ਘੁਪ ਹਨੇਰੀ ਸੀ। ਘੁੰਮਣਾ go round; move around; travel ਅਸੀਂ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਹਫਤੇ ਸ਼ਿਮਲੇ ਘੁੰਮ ਕੇ ਆਏ ਸੀ। ਘੁਮਿਆਰ potter ਘੁਮਿਆਰ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਭਾਂਡੇ ਵੇਚ ਲਏ ਸਨ। ਘਰ house ਮੇਰਾ ਘਰ ਕਾਫੀ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਹੈ। ਘੋਰ severe ਰਾਜ ਕੁਮਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦੇਸ ਨਿਕਾਲਾ ਦੇਣਾ ਇੱਕ ਘੋਰ ਅਨਿਆਂ ਸੀ। ਘੇਰਾ circumference ਪੂਰੇ ਚਕਰ ਦਾ ਘੇਰਾ ਸੌ ਮੀਟਰ ਹੈ। periphery ਘਿਰਨਾ hate ਕਿਸੇ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਰਨਾ ਨਾ ਕਰੋ। ਘੇਰਨਾ encircle; to corner somebody ਪੁਲੀਸ ਨੇ ਪੂਰੇ ਪਿੰਡ ਨੂੰ ਘੇਰ ਲਿਆ ਸੀ। ਘੁਰਨਾ nest; a small congested room ਸਾਰੇ ਜਣੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਘੁਰਨਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ। ਘੂਰਨਾ disapprovingly stare at ਸਿਪਾਹੀ ਨੇ ਚੋਰ ਨੂੰ ਘੂਰਦਿਆਂ ਦੇਖਿਆ। ਘਾਲ hard labour ਲੰਬੀ ਘਾਲਣਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਮਕਸਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਫਲ ਹੋਇਆ। ਘੋਲ solution ਪਕੌੜੇ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਵੇਸਣ ਦੇ ਘੋਲ ਦੀ ਜਰੂਰਤ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਘੋਲਣਾ stir to disolve some thing ਗੋਲੀ ਨੇ ਰਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਭੋਜਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਹਿਰ ਘੋਲ ਦਿਤਾ। ਘੱਲਣਾ = ਭੇਜਣਾ send off ਅਕਬਰ ਨੇ ਸਲੀਮ ਨੂੰ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਘਲ ਦਿੱਤਾ। ਘੜਾ large pot ਘੜੇ ਦਾ ਪਾਣੀ ਠੰਡਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਘੜੀ 1.watch ਮੇਰੀ ਘੜੀ ਤੇ ਪੰਜ ਵੱਜੇ ਹਨ। 2. ~ ਪਲ = moment; ਘੜੀ ਪਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੱਭ ਕੁੱਝ ਤਬਾਅ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। ਘੋੜਾ horse ਘੋੜਾ ਤੇਜ ਦੌੜਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਜਾਨਵਰ ਹੈ। ਘੋੜ ਸਵਾਰ horse rider ਘੋੜ ਸਵਾਰ ਸੱਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲ਼ਾਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਆਇਆ। ਘੜਿਆਲ crocodile; aligator ਘੜਿਆਲ ਨੇ ਹਿਰਨ ਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ।
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The Transcaucasian Trail is two partially completed trails that cross Armenia and Georgia. One goes through the Greater Caucasus and the other the Lesser Caucasus, with each estimated to be about 1,500 km when finished. The trek can be done independently or with a guide. Efforts began in 2015 by two former Peace Corps volunteers, Paul Stephens and Jeff Haack. It involved the piecing together of formerly existing and newly created trail. Four main sections are available as of 2021: Svaneti, Georgia (about 10 days) Chuberi to Nakra (27 km, 2,300m up) Nakra to Becho (35 km, 2,400m up) Becho to Mestia (21 km, 1,600m up) Meztia to Adishi (28 km, 2,000m up) Adishi to Ushguli (29 km, 1,400m up) Dilijan National Park, Armenia (80 km, about 5 days) It begins at Khachardzan in the South and ends at Hovk in the North. The start is generally reached from Yerevan, Dilijan, or Ijevan. Gegham mountains, Armenia (114 km, about 6 days) Vayots Dzor, Armenia (125 km, about 7 days) It goes from Selim Caravanserai to Ughedzor. In 2021 an 832-km section from Lake Arpi to the village of Meghri in Armenia was being hiked for the first time. The most common sleeping option is wild camping. Guesthouses are available at some locations.
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The Expelliarmus spell is the Disarming spell; it knocks the victim's weapon (usually a wand) out of his/her hands. It can also be used to knock other items out of the target's hands, but we seldom see this use. When it is performed with more power, one can blast the opponent off their feet. We see this spell first used by Professor Snape in the Dueling Club; Snape casts it on Professor Lockhart, disarming him and throwing him to the end of the platform on which they are demonstrating. Later in the same book, Harry casts the same spell on Draco Malfoy, causing the book that he is holding, Riddle's diary, to fly out of his hand. From this point on, it is used quite often when there is a duel between wizards; if you can get your opponent to lose his wand, you do have a great advantage over him. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Lupin warns Harry about the use of this spell, as it is being recognized as Harry's signature spell, and suggesting that he use more powerful defensive magic. As mentioned, at one point Harry does use this spell to get someone to drop a book; as the diary is obviously not a weapon, we can see that this spell will act on anything that is held in the hand, not just a weapon or wand. It's possible that there is a mental part of this spell as well, envisioning the specific object that you want to have it act on; alternately, it could work on whatever you are pointing your wand at. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, in the Shrieking Shack, Harry, Ron, and Hermione all cast this spell at the same time, and it not only pulls Snape's wand out of his hand, but also throws him against the wall. This leads us to believe that the power of the spell is additive when cast by multiple wizards on the same object. Despite the fact that the charm can do things other than disarm, its main function is to get an attacker to drop his wand; as such, it is referred to as the Disarming spell. In the seventh book, it appears that this is taken to be Harry's "signature spell". Why would that be? In the seventh book, we learn that there can be other effects from the use of this spell. What would those be?
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Wanted is a 2009 Hindi film directed by Prabhu Deva and produced by Boney Kapoor. Wanted revolves around a undercover cop Radhe who tracks Gani Bhai's underworld web of Crime. Once I have committed myself to something, I don't even listen to myself! Whatever the task will be, i will do it but deal must be 50/50! [dealing with Golden Bhai] If you are so interested in chewing tobacco, make an extra friend, will help you to give shoulder to your corpse. Bastard! Just extracted a spoon full of blood from you. If the news is confirmed, you wont be left even a bottle of blood! [an angry Radhe to Talpade during phone conversation] Eat less and go more toilets." [To Jhanvi's brother] If you run behind girl, she will run away with your money, if you run behind money, girl will run behind you [To his friend] I will kill or will be killed, just live one day more thinking me as a criminal" [before final fight to Jhanvi] Jhanvi is mine and i will do anything for her [To Talpade] You have to give answers to your head of bullets, how much i use i dont have to give answers [Threatning to Talpade] The school where you have studied, that school's headmaster still takes tutions from me [to Talpade] Being a woman you dont respect a woman, how cheap woman you are?" [to Shaina after slapping her] I fear most from you rather than goons, i dont know whether you are wrong or right just i know that i love you" [to Radhe (emotionally)] My heart chooses you as mr. Right and i wanted to tell you something" [before confession] During training, we are provided with a powerful gun, body straight and barrel tight, and service guns are bit weak, twisted barrel and weak body [to constable Laxman Dongre] You must have to lodge a complain for F.I.R. coz she is been raped [To Jhanvi's mother] If you tried to meet him i will kim him (Radhe) [To Jhanvi in anger] Shes a walking-talking cocaine" [addressing an off color comment to Jhanvi] Pride, ego i like it, just keep in limits you will be successful or else will be killed [To Radhe] You pray 5 times Namaz, at that time i murder 5 people [to commisioner Ashraf Khan] Spread the Video all over and that commisioner wont live peacefully [to his men] Jhanvi : For treatment why so much violence? Radhe : Result is in front of you Jhanvi : Why that guy wanted to harm you? Radhe : Maybe he had got beating from me so just for revenge Radhe : "What kind of boy you like?" Jhanvi : "The one who has good job, caring person and a good soul, Handsomeness not required" Radhe : Just one quality i have and that is not required" [mumbles] Jhanvi : What you said?" Radhe : "Best of luck" Salman Khan - Radhe/Rajveer Shekhawat Ayesha Takia - Jhanvi Prakash Raj - Shamshuddin Asgar Gani or Gani Bhai Mahesh Manjrekar - Inspector Talpade Vinod Khanna - Shrikant Shekhawat Mahek Chahal - Shaina Govind Namdeo - Police Commissioner Ashraf Khan Aseem Merchant - Golden Bhai Manoj Pahwa - Sonu Gates Inder Kumar - Ajay Sarfaraz Khan - Radhe's friend Aslam Sajid Ali - Radhe's Friend Raju Mavani - Datta Pawle Prateeksha Lonkar - Laxmi (Jhanvi's Mother) Anil Kapoor - Special Appearance in song "Jalwa" Govinda - Special Appearance in song "Jalwa" Prabhu Deva - Special Appearance in song "Jalwa" Anupam Shyam - Dilip Topi Wikipedia has an article about: Wanted (2009 film) Wanted quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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