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Recall that in your study of vectors, we looked at an operation known as the dot product, and that if we have two vectors in Rn, we simply multiply the components together and sum them up. With the dot product, it becomes possible to introduce important new ideas like length and angle. The length of a vector, a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } , is just \| \| a \| \| = a ⋅ a {\displaystyle \|\|\mathbf {a} \|\|={\sqrt {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {a} }}} . The angle between two vectors, a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } and b {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } , is related to the dot product by cos ⁡ θ = a ⋅ b \| \| a \| \| \| \| b \| \| {\displaystyle \cos {\theta }={\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} }{\|\|\mathbf {a} \|\|\|\|\mathbf {b} \|\|}}} It turns out that only a few properties of the dot product are necessary to define similar ideas in vector spaces other than Rn, such as the spaces of m × n {\displaystyle m\times n} matrices, or polynomials. The more general operation that will take the place of the dot product in these other spaces is called the "inner product". Say we have two vectors: a = ( 2 1 4 ) , b = ( 6 3 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ={\begin{pmatrix}2\\1\\4\end{pmatrix}},\mathbf {b} ={\begin{pmatrix}6\\3\\0\end{pmatrix}}} If we want to take their dot product, we would work as follows a ⋅ b = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3 = ( 2 ) ( 6 ) + ( 1 ) ( 3 ) + ( 4 ) ( 0 ) = 15 {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} =a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2}+a_{3}b_{3}=(2)(6)+(1)(3)+(4)(0)=15} Because in this case multiplication is commutative, we then have a·b = b · a. But then, we observe that v ⋅ ( α a + β b ) = α v ⋅ a + β v ⋅ b {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \cdot (\alpha \mathbf {a} +\beta \mathbf {b} )=\alpha \mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {a} +\beta \mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {b} } much like the regular algebraic equality v(aA+bB)=avA+bvB. For regular dot products this is true since, for R3, for example, one can expand both sides out to obtain ( α v 1 a 1 + β v 1 b 1 ) + ( α v 2 a 2 + β v 2 b 2 ) + ( α v 3 a 3 + β v 3 b 3 ) = ( α v 1 a 1 + α v 2 a 2 + α v 3 a 3 ) + ( β v 1 b 1 + β v 2 b 2 + β v 3 b 3 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(\alpha v_{1}a_{1}+\beta v_{1}b_{1})+(\alpha v_{2}a_{2}+\beta v_{2}b_{2})+(\alpha v_{3}a_{3}+\beta v_{3}b_{3})=\\(\alpha v_{1}a_{1}+\alpha v_{2}a_{2}+\alpha v_{3}a_{3})+(\beta v_{1}b_{1}+\beta v_{2}b_{2}+\beta v_{3}b_{3})\end{matrix}}} Finally, we can notice that v·v is always positive or greater than zero - checking this for R3 gives this as v ⋅ v = v 1 2 + v 2 2 + v 3 2 {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {v} =v_{1}^{2}+v_{2}^{2}+v_{3}^{2}} which can never be less than zero since a real number squared is positive. Note that v·v = 0 if and only if v = 0. In generalizing this sort of behaviour, we want to keep these three behaviours. We can then move on to a definition of a generalization of the dot product, which we call the inner product. An inner product of two vectors in some vector space V, written < x, y > is a function that maps V×V to R, which obeys the property that < x, y > = < y, x > < v, αa+βb > = α < v, a > + β < v, b > < a, a > ≥ 0, < a, a > = 0 iff a = 0. The vector space V and some inner product together are known as an inner product space. Given two vectors a = a 1 e → 1 + a 2 e → 2 + ⋯ + a n e → n ∈ C n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} =a_{1}{\vec {e}}_{1}+a_{2}{\vec {e}}_{2}+\dots +a_{n}{\vec {e}}_{n}\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}} and b = b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 + ⋯ + b n e → n ∈ C n {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} =b_{1}{\vec {e}}_{1}+b_{2}{\vec {e}}_{2}+\dots +b_{n}{\vec {e}}_{n}\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}} , the dot product generalized to complex numbers is: a ⋅ b = ∑ i = 1 n a i ∗ b i = a 1 ∗ b 1 + a 2 ∗ b 2 + ⋯ + a n ∗ b n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} =\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{}b_{i}=a_{1}^{}b_{1}+a_{2}^{}b_{2}+\dots +a_{n}^{}b_{n}} where z ∗ {\displaystyle z^{}} for an arbitrary complex number z = c + d i {\displaystyle z=c+di} is the complex conjugate: z ∗ = c − d i {\displaystyle z^{}=c-di} . The dot product is "conjugate commutative": a ⋅ b = ( b ⋅ a ) ∗ {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} =(\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {a} )^{}} . One immediate consequence of the definition of the dot product is that the dot product of a vector with itself is always a non-negative real number: a ⋅ a ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {a} \geq 0} . a ⋅ a = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {a} =0} if and only if a = 0 → {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ={\vec {0}}} Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality Given two vectors a , b ∈ C n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in \mathbb {C} ^{n}} , it is the case that \| a ⋅ b \| ≤ \| a \| \| b \| {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} \|\leq \|\mathbf {a} \|\|\mathbf {b} \|} In R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality can be proven from the triangle inequality. Here, the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality will be proven algebraically. To make the proof more intuitive, the algebraic proof for a , b ∈ R n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} will be given first. Proof for a , b ∈ R n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} \| a ⋅ b \| ≤ \| a \| \| b \| {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} \|\leq \|\mathbf {a} \|\|\mathbf {b} \|} follows from \| a ⋅ b \| 2 ≤ \| a \| 2 \| b \| 2 {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} \|^{2}\leq \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}} which is equivalent to ( ∑ i = 1 n a i b i ) 2 ≤ ( ∑ i = 1 n a i 2 ) ( ∑ j = 1 n b j 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right)^{2}\leq \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{2}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}^{2}\right)} expanding both sides gives: ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n a i b i a j b j ≤ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n a i 2 b j 2 {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}a_{j}b_{j}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{i}^{2}b_{j}^{2}} ⟺ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ( a i b j ) ( a j b i ) ≤ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ( a i b j ) 2 {\displaystyle \iff \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}(a_{i}b_{j})(a_{j}b_{i})\leq \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}(a_{i}b_{j})^{2}} "Folding" the double sums along the diagonal, and cancelling out the diagonal terms which are equivalent on both sides, gives: ⟺ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 2 ( a i b j ) ( a j b i ) ≤ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( ( a i b j ) 2 + ( a j b i ) 2 ) {\displaystyle \iff \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}2(a_{i}b_{j})(a_{j}b_{i})\leq \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}((a_{i}b_{j})^{2}+(a_{j}b_{i})^{2})} ⟺ 0 ≤ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( a i b j − a j b i ) 2 {\displaystyle \iff 0\leq \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i})^{2}} The above inequality is clearly true, therefore the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality holds for a , b ∈ R n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} . Proof for a , b ∈ C n {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in \mathbb {C} ^{n}} Note that \| a ⋅ b \| ≤ \| a \| \| b \| {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} \|\leq \|\mathbf {a} \|\|\mathbf {b} \|} follows from \| a ⋅ b \| 2 ≤ \| a \| 2 \| b \| 2 {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} \|^{2}\leq \|\mathbf {a} \|^{2}\|\mathbf {b} \|^{2}} which is equivalent to ( a ⋅ b ) ∗ ( a ⋅ b ) ≤ ( a ⋅ a ) ( b ⋅ b ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )^{}(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )\leq (\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {a} )(\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {b} )} . Expanding both sides yields: ( ∑ i = 1 n a i ∗ b i ) ∗ ( ∑ i = 1 n a i ∗ b i ) ≤ ( ∑ i = 1 n \| a i \| 2 ) ( ∑ i = 1 n \| b i \| 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{}b_{i}\right)^{}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{}b_{i}\right)\leq \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\|a_{i}\|^{2}\right)\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\|b_{i}\|^{2}\right)} ⟺ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ( a i ∗ b i ) ∗ ( a j ∗ b j ) ≤ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n \| a i \| 2 \| b j \| 2 {\displaystyle \iff \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}(a_{i}^{}b_{i})^{}(a_{j}^{}b_{j})\leq \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}\|a_{i}\|^{2}\|b_{j}\|^{2}} ⟺ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ( a j b i ) ∗ ( a i b j ) ≤ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n \| a i b j \| 2 {\displaystyle \iff \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}(a_{j}b_{i})^{}(a_{i}b_{j})\leq \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}\|a_{i}b_{j}\|^{2}} "Folding" the double sums along the diagonal, and cancelling out the diagonal terms which are equivalent on both sides, gives: ⟺ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( ( a j b i ) ∗ ( a i b j ) + ( a i b j ) ∗ ( a j b i ) ) ≤ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( \| a i b j \| 2 + \| a j b i \| 2 ) {\displaystyle \iff \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}((a_{j}b_{i})^{}(a_{i}b_{j})+(a_{i}b_{j})^{}(a_{j}b_{i}))\leq \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}(\|a_{i}b_{j}\|^{2}+\|a_{j}b_{i}\|^{2})} ⟺ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 2 R ( ( a i b j ) ∗ ( a j b i ) ) ≤ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( \| a i b j \| 2 + \| a j b i \| 2 ) {\displaystyle \iff \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}2\Re ((a_{i}b_{j})^{}(a_{j}b_{i}))\leq \sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}(\|a_{i}b_{j}\|^{2}+\|a_{j}b_{i}\|^{2})} Given complex numbers z {\displaystyle z} and w {\displaystyle w} , it can be proven that 2 R ( z ∗ w ) ≤ \| z \| 2 + \| w \| 2 {\displaystyle 2\Re (z^{*}w)\leq \|z\|^{2}+\|w\|^{2}} (this is similar to 2 x y ≤ x 2 + y 2 {\displaystyle 2xy\leq x^{2}+y^{2}} for real numbers). The above inequality holds, and therefore the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality holds for complex numbers.
The Milford Track is a hiking (tramping) trail (track) in Fiordland National Park on New Zealand's South Island. For other tracks, see Tramping in New Zealand. The Milford Track was formed in 1888, after the discovery of the Mackinnon Pass by Quintin McKinnon and Ernest Mitchell. Until the Homer Tunnel opened in 1954, it was the only land route into Milford Sound. This is a Department Of Conservation Great Walk and as such receives a very large number of visitors per year. On top of its Great Walk status, the Milford is considered by many to be one of the greatest hikes in the world thanks to its amazing scenery. The entire track takes four days -- only available to be walked in one direction -- from the Te Anau end to Milford Sound. There is also the option for one day guided walks of the first section of the track. The track is not recommended for children under 10 years. Children under 15 years must be accompanied by an adult on the track. Peak season runs from late October to late April. Bookings are required during this time. These bookings can be made online, by post, fax or phone. Make sure to book early, as popular dates are often booked many months ahead of time. Many dates in December and January are fully booked within a few hours of booking opening (usually in June or July). Great Walks Booking Desk, Fiordland National Park Visitor Centre, Lakefront Drive, Te Anau, ☏ +64 3 249-8514, fax: +64 3 249-0257, [email protected]. For the 2018-19 summer season, the hut fees are $420 for international visitors and $210 for locals. You can also book the connecting boats to the start and from the finish.. Running from May to mid-October. During the off peak season snow fall and thaws make parts of the track impassable. As such, only the most experienced trampers should attempt this trek during off-peak and should be exceptionally well-outfitted. Great Walk fees are not applied to tramping during the off-peak season, but simply the serviced backcountry fees apply. As an alternative to booking with the DOC, you can book a package with Ultimate Hikes. This costs between $2130 (dorm bed) to $3330 (single ensuite room). These walks follow the same route as those who have booked with the DOC, in groups of up to 50 with a leader, but stay in different accommodation. The package includes meals in the lodges, and transport from / to Queenstown. There is less to carry each day, as there is no need to carry food, cooking equipment or a sleeping bag. If you don't have time (or stamina) for a full walk, Real Journeys run guided day walks on the first few miles of the route. You can also book a return on their boat if you wish to do your own similar day walk. Trips & Tramps run half day guided walks on the final section of the walk from Milford Sound, with the walk going from Sandfly Point to Giants Gate waterfall. Just like any multi-night tramping excursion, be sure to lay out your plans in advance. Make a packing list and check it before leaving. Preparedness is key to surviving an emergency in the wilderness. Clothing. Wet-weather clothing. Expect rain in this area. Milford Sound sees a tremendous amount of rainfall year-round. Warm-weather clothing. Extra clothing. Expect the clothing you tramp in to get wet and as such, you will need extra clothing to change into when not on the track. Eating. Cooking equipment. You must pack in your own cooking gear such as pots, as none are provided. During the peak-season gas cookers are available in the huts, but during the off-season they are removed so you'll need to pack your own cooker and fuel. Bring a lighter or matches for lighting the gas rings. Food. You must pack in your own food as there is no opportunity to purchase food. Be sure to prepare a menu consisting of high energy, low weight foods to carry in with you. Always carry at least one extra day's worth of food in case of emergency. Emergency rations can be an easy and compact way to bring in extra calories. Utensils. Your best bet is to carry a single utensil, such as a spork, that will aid in cooking as well as eating. Hygiene. Calls of nature. Be prepared to bury any waste, but also be aware that toilets are fairly regular along the track and it is preferred that you use them. If you do feel the call of nature and cannot wait for the next toilet, be sure to move a good distance off the track and away from any water sources and bury the waste. Showering. There are no showers available, but given the climate on the track and the abundance of moving water, you can expect to get wet. It's suggested to carry a small towel, preferably a lightweight, highly absorbent one. Insect repellent. For the Milford Track, be sure to pack insect repellent as the sandflies are abundant in this area. Sandflies are small biting insects similar to mosquitoes or biting midges. Sleep gear. There are mattresses provided in the bunkrooms of the huts year-round, but there are no linens. You will need to carry something to sleep in or on that will keep you warm as there is no heating offered in the bunkrooms. Earplugs are also suggested if you are a light sleeper as the bunkrooms are shared with a large number of other trampers. Water. The water that is available at the huts is collected in the area surrounding the hut, either from a nearby river or from rainfall. This water is not tested for Giardia on a regular basis, so treatment may be recommended. However many walkers do drink the water in the huts. Bottle. Carry a bottle or other water carrier such as a CamelPak that can be accessed easily. Drinking regularly to maintain hydration is extremely important during such continuous activity. Treatment. Carry your preferred method of treating water. A pump or gravity filter could be your primary method with iodine tablets, which require time to clear the bacteria, as a backup. Something to do in the evening. As you may arrive at a hut in mid-afternoon, and weather or sandflies may keep you indoors, you might want to bring a book to read, or a game to play. The track starts at the head of Lake Te Anau. Boat transport is required to get to the start of the track. All reservations should be made at least one week in advance. Popular dates in peak season are often booked many months ahead of time, so make sure to book early! Real Journeys operates lake transfers from Te Anau Downs to Glade House during track season. (The start of the Milford Track) website The route described here assumes that you are walking independently and staying at the DOC huts. If you do a guided walk, you will follow the same route, but have different overnight stops and so will generally be an hour or two behind the independent walkers. This prevents walkers feeling crowded. Due to the booking system of the Great Walk, it is not an option to pass a hut in an effort to move on to the next hut. Also, there is no camping allowed on the Milford Track. During the peak season the huts, Clinton, Mintaro and Dumpling, have gas cookers, tables, cold running water, lighting and heating in the common area. The bunkrooms are communal with mattresses provided. Flush toilets are also available. As somewhat of a gift from the DOC, the first day is rather easy with just over an hour consumed riding on a boat to the track start. On the boat trip you will pass a memorial cross at the point where Quintin Mackinnon's empty boat was found after he went missing in 1892. From the landing at -44.9321167.92981 Glade Wharf you tramp about 5 km. to the Clinton Hut where you will spend your first night. The DOC times this 5 km. between an hour to an hour and a half. Along the way you will pass Glade House, the hut for guided walkers. The track is track is fairly level and follows the Clinton River. Once at Clinton Hut, you may take some time to go swimming in the Clinton River or take a short trip through the nearby wetlands on a boardwalk. Depending on the DOC staffing at the hut, the warden(s) may offer an interpretation trip in the late afternoon. Clinton Hut sleeps 40 split between two bunkrooms. After dark you can go for a few hundred yards along the track (in the direction you will go tomorrow) to a small community of glow worm Day two is a 16.5 km. walk that the DOC has timed at approximately 6 hours. The track is a gentle ascent, following the Cliton River toward Lake Mintaro. This section crosses through more than 50 avalanche passes, making it extremely dangerous in the off-peak season. There are several sections of the track where stopping is not permitted due to the risk of avalanche - avoid stopping for a break or lunch in these sections, but a 10 second stop to take a photo should be ok. Flooding is also a consideration on this day's tramp. Between Hirere Falls and Marlenes Creek a heavy rain can cause problems for walkers. If it is wet you can pause for shelter at -44.8703167.84171 Hirere Falls and at the -44.8409167.80412 Bus Stop Shelter. A short detour may be possible to -44.8621167.82491 Hidden Lake, but this track is sometimes closed due to the avalanche risk. About an hour and a half from this night's hut is a turn-off for Pompolona Hut where guided walkers stay the night. About 1 mile after this is the -44.8272167.79532 St Quintin Falls, a 230m waterfall. After gaining about 250 m. in elevation, much of it in the last couple of hours, you'll spend the night in Mintaro hut with up to 39 other people spread through 3 bunkrooms. Nearby Lake Mintaro is worth a short stroll on a nice day. Day three is a 14 km. walk that should take between 6 and 7 hours. You'll start the day at approximately 500 m. and end it at around 100 m., but along the way you'll go over Mackinnon Pass at 1069 m. It takes just over two hours to make it from Mintaro Hut to the peak, with the Mackinnon Memorial along the way. (As an interesting aside, if you were to take the plunge from the memorial, it would take you nearly 12 seconds to hit the bottom.) At the top you'll find a shelter with a toilet and, during the summer, a cooking ring. It is 8 km. from the pass to Dumpling Hut and it descends 970 m. in that stretch. Regular breaks are suggested in order to reduce the stress as you descend this uneven terrain. At the start of the season, the main track may be closed due to the avalanche risk, and a steeper emergency track is used. Your final day is 18 km. in 5 1/2 to 6 hours. Allow time to look at the -44.7319167.798663 Mackay Falls. The boat will pick you up at -44.68359167.902482 Sandfly Point, where there is a shelter with separate waiting areas for independent and guided walkers. While on the track you may notice the presence of an aircraft. Aircraft are an essential part of the track environmental management system that enables you to walk the track The only reason you are able to walk the track is because the aircraft service the track and remove every bit of waste you generate including toilet waste. As there are no roads, track maintenance and building is enabled by aircraft and all supplies to the lodges are flown in. If you injure yourself so you can't continue or you go missing, aircraft are the only practical method to carry out search and rescue. -44.90588167.908291 Clinton Hut. -44.80977167.781452 Mintaro Hut. The hut is near Lake Mintaro. The lake was named after Frederick Mintaro Bailey Muir, a photographer in Mackinnon's party. -44.76868167.764843 Dumpling Hut. Walkers on the guided walks have relatively luxurious facilities, but pay about five times as much as those using the DOC huts. -44.92196167.928434 Glade House. -44.83755167.800995 Pompolona Lodge. -44.79133167.752746 Quintin Lodge. Mitre Peak Lodge. The final night for guided walks is on the sound, after the ferry. The track ends at Sandfly Point near Milford Sound. Boat transport is required to get from the end of the track. All reservations should be made at least one week in advance. Routeburn Track Rakiura Track on Stewart Island
Midpoints of the interval of corresponding rectangle in a histogram are joined together by straight lines. It gives a polygon i.e. a figure with many angles. It is used when two or more sets of data are to be illustrated on the same diagram such as death rates in smokers and non-smokers, birth and death rates of a population etc. One way to form a frequency polygon is to connect the midpoints at the top of the bars of a histogram with line segments (or a smooth curve). Of course the midpoints themselves could easily be plotted without the histogram and be joined by line segments. Sometimes it is beneficial to show the histogram and frequency polygon together.But sometimes, the frequency polygon is much more accurate than the histogram because you can evaluate which is the low point and the high point. Unlike histograms, frequency polygons can be superimposed so as to compare several frequency distributions. Frequency polygons were created in the 19th Century as a way of not only storing data[citation needed], but making it easily accessible for people who are illiterate[citation needed]. Pearson, Karl. "Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution. II. Skew variation in homogeneous material." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 186.Part I (1895): 343-424.
Parenting in youth sport: How can parents optimise youth participation, performance, and enjoyment in sport? People around the world are attracted to sport for many different reasons. Parents often use youth sport as a vehicle to teach children important life skills as they progress into adulthood. Being a parent is a difficult job. Most parents, particularly when first involved in youth sport, do not possess the knowledge, understanding and skills to effectively support their child whilst navigating the sporting arena (Harwood & Knight, 2015). This chapter identifies reasons parents encourage sport and why children play. It then outlines self-determination theory and achievement goal theory in relation to sport, followed by research on why children leave sport. Culminating with the real-life difficulties faced by parents in sport and how psychological science can provide useful tools to help them navigate their child's sporting journey. Aiding parents in the creation of an environment where children achieve optimal sporting participation, performance and enjoyment. Motivations behind sporting participation differ between parents and children. Parents use sport as a vehicle for children to have fun and gain life skills in their development toward adulthood, enabling them to be a positive contributor to society. In today's busy Western world many parents view sport participation as a normal part of everyday life. The sporting environment is a place where children can acquire physical skills, have social relationships, attain leadership qualities and develop moral character. It is also a rich platform for observational learning, development of achievement orientations and self perception (Harwood & Knight, 2015). Motivation to play sport is multifaceted, with athletes usually having multiple reasons for participation. A recent meta analysis by Bailey, Cope, and Pearce (2013) examined why children play sport. The common factors were: To experience fun and enjoyment, although what constitutes this is personal to each child To learn new physical skills and to feel competent about skills To experience social interaction with friends and peers and make new friends Influence from parents, role modelling or encouragement to participate Self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2017) explains motivation and psychological need satisfaction. It posits that motivation can be characterised on a continuum with intrinsic motivation (IM) at one end and a complete lack of motivation (amotivation) at the other. Picture a child who loves to play sport and another who doesn't recognise why they want to play, so doesn't. SDT postulates that satisfaction of the psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness are necessary to ensure IM. Athletes who develop these motivations experience more enjoyment and satisfaction from sport (Amado, Sánchez-Oliva, González-Ponce, Pulido-González, & Sánchez-Miguel, 2015). SDT is an overarching theory with a substantial body of supporting research, although mostly in western society. Its popularity, paradoxically, has led to its greatest criticism, that researchers treat it as perfect and ignore its limitations (Hassman, Keegan, & Piggott, 2017). Intrinsic motivation is the highest form of self regulation and involves carrying out a task purely for the inherent joy or interest it provides (e.g., horseriding for those who love it). It is the reason all young animals and humans play and is the natural basis for human learning. Intrinsically motivated children are engaged, actively seek novelty, strive for optimal challenge and are more likely to perform well and enjoy sport more. When intrinsic motivation is fostered throughout life, it creates vital happy adults who engage, show initiative, process information conceptually, have greater task persistence and overall mental well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Extrinsic motivation is the opposite of intrinsic motivation and is the reason we perform many tasks in society and sporting competition. It is the performance of a task to attain a separate reward or outcome. It is easily explained by the "carrot and stick" mentality (Ryan & Deci, 2000). A person completes a task not for the experience of doing it, but to achieve an external outcome they desire. In sport, extrinsic motivators can be playing to win, awards, money, praise and status. Extrinsic motivation is a form of controlled motivation and is associated with lower psychological health (Vansteenkiste, Lens, & Deci, 2006). Many people believe that rewards increase motivation. It seems logical that if you want someone to do something, then you give them some sort of prize to make it worthwhile. This happens every day throughout the world, right? Well, while some extrinsic rewards can have positive effects on behaviour, they almost always come with a hidden cost. That hidden cost is the loss of intrinsic motivation (Deci, 1976). Yes, believe it or not, extrinsic motivators actually reduce our natural innate desire to perform a behaviour. This has been replicated in real life studies over and over in areas from sport, education and the workplace. It gets worse! Extrinsic rewards limit our ability to learn. This is because, when rewards are available, people generally short cut the system to take advantage of the reward, and in doing so lose conceptual focus and meaning (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Listen to Ed Deci one of the researchers responsible for SDT explain why here. Autonomy is the psychological need to initiate and regulate our own behaviour and to perceive that we have choices. It is the psychological need to feel as if what we choose is of our own volition and that our actions are our own. To engage autonomy, young athletes need opportunities to experience problem solving and decision making about their own self. Benefits of autonomy in a sporting environment are improved performance, enhanced conceptual understanding, task engagement, feelings of responsibility, improved self-worth and overall psychological well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2000). When children perceive their parents are autonomy supportive they have enhanced intrinsic motivation (Jõesaar, Hein, & Hagger, 2012). Competence is the psychological need to feel effective and achieve desired outcomes. It is a feeling of growth and flourishing from skills learnt over time (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This is the psychological need that encourages children to seek challenge, think strategically and be persistent. The difficulty of the challenge is also important. The most effective amount for maximum enjoyment is optimal challenge, not so difficult the child thinks they are unable to manage, but difficult enough they have to work hard (Csikszentmihalyi, 2002). Feedback from others is influential on feelings of competence. Positive feedback grows competency, increasing intrinsic motivation whilst negative feedback does the opposite. Sport offers the perfect vehicle for young people to experience, make mistakes, find joy in learning and create mastery (Vallerand & Reid,1984). Relatedness is the psychological need to care about and be cared for, the natural human inclination to form social relationships. Connection to others that value and accept who we are is essential for psychological health. Relatedness occurs in a sporting environment when quality peer, coach and parental relationships are available (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Like any theory, SDT has limits to its value and this is found in its explanation of goals for sporting applications. To better explain goal aims many researchers combine SDT with achievement goal theory which hypothesises that individuals can have varying goal orientations (Gaudreau & Braaten, 2016). When orientation is focused on outcomes or comparison against others, individuals are said to have an ego or performance focus. Alternatively, goals based on developing skill and knowledge are known as mastery or task goals (Ames, 1992). Children under the age of 12 are naturally mastery oriented (Thorkildsen & Nicholls, 1998). After that things change, and since parent behaviours influence how children understand sporting competition, athletes generally reflect the goal orientation provided by their parents (Atkins, Johnson, Force, & Petrie, 2015). When parents encourage experimentation and enjoyment, viewing mistakes as learning opportunities, a task or mastery climate is perceived. When success against others is emphasised over effort, an ego or comparison climate is comprehended. Mastery climates are consistently related to persistence and enjoyment of sport with more positive outcomes than ego climates that use social comparisons (Atkins et al., 2015). Unfortunately, positive outcomes are not an automatic consequence of playing sport. Around one third of children drop out by the time they are 17 years old (Côté & Hancock, 2016). A recent meta-analysis by Crane and Temple (2015) investigated 30 different sports, mainly teams, finding that the biggest reason for drop out was lack of enjoyment. Other contributing factors were perceptions of competence, peer pressure and injuries. A negative predictor of motivation and enjoyment, particularly in boys, is stress created by parental pressure (Amado et al., 2015). Simply, more pressure equals more stress which leads to less enjoyment and less motivation. Babkes and Weiss (1999) found similarly in soccer players. Those who perceived less pressure performed better, reported greater enjoyment, competence and intrinsic motivation. Task motivational climates are essential for continued participation but diversity is also important (Atkins et al., 2015). Children who participate in different sports early, rather than specialising, are more likely to have positive experiences, improved developmental outcomes and continued participation (Harwood & Knight, 2015; Russell, Dodd, & Lee, 2017). Diversity also has a positive effect on future elite performance, with consistent support showing the value of sampling many sports early (Côté & Hancock, 2016; Harwood & Knight, 2015). Keegan, Harwood, Spray, and Lavallee (2009) investigated the influences of parents, coaches and peers on children's sport motivation. Finding the biggest parental influence was in the way parents supported their children in the sporting environment. Saying when parents were more positive, their children in turn experienced greater motivation and enjoyment. They suggested that if parents wanted children to continue in sport, positive feedback, encouragement and support were important tools to use. Parenting in sport is a dynamic role that requires constantly evolving knowledge and skill, that is generally acquired through trial and error. To date there are limited evidence based studies identifying what is optimal parental involvement with further research required (Harwood & Knight, 2015). What is known, however, is that parents are role models who impact children through their behaviours and beliefs. Parents' sporting judgements are influenced by their own experiences in sport, knowledge of the sport and the goals they have for their child (Knight, Dorshe, & Sellars, 2016). Sometimes well meaning parents push children to achieve goals they believe are good for them, or are warranted given the time, energy and money involved. This can be in competition or practice, aimed at better future performance. What parents often don't realise is that these actions place pressure children and are unlikely to achieve favourable long term results (Amado et al., 2015). Parents generally want the best for their child and are only human too. It's understandable they can be torn between wanting to help their children be the best they can be and negotiating how to be a supportive spectator (Holt, 2016). It is likely the empathy parents feel for their children influences their behaviour around competition. One of the major stressors encountered whilst watching their children compete is controlling their own emotions (Knight, Neely, & Holt, 2011). It is therefore vital that parents attempt to be self-aware. This will enable them to understand why and how they are reacting, and what their child sees in their behaviour (Knight, Little, Harwood, & Goodger, 2016). Considering the parenting in sport job is not easy, it's only sensible to use all tools available. Table 1 outlines practical, scientifically proven strategies that you can use to support your child's development of intrinsic motivation that will flow on to optimise their participation, performance and enjoyment of sport. As a parent, a valuable gift you can give your child is to aim to promote their autonomy rather than seeking their compliance, and it's free! An added bonus is that positive child parent relationships are associated with psychological need satisfying family environments. So aside from watching them prosper, you too will reap benefits associated with a better child parent relationship (Harwood & Knight, 2016). Table 1. Parental Tools for Optimal Intrinsic Sport Motivation This chapter emphasises the value of sport in youth development. It outlines both parents' and children's goals for sport and acknowledges that parenting in youth sport is difficult, with many parents acquiring skills through trial and error. It demonstrates how psychological science has shown that pressure and rewards are generally ineffective and, most importantly, detrimental to children's intrinsic motivation. Vitally, through practical real-life tools based on scientific theory and research, it identifies how parents can support their child's psychological needs. By using these tools, parents can promote a psychological need satisfying sporting environment that supports their child's autonomy, competence and relatedness. When this is combined with a mastery goal orientation the stage will be set for children to develop positive social, mental and physical skills through sport. Which will in turn benefit their development of self-regulation and intrinsic motivation, leading to optimised participation, performance and enjoyment of sport. Culminating in all over positive development which will ultimately enable them to live a more effective motivational and emotional life. Human rights and youth sport (Wikipedia) Motivation (Wikipedia) Self-confidence and sport (Book chapter, 2013) Don't be "that" parent (youtube) Amado, D., Sánchez-Oliva, D., González-Ponce, I., Pulido-González, J. J., & Sánchez-Miguel, P. A. (2015). Incidence of parental support and pressure on their children's motivational processes towards sport practice regarding gender. PloS One, 10, e0128015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128015 Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261. Atkins, M. R., Johnson, D. M., Force, E. C., & Petrie, T. A. (2015). Peers, parents, and coaches, oh my! the relation of the motivational climate to boys' intention to continue in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.008 Babkes, M. L., & Weiss, M. R. (1999). Parental influence on children’s cognitive and affective responses to competitive soccer participation. Pediatric Exercise Science, 11, 44-62. Bailey, R., Cope, E. J., & Pearce, G. (2013). Why do children take part in, and remain involved in sport? A literature review and discussion of implications for sports coaches. International Journal of Coaching Science, 7. Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8, 51-65. Crane, J., & Temple, V. (2015). A systematic review of dropout from organized sport among children and youth. European Physical Education Review, 21, 114-131. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). Flow: The classic work on how to achieve happiness. Random House. Deci, E. L. (1976). The hidden costs of reward. Organizational Dynamics, 4, 61. Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self‐determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119-142. Froiland, J. M. (2011). Parental autonomy support and student learning goals: A preliminary examination of an intrinsic motivation intervention. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40, 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9126-2 Gaudreau, P., & Braaten, A. (2016). Achievement Goals and their Underlying Goal Motivation: Does it Matter Why Sport Participants Pursue their Goals?. Psychologica Belgica, 56. Gutierrez, M., Caus, N., & Ruiz, L. (2011). The influence of parents on achievement orientation and motivation for sport of adolescent athletes with and without disabilities. Journal of Leisure Research, 43, 355. Harwood, C. G., & Knight, C. J. (2015). Parenting in youth sport: A position paper on parenting expertise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 24-35. Hassmén, P., Keegan, R., & Piggott, D. (2017). Rethinking Sport and Exercise Psychology Research: Past, Present and Future. Springer. Hayward, F. P. I., Knight, C. J., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2017). A longitudinal examination of stressors, appraisals, and coping in youth swimming. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.12.002 Holt, N. L. (Ed.). (2016). Positive youth development through sport. Routledge. Jõesaar, H., Hein, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2012). Youth athletes’ perception of autonomy support from the coach, peer motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in sport setting: One-year effects. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 257-262. Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., & Lavallee, D. E. (2009). A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 10, 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.003 Knight, C. J., Dorsch, T. E., Osai, K. V., Haderlie, K. L., & Sellars, P. A. (2016). Influences on parental involvement in youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 161. Knight, C. J., Harwood, C. G., & Gould, D. (Eds.). (2017). Sport Psychology for Young Athletes. Routledge. Knight, C. J., Little, G. C. D., Harwood, C. G., & Goodger, K. (2016). Parental involvement in elite junior slalom canoeing. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 234-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1111273 Knight, C. J., Neely, K. C., & Holt, N. L. (2011). Parental behaviors in team sports: How do female athletes want parents to behave?. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23, 76-92. Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1024-1036. Russell, W., Dodd, R., & Lee, M. (2017). youth athletes' sport motivation and physical activity enjoyment across specialization status. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 11. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications. Thorkildsen, T. A., & Nicholls, J. G. (1998). Fifth graders' achievement orientations and beliefs: Individual and classroom differences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 179. Vallerand, R. J., & Reid, G. (1984). On the Causal Effects of Perceived Competence on Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Cognitive Evaluation Theory. Journal Of Sport Psychology, 6, 94-102. Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 41, 19-31. Change the game (Ted Talk, YouTube) Let kids be kids (Case studies, practical resources and more from an Australian campaign to improve sideline behaviour) Self-determination theory (Website) Self-determination theory (YouTube video)
Wednesday, January 18, 2017 Politics and conflicts Related articles 4 November 2021: Write-in candidate leads in Buffalo, New York mayor election 27 October 2021: US, South Korean special envoys explore reopening talks with North Korea at Seoul meeting 26 October 2021: UK pay freeze on public sector employees will end next year 24 October 2021: North Korean leader Kim Jong Un inaugurates the "Defence Development Exhibition 'Self-Defence-2021'" 12 October 2021: Texas governor bans COVID-19 vaccine mandate by any 'entity' Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article A Nigerian Air Force jet fighter mistook refugees for rebels yesterday, Nigerian military said, firing on a camp in Rann, Borno State. Dozens of refugees and aid workers died. The lowest estimate from Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is of 50 dead. The BBC estimates at least 52 dead, while one Borno State official is attributed by AP as saying over 100 are dead. MSF say at least 200 were wounded. The Red Cross said at least six of its staff died and twelve more injured. The impoverished region, in the northeast of the nation, has suffered severe famine as conflict interrupts agriculture. Farmers are unable to work owing to bombs on their land. The Red Cross said volunteers were at the camp, home to thousands, to distribute food. The military said the Air Force was dispatched to deal with "remnants" of the Boko Haram militant group, which it claims to be in a final push against. Major General Leo Irabor, who led the operation, said, "Unfortunately, the strike was conducted but it turned out that other civilians were somewhere around the area and they were affected". Irabor said two soldiers were amongst the dead and others were wounded. Military spokesman General Rabe Abubakar said the military are "all in pain" after the disaster, adding "in a military operation such as this, from time to time these things do occur." Irabor promised an investigation. President Muhammadu Buhari said he was saddened by "this regrettable operational mistake" and sought calm. "This large-scale attack on vulnerable people who have already fled from extreme violence is shocking and unacceptable," MSF operational chief Dr Jean-Clément Cabrol said. The Red Cross said it has staff and facilities ready in neighbouring Cameroon and Chad to assist. "The whole camp is controlled by the army and no one can come in or out without being checked," said MSF head of emergencies Hugues Robert. Robert added the group knew travel and work in the area was dangerous, and took precautions. Helicopters have been evacuating the wounded, including a United Nations helicopter which brought four medical personnel and 400kg (900lb) of emergency medical aid, and left with eight wounded Red Cross workers. The UN is in the midst of an appeal for aid to the famine-hit region. 2017 Nigerian refugee camp bombing Ben Quinn, Emmanuel Akinwotu. "Nigeria air strike: dozens dead as camp for internally displaced people hit by mistake" — The Guardian, January 18, 2017 "Nigerian Fighter Jet Misfires, Kills More Than 100 Civilians" — Sahara Reporters, January 17, 2017 "Nigeria air strike error kills dozens in refugee camp" — BBC News Online, January 17, 2017
Gowanus and Red Hook is in Brooklyn. In addition to Gowanus and Red Hook, this travel guide also covers Carroll Gardens. Red Hook is a formerly-bustling industrial area which is on the upswing. Although hard to access by train, it can be served by the F & G trains at Smith-9th Street or by taxi or by the B61 bus. Settled in 1636 by the Dutch, it has seen many a boom and bust is today caught between those who like it as the sleepy part of town that time forgot vs. those who seek to restore its crown as the Queen of Kings County Commerce. If you're looking for something off the beaten path, Red Hook is it. Many artists call Red Hook their home, so don't be surprised to see random sculptures, galleries, or creative gardens across from city housing or burned out buildings. It was also home to the MTV's Real World Brooklyn cast in 2007. While the property crime rate is higher than the national average, the violent crime rate is actually less than that of New York State. You have a 1 in 332 chance of being the victim of a violent crime in Red Hook versus a 1 in 263 chance in New York as a whole. Carroll Gardens- Historians date the name to the 1960s and the real estate people like to enlarge its borders. It encompasses part of Smith St. and the nearby areas. In the 1950s and further back in time, this area was known, to the dismay of many, as Red Hook, and it still is called both Red Hook and South Brooklyn by many. Smith St. has a newly charged restaurant row, but there are still plenty of old school Italian-American gems to be found. The F and G stop in Carroll Gardens at Smith-9th Street (The highest station in the system and an engineering marvel), Carroll Street, and Bergen Street for Carroll Gardens. The F, G, and R stop in Gowanus at 4th Avenue-9th Street. There are no subways in Red Hook, but the B77 bus goes there from Smith-9th Street. The B57, B61, and B77 buses stop in Red Hook and Gowanus. 40.67862-73.988911 Gowanus Canal. The anchor of the Gowanus neighborhood is this famously polluted canal. The Carroll Street Bridge is the oldest retractable bridge in the US (and one of only four left). 40.67698-74.013052 Kentler International Drawing Space, 353 Van Brunt St (B61/B77 buses to Van Brunt St/Dikeman St), ☏ +1 718 875-2098. Th-Su noon-5PM. A small 2-room gallery divided by a bizarre door. 40.67862-74.018143 Statue of Liberty view. Red Hook is the only place in New York where you can get a frontal view of the Statue of Liberty from land. 40.67521-74.018354 Waterfront Museum and Showboat Barge, 290 Conover St, Pier 44 (at Reed; Subway: F G to Smith-9th Sts, then transfer to B77 bus to Conover St and Coffey St), ☏ +1 718 624-4719. Th 4-8PM, Sa 1-5PM. Donations suggested. 40.67444-73.996351 Walk around the canal (especially near the subway) and look at the signs from factories long gone. 40.673657-73.9916042 The Bell House, 149 7th St (between 2nd and 3rd Aves: Subway: F G R to 4th Ave-9th St), ☏ +1 718 643-6510. Old Gowanus warehouse turned into a music venue. 40.671386-74.0112681 IKEA, 1 Beard St, toll-free: +1-888-888-4532. 10AM-9PM daily; restaurant hours 9:30AM-8:30PM daily. There is a water taxi (M-F $5, one way, Sa-Su free) from Pier 11 a few blocks north and east of the Battery in Manhattan's Financial District to the Red Hook IKEA store. 40.682107-73.9864352 Retrofret Vintage Guitars, 233 Butler St (between Nevins and Bond Sts), ☏ +1 718 237-2532, [email protected]. M-Sa noon-7PM. Retrofret Vintage Guitars shop in the Gowanus deals exclusively in vintage, antique and used musical instruments, it is reported to be the largest store of its type on the east coast. The customer base is fairly evenly divided between local/tri-state area, national and international clients. Owner and founder, Steve Uhrik, moved the business to its current location from SoHo, Manhattan in 1983. (updated Mar 2016) 40.676861-74.0133081 Baked, 359 Van Brunt St (at Dikeman), ☏ +1 718 222-0345. M-F 7AM-7PM, Sa Su 8AM-7PM. A well-priced cafe and bakery. Midrange. 40.678716-74.0110952 Home/Made, 293 Van Brunt St (between Pioneer and King), ☏ +1 347 223-4135. W-Th 5-11PM, F 5PM-midnight, Sa 10AM-midnight, Su 10AM-11PM. A good place to go for homestyle brunch. You can even buy the decor! Midrange. 40.682078-73.9937973 The Grocery, 288 Smith St (between Union St and Sackett St; Subway: F G to Carroll St), ☏ +1 718 596-3335. Tu-Th 5:30-10PM, F 5:30-11PM, Sa 5-11PM. A tiny spot in the middle of Smith Street's restaurant row, with outstanding American food and caring service. 40.677275-74.0154641 Botanica, 220 Conover St (at Coffey), ☏ +1 718 797-2297. A not-too-cheap homemade liqueur and cocktail bar. 40.6738-73.99912 Other Half Brewing, 195 Centre St, ☏ +1-212-564-6065, [email protected]. M Tu noon–8PM, W–F noon–10PM, Sa 10AM–10PM, Su 11AM–7PM. Small warehouse brewery in an industrial area of Carroll Gardens. Other Half has a big selection of beers on tap, 9 of which are IPAs. The taproom is small and can get pretty crowded. It has a funky vibe completed by the antelope head mounted on the wall. (updated Apr 2021) 40.678242-73.9844131 Holiday Inn Express Brooklyn, 625 Union St (between 3rd and 4th Aves; Subway: R to Union St), ☏ +1 718 797-1133, fax: +1 718-797-1163. Opened in 2006, the hotel features complimentary breakfast, wifi access and comfortable furnishings. Although New York is overall a safe city, Red Hook is known for having a high crime rate. In general, north of the Gowanus Expressway, in Gowanus and Carroll Gardens, is safe, while south of it, in Red Hook, is a place to be very careful, especially near the Red Hook Houses in the northeastern section of Red Hook, just south of the Gowanus Expressway. 40.683231-73.9980331 Brooklyn Public Library (Carroll Gardens branch), 396 Clinton St (at Union; Subway: F G to Carroll St), ☏ +1 718 596-6972. M-Tu 10AM-6PM, W 1-8PM, Th 1PM-6PM, F 10AM-6PM, Sa 10AM-5PM. 40.675243-74.0103552 Brooklyn Public Library (Red Hook branch), 7 Wolcott St (at Dwight; Subway: F G to Smith-9th Sts), ☏ +1 718 935-0203. M 10AM-6PM, Tu 1-8PM, W 10AM-6PM, Th 1PM-6PM, F 10AM-6PM, Sa 10AM-5PM.
The General's Daughter is a 1999 American crime film directed by Simon West and starring John Travolta. The plot concerns the mysterious death of the daughter of a prominent Army general. The film is based on the 1992 novel by the same name by Nelson DeMille. [At a ceremonial dinner] Thank you all. As you know, my official retirement isn't until next week. But this here, now, tonight, with you- is my real retirement. Because you and I have known fear together, shed blood together, battled pain and suffering, and all of their foot soldiers. We know that there is no glamour in a sudden death, and that no one ever wins a war. And it is that knowledge that will bind us together forever. That, and a love for this country that no bayonet can pierce, no bullet shatter. [Raises a glass] To you. I was Liz's mentor. There was a trust. She was a passionate young woman, yes, as well she should have been. But had I ever taken advantage of that... I would have lost the trust. So did I kill her? Of course not. Did I love her? I loved her very much. Make of that what you will. [Chief Warrant Officer Paul Brenner is undercover as First Sergeant Frank White, pretending to oversee a black-market arms deal from his armory on an Army base. He speaks with a pronounced Southern accent.] CW4 Brenner: There you go. Genuine and made in the U.S.A. All you gotta do is give me and Dalbert $100,000 each and you'll see them guns come Sunday. Man: You'll get your money. Same time I get the guns. CW4 Brenner: Now, you listen to me, funny boy. How do I know you ain't one o'them- them Army cops? Man: Hey, I'm a freedom fighter. CW4 Brenner: Well! Check it out, Dalbert! We got ourselves Che-fucking-Guevera there. Woop-dee-doo, a freedom fighter! Well, where's your kooky red hat, boy? Ain't been a freedom fighter worth a damn ain't got him a kooky red hat. Man: [Visibly angered] You listen to me, stupid. CW4 Brenner: Dalbert, I think it's one o' them Freudian- [The 'freedom fighter' approaches Brenner; as he does, Brenner instantly grabs him, spins him around, and pins a knife to his back.] CW4 Brenner: Hey, Dalbert, Dalbert! SSG Dalbert Elkins: What? CW4 Brenner: Wanna hear a joke? SSG Elkins: No! CW4 Brenner: How many freedom fighters does it take to screw in a lightbulb? SSG Elkins: I don't know! Man: Hey, come on, man. Relax, huh? CW4 Brenner: Well, you don't sound like no criminal investigator to me. SSG Elkins: No! CW4 Brenner: No? SSG Elkins: No! CW4 Brenner: [Releases the man, slapping him on the back] Well, you're all right, pal! I'm sorry about that, but we get a little jumpy around here before an exchange. So we'll see you Sunday, then! Man: [Quietly furious] I'll be there. CW4 Brenner: Yeah, you be there! [After the man leaves, he turns to Dalbert] Aw, unclench your ass-cheeks, Dalbert! The scary part is over! LTG Campbell: First, I want you to know that you have my full cooperation, and the cooperation of everyone on this base. CW4 Brenner: Thank you, sir. LTG Campbell: You understand the time element? CW4 Brenner: The time element? No, sir. COL Fowler: After thirty-six hours the FBI will send in a task force to investigate. But we'd prefer to keep this an Army matter. The General can keep a lid on it through tomorrow. LTG Campbell: Once the FBI moves in, the media will be all over this base. And my daughter's... Captain Campbell's death... they'll turn it into a goddamn circus. CW4 Brenner: We'll do everything we can, sir. LTG Campbell: I'm sure you will. Look, let me be blunt. You're going to have to decide on this one, Paul- are you a soldier, or a policeman? CW4 Brenner: I'm a soldier, sir. LTG Campbell: I'm counting on it. CW4 Brenner: Sir, I met your daughter. LTG Campbell: Really? When was that? CW4 Brenner: Well, it was just a coincidence, but she helped me change a tire. LTG Campbell: That she could do. She could do almost anything. Her mother was the same way. Fix a tire. Bake a hell of a key lime pie. Speak five languages. Extraordinary woman. Two extraordinary women... goddamn waste. CW2 Sunhill: Again, our deepest sympathies, sir. And if there's anything else we can do for you at this time... LTG Campbell: Just... just find the son of a bitch. COL Fowler: Mr. Brenner; I understand that you have special arrest powers. CW4 Brenner: Yes, sir. COL Fowler: But I'm going to ask that before you arrest anyone, you notify me. CW4 Brenner: Why is that, sir? COL Fowler: We don't like our personnel being arrested by outside people, without our knowing about it. There are three ways of doing things: the right way, the wrong way, and the Army way. See that in doing it your way, Mr. Brenner, you don't forget about the Army way. [Brenner is questioning Colonel Robert Moore, Captain Elisabeth Campbell's commander at Psychological Operations] CW4 Brenner: Did you work together on a daily basis? COL Moore: Absolutely. CW4 Brenner: Did you, uh, play together? COL Moore: What a truly excellent question. You see, here at Psy Ops, that's one of the things that we teach. Threatening quietly. Think of the echoes inherent in those four simple words: "Did you play together?" Did you go out with her? Did you fuck her? Did you love her? If you did, did you love her so much that you murdered her? CW4 Brenner: I meant did you play golf, or tennis, or checkers, or something. COL Moore: No, you didn't. CW4 Brenner: No, I didn't. COL Moore: So now we both know we're smart guys. Do you think I'm involved in this? CW4 Brenner: One way or another, yes, I do. COL Moore: Then wouldn't it behoove me to retain the services of an attorney? I know a good one. CW4 Brenner: Two problems there. First, the obvious: there are no good ones. Second, you're not a civilian, Colonel. You're in the Army. You have no right to an attorney, you have no right to remain silent. And if you don't cooperate I may have to put you in jail, and that would make me feel bad. COL Moore: You see what you're doing here? CW4 Brenner: Looking for answers? COL Moore: Of course, that. But how? How? You're trying to make me like you. It's working; I do. But you see what I'm doing now? I'm trying to make you like me, too. CW4 Brenner: Is Colonel Fowler coming? LTG Campbell: No, he's taking some much-needed R&R. He's a good man, George. A good man and a good soldier. Sometimes the lines get a little blurred, but when push comes to shove, he'll do what needs to be done. CW4 Brenner: And what is that, sir? LTG Brenner: Why, say Moore called him, of course. And that I was never out there. He'll do that for me, even if it means his career. Like a good soldier. Nothing is gained by my involvement. A letter of commendation will be inserted into your file, in recognition of your exemplary work on this case. Remember when you asked you if you were a cop or a soldier? CW4 Brenner: Yes, sir. LTG Campbell: Well, you're a soldier, Paul. And a damn fine one. [Salutes Brenner and starts to walk away.] CW4 Brenner: [Follows Campbell] General Campbell! You're wrong, sir. I'm a rotten soldier. LTG Campbell: Oh? CW4 Brenner: You really don't get it, do you? The only mind that Elisabeth wanted to fuck with was yours. And you still don't get it. LTG Campbell: I've done nothing wrong. CW4 Brenner: You killed her. LTG Campbell: What did you say? CW4 Brenner: Seven years ago in that hospital room, when you told her to just forget about it, you killed her. LTG Campbell: Kent killed her. CW4 Brenner: No. He just put her out of her misery. I once asked Moore what was worse than rape. Now I know; betrayal. LTG Campbell: I loved Elisabeth. But there were larger issues to consider. CW4 Brennner: You traded her trust for your career. You made a deal, didn't you? You kept silent and they gave you another star. LTG Campbell: You watch your mouth, Brenner. CW4 Brenner: I'm gonna say that in my report. That you went out there, talked to her, and left her there to die. LTG Campbell: [Laughs coldly] You don't have the balls. CW4 Brenner: Oh, you're wrong, sir. Because that's just about all I have left. LTG Campbell: You do that, and you can kiss your career goodbye. CW4 Brenner: I'm gonna have you court-martialed, General! Under Article 32 for conspiracy to conceal a crime! [The doors to the hangar open, and a bagpipe begins to play as CPT Cambell's casket is carried out of the plane that has landed. General Campbell and Brenner put on their dress uniform hats and turn to watch, standing at attention.] CW4 Brenner: When this all started I told you we would find the son of a bitch, sir. I never expected that the son of a bitch would be you. John Travolta as Chief Warrant Officer W-4 Paul Brenner (alias First Sergeant Frank White) Madeleine Stowe as Chief Warrant Officer W-2 Sarah Sunhill James Cromwell as Lieutenant General Joseph Campbell Timothy Hutton as Colonel William Kent Leslie Stefanson as Captain Elisabeth Campbell Daniel von Bargen as Police Chief Yardley Clarence Williams III as Colonel George Fowler James Woods as Colonel Dr. Robert Moore, MD Mark Boone Jr. as Staff Sergeant Dalbert Elkins John Beasley as Colonel Dr. Donald Slesinger, MD Boyd Kestner as Captain Jake Elby Brad Beyer as Captain Bransford John Benjamin Hickey as Captain Goodson Wikipedia has an article about: The General's Daughter (film)
Gedrez (Asturian: Xedré) is a lovely village and parish in Cangas del Narcea, in the southwest of Asturias, surrounded by green forests and giant rocky mountains. Gedrez is the capital of the Fuentes del Narcea natural park, and another natural park, the Reserva de Muniellos, is a 10-min drive away. Traditional Asturian values (language, handcraft, music and gastronomy) as well as virgin nature (deers, bears, wolves and capercaillies) are still alive in this quiet village within a priceless natural environment. by plane: to Asturias airport (easyjet from Stansted, among others) by boat: ferries to Santander (cantabria) from Plymouth or Portsmouth (Brittany Ferries) or direct to Gijón, Asturias, from Nantes-St.Nazaire, France. Then hire a car, and aim for Cangas de Narcea. Gedrez is about 15 km beyond Cangas on the AS15. Lovely for walking, wildlife - and depending on the season and the weather - skiing. Near at hand is Muniellos, Reserve of the Biosphere, home of bears and wolves, where you can walk all day (the entire route is quite tough, but you can just go along beside the river, and up to a glacial lake, if you're not that fit). Admission restricted to 20 people a day, booking online or ringing (from outside Spain) ☏ +34 985279100. Casa Funsiquin: a family-run restaurant where the food's delicious, and all from home grown produce. Traditional Asturian ingredients, served up with a modern touch: and with a beautiful view to enjoy as well. On top of that, extremely affordable. A "menu del dia" in Asturias consists of two courses (three sometimes!) followed by dessert, and with wine and bread included in the price. Here it costs €8 during the week and €12 at the weekend. Funsiquin casita rural: a cosy little house for the ecologically minded, with a traditional wood-fired stove and central heating for back-up, two bedrooms (one double bed, two singles) bathroom and kitchen -living. Opposite is the bar/restaurant Funsiquin, open all day, with wifi.
Drummondville is a city of 68,000 people (2016) on the Saint-François River in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec. Drummondville markets itself as Quebec's Capital of Expression and Traditions, with attractions focusing on culture, past and present. Office du tourisme de Drummondville, 1350 rue J.-B. Michaud, toll-free: +1-877-235-9569. Sep to early Jun: M-F 08:30-16:30; mid-Jun to mid-Aug: daily 08:30-18:00; mid-Aug to early Sep: daily 08:30-16:30. (updated Aug 2019) Drummondville was founded in June 1815 by Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Heriot. The purpose of the town was to provide a home for British soldiers in the War of 1812, and to guard the Saint-François River against American attacks. The town was named after Sir Gordon Drummond, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada between 1813 and 1816. The construction of the Hemmings Falls hydro-electric dam in 1920 brought a new wave of industrial growth to the Drummondville area. Drummondville is at the junction of Autoroutes 20 and 55. The city is about 100 km east of downtown Montreal, 150 km southwest of Quebec City and 70 km north of Sherbrooke. VIA Rail provides daily train service between Montreal and Quebec City. Trains run at a rate of about five per day in either direction from the Drummondville railway station. Orléans Express. Service from Montreal and Quebec City. (updated Jun 2021) Autobus La Québécoise. Bus service from Trois-Rivières and Sherbrooke. (updated Dec 2021) General aviation services are available at the Drummondville Airport and the Drummondville Water Aerodrome. Drummondville Transit. City bus services on six routes headquartered at the main bus terminal at Des Forges and Lindsay Streets. Service runs M-F 07:00-23:00 at half-hour intervals, Sa 08:00-18:00 at half-hour intervals, and Su 09:00-18:00 hourly. Cash/ticket prices: adult $2.60/2.35, student $2.35/1.85, 65 and over $2.35/1.85, child 0-5 years (accompanied) free. (updated Apr 2019) A total solar eclipse on Monday 8 April 2024 starts at 3:28PM local time and lasts 30 sec. You can improve the duration but not the viewing prospects by heading south: the chances of a clear sky here are 30%. 45.8947-72.48721 Le Village Québécois d'Antan, 1425, rue Montplaisir, ☏ +1 819 478-1441, toll-free: +1 877-710-0267. Late June to end of Aug: daily 10:00-17:30. A re-creation of village life in the 19th century. Includes an old farm, period costumes, a restaurant and several festivals throughout the year. Child $11, adult $21; $20/37 if meal included. 45.8772-72.50072 Maison des Arts Desjardins, 175, Rue Ringuet, toll-free: +1-800-265-5412. Performing arts theatre (updated Apr 2019) 45.8825-72.48353 Musee National de la Photographie - National Museum of Photography, 400 Rue Heriot, ☏ +1 819-474-5782. Tu-F 11:00-17:00, Sa Su 10:00-17:00. Its permanent exhibition looks at the history of the inventors of the camera, their processes and techniques. It includes original devices from these first black rooms and a large collection of cameras, from the oldest to the most modern. It's temporary exhibitions throughout the year are at the crossroads of art, history and science. Adults $10, children 12 and under free. (updated Apr 2019) Festival de la Poutine, ☏ +1 819-967-1423, [email protected]. Towards the end of August. During three days people are invited to attend concerts, and to savour several kinds of poutine, a Canadian dish of Quebecois origin. The basic dish is a mess of French fries, gravy, and cheese curds that melt to bind the cacaphony of fat and salt. $23 day pass, $38 weekend, free for kids under 13 (2018 prices). (updated Apr 2019) 45.9063-72.55321 The Autodrome Drummond, 1155 Boulevard Saint-Joseph Ouest, ☏ +1 819-474-2222. Automotive races throughout the summer season. (updated Apr 2019) 45.9154-72.48682 La Courvalloise, 1985 Boulevard Foucault, Saint-Charles-de-Drummond. Winter only, dependent on snow conditions, Sa Su and holidays 10:00-17:00. A winter outdoor sports destination. Family atmosphere, tube sliding, snowshoe trails and fatbike trails on the edge of the Spicer Rapids of the Saint-François River. Tubing: adults $12, children $10 for 4 hours;. (updated Apr 2019) 45.8997-72.51711 Promenades Drummondville, 755 René-Lévesque Boulevard. M-W 09:30-17:30, Th F 09:30-21:00, Sa 09:00-17:00, Su 10:00-17:00. 109 stores. (updated Apr 2019) 45.8881-72.50411 Restaurant L'Odika, 1116 Boulevard Saint-Joseph, ☏ +1 819-850-8221. Su 09:00-21:00, M-W 11:00-21:00, Th F 11:00-22:00, Sa 09:00-22:00. Market cuisine using fresh seasonal producez vegan recipes, allergen-free foods, and gourmet and healthy dishes. Raclettes, fondues, Wagyu burgers, fish, pizza. (updated Apr 2019) 45.8902-72.54512 Rose Cafe, 210 Boulevard Lemire Ouest, ☏ +1 819-474-3488. M-F 07:00-17:00, Sa Su 08:30-17:00. Gluten-free bread available. Most dishes are available in vegan and non-dairy versions. Breakfasts, salads, sandwiches $8-12. (updated Apr 2019) 45.8835-72.48953 A La Bonne Votre, 207, rue Lindsay, ☏ +1 819-474-0008. M-W 11:00-21:00, Th F 11:00-22:00, Sa 17:00-22:00. Regional cuisine. Mains $16-38, lunch $13-33. (updated Apr 2019) 45.8824-72.54471 Microbrasserie le BockAle, 2400 rue Canadien, Suite 201, ☏ +1 819-857-4857. W 16:00-22:00, Th 15:00-00:00, F 15:00-00:00, Sa 12:00-22:00. Microbrewery with meals available. (updated Apr 2019) 45.88434-72.487672 Le Baboune Bar Tapas, 104 Rue Marchand, ☏ +1 819-850-0607. Tu W 16:00-23:00, Th F 16:00-01:00, Sa 11:30-01:00. Tapas and drinks. (updated Apr 2019) 45.901-72.52981 Hotel-Motel Drummond, 105 Blvd Saint Joseph West, Exit/Sortie 177 N., St. Marjorique, toll-free: +1-855-536-5434. Free high speed internet (WiFi); free parking; bar/lounge; breakfast included; hot tub; pets allowed; air conditioning, microwave and refrigerator in room; accessible rooms; suites. From $79. (updated Apr 2019) 45.89601-72.513922 Grand Times Hotel Drummondville, 530 Rue Saint Amant, toll-free: +1-844-474-5550. Connected to the Centrexpo Cogeco Drummondville convention centre. Pool. Free parking and high speed internet (WiFi); fitness centre; business centre; golf course; heated pool; hot tub; air conditioning, minibar and refrigerator in room. From $139. (updated Apr 2019) 45.9027-72.53193 Motel Blanchet, 225, blvd St-Joseph Ouest. Free parking, 24-hr restaurant, bar/lounge, free high speed internet (WiFi), breakfast included, business centre; air conditioning and refrigerator in room. From $75.
Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 \| Film \| Future \| Main Steven Universe Future (2019–2020) is an animated limited series produced by Cartoon Network as an epilogue for Season 5 of Steven Universe and Steven Universe: The Movie. Steven: You know, half those Gems are soldiers who fought by your side before they were corrupted and turned into monsters. They're lost and confused and still a little messed up, but they're getting the help they need. Jasper: So? Who cares? Steven: [angrily] I do! And if I didn't care, you'd still be a monster too! Jasper: And what? Now I owe you? Steven: No! Jasper: You think because you did something I never asked for, I'm going to obey you? Steven: No! That's not-- Jasper: Like all the other Gems you use. Steven: [frustrated] AGGGHHH! I only came here because I felt bad for you, but all of this is your own fault! All the other Gems were corrupted by the Diamonds, but-- but you corrupted yourself just to win a fight! Which you LOST! To ME! No one's making you stay here all alone in the middle of nowhere, ready to fight a war that's been over for years! Are you just gonna sit here for centuries waiting for someone to give you a purpose?! Because I'm trying to give you one! Jasper: Listen, weakling! You might have Pink Diamond's gem, but you are not my Diamond, and I am not going to take orders from some weak, sappy, useless piece of dirt! If you think you're hard enough to tell me what to do, then fight me and prove it. Steven: Fine! Jasper: [suddenly smiles eagerly] Really? Huh, well then! Why don't you throw the first punch? [beckons tauntingly, and Steven punches her, pushing her back a few feet] Ooohh...! [laughs aggressively and charges back at him] Steven: I... guess we're doing this. [During his fight with Jasper, Steven bubbles a nest of baby birds to protect them] Jasper: Stop trying to help those tiny flapping Earthlings, and FIGHT ME! Steven: I'll never stop trying to help them, or you! Jasper: [kicking his shield away and pinning him down] I don't need your help! You're the one that needs help! You think you've beaten me, but you've never beaten me on your own! You've always been a fusion! You've always had your friends! Because you're nothing without them! You think everyone needs help! Steven: [tearing up] I-- I just-- Jasper: But it's only you. No one is as pitiful as you! [Shaken and angry, Steven starts to glow pink and pushes Jasper back with a sudden burst of strength, much to her surprise] Steven: [looking at himself] Whoa... what? [Jasper grins, and Steven angrily summons a bubble glove and charges at her with it] I'M... NOT... PITIFUL! [sends her flying back through several trees] Jasper: [chuckles] Ha. Not bad. [continues to fight Steven, who catches her in the middle of a spin-dash] Nice catch. Steven: You should see my THROW! [tosses her up into the air, where she laughs as he hits her several more times] STOP LAUGHING! [sends her slamming back down into the ground, then gasps in shock and returns to normal] Jasper... Jasper: [gets up and shakes herself off, impressed] Huh. I didn't think you had it in you. Steven: I don't... I don't know what that was. I'm sorry. Jasper: [rolling her eyes] Ugh! Don't apologize. Steven: I... think I had you all wrong. Maybe you don't have something to learn from me. Maybe I have something to learn from you. [Jasper raises an eyebrow] Would you ever be interested in teaching? Jasper: [scoffs] Tssh! At your crummy little school? Steven: No, just me. You brought something out of me I didn't know I had. Jasper: [walks up to Steven, placing a hand on his shoulder] Consider that fight back there your first and only lesson. [begins walking off] Steven: Well... can I come back to see you sometime? Jasper: Do what you want. Larimar: What is this wonderful noise? Steven: Those are the joyful screams of people on a roller coaster. Larimar: Human screams are my favorite of the Earth's delights. I want to hear the human screams forever. Steven: Okay, that's kind of troubling. But your heart is in the right place. Larimar: One day, I'll make you scream, Steven. Larimar: I just wanted to say thanks for the amusement park job. I'm not great at the roller-coaster operation, we know, but I found out I'm good at handing out prizes to children, and I love their laughter. Steven: Aww. Larimar: It sounds just like screaming. Holly Blue Agate: Stop relaxing and get back to your posts! Ugh! How can you stand this total lack of order? Amethyst Guard: Chill out, Holly Blue. You know you want to. Holly Blue Agate I give up. No one answers to me, and I answer to no one. I'd give anything for an order from the Diamonds, but all they talk about is Steven, Steven, Steven -- Steven! Steven: Hi, Holly. Steven: [seeing all of the Rose Quartzes being un-bubbled] So... Many... Rose Quartzes. How did the-- Superfan Rose: Oh, now that it's Era 3, we were all unbubbled, so now, we're making up for lost time. Hi! I'm Rose Quartz, and you, you're Steven! You are so much smaller than I imagined! Is it because you're half organic? Can you believe it, Rose Quartz!? Hippie Rose: It's like, we where bubbled, but now we're like, not bubbled. Steven: Th-It's really-- It's really great. Steven: So, how would you like your magical spit administered today? Ruby bodyguard: Ah, geez, uh... the not kissing one? Steven: You got it! [licks his palm and applies healing spit onto the Ruby's gem, healing the crack] Man, what kind of enemies does the mayor have to keep you landing in my office? Ruby bodyguard: That's classified information, nurse-citizen Universe. Steven: Okay, well, try not to classify too hard out there. Oh, don't forget your lollipop! [On Pink Pearl's cracked face] Pearl: How could White be so careless? Pink Pearl: [chuckling] Oh, no, Pearl. You've got it all wrong. Pink did this. Pearl: [shocked] What did you say? [approaches her] Steven: Pearl, no...! Pink Pearl: It's a funny story, really. Once, Pink got tired of asking Yellow and Blue for her own colony, so she went straight to White. Of course, White told her she wasn't fit to run one, and, well, that set her off. Pearl: "Set her off"? Pink Pearl: You remember how she was, with her destructive powers, throwing tantrums left and right. She had a scream that could crack the walls. She didn't mean to hurt me. [chuckles] I just happened to be standing too close to her that time, and-- Steven: [covering his ears anxiously] Doesn't matter! I'm gonna fix it! Pearl: Destructive powers?! Pink didn't have destructive powers, she was a healer! She didn't throw tantrums, she kept her feelings secret! Pink Pearl: The Pink I knew couldn't keep a secret to save her gem. Pearl: Are you kidding?! If anything, she was too good at keeping secrets, even from me! [Frustrated by their arguing, Steven furiously snaps and starts glowing pink] Steven: [lividly] STOP IT! I CAN'T DEAL WITH ONE MORE HORRIBLE THING SHE DID, OKAY?! [Both Pearls gasp] I DON'T WANNA HEAR ABOUT IT, I DON'T EVEN WANNA THINK ABOUT IT! Pearl: Steven! Steven: I JUST WANT TO FIX IT!!! [Steven unleashes a shockwave that causes cracks around the room. Pink Pearl cowers in fear, and Steven looks at his own reflection in shock and remorse] Pearl: I'm sorry for not believing you. It looks like I'm still making excuses for her. Pink Pearl: [tearfully] Is that what I've been doing?! But... she didn't mean to! Pearl: But you were hurt! Badly hurt! Pink Pearl: I was badly hurt... How did you stop hurting? Pearl: [embraces her tightly] I didn't. [Pink Pearl returns the hug, and they fuse into Mega Pearl] Steven: I'm so sorry. The whole trip was for nothing. Mega Pearl: No, it wasn't for nothing. Your mother's Pearls never had the whole picture. One knew your mother was trying to change, but she couldn't understand why. The other never expected her to change at all. Now, I get to understand everything. Now, they finally get to have each other. [She separates into the two Pearls, peacefully holding hands] Steven: Tsk, tsk, tsk. You guys fused just because you hate me, didn't you? Aquamarine and "Eyeball" Ruby: Yes! Steven Universe: If that's the only reason, then it's no wonder you can't keep it together. Aquamarine: What are you talking about? Steven Universe: There are so many other reasons to fuse, like friendship and responsibility and... and love. Imagine how much better it would feel to fuse to support each other, instead of tearing someone down. Your life would fill with warmth and friendship and joy and love and-- "Eyeball" Ruby: [covering her ears] Wowie, wow! He is so annoying! Aquamarine: I hate him so much! Aquamarine and "Eyeball" Ruby: I know! Me too! [they fuse back into Bluebird Azurite] Steven: Are you kidding me? Steven: I'm really sorry, Dad. I never should have given Bluebird a chance. Greg: I love how you believe in everyone. You stuck to your principles, and I'm proud of you. I mean, everyone can change, but not everyone wants to. Ocean Jasper: I slip on the stairs? Garnet: Yes. You shatter on impact. [Ocean Jasper and a Nephrite scream] Steven: [enters through the door] Garnet, I'm here. Garnet: Steven, help. I think I'm scaring them. Steven: It's okay. We got this. Let's get this safety Geminar started with a very special guest speaker. [They both dance and fuse into Sunstone] Sunstone: Your rockin' pal Sunstone's here to shine. Ocean Jasper: Watch out, Sunstone. It's dangerous in here. Sunstone: Not if you practice home safety. Don't slip up. Clear objects off the stairs. Foul shot! Make sure you cover your trash, or you might attract wild animals. Come on. Let's go! Don't leave the water running, it could flood your house. Put protective covers on electrical outlets, especially when kids are around. And most importantly, turn off motion smoothing on your TV. Ocean Jasper: Wow, everything looks so much better! [Steven receives a call from Pearl, who he left to take care of Onion] Steven: [exhausted] Please, please have everything under control... Pearl: STEVEN! EVERYTHING IS OUT OF CONTROL! Steven: Yup... Pearl: It's getting really weird here! Steven, you were never like this, you were such a good kid! I'm so sorry I never told you that! Aah! I... I can hear him, but I can't see him! I think he's in the walls! I don't know how he got there, and I don't know how to get him out! [call ends] Steven: [long gasp] Garnet, can you handle things on your own for a little bit? Garnet: No problem. Our students love me. [walks over to them] Let me tell you all the ways you can get hit by a car. Steven: Agh, Garnet! Forget it. I'll stay. I'll stay! Pearl: [in another call] STEVEN, THERE'S A SNAKE! Steven: Never mind! Rainbow Quartz 2.0: Why play with sharp objects when you can play with my sharp wit? Crack jokes, not cookie jars, as I always say. Ha ha! Garnet: It's important to keep in mind that all these horrible things did happen to you in alternate timelines. Safety is fun. [Onion has led Garnet's students off a cliff] Pearl: Oh, no! Garnet: Steven, quick! Sunstone can save them! Steven: Okay... [they fuse into Sunstone] Sunstone: Oh, yeah! Pearl: No! Let Rainbow save them! [fuses with Steven] Rainbow Quartz 2.0: [showing his umbrella] I'll catch them with this! Amethyst: [rushing in] Hey, wait! I need Steven! Steven [unfuses from Pearl] What is it, Amethyst? Amethyst: I just miss you, man! I haven't seen you for, like, eleven minutes! Amethyst: [enters with fried eggs for eyes] You really gonna skip the most egg-ssential meal of the day? Steven: Of course not. I've got all my morning nutrients in this protein shake. Amethyst: [pokes yolk to leak] Dude, you're making me sad. Amethyst: Man, you had a better work-life balance when the Diamonds were trying to destroy the planet. Steven: That was then. This is now. Amethyst: Hey, you know what we haven't done in a long time? [shapeshifts into 14-year-old Steven] Steven Tag! Steven: Amethyst, what the heck?! Amethyst: You know the rules, buster. You get tagged, you have to turn into Steven. Steven: But I'm already Steven! Amethyst: Nah, bruh. Classic Steven. Steven: Classic Steven?! [Pearl gets tagged in Garnet and Amethyst's new game of Steven Tag] Steven: Ha! Joke's on you! Pearl doesn't shapeshift! [Pearl starts to glow] Huh? Pearl: [shapeshifts into Steven] THE POWER OF STEVEN TAG COMPELS ME! Steven: [chuckles] Wow. Good for her. Garnet: It was a snowman... [takes off her visor] with Steven's jacket. NOOOOOO! Steven: [shivering] They'll never stop until they make me play. Steven: I really didn't want to do this, but you leave me no choice. I JOIN THE GAME! Steven: You shouldn't have messed with me. Huh? [gets tagged by Sapphire] Sapphire: Tag. Steven: [falls off the lighthouse] Oh, no. Is this the end of my adult life? Steven You're right. This is harder than usual. Lapis: You've just got to force them to stop. This is going to be a fight. They're not nice like me. Steven: Umm... Lapis: Exactly. Steven: They just don't understand that they're doing harm. Y-you get it. What made it click for you? Lapis: A cycle of horrible torture. [smiling] But other than that, living in nature, getting creative. Steven: Yeah! Come on, we can do that for them. Lapis: Okay. Just a little torture. Steven: N-no, just the other stuff. Lapis: [sighs] Fine, we'll try it your way. [They head back to the two Lapis Lazulis] Steven: Hey, so, why don't we explore the many things that you can do that don't involve destroying worlds? "Mean" Lapis: Should we listen to him? "Nice" Lapis: He is half-Diamond. Maybe, we should half-listen. Steven: I'll take that as a "yes." Let's go. Lars: [about Shep] Say hi to them for me. Cactus Steven: I can't tell Pearl how I feel, 'cause she'd blame herself! Cactus Steven: I can't hear any more high and mighty advice from Garnet! Cactus Steven: I'm so sick of Amethyst acting like she's so mature now! Amethyst: Why's it being so weirdly specific? Amethyst: Hey, dude? Pearl: Is there anything you need to talk about? Steven: [softly] ... I think I've said enough. [After Steven and Peridot have watched the Camp Pining Hearts reboot] Steven: Wha...? Wha...?! Steven and Peridot: WHAT HAVE THEY DONE?!?!? Peridot: What is with this Rodrigo guy?! He has no charisma! Steven: And can we talk about this cinematography?! Peridot: GAAAH, THEY'VE CHANGED ALL THE CHARACTERS, AND I DON'T CARE ABOUT ANY OF THEM! [grabs the television] HOW COULD YOU DO THIS TO ME?! [sobs] Camp Pining Hearts helped me escape when everything around me was in chaos... Steven: CPH brought us together... Peridot: And now, LOOK AT THIS NIGHTMARE! [the TV suddenly shows Steven's dream] Steven?! You didn't tell me that they cast you! Steven: What?! They didn't. I-Is this... my dream from last night? [on the TV, after Steven falls and the dream ends, it goes back to Camp Pining Hearts again] Whoa! My- My powers must be interfering with the TV signal! Peridot: [delighted] Steven! Do you know what this means?! Steven: I have to start wearing a tinfoil hat? Peridot: No! It means that if we can put your dreams on the television, we can reboot the reboot! Steven: "Reboot the...?" Peridot, you're a genius! Peridot: I know. Steven: And, well, it might be fun to fix something that isn't the entire universe. Peridot: [grabs him with one arm] This is going to be the beginning of Peridot and Steven Productions! Steven: Yeah-- whoa! [topples onto her] Steven: Peridot! We've always had something to fix together - the Cluster, the Diamonds, or Spinel! I don't think I know how to be a friend without something to fix! But I... I just can't do it anymore! I'm so tired... Now I'm even doing it in my dreams! I'm sorry, I can't do this for you. Please don't leave! Don't... leave! [The dream stops, in the manner of a TV turning off; Steven awakens, in tears, to Peridot's concerned voice] Peridot: Steven? Steven! STEVEN! Steven, I saw everything! It's-- It's fine! We don't have to do this anymore. [hugs him and starts tearing up] I don't care about the show, and I definitely don't care about Rodrigo! Hrrrgh, I'm such a clod! Steven: But I really wanted to spend time with you! I just... wanted an excuse to hang out. Peridot: We don't need an excuse to hang out. Steven: Can... we still watch CPH together? Even if it sucks? Peridot: [removes her visor to wipe her eyes, and smiles] Of course. [Later, they watch the show] Jasmine: [in the show, angrily] How could you lie to me like that, Rodrigo?! I guess you just can't help being a bad person! [Steven and Peridot laugh] Peridot: Jasmine, you just buried a body in the woods, and now you're mad that Rodrigo cheated at cards?! [They laugh again] Peridot: This show is the worst! Steven: [smiling warmly at her] This show is the best. [At the Starlight Roller Rink] Bismuth: Woooow! So you mean to tell me people pay to have wheels strapped to their feet for fun? That is really something else. Patricia: You should have seen Daniel earlier. He was all bent out of shape 'cos his mom tore into him over his last test scores! Daniel: [groans] You know, I kind of forgot about it for a sec. Steven: Heh... I know how that is. One time, White Diamond tore into me... literally! [laughs awkwardly] She, uh, she took my gem - I'm part Gem, by the way - she pulled it right out of my body. Daniel: Okay...? Patricia: So what grade are you in, Steven? Steven: Grade? Err, uh... sixteen? Patricia: [laughs] Daniel: So you're taking AP classes? Steven: Uh... Connie: Y'all ready to skate? Patricia: Heck, yeah! [Connie, Patricia and Daniel skate away] Steven: I really blew that one. Bet if they were enemy Gems, we'd be best friends by now. [Pearl forms a roll of toilet paper from her gem and gives it to Bismuth] Pearl: Oh, here, take this. Every human has at least one of these in their homes. Sometimes they even use it [secretively] for vandalism! Good luck out there! [starts skating away] Bismuth: Wait, where are you going? Pearl: You don't need me anymore, Bismuth - the humans already love you! I'm going to make some new connections of my own! [to a random skater] Hello, fellow skater! Would you like a fresh roll? [forms another roll] Steven: When Connie and I were fighting to save the universe, things were sort of easier. We were fighting the same fight. Now it's like we're living different lives. I wonder if I'm even her best friend anymore... Bismuth: [pounds the table firmly] How long has this been going on? Steven: Err... couple of months. Bismuth: Listen, Steven. Pearl brought me here to set me up with her friends, but Connie came here to be with you. You've got nothing to mope about. Steven: But her friends think I'm weird. Bismuth: Of course you're weird! You're a Crystal Gem! Connie knows that, she's always known that! That never stopped you from being friends! [After Steven collapses in the rink] Connie: Steven! Are you okay? Steven: Connie, I'm sorry... I don't wanna hold you back. Connie: I don't mind. Steven: You've got school, new friends, you're going places and... I'm happy for you. But I feel like you're drifting away from me. I wish we could reconnect, but... BUT I DON'T KNOW HOW TO SKATE! [After Steven and Connie win the skating contest as Stevonnie] Patricia: Steven, Connie, that was amazing! Daniel: What the heck was that out there? Connie: Oh, fusion? Yeah, that's kind of our thing. Steven: It's something I picked up from my mom's side of the family. Daniel: The only thing I get from my mom's side of the family is stressed out. Steven: [chuckles] Same... [After Connie turns down Steven's proposal] Steven: I don't get it. Ruby and Sapphire said I should go for it. Garnet: You can't trust love advice from those two hopeless romantics. Steven: Then why didn't you stop me? Garnet: There was no future where you didn't propose to Connie. Steven: Of course... Garnet: [hugs him] Your soulmate is your complement, not your missing piece. Ruby and Sapphire love being together, but they each have their own individual lives. Whatever hole there is in your life, Steven, I want you to understand that Connie-Stevonnie won't be able to fill it. Priyanka: Steven, do you remember anything bad in your childhood that particularly stuck with you? Steven: I guess... I kind of freaked out when they cancelled my favorite ice cream. And then I got attacked by a giant bug monster. And I got trapped in a bubble and almost drowned. I lost control of my body and turned into a blob of cats. I almost turned so old I died. Amethyst almost died. Pearl did die. Garnet got destabilized right in front of me. I woke up with a black eye, imprisoned on a spaceship-- Priyanka: Steven, this is serious! Steven: But... that was just the early stuff! Priyanka: I think all these experiences have been subjecting your body to a harmful amount of stress, and that's affecting your ability to respond to new forms of stress in a healthy way. You've been dealing with genuine threats from such a young age, your body is now responding to minor threats as if your life were in danger! Steven: But, why am I only swelling up now? Greg: Come on, Steven, talk to me. Steven: [tearing up] I... well... I, um... I proposed to Connie! Greg: You what?! Steven: She said no. Greg: Oh, Steven... Steven: My body... it's reacting like it's the end of the world. I think I've seen the world almost end so many times now that everything that goes wrong feels that... that extreme! I should be feeling so good these days! The Earth is safe, it's Era 3... But I'm swelling up over these third era problems! What do I do? How do I move on from all the stuff I've been through? How do I live life if it always feels like I'm about to die?! Greg: It's gonna be all right, Stewball. I'm here for you. Steven: I guess I thought I could just follow Connie to college, like if we got married I'd know what to do with myself. But I'm the one that's gotta figure that stuff out. Greg: Cut yourself some slack! It's okay to be worried and make some mistakes when you're figuring out what to do with your life. That's not unusual. Uh, well, the magic swelling is a little unusual, but that's okay too! If you want to be a giant boy, we can use the car wash as a shower. Steven: I don't need this song! I need...I need what you had! Greg: What? Steven: I wish I could've grown up at a house like that. Greg: No you don't! Steven: Maybe your parents weren't so bad. Maybe they gave you curfews and chaperones and meatloaf f-for a reason! Greg: Steven, you don't know what they were like! Steven: They can't be worse then mom's family. I went halfway across the galaxy for them, and this was right here?! Greg: Steven, I couldn't do anything growing up. Everything I liked, or wore, wanted was always wrong! Trust me, you're better off then I was. Steven: I can't believe I never realized, you're... you're just like Mom! [turns pink as his grip tightens on the steering wheel] Greg: You grew up with actual freedom! Steven: I grew up in a van! I never went to school! I've never been to the doctor until two days ago! Greg: Steven! You're a gem! You're not like other kids! Steven: I could have done all that stuff! My problem isn't that I'm a gem, my problem is that I'm a UNIVERSE!! Pearl: How could this happen? You crashed the van with Greg inside? You know how fragile he is, these pink outbursts of yours are getting out of hand. Steven: It's not an [turns pink] OUTBURST! Pearl: See? This is exactly what I'm talking about! What's happening to you? Steven: Nothing! ...It's nothing. Pearl: S-Steven! We're not pro- [Steven summons out a generated force field] Steven! Drop this wall! Steven: Pearl, sorry. I'm trying- I just... need... some space, OK? I'll be in my room. Amethyst: Not so fast, my dude. You gotta tell us what's going on. Garnet: It looks like Steven is trying to avoid a serious discussion about this all together. Steven: NO! I'M NOT!!! [slams his fist into the stairs, unleashing a room-wrecking shockwave] Garnet: Steven, you have got to calm down and talk to us! Amethyst: Just chill, man! Steven: Nnghh... Pearl: We need to do something about this before someone gets hurt! Steven: NNGGHH... Garnet: Don't let this power control you. You're better than this. Steven: NNGGHH... LEAVE ME ALONE!!!!! Steven: This thing with my powers is a real problem! Jasper: The only problem you have are your friends. Steven: Huh? Jasper: Can't you see they're holding you back? Steven: What? No, they're-- they're just worried about me. Jasper: They're afraid. Of your power. Steven: Yeah... yeah, I guess so... Jasper: You are too. You came all the way out here to hide from it. But I'm not here to hide. I don't stifle my anger or my power; I channel it into training! Steven: Oh, right... this destroyed forest. Jasper: I've got no one to serve, nowhere to go. All I have left is POWER! [she punches a tree, completely smashing it apart] And in order to control that power, I have to use it. Those so-called "friends" of yours don't understand. They want you to feel bad for being yourself. Steven: I do feel bad... [steps over to another tree and punches it, cringing in pain and remorse] Jasper: YEAH, DESTROY THAT WEAKLING TREE! Steven: No! [kisses the tree, healing it and making grass sprout around it] Jasper: Ugh! Gross! That's disgusting! Bleh! No! The grass! [tears at it] Get outta here! [grabs Steven] Quit helping the local ecosystem recover! [On Steven's new, more muscular form] Jasper: Hm. Not bad for three days of work. [Steven kisses one of his biceps] I didn't teach you that... Jasper: What are you holding back for?! You think I can't take it? I'm not gonna coddle you, Steven! Do you wanna go home to your gems? Steven: No... Jasper: Are you afraid to be strong? Are you pathetic? Are you weak? Steven: I'M NOT!!!!!!! Steven: You're right, Jasper. I have been holding back. [Having shattered Jasper after losing control in their rematch, Steven hurries back to his bathroom and dips the fragments into Diamond aura potions] Steven: Please, please let this work! [crying] Jasper, I'm sorry. Please... come back. [his tears add Pink's aura to the mix] Please... [After a while, Jasper's gem glows and heals, and she reforms] Jasper: [panting] Huh? What? You... shattered me? Steven: Jasper! I-I'm so sorry, I should have stopped! I-I just wasn't thinking! Jasper: [steps out of the bathtub and bows on one knee] I bow to your strength... my Diamond. Steven: [horrified] No...! Pearl: [knocks on the bathroom door] Steven? Amethyst: What's going on in there? [Jasper emerges] Jasper?! Pearl: What are you-? Amethyst: Where's Steven?! Jasper: Right here. [steps aside, revealing him looking scared and depressed] Amethyst: Steven? Where have you been?! [Steven walks off upstairs to his conservatory] Pearl: You can't just disappear for days without telling us! Jasper: My Diamond can do has he pleases. Amethyst: Wait, what?! Pearl: Why are you calling him that?! Garnet: Steven! Pearl: Where is he going?! [The Gems follow Steven to his conservatory] Pearl: Steven, wait! Garnet: You don't need to go. [Steven turns pink and puts a barrier in front of the Gems as he sighs] Amethyst: What the HECK?! Steven: You guys... I love you, but you can't help me anymore. I've been avoiding the only people in the entire universe who can. Please, don't follow me. You too, Jasper. Find something better to do with your life. Garnet: Steven! Remember, we'll always be your family. Spinel: STEVEN! [grabs him and kisses him] Steven: [turning pink] Spinel, what is wrong with you?! Spinel: Oh, y'know, the usual. Steven: [turning back to normal] So, how've you been since, err...? Spinel: Since I tried to kill you? That was so embarrassing. Steven: [controlling White Diamond] Whoa. This is... so weird. I'm-I'm, I'm a Diamond. Thi- This is the last thing I needed to see. I don't wanna be you! I don't wanna be anything like you! Why won't you just go AWAY?! [punches a pillar] Don't hurt me! She can't hurt me. I'm controlling her. So why am I so afraid? [flashes to his memory of White pulling his gemstone out; scowls angrily] She's the one who should be afraid. White Diamond: [talking in Steven's voice] What's- what's going on? [Steven starts controlling her like a puppet] What? No, stop it. I don't like this! Steven: Too bad. [force controls White by walking toward a pillar] White Diamond: Let me go! [grabs hold of the pillar] Please! You're scaring me! Steven: This is for EVERYTHING you put me through! [forces White Diamond’s head to slam into the pillar, in an attempt to shatter her gemstone, instead, snaps them out of it and hits his own head, allowing White Diamond to regain her control again] White Diamond: [breathing; horrified] What... what was that?! Steven: I-I don’t know. Spinel: Hey, buddy, where you going? Steven: Wait a second - you used to have vengeful thoughts! Spinel: [awkwardly] Ooooh, yeah... but I don't get 'em anymore. Steven: How did you make them stop? Spinel: I met a little someone named Steven Universe! And he told me: [singing] IIIIII, I can make a chaaaaange! You can make a promise... Steven: Gah! Don't give me my own advice! Steven: Hey, Connie, what's up? Connie: Steven! Good, you finally picked up! I can't believe we haven't spoken since the hospital. How are you? Steven: I'm great! Never been better! Connie: Really? Have you had any more issues with swelling and glowing pink? Steven: Um... Nope? Well, maybe, but how about you? How's college prep? Connie: Steven, that's, uh- It's fine, but what do you mean, maybe? Steven: Look, there's nothing to worry about. I'm OK. Connie: Steven... Steven: I should go. I don't wanna wake up the Gems. Connie: But they don't even sleep! Steven: Uh, bye! [While trying to help in Bismuth's workshop] Steven: Ooh, look at that. Now you have two anvils. Bismuth: Noooo! My anvil! My beautiful anvil! Steven: Heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, my work here is done. Well, toodles! Connie: Steven! Steven: Huh? Connie: I knew it! You are swelling and glowing again. I've been trying to call you, but I came as soon as I saw this. [holds out her phone, on which Steven, glowing and swelled up, is doing the plant Steven's dance and looping the message "Steven's here to help!"] Steven: I... broadcast my subconscious sometimes these days. It's really no big deal. Connie: Okay, but... I can tell something is bothering you. [holds out her phone again; the message makes some statics] Steven: Ah, I don't know what you're talking about. I'm fine! Awesome, in fact. Come on, you've seen me when I wasn't doing well. Greg: Steven, if being like this is what you want, then we'll support you one hundred percent. Whatever makes you happy. But, if you're not happy, if something's wrong- Steven: Nothing's wrong! Besides, I don't want you to worry. Connie: We are worried! Greg: Steven, you know you can tell us anything. Steven: It's not that easy. You know what? I don't have to deal with this. [walks towards the door, but Amethyst, Pearl, and Connie block his way] Amethyst: Hold up, dude. Garnet: Steven, you need to stop running. Greg: Please. Connie: Steven, we should get you back to the hospital. Amethyst and Pearl: HOSPITAL?! Pearl: When were you in the hospital?! Connie: You didn't tell them?! Steven: [becoming hysterical, starting to laugh uneasily] It wasn't that important, you guys! You're making a big deal out of nothing. Have I done some things wrong? Sure! I trashed the house today, I broke an anvil - what teenager hasn't? Dad and I had a little disagreement, but that's practically a rite of passage! I mean, it would be weird if we didn't, right? And maybe I've had a not-so-nice thought or two about, like, you know, slamming White Diamond's head through a pillar, but it's not like I actually went through with it! I only actually shattered Jasper! [Pearl gasps in horrified shock] Amethyst: WHAT?! [Garnet, Connie, and Greg gasp] Connie: You're- you're joking, right? Steven: Oh, don't worry! I fixed that too! I can fix anything! I can just keep messing up and fixing things forever, and you'll never have to know or think about any of it! Garnet: Steven... Steven: [sighs as he finally loses it] How messed up is that? That I've gotten away with this for so long? You have no idea how bad I am! Y-You think I'm so great, and I'm so mature, and I always know what to do! But that's not true! I haven't learned a thing from my problems! They've all just made me worse! You all think of me as some angel, but I'm not that kid anymore! [close-up on his scowl] I'm a fraud. [breaths shakily] I'm a fraud. I'm a MONSTER! [massive pink spikes burst out of his back, tearing his shirt with everyone taking a step back, with plain terror] Greg: [calling out] Just calm down, son! Take deep breaths! Deep breaths! Amethyst: Yeah! Relax, buddy! Peridot: Let's hurry up and clobber that thing! Garnet: Stand down. Peridot: What for?! Lapis: Where's Steven? Garnet: That is Steven. Peridot, Bismuth, & Lapis: [shocked] WHAT?! [Monster Steven bashes his head against the cliff of the temple, causing an avalanche of boulders to fall] Garnet: RUN! Amethyst: He's not listening to us at all! Pearl: What happened to him? First, he says he's a shatterer and then he's turned into this...thing! Connie: We can change him back, can't we? Garnet: As long as he believes he's a monster, he'll stay one. Spinel: [jumps out of the Diamond ship, holding Steven's flip flop] You forgot your foot thong thingy! [sees Steven as a monster] OOOH, OH! [The Diamonds walk out of the ship] Yellow Diamond: What is going on here? White Diamond: Why is something like this always happening when we show up for a visit? Blue Diamond: What is that thing? Garnet: That "thing" is Steven. [Blue, White Diamond, and Spinel gasp in shock] Yellow Diamond: WHAT?! White Diamond: Impossible! Blue Diamond: Is he corrupted? Yellow Diamond: But how? Garnet: Never mind that. We have to change him back. Yellow Diamond: Leave it to me. [she catches Monster Steven's head in an energy aura and tries to shrink it down, only for it to revert back immediately, to her confusion] With my new power, I should be able to alter his physical form. Blue Diamond: He's resisting. Maybe he needs to feel better first. I can help with that. [she sends a cloud of joy towards Monster Steven, but he blows it right back] Yellow Diamond: Look out! [the cloud hits her and Spinel, and they start laughing uncontrollably] Wow! Your new power didn't work either! White Diamond: [pushes Yellow and Blue aside and approaches Monster Steven] Enough. I know exactly how to help. If I connect with him and he speaks through me, maybe we'll understand what he's going through. Now then, do you hear me, Steven? [her gem glows and the atmosphere's colors change] Just relax and let me in... Wait-- [her eyes glow, and she cries out and falls back. Yellow and Blue catch her] Yellow Diamond: White! Blue Diamond: What happened?! White Diamond: [horrified] That's not Steven anymore! Amethyst: Guys, look! The Cluster is trying to hold Steven back! Peridot: I can't believe it! He's even stronger than the Cluster! Bismuth: Don't let your guard down. He could break free at any moment! Pearl: Deep inside this...monster, Steven must be in there, so angry. Amethyst: I knew something was going on. I- Why didn't I do something?! Sapphire: [crying] If we don't get through to him, he'll stay like this forever! [starts sobbing along with Ruby while Lapis watches] Amethyst: [to Greg as he takes a few steps back] Dude, you should get outta here before you get hurt! Greg: [stomps his foot] NO! Everytime Gem stuff happens, I run the other way! This is my son! And he's right to be angry, because I didn't protect him! Blue Diamond: [tearing up; crying] You didn't protect him from us! He's like this because of us! Yellow Diamond: [crying] We're the source of Steven's suffering! Spinel: [breaks down, sobbing hysterically and blowing her nose into her pigtails] THIS IS MY FAULT! White Diamond: [crying] Spinel, don't be silly. Everyone knows that all of this is because of me! Spinel: No, it's ME! I tried to wipe his friends' memories, so he would die alone on a barren world! White Diamond: [crying and sobbing] That was because you were angry with Pink! And if Pink hurt you, it was because I hurt her! Like I hurt Yellow and Blue and Steven and everyone in the entire universe! This is all my fault! Connie: YES, it is! [rides in on Lion] Yes, you hurt him, but this isn't the time to make this all about you! That is not helping! Maybe Steven would care how sad you are, because he always puts everyone else's feelings first! But he can't do that for you right now, because he needs us this time! We all have Steven when we needed him. But the only person who's never had Steven is Steven! He's always been there for us, so... how can we be there for him now? [Ruby and Sapphire smile and fuse back into Garnet] Garnet: I know how. [Monster Steven breaks free of the Cluster's hand, defeats it and charges at the beach] Garnet: Okay! No time to waste. Yellow, make me as big as him! Yellow Diamond: Right. Garnet: Blue, lift everyone up! Blue Diamond: Of course. Garnet: Everyone, get in line! Greg: You got it! Garnet: It's time to show Steven... some love. Garnet: [hugging her arms tightly over Monster Steven while he's struggling; calmly] Steven, when I fell apart, you were there for me. I want to be there for you now. I'm here, Steven. I'm here. Lapis: This is working? You hear us? Steven! [comes and hugs him] [Everyone comes in for the hug too] Greg: I'm here, Schtu-Ball! Whatever you need, I'll make it happen! You hear me?! Peridot: Steven! You never gave up on me for some reasons I don't understand! I'll do the same for you! Amethyst: I know you feel bad! Believe me, I get it! Sometimes it feels like you're never gonna like yourself but... it's possible, man! Pearl: Steven, I know how awful it feels to keep a part of yourself secret! You shouldn't have to hide anything from me! [Monster Steven stammers emotionally, and the Cluster's hand reappears and takes his] Connie: [jumps off Lion's head and lands on Monster Steven's nose, walks closer to his face and hugs him; sighs] Steven... you must have been so afraid to show us this side of yourself. But we're not going anywhere. We're all gonna take care of you the same way you took care of us. You know what? I don't have your powers, but... [kisses him with a pink droplet appearing] Steven: [wakes up, back to his normal human-self, still crying] Huh? [looks and sees everyone smiling at him] Wha...I.. Did-Did I-I'm- [Lion pops up and licks him; chuckling] Lion. [hugs Lion] Lion! [begins sobbing, letting out his emotions] Jasper: [bursts through the wall, staying aloof] Heard you’re leaving. [faces at Steven] I’m coming with you! Steven: Jasper, I’m going alone. Jasper: Then who will protect you?! Steven: I can protect myself. Jasper: [sighs disappointingly, scowls] I know. [punches a hole in the ground and looks the opposite direction] Farewell, my Diamond. [headbutts the wall, creating another Jasper-shaped hole next to the previous one, walks through it] Steven: Whoa! Even Jasper's more upset than my own family! Garnet: I couldn't resist looking into your future. I peeked, and I saw a possibility that our tears would keep you from leaving. But I also saw many paths ahead of you, and we are a part of all of them. Wherever you end up, we will visit you to talk, to listen, to be there – whenever you need us. We love you, Steven. Wikipedia has an article about: Steven Universe Future
Funtua is a local government area in Katsina State, North West Nigeria. This is a city occupied majorly by the Hausa and Fulani ethnic group. The major language spoken here is Hausa with few of them able to speak English proficiently. It is the second largest city in the state after Katsina. It shares border with Giwa local goverment in Kaduna,Bakori, Danja, Faskari and Dandume. You can enter Funtua by plane by first taking a flight to Katsina which is the state's capital, then from there you can take a bus to Funtua. There is a railway service in the town. This is another popular way of entering this town. There are several bus transportation services that travel from all over the state to Katsina state like God is Good Motors and some other transportation services that ply the route. You can get around by either bus, cab or bike. You just have to pick the one suitable for you. You can buy goods form local store located around the corners of the city. Some of the popular supermarkets in the city are: Funtua Central Market, Along Katsina Road. This is the central market for the lga, you can get wholesale and retail products here. (updated Jan 2022) Men And Ladies Wears Boutique, Opposite Government College, ☏ +234 813 256 6352. M-Sa 9AM-7PM. You can get nice clothes in this boutique. (updated Jan 2022) Funtua Central Market. 24 hours. (updated Jan 2022) Zaytoon Restaurant, Zaria-Funtua Rd. M-Sa 8AM-midnight. Tat eatery (updated Jan 2022) Tat eatery, Kabomo Rd. (updated Jan 2022) Samira's Kitchen, Dutsen reme. (updated Jan 2022) Q&A restaurant, Mai Ruwa Rd. (updated Jan 2022) Buzu buzu restaurant, Along Kabomo Rd. (updated Jan 2022) Muree eatery, Along Kabomo Rd. (updated Jan 2022) Marwat Joint, No. 80 Sokoto Road, near Gidan mutallab, ☏ +234 704 900 0004. M-Sa 7AM-9PM. (updated Jan 2022) Mates Bar, Along Zaria-Funtua Rd. M-Sa 8AM-midnight. (updated Jan 2022) Fura Da Nono And Soft Drinks, Along Katsina Rd, nearby Aminu musa. 24 hours. (updated Jan 2022) Jay Spot, Along 150 Zaria-Funtua Rd, ☏ +234 806 905 2916. M-Sa 8AM-10PM. (updated Jan 2022) Zaytoon Restaurant. M-Sa 8AM-midnight. (updated Jan 2022) El-Bintu First Lady Motel, ☏ +234 703 068 4070. (updated Jan 2022) Makera Motels, 5 Sokoto Road. (updated Jan 2022) Jamil Hotel, 62 Katsina Rd. (updated Jan 2022) Albarka Guest Inn, Along Sokoto Road. (updated Jan 2022) All major mobile phone service networks are available in Funtua but with varying degrees of reliability and usability. One of the service providers is Glo (or Globacom), which boasts of fast network speed for internet browsing activities, but that might not be enjoyable in some locations in Funtua. Katsina Kaduna
Back to MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox Back to MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Work arounds A simple hack I made to get around the limitation on the number of mice. It gets around the problem by ignoring that there are multiple mice. This is useful if you have a trackpad on a laptop and need to use an external mouse. function [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse_AllowMultipleHack(windowPtrOrScreenNumber) % [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse([windowPtrOrScreenNumber]) % % Returns the current (x,y) position of the cursor and the up/down state % of the mouse buttons. "buttons" is a 1xN matrix where N is the number of % mouse buttons. Each element of the matrix represents one mouse button. % The element is true (1) if the corresponding mouse button is pressed and % false (0) otherwise. % % % Test if any mouse button is pressed. % if any(buttons) % fprintf('Someone''s pressing a button.\n'); % end % % % Test if the first mouse button is pressed. % if buttons(1) % fprintf('Someone''s pressing the first button!\n'); % end % % % Test if the second mouse button is pressed. % if length(buttons)>=2 & buttons(2) % fprintf('Someone''s pressing the second button!\n'); % end % % length(buttons) tells you how many buttons there are on your mouse. % % The cursor position (x,y) is "local", i.e. relative to the origin of % the window or screen, if supplied. Otherwise it's "global", i.e. relative % to the origin of the main screen (the one with the menu bar). % % NOTE: If you use GetMouse to wait for clicks, don't forget to wait % for the user to release the mouse button, ending the current click, before % you begin waiting for the next mouse press. % % fprintf('Please click the mouse now.\n'); % [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse; % while any(buttons) % if already down, wait for release % [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse; % end % while ~any(buttons) % wait for press % [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse; % end % while any(buttons) % wait for release % [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse; % end % fprintf('You clicked! Thanks.\n'); % % NOTE: GetMouse no longer supports this obsolete usage: % xy = GetMouse([windowPtrOrScreenNumber]) % where xy is a 1x2 vector containing the x, y coordinates. % % OS X: ___________________________________________________________________ % % Even if your mouse has more than three buttons, GetMouse will return as % many values as your mouse has buttons, % % GetMouse can not cope if your computer has more than one mouse connected. % It exits with an error. % _________________________________________________________________________ % % See also: GetClicks, SetMouse % % 4/27/96 dhb Wrote this help file. % 5/12/96 dgp Removed confusing comment about columns. % Added query about coordinates. % 5/16/96 dhb Modified MEX file to conform to above usage, answered % query about coordinates. % 5/29/96 dhb Flushing mouse button events added by dgp. % 8/23/96 dhb Added support for windowInfo argument. % 2/24/97 dgp Updated. % 2/24/97 dgp Updated comments about flushing mouse button events. % 3/10/97 dgp windowPtrOrScreenNumber % 3/23/97 dgp deleted obsolete comment about flushing mouse button events. % 5/9/00 dgp Added note about waiting for release before waiting for next click. % 8/5/01 awi Added examples and modified to document new size of returned button matrix % on windows. % 8/6/01 awi Added See also line for GetClicks and note about prior Windows version. % 4/13/02 dgp Cosmetic. % 5/16/02 awi Changed Win GetMouse to return variable number of button values and updated % help accordingly. % 5/20/02 dgp Cosmetic. % 5/22/02 dgp Note that obsolete usage is no longer supported. % 6/10/01 awi Added SetMouse to see also. % 7/12/04 awi **** OS X-specific fork from the OS 9 version ***** % Added note that this is not supported in OS X. When the % new OS X mouse functions are in place this will have to be updated. % Check to see if the OS 9 GetMouse source would work in % Carbon on OS X so that we could still support this. % 11/18/04 awi Added support for OS X % 04/25/05 robkohr A simple hack I made to get around the limitation on % the number of mice. It gets around the problem by % ignoring that there are % multiple mice. % Exit with an error if we don't find the a mex file on Windows or OS 9. AssertMex('MAC2', 'PCWIN'); % On OS X we execute this sript, otherwise either MATLAB found the mex file % file and exuted this, or else this file was exucuted and exited with % error on the AssertMex command above. %get the number of mouse buttons from PsychHID mousedices=GetMouseIndices; numMice = length(mousedices); %%%%%% %changed to avoid multiple mouse problem %%%%%% mousedices = mousedices(1); % % if numMice > 1 % error('GetMouse detected more than one mouse connected to your computer and got confused'); % elseif numMice == 0 % error('GetMouse could not find any mice connected to your computer'); % end if numMice == 0 error('GetMouse could not find any mice connected to your computer'); end %%%%%%% %%End Change %%%%%%% allHidDevices=PsychHID('Devices'); numMouseButtons=allHidDevices(mousedices).buttons; %read the mouse position and buttons [globalX, globalY, rawButtons]=Screen('GetMouseHelper', numMouseButtons); buttons=logical(rawButtons); %renormalize to screen coordinates from display space if(nargin==1) screenRect=Screen('GlobalRect',windowPtrOrScreenNumber); x=globalX-screenRect(RectLeft); y=globalY-screenRect(RectTop); else x=globalX; y=globalY; end
Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (10 July 1943 – 6 February 1993) was a prominent African American tennis player and an AIDS activist. True heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the urge to serve others at whatever cost. As quoted in Worth Repeating : More Than 5,000 Classic and Contemporary Quotes (2003) by Bob Kelly, p. 169 I wish more of us could understand that our increasing isolation, no matter how much it seems to express pride and self-affirmation, is not the answer to our problems. Rather, the answer is a revival of our ancient commitment to God, who rules over all the peoples of the world and exalts no one over any other, and to the moral and spiritual values which were once legendary in America. We must reach out our hand in friendship both to those who would befriend us and those who would be our enemy. We must believe in the power of education. We must respect just laws. We must love ourselves, our old and our young, our women as well as our men. I see nothing inconsistent between being proud of oneself and one's ancestors and, at the same time, seeing oneself first and foremost a member of the commonwealth of all races and creeds. p. 186 I may not be walking with you all the way, or even much of the way, as I walk with you now. Don’t be angry with me if I am not there in person, alive and well, when you need me. I would like nothing more than to be with you always. Do not feel sorry for me if I am gone. When we were together, I loved you deeply and you gave me so much happiness I can never repay you. Camera, wherever I am when you feel sick at heart and weary of life, or when you stumble and fall and don’t know if you can get up again, think of me. I will be watching and smiling and cheering you on. Message to his daughter Camera, p. 341 Wikipedia has an article about: Arthur Ashe
Philip David Charles Collins, LVO (born 30 January 1951), generally referred to as Phil Collins, is a British rock/pop musician. Collins’ presence on popular music was most evident in the mid-to-late 1980s. He is most famous as the lead singer and drummer of progressive rock group Genesis and as a Grammy winning solo artist. The world is in your hands, now use it. "Dance Into the Light" Wait for it, wait for it! Anticipation is half the fun. So I've been told... Live at Wembley Stadium DVD (July 1987) Stewart Copeland is an amazing drummer. I just wish he didn't think he was amazing. Sting is a lovely bloke. We've become friends. I felt honored to be on stage with him at Live Aid. Playboy interview (October 1986) [On his Live Aid appearance with members of Led Zeppelin] They wanted me there early to rehearse the old Zeppelin songs, but I couldn't make it and I told them, "Listen, I know the songs. I know them backward and forward." Well, that day the tempos were all over the place, and it may have seemed like it was my fault, because I was the one who hadn't rehearsed, but I would pledge to my dying day that it wasn't me. In fact, it was Tony Thompson who was racing a bit; he was a bit nervous, I guess. It came off because of the magic of being Zeppelin; but I remember in the middle of the thing, I actually thought, How do I get out of here? Playboy interview (October 1986) I can't remember those words (Lyrics) even when we were on tour. From "Telling Stories", when Collins was asked to sing "Home By The Sea", a song by the band Genesis from the album "Genesis" I wouldn't blow my head off. I'd overdose or do something that didn't hurt. But I wouldn't do that to the children. A comedian who committed suicide in the Sixties left a note saying, 'Too many things went wrong too often.' I often think about that. On his suicidal thoughts in recent years — "Exclusive: Phil Collins Admits Suicidal Thoughts", Rolling Stone (9 November 2010) They're just horrible. Horrible, horrible guys. They're rude, not as talented as they think they are... I won't mince words here, but they've had a go at me personally. On Liam Gallagher and Noel Gallagher, BBC programme Room 101, Series 10, Episode 8, 2005 I can feel it coming in the air tonight, oh Lord. And I've been waiting for this moment for all my life, Oh Lord. Can you feel it coming in the air tonight, oh Lord, oh Lord. "In the Air Tonight" Well, if you told me you were drowning, I would not lend a hand. I've seen your face before my friend But I don't know if you know who I am. Well, I was there and I saw what you did I saw it with my own two eyes. So you can wipe off that grin, I know where you've been. It's all been a pack of lies "In the Air Tonight" Well, I remember! I remember, don't worry How could I ever forget? It's the first time, the last time we ever met But, I know the reason why you keep your silence up, No you don't fool me. The hurt doesn't show But the pain still grows It's no stranger to you and me. "In the Air Tonight" Do you like Phil Collins? I've been a big Genesis fan ever since the release of their 1980 album, Duke. Before that, I really didn't understand any of their work. Too artsy, too intellectual. It was on Duke where Phil Collins' presence became more apparent. I think Invisible Touch was the group's undisputed masterpiece. It's an epic meditation on intangibility. At the same time, it deepens and enriches the meaning of the preceding three albums. Listen to the brilliant ensemble playing of Banks, Collins and Rutherford. You can practically hear every nuance of every instrument. In terms of lyrical craftsmanship, the sheer songwriting, this album hits a new peak of professionalism. Take the lyrics to Land of Confusion. In this song, Phil Collins addresses the problems of abusive political authority. In Too Deep is the most moving pop song of the 1980s, about monogamy and commitment. The song is extremely uplifting. Their lyrics are as positive and affirmative as anything I've heard in rock. Phil Collins' solo career seems to be more commercial and therefore more satisfying, in a narrower way. Especially songs like In the Air Tonight and Against All Odds. But I also think Phil Collins works best within the confines of the group, than as a solo artist, and I stress the word artist. This is Sussudio, a great, great song, a personal favorite. Mary Harron and Guinevere Turner, American Psycho (2000), film adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis's novel American Psycho (1991) (the novel contains a similar but much lengthier exposition at p. 134-136) Don't mess with my Phil. Ice T, in response to a music journalist who teased him for having Phil Collins records; as quoted by David Cheal and Jan Dalley (2017) The Life of a Song: The fascinating stories behind 50 of the world's best-loved songs; Ch. 11, "In the Air Tonight", Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 9781473668188 Wikipedia has an article about: Phil Collins Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phil Collins Official website Phil Collins at Atlantic Records Genesis' official website
Linear-Quadratic Formalism A model which describes cell killing, both for tumor control and for normal tissue complications Most common underlying biological rationale is that radiation produces a double strand DNA break (DSB) using a single radiation track Individual DSB can be repaired, with first order kinetics and half-life T1/2 If more than one unrepaired DSB is present in the cell at the same time (arising from two separate radiation tracks), a misjoining can produce a lethal lesion (e.g. dicentrics) The two separate DSB can happen at different times during treatment, allowing for repair of first DSB prior to misjoining with the second DSB A single radiation track can also give rise to a lethal lesion by itself (e.g. point mutation in vital gene, deletion eliminating vital gene, induced apoptosis, etc) In the LQ formalism, the yield of lethal lesions is the sum of lethal lesions produced from a single radiation track (which are linearly related to dose, αD) and lethal lesions produced from two radiation tracks (which are quadratically related to dose, βD2) Y = αD + βD2 Because the two separate DSB can be repaired prior to resulting in a lethal event, the second component is modified by the Lea-Catcheside time factor (G) to show dependence on dose protraction. For single fractions, G=1 Y = αD + GβD2 Lethal lesions are thought to follow Poisson distribution from cell to cell. Therefore, the surviving fraction (SF) is SF = exp -(Y) This leads to the standardized LQ equation SF = exp -(αD + GβD2) S F = exp − ( α D + β D 2 ) {\displaystyle SF=\exp -(\alpha D+\beta D^{2})} SF = surviving fraction First proposed by Douglas and Fowler in 1972 (PMID 1265229 - Douglas BG and Fowler JF. The effect of multiple small doses of X-rays on skin reactions in the mouse and a basic interpretation. Radiat Res 66, 401-26, 1976.) E = -ln SF E = biological radiation effect E T D = E / α = D [ 1 + D ( β / α ) ] = D × R E {\displaystyle ETD=E/\alpha =D[1+D(\beta /\alpha )]=D\times RE} ETD = extrapolated tolerance dose D = total dose (Gy) RE = relative effectiveness per unit dose For fractionated treatments: R E = 1 + d n ( β / α ) {\displaystyle RE=1+dn(\beta /\alpha )} d = dose per fraction (Gy) n = the number of total fraction For protracted irradiation (constant dose rate): R E = 1 + ( 2 R / μ ) ( β / α ) { 1 − ( 1 / μ ) T [ 1 − exp ⁡ ( − μ T ) ] } {\displaystyle RE=1+(2R/\mu )(\beta /\alpha )\left\{1-(1/\mu )T\left[1-\exp(-\mu T)\right]\right\}} R = dose rate, LDR (Gy/hr) μ {\displaystyle \mu } = sublethal damage repair exponential time constant (1/hr). also, μ = ln ⁡ 2 T 1 2 , where T 1 2 is the half life of sublethal damage repair {\displaystyle {\mbox{also, }}\mu ={\frac {\ln 2}{T_{\tfrac {1}{2}}}}{\mbox{, where }}T_{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\mbox{ is the half life of sublethal damage repair}}} T = treatment time (hr) is approximately the same as, R E = 1 + ( 2 R / μ ) ( β / α ) { 1 − ( 1 / μ ) T } {\displaystyle RE=1+(2R/\mu )(\beta /\alpha )\left\{1-(1/\mu )T\right\}} , for values of T: 10 hr > T > 100 hr. Glasgow; 1998 PMID 9572622 -- "The linear-quadratic transformation of dose-volume histograms in fractionated radiotherapy." (Wheldon TE, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Mar;46(3):285-95.) Radiobiological transformation of physical DVH to incorporate fraction size effects Outcome: "hot spots" and "cold spots" are further from mean than physical distributions indicate; particularly important in plans with significant dose heterogeneity Conclusion: LQ-DVH should be computed in parallel with conventional DVHs Duke; 2008 PMID 18725110 -- "The linear-quadratic model is inappropriate to model high dose per fraction effects in radiosurgery." (Kirkpatrick JP, Semin Radiat Oncol. 2008 Oct;18(4):240-3.) Counterpoint argument to PMID 18725109. LQ model does not reflect vascular and stromal damage produced at high doses per fraction, it also ignores impact of radioresistant subpopulations of cells such as cancer stem cells Columbia; 2008 PMID 18725109 -- "The linear-quadratic model is an appropriate methodology for determining isoeffective doses at large doses per fraction." (Brenner DJ, Semin Radiat Oncol. 2008 Oct;18(4):234-9.) Point argument to PMID 18725110 Linear quadratic model is reasonably well validated for doses up to 10 Gy/fraction, and could be reasonably used to about 18 Gy/fraction Ohio State; 2010 PMID 20610850 -- "A generalized linear-quadratic model for radiosurgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and high-dose rate brachytherapy." (Wang JZ, Sci Transl Med. 2010 Jul 7;2(39):39ra48.) Generalized LQ model (gLQ) developed. Compared to in vitro data. Able to extrapolate up to 11-13 Gy from low dose data UT Southwestern; 2008 PMID 18262098 -- "Universal survival curve and single fraction equivalent dose: useful tools in understanding potency of ablative radiotherapy." (Park C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Mar 1;70(3):847-52.) Hybridization of two classic radiobiologic models: LQ model and multi-target model. LQ model good for conventionally fractionated therapy; multi-target model good for high (ablative) fractional doses seen in SBRT Allows for easier conversion of doses PMID 8631555 - Liu WS et al. Determination of the appropriate fraction number and size of the HDR brachytherapy for cervical cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Feb;60(2):295-300.
Previous: Keyboard Shortcuts - Next: Table of Contents A different display font can be selected via the Display Font dialog. Open it via the Settings > Display Font... menu item. The font type and size can be changed from the dialog. Note that the font selected applies only to the user interface display (i.e. the Editor and Match and Glossary Viewer windows. It has no effect on the fonts used within any formatted documents. The fonts available for selection are those which are available on your system. In order to permit translation between two languages which employ different alphabets, select a font which contains the character sets of both alphabets. Installation of additional fonts might be necessary in certain cases. On Mac OS X, the operating system automatically selects a combination of fonts to represent the necessary characters. In some cases it is more effective to manually select the fonts to use. If no single font contains the needed character sets, a virtual Java font (e.g. Serif) can be selected and defined in such a way that it uses multiple real fonts. Refer to the instructions available on the OmegaT website for customization and modification in this case. Previous: Keyboard Shortcuts - Next: Table of Contents
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a mechanism used by IP to find the hardware address of a host from an IP address. When IP is trying to send a datagram to the Data Link Layer (layer 2), Ethernet will be informed to look for the hardware address, also known as MAC Address, of the destination in the local network. Since Ethernet is using hardware addresses to identify source and destination, ARP will be used to obtain the hardware address by broadcast the specified IP address. Then, the machine that matched the specified IP address will reply with the requested hardware address. File:ARP Broadcast.jpg Figure 9: ARP broadcast Similar to IP Packet, Each ARP packet field is explain as follows: File:ARP Packet.jpg Figure 10: ARP packet File:ARP Packet Field.jpg The image below is a snapshot of an ARP packet capture on Ethereal: File:ARP Packet Ethereal.jpg Figure 11: ARP packet captured from Ethereal Notice the destination from Ethernet header is all 1s (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff). ARP is performing a broadcast in the above trace. Here is another example for ARP to locate hardware address. “arp –a” command allows to display current ARP cache tables for all interfaces: File:ARP-a.jpg Figure 12: ARP Command for Hardware Address IP allows datagram to transport across a large network, the Internet. However, if two nodes are going to communicate across the same Local Area Network (LAN), IP in layer 3 will not be needed because ARP with the Ethernet address is enough for the data transfer. Unless many different layer 2 communications are established across the internet, then IP and router will be forced to use. Layer 3 IP is usually only used when a communication goes beyond layer 2 and is required. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a mechanism used by IP that finds the hardware address of a host from an IP address within the local area network.
Wednesday, April 27, 2005 A Midland, Michigan, USA newspaper office was shut down briefly due a suspicious letter with white powder. When the envelope was opened at the Midland Daily News offices around 17:00 GMT Tuesday, the presence of powder aroused alarm the envelope might contain the deadly disease anthrax. The news office, along with restaurants and businesses near the downtown newspaper were quarantined as a safety precaution shortly after authorities were alerted. On-site tests found no evidence of anthrax, and the letter has been sent to Lansing for additional tests. Around 20:30 GMT, the office was reopened and all quarantines were lifted. A mail-sorting machine is being tested, and has been removed from the local post office for further tests. The envelope did contain a return address, according to local news station WNEM-TV 5. The editor's office was closed Tuesday night, and sealed off as a crime scene. AP. "Midland newspaper quarantined after suspicious white powder found" — Detroit Free Press, April 26, 2005 Joel Doepker and Matt Franklin. "Anthrax scare shakes Midland Paper" — ABC12.com, April 26, 2005 Kelly Mankervis. "An Anthrax Scare At Midland Daily News" — WNEM-TV-5, April 2005 Danielle Rappaport. "Anthrax scare temporarily closes Midland Daily News" — Midland Daily News, April , 2005 [free subscription required] Times News Service. "White powder in mail triggers emergency response in Midland" — Bay City Times, April 27, 2005 Public domain Public domain false false
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-American action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, Lionel Wigram, Susan Downey, and Dan Lin. It is a sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, based on the character of the same name created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The screenplay is written by Kieran Mulroney and Michele Mulroney. Robert Downey and Jude Law reprise their roles as Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson, and several other actors appear as characters they played in the 2009 film. Holmes and Watson join forces to outwit and bring down their most cunning adversary, Professor Moriarty, played by Jared Harris. The film is specifically influenced by Conan Doyle's work The Final Problem, but it is an independent story rather than a strict adaptation. [in need of a distraction to get the crowd out of the auction house.] One million US dollars! [Everyone gasps and looks at him, mortified; the tapestry behind him promptly bursts into flames] Oh, and, uh, by the way, fire! [ to Dr. Hoffmen-Stall ] Perhaps you have heard of me. My name is Sherlock H... [bomb explodes; coughing] H... Holmes! [referring to his disguise, a great false beard] It's so overt it's covert. [as Watson is getting ready to shoot] Make it count! [to Watson] Don't dance! You know what happens when you dance. [note to Watson] Come at once if convenient. If inconvenient, come all the same. If we can stop him, we shall prevent the collapse of Western civilization... No pressure. [dancing with Sim] Just follow my lead. [to Moriarty] Be careful what you fish for. Bishop to Bishop eight, discovered check and incidentally, mate. His advantage: my injury. My advantage: his rage. Life is seldom about the destination, Sherlock, [throttling Holmes] Did you kill my wife?! Did-you-just-kill-my-wife?! I'm on my honeymoon! [to Holmes, performing CPR on him] I know you can hear me, you selfish bastard! Your clock... is ticking. You see...hidden within the unconscious is an insatiable desire for conflict. So you're not fighting me...so much as you are the human condition. All I want is to own the bullets and the bandages. War, on an industrial scale, is inevitable. They'll do it themselves, within a few years. All I have to do...is wait. Let's not waste anymore of each other's time...we both know how this ends. Come now, did you think you are the only one who can play this game? After we conclude our business here, I shall endeavor to find the most creative of endings for the good doctor and his wife. [aiming a sniper rifle at Watson] What are you playing at? [sees a cannon being aimed back at him] ...That's not fair. Sherlock Holmes: [disguised as a Chinese man] Three men have been following you for the last half mile. Their motives... highly unsavoury. Irene Adler: [turns around to look and sees the men] No! [pulls Holmes away with her; in a secluded alley; Irene gasps and turns around to Holmes] Oh and by the way, they’re not pursuing me, they’re escorting me [looks over Holmes' shoulder at the three other thugs who approach them] and instead of three, there seem to be, er, four. Sherlock Holmes: [gives a short laugh, Irene takes the packet out of his hands] Steady hands with that, Irene. Irene Adler: Oh, I don’t think it’s my hands you have to worry about. [addressing the thugs] Now, be careful with the face, boys! We do have a dinner date tonight. [to Holmes] Don’t fill up on bread. [leaves] [Thug begins to whistle Mozart’s Serenade No. 13. When Holmes joins in, they begin to take off his disguise] Sherlock Holmes: [stops suddenly and smiles] I forgot the rest. [The biggest thug grabs him around the throat and shoves him into a wall] Uh, it’s coming back now. [proceeds to beat up the thugs] [Adler meets Moriarty at a restaurant] Prof. James Moriarty: Do you have the letter? Irene Adler: It was taken. Prof. James Moriarty: Taken? Well that is unfortunate. Irene Adler: During the chaos created by your package. [A waiter pours tea for her] Thank you. [to Moriarty] Perhaps... if you had shared your plans- Prof. James Moriarty: You wish to know my plans, now, do you? Did you imagine, Miss Adler, that something would happen to you? Is that why you chose to meet here in a public place? Your favourite restaurant? [Moran immediately taps a spoon against his glass three times. On cue, everybody in the room, including the waiters, stops what they are doing, stands up, and file out of the room, except for Moran, Moriarty and Irene] Prof. James Moriarty: I don’t blame you. I blame myself. It’s been apparent to me for quite some time than you had succumbed to your feelings for him. And this isn’t the first occasion Mr Holmes has inconvenienced me in recent months... The question is... what to do about it? [Watson opens the door to Holmes’ study, to find himself in a lush jungle filled with wildlife] Dr. John Watson: [deadpan] Your hedge needs trimming! Sherlock Holmes: [out of sight, barely audible] Where am I? Dr. John Watson: I don’t care where you are, as long as you're ready. Sherlock Holmes: I'm waiting. Dr. John Watson: I’m not gonna play this game. Remember, I have to catch the last [is immediately struck by a dart from behind, but it doesn't do him any harm; he turns] train. Sherlock Holmes: [still out of sight] Oh! Oh! That's you dead, I'm afraid. Dr. John Watson: You win [sits down and observes the room surreptitiously] I lose. [disappears behind a newspaper] Game over. [another dart hits the newspaper, Watson quickly puts it down again] Sherlock Holmes: Still don't see me? [reveals himself to have been standing in front of a pillar and a bookshelf wearing camoflauge, laughs, and steps into the middle of the room] Quel surprise! [takes off the hood of his disguise] Dr. John Watson: I'm not going out with you dressed like that. Sherlock Holmes: Would you prefer it if I joined you in the fashion faux pas wearing fine military dress with that heinous handmade scarf? Clearly an early attempt of your fiancé. Dr. John Watson: Oh, how I've missed you, Holmes. Sherlock Holmes: Have you? Why, I've barely noticed your absence. Then again I'm knee-deep in research. Extracting fluids from the adrenal glands of sheep and designing my own urban camouflage. All the while verging on a decisive breakthrough in the single most important case of my career, perhaps of all time. Sherlock Holmes: Has all my instruction been for naught? [pours] You still read the official statement and believe it. It’s a game, dear man, a shadowy game. We’re playing cat and mouse, the professor and I. Cloak and dagger. Dr. John Watson: I thought it was spider and fly. [reads the label of the bottle Holmes has been pouring from] Sherlock Holmes: I’m not a fly, I’m a cat. Dr. John Watson: Not a mouse, but a dagger. [Holmes drinks] You’re drinking embalming fluid. Sherlock Holmes: [exhales] Yes. Care for a drop? Dr. John Watson: You do seem... Sherlock Holmes: Excited? Dr. John Watson: Manic. Sherlock Holmes: I am. Dr. John Watson: Verging on... Sherlock Holmes: Ecstatic? Dr. John Watson: Psychotic. [pause] I should’ve brought you a sedative. Dr. John Watson: [kicks the automobile in an approving manner] Not bad that. So, where are we going? Mycroft Holmes: [out of sight] In the future there’ll be one of these machines in every town in Europe. [emerges out from under an overhanging roof] Sherlock Holmes: Loitering in the woodshed again, are we, Myckie? Mycroft Holmes: Good evening, Sherly. Sherlock Holmes: Yeah. Mycroft Holmes: I see your boot maker is ill, dear brother. Sherlock Holmes: As I detect that you have recently changed the brand of soap with which you shave. Mycroft Holmes: May I point out that the chimney in the front room at Baker Street is still in need of a damn good sweeping out? Sherlock Holmes: Are you aware that the hackney carriage by which you arrived had a damaged wheel? Mycroft Holmes: Yes, the left. And it’s plain to the meanest intelligence that you have recently acquired a new bow for your violin. Sherlock Holmes: Same bow, new strings. Dr. John Watson: And may I deduce, Mycroft...good evening, by the way. [gives Mycroft his hand] Mycroft Holmes: No. Sherlock Holmes: [to Watson] He doesn't... Dr John Watson: Ah, well. May I deduce that you who rarely strays from the path that runs from your home to the Diogenes Club and never on a Monday when they serve your favourite potted shrimps must be here for some far more important reason than my stag party? Mycroft Holmes: You know he’s nothing like as slow-witted as you’ve been leading me to believe, Sherly. [Holmes interviews Simza] Madame Simza Heron: If you have a specific question, hold it in your mind. Sherlock Holmes: Hmm. [Simza picks up her cards] Um... [points to his head to indicate that he is holding a question down in his mind] Hold it. Madame Simza Heron: Let me know when you're ready. Sherlock Holmes: Actually, I'd prefer to read your fortune. [takes Simza's cards and flips through them] Temperance. [sets a card down on the table] Inverted. Indicative of volatility. A woman who has recently taken comfort in drink. From what does she seek solace? What does she not wish to see? Madame Simza Heron: A fool embarassing himself? Sherlock Holmes: [smirks] Ah, yes. The fool. [puts down another card that says "Le Fou"] Someone has been led astray, involved in something without their knowledge. Madame Simza Heron: Not bad, but, um, you have to make me believe you. I have to see it in your eyes. Sherlock Holmes: Right, I can do better. [sets another card down] The two of cups: a powerful bond. But between whom? A brother and sister, perhaps? [Simza looks at Holmes, realizing what his words mean] And I see a name. Yes, it's.... "Rene". Madame Simza Heron: What do you want? Sherlock Holmes: The Devil. [Places a Devil card on top of the other cards] Madame Simza Heron: Why are we playing this game? [Holmes pulls out of his jacket the letter he snatched from Irene at the auction house; Simza examines it] Where did you get this? Sherlock Holmes: I stole it from a woman at an auction room, but I believe it was intended for you. [Simza unfolds the paper inside the envelope, revealing a sketch of Rene's face; Simza reads the letter on the other side] Madame Simza Heron: [subtitled French] "Sim, my love. Remember my face, as you will never see it again. That is the price I must pay to change the course of history. I have finally found my purpose in life-" Sherlock Holmes: Found my purpose in life. So, the question I've been holding is, "What purpose is Rene fulfilling?" [Simza looks up from the letter] Madame Simza Heron: Time is up. I have other clients. [Holmes gets up and starts to leave, but suddenly goes over to Simza and whispers in her ear] Sherlock Holmes: Though you may not have detected the whisp of astrachan fur snagged on a nail over my left shoulder. You couldn't have failed to notice the overpowering aroma of herring pickled in vodka, in tandem with a truly unfortunate body odor. There's a man concealed in the rafters above us: a Cossack - renowned for their infeasible acrobatic abilities, and are notorious for moonlighting as assassins. So it's safe to presume that your next client is here to kill you. [smiles] Anything else? [Simza does not answer] No? [Holmes starts to leave, but suddenly turns around and pulls out an umbrella] Sherlock Holmes: [voice-over; in slow-motion] First, pillage the nest. [He hooks the umbrella handle around the Cossack's knee and pulls on it, causing him to fall out of his hiding place] Clip wings. [Holmes strikes the assassin a blow with the umbrella that knocks a throwing knife out of his hand and twists it] Now, blunt his beak. [delivers hammer blows to each side of the face, then ducks to avoid a return blow] Crack eggs. [delivers a kick to the groin; the assassin pulls out a knife] Scramble. [Holmes knocks the knife aside] Pinch of salt. [jabs the umbrella into the chest, then deflects another oncoming knife] Touch of pepper. [jabs the assassin with the tip of the umbrella] Flip the omelet. [performs a judo throw that causes the assassin to flip over and land on his back] Additional seasoning required. [The assassin tries to stand up but gets a good blow to the face] Breakfast is served. [Back in real time, Holmes starts to do the above, but just as he gets to "clip wings", Simza throws knives that lodge themselves in the Cossack's chest; he falls through the curtain] Sherlock Holmes: Come with me. I need you alive. Now! [They leave the room just as the Cossack's eyes open, revealing that he is wearing protective lining] [Watson is about to reach for all of his winnings] Dr. John Watson: All mine? [Holmes crashes through the window and knocks Watson's winnings off the betting table. He looks up and sees Simza chasing the Cossack one floor above and takes off. Watson looks around and suddenly realizes that he is surrounded by opportunistic gamblers] Now wait a minute. [A brawl breaks out as everyone tries to grab the scattered money] Sherlock Holmes: [enters Moriarty’s study, a record is playing] “Fischerweise”, Schubert, 1826. [quotes from the song] “Gib auf nur deine Tücke Den Fisch betrügst du nicht. Give up your foolish trickery...” Professor James Moriarty: [finishes for him] “...This fish you cannot cheat.” Sherlock Holmes: Are you familiar with the study of graphology? Professor James Moriarty: I’ve never given it any serious thought, no. Sherlock Holmes: The psychological analysis of handwriting. The upward strokes on the ‘p’, the ‘j’, the ‘m’, indicate a genius level intellect, while the flourishes in the lower zone denote a highly creative, yet meticulous nature, but if one observers the overall slant and the pressure of the writing, there’s suggestion of acute narcissism, a complete lack of empathy, and a pronounced inclination toward- Professor James Moriarty: No. Sherlock Holmes: Moral insanity. Professor James Moriarty: In answer to your previous request regarding Dr. Watson not being involved, the answer is "no": the laws of celestial mechanics dictate that when two objects collide, there is always damage of a collateral nature. [stands up] Exempli gratia: two gentlemen find themselves at cross purposes. [flashback to Irene at the restaurant] A young woman, torn between them. The strain proves too much for her, and she suddenly falls ill [Irene stops, gasps, clutches her chest, and collapses] with tragic consequences. [Moriarty sets down one of Irene's monogrammed handkerchiefs on a chess board; a flashback is shown of him grabbing it from the dying Irene's hand] A rare form of tuberculosis. She succumbed in a matter of seconds. [Moriarty picks up a king] Now, are you sure you want to play this game? Sherlock Holmes: I'm afraid, you'd lose. Professor James Moriarty: Rest assured, if you attempt to bring destruction down upon me, I shall do the same to you. My respect for you, Mr. Holmes, is the only reason you're still alive. Sherlock Holmes: You have paid me several compliments. Let me pay you one in return when I say that if I were assured of the former eventuality... I would cheerfully accept the latter. Prof. James Moriarty: Oh and... give my regards to the happy couple. [During the train trip, someone knocks on the door to Watson and Mary's compartment] Dr. John Watson: Come in! [The door opens and a man with a champagne bottle comes in] Mary Watson: Oh, yes, please! Dr. John Watson: We didn’t order that. "Train Conductor": With our compliments, sir. Dr. John Watson: Thank you. Put it there. [The conductor comes in and closes the door behind himself. He promptly attacks Watson with a knife, but Watson wards him off, and Mary puts a gun to his head, while Watson opens the door] Mary Watson: Open the door, John. I think it’s time for you to leave! Dr. John Watson: [throws the man off the train; to Mary] Sit down! [opens the door and looks out. A couple of soldiers come towards their compartment; a mystery person suddenly overpowers one of the soldiers and opens fire on the other men, who duck as bullets shatter the windows; when the intruder comes towards Watson, Watson draws his gun on - Holmes, in drag!] Sherlock Holmes: I agree, it's not my best disguise, but I had to make do! [enters the compartment] Mary Watson: Oh, my God! [Holmes sits down next to Mary and hands Watson his pistol] Sherlock Holmes: They'll be back. Dr. John Watson: [in the train, watching for attackers with his gun ready] How many were you expecting? Sherlock Holmes: Half a dozen. Dr. John Watson: Who are they? Sherlock Holmes: A wedding present from Moriarty. [to Mary] Lovely ceremony by the way. Many a tear shed in joy. Mary Watson: Oh John! Dr. John Watson: [shoots] Yes, just a minute, darling! Sherlock Holmes: Do you trust me? Mary Watson: No! Sherlock Holmes: Well then I should have to... do something about that. [As they cross a bridge, he pushes Mary out of the train, and she falls into the river] Dr. John Watson: [shoots] Who’s up to bat next, you bastards? [fires] Send out the fast bowler! Sherlock Holmes: John, do shut the door. [Watson does it, looks around, and realises that Mary is gone] It had to be done! [Watson runs to the other door and looks out] She’s safe now! In my own defence... [Watson attacks him and punches him] I timed it perfectly! Dr. John Watson: Did you kill my wife?! Did you just kill my new wife?! Sherlock Holmes: Of course not! Dr. John Watson: [slaps him] What do you mean? How do you know that when you just threw her off a train?! Sherlock Holmes: I told you I timed it perfectly! Dr. John Watson: What does that mean?! [They struggle] Explain! Sherlock Holmes: By the time I explain, we'll both be dead! [Moriarty's henchmen open the door and one of them aims a rifle, which is jammed with a lipstick cap inserted into the barrel; lengthy flashback begins showing that Holmes has replaced a bullet in an ammo belt with a tube of lipstick and shoves the cap in the rifle barrel, before covering the henchmen in phosphorus dust; in real time, the henchman fires, the cap creates a squib load, the barrel ruptures, igniting the phosphorus, causing the henchman to burst into flames] Sherlock Holmes: That was no accident. It was by design. Now, do you need me to elaborate, or can we just crack on? [Mary has been thrown off the train by Holmes into the river. As she surfaces, Mycroft arrives in a rowboat] Mycroft Holmes: Over here, Madam! I believe congratulations are in order, Mrs. Watson. [Mary swims to the boat] I'm the other Holmes. Mary Watson: You mean there's two of you? Oh, how marvelous! Can this evening get any better? [Mycroft helps her on-board] [Holmes and Watson have fled the henchmen by hiding in another train compartment after traversing via the exterior] Sherlock Holmes: Lie down with me, Watson. Dr. John Watson: Why?! Sherlock Holmes: I insist. [Watson lies on the floor next to Holmes, as the henchmen a few doors down assemble a Vickers machine gun] Dr. John Watson: [irritably] What are we doing down here? Sherlock Holmes: [lights a pipe] We are waiting... I am smoking. [The soldiers open up, bullets riddling all of the compartments of the train and the walls, and debris raining down on Holmes and Watson] Patiently waiting! Dr. John Watson: For what? Sherlock Holmes: Your window of opportunity. [When the machine gun jams due to the lipstick , Watson jumps up and aims his pistol through the blasted bullet holes] Make it count! [Watson fires, his shot hitting a henchman who has primed a grenade. In shock, the thug drops it into his satchel, by which time the other henchman cycles the bolt and once again opens fire] I said make it count! How many windows must I provide!? [Holmes and Watson are in Simza's tent] Sherlock Holmes: Madame, this a glorious hedgehog goulash, I can't remember ever having had better. Dr. John Watson: Do tell me, when was the last time you had hedgehog goulash? Sherlock Holmes: I told you Watson, I can't remember. [Holmes, Watson and Simza are on a rooftop opposite the hotel where a bombing has occurred] Dr. John Watson: [holding his stick like it's a rifle] He took the shot from here, using a tripod, and a shooting stick. [close-up as Moran sets up his rifle] Sherlock Holmes: And realized there was a better position. There's a faint scrape where he dragged his tripod and set it up here. 600 yards. [close-up of Moran dragging his rifle and screwing a silencer onto the end of the barrel] Dr. John Watson: 650. Sherlock Holmes: Not to mention the 7 or 8 mph wind. Dr. John Watson: He would've needed a wind gauge. Which he placed here. [points to some faint scratch marks on the railing] Sherlock Holmes: And put a cigarette down here. [points to a spot on the decorum with a small spot] Madame Simza Heron: Can anyone shoot that far? Dr. John Watson: Not more than half a dozen men in all of Europe. Madame Simza Heron: [showing Holmes and Watson their horses, to Watson] The black one is yours. The grey one is mine. [to Holmes] And this is for you. Sherlock Holmes: Ah, hm, right! Where are the wagons? Madame Simza Heron: The wagon is too slow. Can’t you ride? [Watson grimaces, hesitatingly] Dr. John Watson: It’s not that he can’t ride. How is it you put it, Holmes? Sherlock Holmes: They're dangerous at both ends and crafty in the middle. Why would I want anything with a mind of its own bobbing about between my legs? Then I should require a bicycle, thank you very much! It’s 1891! Could have chartered a balloon! [He stalks off; Watson turns to Simza] Dr. John Watson: How can we make this more manageable? [Cuts to the group travelling on horses through the woods, followed by Holmes - who is riding a little pony!] Sherlock Holmes: Where's the fire? [During the shootout with German soldiers in the train yard] Dr. John Watson: Holmes, how did you know I would find you? Sherlock Holmes: You didn't find me; you collapsed a building on me! Sherlock Holmes: Did you call me a selfish bastard? Dr. John Watson: Probably. Sim: What do you see? Sherlock Holmes: Everything. That is my curse. Sherlock Holmes: By the way, who taught you how to dance? Dr. John Watson: [smiles] You did. Sherlock Holmes: [Visualizing his final fight with Moriarty; thinking] His advantage: My injury. My advantage: His rage [After lighting Holmes' pipe, Moriarty attacks, Holmes tries to block him, exchanging blows] Incoming assault feral... but experienced. Use his momentum to counter. [Holmes starts to block and counter Moriarty's punches and punches him in the face] Professor James Moriarty: [Visualizing the same fight with Holmes; thinking] Come now, you really think you're the only one that can play this game? [Moriarty takes punch from Holmes and locks his left arm while hitting Holmes' injured right shoulder] Chop arm, target weakness. [Swings Holmes into a pillar] Follow with haymaker. Sherlock Holmes: [Countering Moriarty's haymakers] Ah, there we find the boxing champion of Cambridge. [Punches Moriarty] Professor James Moriarty: Competent, but predictable. [Blocks and catches Holmes' left arm] Now, allow me to reply [Blocks Holmes' right punch and jabs his injured shoulder] Sherlock Holmes: Arsenal running dry, adjust strategy. [Holmes tries to kick at Moriarty's feet, he counters, and starts to overpower Holmes] Professor James Moriarty: [Slams Holmes against a table] Wound taking its toll. [Twists Holmes' injured arm and shoulder] Sherlock Holmes: As I feared. Injury makes defense untenable. [Moriarty twists Holmes onto the railing of the balcony] Prognosis: Increasingly negative [Moriarty is able to hit Holmes more freely and block any desperate punches from Holmes] Professor James Moriarty: Let's not waste anymore of one another's time. We both know how this ends. [Moriarty pushes Holmes over the railing, to the falls below.] [Cuts back to Holmes and Moriarty looking at one another, Moriarty lighting Holmes' pipe] Sherlock Holmes: [Smiles at Moriarty, who smiles back; thinking] Conclusion: Inevitable. Unless...[As Moriarty finishes lighting his pipe, Holmes blows the embers into Moriarty's face, stunning him, allowing Holmes to grapple him and pull them both back against the railing. Just then, Watson shows up, seeing them. Holmes looks at Watson, then closes his eyes, kicking off a table and flipping both him and Moriarty over the railing.] Wikipedia has an article about: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Official website Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows quotes at the Internet Movie Database Holmes 2/ Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and Lies at Rotten Tomatoes Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and Lies at Mojo
Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary. Key Knowledge Areas Identify shared libraries Identify the typical locations of system libraries. Load shared libraries. A library is a set of functions that programs can use to implement their functionalities. When building (linking) a program, those libraries can be statically or dynamically linked to an executable. Static link means that the final program will contain the library function within its file. (lib.a) Dynamic link means that the needed libraries are loaded into RAM when the program executes (lib.so). When writing an application developers make use of existing software libraries to provide functionality needed by their applications. When the final application is compiled there are two options available. Build the applications with all required libraries compiled into the application. This is known as statically linking the libraries to the application. This has the advantage that the application will have no dependency problems once installed, but has the negative side effect of increasing the size of the binary because the library is duplicated in every application that statically links the library. The most negative effect though is that the kernel cannot optimise memory by loading the duplicated code only once. Instead the same code is loaded for each application. Dynamically link the required dependencies at run time. Dynamically linked executables are much smaller than when the same application is statically linked programs as they do not contain the library code on which they depend. The use of dynamic linking allows running programs, which use the same library, to share one copy of that library, rather than occupy memory with duplicate copies. Because the library code is separate, it is possible for the Linux distributions package management system to update the library code independently of the application. For these reasons, most programs today use dynamic linking. In order to find libraries, required by an application at runtime, Linux needs to know where to find them. By default Linux looks in the following trusted locations for library files: /lib: - Used mainly by /bin programs. /usr/lib - Used mainly by /usr/bin programs. Additional locations for library files can specified in the /etc/ld.so.conf file. The ld.so.conf file may include all files under the /etc/ld.so.conf.d directory, depending on your distribution. Listing 5 shows the contents of /etc/ld.so.conf on a 64-bit Fedora 12 system. Content of /etc/ld.so.conf In order to optimise library location and loading, the directories in the ld.so.conf file and the trusted directories are parsed by the ldconfig command to create a fast caches at /etc/ld.so.cache. When an application is launched the dynamic loader uses the cached information from ld.so.cache to locate files. Any changes to the ld.so.conf files requires the ldconfig command to be run to update the /etc/ld.so.cache file. If you wish to know whether an application is statically linked, or what the dependencies for a dynamically linked application are you can use the ldd command. For example ldd /usr/sbin/apache show the following: This tells us that apache2 is dynamically linked and relies on the libraries listed. If a library is missing ldd will out the dependency with the words “not found”. This can be useful when troubleshooting dependency issues. The LD_LIBRARY_PATH Sometime you may need to override the default search path for dynamic libraries. This can be for applications you have installed from source, for testing out latest version of a library or if the application relies on an older version of a library that you already have installed on your machine. To add libraries to the search path you will need to define and export the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable as follows: LD_LIBRARY_PATH is a colon-separated list of directories that is searched before the system ones specified in ld.so.cache. This allows for the temporary overriding of libraries defined in the ld.so.cache and in the trusted directories. Used files, terms and utilities: ldd ldconfig /etc/ld.so.conf LD_LIBRARY_PATH Previous Chapter \| Next Chapter
Conditionals implement decision points in a computer program. Suppose you have a program that performs some task on an image. You may well have a point in the program where you doe one thing if the image is a JPEG and quite another thing if the image is a GIF file. Likely, at this point, your program will include a conditional expression to make this decision. Before learning about conditionals, it is important to learn about logical expressions. Such expressions are the core of conditionals and loops. A logical expression evaluates to a truth value, in essence true or false. For example, the expression x > 0 resolves to true if x is positive and false if x is negative or zero. In Sway, truth is represented by the symbol :true and falsehood by the symbol :false. Together, these two symbols are known as Boolean values. One can assign truth values to variables: var z = c > 0; Here, the variable z has a value of :true if c is positive; otherwise it has a value of :false. Sway has the following logical operators. == equal to >= greater than or equal to > greater than <= less than or equal to != not equal to && and \|\| or The first five operators are used for comparing two things, while the last two operators are the glue that joins up simpler logical expressions into more complex ones. When evaluating a logical expression, Sway evaluates the expression from left to right and stops evaluating as soon as it finds out that the expression is definitely true or definitely false. For example, when encountering the expression x != 0 && y/x > 2 if x has a value of 0, the subexpression on the left side of the && connective resolves to false. At this point, there is no way for the entire expression to be true (since both the left hand side and the right hand side must be true for an && expression to be true), so the right hand side of the expression is not evaluated. Note that this expression protects against a divide-by-zero error. There are two basic constructs for selecting among alternatives in Sway. They are the if-then-else statement and the switch (or case) statement. Sway's if expressions are used to conditionally execute code, depending on the truth value of what is known as the test expression. One version of if has a block of code following the test expression: Here is an example: if (name == "John") { println("What a great name you have! "); } In this version, if the test expression is true (i.e., the string "John" is bound to the variable name), then the following block is executed (i.e., the compliment is printed). If the test expression is false, the following block is not executed. Unlike most programming languages, Sway's if is a function. In the above example, the two arguments are the test expression and the following block. The following block is known as a proximal block. Here is another form of if: if (major == "Computer Science") { println("Smart choice! "); } else { println("Ever think about changing your major? "); } In this version, if takes three arguments: the test expression and the two following blocks. As before, the first block is evaluated if the test expression is true. If the test expression is false, however, the second block is evaluated instead. Be aware that any proximal arguments must be blocks. Although the following is legal in some languages, a syntax error will be generated in Sway: if (name == "John") println("What a great name you have! "); //not a block! Since wrapping a single expression in a block can be considered tedious, you may dispense with the proximal blocks and use regular function call syntax for if: if (a < b,min = a,min = b); //find the minimum of two numbers The above is equivalent to: if (a < b) { min = a; } else { min = b; } Note that if you move expressions inside as regular arguments, you will need a semicolon after the close parenthesis, as with any other function call. The function if has a return value, as does any other function in Sway. Indeed, you can use the return value to simplify the above expression: min = if (a < b) { a; } else { b; }; or min = if (a < b,a,b); If you use the return value of an if, you must end the expression with a semicolon, regardless of whether you use proximal blocks or not. Remember, if you use an if by itself and the if has proximal blocks, do not follow the expression with a semicolon. Otherwise a semicolon is needed at the end of the entire expression containing the if. You can chain if expressions together, as in: if (bases == 4) { println("HOME RUN!!! "); } else if (bases == 3) { println("Triple!! "); } else if (bases == 2) { println("double! "); } else if (bases == 1) { println("single"); } else { println("out"); } As before, the value of the block that is eventually evaluated is the return value of the entire construct. If no block is evaluated, the return value is :false. What is the difference between chained ifs and a sequence of unchained ifs? For example, if (bases == 4) { println("HOME RUN!!! "); } if (bases == 3) { println("Triple!! "); } if (bases == 2) { println("double! "); } if (bases == 1) { println("single"); } else { println("out"); } The answer is left as an exercise for the reader. The above if-chain can be rewritten using a switch expression: var x = 0; switch (x) { case(4) { println(x,"HOME RUN!!! "); } case(3) { println("Triple!! "); } case(2) { println("double! "); } case(1) { println("single"); } else { println("out"); } } If the switch expression, in this case x, matches any of the case expressions, in this case 4, 3, 2, and 1, then the block following the matching case is evaluated. In languages like C, the switch statement is more efficient than an equivalent if-chain. In Sway, not so much. In fact, the switch is equivalently (un)-efficient, but often more pleasing to the eye. Unlike C, which requires the switch and case expressions to be integral and known at compile time, Sway's switch is much more flexible, in that both kinds of expressions can be any valid Sway expression, including variables. To use switch, you will need to include the basics library. To use the "basics" library, add the function call: include("basics"); at the top of your source code file. As with if, switch is a function with proximal block arguments. By itself, a call to switch with a proximal block does not have a terminating semicolon As with if, switch is a function with proximal block arguments. By itself, a call to switch with a proximal block does not have a terminating semicolon. In all other cases, s semicolon will be needed. We will learn about loops in the next chapter. The else is there for looks only and is known as 'syntactic sugar'. ← Debugging · Loops → ← Debugging · The Sway Reference Manual · Loops →
Markets with network externalities have positive feedback. On the positive side, this means that as more people join a network, everyone will find that network more attractive, and so yet more people will want to join. This is often called a Bandwagon effect. Similar-appearing effects can arise from (at least) two different sources. These two experiments are intended to highlight that a market which appears to have network effects might be demonstrating an entirely different phenomenon. Given some care, both experiments can be conducted with ordinary playing cards. If more than one deck of cards is required for the network externalities experiment, the class is probably too large to conduct these experiments within a reasonable time. The instructor will be walking around the class from student to student, so one student will be needed as an assistant to keep track of the students' actions on the board. If money or extra credit is being awarded for game play, the assistant should receive a full share. The instructor should create two "sets" of cards. One set contains two red cards and one black card, and is called the Red set. The other set contains two black cards and one red card, and is called the Black set. If working with cards all from the same deck, then the students should not be shown the cards as public knowledge, since seeing a specific card (say, the three of clubs) could give away which set is which. I recommend the instructor have their assistant randomly select one of the two sets, so that nobody (students, instructor, or assistant) knows which set is in use. This "double-blind" control will help prevent the instructor from giving away the correct answer. The assistant stays at the board to keep track of students' actions. The instructor goes from student to student. The instructor offers the three cards face-down as a fan to the student, who draws one of the cards. The student should look at the card, being careful that they are the only one who can see the card. The instructor should also not see the card. The student should not say anything to reveal the card they see. Instead, the student then publicly announces a guess about whether they are looking at the Red set or the Black set. The assistant records their guess on the board. The instructor moves on to the next student. After all the students have made a guess, the instructor publicly reveals the three cards. For this game, an assistant is not strictly needed, since the instructor will not need to be moving around the room. However, it is important to have an even number of students in the experiment. The assistant may be retained to help if doing so will mean an even number of students remains, or may return to take part in this second experiment. For this game, if there are 2 n students, the instructor should shuffle n red cards and n black cards into a deck. The instructor hands out the cards, one to each student. The students must not reveal their cards to anyone else. The instructor calls on the students one at a time. The student decides to choose (not guess, but choose) either Red or Black. The student's payoff is (2 if they choose the same color as is on their card) plus (1 per other student who chooses the same color). The student should not reveal their card or find out their payoff until the end of the experiment. The instructor or assistant records the student's choice on the board. The instructor calls on the next student. After all the students have made their choices, count the number of Red and Black choices. If there are 14 students who chose Black, then each student who chose Black should receive 13 extra points. Ask each student to reveal the card they hold to decide if they receive 2 points from individual taste. In reference to the "Herding Game", there are no real network effects working with the decision made by the student to whether they will choose a black set or red set. Instead, it is purely random in the sense that the majority of people will choose the first color set that they choose in the hopes that there is a similar color in that set of three cards. The results of each persons decision results in inefficiency because of "bad" guesses, which clarifies the earlier remark of there being no network externalities at work here. However, in the second experiment, we are able to see different results in the fact that there are strong positive network effects at work. It becomes the case that as students begin choosing which color card they might have, that it doesn't really matter as long as they choose the color which everyone else is choosing in order to receive the maximum amount of points. The experiment creates a bandwagon effect in which the player cannot really lose as long as they go along with the crowd. Players tend to avoid becoming an outcast and feel comfortable making the same decision as everyone else. Through this we are able to see the strong effects that occur with "positive" network effects in relation to a product or market. Information cascade Network effects with individual lock-in
Ranajit Guha (born 23 May 1923, in Siddhakati, Backergunje) is a historian of the Indian Subcontinent who has been vastly influential in the Subaltern Studies group, and was the editor of several of the group's early anthologies. He migrated from India to the UK in 1959, and was a reader in history at the University of Sussex. He currently lives in Purkersdorf, Austria on the edge of the Vienna Woods, with his German-born wife Mechthild Guha, née Jungwirth, herself a leading scholar of subaltern studies, whom he met at the University of Sussex in the early 1960s, where Guha rose to prominence, and then moved to the Australian National University where both continued their work. The past of the 'historyless' people they had conquered proved to be extremely useful in their attempt to convert conquest into rulership. The East India Company's fiscal system, judicial institutions, administrative apparatus – cardinal and formative aspects of the colonial state – relied heavily on that past as the primary source of information required to formulate rules and set up structures for governance. Prehistory was, in this case, the clay used by the regime to put itself in shape. But it also provided colonialism with space to install its own versions of the Indian past, converting the latter into material for its edifices of colonialist knowledge. It is thus that the 'peoples without history' in the subcontinent got history as their reward for subjugation to civilized Europe and World-history, just as elsewhere in realms un-redeemably sunken in Prehistory, the colonized lacking in footwear and faith, got shoes and the Bible. (2018). One of the most outstanding achievements of British power in the East was indeed the production and propagation of colonialist historiography. It was cultivated on Prehistory's vacant plots. What was sown for seed came directly out of post-Enlightenment European and particularly English historical literature packaged for use in Indian schools and universities. The product was history written by Indians themselves in faithful imitation of the Western statist model. (2018). The excluded are not ethnic or geographical abstractions. They make up the greater part of humanity with its cultures, literatures, religions, philosophies, and so forth. The philosopher goes through the lot systematically to dig them out one by one and tip them into the wastelands of Prehistory. What is discarded is not only the pasts these so-called historyless people live by in their everyday existence but also the modes adopted by their languages to integrate these pasts in the prose of their respective worlds. In this way World-history has promoted the dominance of one particular genre of historical narrative over all the others. (2018). Wikipedia has an article about: Ranajit Guha
Videodrome is a 1983 Canadian science fiction body horror film about the CEO of a small UHF television station who stumbles upon a broadcast signal featuring violence and torture. The layers of deception and mind-control conspiracy unfold as he uncovers the signal's source, and loses touch with reality in a series of increasingly bizarre hallucinations. Directed and written by David Cronenberg. A shocking new vision. Taglines The television screen has become the retina of the mind's eye. That's why I refuse to appear on television, except on television. Of course, O'Blivion was not the name I was born with. That's my television name. Soon all of us will have special names, names designed to cause the cathode ray tube to resonate. After all, there is nothing real outside our perception of reality, is there? You can see that, can't you? The battle for the mind of North America will be fought in the video arena — the videodrome. The television screen is the retina of the mind's eye. Therefore the television screen is part of the physical structure of the brain. Therefore whatever appears on the television screen emerges as raw experience for those who watch it. Therefore television is reality, and reality is less than television. North America's getting soft, padrone. And the rest of the world is getting tough. Very, very tough. We're entering savage new times, and we're going to have to be pure... and direct... and strong... if we're gonna survive them. Now, you and this, uh, cesspool you call a television station... and, uh, your people who wallow around in it... and, uh, your viewers... who watch you do it— you're rotting us away from the inside. We intend to stop that rot. Your head, we have you head in the box. After Renn asks about the content of a box Harlan is closing inside the Spectacular Optics shop You'll forgive me if I don't stay around to watch. I just can't cope with freaky stuff. You know me and I sure know you, everyone. Death to Videodrome! Long live the new flesh! I am the video word made flesh. Masha: Videodrome. What you see on that show, it's for real. It's not acting. It's... snuff TV. Max Renn: I don't believe it. Masha: So... don't believe. Max Renn: Why do it for real? It's easier and safer to fake it. Masha: Because it has something... that you don't have, Max. It has a philosophy, and that is what makes it dangerous. Max Renn: Have you been hallucinating lately? Harlan: No. Should I be? Max Renn: Yes, you should be. Harlan: I don't work with you for the money. Max Renn: I know that. With pirates, it's never just for the money, is it? Barry Convex: Why would anybody watch a scum show like Videodrome? Why did you watch it, Max? Max Renn: Business reasons. Barry Convex: Sure, sure... what about the other reasons? Why deny you get your kicks out of watching torturing and murder? Brian O'Blivion: Max, I'm so glad you've came to me. I've been through it all myself you see. Your reality is already half video hallucination. If you're not careful, it will become total hallucination. You'll have to learn to live in a very strange new world... I had a brain tumour and I had visions. I believe the visions cause the tumour and not the reverse. I can feel the visions coalsce and become flesh. Uncontrollable flesh. But when they removed the tumour, it was called Videodrome. I was the-- I... I... was... Videodrome's... first victim... Max Renn: Who's behind it? What do they want? Nicki Brand: I want you, Max. You. First it controls your mind... then it destroys your body. First it controlled her mind, then it destroyed her body... Long live the new flesh! A shocking new vision. A terrifying new weapon. A vision of enormous impact! Videodrome is a bioelectrical addiction. Videodrome is the ultimate addiction. The movie goes into more than the relatively simple issue of morality, like the ways in which television does alter us physically. It's what Marshall McLuhan was talking about — TV as an extension of our nervous systems and our senses. David Cronenberg, "Production Notes for Videodrome". OneSheetIndex.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-21. I was once on a talk show with a psychiatrist who worked at the Clark Institute with criminals. He had seen my film, Videodrome and said to me, “I’m almost afraid to be sitting here next to you.” He was totally mystified as to how I could empathize with those states of mind and he obviously, could not. It is mostly intuitive with me. One of the reasons I make a movie is that I’m then in a position where I have to analyze and I enjoy that process. *My images come out of the process of making film. I do really think that movies work on the level of dream logic. However realistic or narrative they might like to think they are, they are dreamlike. David Cronenberg [1] Wikipedia has an article about: Videodrome Videodrome quotes at the Internet Movie Database
Yoshida Shoin (吉田松陰 Yoshida Shōin, September 20, 1830 – November 21, 1859) was a Japanese scholar, military and political philosopher and teacher. While the school he ran was very tiny, most of his students, including Takasugi Shinsaku and Itō Hirobumi played prominent roles in the mid 19th Century Japanese politics and military scenes. If a general and his men fear death and are apprehensive over possible defeat, then they will unavoidably suffer defeat and death. But if they make up their minds, from the general down to the last footsoldier, not to think of living but only of standing in one place and facing death together, then, though they may have no other thought than meeting death, they will instead hold on to life and gain victory. Vol. I. To consider oneself different from ordinary men is wrong, but it is right to hope that one will not remain like ordinary men. Vol. II. One who aspires to greatness should read and study, pursuing the True Way with such a firm resolve that he is perfectly straightforward and open, rises above the superficialities of conventional behavior, and refuses to be satisfied with the petty or commonplace. Vol. II. Those who take up the science of war must not fail to master the [Confucian] Classics. The reason is that arms are dangerous instruments and not necessarily forced for good. How can we safely entrust them to any but those who have schooled themselves in the precepts of the Classics and can use these weapons for the realization of Humanity and Righteousness? To quell violence and disorder, to repulse barbarians and brigands, to rescue living souls from agony and torture, to save the nation from imminent downfall-these are the true ends of Humanity and Righteousness. If, on the contrary, arms are taken up in a selfish struggle to win land, goods, people, and the implements of war, is it not the worst of all evils, the most heinous of all offenses? If, further, the study of offensive and defensive warfare, of the way to certain victory in all encounters, is not based on those principles which should govern their employment, who can say that such venture will not result in just such a misfortune? Therefore, I say that those who take up the science of war must not fail to master the Classics. Vol. II. Once a man’s will is set, he need no longer rely on others or expect anything from the world. His vision encompasses Heaven and earth, past and present, and the tranquility of his heart is undisturbed. Vol. III. In relations with others, one should express resentment and anger openly and straightforwardly. If one cannot express them openly and straightforwardly, the only thing to do is forget about them. To harbor grievances in one's heart, awaiting some later opportunity to give vent to them, is to act like a weak and petty man-in truth, it can only be called cowardice. The mind of the superior man is like Heaven. When it is resentful or angry, it thunders forth its indignation. But once having loosed its feelings, it is like a sunny day with a clear sky: within the heart there remains not the trace of a cloud. Such is the beauty of true manliness. Vol. III. What I mean by the "pursuit of learning" is not the ability to read classical texts and study ancient history, but to be fully acquainted with conditions all over the world and to have a keen awareness of what is going on abroad and around us. Now from what I can see world trends and conditions are still unsettled, and as long as they remain unsettled there is still a chance that something can be done. First, therefore, we must rectify conditions in our own domain, after which conditions in other domains can be rectified. This having been done, conditions at court can be rectified and finally conditions throughout the whole world can be rectified. First one must set an example oneself and then it can be extended progressively to others. This is what I mean by the "pursuit of learning." Vol. IV. From the beginning of the year to the end, day and night, morning and evening, in action and repose, in speech and in silence, the warrior must keep death constantly before him and have ever in mind that the one death [which he has to give] should not be suffered in vain. In other words [he must have perfect control over his own death] just as if he were holding an intemperate steed in rein. Only he who truly keeps death in mind this way can understand what is meant by [Yamaga Soko's maxim of] "preparedness." Vol. IV. Nowadays everyone lives selfishly and seeks only the leisure in which to indulge his own desires. They look on all the beauties of nature-the rivers and mountains, the breeze and the moon-as their own to enjoy, forgetting what the shrine of the Sun Goddess stands for. The common man thinks of his life as his own and refuses to perform his duty to his lord. The samurai regards his household as his own private possession and refuses to sacrifice his life for his state. The feudal lords regard their domains as their own and refuse to serve King and Country. Unwilling to serve King and Country, at home they cherish only the objects of desire and abroad they willingly yield to the foreign barbarian, inviting defeat and destruction. Thus the scenic beauties they enjoy will not long remain in their possession. Vol. IV. As things stand now the feudal lords are content to look on while the shogunate carries on in a highhanded manner. Neither the lords nor the shogun can be depended upon, and so our only hope lies in grass-roots heroes. Vol. V. Life and death, union and separation, follow hard upon one another. Nothing is steadfast but the will, nothing endures but one's achievements. These alone count in life. Vol. V. Once the will is resolved, one’s spirit is strengthened. Even a peasant's will is hard to deny, but a samurai of resolute will can sway ten thousand men. Vol. V. It seems hopeless, hopeless. Those who eat meat [at public expense] are a mean, selfish lot, and so the country is doomed. Our only hope lies in the grass-roots folk who eat our traditional food. Vol. VI. What is important in a leader is a resolute will and determination. A man may be versatile and learned, but if he lacks resoluteness and determination, of what use will he be? Vol. VIII. If the body dies, it does no harm to the mind, but if the mind dies, one can no longer act as a man even though the body survives. Vol. VIII. When I consider the state of things in our fief, I find that those who hold positions and receive official stipends are incapable of the utmost in loyalty and patriotic service. Loyalty of the usual sort-perhaps, but if it is true loyalty and service you seek, then you must abandon this fief and plan a grass-roots uprising. Vol. IX. If Heaven does not completely abandon this land of the Gods, there must be an uprising of grass-roots heroes. Vol. IX. If the plan [to intercept the shogunate emissary to the Kyoto court] is to be carried out, it can only be done with men from the grass roots. To wear silk brocades, eat dainty food, hug beautiful women, and fondle darling children are the only things hereditary officials care about. To revere the emperor and expel the barbarian is no concern of theirs. If this time it should be my misfortune to die, may my death inspire at least one or two men of steadfast will to rise up and uphold this principle after my death. Vol. IX. Wikipedia has an article about: Yoshida Shoin Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Yoshida Shōin yoshida-shoin.com - About Yoshida Shoin (Japanese)
Francois Millet, (October 4, 1814 – January 20, 1875) was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers like in his well-known painting The Gleaners. sorted chronologically, by date of the quotes of Millet This person article needs cleanup. This page has been listed as needing cleanup since 2017-10-25. What do I care? 'I don't come here [studying with the Paris' artist & teacher Paul Delaroche [1] to please anybody. I come because there are antiques and models to teach me, that is all. Do I object to your figures, made of butter and honey [to Alfred Boisseau]? Quote of Millet, c. 1839; as cited by biographer fr:Alfred_Sensier, in Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, transl. Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 54 Boisseau criticized Millet on making his own plan; he was one of the master's pets of art-teacher Paul Delaroche in Paris, that time He [Alfred de Musset] puts you into a fever, it is true; but he can do nothing more for you. He has undoubted charms, but his taste is capricious and poisoned. All he can do is to disenchant and corrupt you, and at the end leave you in despair. The fever passes, and you are left without strength - like a convalescent who is in need of fresh air, of the sunshine, and of the stars. a remark to his friend Louis Marolle in Paris c. 1839; as quoted by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters [2], Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 60 Millet had little sympathy with the French poet Alfred de Musset and criticized the tendencies of his poetry severely. Sir, I have completed the picture ['Les Faneurs / Haymakers', 1849] which you were kind enough to order, and have executed it with all possible care and conscientiousness. I ought to send it to the Exhibition, where it could be properly seen and judged. I pray you to be good enough to pay me the balance of 1,100 francs which is still due on this commission. My great need of money obliges me to ask you to let me have it as soon as possible. Accept, sir, the assurance of my pro- found respect - J. F. Millet. 8, Rue du Delta [Paris] Millet's quote in his letter of 30 April 1849, Paris; as cited by Mr. T. H. Bartlett in Scribner's Magazine, Warner & Co, New York / London, May 1890 With the received money Millet could leave Paris - just before the Revolution of 13 June, 1849 - with his wife and kids, because of the outburst of cholera. He went with his friend, the printer Charles Jaque, to Barbizon where Millet would stay for the rest of his life My dear Sensier, - I shall be greatly obliged if after reading and sealing the enclosed letter, you will take it to Rue du Delta, No. 8. [Paris].. ..Jaque [common friend and painter] and I have settled to stay here [ Barbizon ] for some time, and have accordingly each of us taken rooms. The prices are excessively low compared to those in Paris; and as it is easy to get to town if necessary, and the country is superbly beautiful, we hope to work more quietly here, and perhaps do better things. In fact, we intend to spend some time here.. .I wish you good-bye, with many hearty embraces. Jacque sends you warm remembrances, and will answer your letter tomorrow. Quote from Millet's first letter to fr:Alfred_Sensier, from Barbizon, 28 June 1849; as cited by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 95 To tell the truth, peasant subjects suit my nature best, for I must confess, at the risk of your taking me to be a Socialist, that the human side is what touches me most in art.. .The joyous side never shows itself to me ; I know not if it exists, but I have never seen it. The gayest thing I know is the calm, the silence, which are so delicious, both in the forest and in the cultivated fields, whether the soil is good for culture or not. You will confess that it always gives you a very dreamy sensation, and that the dream is a sad one, although often very delicious. In his letter to fr:Alfred_Sensier, Barbizon, February 1850; as quoted in Prints & drawings Europe 1500–1900 - catalogue for the exhibition 'European prints & drawings: 1500 - 1900', ed. Peter Raissis; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney 2014, pp. 136-137 I work like a gang of slaves; the day seems five months long. My wish to make a winter landscape has become a fixed idea. I want to do a sheep picture and have all sorts of projects in my head. If you could see how beautiful the forest is! I rush there at the end of the day, after my work, and I come back every time crushed. It is so calm, such a terrible grandeur, that I find myself really frightened. I don't know what those fellows, the trees, are saying to each other.. ..we don't know their language, that is all; but I am quite sure of this - they do not make puns!.. ..Send [me] 3 burnt sienna, 2 raw ditto, 3 Naples's yellow, 1 burnt Italian earth, 2 yellow ocher, 2 burnt umber, 1 bottle of raw oil. Quote of Millet, in his letter from Barbizon, c. 1850 to fr:Alfred_Sensier in Paris; as cited by Arthur Hoeber in The Barbizon Painters – being the story of the Men of thirty – associate of the National Academy of Design; publishers, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York 1915, p. 38 In 1850 Millet entered into an arrangement with Alfred Sensier, who provided him with materials and money in return for drawings and paintings (source: Murphy, Alexandra R. Jean-François Millet. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1984, p. xix), see: Wikipedia, Millet [Theophile] Gautier's article is very good. I begin to feel a little more contented. His remarks about my thick colours are also very just. The critics who see and judge my pictures are not forced to know that in painting them I am not guided by a definite intention, although I do my utmost to try and attain the aim which I have in sight, independently of methods. People are not even obliged to know why it is that I work in this way, with all its faults. Quote of Millet in his letter of 23 March 1851; as quoted by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 112 the most famous painting of Millet 'The Sower', reviewed in an article then by Gautier, was exhibited for the first time in 'The Salon' of Paris, at the End of 1850 You are sitting under the trees, feeling all the ease, all the tranquility that can possibly be enjoyed; you see some poor figure laden with a faggot come turning out of some little path. The unexpected and always striking way in which this figure appears to you carries your mind instantly to the sadness of human life.. .In tilled lands you see these figures digging and delving. From time to time you see one straighten his loins and wipe his forehead with the back of his hand. Is this the gay frolicsome work in which some people would have us believe? Yet here for me is the real humanity, the great poetry. Quote from his letter, 1851; as quoted in Millet, by Romain Rolland, - translated from the French text of M. Romain Rolland by Miss Clementina Black; published: London, Duchworth & Co / New York, E. P. Dutton & Co, p. 11+12 My dear Rousseau, I do not know if the two sketches which I enclose will be of any use to you. I merely wish to show you where I would place the figures in your picture, that is all. You know better than I do what is best, and what you wish to do. These last few days we have had some effects of hoarfrost, which I am not going to try and describe, feeling how useless this would be! I will content myself with saying that God alone can ever have seen such marvelously fairy-like scenes. I only wish that you could have been here to see them. Have you finished your pictures? Because you have only a month more in which to finish your 'Forest', and it is very important indeed that this picture should be in the Salon. In fact, it must absolutely be there.. .Good-bye, my dear Rousseau, and accept a whole pile of cordial good wishes. Quote in Millet's letter to Théodore Rousseau, from Barbizon early Spring 1853; as quoted in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Julia Cartwright; Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 137 Millet wrote Rousseau who was staying in Paris, and urged him to complete his 'Forest' painting in time for the Paris' Salon, held in the Summer of 1853. Millet sent him included two sketches on paper as pictorial help and advice for the composition of Rousseau's painting. Barbizon Thursday, My dear [Alfred] Sensier: M. Letrone, whom I do not know.. ..came yesterday [to the house of Millet in Barbizon], and bought my 'Women Putting Bread in the Oven', for 800 francs, and another little picture which I am to make from a sketch which he has seen for 400 francs. This gentleman has a son who has been, and, for all I know, may be still, a pupil of Rousseau. I am working, in spite of frequent interruptions, at my picture of 'A Woman Sewing by the Light of a Lamp' for the Dutchman [a buyer who ordered the painting]. It is already in a forward state, but trivial matters disturb me too often. Quote In his letter of 19 January 1854 from Barbizon, to fr:Alfred_Sensier; as quoted in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Julia Cartwright; Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 124-125 They [the Paris art-critics] wish to force me into their drawing-room art, to break my spirit. No, no! I was born as a peasant and a peasant I will die. I say what I feel. I paint things as I see them, and I will hold my ground without retreating one sabot; if necessary, I will fight for honour. Quote from his letter, March 1859; as quoted by Arthur Hoeber in The Barbizon Painters – being the story of the Men of thirty – associate of the National Academy of Design; publishers, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York 1915, p. 53 his now famous picture 'Death and the Woodcutter', had been rejected at the Salon, and the important and conservative journal 'Gazette des Beaux Arts' was most indignant. The well known Hedouin engraved this work. I remember being awakened one morning by voices in the room where I slept. There was a whizzing sound which made itself heard between the voices now and then. It was the sound of spinning-wheels, and the voices were those of women spinning and carding wool. The dust of the room danced in a ray of sunshine which shone through the high narrow window that lighted the room.. Quote, c. 1870; as cited by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 12 taken from Millet's youth-memories, he wrote down on request of his friend and later biographer Alfred Sensier, https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sensier] In the morning we saw that the sea was rough, and people said there would be trouble.. ..Fifty men volunteered to go at once, and followed the old sailor without a word. We descended the cliffs to the beach, and there we saw a terrible sight : several vessels rushing, one after the other, at fearful speed, upon our rocks. Our men put three boats out to sea, but before they had rowed ten strokes one boat sank, another was upset by a huge breaker, while a third was thrown upon the beach.. ..The sea threw up hundreds of corpses, as well as quantities of cargo.. .Then came a fourth, fifth and sixth vessel, all of which were lost with their crew and cargo alike, upon the rocks. The tempest was furious.. .The next morning.. ..As I was passing by a hollow in the cliff, I saw a large sail spread, as I thought, over a bale of merchandise. I lifted the sail and saw a heap of corpses. I was so frightened that I ran home, and found my mother and grandmother on their knees, praying for the shipwrecked sailors. Quote c. 1870; cited by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 22 taken from Millet's youth-memories, about the years he lived as an boy close to the wild coast of Normandy, written down on request of his friend and later biographer Alfred Sensier Quotes from: Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, by fr:Alfred_Sensier; translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881 I came to Paris with all my ideas of art fixed, and I have never found it necessary to change them. I have been more or less in love with this master, or that method in art, but I have not modified any fundamental opinions. You have seen my first drawing, made at home without a master, without a model, without a guide. I have never done anything different since. You have never seen me paint except in a low tone; demi-teinte [half-tone] is necessary to me in order to sharpen my eyes and clear my thoughts, - it has been my best teacher. p. 44 Millet is describing his development as artist to his friend and later biographer fr:Alfred_Sensier For the first [his very first time in Paris], I went to a little hotel, where I spent the night in a sort of nightmare, in which I saw my home, full of melancholy, with my mother, grandmother, and sister spinning in the evening, weeping and thinking of me, praying that I should escape the perdition of Paris. Then the evil demon drove me on before wonderful pictures, which seemed so beautiful, so brilliant, that it appeared to me they took fire and vanished in a heavenly cloud.. .Finally, without knowing how, I found myself [during one of his his first days in Paris] on the Pont Neuf, from which I saw a magnificent building which I thought must be the Louvre, from the descriptions I had heard of it. I went to it, and mounted the great stairway with a beating heart. At last one great object of my life was attained. I had imagined correctly what I should see. It seemed to me that I was in a world of friends [the paintings of the old masters], in a family where all that I beheld was the reality of my dreams. p. 46-49 One day, however, I spent the whole day in front of the 'Concert Champetre' [3] of Giorgione [in the Louvre museum, during his early Paris' years]. I could not weary of it. It was already three o'clock when, mechanically, I took a little canvas belonging to a friend, and began a sketch of the picture. Four o'clock sounded, and the dreadful 'ferme' [closing-time] of the guardians turned me out: but I had made enough of a sketch to give me pleasure, like a run into the country. Giorgione had opened the country to me. I had found consolation with him. p. 52 about 'finding back' the country during his Paris' years; the country became his main motive and focus for his art, till his death sorted chronologically, by date of the quotes about Millet My poor Francois, I see well that thou tormentest thyself with this idea. I would gladly have sent thee to learn this profession of a painter, but I could not, for thou art the eldest of my boys, and I had too much need of thee; but now the others are growing up, and I will not hinder thee from learning what thou has so much desire to know. We will soon go to Cherbourg and find out whether you have talent enough to earn your living by this business. Quote of the father of Millet; as quoted by Arthur Hoeber, in The Barbizon Painters – being the story of the Men of thirty – associate of the National Academy of Design; publishers, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York 1915, p. 7-8 so Millet could leave for Cherbourg where he became art-student of Bon Dumouchel and Jérome Langlois, c. 1830 I have the honour to beg you to examine three drawings which I have placed in your Council Hall [of Cherbourg]. Those drawings are the unassisted work of my pupil, Francois Millet, of the Commune of Greville, and are the best proof of his decided taste for art, and rare talent.. ..It was at your recommendation that he was placed under my charge. During the last six months his progress has been constant and rapid.. ..In short, he requires the advantages of Paris, if he is to learn historical painting.. ..But, alas! young Millet has no resources,. ..Young Millet would require a sum of at least five or six hundred francs to begin his studies at Paris. - Your devoted servant, Langlois Quote in a letter of fr:Théophile Langlois de Chèvreville, Cherbourg, 19 August 19, 1836; as cited by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters; Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 37 The schooling of [the young] Millet, begun by the good vicar Jean Lebrisseux.. ..He was soon obliged to be a serious help to his father, and to devote all his time to the rough farm-work. He was the eldest of the sons, and in this lay a duty which Francois accepted without regret. He began to work beside his father and the 'hands', to mow, make hay, bind the sheaves, thresh, winnow, spread manure, plow, sow, - in a word, all the work which makes the daily life of the peasant. So he spent years...[ till Millet was c. 18 years old] Quote of fr:Alfred Sensier, in his biography Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter', translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 34 Eh! Are you coming here to give us some more of your fine figures ? Are you going to make men and women on your own plan? You know the master [ Delaroche] doesn't like this Caen cookery. - ('What do I care?' answered Millet, according to Sensier's report, 'I don't come here to please anybody. I come because there are antiques and models to teach me, that is all. Do I object to your figures, made of butter and honey'?) Quote of Alfred Boisseau, c 1838; as cited by fr:Alfred Sensier, in Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 54 Boisseau criticized Millet; he was one of the master's pets of art-teacher Paul Delaroche in Paris, that time' When the Exhibition [Salon of the Louvre in Paris, 1840 - his work was rejected] closed he went back to see his Normandy, with the desire to stay and try to get a living at Cherbourg, and be near his family. It was not the first time that he returned. Almost every year he went to breathe his native air and stay some weeks in Gruchy [near the coast of Normandy, with his mother and grandmother, who already thought him a wonder, as the Cherbourg papers had spoken of him. In 1838 and 1840 he made several portraits of his family and friends —his mother and grandmother, who were living with one of his brothers. He made two portraits of his grandmother, one a drawing, life size, characterized by a strong expression of austerity. Millet worked on it with great care, as a labor of love. He wanted, he said, to 'show the soul' of his grandmother. Quote of fr:Alfred Sensier, in Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 60-61 At last, here is a new man [Millet], who has the knowledge which I would like to have, and movement, color, expression, too, - here is a painter! Quote of Diaz de la Peña, 1844; as cited by fr:Alfred Sensier, in Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 62 The painter Diaz de la Peña gives his comment when he saw for the first time work of Millet - the painting 'The Riding Lessons' on the Paris' Salon of 1844 Patience ! They will come to it gradually ! Rousseau has sold a landscape for five hundred francs; for my part, I have sold a view of Fontainebleau for seventy-five francs. And I am commissioned to ask you for companion sketches to your drawings. And this time, instead of twenty francs, they are to pay you twenty-five! (Millet replied resignedly: 'If I could only sell two drawings a week at that price all would go right!' Diaz to Millet, c. 1845; as quoted by Albert Wolff, 1886, in Notes upon certain masters of the XIX century, - printed not published MDCCCLXXXVI (1886), The Art Age Press, 400 N.Y. (written after the exhibition 'Cent Chefs-d'Oeuvres: the Choice of the French Private Galleries', Petit, Paris / Baschet, New York, 1883, p. 20 At Paris Diaz had sold three drawings of his friend Millet for sixty francs and gave the money, but Millet stayed still thoughtful, for he has to think of the morrow. You [Millet, in his letter, from Paris] say you are painting a portrait of St. Jerome ['St. Jerome Tempted by Women',[4], groaning under the temptations which besieged his youth. Ah, dear child, like him reflect and gain the same holy profit. Follow the example of a man of your own profession, and say 'I paint for eternity'. For no reason in the world allow yourself to do wrong. Do not fall in the eyes of God. With St. Jerome, think ever of the trumpet which will call us to the Judgment Seat.. .Let us soon hear from you. We are very anxious to know how you are getting on. We hope well, and embrace you with sincere friendship - Thy grandmother, Louise Jumelin. the grandmother of Millet in her letter of 10 June 1846, from Greville, Normandy; as quoted by Alfred Sensier, in Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, transl. Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 68 He [= Theodore Rousseau ] does not carry us away, as Francois Millet, toward the sorrowing epochs of rustic life, to reveal their savage grandeur or gloomy solemnity.. Quote by J. A. Castagnary, before 1888; as cited by Charles Sprague Smith, in Barbizon days, Millet-Corot-Rousseau-Barye publisher, A. Wessels Company, New York, July 1902, p. 175 'Every subject is good', he [Millet] said. 'All we have to do is to render it with force and clearness. In art we should have one leading thought, and see that we express it in eloquent language, that we keep it alive in ourselves, and impart it to others as clearly as we stamp a medal. Art is not a pleasure-trip; it is a battle, a mill that grinds. I am no philosopher. I do not pretend to do away with pain, or to find a formula which will make me a Stoic, and indifferent to evil. Suffering is, perhaps, the one thing that gives an artist power to express himself clearly. He spoke in this manner for some time and then stopped, as if afraid of his own words. But we parted, feeling that we understood each other, and had laid the foundations of a lasting friendship. Quote of fr:Alfred Sensier; as quoted by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters; Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, pp. 79-80 Alfred Sensier - his faithful friend till Millet's death, and his later biographer - describes here his very first meeting with Millet in Paris, 1847 Like every other Parisian, Millet was armed with a gun during the Revolution [of 1848], and had to take his place in the defense of the Assembly and the taking of the barricades of the Rochechouart quarter, where he saw the chief of the insurgents fall. He came back angry and indignant at the slaughters of Paris. He had no military spirit, nor the rage of revolt, and all he saw made his heart bleed. We [Alfred Sensier and Millet] used to go together of an evening to the plain of Montmartre or St. Ouen. The next day I would find [in Millet's studio] impressions of the day before, which he had painted in a few hours. His facility was extraordinary, and he never omitted the telling note or charm of color. quote of fr:Alfred Sensier, in Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publ. Macmillan and Co., London, 1881, p. 77-78 M. Millet's 'Reapers' are certainly not handsome; he has not copied them from the Belvedere Apollo. Their noses are flat, their lips thick, their cheek-bones prominent, their clothes coarse and ragged. But in all this we see a secret force, a singular vigour, a rare knowledge of line and action, an intelligent sacrifice of detail, a simplicity of colour which give these rustics a proud and imposing air, and at times recall the statues of Michelangelo. In spite of their poverty and ugliness, they have the majesty of toilers who are in direct contact with Nature. Quote by Theophile Gautier, 1853; as cited by Julia Cartwright in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 124-125 comment of contemporary art-critic Gautier in his 'Salon of 1853', Paris, Summer of 1853 M. Millet, it is plain, understands the true poetry of the fields. He loves the peasants whom he represents. In his grave and serious types we read the sympathy which he feels with their lives. In his pictures sowing, reaping, and grafting are all of them sacred actions, which have a beauty and grandeur of their own, together with a touch of Virgilian melancholy. Quote of Theophile Gautier, Summer 1855; as cited in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters, Julia Cartwright; Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 138-139 the Exposition Universelle, [5] of 1855 was a very special exhibition in Paris (the first! ), with great importance for he French artists - modern, as well as classical His subjects were real people who had work to do. If he painted a haystack, it suggested life, animal as well as vegetable, the life of man. His fields were fields in which men and animals worked; where both laid down their lives; where the bones of the animals were ground up to nourish the soil, and the endless turning of the wheel of existence went on.. Quote by William M. Hunt, c. 1860; as cited by Arthur Hoebert, in The Barbizon Painters – being the story of the Men of thirty – associate of the National Academy of Design; publishers, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York 1915, p. 41-42 Hunt told this to his pupils on Boston, c 1860. Hunt studied with Couture in Paris and then came under the influence of Millet, from whom he learned the principles of the Barbizon School [Millet,] an entirely original painter, high-minded and genuinely rustic in nature, who has expressed things about the country and its inhabitants, about their toil, their melancholy, and the nobleness of their labour. He has represented them in a somewhat barbaric fashion, in a manner to which his ideas gave a more expressive force than his hand possessed. The world has been grateful for his intentions; it has recognised in his methods something of the sensibility of a Burns who was a little awkward in expression.. .He stands out as a deep thinker. Quote from Eugène Fromentin, in Maitres d'Autrefois; Belgique – Hollande; Librairie Plon-Nourrit et Cie, Paris, 1877; as quoted by Arthur Hoebert, in The Barbizon Painters – being the story of the Men of thirty – associate of the National Academy of Design; publishers, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York 1915, p. p. 73-74 For Millet, the man of the soil represents the whole human family; the laborer gave him the clearest type of our toil and our suffering. The peasant is to him a living being who formulates, more strongly and clearly than any other man, the image, the symbolical figure of humanity. Millet, however, is neither a discouraged nor a sad man. He is a laborer who loves his field-plows, sows, and reaps it. His field is art. His inspiration is life, is nature - which he loved with all his strength. Quote by fr:Alfred Sensier, in his 'Preface' of Jean-Francois Millet – Peasant and Painter, [6]; translated from the French original by Helena de Kay; publisher, Macmillan and Co., London 1881, p. xi ..I fear that in a few years there may be a kind of 'panic', in this form: 'since Millet' we have sunk very low — the word decadence, now whispered or pronounced in veiled terms (see Herkomer), will then sound like an alarm bell. Many, like I myself, now keep quiet, because they already have the reputation of being awkward customers, and talking about it doesn't help. That — namely, talking — isn't what one needs to do — one must work, though with sorrow in the heart. Those who later cry out the loudest about decadence will themselves belong to it the most. I repeat: 'by this shall ye know them', [from: Matt. 7:16.] by their work, and it won't be the most eloquent who say the truest things. See Millet himself, see Herkomer, they're certainly not orators, and speak almost reluctantly. Quote of Vincent van Gogh in a letter to Theo, from The Hague, 5 Nov 1882 - original manuscript of letter no. 280 - at Van Gogh Museum, location Amsterdam - inv. b263 a-b V/1962, [7] Three of his [Millet's] canvases, especially, represented [at the exhibition 'Cent Chefs-d'Oeuvres: the Choiche of the French Private Galleries', 1883] the whole career of the artist; three absolute masterpieces, the 'Gleaners',, the 'Sheepfold by Moonlight',, the 'Man Hoeing' [Man with a Hoe, ]; all three give birth to the same surprise. It is that the figures, in their small dimensions, assume under the eye that contemplates them the scale of nature. This mirage is explained by the grandeur of this art springing from nature itself and drawing you to nature with all her force. The eye sees the thing in the dimensions which it actually has; and it is thus that it stamps itself on the memory. A great artist is able to reduce proportions without belittling the majesty of things. Quote by Albert Wolff, 1886, in Notes upon certain masters of the XIX century, - printed not published MDCCCLXXXVI (1886), The Art Age Press, 400 N.Y. (written after the exhibition 'Cent Chefs-d'Oeuvres: the Choiche of the French Private Galleries', Petit, Paris / Baschet, New York, 1883, p. 23 The great Millet indignantly protests ['Le Figaro' has just published two letters of Millet] against the Commune [and the communards] , whom he characterizes as barbarians and vandals; he concludes with a dig at good Courbet, who, as I see it, can only be aggrandized by this attempt at belittlement. Because of his painting 'The Man with the Hoe', the socialists thought Millet was on their side.. .Not at all. More and more indignant disavowals from the great painter! I was not much surprised. He was just a bit too biblical. Quote of Camille Pissarro, in a letter, Eragny, 25 February 1887, to his son Lucien; in Camille Pissarro - Letters to His Son Lucien ed. Lionel Abel; Pantheon Books Inc. New York, second edition, 1943, p. 105 ..the first celebrated picture which he painted at Barbizon [in 1850], was 'The Sower'. Long ago, in the days of his youth at Greville, he had sketched the figure of a peasant scattering grain in the furrows as he walks along. That little pen-and-ink drawing, in its few strokes, contains the germ of the future work. The pose and movement of the figure, the measured step, and outstretched arm are there already; the rusty felt hat sunk over the young labourer's brows, the very shape and cut of his clothes, the sack of grain at his side, even the oxen ploughing in the background, are all indicated. From this slight sketch the artist, after his wont, slowly and painfully evolved his noble work. He has left us several drawings which enable us, step by step, to follow the development of his idea through its successive stages. Quote Julia Cartwright, 1902; in Jean Francois Millet, his Life and Letters; Swan Sonnenschein en Co, Lim. London / The Macmillian Company, New York; second edition, September 1902, p. 112 Wikipedia has an article about: Jean-François Millet Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jean-François Millet pictures of paintings and drawings by Millet, on Wikiart biography of Millet by his friend Alfred Sensier, publ. Boston, 1881
The following specific chipsets and drivers are also available - use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs - Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added to this General Chat list AROS-Exec or here AROS World USB transfers can be of the type control, isochronous, interrupt, or bulk. Isochronous code is already in place in poseidon.library, transfers are just not queued to be transferred in the host driver code. There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers that can be used by Poseidon. One is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. Don't know for sure what the difference is. Setting up the isoc transfer pipe might differ on those two and the driver code might be different. For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped and that they happen at the right time. It all goes difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth etc. and base the scheduler on that and other factors. Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one. Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), Next Best Set - OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), Buggy Chipset - Early AMD OHCI, ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Unsupported - XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 and 3.1 gen 2 Type-A Type-B Type-C OHCI USB 1.1 USB-IF sanctioned standard and removed 2010 in hardware form UHCI USB 1.1 Intel standard and since 2009, no hardware support only virtual (P55 chipset) EHCI USB 2.0 The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through USB3.0 standard xHCI eXtensible USB 3.0 SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) USB 4 (power up to W ) Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in s drawer/folder/directory sys:prefs/trident NOGUI > NIL: Controlling the joypads works like left joystick is WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs or here 2018 extension added originally called AROSx #ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H #define AROSX_LIBRARY_H #include #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0x00 #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD 0x01 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP 0x0001 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN 0x0002 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT 0x0004 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT 0x0008 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START 0x0010 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK 0x0020 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB 0x0040 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB 0x0080 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER 0x0100 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER 0x0200 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A 0x1000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B 0x2000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X 0x4000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y 0x8000 struct AROSX_GAMEPAD { ULONG Timestamp; UWORD Buttons; UBYTE LeftTrigger; UBYTE RightTrigger; WORD ThumbLX; WORD ThumbLY; WORD ThumbRX; WORD ThumbRY; }; #define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT 0x00 #define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01 #define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT (1L< Devices -> Select your joypad -> Settings button -> Action TAB See some "axis" listed under "Usage items" in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left And you should see some axis activity in "Usage items" when you move the analog stick Actions HID class item -> Settings -> HID Class Window -> Action Tab -> Action handling area Reports and collections -> Usage Items -> Performed actions Qualifier keys are special. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers. Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it. Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called "Keyboard right GUI"). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them. Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right. Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc. when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release. The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input. check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down. misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon->config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics. Rumble in Trident Prefs Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the General TAB and half way down on the right there is an "Open Now" button in the section "HID output control window". Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected. The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect. Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. If using an adapters should be compatible with original PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. Some adapters do not work with some dance pads because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems. Metal dance pads with LEDs - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), Hard foam mat - Mayflash FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, Gamerose (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), Positive Gaming Impact, Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action. There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. We may have to look at linux wacom for wacom, and some waltop and Digimend for Key, UC-Logic and some waltop to provide information for further newer tablet chipset support. to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position, Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology. Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer. Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531 kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity. In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer. If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to "no action", so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [2]}} Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) Semi Pro A3 (12x9) Pro Cintiq 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires Types of Barcode UPC-A Grocery most common Code 128 EAN-13 Library Books ISBN & ISSN, Code 39 Codabar blood bank, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix PDF417e Maxicode Aztec QR Code old Nokia handsets, MicroPDF417 As for TV tuners, that's quite a mess, but it mostly depends on v4l on Linux, anyway, so it should work, in theory (might need esotheric options, though). DVB-T Vendor & Model, Added to, Kernel, Frontend, Bridge, Interface 8VSB, QAM, NTS, and Othor ATI/AMD,TV Wonder HD 600 USB,2.6.27, * XC3028L tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) AVerMedia AVerTVHD Volar (A868R) 2.6.27 [1] * MXL5003S tuner,* LG DT3303 demodulator ,Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✘ No ✘ No DViCO FusionHDTV5 USB Gold - FusionHDTV5 USB Master 2.6.16 LG Innotek TDVS-H064F * TAU6034 tuner, * TDA9887 demodulator (A), * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 - * S-Video & Composite inputs 1 DViCO - FusionHDTV7 USB 2.6.26 * XC5000 tuner, * AuvitekAU8522 demodulator (A/D) , Auvitek AU0828 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 * S-Video & Composite inputs 1 (breakout dongle) Elgato EyeTV Hybrid US 2.6.26 * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) EVGA inDtube n/a * XC3028L tuner, * S5H1409 (D) , Empia EM2882 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-950 2.6.26 * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-950Q 2.6.26 * XC5000 tuner, * Auvitek AU8522 demodulator (A/D) , Auvitek AU0828 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-850 (model 72301, 2040:7240) 2.6.26 * XC5000 tuner, * Auvitek AU8522 demodulator (A/D) , Auvitek AU0828 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-850 (2040:651f) in Hg [2] * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-1950 2.6.26 * TDA18271 tuner, * TDA8295 demodulator (A), * S5H1411 demodulator (D) , Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs * hardware analog mpeg2 encoder OnAir/Sasem USB HDTV 2.6.26 * FCV1236D tuner, * LG DT3302 demodulator (D) , Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs * hardware analog mpeg2 encoder OnAir USB HDTV Creator 2.6.26 LG Innotek TDVS-H064F * TAU6034 tuner, * TDA9887 demodulator (A), * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs * hardware analog mpeg2 encoder Pinnacle PCTV HD Stick (801eSE) 2.6.28 * XC5000 tuner, * Samsung S5H1411 (D) , Dibcom DIB0700 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 Pinnacle PCTV HD Pro Stick (800e) 2.6.27 * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Pinnacle PCTV HD Pro Stick (801e) 2.6.28 * XC5000 tuner, * Samsung S5H1411 (D) , Dibcom DIB0700 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 * S-Video & Composite inputs 1 (breakout dongle) DVB-T2 HD ready ATSC-T ISDB-T Support for OpenStreetMaps but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb, Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs, NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10->30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB->Serial adapter inside the case). Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource, Lens Mounts Canon EF EF-S Nikon F Panasonic Olympus OM Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series Fujifilm X mount Sensors APS-C S35 Full Frame 43 Four Thirds M43 MFT Micro four thirds As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes and since the general Joe Public finds postcript capable printer very expensive, postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed aas a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript (HP PCL?) printers. Set up Printer Prefs for Postscript and set the print to file option. Ghostscript has internal printer drivers gs -h and with something like gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps copytopar ram:tempfile It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file. gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf the ljet4 output device generates PCL also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6) gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps > test.pdf gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf > test.pxl Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation here or here and here bit cljet5 ljet4d pjxl300 pxlcolor bitcmyk cljet5c ljetplus pkm pxlmono bitrgb deskjet nullpage pkmraw stp bj10e djet500 pbm pksm tiff12nc bj200 epswrite pbmraw pksmraw tiff24nc bjc600 faxg3 pcx16 png16 tiffcrle bjc800 faxg32d pcx24b png16m tiffg3 bmp16 faxg4 pcx256 png256 tiffg32d bmp16m ijs pcxcmyk pnggray tiffg4 bmp256 jpeg pcxgray pngmono tifflzw bmp32b jpeggray pcxmono pnm tiffpack bmpgray laserjet pdfwrite pnmraw uniprint bmpmono lj5gray pgm ppm x11 bmpsep1 lj5mono pgmraw ppmraw x11alpha bmpsep8 ljet2p pgnm psgray x11cmyk cdeskjet ljet3 pgnmraw psmono x11gray2 cdj550 ljet3d pj psrgb x11gray4 cdjcolor ljet4 pjxl pswrite x11mono cdjmono See here for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, Emumiga. OS3.x support via NetPrinter and OS4 drivers and experiences. usbparallel.device untested with USB->Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). Sticking to the same units is generally a good idea I think (and therefore this mechanism is also used with all other classes creating exec.devices). You may not send a short packet (packet less than maxpktsize == 64) nor zero byte packets until the very last byte of your printout. Otherwise the printer will silently ignore the data you sent. Some printer drivers print very short sequences that never fill the endpoint buffer, so printer ignore them. Bufferize all printer driver writes in the ieee1284.device and send them by epsize packets. So my hppsc2210 works fine with a classic HP560C driver, on a classic A2000 subwayized :) Paper 4CC () 5 Star (Spicers) Berga Speed (Stora Enso) Canon Clairefontaine Color Copy () Conqueror (Antalis) Data Copy Logic 300 (M-Real Corporation) Discovery () Double A () Elite Image () EP4 () Evolve () Hammermill () HP Image Business, Impact and Volume () Initiative (Integra) Motif (Robert Horne) Navigator (Navigator Office Paper Solutions) Paperone () Sparco () Xerox (Xerox) Betascan Bugtracker and Search for Betascan [4] and AROS-Exec thread. Epson2 with Betascan gt68xx - SCANdal with Betascan Lexmark - needs testing HP - no driver Plustek LM983x - no driver SnapScan - no driver 2002 playstation 2 usb lan era - best support 2006 wii asix era - some support but very much miss than hit 2009 little or no support USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 best supported time USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88172, AX88772, AX88178 a little but not much USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - AX88179 no support ADMtek ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2) Asix Eth 88172 88772(wii) 88772A 88178 (USB2 and up to 60meg broadband) 2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device FTDI-FT232RL.class Currently support includes camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the 68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant simplemidi.class for Tracker keymapping emulation which should work without modification for interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, etc either with just usb type B, old style 5pin DIN socket or both Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication. SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate musical keyboard. USB enabled controllers do not require hardware interfaces to be used by AROS and its' apps but AROS still needs implementing the code for a camd.library USB driver. The response to the MIDI implementation in Poseidon has been very low. Only a few users have ever had the hardware to try it. There was only one MIDI Keyboard, without tone generator, used to develop the classes. The camdusbmidi.class may need to be modified to the AROS CAMD MIDI system or src Sadly the same can not be said for 5 pin DIN midi USB2.0 interfaces. There was no audio 'class' for USB2 for quite some time, and as a result most of those interfaces need their own drivers, drivers which often don't exist in Linux. Some interfaces are USB2, but support USB1.1 Class Compliant operation at a lower feature set (16/48 for example). Checked hd-rec under my aros68k compile in uae and it seems to be working properly. Loaded some project, didn't even play as there is no ahi units set up yet, but it seems to accept the genuine amiga 68k camd.library. There is 2 different versions of camd.library on aminet for the original m68k. camd.lha (2.0) works but camd40.lha was unstable as it crashes when pressing stop after some play of midi data. Recording of audio works in hd-rec under winuae amiga os3.9. The aros68k version of camd didn't seem currently to initialize properly, maybe some overseen endian bug. On AROS Hosted/Linux the hostmidi driver (uses "/dev/midi")) did work at least somewhat with Bars & Pipes Professional. BnP also some trouble with song loading/saving and endianess, because of this external tools which can add additional "data" but the app has no idea of the layout of that data and therefore cannot safely do necessary endianess conversions. If you want to connect external 5pin MIDI devices like keyboards to USB port(s), you'll need a hardware MIDI interface.... Cheapest MIDI controllers are less than 50 euros nowadays, but often lack legacy 5pin MIDI port (and only have USB). The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work. The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in. The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times. There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues. Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. USB audio streaming over AHI requires iso and realtime isochronous transfer, still no support in pciusb.device. AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not "upchannelling" stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI. XDA Forum thread, DACs with standard (adaptive) USB - where the computer controls the data timing. DACs plus an asynchronous USB converter module outputting S/PDIF—where the DAC controls the data timing. DACs with inbuilt async USB capability and an I2S internal feed to the DAC USB AUDIO CARDS - USB2 UCA Compliant USB Microphones USB Speakers USB Headset Wired/Wireless A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor. There is no support for video interfaces, because neither AROS, AmigaOS nor MorphOS define a standard for this. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit. See support pages and here and some further compatibility Pencam STV680 SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates) Note some Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller and a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device! pac.class - no driver for Pac207-BCA Pac7311 Pac7312 ov51x.class - no driver pwc.class - no driver ZC030X based cameras UVC.class - USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class Good review but AROS needs realtime isochronous transfers, then a uvc.class usbvideo and then a video ahi type substructure to be written v4l2-ctl—list-formats-ext or fswebcam—verbose to get output modes in linux standalone with sd card - wansview, amcrest, tenvis, keekoon, foscam, needing a dvr or nvr - dlink, hikvision, foscam, trendnet, sony, axis, $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 vlc rtsp://user:password@ip/play1.sdp—sout=file/ogg:mystream.ogv vlc rtsp://192.168.0.21:554/mpeg4—sout=file/ts:mystream.mpg rtsp_session: unsupported RTSP server. Server type is 'DSS/5.5.4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require live555 library to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream). The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported. palmpda.class - no pdalink.library and tools Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools. bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth stack to work (not included) ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented) dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers) DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek) UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others) 016 colors - rebel's and cammy's 032 colors - deluxe paint OCS palette or pal32 064 colors - 256 colors - If you want to improve the vga mode palette color on Wanderer, Scalos, etc you can use rtpalette, which is in the demo drawer. rtpalette does not load or save any changes. It just changes colors on the fly. SetPenColor does a similar thing. ;****************************************************************************** ; 16 color palette ;* Please note: when using HEX values you need to provide colors in BGR order ;* (meaning: Blue-Green-Red) _not_ RGB (endianness heritage from 68K code?) ;****************************************************************************** ;PEN 0 - RGB 153-153-153 (DEC) \| BGR 99-99-99 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=0 COLOR=$999999 >NIL: ;PEN 1 - RGB 17-17-17 (DEC) \| BGR 11-11-11 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=1 COLOR=$111111 >NIL: ;PEN 2 - RGB 238-238-238 (DEC) \| BGR EE-EE-EE (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=2 COLOR=$EEEEEE >NIL: ;PEN 3 - RGB 68-68-204 (DEC) \| BGR 44-44-CC (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=3 COLOR=$CC4444 >NIL: ;PEN 4 - RGB 119-119-199 (DEC) \| BGR 77-77-77 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=4 COLOR=$777777 >NIL: ;PEN 5 - RGB 187-187-187 (DEC) \| BGR BB-BB-BB (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=5 COLOR=$BBBBBB >NIL: ;PEN 6 - RGB 204-170-119 (DEC) \| BGR CC-AA-77 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=6 COLOR=$77AACC >NIL: ;PEN 7 - RGB 221-102-153 (DEC) \| BGR DD-66-99 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=7 COLOR=$9966DD >NIL: ;PEN 8 - RGB 34-119-51 (DEC) \| BGR 22-77-33 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=8 COLOR=$337722 >NIL: ;PEN 9 - RGB 119-68-17 (DEC) \| BGR 77-44-11 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=9 COLOR=$114477 >NIL: ;PEN 10 - RGB 238-204-34 (DEC) \| BGR EE-CC-22 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=10 COLOR=$22CCEE >NIL: ;PEN 11 - RGB 68-68-68 (DEC) \| BGR 44-44-44 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=11 COLOR=$444444 >NIL: ;PEN 12 - RGB 187-34-51 (DEC) \| BGR BB-22-33 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=12 COLOR=$3322BB >NIL: ;PEN 13 - RGB 51-170-68 (DEC) \| BGR 33-AA-44 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=13 COLOR=$44AA33 >NIL: ;PEN 14 - RGB 68-119-238 (DEC) \| BGR 44-77-EE (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=14 COLOR=$EE7744 >NIL: ;PEN 15 - RGB 204-119-51 (DEC) \| BGR CC-77-33 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=15 COLOR=$3377CC >NIL:
Jakarta EE Programming Java for Enterprise Jakarta EE was renamed from Java EE (Java Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition). This book will describe how to build Jakarta EE based applications. The implementation is done with the help of XDoclet which simplifies the process of building an application. How to design and develop various Jakarta EE components. Basic Understanding of Java XML SQL JDBC MVC Architecture Introduction into Jakarta EE architecture (use some information from Oracle webpage) History (including the major changes in the versions, technically) Project JPE J2EE 1.2 J2EE 1.3 J2EE 1.4 Java EE 5 Java EE 6 Frameworks Setup your development environment Choose an Application Server Glassfish (Default application server) WildFly (formerly JBoss) Geronimo Choose your IDE Eclipse NetBeans Deployment descriptors Build a web based Jakarta EE application Servlets Jakarta Server Pages (JSP; formerly JavaServer Pages) Jakarta Server Pages syntax Access the Jakarta EE Application Web deployment files External JAR files (library files) Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB; formerly Enterprise JavaBeans) Entity Beans Bean Managed Persistence (BMP) Container Managed Persistence (CMP) EJB-QL Session Beans Stateless Session Beans Stateful Session Beans Message Driven Bean Container Managed Transactions XDoclet Jakarta Server Faces (JSF; formerly JavaServer Faces) Data Access Objects (DAO) Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Object Based Persistence Java Data Objects (JDO) Java middleware technology Remote Method Invocation (RMI) CORBA Jakarta Messaging (JMS; formerly Java Messaging Service) Jakarta Mail (formerly JavaMail) Security Services Java Authentication and Authorization Services (JAAS) JACC (Java Authorization service provider contract for containers) Web Services Jakarta XML Web Services (JAX-WS; formerly Java API for XML Web Services) Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS; formerly Java API for RESTful Web Services) Jakarta EE Management Java Management Extensions (JMX) Managed Objects Events State Management Performance Monitoring Index IDE Database Web Engine Attribute Oriented Programming JavaBeans Java Persistence (EJB JPA)
Caribbean Nicaragua is a region in Nicaragua. 12.01402-83.7645261 Bluefields 12.01402-83.7645262 El Bluff 14.05-83.3833333333333 Puerto Cabezas aka Bilwi 12.2333-84.30434 Rama 12.16667-83.033331 Big Corn Island and Little Corn Island 12.33971-83.67282 Laguna de Perlas The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua is truly one-of-a-kind. Once a haven for pirates and contra rebels, it is on the furthest edge of Nicaragua's Autonomous Regions. There are six distinct ethnicities and five languages that make up this cultural rondon. The climate of this part of the country is notable insofar as it doesn't have a real "dry" season and Bluefields, for example, averages 225 rainy days a year. Although a day with nothing but rain is uncommon, your best bet for a relatively dry experience would be March and April, which could be labelled the "drier" season. Hurricanes do affect this region from time to time, so if you are concerned, avoid hurricane season (roughly June to December), which is one of the wetter parts of the year, in any case. There are some rural places on the Caribbean coast where people might not speak Spanish. Common languages along the Caribbean side of Nicaragua are, in ascending order of speakers: Rama, Garifuna Miskito and Caribbean Creole English. Because Caribbean English can be hard to understand (almost impossible to decipher for most of those for whom English is a secondary language), Spanish might still be your best bet. More developed places (notably the Corn Islands) often have a lot of recent immigrants from Spanish speaking parts of the country, especially in tourism-related jobs. plane from Managua to Bluefields, Waspan, Big Corn Island and Bilwi as well as Siuna and Rosita for more see the domestic airline's website smooth road from Managua via Juigalpa to El Rama or direct bus Managua to Bluefields some of the worst roads in Central America to the northeastern mining triangle (about 24 hours one way from Managua to Bonanza) Transport is mostly by boat or on awful roads. Most domestic flights go into and out of this part of the country. The road from El Rama to Managua however is one of the best in the country and there's a new (2019) road from Nueva Guinea to Bluefields. Reserva de biosfera Bosawas - the biggest contiguous piece of rain forest in the Americas north of the Amazon. Indigenous villages that managed to preserve their Rama or Miskito culture and language. A working gold-mine in one of the Las Minas towns. The Corn Islands are known as a divers' paradise for more see there. Hike through the second biggest continuous rainforest in the Americas in the Bosawas wildlife reserve Depending on where you are food ranges from very basic Nicaraguan fare to truly mouth-watering seafood and coconut-extravaganza. Every meal usually includes Gallopinto, which is rice with red beans. A special treat is ron don (from English run down) a fish and coconut stew that takes time and expertise to prepare so order well in advance. Especially in the RAAN-region but also around Pearl Lagoon there are some indigenous communities who keep their culture, their food and their language very much alive. Although this often requires planning ahead and time and effort to get there, experiencing their cuisine as well as their culture could be well worth it. Coconut water right from the fruit is sold in most places The potability of running water is more often than not questionable. Stay with bottled water to be on the safe side. If you are planning on heading into the Bosawas area, make sure to take some means of water purification with you. Over-extraction in Bluefields means the water supply is often salty. This part of the country is not unaffected by drug traffic so crime is more common than on the Pacific side. However, with a basic level of caution you should be safe. The Rio San Juan Region via a boat from Bluefields to San Juan del Norte that might or might not leave Bluefields once a week (inquire locally as there doesn't seem to be any kind of reliable schedule, but the boat that does the trip most of the time is the Captain D)
North Central Rome is a district that covers the areas around Piazza di Spagna, Piazza del Popolo and Parioli, as well as the magnificent Villa Borghese and its gardens. Further out the area is bordered by Via Nomentana and the River Tiber and includes the area of Salario. Spagna lies in the northern part of the central city, to the west of the park of the Villa Borghese. It includes the Piazza di Spagna and the famous Spanish Steps. It is one of the most fashionable and well-heeled districts of the Italian capital. Parioli is a quiet, affluent and elegant Rome neighborhood close to Villa Borghese. The name originates from a gigantic wall called "parietone". Salario, just to the northwest of the Modern Center and the Villa Borghese, is another elegant, upscale neighborhood, home to a large and beautiful park, Villa Ada. Trieste is also a quiet affluent and elegant neighborhood, close to the Parioli and Villa Ada. It is full of Fascist architecture and early Christian churches such as Sant’Agnese Fuori Le Mura. This is still the centre of Rome. It is served by the metro stations 41.9068312.484451 Spagna A (Piazza di Spagna: Spanish Steps and Borghese Gardens) and 41.91194412.4758332 Flaminio - Piazza del Popolo A . Piazza di San Silvestro, which is a short walk from the Spanish Steps, is a terminal for many bus lines. 41.90638912.4755561 Ara Pacis, Lungotevere in Augusta. Tu-Su 09:00-19:00, 24 and 31 Dec 09:00-14:00; closed M, Jan 1, May 1 and Dec 25. Ara Pacis is an altar to peace commissioned by the Roman Senate on 4 July 13 BC to honor the triumphal return from Hispania and Gaul of Augustus. It is universally recognised as a masterpiece. Following discovery of this work under a building in Rome, Mussolini built a protective building for it near the Mausoleum of Augustus, where it was reconstructed. A new building on the same site as Mussolini's was opened in 2006 and has been controversial. The mayor at the time said he would tear down the new structure. The basement of the new building features occasional exhibitions. You can see much of it from outside the building. Paying to go inside adds some background info, but not much more. €6.50, reductions €4.50. 41.9061112.476392 Mausoleo di Augusto (Mausoleum of Augustus), Piazza Augusto Imperatore (Just behind the Ara Pacis, bus no 81,117,492,628), ☏ +39 0667103819. by appointment only. This is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC in the form of a stone ring covered by an earth mound. A brick wall, 87 m in diameter, carried an earth mound covered with cypresses. On top of the hill stood a bronze monument of the emperor. The building was 44 meters high. At the beginning of the alley, which led to the tomb were two Egyptian obelisks. On both sides of the doorway bronze plates describe the "Res gestae", the deeds of the emperor. The urns of Augustus, Marcellus, Octavia, Agrippa, Drusus and other members of the Julian Claudian dynasty were revered here. In the Middles Ages the building served as citadel of the Colonna family. It was destroyed by Pope Gregor IX in 1241. The body of Cola di Rienzo. a popular leader of the people in the mid-14th century, was burnt in this monument. The Mausoleo di Augusto is not open to the public, and is fenced off. 41.929712.50873 Catacombe di Priscilla (Catacomb of Priscilla), Via Salaria 430 (enter through the cloister of the monastery of the Benedictines of Priscilla. Buses 86, 92, 310 from Termini station or metro Libia at B1 line), ☏ +39 06-86206272, fax: +39 06-86398134. Tu-Su 09:00-12:00, 14:00-17:00. Underground burial place of an ancient Roman family and of seven early popes. €8. (updated Dec 2016) 41.91138912.4763894 Santa Maria del Popolo, Piazza del Popolo 12 (bus nr 95, 117, 119, 490), ☏ +39 063610836. M-Sa 07:00-12:00, 16:00-19:00; Su 07:30-13:30, 16:30-19:30. This is a treasure-trove of art. There are a couple of paintings by Caravaggio: "The Crucifixion of Saint Peter" and "The Conversion of Saint Paul" (in an dim alcove to the left of the altar, both at right angles to the viewer, with a machine wanting €2 to switch on the lighting) together with a sculpture by Bernini, frescoes by Pinturicchio and mosaics by Raphael. Part of the Dan Brown tour, this church featured in Angels and Demons, although the Vatican did not allow filming inside. 41.90638912.4836115 Santissima Trinità dei Monti, Piazza della Trinità dei Monti 1 (Metro Spagna, bus 116,117,119), ☏ +39 066794179. 09:00-13:00, 15:00-19:00. Baroque church more noted for its position at the top of the Spanish Steps than it is for the church. Backdrop for numerous movies including Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck in Roman Holiday. 41.93472212.4956 Moschea di Roma (Rome's Mosque), Viale della Moschea, 85 (situated to the west of Villa Ada next to the regional train stop "Campi Sportivi" (request stop)), ☏ +39 06 8082167, +39 06 8082258. W Su 09:00-12:30 (excluding Ramadan, Italian holidays and August). The Rome Mosque, which was inaugurated in 1995, is the biggest in Europe. The inside of the 30,000 m2 structure has a large prayer hall that uses tri-stemmed columns that imitate the features of trees. (updated Dec 2016) 41.922512.51757 Santa Constanza, Via Nomentana 349 (bus nr 36,60, 84, 90), ☏ +39 068610840. M-Sa 09:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00; Su 16:00-18:00. 41.92291712.5188788 Sant Agnese fuori le mura, Via Nomentana 349 (bus nr 36, 60, 84,090), ☏ +39 068610840. Daily 09:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00. 41.91071412.4763179 Piazza del Popolo. This is the largest square in Rome. It sometimes hosts pop concerts and is the focal point for Rome's New Year's Eve celebrations. The twin churches Santa Maria dei Miracoli (1681) and Santa Maria in Montesanto (1679) used to provide a clear welcome to Rome for those coming from the north. Much older, to the north of the piazza is yet another Santa Maria (see below). The Piazza del Popolo is considered as one of the most beautiful squares in Europe. It was enlarged and two streets, the Via di Ripetta and the Via del Babuino were added by order of Pope Sixtus V. In the middle of the square is an obelisk (see below). In 1809-1816, Giuseppe Valadier, Roman architect of French origin, gave the square the its characteristic oval shape. 41.91877312.50096110 Quartiere Coppedè (part of the neighborhood of ‘Trieste’) (Bus no. 92, 63, 630, 86). With its strange Liberty- style buildings with influence from the Art Nouveau of the 1920s this small bunch of blocks is one of the most interesting, and less known, landmarks of the city. A must see. 41.9061112.4827811 The Spanish Steps (Scalinata di Spagna). A truly monumental stairway of 135 steps, built with French funds between 1721 and 1725 in order to link the Bourbon Spanish embassy to the Holy See (still located in the piazza below), with the Bourbon French church (its monastery founded in 1495) above. 41.9059512.48205812 Piazza di Spagna (Metro Spagna, bus nr 116,117,119). The Piazza di Spagna (Spanish Square) is the most famous square in Rome. For a very long time it was the meeting point of all foreigners coming to Rome. In the 17th century it was the residence of the Spanish Ambassador to the Holy See. The area around the residence was Spanish territory and foreigners who stayed here without permission were forced to serve in the Spanish army. The Fontana della Barcaccia (Old Boat Fountain) on Piazza di Spagna was designed and built in 1627-29 by Pietro Bernini, father of the more famous Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The fountain celebrates the fact that before high walls were built along the banks of the Tiber Rome often used to flood. Once the waters were so high that a boat ended up in the square. The decorations on the fountain imitate the coat of arms of Pope Urban VII, Barberini'p, who ordered the fountain to be built. A less aesthetic occupant of the square is Italy's first McDonalds, dating back to 1986. Also in the piazza is a column erected in 1856 to commemorate the Immaculate Conception. The column is topped by a statue of the Virgin Mary, and rests on a base with statues of Moses, David, Isaiah and Ezekiel. The Pope visits the Piazza every year on December 8th to celebrate Immaculate Conception. 41.93555612.46694413 Ponte Milvio (Metro Spagna, bus nr 116,117,119). The first pedestrian-only bridge was built here in 206 BC and marks the passage of the Roman Via Flaminia over the Tiber. In 115 BC, the original bridge was demolished and rebuilt. It has been restored and remodelled several times since. In 2006, the bridge began attracting couples who, influenced by a movie, used a lamppost on the bridge to hang padlocks as a sign of their love, locking the padlock to the lamppost, then throwing the key behind them into the river. In 2007 the lamppost collapsed under the weight! Feeling sorry for the lovers the mayor ordered construction of steel posts, where padlocks can once again be hung. 41.9082712.4825214 Villa Medici (Académie de France à Rome), Viale Trinità dei Monti, 1 (Turn left at the top of the Spanish Steps. About 200m on your right. ), ☏ +39 06 6761 311. Tu-Su 09:30-17:30 (ticket office); guided tour of gardens in English daily at 12:00. The villa was erected by order of Cardinal Ricci di Montepulciano in 1544. It was acquired by Cardinal Fernando di Medici in 1576. Since 1803 it is the French Academy in Rome. The academy was created in 1666 by the French King Louis XIV in order to enable painters to study in Rome. Nicolas Poussin was one of the first students, Ingres was director, and Fragonard and Boucher were students of the French Academy, but also musicians like Berlioz and Debussy studied here. Today the villa hosts occasional concerts and exhibitions. Its gardens can be visited. €12. (updated Dec 2016) 41.915312.515 Villa Albani-Torlonia, Via Salaria, 92 (Bus no. 92, 63, 630, 86. Tram 19), ☏ +39 06 6861044, fax: +39 06 68199934, [email protected]. A magnificent patrician house with beautiful gardens. It was built by order of Cardinal Alessando Albani in 1743-1763 in order to accommodate his collection of art. The collection was taken care of by the Winkelmann, adviser and friend of the cardinal. In Rome, Winkelmann wrote his "Geschichte der Kunst des Altertumns (HIstory of the Art of Antiquity)", which made him the founder of classical archaeology. The painted ceiling of the great hall depicting Mount Parnassus is by the German painter Anton Raphael Mengs who was considered as the greatest painter in Rome in the 18th century. A permission to visit is to be requested by email or fax from Principi Torlonia's administration where you'd need to indicate date and time desired, your name and number of people in your party (max. 10). (updated Dec 2016) 41.93203912.50149716 Villa Ada, via Salaria 267 - 273 - 275, via di Ponte Salario, via di Monte Antenne, via Panama (To the left of Via Salaria. Bus no. 92, 310, 63, 630, 86). Beautiful park, the 2nd largest in Rome (after Villa Doria Pamphili) at 450 acres/182 hectares. Hosts concerts on summer evenings. former summer residence of Italian monarchs. Also known for it's bunker. (updated Dec 2016) 41.9134912.4863917 Borghese Gardens. The extensive Borghese Gardens are a pleasant place to stroll. Inside this area you will find one of the world's great museums, Rome's Zoo, a pond where you can rent a rowing boat and the Piazza di Siena, which hosts an annual show jumping event. 41.9112512.4787218 Pincio. The Pincio Park is near Piazza del Popolo. It was designed in the 19th century by Giuseppe Valadier, who also designed the Piazza del Popolo. Formlerly the Casina Valadier was an elegant restaurant. Gandhi, Mussolini, Richard Strauss and the Egyptian King Farouk were customers there. There are many evergreen bushes, palm and pine trees on both sides of the paths. Don't miss the view from Piazzale Napoleone I. to the Vatican and Rome from Monte Mario to Gianicolo. Walking through the park from Villa Borghese or along Viale Trinita del Monti is greatly recommended, especcially at sunset. In the park there is an Egyptian obelisk erected by Emperor Hadrianus over the grave of his favourite slave Antinos, who had saved the emperor's life and from then on was adored like a God. 41.91412.49219 Villa Borghese (Galleria Borghese), Piazzale del Museo Borghese (Parco di Villa Borghese) (Allow plenty of time to get from the metro to the museum - from the metro stop you can't see the museum and there are no signs, so it can take awhile to find. Otherwise take a bus to 41.91397412.493733 Pinciana/Museo Borghese stop at the Via Pinciana, which is just next to the museum. There is a taxi rank next to the park entrance there. ), ☏ +39 06 32810, fax: +39 06 32651329, [email protected]. Tu-Su 08:30-19:30 (mandatory exit at the end of allotted 2-hour slot, ticket office closes at 18:30pm). Borghese Gallery and Museum is a lovely display in a beautiful villa setting, which concentrates on the quality rather than the size of its collection. There are some very notable works by Antonio Canova and Gian Lorenzo Bernini here, Bernini's Apollo and Daphneis quite amazing. It also houses some of Caravaggio paintings, well worth the admission charge. Originally, the gallery was one of the most magnificent private art collections in the world. It was founded by Cardinal Scipione Borghese. At the beginning of the 19th century, Prince Camillo Borghese sold great parts of the collections to Paris where today they belong to the most valuable exhibits of the Louvre. Since 1902 the villa and the gallery are owned by the Italian state. The number of people admitted is limited to 360 every 2 hours, so it is best to make a well in advance for the time slot you want. Cameras and photography are allowed. Plan to arrive at the museum at least 15 minutes prior to your entry time, to obtain your ticket from Will Call and to deposit purses, strollers, backpacks, bottles, and other bulky items in the cloak room. If you are late for your reservation the museum may not allow you to use your ticket. €20 (on-line reservation). (updated Dec 2016) 41.91833312.47777820 Villa Giulia National Gallery (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia), Piazzale di Villa Giulia, 9, Villa Borghese 00196 - Roma (Northwest of the Villa Borghese park), ☏ +39 063201951. Tu-Su 08:30-19:30, closed Jan 1, Dec 25. The most extensive collection of Etruscan art and artifacts anywhere. Fantastic collection and well worth the admission charge. A difficult museum to find, but a lovely display in a beautiful villa setting. Full €8, concessions for students and pensioners. 41.91694412.48194421 Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna (GNAM) (the National Gallery of Modern Art), Via delle Belle Arti 131 (up the hill from Villa Giulia or down the hill from the zoo. ), ☏ +39 06 322 981. Tu-Su 08:30-19:30. An underrated way to see fantastic art made after the Renaissance. Mainly Italian artists, notably De Chirico, but Cézanne, Degas, Kandinsky, Man Ray, Modigliani, Monet, Pollock and Van Gogh are also represented. Full ticket €10; various discounts available. 41.9280712.4664822 MAXXI (Museo Nazionale delle Arti del XXI Secolo (National Museum of 21st Century Art)), Via Guido Reni 4a (Tram No. 2 and buses 53, 217, 280, and 910; around 2 km northwest of Piazza del Popolo along Via Flaminia, close to the Parco della Musica and Stadio Flaminio), ☏ +39 06 39967350, [email protected]. Tu-F Su 11:00-19:00, Sa 11:00-22:00, M closed. Brand new museum designed to celebrate the art and architecture of the 21st century. €10 adults, €8 concessions. 41.91282512.50221723 MACRO (Museo d'Arte Contemporanea di Roma), Via Nizza 138 (bus no 36, 60, 84, 90), ☏ +39 06 6710 70400, [email protected]. Tu-Su 10:30-19:00 (last admission 1 hour before closing), M closed. Rome's museum of contemporary art, housed in a former industrial complex. Rotating exhibitions, each one usually lasting about 4 months. The MACRO Testaccio exhibition space is located in Aventino-Testaccio. €13.50 adults, €11.50 concessions. 41.90575612.48261424 Keats-Shelley Memorial House, Piazza di Spagna 26. The house in which the famous English poet John Keats succumbed to consumption, now preserved as a memorial to his life and that of his friend Shelley, both of whom are buried in Rome's Protestant Cemetery (see Testaccio). 41.9090112.47719225 Goethe's House (Casa di Goethe), Via del Corso 18 (bus nr 95, 447, 119, 490, 495, 629, 926), ☏ +39 0632650412. Tu-Su 10:00-18:00, M closed (last admission 30 min before closing). €5 adults, €3 concessions. 41.9184812.4728426 Museo delle Paste Alimentari, Via Flaminia, 141, ☏ +39 06 699 1119. Daily 09:30-17:30, closed public holidays. A museum devoted to pasta, Italy's premier gift to world cuisine. 41.91747212.48519427 Bioparco. From 09:30 to 17:00 or 18:00 depending on the month. The renamed Rome Zoo, one of the oldest in Europe, founded in 1911. On the edge of the Borghese Gardens, a short, well-signposted walk from the Gallery. They try hard, but San Diego this isn't. If you are a regular zoo-goer you will be disappointed. 41.910712.4763528 Piazza del Popolo Obelisk. According to an inscription Emperor Augustus dedicated the obelisk to the sun in the 11th year of his consulate (10BC), after he had annexed Egypt to Rome. The obelisk is 24 m high. It was erected in Heliopolis in Egypt and was dedicated to Pharao Sethos I (1313-1292 BC) and Pharoa Ramses II (1292-1275 BC). Augustus brought the obelisk to the Circus Maximus, where it was rediscovered in 1587, broken into three pieces and was relocated to Piazze del Popolo on the orders of Pope Sixtus V in 1589. Statue of Lord Byron, Borghese Gardens. Statue by Thorvaldsen. 41.91154412.48633629 Statue of Goethe, Borghese Gardens. Statue of Victor Hugo, Borghese Gardens. Rent a boat and take a row on the lake in the Borghese Gardens. 41.92916712.4747221 Auditorium Parco della Musica, Viale Pietro de Coubertin (to the north of Rome close to the Via Flaminia. Not exactly easy to reach from major tourist areas. Bus 910 and 217 from Termini Station; Linea ‘M’ special bus route between Termini Station and Auditorium, from 17:00 every 15 min on concert nights. Tram: No. 2 from Piazzale Flaminio. Trains: Metro A line to Flaminio then No.2 tram.). The Auditorium at Parco della Musica is a large complex on the north side of Rome, built on a site that was part of the 1960 Olympic area. It is composed of three separate halls whose shapes are inspired by musical instruments. These are positioned around an open air amphitheatre, that is used nearly every night in the summer for concerts. The interiors are entirely made of cherry-wood, which provides for good acoustics. The Parco della Musica opened in 2002 and now hosts a constant stream of classical, popular, and jazz music, featuring national as well as international musicians and groups. Refreshments available and there is a good book shop. The streets to the west of the Spanish Steps, such as Via dei Condotti, house Rome's most upmarket shops. Most of the famous designer labels can be found here. Dolce & Gabbana, Via Condotti 51-52, ☏ +39 0669924999. Giorgio Armani, Via Condotti 77, ☏ +39 063221581. Prada, Via Condotti 92-95, ☏ +39 066790897. Salvatore Ferragamo, Via Condotti 73-74, ☏ +39 066791565. Trussardi, Via Condotti 49-50, ☏ +39 066792151. Valentino, Via Condotti 13, ☏ +39 066739430. Gucci, Via Condotti 8, ☏ +39 066790405. Max Mara, Via Condotti 67-69, ☏ +39 0669922104. Laura Biagotti, Via Borgogna 43-44, ☏ +39 066791205. Ermenegildo Zegna, Via Borgogna 7e, ☏ +39 066789143. Fendi, Via Borgogna 36-40, ☏ +39 066797641. Antico Caffe, Via Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 25, ☏ +39 06 69190704. Very nice restaurant on the main alleyway between Trevi Fontana and Piazza de Spagna. For €9, you get a large choice of pasta with two vegetable sides, bread, and a bottle of mineral water. The house wine is especially good. Il Margutta RistorArte, via Margutta, 118 (near the Spanish Steps), ☏ +39 06 32650577, [email protected]. Lunch buffet and dinner menu. A fairly decent vegetarian lunch buffet. The staff can point out the vegan eats. A decent value for the money. Near where Fellini once lived. Fiaschetteria Beltramme da Cesaretto, Via della Croce 39. Closed Sunday. Cash only. Walls lined with interesting art and at least one communal table. Small, traditional menu but the best dishes are the pastas and the simple bresaola, rughetta and parmigiano plate. Recommended dishes are the tonnarelli cacio & pepe and maltagliati al sugo. Trattoria Fauro, Via R.Fauro 44 (near Parioli theatre), ☏ +39 06068083301. closed Su. €26-34. Mamma Angelina, Viale Arrigo Boito 65, ☏ +39 068608929. closed W and Aug. €20-32. Cremolato, Via di Priscilla 18, ☏ +390686200724. One of the best Cafe of the area. Try the homemade cremolato, probably one of the best in Rome. (updated Mar 2017) 41.9060512.482351 Babington's Tea Rooms, Piazza di Spagna 23. 09:30am-20:30, closed Tuesdays. situated right next to the base of the Spanish Steps, a veritable tourist trap. The cheapest pot of tea is €8. It opened in 1896 in order to fortify homesick English tourists, once famous as a tranquil English haven in a Latin ocean, now serving tea and scones (and more) with considerably less charm and even less value. 41.905612.48152 Antico Caffe Greco, Via dei Condotti 86 (a few steps from the Spanish Steps), ☏ +39 066791700. Ancient and famous coffee bar, with walls lined with art work. Worth a quick look even if you find the prices a bit excessive. 41.908912.479163 Babette caffe-ristorante, Via Margutta, 1/d (off Via Babuino near Piazza del Popolo), ☏ +39 06 32 11 559. opens at 13:00. Lovely lunch buffet. Everything fresh out of the kitchen. Much more expensive on weekends. Always best to reserve. A nice way to sample lots of different Italian foods without having to order an antipasti, primi, secondi, etc. €12. 41.9391612.469174 Beershop (Beershop), Via Flaminia 506 (5 minutes from Piazzale Ponte Milvio), ☏ +39 06 96845654. 16:00-22:00. The smallest beershop in Rome, providing more than 400 beers from all over the world. With a special selection of beers from Italian microbreweries, this is the perfect place for beer enthusiasts. 41.94607912.5160991 La Pergola, Via Prati fiscali 55 - 00141 (Roma Montesacro), ☏ +39 06 8127250, fax: +39 068124353, [email protected]. Check-in: 14:00, check-out: 11:00. from €80/day. 41.93184612.5268362 Carlo Magno, Via Sacco Pastore 13 - 00141 (Roma Montesacro), ☏ +39 06 8903982, fax: +39 068603982, [email protected]. Check-in: 14:00, check-out: 11:00. from €80/day. [dead link] Excel Roma Montemario, via degli Scolopi 31, Montemario Area, zona Trionfale, ☏ +39 0635058001, fax: +39 063070392, [email protected]. This hotel has open air pool, restaurant, free parking and fitness center. €75/€148. Hotel Cinquantatre, Via di San Basilio, 53 (2 min from Barberini metro stop. ), ☏ +39 06 42014708. Hotel is in an old building with a roof-top terrace, rooms are with satellite TV, A/C and a safe, some with balcony as well. From €70. Hotel Condotti, Via Mario de' Fiori, 37, ☏ +39 06 679 4661, fax: +39 06 679 0457. Single rooms from €136, double rooms from €175, triple rooms from €209, quadruple rooms from €223. Hotel Concordia, Via di Capo le Case, 14, ☏ +39 06 6791953, fax: +39 06 6795409, [email protected]. A hotel in a 18th-century building with A/C and a roof garden. from €64. Imperial Suite Rome, ☏ +39 06 8554515, fax: +39 06 4817613. Corso d'Italia 92. A guest house with single, double, twin and triple bedrooms. All with private bath, internet connection and living area. €80/€95 single/double rooms. All rates include the breakfast served directly in the guests’ rooms. Hotel Madrid, Via Mario de Fiori, 93-95, 00187 Roma (RM), ☏ +0039 06 6991510-11-12-13, [email protected]. Comfortable 4-star hotel very close to Piazza di Spagna suitable for both couples and families. The hotel features free Wi-Fi and a panoramic terrace where breakfast and tea are served. (updated Dec 2018) Les Fleurs Luxury House, Via Mario de' Fiori 24 (Next to the Spanish Steps), ☏ +39 06 69921341, fax: +39 06 69790498. Cosy guest house with double and twin standard bedrooms €260, double deluxe, junior suite €380 and double for single use €230. All rates include breakfast and en-suites services with shower and bathtub or Jacuzzi. Residenza Frattina, Via Frattina, 104 (Close to the Spanish Steps), ☏ +39 06 6783553, fax: +39 06 6783701, [email protected]. Hotel Claridge, Viale Liegi, 62, ☏ +39 06 845441. 4-star hotel in the Parioli district, close to the Borghese Gardens. The Duke Hotel, Via Archimede, 69 (Next to Villa Borghese), ☏ +39 06 367221. Check-in: 14:00, check-out: 12:00. single rooms from €140, double rooms from €140. Hotel Lord Byron, Via Via Giuseppe De Notaris, 5 (Next to Villa Borghese), ☏ +39 06 3220 404. single rooms from €190, double rooms from €225. 41.90915212.4907153 Residenza Borghese, Via Sardegna 55, ☏ +39 06 42016810. A modern inn near Via Veneto. Double room from €105. B&B Domus Pinciana, Via Campania 61/a, ☏ +39 06 42014628. Small B&B close to Via Veneto. Double rooms from €100. 41.904412.48094 Intown Luxury House, Via Bocca di Leone, 7, ☏ +39 06 69380200. Single, double, junior suite and terraced junior suite. All rooms with A/C, LCD TV sets with satellite channels, hi-speed Internet connection, safe, minibar and direct telephone line. Bathrooms are fitted with marble and Jacuzzi tubs and/or showers. 290. Best Western Astrid, Largo Antonio Sarti, 4, ☏ +39 06 3236371, fax: +39 06 3220806, [email protected]. A big hotel in a quiet area of Rome. The staff is friendly and makes the stay very enjoyable. The rooms are clean and spacious and there’s a daily replenishment of the minibar at no cost. The 5th-floor breakfast room has great views of the Tiber and St. Peter's Dome. The bar is closed at night and there isn't much nightlife in the area apart from a few good restaurants. €115-165. Spagna Royal Suite Rome, Via Mario de' Fiori 3, ☏ +39 06 69923793, fax: +39 06 69290948. Double, triple and quadruple rooms divided in standard, comfort, deluxe and executive. All with private bath. Rates change according to the season, starting from £239 for a double standard and €399 for a triple deluxe. Town House Spagna, Via della Croce 50/a, ☏ +39 06 68892351. Relatively new town house 50 m away from Piazza di Spagna. 10 rooms, each with private bathrooms. Up to date facilities. €110-210 Standard room. B&B Le Muse, Via Giacinta Pezzana 68 (near Villa Ada), ☏ +39 3487266630. €65. Hotel Fiume, Via Brescia 5, ☏ +39 06 8543000. Nice hotel near the Villa Borghese park. Hotel Homs, Via Della Vite, 71/72, ☏ +39 06 6792976, fax: +39 06 6780482, [email protected]. 4-star hotel. Hotel Stendhal, via del Tritone 113, ☏ +3906422921, [email protected]. 4-star hotel.
Tuesday, May 9, 2006 The main suspect in the 7th March bombings in Varanasi, was shot dead by Indian security forces in Handwara area of North Kashmir early this morning. Abu Zubair, an operative of the Pakistan-based terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jehadi-Islamia was gunned down in a joint operation involving Jammu & Kashmir State Police Special Task Force and the Indian Army. " On specific information, Zubair was killed in a fierce encounter in Handwara " said Nitish Kumar, a police official, adding the man was considered to have played a leading role in the Varanasi attacks. Kumar said Zubair came from the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and was attempting to flee to Pakistan. The twin blasts in the Sankatmochan temple and the Cantonment Railway station of the temple city of Varanasi on March 7, had left close to 20 dead and nearly 100 injured. "Police kill 'Varanasi militant'" — BBC News Online, May 9, 2006 ibnlive.com. "Varanasi blasts accused shot dead" — CNN-IBN, May 9, 2006 "Indian troops kill suspect in Varanasi bombings" — Washington Post, May 9, 2006
The Wart meets King Pellinore in the Forest Savauge when he is out overnight looking for Cully, the goshawk. King Pellinore says he has been lost for 17 years. His dog is supposed to be tracking the Questing beast but she usually goes in opposite directions from King Pellinore, and gets her leash tied around the horse's legs. He appears to be a clumsy man and has problems keeping his visor up. King Pellinore complains about his armor "all this beastly armor takes hours to put on. When it is on it's either frying or freezing, and it gets rusty. You have to sit up all night polishing the stuff. Oh, how i do wish I had a nice house of my own to live in, a house with beds in it and real pillows and sheets." the Wart offers him a feather bed in Sir Ector's castle if he will help the Wart find his way back to the castle. King Pellinore is very excited and completely forgets about the Wart being lost. Then he hears the beast and goes off after it, leaving the Wart. King Pellinore also appears in later chapters of the book.
Tuesday, March 25, 2008 In the past two months, Parker Somerville, a videographer for the website TMZ.com, transitioned from an average guy leading an ordinary life, to living in an extraordinary voyeuristic existence, and back again to the beginning. Simply put, it was a transition from reality to reality, with a two-week detour in reality television. Somerville was a former contestant on the CBS reality TV staple Big Brother, currently in its ninth installment. Evicted on Day 14, Somerville hoped to have another chance to play the game, but came in second in the special "America's Choice" poll to bring back a former HouseGuest (the poll results were eventually not used at all and nobody was brought back). Now freed from a three-week sequester, Somerville was interviewed by Wikinews reporter Mike Halterman and he discussed his thoughts on Big Brother, how he and his fellow HouseGuests were portrayed and received, and what he plans to do now that his experience is, for the most part, over. Somerville will return to Big Brother on finale night in five weeks. Please check your local listings for time and channel. Big Brother airs on CBS in the United States, Global in Canada, and E4 in the United Kingdom. Mike Halterman: So, you've been billed on the show as a paparazzi for TMZ.com. Tell us exactly what you do at your job. What was your most exciting work-related celebrity sighting? Parker Somerville: It's pretty exciting, and also at times it can be pretty boring. I simply wait outside of major Hollywood hot spots, and get sound bytes and reactions from celebrities and public figures. Sometimes it can be awkward, but for the most part, it's pretty entertaining. My most funny/exciting work-related celebrity encounter was with Wesley Snipes. He had us running up and down the street for like 5-10 minutes! And he was in a full suit! How random?! It was exhausting, but funny as hell! MH: How much exposure did you have to Big Brother before you were selected to go on the show? PS: I was never really an avid watcher of Big Brother before I was selected to become one of the HouseGuests. I knew about the show, but just didn't make time to watch it. I can count on one hand how many times I actually watched the show, and that was just because nothing else was on TV at the moment. Before I went in the house, I did watch Seasons 3 and 6 just to kind of familiarize myself with the game. I must say, it's pretty interesting and I may watch future seasons. MH: Who influenced you to audition? PS: Nobody really influenced me to audition. I just saw a random ad on craigslist, and was like, "Why the hell not? Meet a few people...possibly win some cash...Ummm...okay..." MH: In a previous interview I conducted with Canada's Next Top Model winner Andrea Muizelaar, she said that she believed reality shows cast people who are perhaps unstable, to make for better television. Do you feel that's true? PS: I don't believe the name of the game is to find the biggest whack-job and stick a mic and camera on them for good TV. I think the producers of these shows carefully look for the best mix of people to create a story around them. They look for who's going to get along with who, who's going to feud, who's going to be the peace keeper, hook-ups, and so on. Don't get me wrong, everyone loves to watch drama as long as it's not them, so of course they are going to look for people with personal issues but I don't think that's all they cast for. If you think about it, the people with personal issues could grow from their experience and become better people after seeing how they were portrayed. Who knows? MH: You were really not that thrilled when Jen, the "soulmate" the show picked for you, was in a previous outside relationship with fellow HouseGuest Ryan. What were you thinking when Jen revealed the news to you? PS: When I first found out about the secret, I was pretty pissed at Jen for not being honest with me from the start. However, I thought it was a pretty good idea to have that "secret alliance" with them because Jen and Ryan definitely didn't look like they were dating so nobody would have suspected it. MH: Also, Allison, Ryan's partner, was shown on the television broadcasts as being probably more angry than you were. Who do you think was more angry about the developments, you or Allison? PS: I think Allison was more angry with the secret than I was, just because she was forced to be in an alliance with Jen, and they didn't like each other. MH: You were involved in some of the most dramatic moments we've seen this season, including, but not limited to, you waking up the entire house to find the person who had talked behind your back. Do you think being that direct was a good strategy for your game play? Also, viewers of the show gathered that you were unhappy with the way Jen played the game, but do you believe some of your actions cost you the game as well? PS: I didn't really have a strategy when I went into the house. I was definitely myself for the duration of my stay. I was very relaxed with everyone, cracking jokes and enjoying everyone's company. The great thing about me is that I can be your best friend, and your worst enemy. I'm cool, but the moment you cross me, I'll do a 180 on you. I guess that's the Aries in me! When I woke up everyone in the house, I wanted to let everyone know, "Don't take my kindness for weakness." When I heard that whole "snake" comment, it really pissed me off because I did absolutely nothing to make someone judge me so quickly. So I guess my direct approach to certain situations didn't help our current situation. But I know for a fact I wouldn't have been as pissed off as I was if I had control of my own fate in the house. Yes, I wasn't right for having a crappy attitude, but I don't believe I made a major contribution to our demise. MH: How do you feel about Jen telling other HouseGuests that her real-life boyfriend Ryan was racist to ensure that she stayed in the game? Did you think that behavior crossed a line? PS: [laughs] I was like, damn, could you drive the stake in any harder? I felt like we had Sheila's vote, and when Jen told her that, it only hurt us. I really didn't think it was any of the HouseGuests', or America's, business to know what Ryan's racial issues were. I felt like she was not being fair to him because like it or not, he was there to play the game, just like she was. And even if he was racist, who cares? MH: You had said after leaving the house that you felt Matt didn't keep his word to you as far as vetoing your nomination. Now that you've watched past footage, do you still believe Matt wronged you? PS: I never said that Matt didn't keep his word. I knew he wasn't going to use the veto because he didn't want to become an early target. Well, at least that's what he told me beforehand. In my speech, which they edited out, I asked him not to use it because the reason why we were nominated was because of trust issues. When I got out of sequester, I was talking with a few friends, and I was telling them about how Matt was cool as hell, and they said, "obviously you haven't seen the show." What makes me salty at Matt is the fact that he wasn't straightforward with me because I saw what he said in the DR about the situation. Also, I jumped on the live feeds one day, only to see him talking crap about me with Smellsia (Chelsia, I call her "Smellsia" because Allison says her woman parts "down there" aren't too fresh!). I never once said anything bad about Matt inside the house and to see him just diss me like that really didn't sit well with me. I definitely had his back, and for him to talk crap on me, especially when I'm not there to defend myself, shows what kind of person he really is. MH: What did you really want to say to Jen after you both got evicted so early in the game? You were very quiet when Julie Chen interviewed both of you... PS: [laughs] You know damn well what I wanted to say to Jen! You saw my face. That was worth more than words. MH: This season, Big Brother made the press rather negatively compared to past seasons, specifically with incidents like HouseGuest Adam being fired from his job for a comment about "retards," Amanda being taunted that she should hang herself with a noose "just like her father," and James performing in multiple gay pornography videos. What are your thoughts about all of these these events? When do you think the other HouseGuests will find out about James' past in pornography, if they find out at all? How do you think Chelsia will react? PS: I think it's crazy. It's so funny that Adam has no idea what impact his words had to America. The other HouseGuests will find out at the wrap party, I'm sure of it. I think Smellsia won't care about James' past. Being the low-class trash princess that she is, she'll definitely not use protection after finding out the great news! Good luck with that! I wouldn't expect less from her. MH: You were kept in sequester for a few weeks, and only recently allowed to return to your normal life. How does it feel being recognized as "that guy from the Big Brother show"? PS: I know for a fact that some people are going to come off this show thinking they are the next best thing since ice cream. I still think I'm a nobody. Yeah, the opportunity was great, and the notoriety is cool but I'm still just same ol' Parker. It's really funny that people come up to me and want to take their picture with me. A few times, when I was filming a star, all of a sudden I hear in the background, "Oh, my God, it's Parker!" I'm really flattered by all the attention and support I'm getting from the fans. I even signed a couple of autographs... Now that was weird. Those autographs are probably in the trash by now anyway. [laughs] I think I'm gonna keep my night job! MH: What options, do you feel, are open to you now that your stint on reality TV is over? Are you going to continue your job at TMZ, or do you hope to break into acting like previous HouseGuests have? PS: I'm back to TMZ and back to normal life. I didn't come into this experience looking for fame. I really don't want to be a big time actor. It's not really my thing. However, I wouldn't mind doing some commercials or even a hosting gig just for the extra cash. It would be pretty sweet to have the Verizon Guy's job. I'm open for whatever comes my way. MH: You were in the Big Brother house for all of 14 days. With that TV experience behind you, would you ever consider doing another reality TV show again? PS: I would definitely do Big Brother again. I'm not too sure about other reality TV shows because I know I couldn't be myself on those shows. The greatest thing about Big Brother is that you don't have the camera crews and producers in your face to influence your behavior. MH: Who would you hang out with after the show ends, and who would you rather not see again? PS: I am more than likely going to keep in contact with the first four who were evicted [with me], and Natalie. Everyone else, I could care less about for obvious reasons. But who knows, I'm a forgiving person so we'll have to see... but for some of them, I really doubt it. MH: There are eight contestants left from the original sixteen. Who are you rooting for to win, and why? PS: Natalie! I think she's an awesome person. She's the only real person left. Everyone else is pretty much synthetic. I think she'll do great things with the money. MH: And finally, do you believe the Big Brother "twist" this season (both the "soulmate" pairings and Jen and Ryan's outside relationship) "robbed" you of winning the game? PS: Allison, Ryan, Jen, and myself had the best and worst situation in the entire house. I felt like my chances weren't all that great because I wasn't in control of my own situation. If we were singles, I know I would have lasted longer, but there's no use crying over spilled milk right? That's Big Brother for ya! Paige Wiser. "'Brother'-ly love runs rampant" — Chicago Sun-Times, February 29, 2008 Kenneth Hein. "Lowe's Pulls Ads From Big Brother" — Mediaweek, February 25, 2008
This page has been listed as needing cleanup since 2021-09-10. Teen Titans Go! is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics fictional superhero team, the Teen Titans. The series was announced following the popularity of DC Nation's New Teen Titans shorts, both of which are based on the 2003 Teen Titans TV series. Teen Titans Go! is a more comedic take on the DC Comics franchise, dealing with situations that happen every day. Cyborg: It's like a metaphor (High fives Robin) booyah! [Chewing] [Mmm noises] Raven: (disgusted)arg you guys eat like animals [Pig noises] Beast Boy: (in pig form)What Raven? Raven: well you get a pass,but you guys are disgusting [Aww in Amazement] Beast Boy: Delicious Robin: we have no idea were to look Raven: make no mistake (Summons her legend book) Bacon hidden away in one of volcanoes Cyborg: I got heat resistance baby I'm on it Raven: Next is the lettuce hidden underground Beast Boy: I can dig it (transforms into a mole and digs underground) Raven: then there's the stella-Tomato hidden among the stars Cyborg: I'd like to thank you all for coming,you Know taking time off from your jobs (glares at beast boy angrily and drops the glass)oh oh I guess someone is gonna have clean that up (throws a pie on the ground)man I am so clumsy today,(throws another pie)oh cleaning crew I guess beast Boy has to come over and (Beast boy throws the pie on Cyborg's face) Beast Boy: How dumb can you be, I'm only making some few extra bucks so I can buy an expensive present cyborg: I didn't tell get a job Beast Boy: But an Hallucination of you did and the real you made fun of my pie suit. [Cyborg loads his Arm cannon with Pies and starts shooting at Beast Boy and Beast Boy Grabs the pies and their pie war continues]
Plympton is a small town in Massachusetts on the South Shore. Deborah Sampson was born here in 1760. She dressed as a man and fought in the Revolutionary War. When her leg was injured, she tended to it herself so her gender was not discovered. Later, the leg became infected and she was hospitalized. Her gender was discovered and she was honorably discharged. Plympton is a small suburb. It is so small that many people fear blinking as they are driving down route 58 because they might miss the town. Deborah Sampson, a woman who dressed as a man and fought in the Revolutionary War, was born in Plympton, but the only other exciting news to come from the town is the addition of their first traffic light in 2008. Overall, Plympton is a great place to raise a family because of their schooling (Silver Lake School District) and the small population. Routes 106 and 58 both run through Plympton. The new route 44 is the best way in from the highway. Get off at the Plympton-Carver-58 exit (exits are not numbered) and bear right off the exit and continue north on 58 to reach Plympton. There is a small, regional airport in Plymouth called Plymouth Municipal Airport (246 South Meadow Road, 508-746-8003). Travellers usually prefer Logan Airport in Boston or T.F. Greene Airport in Warwick, RI. Plympton is so small that there is no public transportation. There are few sidewalks so walking is not advised. Llama Farm, Main Street. People like to look at the llamas from the fence. Don’t get too close because llamas spit and this is trespassing on private property! Deborah Sampson House, Elm Street. The house Deborah Sampson was born in. This is also private property. Upland Sportsman Club, 76 Upland Road, ☏ +1 781-582-2896. Hunting, fishing, and archery, for members only. Plympton Public Library, 248 Main Street, ☏ +1 781-585-4551. Old Home Day. Everyone heads to the Upland Club for games, food, and to get together with the community. Yearly event, usually spread by word of mouth. The Daily Grind Coffee Shoppe, 286 Main Street, ☏ +1 781-582-0582. Custom Cakes by Paula, 50 County Road (on Route 106), ☏ +1 781-582-9669. Fresh cakes specially ordered. Sunrise Garden, 94 Center Street, ☏ +1 781-585-6035. A family-owned farm and business that grown their own flowers and chemical free produce. They also sell mulch, pumpkins, mums, firewood and Christmas trees and wreaths. Open year round! Sauchuk Farm, 53 Palmer Road (on Route 58), ☏ +1 781-585-1522. Sells fresh produce and flowers that is grown on their own farm. Open May to October. Upland Sportsman Club, 76 Upland Road, ☏ +1 781-582-2896. Drink with the locals!
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, jurist and historian, generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, and was also a prominent German politician, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. The ancient boundary of Italy on the north was not the Alps but the Apennines. The History of Rome All power, as well as all the impotence of democracy is based on faith The History of Rome The czech skull is impervious to reason, but it is scuceptible to blows. The Mediterranean Sea with its various branches, penetrating far into the great Continent, forms the largest gul of the ocean, and, alternately narrowed by islands or projections of the land and expanding to considerable breadth, at once separates and connects the three divisions of the Old World. The shores of this inland sea were in ancient times peopled by various nations, belonging in an ethno-graphical and philological point of view to different races, but constituting in their historical aspect one whole. This historic whole has been usually, but not very appropriately, entitled the history of the ancient world. It is in reality the history of the civilization among the Mediterranean nations; and as it passes before us in its successive stages, it presents four great phases of development, - the history of the Coptic or Egyptian stock dwelling on the southern shore, the history of the Aramaean or Syrian Nation, which occupied the east coast and extended into the interior of Asia as far as the Euphrates and Tigris, and the histories of the twin-peoples, the Hellenes and the Italians, who received as their heritage the countries bordering on its European shores. Each of these histories was in its earlier stages connected with other regions and with other cycles of historical evolution, but each soon entered on its own peculiar career. The surrounding nations of alien or even of kindred extraction, - the Berbers and Negroes of Africa, the Arabs and Persians, and Indians of Asia, the Celts and Germs of Europe, - came into manifold contact with the peoples inhabiting the borders of the Mediterranean, but they neither imparted unto them nor received from them any influences of really decisive effect upon their respective destinies. So far, therefore, as cycles of culture admit of demarcation at all, we may regard that cycle as a unity which has its culminating points denoted by the names Thebes, Carthage, Athens, and Rome.The four nations represented by these names, after each of them had attained in a path of its own peculiar and noble civilization, mingled with one another in the most varied relations of reciprocal intercourse, and skilfully elaborated and richly developed all the elements of human nature. At length their cycle as accomplished. New peoples who hitherto had onled laved the territories of the states of the Mediterranean, as waves lave the beach, overflowed both shores, severed the history of its south coast from that of the north, and transferred the centre of civilization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. The distinction between ancient and modern history, therefore, is no mere accident, nor yet a mere matter of chronological convenience. What is called modern history is in reality the formation of a new cycle of culture, connected at several epochs of its development with the perishing or perished civilization of the mediterranean states, as that was connected with the primitive civilization of the Indo-Germanic stock, but destined, like that earlier cycle, to traverse an orbit of its own. It too is destined to experience in full measure the vicissitudes of national weal and woe, period of growth, of full vigour, and of age, the blessedness of creative effort, in religion, polity, and art, the comfort of enjoying the material and intellectual acquisitions it has won, perhaps also, some day, the decay of productive power in the satiety of contentment with the goal attained. But that goal too will only be temporary: the grandest system of civilization has its orbit, and may complete its course; but not so the human race, to which, even when it seems to have attained its goal, the old task is ever set anew with a wider range and with a deeper meaning. Vol. 1, pt. 1, translated by W.P.Dickson. Introductory Paragraph The great problem of man, how to live in conscioues harmony with himself, with his neighbor, and with the whole to which he belongs, admits of as many solutions as there are provinces in our Father's kingdom; and it is in this, and not in the material sphere, that individuals and nations display their divergences of character. The exciting causes which gave rise to this intrinsic contrast must have been in the Græco-Italian period as yet wanting; it was not until the Hellenes and Italians separated that deep-seated diversity of mental character became manifest, the effects of which contiue to the present day.The family and the state, religion and art, received in Italy and in Greece respectively a development so peculiar and so thoroughly national, that the common basis, on which in these respects also the two peoples rested, has been so overgrown as to be almost concealed from our view. That Hellenic character, which sacrificed the whole to its individual elements, the nation to the single state, and the single state to the citizen; whose ideal of life was the beautiful and the good; and, only too often, the pleasure of idleness; whose political development consisted in intensifying the original individualism of the several cantons, and subsequently led to the internal dissolution of the authority of the state; whose view of religion first invested its gods with human attributes, and then denied their existence; which gave full play to the limbs in the sports of the naked youth, and gave free scope to thought in all its grandeur and in all its awefulness;- and taht Roman character, which solemnly bound the son to reverence the father, the citizen to reverence the ruler, and all to reverence the gods; which required nothing; and honoured nothing, but the useful act, and compelled every citizen to fill up every moment of his brief life with unceasing work ; which made it a duty even in the boy to modestly to cover the body; which deemed every one a bad citizen who wished to be different from his fellows; which viewed the states as all in all, and a desire for the state's extension as the only aspiration not liable to censure,- who can in thought trace back these sharply-marked contrasts to that original unity which embraced them both, prepared the way for their development, and at length produced them? Vol. 1, pt. 1, Chapter 2: "Into Italy" Translated by W.P.Dickson. ..personal credit was guaranteed in the most summary and extravagant fashion; for the law entitled the creditor to treat his insolvent debtor like a thief, and granted to him in sober earnest by legislative enactment what Shylock, half in jest, stipulated for from his mortal enemy, guarding indeed by special clauses the point as to cutting off too much more carefully than did the Jew. Vol. 1, Pt. 1, Translated by W.P.Dickson Character of Roman law in relation to Debt in the Roman Kingdom. [the] qualities -those of good soldiers but bad citizens - explain the historical fact, that the celts have shaken states everywhere,but founded none. Vol. 1. Translated by W.P.Dicskon The strict conception of the unity and omnipotence of the state in all matters pertaining to it, which was the central principle of the Italian constitutions, placed in the hands of the single president nominated for life a formidable power, which was felt doubtless by the enemies of the land, but was not less heavily felt by its citizens. Abuse and oppression could not fail to ensue, and, as a necessary consequence, efforts were made to lessen that power. It was, however, the grand distinction of the endeavours after reform and the revolutions in Rome, that there was no attempt either to impose limitations on the community as such or even to deprive it of corresponding organs of expression—that there never was any endeavour to assert the so-called natural rights of the individual in contradistinction to the community—that, on the contrary, the attack was wholly directed against the form in which the community was represented. From the times of the Tarquins down to those of the Gracchi the cry of the party of progress in Rome was not for limitation of the power of the state, but for limitation of the power of the magistrates: nor amidst that cry was the truth ever forgotten, that the people ought not to govern, but to be governed. Vol. 1. Translated by W.P.Dickson Introductory Paragraph to the second part of Volume 1. On the Abolition of the monarchy and the formation of the Republic. The first magistrates of the republic and the conceptualization of the relationship between the magistrates and the body of citizens. ..any revolution or any usurpation is justified before the bar of history by the exclusive ability govern, even its rigorous judgement must acknowledge that the corporation duly comprehended and worthily fulfilled its great task. Vol. 1. Book II. Chapter 3. Translated by W.P.Dickson. After Rome had acquired the undisputed mastery of the world, the Greeks were wont to annoy their Roman masters by the assertion, that Rome was indebted for her greatness to the fever, of which Alexander of Macedon died at Babylon on the 11th of June, 323. As it was not very agreeable for them to reflect on the actual past, they were fond of allowing their thoughts to dwell on what might have happened, had the great king turned his arms towards the west, and contested the Carthaginian supremacy by sea with his fleet, and the Roman supremacy by land with his phalanxes. It is not impossible that Alexander may have cherished such thoughts; nor is it necessary to resort for such an explanation of their origin to the mere difficulty which an autocrat provided with soldiers and ships experiences in setting limits to his warlike career. It was an enterprise worthy of a great Greek king to protect the siceliots against Carthage and the Tarentines against Rome.. and the Italian embassies from the Bruttians, Lucanians, and Etruscans, that long with numerous others made their appearance at Babylon, afforded him sufficient opportunities of becoming acquainted with the circumstances of the peninsula, and of contracting relations with it. Carthage with is many connections in the east could not but attract the attention of the mighty monarch, and it was probably part of his design to convert the nominal sovereignty of the Persian king over the Tyrian colony into a real one: the apprehensions of the Carthaginians are shown by the Phoenician spy in the suite of Alexander. Whether, however, those ideas were dreams or actual projects, the king died without having interfered in the affairs of the west, and his ideas were buried with him. For a few brief years a Grecian ruler had held in his hands the whole intellectual vigour of the Hellenic race combined with the whole material resources of the east. On his death the work to which his life had been devoted - the establishment of a Hellenism in the east - was by no means undone; but his empire had barely been united when it was again dismembered, and, admidst the constant quarrels of the different states that were formed out of its ruins, the object of world-wide interest which they were destined to promote - the diffusion of Greek culture in the east - though not abandoned, was prosecuted on a feeble and stunted scale. Vol. 1., Page 394 - 395. Translated by W.P.Dickson. The earliest achievement of this (of equality and the restriction on the powers of the constitutionally mandated magistrates), the most ancient opposition in Rome, consisted in the abolition of the life-tenure of the presidency of the community; in other words, in the abolition of the monarchy... Not only in Rome (but all over the Italian peninsula) ... we find the rulers for life of an earlier epoch superseded in after times by annual magistrates. In this light the reasons which led to the substitution of the consuls for kings in Rome need no explanation. The organism of the ancient Greek and Italian polity through its own action and by a sort of natural necessity produced the limitation of the life-presidency to a shortened, and for the most part an annual, term... Simple, however, as was the cause of the change, it might be brought about in various ways, resolution (of the community),.. or the rule might voluntarily abdicate; or the people might rise in rebellion against a tyrannical ruler, and expel him. It was in this latter way that the monarchy was terminated in Rome. For however much the history of the expulsion of the last Tarquinius, "the proud", may have been interwoven with anecdotes and spun out into a romance, it is not in its leading outlines to be called in question. Tradition credibly enough indicates as the causes of the revolt, that the king neglected to consult the senate and to complete its numbers; that he pronounced sentences of capital punishment and confiscation without advising with his counsellors(sic); that he accumulated immense stores of grain in his granaries, and exacted from the burgesses military labours and task-work beyond what was due... we are (in light of the ignorance of historical facts around the abolition of the monarchy) fortunately in possession of a clearer light as to the nature of the change which was made in the constitution (after the expulsion of the monarchy). The royal power was by no means abolished, as is shown by the fact that, when a vacancy occurred, a "temporary king" (Interrex) was nominated as before. The one life-king was simply replaced by two [one year] kings, who called themselves generals (praetores), or judges..., or merely colleagues (Consuls) [literally, "Those who leap or dance together"]. The collegiate principle, from which this last - and subsequently most current - name of the annual kings was derived, assumed in their case an altogether peculiar form. The supreme power was not entrusted to the two magistrates conjointly, but each consul possessed and exercised it for himself as fully and wholly as it had been possessed and exercised by the king; and, although a partition of functions doubtless took place from the first - the one consul for instance undertaking the command of the army, and the other the administration of justice - that partition was by no means binding, and each of the colleagues was legally at liberty to interfere at any time in the province of the other. Vol. 1, Book II , Chapter 1. "Change of the Constitution" Translated by W.P. Dickson In Etruria.. the nation stagnated and decayed in political helplessness and indolent opulence, a theological monopoly in the hands of the nobility, stupid fatalism, wild and meaningless mysticism, the arts of soothsaying and mendicant priestcraft gradually developed themselves, till they reached the height at which we afterwards find them. Vol. 1, Book II, Chapter 8. "Law. Religion. Military System. Economic Condition. Nationality" The force of circumstances... is stronger than even the strongest government: the language and customs of the Latin people immediately shared (with Rome) its ascendancy in Italy, and already began to undermine the other Italian Nationalities. Vol. 1, Book II, Chapter 8. "Law. Religion. Military System. Economic Condition. Nationality" As the grave closes alike over all whether important or insignificant, so in the roll of Roman magistrates the empty scion of nobility stands undistinguishable by the side of the great statesmen [men] who had been at the head of the Roman commonwealth, as well as this Roman statesmen and warrior, might be commemorated as having been of noble birth and of manly beauty, valiant and wise; but there was no more to record [of their lives and deeds]] regarding them... The senator was intended to be no worse and no better then other senators, nor at all to differ from them. It was no necessary and not desirable that any burgess should surpess the rest, whether in showy silver plate and Hellenic culture, or in uncommon wisdom and excellence. The Rome of the period belonged to no individual; it was necessary that the burgesses should all be alike.." Vol. 1, Book II, Chapter 8. "Law. Religion. Military System. Economic Condition. Nationality" On the lack of individuality in Rome in the first ages of the Republic (in contradisticintion with the Hellenic cultures of Greece) When a war of annhilihation is surely though in point of time indefinately impending over a weaker state, the wiser, more resolute and more devoted men who would immediately prepare it for the unnavoidable struggle and thus cover their defensive policy with a strategy of offense always find themselves hampered by the indolent, cowardly mass of the money worshippers, of the aged and feeble, and the thoughtless who are minded merely to gain time to live and die in peace and to postpone and any price the final struggle. The History of Rome, Volume 2 Translated by W.P. Dickson On the one hand this catastrophe had brought to light the utterly corrupt and pernicious character of the ruling oligarchy, their incapacity, their coterie-policy, their leanings towards the Romans. On the other hand the seizure of Sardinia, and the threatening attitude which Rome on that occasion assumed, showed plainly even to the humblest that a declaration of war by Rome was constantly hanging like the sword of Damocles over Carthage, and that, if Carthage in her present circumstances went to war with Rome, the consequence must necessarily be the downfall of the Phoenician dominion in Libya. Probably there were in Carthage not a few who, despairing of the future of their country, counselled emigration to the islands of the Atlantic; who could blame them? But minds of the nobler order disdain to save themselves apart from their nation, and great natures enjoy the privilege of deriving enthusiasm from circumstances in which the multitude of good men despair. They accepted the new conditions just as Rome dictated them; no course was left but to submit and, adding fresh bitterness to their former hatred, carefully to cherish and husband resentment—that last resource of an injured nation. They then took steps towards a political reform. (1) They had become sufficiently convinced of the incorrigibleness of the party in power: the fact that the governing lords had even in the last war neither forgotten their spite nor learned greater wisdom, was shown by the effrontery bordering on simplicity with which they now instituted proceedings against Hamilcar as the originator of the mercenary war, because he had without full powers from the government made promises of money to his Sicilian soldiers. Had the club of officers and popular leaders desired to overthrow this rotten and wretched government, it would hardly have encountered much difficulty in Carthage itself; but it would have met with more formidable obstacles in Rome, with which the chiefs of the government in Carthage already maintained relations that bordered on treason. To all the other difficulties of the position there fell to be added the circumstance, that the means of saving their country had to be created without allowing either the Romans, or their own government with its Roman leanings, to become rightly aware of what was doing. The man, whose head and heart had in a desperate emergency and amidst a despairing people paved the way for their deliverance, was no more, when it became possible to carry out his design. Whether his successor Hasdrubal forbore to make the attack because the proper moment seemed to him to have not yet come, or whether, more a statesman than a general, he believed himself unequal to the conduct of the enterprise, we are unable to determine. When, at the beginning of [221 B.C], he fell by the hand of an assassin, the Carthaginian officers of the Spanish army summoned to fill his place Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar. He was still a young man--born in [247 B.C], and now, therefore, in his twenty-ninth year [221 B.C]; but his had already been a life of manifold experience. His first recollections pictured to him his father fighting in a distant land and conquering on Ercte; he had keenly shared that unconquered father's feelings on the Peace of Catulus (also see Treaty of Lutatius), on the bitter return home, and throughout the horrors of the Libyan war. While yet a boy, he had followed his father to the camp; and he soon distinguished himself. His light and firmly-knit frame made him an excellent runner and fencer, and a fearless rider at full speed; the privation of sleep did not affect him, and he knew like a soldier how to enjoy or to dispense with food. Although his youth had been spent in the camp, he possessed such culture as belonged to the Phoenicians of rank in his day; in Greek, apparently after he had become a general, he made such progress under the guidance of his confidant Sosilus of Sparta as to be able to compose state papers in that language. As he grew up, he entered the army of his father, to perform his first feats of arms under the paternal eye and to see him fall in battle by his side. Thereafter he had commanded the cavalry under his sister's husband, Hasdrubal, and distinguished himself by brilliant personal bravery as well as by his talents as a leader. The voice of his comrades now summoned him--the tried, although youthful general--to the chief command, and he could now execute the designs for which his father and his brother-in-law had lived and died. He took up the inheritance, and he was worthy of it. His contemporaries tried to cast stains of various sorts on his character; the Romans charged him with cruelty, the Carthaginians with covetousness; and it is true that he hated as only Oriental natures know how to hate, and that a general who never fell short of money and stores can hardly have been other than covetous. But though anger and envy and meanness have written his history, they have not been able to mar the pure and noble image which it presents. Laying aside wretched inventions which furnish their own refutation, and some things which his lieutenants, particularly Hannibal Monomachus and Mago the Sammite, were guilty of doing in his name, nothing occurs in the accounts regarding him which may not be justified under the circumstances, and according to the international law, of the times; and all agree in this, that he combined in rare perfection discretion and enthusiasm, caution and energy. He was peculiarly marked by that inventive craftiness, which forms one of the leading traits of the Phoenician character; he was fond of taking singular and unexpected routes; ambushes and stratagems of all sorts were familiar to him; and he studied the character of his antagonists with unprecedented care. By an unrivaled system of espionage--he had regular spies even in Rome--he kept himself informed of the projects of the enemy; he himself was frequently seen wearing disguises and false hair, in order to procure information on some point or other. Every page of the history of this period attests his genius in strategy; and his gifts as a statesman were, after the peace with Rome, no less conspicuously displayed in his reform of the Carthaginian constitution, and in the unparalleled influence which as a foreign exile he exercised in the cabinets of the eastern powers. The power which he wielded over men is shown by his incomparable control over an army of various nations and many tongues--an army which never in the worst times mutinied against him. He was a great man; wherever he went, he riveted the eyes of all. The History of Rome, Volume 2 Translated by W.P. Dickson On Hannibal the man and soldier All the Hellenistic States had thus been completely subjected to the protectorate of Rome, and the whole empire of Alexander the Great had fallen to the Roman commonwealth just as if the city had inherited it from his heirs. From all sides kings and ambassadors flocked to Rome to congratulate her; they showed that fawning is never more abject than when kings are in the antechamber...w:Polybius dates from the battle of Pydna the full establishment of the universal empire of Rome. It was in fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power; all subsequent struggles were rebellions or wars with peoples beyond the pale of the Romano-Greek civilization -- with barbarians, as they were called. The whole civilized world thenceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal, whose commissions decided in the last resort between kings and nations; and to acquire its language and manners foreign princes and youths of quality resided in Rome. A clear and earnest attempt to get rid of this dominion was in reality made only once -- by the great Mithradates of Pontus. The battle of pydna, moreover, marks the last occasion on which the senate still adhered to the state-maxim that that they should, if possible, hold no possessions and maintain no garrisons beyond the Italian seas, but should keep the numerous states dependent on them in order by a mere political supremacy. The aim aim of their policy was that these states should neither decline into utter weakness and anarchy, as had nevertheless happened in Greece nor emerge out of their half-free position into complete independence, as Macedonia had attempted to do without success. No state was to be allowed to utterly perish, but no one was to be permitted to stand on its own resources... Indications of a change of system, and of an increasing disinclination on the part of Rome to tolerate by its side intermediate states even in such independence as was possible for them, were clearly given in the destruction of the Macedonian monarchy after the battle of Pydna, the more and more frequent and more unavoidable the intervention in the internal affairs of the petty Greek states through their misgovernment, and their political and social anarchy, the disarming of Macedonia, where the Northern forntier at any rate urgently required a defence different from that of mere posts; and, lastly, the introduction of the payment of land-tax to Rome from Macedonia and Illyria, were so many symptoms of the approaching conversion of the client states into subjects of Rome. The Changing of the Relationship between Rome and Her Client-States The History Of Rome, Volume 2. Chapter 10. "The Third Macedonian War" Translated by W.P.Dickson ... in truth Publius Scipio was one, who was himself enthusiastic, and who inspired enthusiasm. He was not one of the few who by their energy and iron will constrain the world to adopt, and to move in, new paths for centuries, or who grasp the reins of destiny for years till its wheels roll over them.... a wide interval separates such a man from an Alexander or a Caesar. As an officer, he rendered at least no greater service to his country than Marcus Marcellus; and as a politician, although not perhaps himself fully conscious of the unpatriotic and personal character of his policy, he injured hi country at least as much, as he benefited it by his military skill. The History Of Rome, Volume 2. Chapter 6. Translated by W.P.Dickson The fall of the patriciate by no means divested the Roman commonwealth of its aristocratic character. We have already indicated that the plebeian party carried within it that character from the first as well as, and in some sense still more decidedly than, the patriciate; for, while in the old body of burgesses an absolute equality of rights prevailed, the new constitution set out from a distinction between the senatorial houses who were privileged in point of burgess rights and of burgess usufructs, and the mass of the other citizens. Immediately, therefore, on the abolition of the patriciate and the formal establishment of civic equality, a new aristocracy and a corresponding opposition were formed; and we have already shown how the former engrafted itself as it were on the fallen patriciate, and how, accordingly, the first movements of the new party of progress were mixed up with the last movements of the old opposition between the orders. The formation of these new parties began in the fifth century, but they assumed their definite shape only in the century which followed. The development of this internal change is, as it were, drowned amidst the noise of the great wars and victories, and not merely so, but the process of formation is in this case more withdrawn from view than any other in Roman history. Like a crust of ice gathering imperceptibly over the surface of a stream and imperceptibly confining it more and more, this new Roman aristocracy silently arose; and not less imperceptibly, like the current concealing itself beneath and slowly extending, there arose in opposition to it the new party of progress. It is very difficult to sum up in a general historical view the several, individually insignificant, traces of these two antagonistic movements, which do not for the present yield their historical product in any distinct actual catastrophe. But the freedom hitherto enjoyed in the commonwealth was undermined, and the foundation for future revolutions was laid, during this epoch; and the delineation of these as well as of the development of Rome in general would remain imperfect, if we should fail to give some idea of the strength of that encrusting ice, of the growth of the current beneath, and of the fearful moaning and cracking that foretold the mighty breaking up which was at hand. The Roman nobility attached itself, in form, to earlier institutions belonging to the times of the patriciate. Persons who once had filled the highest ordinary magistracies of the state not only, as a matter of course, practically enjoyed all along a higher honour, but also had at an early period certain honorary privileges associated with their position. The most ancient of these was doubtless the permission given to the descendants of such magistrates to place the wax images of these illustrious ancestors after their death in the family hall, along the wall where the pedigree was painted, and to have these images carried, on occasion of the death of members of the family, in the funeral procession.. the honouring of images was regarded in the Italo-Hellenic view as unrepublican, and on that account the Roman state-police did not at all tolerate the exhibition of effigies of the living, and strictly superintended that of effigies of the dead. With this privilege were associated various external insignia, reserved by law or custom for such magistrates and their descendants:--the golden finger-ring of the men, the silver-mounted trappings of the youths, the purple border on the toga and the golden amulet-case of the boys--trifling matters, but still important in a community where civic equality even in external appearance was so strictly adhered to, and where, even during the second Punic war, a burgess was arrested and kept for years in prison because he had appeared in public, in a manner not sanctioned by law, with a garland of roses upon his head. (6) These distinctions may perhaps have already existed partially in the time of the patrician government, and, so long as families of higher and humbler rank were distinguished within the patriciate, may have served as external insignia for the former; but they certainly only acquired political importance in consequence of the change of constitution in 387, by which the plebeian families that attained the consulate were placed on a footing of equal privilege with the patrician families, all of whom were now probably entitled to carry images of their ancestors. Moreover, it was now settled that the offices of state to which these hereditary privileges were attached should include neither the lower nor the extraordinary magistracies nor the tribunate of the plebs, but merely the consulship, the praetorship which stood on the same level with it,(7) and the curule aedileship, which bore a part in the administration of public justice and consequently in the exercise of the sovereign powers of the state. (8) Although this plebeian nobility, in the strict sense of the term, could only be formed after the curule offices were opened to plebeians, yet it exhibited in a short time, if not at the very first, a certain compactness of organization--doubtless because such a nobility had long been prefigured in the old senatorial plebeian families. The result of the Licinian laws in reality therefore amounted nearly to what we should now call the creation of a batch of peers. Now that the plebeian families ennobled by their curule ancestors were united into one body with the patrician families and acquired a distinctive position and distinguished power in the commonwealth, the Romans had again arrived at the point whence they had started; there was once more not merely a governing aristocracy and a hereditary nobility--both of which in fact had never disappeared--but there was a governing hereditary nobility, and the feud between the gentes in possession of the government and the commons rising in revolt against the gentes could not but begin afresh. And matters very soon reached that stage. The nobility was not content with its honorary privileges which were matters of comparative indifference, but strove after separate and sole political power, and sought to convert the most important institutions of the state--the senate and the equestrian order--from organs of the commonwealth into organs of the plebeio-patrician aristocracy. The Romans of this epoch still remained strangers to rhetoric and philosophy. The speech in their case lay too decidedly at the very heart of public life to be accessible to the handling of the foreign schoolmaster; the genuine orator Cato poured forth all the vials of his indignant ridicule over the silly Isocratean fashion of ever learning, and yet never being able, to speak. The Greek philosophy, although it acquired a certain influence over the Romans through the medium of didactic and especially of tragic poetry, was nevertheless viewed with an apprehension compounded of boorish ignorance and of instinctive misgiving. Cato bluntly called Socrates a talker and a revolutionist, who was justly put to death as an offender against the faith and the laws of his country; and the opinion, which even Romans addicted to philosophy entertained regarding it.. The History Of Rome, Volume 2. Chapter 9. Translated by W.P.Dickson History has a Nemesis for every sin—for an impotent craving after freedom, as well as for an injudicious generosity. The party of reform emerges, as it were, personified in Marcus Porcius Cato (520-605). Cato, the last statesman of note belonging to that earlier system which restricted its ideas to Italy and was averse to universal empire, was for that reason accounted in after times the model of a genuine Roman of the antique stamp; he may with greater justice be regarded as the representative of the opposition of the Roman middle class to the new Hellenico-cosmopolite nobility. Brought up at the plough, he was induced to enter on a political career by the owner of a neighbouring estate, one of the few nobles who kept aloof from the tendencies of the age, Lucius Valerius Flaccus. That upright patrician deemed the rough Sabine farmer the proper man to stem the current of the times; and he was not deceived in his estimate. Beneath the aegis of Flaccus, and after the good old fashion serving his fellow-citizens and the commonwealth in counsel and action, Cato fought his way up to the consulate and a triumph, and even to the censorship. Having in his seventeenth year entered the burgess-army, he had passed through the whole Hannibalic war from the battle on the Trasimene lake to that of Zama; had served under Marcellus and Fabius, under Nero and Scipio; and at Tarentum and Sena, in Africa, Sardinia, Spain, and Macedonia, had shown himself capable as a soldier, a staff-officer, and a general. He was the same in the Forum, as in the battle-field. His prompt and fearless utterance, his rough but pungent rustic wit, his knowledge of Roman law and Roman affairs, his incredible activity and his iron frame, first brought him into notice in the neighbouring towns; and, when at length he made his appearance on the greater arena of the Forum and the senate-house in the capital, constituted him the most influential advocate and political orator of his time. He took up the key-note first struck by Manius Curius, his ideal among Roman statesmen;(50) throughout his long life he made it his task honestly, to the best of his judgment, to assail on all hands the prevailing declension; and even in his eighty-fifth year he battled in the Forum with the new spirit of the times. He was anything but comely--he had green eyes, his enemies alleged, and red hair--and he was not a great man, still less a far-seeing statesman. Thoroughly narrow in his political and moral views, and having the ideal of the good old times always before his eyes and on his lips, he cherished an obstinate contempt for everything new. Deeming himself by virtue of his own austere life entitled to manifest an unrelenting severity and harshness towards everything and everybody; upright and honourable, but without a glimpse of any duty lying beyond the sphere of police order and of mercantile integrity; an enemy to all villany and vulgarity as well as to all refinement and geniality, and above all things the foe of his foes; he never made an attempt to stop evils at their source, but waged war throughout life against symptoms, and especially against persons. The ruling lords, no doubt, looked down with a lofty disdain on the ignoble growler, and believed, not without reason, that they were far superior; but fashionable corruption in and out of the senate secretly trembled in the presence of the old censor of morals with his proud republican bearing, of the scar-covered veteran from the Hannibalic war, and of the highly influential senator and the idol of the Roman farmers. He publicly laid before his noble colleagues, one after another, his list of their sins; certainly without being remarkably particular as to the proofs, and certainly also with a peculiar relish in the case of those who had personally crossed or provoked him. With equal fearlessness he reproved and publicly scolded the burgesses for every new injustice and every fresh disorder. His vehement attacks provoked numerous enemies, and he lived in declared and irreconcilable hostility with the most powerful aristocratic coteries of the time, particularly the Scipios and Flaminini; he was publicly accused forty-four times. But the farmers --and it is a significant indication how powerful still in the Roman middle class was the spirit which had enabled them to survive the day of Cannae--never allowed the unsparing champion of reform to lack the support of their votes. Indeed when in 570 Cato and his like-minded patrician colleague, Lucius Flaccus, solicited the censorship, and announced beforehand that it was their intention when in that office to undertake a vigorous purification of the burgess-body through all its ranks, the two men so greatly dreaded were elected by the burgesses notwithstanding all the exertions of the nobility; and the latter were obliged to submit, while the great purgation actually took place and erased among others the brother of Africanus from the roll of the equites, and the brother of the deliverer of the Greeks from the roll of the senate. On the abolition of the Macedonian monarchy, the supremacy of Rome was not only an established fact from the Pillars of Hercules to the mouths of the Nile and the Orontes, but, as if it were the final decree of fate, pressed on the nations with all the weight of an inevitable necessity, and seemed to leave them merely the choice of perishing in hopeless resistance or in hopeless endurance. If history were not entitled to insist that the earnest reader should accompany her through good and evil days, through landscapes of winter as well as of spring, the historian might be tempted to shun the cheerless task of tracing the manifold and yet monotonous turns of this struggle between power and weakness, both in the Spanish provinces already annexed to the Roman empire and in the African, Hellenic, and the Asiatic territories which were still treated as clients of Rome. But, however unimportant and subordinate the individual conflicts may appear, they possess collectively a deep historical significance; and, in particular, the state of things in Italy at this period is only intelligible in the light of the reaction which the provinces exercised over the mother-country. Vol. 3, pg. 1, translated by W.P. Dickson An independent state does not pay too dear for its independence in accepting the sufferings of war when it cannot avoid them Vol. 3, pg. 20, translated by W.P. Dickson It is no easy task for a state any more than for a man to become reconciled to insignificance; it is the duty and right of the ruler either to renounce his authority, or by the display of an imposing material superiority to compel the ruled to resignation. Vol. 3, pg. 21, translated by W.P. Dickson . Vol. 3, pg. 21, translated by W.P. Dickson For a whole generation after the battle of Pydna the Roman state enjoyed a profound calm, scarcely varied by a ripple here and there on the surface. Its dominion extended over three continents; the lustre of the Roman power and the glory of the Roman name were constantly on the increase; all eyes rested on Italy, all talents and all riches flowed thither; it seemed as if a golden age of peaceful prosperity and intellectual enjoyment of life had there begun. The Orientals of this period told each other with astonishment of the might republic of the West,'which subdued kingdoms far and near, so that everyone who heard its name trembled; but which kept good faith with its friends and clients. Such was the glory of the Romans, and yet no one usurped the crown and no one glittered in purple dress; but they obeyed whomsoever from year to year they made their master, and there was among them neither envy nor discord. 'So it seemed at a distance; matters wore a different aspect on a closer view. The government of the aristocracy was in full train to destroy its own work. Not that the sons and grandsons of the vanquished at Cannae and Zama had so utterly degenerated from their fathers and grandfathers; the difference was not so much in the men who now sat in the Senate as in the times. Where a limited number of old families of established wealth and hereditary political importance conducts the government, it will display in seasons of danger an incomparable tenacity of purpose and power of heroic self-sacrifice, just as in seasons of tranquility it will be short-sighted, selfish, and negligent; the germs of both results are essentially involved in its hereditary and collegiate character. The morbid matter had been long in existence, but it needed the sun of prosperity to develop it. There was a profound meaning in the question of Cato, "What was to become of Rome, when she should no longer have any state to fear?" that point had now been reached. Every neighbor whom she might have feared was politically annihilated; and of the men, who had been reared under the older order of things in the severe school of the Hannibalic War, and whose words still sounded as echoes of that mighty epoch so long as they survived, death called on after another away, till at length the voice of the last of them, the Veteran Cato, ceased to be heard in the Senate-house and in the Forum. A younger generation came to the helm, and their policy was a sorry answer to that of the question of the veteran patriot. We have already spoken the shape which the government of the subjects and external policy of rome assumed in their hands. In internal affairs they were, if possible, still more disposed to let the ship drive before the wind: if we understand by internal government more than the transaction of current business, there was at this period no government in Rome at all. The single leading thought of the governing corporation was the maintenance and, if possible, the increase of their usurped privileges. It was not the state that had a title to get the right and the best man for its supreme magistracy; but every member of the coterie had an inborn title to the highest office of the state - a title not to be prejudiced by the unfair rivalry of his peers or by the encroachments of the excluded. Accordingly the clique proposed to itself as its most important political aim, the restriction of reelection to the consulship and the exclusion of "new men;" and in fact succeeded in obtaining the legal prohibition of the former about (165) and contented itself with a government of aristocratic nobodies. Even the inaction of the government in its outward relations was doubtless connected with this policy of the nobility, exclusive towards commoners, and distrustful towards the individual members of their own order. By no surer means could they keep commoners, whose deeds were their patent of nobility, aloof from the pure circles of the aristocracy than by giving no opportunity to any one to perform deeds at all... Vol 3, Pg 71-73, Translated by W.P. Dickson On the Roman government before the Ghracci brothers and the spread of decay within it. With unrivalled activity.. [he] concentrated the most varied and most complicated functions of government in his own person. He himself watched over the distribution of grain, selected the jurymen, founded the colonies.. regulated the highways and concluded building-contracts, led the discussions of the senate, settled the consular elections - in short; he accustomed the people to the fact that one man was the foremost in all things, and threw the lax and lame administration of the senatorial college into the shade by the vigour and dexterity of his personal rule. Vol. 3, Translated by W.P. Dickson. On Gaius Gracchus. Philip of Macedonia leading the way, were induced to interfere in the relations of the west. We have already set forth to some extent the origin of this interference and the course of the first Macedonian war (540-549); and we have pointed out what Philip might have accomplished during the second Punic war, and how little of all that Hannibal was entitled to expect and to count on was really fulfilled. A fresh illustration had been afforded of the truth, that of all haphazards none is more hazardous than an absolute hereditary monarchy. Philip was not the man whom Macedonia at that time required; yet his gifts were far from insignificant He was a genuine king, in the best and worst sense of the term. A strong desire to rule in person and unaided was the fundamental trait of his character; he was proud of his purple, but he was no less proud of other gifts, and he had reason to be so. He not only showed the valour of a soldier and the eye of a general, but he displayed a high spirit in the conduct of public affairs, whenever his Macedonian sense of honour was offended. Full of intelligence and wit, he won the hearts of all whom he wished to gain, especially of the men who were ablest and most refined, such as Flamininus and Scipio; he was a pleasant boon companion and, not by virtue of his rank alone, a dangerous wooer. But he was at the same time one of the most arrogant and flagitious characters, which that shameless age produced. He was in the habit of saying that he feared none save the gods; but it seemed almost as if his gods were those to whom his admiral Dicaearchus regularly offered sacrifice--Godlessness (-Asebeia-) and Lawlessness (-Paranomia-). The lives of his advisers and of the promoters of his schemes possessed no sacredness in his eyes, nor did he disdain to pacify his indignation against the Athenians and Attalus by the destruction of venerable monuments and illustrious works of art; it is quoted as one of his maxims of state, that "whoever causes the father to be put to death must also kill the sons." It may be that to him cruelty was not, strictly, a delight; but he was indifferent to the lives and sufferings of others, and relenting, which alone renders men tolerable, found no place in his hard and stubborn heart. So abruptly
Given: Large plate in pure shear. Stress state perturbed by a small hole. The BCs are at r = a {\displaystyle r=a} (103) t r = t θ = 0 ; n ^ = − e ^ r ⇒ σ r r = σ r θ = 0 {\displaystyle {\text{(103)}}\qquad t_{r}=t_{\theta }=0~;~~{\widehat {\mathbf {n} }}=-{\widehat {\mathbf {e} }}~r\Rightarrow \sigma _{rr}=\sigma _{r\theta }=0} at r → ∞ {\displaystyle r\rightarrow \infty } (104) σ 12 → S ; σ 11 → 0 ; σ 22 → 0 {\displaystyle {\text{(104)}}\qquad \sigma _{12}\rightarrow S~;~~\sigma _{11}\rightarrow 0~;~~\sigma _{22}\rightarrow 0} We will solve this problem by superposing a perturbation due to the hole on the unperturbed solution. The effect of the perturbation will decrease with increasing distance from the hole, i.e. the effect will be proportional to r − n {\displaystyle r^{-n}\,} . (105) σ 11 = σ 22 = 0 ; σ 12 = S {\displaystyle {\text{(105)}}\qquad \sigma _{11}=\sigma _{22}=0~;~~\sigma _{12}=S} Therefore, (106) σ 12 = − φ , 12 = S {\displaystyle {\text{(106)}}\qquad \sigma _{12}=-\varphi _{,12}=S} Integrating, (107) φ , 1 = − S x 2 + f ( x 1 ) ⇒ φ = − S x 1 x 2 + ∫ f ( x 1 ) d x 1 {\displaystyle {\text{(107)}}\qquad \varphi _{,1}=-Sx_{2}+f(x_{1})\Rightarrow \varphi =-Sx_{1}x_{2}+\int f(x_{1})dx_{1}} Since φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is a potential, we can neglect the integration constants (these do not affect the stresses - which are what we are interested in). Hence, (108) φ = − S x 1 x 2 = − S ( r cos ⁡ θ ) ( r sin ⁡ θ ) = − S r 2 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{(108)}}\qquad \varphi =-Sx_{1}x_{2}=-S(r\cos \theta )(r\sin \theta )=-{\cfrac {Sr^{2}}{2}}\sin(2\theta )} or, (109) φ = − S r 2 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{(109)}}\qquad \varphi =-{\cfrac {Sr^{2}}{2}}\sin(2\theta )} Note that we have arranged the expression so that it has a form similar to the Fourier series of the previous section. For this we have to add terms to φ {\displaystyle \varphi } in such a way that The unperturbed solution continues to be true as r → ∞ {\displaystyle r\rightarrow \infty \,} . The terms have the same form as the unperturbed solution,i.e., s i n ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle sin(2\theta )\,} terms. The new φ {\displaystyle \varphi } leads to stresses that are proportional to r − n {\displaystyle r^{-n}\,} . Recall, φ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ f n ( r ) cos ⁡ ( n θ ) + ∑ n = 0 ∞ g n ( r ) sin ⁡ ( n θ ) {\displaystyle \varphi =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }f_{n}(r)\cos(n\theta )+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }g_{n}(r)\sin(n\theta )} where, f 0 ( r ) = A 0 r 2 + B 0 r 2 ln ⁡ r + C 0 + D 0 ln ⁡ r f 1 ( r ) = A 1 r 3 + B 1 r + C 1 r ln ⁡ r + D 1 r − 1 f n ( r ) = A n r n + 2 + B n r n + C n r − n + 2 + D n r − n , n > 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f_{0}(r)&=A_{0}r^{2}+B_{0}r^{2}\ln r+C_{0}+D_{0}\ln r\\f_{1}(r)&=A_{1}r^{3}+B_{1}r+C_{1}r\ln r+D_{1}r^{-1}\\f_{n}(r)&=A_{n}r^{n+2}+B_{n}r^{n}+C_{n}r^{-n+2}+D_{n}r^{-n}~,~~n>1\end{aligned}}} So the appropriate stress function for the perturbation is (110) φ = g 2 ( r ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) = ( C 2 r − 2 + 2 + D 2 r − 2 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{(110)}}\qquad \varphi =g_{2}(r)\sin(2\theta )=\left(C_{2}r^{-2+2}+D_{2}r^{-2}\right)\sin(2\theta )} or, (111) φ = ( C 2 + D 2 r − 2 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{(111)}}\qquad \varphi =\left(C_{2}+D_{2}r^{-2}\right)\sin(2\theta )} Hence, the stress function appropriate for the superposed solution is (112) φ = − S r 2 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) + ( C 2 + D 2 r − 2 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{(112)}}\varphi =-{\cfrac {Sr^{2}}{2}}\sin(2\theta )+\left(C_{2}+D_{2}r^{-2}\right)\sin(2\theta )} We determine C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} and D 2 {\displaystyle D_{2}} using the boundary conditions at r = a {\displaystyle r=a} . The stresses are (113) σ r r = 1 r ∂ φ ∂ r + 1 r 2 ∂ 2 φ ∂ θ 2 = ( S − 4 C 2 r − 2 − 6 D 2 r − 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (114) σ θ θ = ∂ 2 φ ∂ r 2 = ( − S + 6 D 2 r − 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (115) σ r θ = − ∂ ∂ r ( 1 r ∂ φ ∂ θ ) = ( S + 6 D 2 r − 4 ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(113)}}\qquad \sigma _{rr}&={\cfrac {1}{r}}{\cfrac {\partial \varphi }{\partial r}}+{\cfrac {1}{r^{2}}}{\cfrac {\partial ^{2}\varphi }{\partial \theta ^{2}}}=\left(S-4C_{2}r^{-2}-6D_{2}r^{-4}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(114)}}\qquad \sigma _{\theta \theta }&={\cfrac {\partial ^{2}\varphi }{\partial r^{2}}}=\left(-S+6D_{2}r^{-4}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(115)}}\qquad \sigma _{r\theta }&=-{\cfrac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left({\cfrac {1}{r}}{\cfrac {\partial \varphi }{\partial \theta }}\right)=\left(S+6D_{2}r^{-4}\right)\cos(2\theta )\end{aligned}}} Hence, (116) σ r r \| r = a = 0 = ( S − 4 C 2 a − 2 − 6 D 2 a − 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (117) σ r θ \| r = a = 0 = ( S + 2 C 2 a − 2 + 6 D 2 a − 4 ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(116)}}\qquad \left.\sigma _{rr}\right\|_{r=a}&=0=\left(S-4C_{2}a^{-2}-6D_{2}a^{-4}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(117)}}\qquad \left.\sigma _{r\theta }\right\|_{r=a}&=0=\left(S+2C_{2}a^{-2}+6D_{2}a^{-4}\right)\cos(2\theta )\end{aligned}}} or, (118) 4 C 2 a − 2 + 6 D 2 a − 4 = S (119) 2 C 2 a − 2 + 6 D 2 a − 4 = − S {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(118)}}\qquad 4C_{2}a^{-2}+6D_{2}a^{-4}&=S\\{\text{(119)}}\qquad 2C_{2}a^{-2}+6D_{2}a^{-4}&=-S\end{aligned}}} Solving, (120) C 2 = S a 2 ; D 2 = − S a 4 2 {\displaystyle {\text{(120)}}\qquad C_{2}=Sa^{2}~;~~D_{2}=-{\cfrac {Sa^{4}}{2}}} Back substituting, (121) σ r r = S ( 1 − 4 a 2 r 2 + 3 a 4 r 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (122) σ θ θ = S ( − 1 − 3 a 4 r 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (123) σ r θ = S ( 1 + 2 a 2 r 2 − 3 a 4 r 4 ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(121)}}\qquad \sigma _{rr}&=S\left(1-4{\cfrac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}+3{\cfrac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(122)}}\qquad \sigma _{\theta \theta }&=S\left(-1-3{\cfrac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(123)}}\qquad \sigma _{r\theta }&=S\left(1+2{\cfrac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}-3{\cfrac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right)\cos(2\theta )\end{aligned}}} Consider the elastic plate with a hole subject to pure shear. The stresses close to the hole are given by (29) σ r r = S ( 1 − 4 a 2 r 2 + 3 a 4 r 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (30) σ θ θ = S ( − 1 − 3 a 4 r 4 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (31) σ r θ = S ( 1 + 2 a 2 r 2 − 3 a 4 r 4 ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(29)}}\qquad \sigma _{rr}&=S\left(1-4{\frac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}+3{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(30)}}\qquad \sigma _{\theta \theta }&=S\left(-1-3{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right)\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(31)}}\qquad \sigma _{r\theta }&=S\left(1+2{\frac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}-3{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right)\cos(2\theta )\end{aligned}}} Show that the normal and shear traction boundary conditions far from the hole are satisfied by these stresses. Calculate the stress concentration factors at the hole, i.e., ( τ max / S {\displaystyle \tau _{\text{max}}/S} ) (shear) and ( σ max / σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{\text{max}}/\sigma _{0}} ) (normal). Calculate the displacement field corresponding to this stress field (for plane stress). Plot the deformed shape of the hole. Far from the hole, r = ∞ {\displaystyle r=\infty } . Therefore, (32) σ r r = S sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (33) σ θ θ = − S sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (34) σ r θ = S cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(32)}}\qquad \sigma _{rr}&=S\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(33)}}\qquad \sigma _{\theta \theta }&=-S\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(34)}}\qquad \sigma _{r\theta }&=S\cos(2\theta )\end{aligned}}} To rotate the stresses back to the ( x 1 , x 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2})} coordinate system, we use the tensor transformation rule (35) [ σ 11 σ 12 σ 13 σ 21 σ 22 σ 23 σ 31 σ 32 σ 33 ] = [ cos ⁡ θ − sin ⁡ θ 0 sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ 0 0 0 1 ] [ σ r r σ r θ σ r z σ r θ σ θ θ σ θ z σ r z σ θ z σ z z ] [ cos ⁡ θ sin ⁡ θ 0 − sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ 0 0 0 1 ] {\displaystyle {\text{(35)}}\qquad {\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{11}&\sigma _{12}&\sigma _{13}\\\sigma _{21}&\sigma _{22}&\sigma _{23}\\\sigma _{31}&\sigma _{32}&\sigma _{33}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos \theta &-\sin \theta &0\\\sin \theta &\cos \theta &0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{rr}&\sigma _{r\theta }&\sigma _{rz}\\\sigma _{r\theta }&\sigma _{\theta \theta }&\sigma _{\theta z}\\\sigma _{rz}&\sigma _{\theta z}&\sigma _{zz}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos \theta &\sin \theta &0\\-\sin \theta &\cos \theta &0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}} Setting σ r z = 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{rz}=0} and σ θ z = 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta z}=0} , we get the simplified set of equations (36) σ 11 = σ r r cos 2 ⁡ θ + σ θ θ sin 2 ⁡ θ − σ r θ sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (37) σ 22 = σ r r sin 2 ⁡ θ + σ θ θ cos 2 ⁡ θ + σ r θ sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (38) σ 12 = σ r r − σ θ θ 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) + σ r θ cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(36)}}\qquad \sigma _{11}&=\sigma _{rr}\cos ^{2}\theta +\sigma _{\theta \theta }\sin ^{2}\theta -\sigma _{r\theta }\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(37)}}\qquad \sigma _{22}&=\sigma _{rr}\sin ^{2}\theta +\sigma _{\theta \theta }\cos ^{2}\theta +\sigma _{r\theta }\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(38)}}\qquad \sigma _{12}&={\frac {\sigma _{rr}-\sigma _{\theta \theta }}{2}}\sin(2\theta )+\sigma _{r\theta }\cos(2\theta )\end{aligned}}} Plugging in equations (32-34) in the above, we have (39) σ 11 = − S [ sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) − sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] = 0 (40) σ 22 = S [ sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) − sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] = 0 (41) σ 12 = S [ sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) + cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] = S {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(39)}}\qquad \sigma _{11}&=-S\left[\sin(2\theta )\cos(2\theta )-\sin(2\theta )\cos(2\theta )\right]=0\\{\text{(40)}}\qquad \sigma _{22}&=S\left[\sin(2\theta )\cos(2\theta )-\sin(2\theta )\cos(2\theta )\right]=0\\{\text{(41)}}\qquad \sigma _{12}&=S\left[\sin(2\theta )\sin(2\theta )+\cos(2\theta )\cos(2\theta )\right]=S\end{aligned}}} Hence, the far field stress BCs are satisfied. The stresses at the hole ( r = a {\displaystyle r=a} ) are (42) σ r r = S ( 1 − 4 + 3 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) = 0 (43) σ θ θ = S ( − 1 − 3 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) = − 4 S sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) (44) σ r θ = S ( 1 + 2 − 3 ) cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(42)}}\qquad \sigma _{rr}&=S\left(1-4+3\right)\sin(2\theta )=0\\{\text{(43)}}\qquad \sigma _{\theta \theta }&=S\left(-1-3\right)\sin(2\theta )=-4S\sin(2\theta )\\{\text{(44)}}\qquad \sigma _{r\theta }&=S\left(1+2-3\right)\cos(2\theta )=0\end{aligned}}} The maximum (or minimum) hoop stress at the hole is at the locations where d σ θ θ / d θ = − 8 S cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) = 0 {\displaystyle d\sigma _{\theta \theta }/d\theta =-8S\cos(2\theta )=0} . These locations are θ = π / 4 {\displaystyle \theta =\pi /4} and θ = 3 π / 4 {\displaystyle \theta =3\pi /4} . The value of the hoop stress is (45) at θ = π 4 σ θ θ = − 4 S (46) at θ = 3 π 4 σ θ θ = 4 S {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(45)}}\qquad {\text{at}}~\theta ={\frac {\pi }{4}}&&\sigma _{\theta \theta }=-4S\\{\text{(46)}}\qquad {\text{at}}~\theta ={\frac {3\pi }{4}}&&\sigma _{\theta \theta }=4S\end{aligned}}} The maximum shear stress is given by (47) τ max = 1 2 \| σ r r − σ θ θ \| = 2 S {\displaystyle {\text{(47)}}\qquad \tau _{\text{max}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left\|\sigma _{rr}-\sigma _{\theta \theta }\right\|=2S} Therefore, the stress concentration factors are (48) σ max S = 4 ; τ max S = 2 {\displaystyle {\text{(48)}}\qquad {\frac {\sigma _{\text{max}}}{S}}=4~;~~{\frac {\tau _{\text{max}}}{S}}=2} The stress function used to derive the above results was (49) φ = − S 2 r 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) + S a 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) − S a 4 2 r − 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) {\displaystyle {\text{(49)}}\qquad \varphi =-{\frac {S}{2}}r^{2}\sin(2\theta )+Sa^{2}\sin(2\theta )-{\frac {Sa^{4}}{2}}r^{-2}\sin(2\theta )} From Michell's solution, the displacements corresponding to the above stress function are given by (50) 2 μ u r = − S 2 [ − 2 r sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] + S a 2 [ ( κ + 1 ) r − 1 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] − S a 4 2 [ 2 r − 3 sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] (51) 2 μ u θ = − S 2 [ − 2 r cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] + S a 2 [ ( κ − 1 ) r − 1 cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] − S a 4 2 [ − 2 r − 3 cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(50)}}\qquad 2\mu u_{r}&=-{\frac {S}{2}}\left[-2r\sin(2\theta )\right]+Sa^{2}\left[(\kappa +1)r^{-1}\sin(2\theta )\right]-{\frac {Sa^{4}}{2}}\left[2r^{-3}\sin(2\theta )\right]\\{\text{(51)}}\qquad 2\mu u_{\theta }&=-{\frac {S}{2}}\left[-2r\cos(2\theta )\right]+Sa^{2}\left[(\kappa -1)r^{-1}\cos(2\theta )\right]-{\frac {Sa^{4}}{2}}\left[-2r^{-3}\cos(2\theta )\right]\end{aligned}}} or, (52) u r = S r sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) 2 μ [ 1 + ( κ + 1 ) a 2 r 2 − a 4 r 4 ] (53) u θ = S r cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) 2 μ [ 1 + ( κ − 1 ) a 2 r 2 + a 4 r 4 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(52)}}\qquad u_{r}&={\frac {Sr\sin(2\theta )}{2\mu }}\left[1+(\kappa +1){\frac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}-{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right]\\{\text{(53)}}\qquad u_{\theta }&={\frac {Sr\cos(2\theta )}{2\mu }}\left[1+(\kappa -1){\frac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}+{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right]\end{aligned}}} For plane stress, κ = ( 3 − ν ) / ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle \kappa =(3-\nu )/(1+\nu )} . Hence, (54) u r = S r sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) 2 μ [ 1 + ( 4 1 + ν ) a 2 r 2 − a 4 r 4 ] (55) u θ = S r cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) 2 μ [ 1 + 2 ( 1 − ν 1 + ν ) a 2 r 2 + a 4 r 4 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(54)}}\qquad u_{r}&={\frac {Sr\sin(2\theta )}{2\mu }}\left[1+\left({\frac {4}{1+\nu }}\right){\frac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}-{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right]\\{\text{(55)}}\qquad u_{\theta }&={\frac {Sr\cos(2\theta )}{2\mu }}\left[1+2\left({\frac {1-\nu }{1+\nu }}\right){\frac {a^{2}}{r^{2}}}+{\frac {a^{4}}{r^{4}}}\right]\end{aligned}}} At r = a {\displaystyle r=a} , (56) u r = S a sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) μ ( 2 1 + ν ) (57) u θ = S a cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) μ ( 2 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(56)}}\qquad u_{r}&={\frac {Sa\sin(2\theta )}{\mu }}\left({\frac {2}{1+\nu }}\right)\\{\text{(57)}}\qquad u_{\theta }&={\frac {Sa\cos(2\theta )}{\mu }}\left({\frac {2}{1+\nu }}\right)\end{aligned}}} Now μ = E / 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle \mu =E/2(1+\nu )} . Hence, we have (58) u r = 4 S a sin ⁡ ( 2 θ ) E (59) u θ = 4 S a cos ⁡ ( 2 θ ) E {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(58)}}\qquad u_{r}&={\frac {4Sa\sin(2\theta )}{E}}\\{\text{(59)}}\qquad u_{\theta }&={\frac {4Sa\cos(2\theta )}{E}}\end{aligned}}} The deformed shape is shown below Elasticity
Image Segmentation is the term used when an image is split up into different regions. This can be a fairly simple task, such as separating the pixels in the image where a black eagle is present from the pixels of the daylight sky. Segmenting camouflaged soldiers in the jungle is a significantly more challenging endeavor.. Image thresholding is one of the most widely used techniques for segmenting an image due to its simplicity. The basic approach is to select an intensity which is our threshold value, and any pixel which has an intensity value above this value is considered to be part of region A and anything below is considered to be part of region B. The key parameter in thresholding is obviously the choice of the threshold. Several different methods for choosing a threshold exist. The simplest method would be to choose the mean or median value, the rationale being that if the object pixels are brighter than the background, they should also be brighter than the average. In a noiseless image with uniform background and object values, the mean or median will work beautifully as the threshold, however generally speaking, this will not be the case. A more sophisticated approach might be to create a histogram of the image pixel intensities and use the valley point as the threshold. The histogram approach assumes that there is some average value for the background and object pixels, but that the actual pixel values have some variation around these average values. However, computationally this is not as simple as we'd like, and many image histograms do not have clearly defined valley points. Ideally we're looking for a method for choosing the threshold which is simple, does not require too much prior knowledge of the image, and works well for noisy images. A good such approach is an iterative method, as follows: 1. An initial threshold (T) is chosen, this can be done randomly or according to any other method desired. 2. The image is segmented into object and background pixels as described above, creating two sets: 1. G1 = {f(m,n):f(m,n)>T} (object pixels) 2. G2 = {f(m,n):f(m,n)<T} (background pixels) (note, f(m,n) is the value of the pixel located in the mth column, nth row) 3. The average of each set is computed. 1. m1 = average value of G1 2. m2 = average value of G2 4. A new threshold is created that is the average of m1 and m2 1. T' = (m1 + m2)/2 5. Go back to step two, now using the new threshold computed in step 4, keep repeating until the new threshold matches the one before it (i.e. until convergence has been reached). Another approach is to calculate the new threshold in step 4 using the weighted average of m1 and m2: T' = (\|\|G1\|\|m1 + \|\|G2\|\|m2)/(\|\|G1\|\|+\|\|G2\|\|), where \|\|Gn\|\| is the number of pixels in Gn. This approach often gives a more accurate result.
There are eight playable characters: Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, Toad, Wario, Bowser, Yoshi, and Donkey Kong. Each character falls into one of three weight classes: Light: They have high acceleration, but poor speed and handling. Their light weight means they are easily pushed around, but do not lose much speed when they go off-road. (Members: Peach, Yoshi, Toad) Middle: Middleweights are supposedly average in top speed, acceleration, weight, and handling, but their acceleration and speed is in fact just as bad as heavyweights. They can make lightweights spin-out within two bumps in collisions, but can be spun out within two bumps in a collision with a heavyweight. (Members: Mario and Luigi) Heavy: They have weak acceleration, but great speed and handling. Their heavy weight means they can ram lighter characters, but lose a lot of speed they go off-road. Heavy characters can to spin out middleweights in two bumps and lightweights within a single bump in collisions. Because of their low speed and handling, they are not often used by players in races. However, they are a favourite for many Battle Mode players. They can make lightweights and middleweights lose a balloon when they run into them or when they get run into. (Members: Donkey Kong, Wario, Bowser)
Just wanted to report repeated vandalism by User:Gotyhy: [1] [2] [3]. --Martin Kraus (talk) 11:58, 5 December 2008 (UTC) Would any administrator please be so kind and block user Gotyhy? Thanks. --Martin Kraus (talk) 13:16, 5 December 2008 (UTC) Done. I placed a permanent block on the account (all edits were vandalism). --Jomegat (talk) 13:30, 5 December 2008 (UTC) http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Clojure_Programming Has been given a "Flagged Rev" which is preventing subsequent changes from being displayed. This page is being improved from quite a wide community so this is undesirable. Can the flag be removed? Timothypratley (talk) 00:55, 21 November 2008 (UTC) Actually, that page's latest version is sighted. Furthermore, you can see the draft version at any time - sighted or quality versions are shown by default for anonymous visitors only. If that's not the case, then something is wrong. — Mike.lifeguard \| talk 01:00, 21 November 2008 (UTC) Thanks Mike! What is the process for having a version 'sighted'? The concern from the Clojure contributors is that if there is a significant delay updating the changes then it reduces the value of the wiki, as additions/changes are regular. It seems that the versions get sighted quite quickly automatically, so perhaps this fear is unfounded. What are the requirements to become a 'sighter' (ie: so member of the Clojure community could 'sight' the pages)? Also in this case if we were to have sub pages could they be free of the review process to some extent - would this be desirable? Timothypratley (talk) 01:36, 21 November 2008 (UTC) All editors meeting the requirements will be automatically promoted by the system. It requires a certain number of edits, your account must be 30 days old, you must have an email confirmed in Special:Preferences, etc. — Mike.lifeguard \| talk 05:43, 21 November 2008 (UTC) Ok thanks for the clarification Timothypratley (talk) 05:46, 21 November 2008 (UTC) "Sighting" basically is a way to review the content of a page, and make sure that nonsense and vandalism aren't being shown to new readers. People with +editor permission can review a page. You can request this permission at WB:RFA. Also, if you don't want to request it, the system will give it to you automatically after a certain amount of time (or, it should, as Mike pointed out). This tool is not a problem and it's not a big deal, so any active contributors who want it should feel free to request it. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:45, 21 November 2008 (UTC) Hi, this is still being a problem for us: The latest sighted revision (list all) was approved on 25 November 2008. 3 changes need review. (+/-) I asked on that page previously for permission, but was told it is not usually given out until the requirements are automatically met. Is there any way for me to tell how close I am to the requirements, or what I need to do to meet them? Timothypratley (talk) 00:47, 16 December 2008 (UTC) Requirements are listed on Wikibooks:Reviewers. — Mike.lifeguard \| talk 04:29, 16 December 2008 (UTC) Hi, I've posted a message on User_talk:Whiteknight#TOClimit_problem about fixing the common.css file to allow use of the TOClimit functionality in tables of contents. I guess Whiteknight is busy with other wikibooks stuff, so maybe there is another admin out there who can help? I've also summarised the problem on the common.css talk page. Cheers HYanWong (talk) 18:33, 15 December 2008 (UTC) Done . Sorry to have ignored you for so long! I have been busy but I shouldn't have put this off for so long. I've made the change now, refresh your browser and make sure it works the way you expect. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:19, 16 December 2008 (UTC) Fantastic. This now works. Thanks HYanWong (talk) 13:42, 17 December 2008 (UTC) This is probably the best place to ask someone that has a bot that can perform book renames, so I'll advance Computer programming for renaming to Computer Programming, the book has already been using the latter name as a category for all the pages (I've been fixing some) and since Categories have been mostly used only the first letter in upper case this will make it conform, I've not seen any special activity on the book recently, but posting a 7 days warning on the talk page wouldn't harm if any one can and is willing do the rename please consider that... --Panic (talk) 01:34, 18 December 2008 (UTC) Done. A bot isn't required to perform this task. Any administrator can do it now. --darklama 01:46, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
A Nuon compatible Samsung DVD player and Nuon controller. VM Labs was cofounded in January 1995 by Richard Miller, the designer of the early laptop computer the Sinclair Z88. Development of the Nuon started in 1995 as VM Labs Project-X. The system was also known as Merlin (No relation to the handheld game device of the same name). 5 of the 6 hardware design team members for the Nuon were former 3DO employees. In around November 1997 VM Labs started to approach software developers, with $7,500 development systems being shipped in December 1997. Development environments were officially supported on Linux, Windows 95 and Windows NT, with MacOS having unofficial support. Great effort was placed into naming the Nuon. 400 to 800 names were internally suggested over the course of a year in a half, including Active DVD, Actavid and Intervision. Ultimately the Nuon name was decided by the outside firm Lexicon, with Nuon being selected because it was under five characters and possessed consonant harmony. Interestingly there was an unrelated version of the Arcadia 2001 which was already named the Intervision, It is unclear if VM Labs was aware of this usage, though given they didn't pursue the name, it is somewhat of a moot point. The Nuon became one of the first consoles to boast about using ray traced graphics in pre launch demos, though it is unclear if any released titles actually used real time ray tracing. By 1999 Toshiba had publicly announced interest in the Nuon platform. The first models of DVD players using Nuon were released in mid 2000 and sold for between $300 and $350. The company had hoped to attract non-traditional gamers to the platform. Nuon games struggled in the market, with Nuon games often being accidentally placed in DVD sections in stores and less then 10,000 sales for Freefall 3050 A.D. Five Nuon players were made by Samsung, two by RCA, and one by Toshiba. The platform was discontinued in 2003. The Nuon was "interesting" to program on. —Jeff Minter (Developer of Tempest 3000), Interview with Gamasutra Uniquely for the time, the Nuon platform used four VLIW Media Processor Elements, full processing cores that all ran at 108MHz. Each processor element had four kilobytes of RAM. The system was advertised as being 128 bit and capable of performing 1.5 billion instructions a second (1500 MIPS). Third parties described performance as closer to 864 MIPS typically. Despite the design of the system being intended easy to program, the poor performance of the system made developing ambitious titles difficult. Eight games were released for the Nuon platform while the system was on the market. In a strange turn of events, it was announced there would be a limited official re-release for Iron Soldier 3 for Nuon in 2021. Tempest 3000 Freefall 3050 A.D. Video Game Kraken - Nuon page. Video Game Console Library - Nuon page. "VM Labs - Company Info". https://web.archive.org/web/19980613065238fw_/http://www.vmlabs.com/f_coinfo.html. "After the prototype PlayStation: six more obscure games consoles" (in en). the Guardian. 7 July 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/07/prototype-nintendo-playstation-obscure-games-consoles-snes-cd. "Inside Project X" (in en-us). Wired. https://www.wired.com/1998/07/projectx-2/. "What's the Deal with VM Labs? An Interview With Bill Rehbock". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131671/whats_the_deal_with_vm_labs_an_.php. Editors, ZDNet. "It's a DVD. No, it's a game console" (in en). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/its-a-dvd-no-its-a-game-console/. Herz, J. C. (26 November 1998). "GAME THEORY; A Name So Smooth, the Product Glides In (Published 1998)". https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/26/technology/game-theory-a-name-so-smooth-the-product-glides-in.html. "Arcadia 2001/Home Arcade Clones – The Video Game Kraken". http://videogamekraken.com/arcadia-2001-clones. Lemos, Robert. "Will Microsoft lose the living room?" (in en). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/will-microsoft-lose-the-living-room/. "Remembering Nuon, the gaming chip that nearly changed the world—but didn’t" (in en-us). Ars Technica. 28 June 2015. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/06/before-the-ps2-nuon-famously-tried-and-failed-to-combine-dvd-and-game-consoles/. Lemos, Robert. "Nuon: Game over before it began?" (in en). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/nuon-game-over-before-it-began/. "Nuon • VM Labs • 2000 : RAM OK ROM OK". https://ramokromok.com/platforms/nuon. "Llamas In Space: Catching Up with Llamasoft's Jeff Minter" (in en). https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/129999/llamas_in_space_catching_up_with_.php. "NUON-Dome - www.nuon-dome.com". http://www.nuon-dome.com/nuon_faq_official.html. "System Overview: System Overview - NUON Technology - Beyond the Mind's Eye - Thoughts & Insights from Marriott_Guy". https://www.rfgeneration.com/blogs/marriott_guy/System-Overview-NUON-tecnology-516.php. "Video game console DVD player:Toshiba NUON Enhanced DVD Player - Toshiba Corporation" (in en). https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/video-game-console-dvd-player-toshiba-nuon-enhanced-dvd-player-toshiba-corporation/OwGh25PyonOkMQ?hl=en. "For Some Weird Reason, Iron Soldier 3 Is Getting A 2021 Rerelease For One Of The Most Obscure Consoles Of All Time". TheGamer. 7 December 2020. https://www.thegamer.com/iron-soldier-3-nuon-rerelease-2021-nuon/.
The causes of World War II are complex, and so we have divided the key themes. The first section is the failure of collective security in preventing the outbreak of war, along with the impact of the Great Depression in Europe in the 1930s. The second section will look more specifically at Hitler's policies as a cause of war, and how the European powers responded to the threat that Nazi Germany posed to Europe. One of Wilson's Fourteen Points led to the creation of the League of Nations, an organisation that sought to prevent another war breaking out between states. "[The League of Nations Covenant] proposed an alternative to the conventional international order, which Wilson was convinced, had been sustained by force. This had created a dangerous arms race and imperialistic activities abroad. Now military power and expansionism were to be replaced by a rule of law in which 'world public opinion' rather than alliances and armaments would be the key to international order." —Akira Iriye, The Globalising of America 1913–1945, 1993. In the 1920s and 1930s, the League faced many changes. Although it was successful in some areas, the overall failure of European states to work collectively through the League in dealing with various international crises was a major cause of World War II. Summary of Structure of the League of Nations The Assembly met annually and its functions included admitting new members, elections of the Council, and control of the budget. The Council had permanent members and non-permanent members that made decisions. The International Labour Organisation was the advisory body on social and economic justice. The Permanent Course of Justice dealt with disputes among member states. The Secretariat had administrative duties and prepared reports. One of Wilson's Fourteen Points led to the creation of the League of Nations, an organisation that sought to prevent another war breaking out between states. [The League of Nations Covenant] proposed an alternative to the conventional international order, which Wilson was convinced, had been sustained by force. This had created a dangerous arms race and imperialistic activities abroad. Now military power and expansionism were to be replaced by a rule of law in which 'world public opinion' rather than alliances and armaments would be the key to international order. —Akira Iriye, The Globalising of America 1913–1945, 1993 In the 1920s and 1930s, the League faced many changes. Although it was successful in some areas, the overall failure of European states to work collectively through the League in dealing with various international crises was a major cause of World War II. Summary of Collective security and the League of Nations The principle of collective security wsa the idea that peace could be preserved by countries acting "collectively" together. If a conflict could not find a resolution, moral pressure and economic sanctions were imposed on the aggressor. The principle of collective security was the idea that peace could be preserved by countries acting together – collectively – to prevent one country attacking another. Collective security was to be made practically possible by the machinery of the League of Nations. When there was a dispute between countries they would refer the issue(s) to the League's Assembly. If that body could not find a resolution, the Council could then apply 'collective security', i.e. as a group impose moral pressure then economic sanctions, to force the country that was deemed to be in the wrong to comply with its decisions. Summary of The Covenant of the League of Nations The Covenant aimed to promote disarmament, and supervised the mandated territories. It also promoted international good will and cooperation through various organisations dedicated to social and economic development. Articles 8–17 were concerned with the prevention of war and collective security. The League met for the first time in Geneva in December 1920. Its key objective was to keep the peace and avoid future conflict by advising on and settling international disputes. It also aimed to promote disarmament, supervise the mandated territories and promote international good will and cooperating through its various organisations dedicated to social and economic development. The initial membership of the League was 32 Allied states and 12 neutral states; however, by 1926 all ex-enemy states had joined. The USSR was not admitted until 1934, and the USA never joined. There were 26 articles in the League's Covenant (including amendments made in December 1924), which prescribed when and how the League was to operate. Articles 1–7 were concerned with the membership and organisation of the League, its Assembly, Council, and Secretariat. Articles 8–17 were concerned with the prevention of war. Articles 18–21 concerned treaty obligations and the League's expectations of its member states. Articles 22 concerned the mandated territories. Articles 23 concerned humanitarian issues such as labour conditions, the trafficking of women, children, and drugs, health issues, and the arms trade. Articles 24 concerned the commissions. Articles 25 promoted the Red Cross. Article 26 set down how amendments to the Covenant were made. Summary of Dealing with international disputes Member states would either consult the Permanent Court of International Justice, use attribution, or request an investigation or enquiry by the Council. In the aftermath of World War I, in the economic blockade of Germany had been effective, the economic weapon appeared most potent. However, the League lacked military teeth that France had desired. It was set down in the Covenant that member states should refer their disputes to one of the following: The Permanent Court of International Justice. Arbitration (having a neutral person or group of people listening to and judging a dispute). An investigation or enquiry by the Council. If member states failed to refer their dispute to the League, or failed to follow its recommendations, the League could then impose economic sanctions, the mail tool for the League against aggressors. In the aftermath of World War I, in which the economic blockade of Germany had been effective, this economic weapon appeared to have the most potential to be effective in foreign compliance with the League's decisions. In theory, the League could call for military sanctions as a last resort against an aggressor. Yet the League did not have its own armed forces, and in reality members states did not want to put their sovereign forces under international control. In addition, the Covenant was rather ambiguous as to when and how such armed forces should be used. France had wanted an armed force, or League Army, but Britain had resisted this option. Thus in reality, the League lacked military teeth. Summary of Changing membership of the League The constant change of membership reflected the Leagues priorities in its leading members. The League became polarised following the Wall Street Crash and ensuing Great Depression. When right-wing governments came to power, the League became aggressive. The changing membership of the League reflected the priorities of its leading members, as the more liberal governments of the 1920s became increasingly polarised following the Wall Street Crash and ensuing Great Depression. As right-wing governments within the League became more aggressive, so the perceived threat from the USSR shifted to the Axis powers. Summary of Absence of major powers The USA, which had conjugated the idea of the League, was missing, and sank into isolation, which would have given the League's economic sanctions real weight. This removed the appearance of a 'worldwide' organisation. Its permanent members, except Japan, were distinctly European. The absence of major powers from the League of Nations had a decisive impact on the working and influence of the League; indeed, this is possibly the key reason for why the League ultimately failed to prevent another war. The most important major power was the USA. The League had been the idea of the Americans and had been championed by President Woodrow Wilson. The US Congress, however, was too concerned that the League would drag the Americans into more disputes and conflicts in Europe, hence the country withdrew into isolationism. The USA had played a pivotal role in bringing World War I to an end, but it did not want to play such a central role in the controversial Versailles settlement. The absence of the USA seriously weakened the potential of the League to use 'collective security' against aggression, for several reasons. First, the most powerful economic country in the world would have given the League's economic sanctions real weight; the US absence undermined this one essential weapon. Second, without the USA the make-up of the permanent members was distinctly European (except for Japan), and lacked the appearance of a genuinely 'worldwide' organisation. Third, it highlighted that the new organisation might be sidelined in favour of old-style agreements and treaties, as this was clearly how the USA was going to secure its future relationships. Finally, these factors meant that the League was primarily led by European powers that were arguable in decline. Summary of Absence of the USSR The USSR was excluded from the League as it was regarded a 'piriah state'. The USSR perceived the League as a 'club for capitalists', an organisation to protect and promote their interests and empires. Lenin viewed the League as "a robber's den to safeguard the unjust spoils of Versailles". The USSR was excluded from the League of Nations. The newly established Bolshevik government was regarded as a 'pariah state'; indeed, Western powers had invaded Russia during the Russian Civil War (1918–21) to join the 'White' counter-revolutionary forces. As the Bolsheviks consolidated their position in the Soviet Union after winning the civil war, the old powers of Europe looked on with great concern. Afraid that the 'revolution of the proletariat' would spread, they felt that it was expedient to isolate the Soviets rather than to embrace them in a new organisation designed to prevent conflict. Yet the exclusion of Russia further weakened the standing of the League, as it could be perceived by the USSR as a 'club for capitalists' – an organisation to protect and promote t heir interests and empires at the expense of the exploited masses. Indeed, Lenin viewed the League as 'a robbers' den to safeguard the unjust spoils of Versailles'. Summary of Absence of Germany Germany's exclusion undermined the idea of the League, and suggested that it was a 'victors' club for permanent members. Germany had been militarily defeated in the west, but not the west, and it was until 1926 still a powerful and strong nation. Its inclusion was actually vital as it could be used to rework the Treaty of Versailles within the League. Only 1926, following the wave of optimism in the Locarno Spring, did Germany have an opportunity to begin reversing the Treaty. Germany was initially excluded from the League. This exclusion again undermined the idea of the League and, perhaps more importantly, suggested that the League was something of a 'victors' club – the four permanent members of the Council were the victorious Allies. In addition, the exclusion tended to ignore the important fact that Germany remained a strong power at the conclusion of World War I. The assumptions that there had been a clear victory over Germany and that there was now scope for a re-ordering of European politics were flawed. Germany had been militarily defeated in the west, but not in the east. Its expansionist politics had not evaporated, nor had its economic power. It would therefore seem, particularly with hindsight, vital that Germany be included in the League so that it could work towards its aim of revising the Treaty of Versailles within the confines of the League's machinery. Following the wave of optimism and positive thinking that ensued after Locarno, Germany was admitted into the League in September 1926. Summary of Weakness of Central European states The smaller states that replace the Austro-Hungarian empire would require far more nurture than larger states that would be able to supply tangible support when required. The Austro-Hungarian Empire had collapsed following World War I, and had been replaced by a number of smaller states based on the principle of nationality. However, as mentioned earlier, many of these states struggled politically and economically to achieve stability. This meant that instead of another large European state there were now several much smaller states that would require more support from the League, particularly in terms of economic development and territorial security. These states could not offer the League much tangible support in return. Summary of Peacemaking 1920–25 Aaland, 1920 was a success as the decisions made by the League were adopted by the Swedes and Finland. Vilna, 1920–23 was a partial success as, though the Conference of Ambassadors awarded Vilna to Poland, the League was unable to prevent Poles from seizing and retaining it by force. Upper Silesia, 1921 was a success as the League was able to divide Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland. Corfu, 1932 was a failure as Mussolini blamed Greece initially, ordered compensation and occupied Cofru, and ignored orders to lay back by the League. Mosul, 1924 was a success as the Leagues consideration of the claimed land by Turkey and Iraq to award the land to Iraq was accepted. Following the Corfu Incident, Bulgaria, 1925 was a success as an investigation by the League blamed Greece for starting a dispute and ordered to pay damages, which was accepted. P. M. H. Bell argues that though the League was not able to solve all disputes successfully, what was important was that the League offered a forum for the conduct of international affairs. Bell goes on to say that once Germany was admitted in 1926, the League was no longer a 'League of victors'. Throughout the 1920s, the League dealt with various disputes arising mainly from the territorial changes of the Versailles settlement. The League had both success and failures in its handling of these disputes. Aaland, 1920 – These islands were populated mainly by Swedes, but following the collapse of the Russian empire, Finland claimed sovereignty over them. The conflict was taken to the League and Sweden accepted the League's decision to give the islands to Finland. These islands were populated mainly by Swedes, but following the collapse of the Russian empire, Finland claimed sovereignty over them. The conflict was taken to the League and Sweden accepted the League's decision to give the islands to Finland. Both Poland and Lithuania wanted control of the town of Vilna. It had once been the capital of Lithuania, but its people were Polish. The League was unable to prevent the Poles from seizing and retaining it by force. Finally the Conference of Ambassadors awarded Vilna to Poland. Both Germany and newly formed Poland wanted control of the two important industrial area of Upper Silesia. The League decided to split the rea between the two. Three Italian army officers were shot while working on a boundary dispute between Greece and Albania. Mussolini blamed Greece and ordered compensation. When the Greeks did not pay, Italian soldiers occupied Corfu. Greece appealed to the League, but the Italian government ignored the Council's ruling and left only when compensation had been paid. The area of Mosul was claimed by both Turkey and Iraq. The League considered the problem and awarded the area to Iraq, a decision that was accepted. Following a Greek invasion of Bulgaria, the League ordered both armies to stop fighting. An investigation by the League blamed Greece for starting the dispute and ordered it to pay damages. Greece accepted the blame and was ordered to pay compensation. P. M. H. Bell argues that even though the League did not solve all disputes successfully: What was important was that the League had settled down as a valuable forum for the conduct of international affairs. Germany was admitted in 1926, and at once became a permanent member of the Council; so the League was no longer a 'League of victors'. By 1928 every European state was a member (except the USSR). Nearly every foreign minister made a point of attending its sessions. The League was still young, but there seemed a good change that Europe had found a workable successor to the pre-1914 state system. —P. M. H. Bell, Twentieth Century Europe, 2006 Summary of Attempts to strengthen the League Initiated by France, a Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance suggested the assistance of a victim of aggression - member states would provide their army. Again, France suggested in the Geneva Protocol, 1924 that arbitration was compulsory in all disputes. All attempts were nullified by Britain, its Dominions, and the Scandinavian powers who indicated it required a lot of commitment. The League was divided by those who wanted a strong League and those who wanted to be more selective. These differences are highlighted in the Ruhr Crisis. Two attempts were made, in 1923 and 1924, to strengthen the machinery of the League of Nations. These were both initiated by France. The first of these initiatives was the Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance, which would have required all members of the League to come to the assistance of a victim of aggression. Next, the Geneva Protocol of 1924 would have made arbitration compulsory in all disputes. Both initiatives were rejected by Britain, its Dominions and the Scandinavian powers, who believed that members would not be willing or able to carry out a huge commitment that would result from such a role. The League thus remained divided between those states that wanted a strong League to enforce the existing territorial agreements, and those that wanted to be more selective in dealing with aggression. This division also arose because of the difference in vulnerability of the various states. While France felt highly vulnerable, others were not so worried and were not prepared to take on what they saw as extra commitments. These differences were to be highlighted further by the Ruhr Crisis, which would deeply undermine the principle of collective security. Summary of The Ruhr Crisis (1923) France began to feel as though the Treaty of Versailles was being undermined and so the France, who desperately required the reparation payments, sought to secure the payments with the Wiesbaden Accords in October 1921, whereby they took a proportion of raw materials from the Ruhr. When payments had fallen into arrears, with support from Belgium and Italy, France sent troops to the Ruhr to take the materials owed by force. The German government still had to pay its striking workers, and so printed more money, thereby causing hyperinflation. The French retaliated the 'passive resistance' and in 1924, Gustav Stresemann called an end to it, and initiated the Dawes Plan. The plan mortgaged its main railway and various German industries in order to receive a load from the US to pay France. Repayments were reduced. Though it was not in France's best interest, it accepted as it brought the US into the picture; and this age became the 'golden age of reparations'. This is an example of a failure of the League, as France had acted on its own initiative and interest, forcing payments and undermining the League's credibility. France had alarmed its allies, and heightened the sense of patriotism within Germany. For France, the future security lay in upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. However, France had begun to feel that this security was being undermined within a year of its signing. The USA did not ratify the treaty and signed a separate peace with Germany. In Germany, the political situation seemed unlikely to produce a government keen to comply with its terms. Indeed, reparation payments, crucial for rebuilding the French economy, quickly became a problem. The Germans protested that they could not afford the payments. In October 1921, the Wiesbaden Accords were drawn up, by which France agreed to assist Germany with their reparations by taking a proportion in raw materials and industrial produce rather than cash. The following year, however, even these payments had fallen into arrears. The French inclination to use force rather than diplomacy to resolve the issue was enhanced by the appointment of Raymond Poincaré as Prime Minister in January 1922. The issue was brought to a head and became a crisis when Germany asked for reparation payments to be suspended for four years. The French had had enough. They believed that this suspension could jeopardise the enforcement of the treaty as a whole. The French and the Belgians, with the support of Italy, moved troops into the Ruhr Valley in January 1923 to in kind what they thought they were owed. The German government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno protested that this went against the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and in addition instructed Germany workers to strike. The German government continued to pay the now-striking workers, but found it had to print more paper money to cover the bill. The floundering Germany economy now collapsed, and as the government continued to print money, inflation became hyper-inflation. The French retaliated to this 'passive resistance' by encouraging the unemployed in France and Belgium to work in the Ruhr industries. The descent into economic chaos, indicated by the statistics to the right, coupled with growing political separatist movements in Germany, led to the replacement of Cuno with Gustav Stresemann in August 1923. Stresemann called for an end to the 'passive resistance' in the Ruhr, and in 1924 the crisis was ended by the Dawes Plan. The plan was named after the commission chaired by the US economist Charles Dawes. He produced a report on German reparations in April 1924, which decided the following: Reparations were to be guaranteed by two mortgages, one on German railways and the second on German industries (supplemented by taxation on the German population), A US 'reparations agent' would reside in Germany to supervise repayments, and Repayments were to be reduced. Although reparations were to be reduced, France nevertheless accepted the plan because it brought the Americans back into the picture, involving them in the collection of reparations. In fact, this became known as 'the golden age of reparations' (until 1929), as the Allies received more than they had done before. The Germans were unhappy, however, as there was no fixed date for completion of reparations. Britain and France were also concerned about the link between German payments and their own payments of war debts to the USA, which they had not wanted. The Dawes Plan devised a new system of reparation payments. Stresemann promised to comply with these payments, and French troops were withdrawn from the Ruhr by August 1925. Yet the crisis had thrown up serious problems with the integrity of the League of Nations. Instead of going to the League, France had taken matters into its own hands and attempted to seize payments with force. Indeed, attempts by Britain and Sweden to take the crisis to the League were blocked by the French. This action by a permanent member undermined the League's credibility, as it appeared that the powers would take independent actions when it suited them. Although the hostility of Britain (and the USA) to the invasion of the Ruhr could be seen as a clear condemnation of unilateral action, the overall impact of the invasion was bad for both the League and for international relations. Despite France's economic gains (it had been guaranteed 21 per cent of the Ruhr's production until December 1923, and then it rose to 27 per cent), the results of its actions dramatically increased the tension between France and Germany, making future cooperation all the more problematic. Politically, France had alarmed its former allies, and heightened the sense of patriotism within Germany. In France, Poincaré came under heavy criticism from both left- and right-wing groups. The left argued that this act of aggression had been committed only to benefit capitalist groups in France, and the right were frustrated by Poincaré’s withdrawal from the Ruhr, seeing it as a missed opportunity to exert some real control over Germany's economy. There were even unofficial support from certain elements for the promotion of an independent Rhineland. Summary of The Rapallo Treaty April 1922, Germany and Russia signed the Rapallo Treaty that pledged future cooperation. Germany recognised the Soviet government. The military cooperation would now take place secretly, and Germany was to rearm and train soldiers in Russia. Britain wanted to win over Germany rather than alienate her. In April 1922, the Germans and Russians signed the Rapallo Treaty. By this treaty, Germany and Russia introduced diplomatic relations and pledged their future cooperation. Germany fully recognized the Soviet government and both powers denounced reparations. In addition, the Rapallo Treaty provided for close economic cooperation. Arguably a more important consequence of this treaty was the military cooperation would now take place, allowing Germany to rearm and train secretly in Russia. Knowledge of the Rapallo Treaty also made Britain more determined to win over Germany rather than alienate the nation further, lest Germany became even friendlier with Russia. Following the disastrous Ruhr adventure, the political situation in Europe was improved with the Dawes Plan and also the Locarno Pact of 1925, the Kellogg–Briand Pact of August 1928, and the Young Plan of 1929. However, it should be noted that these agreements took place outside of the League of Nations. Summary of The Locarno Conference and the 'Locarno spirit' (1925) 'Stresemann wanted to rid Germany of the 'occupying forces' in the Rhineland dictated by the Treaty of Versailles; he did so by proposed a voluntary German guarantee of its western borders. This resolved claims over Alsace-Lorraine and reassured France would not be invaded again. Germany signed treaties with Czechoslovakia and Poland to guarantee its eastern borders by arbitration. The Locarno Pact seemed to bod well for the future of collective security, and the new mood was dubbed "the Locarno spirit". Italy was unable to get similar guarantees over its southern border. France had changed its strategy for containing Germany. Locarno had undermined both the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Although French forces left the Ruhr, there were allied troops in other Rhineland cities, as dictated by the terms of Versailles. Stresemann wanted to rid Germany of these 'occupying forces', and he was also keen to quell any movement in support of an independent Rhineland. At a conference in Locarno in Switzerland in February 1925, Stresemann proposed a voluntary German guarantee of its western borders. Significantly for the French and Belgians, this meant that Germany was resolved to give up its claims over Alsace-Lorraine, Malmedy, and Eupen. In return, Germany had some reassurance that France would not invade again, and it moved any potential for an independent Rhineland. A series of treaties were signed. The major treaty guaranteed these boundaries between France, Belgium, and Germany. Also present at Locarno were representatives of Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders with these countries by arbitration only. It also agreed that Germany should be admitted into the League of Nations. For many in post-war Europe, the Locarno agreement gave hope for future security. It suggested that former enemies could work together to resolve disputes, and uphold the Versailles settlement. The new mood became known as the 'Locarno spirit'. When Locarno was followed up with a series of agreements involving the USA, this 'spirit' seemed to be embracing even isolationist nations. The Locarno Pact seemed to bode well for the future of collective security. However, although this agreement appeared to herald a new era of cooperation between the Western European powers (Britain had been in favour of the agreement, as it expunged French excuses for occupation), what the agreement did not guarantee were Germany's eastern borders, and the border with Italy. Italy, present at Locarno, had not managed to get similar agreements from Germany on its southern border. The treaties France had with Poland and Czechoslovakia were little comfort to those respective countries, as it would be strategically difficult to offer tangible support following Locarno. In addition, France had not changed its view of Germany. Rather, it had just changed its strategy for containing Germany. Instead of confronting the Germans with force, France was now attempting to bring Germany into international agreements that involved the guarantees of other powers. In addition, Locarno had undermined both the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Security for France had been sought outside the League, and only a component of the Versailles Treaty had been guaranteed. Summary of The Young Plan (1929) Further reduced the total sum to be repaid by Germany. Set a date for completion of repayments, 1988. Continued US involvement in reparation payments. John Maynard Keynes noted in 1926 that the foundations of both the Dawes and Young Plan was foreign money recovering European countries; "in the hands of American capitalists." The Young Plan attempted to redress some of the problems that remained with the Dawes Plan. The plan: Further reduced the total sum to be repaid by Germany, Set a date for completion of repayments – 1988, and Continued US involvement in reparation payments. As part of the deal, Britain and France agreed to end their occupation of the Rhineland five years ahead of schedule. As Keynes had noted in 1926, the foundations for both the Dawes and the Young Plan, and thus both Germany and European recovery, was foreign money. Two-thirds of investment in Germany during the 1920s came from America. Keynes wrote in 1926 that the reparation agreements were 'in the hands of the American capitalists'. Summary of Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) The pact renounced 'war as an instrument of national policy'. Its declaration, seen as important, would pursue objectives through peaceful means. Considered the high of 'Locarno Spirit'. It can be argued that there was no major conflict in the 1920s because the main revisions power, Germany, was still recovering. P. M. H. Bell wrote that "Europe had survived, but it was still on the sick list". The Kellogg–Briand Pact was initiated by American Secretary of State William Kellogg and the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand. The pact renounced 'war as an instrument of national policy'; 62 of 64 invited states signed the agreement (Brazil and Argentina declined). Contemporary views of the pact were often positive; it was seen as an important declaration by governments that they would pursue their objectives through peaceful means. The pact has been viewed as the high point of 'Locarno spirit' era. Unfortunately, this perspective would prove to be naive, as the encouraging elements of Europe's recovery were very fragile. It could be argued that there was no major conflict in the 1920s because the main revisionist power, i.e. Germany, was still recovering from World War I. In addition, the 1920s were in the main period of relative economic boom and prosperity, which decreased international tensions and encouraged cooperation. As P. M. H. Bell writes, 'Europe had survived, but was still on the sick list.' Although the concept of collective security had some degree of success in the 1920s, the League's failure to resolve key international crises in the 1930s meant that it had completely collapsed by 1939. Summary of The Depression The worldwide economic depression followed the Wall Street Crash in October 1929. The USA had become a globally dominant power, and thus the world was ominously linked to its fortunes. The impact of the crash had economic, social and ultimately political consequences, that returned the world's nations to self-interest dominated states. The stability in Europe nurtured by capitalist American resources had collapsed. Poverty and despair was abundant, governments became fragile and extreme political groups emerged. The depression heightened fears of the USSR's communist revolution into impoverished working class European cities. The League's weapon of economic sanctions was now useless as nations would now only want to protect their own interest. Alliances and secret agreements outside of the League reemerged; old-style diplomacy was back. The worldwide economic depression that followed the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 had far-reaching effects. The USA had become the globally dominant economic power, and this meant that the world's economy was ominously linked to its fortunes. The impact of the crisis on the economic, social, and ultimately political landscape of the world ushered in a return to a world dominated by national self-interest and the dominance of military forces. The USA's national income fell by almost 50 per cent between 1929 and 1932, and its government struggled to cope with unemployment and popular discontent. Poverty and despair have often fostered the rise of extremist groups, and the fragile liberal governments of the 1920s found resurgent nationalist and aggressive political groups very difficult to restrict. The delicate European stability that had been nurtured by the resources of American capitalism was particularly vulnerable to a major economic collapse in the USA. This was equally true of the recently democratic and liberal China. Governments were blamed for this crisis. In France, a moderate government was replaced by a radical left-wing government in the May 1932 election. In Britain, iron and steel production fell by 50 per cent and politics shifted to right-wing parties (the British Labour Party lost seats in the 1931 elections). Germany had borrowed £9,000 million between 1924 and 1929. When the money stopped, its economy collapsed; German unemployment stood at 1.4 million in 1928 and rose to a staggering 12 million in 1932. The Weimar government and liberal democracy lost credibility and ended when Franz von Papen assumed the role of virtual dictator in May 1932. In Japan in 1931, 50 per cent of factories closed and silk prices fell by two-thirds. There ensued a radical shift to the right, linked to military factions. By 1932, following a series of assassinations, the era of liberal politics in Japan was now over. In Belgium and Poland, the impact of the Depression led to new government initiatives that looked to improve the countries' defenses against a potentially expansionist Germany. The responses to the Depression by the democratic states seemed to lead back to an old-style diplomacy, e.g. alliances and agreements outside of the League. The strategy of appeasing countries in response to aggression became more realistic. Economic sanctions were not palatable and to take on aggressors by force was not, at least in the early 1930s when the Depression was tightening its grip, a viable option. Summary of The Manchurian Crisis Japan, Asia's greatest industrial and trading power, was greatly affected by the world depression. The USA was attempting to increase its influence in the Pacific, and would be concerned with any 'aggressive' expansionism there. In September 1931, the Kwantung Army claimed a bomb explosion near the town of Mukdem, a Chinese province, was evidence of growing disorder. Japan invaded. China appealed to the League, and this incident was exactly the type that 'collective security' was to contain. The League condemned Japan's actions and ordered a withdrawal of Japanese troops. The Japanese government agreed, however, its army refused (This exposed Japan's control over its military). The League commission took more than a year to report, by which time the invasion and occupation was complete. The League asked Japan to return the land to China, and in response, Japan left the League, and claimed that the condemnation of their actions in China was hypocrisy by powers such as Britain, which had a long legacy of using force to achieve its objectives in China. Japan was the only independent Asian power with its own empire – an empire that had expanded in 1920 when Japan took over the Mariana and Caroline Islands as mandates. Japan was also Asia's greatest industrial and trading power, and so was badly affected by world depression. Some sections of Japanese society believed that the key to Japan's future economic survival was to expand its empire. However, Asia was already dominated by the European colonial powers; Britain, France, and the Netherlands. They would not tolerate any threat to their interests in the region. In addition, the USA was attempting to increase its influence in the Pacific and would be concerned with any 'aggressive' expansionism there. In September 1931, the Japanese army in Manchuria, the Kwantung Army (responsible for protecting Japanese interests in the area), claimed that a bomb explosion near the town of Mukdem was evidence of growing disorder, and used it as an excuse to conquer the province. In reality, the Japanese forces had planted the bomb, evidence of the Kwantung Army's desire to expand its influence in the territory. In this incident, one key member of the League had attacked another member, China. China appealed to the League for assistance against an aggressor; here was exactly the type of incident that 'collective security' was designed to contain. The League of Nations took the following actions: It condemned Japan's actions and ordered the withdrawal of Japanese troops. The Japanese government agreed, but their army refused. This outcome exposed the lack of control the Japanese civilian government had over its military, It appointed a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate the crisis. The commission took more than a year to report, by which time the invasion and the occupation was complete. The commission found Japan guilty of forcibly seizing part of China's territory, and It accepted the Lytton Report and instructed all of its members not to recognise the new Japanese state called Manchukuo. It invited Japan to hand Manchuria back to China. In response, the Japanese said that they were leaving the League. They claimed that the condemnation of their actions in China was hypocrisy by powers such as Britain, which had a long legacy of using force to achieve its objectives in China. They may have had a point, but the new ideas embodied by the League represented a shift in international tolerance of this kind of empire-building behaviour. Summary of Why did the League fail to resolve the Manchurian Crisis? Member states were unwilling to apply economic sanctions, however, it was the USA which had the strongest trading links with Japan. Imposing a military solution was problematic in that Manchuria was geographically remote, and only Britain and the USA could access it. France and Italy were too occupied by the events in Europe. Japan was openly condemned, however privately, a sympathetic view was taken as Japan was struggling economically. There are several reasons that contributed to the League's failure to resolve the crisis: The impact of the Great Depression caused the member states to be too preoccupied with their own troubled domestic situations. It also made them unwilling to apply economic sanctions. In any case, Japan's main trading links were with the USA, which was not a member of the League, Imposing any kind of military solution was problematic, as Manchuria was geographically remote and only Britain and the USA had the naval resources to confront Japan; again the USA was unwilling to do this. Britain was unwilling to act alone and also did not want to risk a naval conflict in the region, where they might well be outnumbered by the Japanese and risk threatening their colonial interest, and France and Italy were too occupied with the events in Europe and were not prepared to agree to any kind of military or naval action against Japan. Again, as with Britain, France's colonial interests in the region made for a confused response. Japan was openly condemned, but privately the government sent a note suggesting that it was sympathetic to the 'difficulties' Japan was experiencing. Summary of What was the impact of the Manchurian Crisis on the League of Nations? China had appealed to the League for help in the face of an aggressor, however, they received no support, neither militarily or economically (sanctions on Japan). Richard Overy points out that by leaving the League, Japan had 'effectively removed the Fear East from the system of collective security'. The outcome of the Manchurian Crisis was a dire failure for the League. China had appealed to the League for help in the face of an aggressor, but had received no practical support, neither military nor in terms of economic sanctions. The moral high ground offered by the Lytton Report's verdict was little comfort. The whole affair had suggested that the League lacked the will to follow through with its philosophy of 'collective security'. The aggressor had 'got away with it'. Richard Overy points out that by leaving the League of Nations, Japan had 'effectively remove the Far East from the system of collective security.' In Europe, meanwhile, Mussolini began planning his expansionist adventure into Abyssinia, encouraged by what had happened in Manchuria. Summary of What was the impact of the Manchurian Crisis on the growth of Japanese militarism? Historians, such as Richard Overy, saw the Manchurian Crisis as the start of militarism within Japan. Others, such as Sandra Wilson argue otherwise, and that Japan could have continued to work cooperatively and diplomatically with Britain and the USA. Traditionally, historians have seen the events in Manchuria as the starting point for the dominance of militarism within the Japanese government, which led ultimately to the Pacific war. Some historians, however, view the Manchurian Crisis as less significant to future events in Asia. In The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society, 1931–33, Sandra Wilson argues that the crisis had a more limited impact on Japanese thinking than has been suggested. Wilson argues that most Japanese regarded the end of fighting in Manchuria in 1933 as a return to normality, rather than the beginning of the militarisation of Japanese society. Many people in Japanese society even believed that Japan would continue working cooperatively and diplomatically with Britain and the USA. She contends that the post-World War II idea of a 15-year war beginning in the Pacific in 1931 had affected our perception of the Manchurian incident.
f. [16v] 1 Marvell nomore Altho 2 the songes{es} I syng do mone 3 ffor other lyff then wo 4 {p3}{u'} I neuer provyd none 5 & in my hart Also 6 ys graven with{w+t+} lettres depe 7 A thowsand syghes & mo1 8 A flood of teares to wepe 9 How may man in smart 10 ffyynd matter to Reioyce 11 how may a mornyng hart 12 Sett forthe A plesawnt voyce 13 play who can that part 14 nedes{es} must in me Apere 15 how fortune overthart overthwart 16 dothe cawse my mornyng chere 17 Per{p+}de there ys no man 18 yff he neuer saw syght 19 that per{p+}fyghtly tell can 20 the nature off the{{th}+e+} lyght 21 how shuld I do than 22 that neuer{u'} tast but sowre 23 But do As I Begane 24 contynually to lowre 25 But yet ^per{p+}chance sum chance may chan{_a} ce2 26 may chance to change my tune 27 & when shuche such chance dothe chance 28 then shall I thank fortune 29 & yf suche dhance do chawnce 30 per{p+}chance [] ere yt be long 31 ffor suche a plesawnt chance 32 to syng sum plesawnt song ffynys quod{q+d+}quod{q+d+} Wyatts 1. There is a recumbent figure 8 above "sighes." 2. The scribe is possibly copying from a manuscript with slash lines for line breaks or a musical score, because he or she added "may chance" before realizing that "perchance" had been skipped. Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt in the Devonshire Manuscript, this poem was entered by H2. The speaker explains that his sorrowful state causes him write sorrowful songs. Rebholz notes that the repetition of the word "such" on lines 27, 29, and 31 may suggest a pun on the name Mary Souche, one of Jane Seymour's maids of honour. "Marvell nomore Altho" also appears in Tottel's Miscellany under the title “The louers sorowfull state maketh him write sorowfull songes, but Souche his loue may change the same.” R.A. Rebholz, ed., Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1978), 161-62. Rebholz, 427. Tottel's Miscellany (Exeter: Shearsman, 2010), 58. 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!!! To those adding sections and contributions over the last few days by adding sections this is great!!!! Please add more and let us know who you are! If you need any help developing these new areas please let me know! (Tung) New update! I will be creating a new updated pdf version of what we currently have for offline use. The new sections will not be added yet. However Once done a 2.0 PDF will be released. This project has currently been taken over by Tung Luong as a graduate project and would love to get feedback on any of the information as well as would love contributions. So please feel free to edit appropriately as well as let me know how I am doing. This is a textbook for teaching the principles and practice of proteomics for undergraduate students in the life sciences. The focus is on the analytical methods and data analysis for protein separation, quantitation and identification. We will begin with older methods (chromatography, electrophoresis) and move to more modern approaches (chips, for example) that are being used for high throughput proteomics. This book conforms to the Wikibooks:Guidelines for class projects and can be found under Wikibooks:List of class projects. Also view our developing Metabolomics book: Metabolomics Introduction to Proteomics Protein Sample Preparation Plant Proteomics about Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Protein Separations - Chromatography Protein Separations - Electrophoresis Protein Separations - Centrifugation Emerging and Miscellaneous Proteomics Technologies Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry Protein Primary Structure Post-translational Modification Protein - Protein Interactions Protein Chips Proteomics and Drug Discovery Biomarkers Experimental Protocols Contributors
Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a lens in shape. Hence the short title of the book, Lentis, which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with lenses) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of Lentis are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, Lentis will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 16, 2020, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. Lentis is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, Lentis is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in Lentis are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2020. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. Preliminaries Chapters: Active and Candidates Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology Food and Energy Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries Opposition to GMOs in Europe Patenting of GM Seeds Corn, Beef and Feedlots Dakota Access Pipeline High-Fructose Corn Syrup The Organic Foods Movement Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation Local Food as a Social Movement Marketing of Natural Foods Corn Ethanol in the United States Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake? Fracking Wind Energy Rare Earth Metals Carbon Offsets Clean Coal Food Waste in the United States Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States Solar Energy Policy in Germany Peak Oil U.S. Arctic Oil Mining How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values Energy from Trash Life Off the Grid Soylent Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States Urban Farming Oil Palm Plantations Golden Rice Miracle Rice The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight Atlantic Coast Pipeline Cooking with Wood Fuel Environmental Values and Climate Change 8 House Plastic Bags Water Bottles Competition for Water in California Green Roofing Hypoxic Zones Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds Masdar City World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector Noise pollution Ecovillages Climate Change Denial Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest Marine Waste Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019 Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles BedZED Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise Light pollution The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S. les Zadistes Flight Shaming Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing Zero-Plastic Retailing Health and Medicine Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti Fluoridation Medicine and Disgust Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy Placebos Baby Formula Sick Building Syndrome Football and Concussions The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States Steroids and Baseball Nanotechnology and Health Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Malaria and Mosquito Nets International Air Travel as a Disease Vector Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism Religious Opposition to Vaccination Physician-Assisted Suicide Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures The D.A.R.E. Program Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries Athletes, Superstition, and Performance Gattaca Revisited Artificial Wombs The Weight Loss Industry in the United States Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics Vaping Neuroprosthetics Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon Antibiotics in India Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns Public Heath Responds to Physical Inactivity Mobility and Access for the Disabled Power Lines and Public Health The HPV Vaccine Medication Overload The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy Healthcare in U.S. Prisons Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic Pain Scales Augmented Reality in Medicine COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Chloramination of Drinking Water The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919 Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics Mobility and Land Use Cascadia Earthquake Preparation Bicyclists in Cities Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture Congestion Pricing Urban Sprawl Planned Communities Slugging Bicycling in the Netherlands Tata Nano and Mobility in India How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture Autonomous Vehicles The Disappearing American Streetcar Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs Real-time Ridesharing Hitchhiking in the Digital Age Arcology Lowriding California High Speed Rail Self-Driving Cars The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945 Road Rage The Ogallala Aquifer Rail in America The Belt and Road Initiative Car Dependency in the U.S. Guerrilla Urbanism The Transformation of Times Square David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming Vision Zero Shared Space and Woonerven Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Driving Speed Enforcement Computers and the Internet Antipiracy Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution Compulsive Connectivity Screen-Free Child Rearing Crowdsourcing Higher Education Cryptocurrency "Data is the new oil" Deepfakes Fake Users Hacker Culture Human Flesh Search Engine Social Engineering Internet Memes Internet Subcultures The Open-Source Movement Electronic Voting Online Consumer Reviews Online Dating Scams Online Shopping Online Reputation Management Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups Program and High Frequency Trading Social Networks Social Media and the Arab Spring Social Norms in Virtual Worlds Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News Street View Second Life User-Generated Content in the Internet Age password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms Wikipedia Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare Mass Collaboration Net Neutrality Mass Control of a Single Gamer Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China Web Induced Risk Taking Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China Facebook Cheating Intellectual Property in the Internet Age The Social Psychology of YouTube Learning from a Distance Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships Identity Theft Higher Education Online The Culture of Instagram New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008 Targeted Advertising Viral Marketing Web Tracking Internet Anonymity The Culture of Snapchat Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009 The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists Google Translate The Deep Web Social Media Mining Internet Witch Hunts News Echo Chambers Featuritis Content Moderation Virtual Reality Social Media Shaming Campaigns Portable Electronics Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain Driving while Texting GPS and Driving Sociology of Texting The Text Effect Norms of Handheld Device Use Happy Slapping The Walkman Effect Electronically Enabled Test Cheating Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction Children and Cell Phones Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics Pokémon Go Phone Cinematography Cell Phones in Developing Countries Wearable Activity Trackers Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society The Looking Glass Entertainment and Media Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games Gambling Game Addictions The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion The Proliferation of Music Production Capability Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion Portrayal of Women in Video Games Children,Video Games and Obesity Electronic Sports (eSports) Electronic Music Popular From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL Gold Farming Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation Anti-TV Social Movements Media Format Wars Microtransactions in Videogames Moe Anthropomorphism Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty Dance Dance Revolution Super Smash Bros. Twitch Instant Replay in International Soccer Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy JEDI Cloud Digital Rights Management Military Industrial Complex Tasers and Stun Guns Probation Technology International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement Air Travel Security The United States - Mexico Border Recording Police Activity Video Surveillance Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power Cell Phones in Prison Cell Phone Jamming in the United States Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth Cyberslacking Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft Video Surveillance in Great Britain Technology and Incarceration in the United States Additive Manufacturing Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data Amateurs with Drones Body Cameras Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness Law Enforcement and Social Media Cyber-attack Attribution China’s Social Credit System Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests 8chan Lockheed Martin F-35 Capital Punishment in the United States Systemic Racism in the U.S. Gentrification Predictive Policing The Prison-Industrial Complex The War on Drugs Algorithmic Bias The School to Prison Pipeline Technology and Gender Algorithmic Bias by Gender History of Technology The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics Education and the Space Race in the United States Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States Disease Prevention in the First World War Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy Phreaking Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970 The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1948 Sociotechnical Theories and Movements Protection Motivation Theory The Singularity Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States Disintermediation Jevons Paradox Path Dependence Neoluddism and Technophilia Emergent Behavior Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility User Trust The Panopticon Planned Obsolescence Fake News Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government
What are the Benefits of Nasal Irrigation? It is simple learning to wash your nose and nasal passages using only a bathroom sink. If the procedure is unpleasant, you're doing it wrong. First, learn to blow your nose into the sink instead of a tissue or handkerchief. Second, learn to push water into your nostrils/nasal passages by brushing wet hands along the sides of your nose. Use warm water. Afterwards, you may wait 10 seconds at first, blow your nose into the sink. Lastly, you can learn to get water further into your nasal passages by wetting your nose and tilting back your head. This remedy is used to treat any symptoms of mucus build-up in the nasal passages, caused by the common cold or chronic sinusitis. It consists of warm water (not too hot or it will burn your nose!) mixed with regular table salt. It can be applied through the nose using either a little spray bottle, or using a neti pot. A neti pot (often made of porcelain) resembles a tea pot that is used for nasal irrigation. It is used often in South Asian Culture and is known as Jala Neti, but is starting to be used more and more in Western Culture. To use this, one mixes the salt and water in the pot and sticks the spout through one nostril, head tilted slightly forward so the water may enter the nose, and the salt water is poured through one nostril and out the other nostril. Repeat on the other side, and make sure to gently blow your nose after using to get rid of excess water and mucus in the nasal passages. This method may be used as often as needed, up to about four times a day when you are sick. Some risks associated with using this remedy are not adequately draining all of the water out, which may lead to breathing problems later, or irritation of the lining of the nasal cavity. See also: Wikipedia article on nasal irrigation. Please Note: The Mayo Clinic web site, in the directions for nasal irrigation, specifies using 1/4 tsp. salt to 2 cups (about 1/2 litre) of water - an isotonic solution. This is significantly less salt than is contained in the directions below. One of the mixtures is not an isotonic solution. Prepare isotonic saline solution. This solution matches the concentration of salt found in the blood and natural tears. A warm saline solution is prepared to a 0.9% salinity (9g of salt (about 1 1/2 teaspoons) per litre of water). Non-iodized salt is better. The water should feel slightly warm to the touch. It is important to stir the mixture thoroughly in order to dissolve all the salt. The following are the stages of the ancient Jala Neti: The salt is sometimes replaced with half salt and half sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). According to http://www.doctorhoffman.com/, sodium bicarbonate improves the mucus-solvent properties of the solution. Many people only practice stage one of Jala neti. This stage should always be performed whether it is the only stage you do or if you plan to do any of the more advanced stages. Each stage should eventually use about 1/4 litre (8 US fluid ounces) per nostril though a person may have to work up to this. Lean over a sink and tilt your head to the side and slightly down toward the sink. Ideally, the chin and the forehead should be level with each other. Place the spout of the neti pot in the upper nostril creating a complete seal and allow the saline solution to flow into that nostril, through the nasal passages, and out the other nostril. Continue to breathe deeply through the mouth. This allows the water to flow from one nostril and out the other. When the pot is empty, refill it and repeat on the other side. Beginners may prefer to use only half a pot on each side. If the water seems to be blocking, switching back and forth several times may be needed. If you will be doing only Stage One, follow the instructions under "After Stages are completed" to clear the nasal passages of remaining water. If you are doing this for the first time, try to keep your soft palate closed. To find what this feels like, imitate how a congested person with a cold talks. They might say, "I cad't say adythig dorbally because by dose is codgested" instead of "I can't say anything normally because my nose is congested." Intentionally breathing only through your mouth, and not through your nose, also causes you to keep the soft palate closed. If you can keep the soft palate closed during stage one, this will prevent the irrigation solution from getting into your nose or throat. Since stage two washes the deepest parts of the nasal passage, it should only be performed after a round of stage one. If infections or large obstructions are present in the outer nasal cavity and not cleared by stage one, they could be driven deeper into the nasal cavity. Beginners should use only stage one for the first few weeks to make sure they are comfortable with the process and to make sure that major blockages are clear. Stage two involves lightly sniffing the water through each nostril and spitting it out the mouth. It is important not to swallow the water. Though this stage is more difficult, it has a much deeper effect. People with chronic sinus infections may not see major improvement until this method is used. Before this stage, a round of both stage one and two is performed. It involves actually taking the water in the mouth and directing it out the nose. Once jala neti has been performed, it is important to eliminate any remaining water from the nose. The techniques may vary but it usually involves bending over from the waist to let the remaining saline solution drain out, breathing quick breaths out the nose in quick repetition, and gently blowing the nose. It is important not to close off one nostril or squeeze the nose in any way as this may cause water to be forced into areas that do not dry easily. A tissue may be used but is just held lightly surrounding the nose. Several medical reports indicate pulsatile nasal irrigation with a water pik type device is more effective than non-pulsating nasal wash products like bulb syringes, neti pots and squeeze bottles which rely simply on gravity and conventional flow at breaking down biofilm, general cleansing and removing bacteria..
Electrodynamics In 1831, Faraday discovered the following three phenomena: 1. If a coil of wire is pulled across a magnetic field, a current is induced. 2. When a magnet is moved, a current is also induced. 3. When the strength of the magnetic field is changed, a current is induced. It is easy to understand the first phenomenon. We know that a coil of wire has free electrons inside. When the current is moved, these charges are in motion, so a magnetic force will cause them to move, creating a current. Of course, we would immediately recognize that phenomenon 1 would imply phenomenon 2 by the relativity principle. However, its explanation in classical mechanics is less straightfoward. Clearly, since the wire isn't moving, there is no magnetic force ( F B = q v × B {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{B}=q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} } ). Thus, it must be the electric field creating the current. Somehow, a changing magnetic field must induce an electric field. It turns out that the induced emf in all 3 cases is given by ξ = − ∂ Φ B ∂ t {\displaystyle \xi =-{\frac {\partial \Phi _{B}}{\partial t}}} , where Φ B {\displaystyle \Phi _{B}} is the magnetic flux. Most people would call this Faraday's Law, but this equation really encompasses two physical laws: the Lorentz Force Law, and the induction of electric fields. It is a miracle that the same equation would describe two different phenomena. The direction of the induced current is given by Lenz's Law, which states that the induced current will try to oppose the change in flux. This explains the negative sign in Faraday's equation. Lenz's Law is necessary for the Law of Conservation of Energy to hold. Consider a metal plate falling through a space between two magnets. As it is falling, the magnetic flux would change, giving rise to a induced current, also known as an eddy current. Lenz's Law tells us that this current will oppose the change in flux, and so the magnetic force would act upwards on the plate. Thus, its velocity will slow. This application is used to damp pendulums, and is important enough to be considered for motor design. In an electric generator, a coil of wires is rotated in a magnetic field. As the coil rotates, the flux passing through a loop of the wire changes, and so a voltage is induced. Suppose the coil has N {\displaystyle N} turns. Then the induced voltage is given by: ξ = − N ∂ Φ ∂ t {\displaystyle \xi =-N{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial t}}} By Lenz's Law, the resulting current flows in such a way that it will oppose the change in flux. Thus, if there were no external forces, the coil's rotation rate would slow down and eventually stop. This makes sense, for the current we induced carries energy, and because energy is conserved, the coil's rotation energy must decrease. Thus, a generator needs an external torque to turn the coil of wires. Real generators generally spin a large magnet inside a Coil, in Australia we use three phase generators, meaning that there are in fact three coils, at 120 degree spacings. These generators produce voltages in the thousands. They are powered by sources such as coal, oil, and hydroelectric. In some countries Nuclear Fission is used to produce steam which turns turbines. Let us try to relate the emf with the electric field. As the electric field moves a charge down the wire, it does work E ⋅ d l {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {l} } per unit charge. The total work per unit charge it does in moving the charge through the wire must be the emf, so ξ = ∮ ∂ S E ⋅ d l {\displaystyle \xi =\oint _{\partial S}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {l} } The law of fluxes would then be: ∮ ∂ S E ⋅ d l = − d Φ d t {\displaystyle \oint _{\partial S}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =-{d\Phi \over dt}} You might object, saying that the integral of an electric field along a closed path is always 0, or that the electric field is conservative, but that is only true for electrostatic fields. Induced electric fields are never conservative, and there is no way of defining a potential energy for induced electric fields. E = − ∇ φ {\displaystyle E=-\nabla \phi } becomes false. Faraday's Law is considered one of Maxwell's Equations. We can write it in its differential form by noting that ∫ γ F ⋅ d s = ∫ A ( ∇ × F ) ⋅ d A {\displaystyle \int _{\gamma }\mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {s} =\int _{A}(\nabla \times \mathbf {F} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} } . Thus, ∫ γ E ⋅ d s = ∫ A ( ∇ × E ) ⋅ d A = ∫ A − ∂ B ∂ t d A {\displaystyle \int _{\gamma }\mathbf {E} \cdot ds=\int _{A}(\nabla \times \mathbf {E} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} =\int _{A}-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}d\mathbf {A} } so ∇ × E = − ∂ B ∂ t {\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}
← Back to Page 1 Given a conventional method to get cargo to orbit, and possibly a Hypervelocity Launcher (previous section), the next step is an Assembly Station to collect cargo from the high gee launcher, and more sensitive cargo and humans from conventional rockets, and build larger systems there for further space projects. Assembly lowers the required size of individual launches, and thus the up-front development cost. Prior manned space stations, especially the current International Space Station, have used orbital assembly as an engineering method. Particular features for assembly include, first of all, designing the parts to be assembled. Mechanical docking devices include guides to align the parts, latches and powered bolts to fasten them firmly, and electrical and other connectors which automatically join when the parts are brought together. The heavy duty physical tasks of assembly are carried out by a rail-mounted robotic manipulator arm, normally controlled by an on-board operator. Lighter duty tasks are done by humans in pressurized suits. The experience from that project is a good starting point, but it has been about 20 years since the Space Station design was set. Computers and communications have advanced a great deal since then. Additionally, design for continuous growth requires a different design philosophy. The approach in this example uses smaller modular components than in the past. In the early construction stages these are assembled with remote controlled/automated robotic arms into larger units. Once sufficient facilities are in place, human crew can be added. The robotic work uses experience from the Advanced Manufacturing step. The Assembly Station starts very basic, and gradually extends it's capability by adding more modular parts, and later by manufacturing items locally, rather than just assembling delivered cargo. An important part of the design is to use standardized modular components. That way new parts can be added in any arrangement and they will still fit, and new designs are not needed for each new job. Additionally, use of standard parts makes it easier to stock spares. Parts like truss elements, which are naturally strong, can be packed for gun launch, then assembled into a complete truss. Pressurized modules with rigid walls would not fit into a gun-launch cargo, but inflatable modules might. Alternately conical or dome sections can be nested and then assembled into complete modules. If a vacuum welder or laminated tape winder were available, module assembly from smaller pieces would be possible. So each component needs to be looked at to find the best method of delivering it, and it will likely end up a mix of launch methods. The output of the Assembly Station would be commercial items like spacecraft or sections of spacecraft, and also internal production that would extend the range of later steps. For example, the Assembly Station could assemble a mining tug from parts, which then goes to collect materials from a Near Earth Asteroid. The Station could "reproduce" itself in a sense, by splitting off or assembling a subset which can then go off and be the seed for construction in a new location. Initial growth is by simply adding more modules of a given size. Later growth can be by using larger launch systems from Earth when the economics justify it, or by producing larger components for later "generations" of construction. The following is a list of parts for start up of an Assembly Station. It will require a lot more detailed analysis and design to reach a final list, but this will illustrate the types of modules that would go into such a design. First launch may be by another launch system, to enable a complete functioning system to get delivered as a unit. Later launches can be smaller elements as additions delivered part by part. One of the first items to deliver to orbit will be a small chemical propulsion unit. It will include tanks, fuel and small thrusters, and a way to dock firmly to other structures. The docking port may be as simple as a magnet to attract another payload, and then some bolt or clamp to secure it. The propulsion unit does all the moving around to line up with the payload. Docking other payloads will automatically connect power and data lines. For a first launch, it may be feasible to launch an electronics unit and a partly fueled thruster unit as a single cargo. Otherwise a larger capacity launch system is used. The growing assembly station will use fuel to meet each cargo as it reaches orbit, and also to make up for drag losses from the thin atmosphere that exists at any low orbit altitude. Therefore it will need periodic fueling. This will contain some smaller solar arrays for power, some computer systems, batteries, one or more cameras and GPS units for navigation, and radio or laser communications. The next couple of items would be robot arms to give the propulsion unit the ability to do more complex tasks controlled from the ground. Items like robotic arms would be subject to a design trade-off. They would have to be made very rugged for gun delivery, versus a lighter weight version launched by conventional rockets. Arms could be made as segments with one or two joints, which are connected in series to make more flexible units, and have replaceable tool/manipulator ends for different tasks. The arms are designed as double-ended, so that either end can attach to a base or tool, and have a split joint to go from one shaft to two or more "fingers" or "arms". These are tools that attach to the arms, and a rail car unit to move the arm from place to place. This is a set of truss elements that can be assembled into larger arbitrary structures to which other parts of the growing assembly station will be attached. One approach is a ball and stick truss, with hubs at the intersections that have fittings at 90 and 45 degree angles. These are connected with struts of standard lengths to form the framework. The base truss might have a spacing of 1 meter, with adapters to scale up or down to other grid sizes as needed. Filler plates would span a truss bay to add rigidity or provide container spaces or additional mounting locations. The plates can be either perforated or solid as needed. The basic structural system includes rails for moving robot arms and other items from place to place. The rails would extend a short distance from the hubs, with smooth joints to allow continuous motion. Either curved or pivoting sections would enable changing the plane of motion. The concept here is to have a redundant and modular utility system with different services (power, data, fuel lines) added as needed. One approach is to use a truss column as the utility carrier, and install support brackets to hold the various lines, with insulation or meteoroid blankets on the sides. That allows for easy access for additions or repair. There is another trade-off to do here for photovoltaic arrays, which are not suited to gun launch, but are lightweight, versus something like a Brayton generator, which in theory can be rugged. For low orbit, the power units would need some sort of storage, i.e. batteries, since sunlight is only available 60% of the time. To start with, simply attaching PV arrays to your structural base will provide a power supply. For more extended missions that require more fuel, Ion or Plasma thrusters are added, which are more efficient than chemical thrusters. Some equipment, and humans, benefit from not being in vacuum. Other tasks benefit from temperature control, or keeping debris contained. For those sorts of requirements an enclosed module is needed. For early use, an inflatable module may be suitable. Finished modules are not suited to gun launch, but a fiber-reinforced aluminum tape could be launched as a spool, then formed around a mandrel to create larger shapes. Concentrated sunlight and pressure rollers can braze/solidify layers of tape until sufficient thickness is built up. That way the small cargo volume of the gun projectiles could be used to fabricate larger items. Once sufficient habitable volume and supplies are in place, then humans can start to work on the Assembly Station, but the initial construction will all be done via remote control. Electric propulsion typically has about ten times the fuel efficiency of chemical rockets. Thus they turn an exponential fuel requirement (fuel to push more fuel) into a nearly linear one for most Solar System missions. The timing of this step would be in parallel or soon after Orbital Assembly is started. There are several kinds of electric thrusters that are good candidates for near term use. The selection here is based on state of development and usefulness: 49 Electrostatic Ion - This knocks electrons off of gas atoms making them charged, which is called "ionized". Once charged, they can be accelerated by metal screens with a large voltage difference. Ion thrusters are used on some communications satellites, and the Dawn spacecraft currently exploring the asteroids Vesta and Ceres. 51 Microwave Heated Plasma - This type uses microwave frequency heaters to heat the fuel. This is the same principle as a microwave oven, but much more intense. Above a certain temperature the heated atoms in the fuel will knock electrons off each other, turning it into a mixture of ions and electrons, which is called a Plasma. The plasma is contained and directed by magnetic fields. You need to do that because plasma is so hot it will melt anything it contacts, or cool itself down too much. In fact on Earth plasma is used as an efficient way to cut through metal. A version of this thruster is currently being developed on the ground, and will soon fly for testing on the Space Station. It's full name is Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket, which is mercifully abbreviated to VASIMR. As a category they are called plasma thrusters. 72 Ionospheric Current - This operates like a motor, running a current in a wire in a magnetic field. The return path for the current is the ionosphere. This method is limited to places with suitable magnetic field and ionosphere density, but low Earth orbit fortunately is such a location. The attraction is it does not require direct fuel use, only a little leaked plasma to make electrical contact with the ionosphere. The equivalent exhaust velocity as if it were a fuel-using engine is 250 km/s. Since low orbit is the first place we want to use, developing this type of thruster is a high priority. Note it is not as fully developed as the other types. All rockets work by tossing mass in one direction, and by Newton’s Law (for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction), the rest of the rocket gets pushed in the other direction. The faster you toss the mass, the more push (momentum) you get out of it. Conventional rockets burn fuel in a chamber then let it expand out a supersonic nozzle to get it going as fast as possible. The shape of the nozzle is governed by the physics of expanding gases, which is why they all look more or less the same. How fast it can get is limited by how hot the gas is and it's molecular weight. The best combination used today is burning Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ratio of 1:6 by weight. This produces mostly steam with a bit of Hydrogen left over to lower the average molecular weight. How fast the gas is going is technically called exhaust velocity, and is limited to about 4.5 km/s for this fuel type. Electric thrusters are not limited by the energy produced by burning the fuel. They feed energy to the fuel from an external source, thus can get much higher exhaust velocity. This gives you more push from given amount of fuel. Since you have a finite amount of fuel to use this is more efficient in direct proportion to the increase in exhaust velocity. By analogy to automobiles, you are getting better "gas mileage". The extremely high fuel efficiency is the key to why this type of thruster is important. If you are doing a lot of moving about in space the fuel savings outweigh (literally) the mass and cost of the power supply by a large margin. Conventional rockets only need a fairly lightweight fuel tank, but burn a lot more fuel. One drawback to electric thrusters when transporting humans is their relatively low thrust. This makes the trip times longer. There are various ways to work around that drawback. For example, passage through the Earth's radiation belts slowly would be unacceptable radiation exposure. So you can transport your main vehicle by electric thruster, taking weeks, and then deliver a crew in a small capsule taking hours once the main vehicle is outside the radiation belts. All electric thruster types need an external power supply since the fuel is not self-heating as in chemical engines. The most common power supply used in space are photovoltaic panels. Those can get unwieldy at power levels of hundreds of kW or more, and their power output per area drops as the inverse square of distance from the Sun. So for some past and future missions a nuclear power source is preferred. Smaller size nuclear generators are based on isotope decay, and larger ones are full nuclear reactors. Any type of nuclear device brings both technical and political complications. Electric thrusters cannot be used directly for launch or landing on large objects, because their thrust-to-mass ratio is significantly less than the local gravity acceleration. They can be used indirectly via space cable/elevator type systems. Chemical engines can reach vehicle thrust-to-mass ratios well above Earth gravity, which is one reason they have been the primary way to launch things to date. Both Ion and Microwave Plasma thrusters have exhaust velocities in the range of 20 to 50 km/s, so are 4 to 10 times more fuel efficient than conventional rockets. Like electric devices on Earth, they are rated by how much power they use. The Dawn spacecraft has a 10 kW set of solar panels, and the VASIMR thruster in development is rated at 200 kW. Generally ion thrusters will maintain efficiency at lower power levels than plasma type thrusters because ion flow does not have to be restrained by containment fields, while plasma requires a field to keep it separated from the solid hardware. At small sizes the plasma volume vs total engine volume becomes small and efficiency drops. For efficiency reasons, ion thrusters prefer high atomic weight fuels. The energy to ionize an atom is roughly constant across the Periodic Table, but does not contribute to thrust in this engine type. Thus using high weight fuels lowers the portion of total power used for ionization relative to acceleration. Typically Xenon is used as a fuel. Plasma thrusters can use most fuel types since their goal is to make the plasma extremely hot, on the order of a million degrees. By tuning the microwave generators, most atoms and molecules will absorb the energy. A key advantage of this is fuels like Oxygen or water are common in asteroids, so electric thrusters can be refueled locally, rather than having to bring all the fuel from Earth. The following early missions can be performed starting with relatively small thrust levels, and working up to more ambitious missions. This mission involves collecting air from the edge of the Earth's atmosphere for fuel and breathing. We start with a 50 kW solar array and a VASIMR type thruster which can generate 2 Newtons thrust at 40% efficiency and 20 km/s exhaust velocity. The solar arrays are assumed to use modern multi-layer cells with 30% efficiency, and have a power to mass ratio of 100 W/kg. The array will thus mass 500 kg, and we assume operates 30% of the time by intermittent use. The electric thruster can then produce an average thrust of 0.6 Newtons. At 200 km altitude, each square meter of collector generates 0.0129 Newtons of drag, so the total collector allowed area is 46 square meters to match the average thrust. This will collect 0.08 g/s, and the thruster consumes 0.03 g/s, leaving a net of 0.05 g/s. This amounts to 4.32 kg/day, or 3.15 times the solar array mass per year. Later expansion would take the same thruster module to 200 kw power level and 5.7 N thrust at 50 km/s exhaust velocity and 60% operating time. The operating time is limited by the 40% of the orbit in the Earth's shadow. Thus average thrust is 3.42 N, and collection rate is 0.456 g/s. The thruster uses 0.114 g/s, leaving a net of 0.342 g/s. This is 29.5 kg/day or 10,785 kg/year, or 5.4 times the array mass per year. With a 15 year service life for the arrays, they can supply 75 times their mass in total. An electrodynamic thruster to make up for drag might improve on this even further. For human transport, where speed is important going through the radiation belt, the collected air can be separated for Oxygen, and mixed with added Hydrogen from Earth in a chemical thruster. Alternately a lower exhaust velocity, higher thrust electric thruster could be used, sacrificing fuel efficiency for fast transit. There are several plasma and arc jet thrusters that could do that job. Earth orbit has accumulated debris from spacecraft explosions and collisions, and there are a number of non-functional satellites which only need a single part repaired or new fuel to function again. This mission involves using a range of electric thruster vehicle sizes to collect the debris, repair or refuel satellites on location, or bring them to the orbital platform for maintenance. Debris mass ranges down to centimeter or less in size, so it would be inefficient to send a large vehicle to collect it. Alternately, satellites can range up to several tons in mass. Therefore we select electric vehicle sizes to match the size of what is being collected or moved. For debris collection, several pieces in similar orbits can be collected in one trip to minimize fuel use and mission time. The fuel for these cleanup missions comes from the atmosphere mining. Depending on what the target objects are, we perform one or more of the following tasks: Collect orbital debris and either deliver it to a low enough orbit that it will decay and burn up quickly, or feed the debris into a processing unit to extract useful materials from. Return non-working satellite hardware to the orbital platform to be salvaged for working parts. Repair non-working satellites at the orbital platform with salvaged or new parts. Repair, refuel, or attach a new propulsion unit to existing satellite at their current location. Transport new cargo to higher orbits. The tasks above are approximately in order of size and difficulty. Before salvaging used satellites, you would need to get permission from their original owners. The legal regime for broken debris pieces is unclear. If they are considered a menace to navigation, they might be removed without permission, or the original owners charged for cleanup. [MOVE to Phase 4B High Orbit] Further expansion of production may leads to power satellites, which beam energy to Earth for 24-hour power. If this can be done economically, it would likely be the largest export market to Earth. Solar-thermal with storage works in sunny climates on Earth, but many people don't live in such climates. Solar flux in space is 10 times higher than low sun climates on the ground. Energy delivered from orbit may prove cheaper overall, despite the extra cost of building in space. This is especially true if most of the materials for the satellites and their production equipment can be sourced from space, and the production is highly automated.
Your class negotiated 5 or 6 projects to do the rest of the semester. Please rank, in order of preference, your highest through lowest project names. On 9/18/2013 my team and I had to learn to write with arduino's. At first we set out with 3 research days to understand the code. I downloaded the arduino program onto the computer to run the chip and througth trial and error on the examples, I learned how to make the LED blink, but the mapping of the bread board was taxing and I feel I don't have the time to work with blinking lights. On 9/19/2013 I had to look-up the possible stepper motor functions. I didn't know what wires go were and what pins did what. On 9/23/2013 I finally got my hands on a stepper motor to practice with. My team and I still haven't made the calculations on the polar printer due that our time is being taken up on trying to program them. I fear we didn't distribute tasks. I picked up a shield for my Arduino to work with, no matter what I did my motor was still being difficult; the motor was running but the wheel wasn't moving in 360 degrees. The script for the Arduino involved the the entry into the different delay times alters the type of rotational direction speed. Even deleting the delay time causes the device to move. 9/25/2013 I set up my arduino, and combined it with an arduinio shield, and had my bread board, and 1x a-b USB cable. I went on to Adafruit to find the scripts to operate the motor set arduino to UNO board, on the COM#3. I tried out different pins to see if the connection is good. I found a promosing script code but it needs me to download the "LIBRARY" that is used to operate the code. I feel that with the motor coils are working against each other. On 9/30/2013 I need to get the stepper motor to function properly, but before I move further in the coding of the motor, I had to understand the motor its self. I got a voltage meter to see which wires connected to what coil in the motor. I gridded the wires in to the following organization 8 WIRE STEPPER MOTOR MAPPING I paired the wires and found that the coils were connected to 4 different wires. Brandon was tasked with the mathematical equations of the project while I was tasked with the coding for the motors. Carlos wasn't in for most of the project and I was getting worried. 10/2/2013 I was testing the wire connections to see if I could get better use of the motor I was running the stepper test script on the motor. I tried to see if I could get the motor to spin in a precise time. "Increasing RPM's to 40, put delay on single step (2 seconds), double step is at (3 seconds), and interleave is at (1 second). I took out the microstep command to stop the ticking motion of the motor. During the next class Brandon and I are to make a presentation to the other teams to see if they can give us some pointers. 10/7/2013 The day wasn't very productive with the project. I was going to try to use the r=D/theta formula to measure out the rotations for the motor. 10/9/2013 I was trying to do the calculations for the calculations for the motor, but I had to focus on the coding for the motor, but in the end I wasn't able to get the motor to do most of the things that I wanted it to do.
Greensburg is a city in Kansas. 37.6034-99.294431 The Big Well Museum, 315 S. Sycamore. Encloses the largest hand-dug well, which dates from the 1880s. It was dug to supply water for the railroad. The museum shows artifacts and photos chronicling the May 5, 2007 tornado that destroyed 95 percent of the town. It also has a beautiful second floor observation deck, which has arrows pointing to the city's landmarks. The 5.4.7. Art Center, 204 West Wisconsin Ave. An art gallery with a changing display of fine art. The building itself is a LEED Platinum structure built by architecture students from the University of Kansas. It is clad with reclaimed wood from an old armory, and covered with glass panels. It features wind and solar energy sources and a green roof. 37.599-99.29162 Kiowa County School, 710 S. Main. Another LEED Platinum building with state-of-the-art educational tools. Tours can be arranged by dropping by during school hours. Greensburg GreenTown. Housed in a concrete silo-type round house. It is a bed and breakfast as well as the starting point for learning about green building techniques and tours of sites in Greensburg. The Commons Building, 320 S. Main. Also a LEED Platinum building. It houses four entities: the Kiowa County Museum with a working old-fashioned soda fountain; the Kiowa County Library; the K-State Extension service; and the Media Center. Be sure to go up to see the green roof, planted with green and red sedum. Also on the roof are the solar panels and picnic tables with a vantage point to see much of Greensburg. 37.60471-99.290823 The Kiowa County Courthouse, 211 E Florida. One of the few buildings that survived the 2007 tornado. It was damaged extensively when a car went through the roof and water damaged most of the building. It underwent multi-million-dollar repairs and emerged better than before and certified LEED Gold. 37.60492-99.292411 Twilight Theater. (updated Oct 2020) 37.60092-99.296122 Greensburg City Pool, ☏ +1-620-723-2850. Seasonal Mo-Sa 1PM-7PM, Su 2-7PM. $2. (updated Oct 2020) The shops on Main Street and along the main highway have plenty to attract daytrippers. Where'dya Find That Antiques (Main Street Mall). Has a great selection of home decor and gift items. Studio 54 Stained Glass (Main Street Mall). Has beautiful handmade glass jewelry and home decor as well as kites, handbags, leaf lamps and Life Is Good apparel. Fleener's Furniture and Flooring (Main Street Mall). Has great furniture and home decor. Turquoise Ranch. Farther west on Highway 54, has wonderful ladies clothing and accessories. Kook's Meat & Deli. Just a block west of Main Street on the highway, offers daily lunch specials and great sandwiches with a variety of salads. Pueblo Nuevo Mexican Restaurant, 801 E. Kansas Ave. On the highway also, serves a huge menu of Mexican and American food. Green Bean Coffee Company (Main Street Mall). On the highway offers a great variety of free-trade coffees as well as lunch sandwiches in a colorful and welcoming atmosphere. [dead link] Greensburg Inn, 800 E Kansas Ave, ☏ +1 620-723-2141. Offers non-smoking rooms with free Wi-Fi, TVs with cable channels, and air-conditioning. (updated Jun 2015) 37.6056-99.299321 Best Western Plus Night Watchman Inn & Suites, ☏ +1-620-723-2244. Offers internet, indoor pool and hot tub, and breakfast. ~$100.
Friday, July 27, 2007 The United Nations (UN) World Food Programme (WFP) raised concerns about a dramatic escalation in attacks on food aid convoys by armed bandits in the Darfur region of Sudan. WFP says the attacks constrain its ability to feed the more than two million people in the area receiving aid. Negotiations over a UN Security Council resolution authorising a joint UN-African Union security force for the region continue but full deployment could take up to a year. "In the last two weeks, nine food convoys have been attacked by gunmen across Darfur," said Kenro Oshidari, WFP Sudan Representative. "WFP staff and contractors are being stopped at gunpoint, dragged out of their vehicles and robbed with alarming frequency," he said. "These abhorrent attacks, which target the very people who are trying to help the most vulnerable in Darfur, must be brought under control," he added. A WFP official told Wikinews that the attacks and robberies have occurred in all regions of Darfur, and that the blame can't be ascribed to a particular group. "Frequently the bandits are wearing uniforms but often in one group of bandits there may be more than one uniform. Thus, we are not pointing fingers at any one group." said Emilia Casella, WFP Spokesperson for Sudan. "We are calling on all parties to respect the neutrality of humanitarian convoys and their drivers, who are delivering food to civilians who are victims of the conflict." According to WFP, in 2007 so far, 18 WFP convoys have been attacked - "shot at, looted, drivers robbed and/or injured". Four vehicles were stopped and the drivers and passengers robbed. Six vehicles were stolen, where the gunmen drove away with the WFP staff members still inside, though they were later released. "There were no major physical injuries, but naturally such experiences are very traumatic," said Casella. "These incidents have occurred in all three of the Darfurs, in areas controlled by various groups or the government." In the week of July 15-21, there were five incidents in South Darfur, during which a total of seven trucks were looted of approximately 10.5 tonnes of food assistance. The Darfur operation is the WFP's largest humanitarian mission, with about 790 staff working to feed more than two million people every month. The WFP indicated that it has been difficult to hire and retain the commercial trucking companies used to move food and supplies throughout the region due to the risks involved in the service. WFP Public Affairs Officer in Washington D.C. Jennifer Parmelee told Wikinews that "hiring reliable transport in other insecure environments, [such as] Afghanistan and Somalia, is extremely challenging." Air service is employed for remote locations and where delivery by road has become too dangerous. Parmelee told Wikinews that the "increasing insecurity will almost certainly further constrain [WFP's] ability to operate in Darfur - it already has." WFP Spokesperson for Sudan, Emilia Casella, indicated that "humanitarian access is likely to be increasingly difficult due to insecurity." However, the situation has not prevented all aid delivery. "Despite insecurity and access problems, WFP food assistance reached about 2.6 million people in Darfur last month," said Casella. A UN resolution on the deployment of a hybrid African Union (AU) and UN force of 26,000 troops is working its way through the UN. Britain and France presented revisions to the draft, which dropped a threat of "further measures" against Sudan for obstructing peace efforts, though Sudan's ambassador, Abdalmahmood Abdalhaleem, has objected to the revisions. A deadline of December 31 exists to transfer authority in Sudan's Darfur region from the AU to the proposed AU-UN force. Full deployment of all 26,000 troops would take up to one year. The draft resolution would allow the use of force to protect the mission's personnel and humanitarian workers and would "protect civilians under threat of physical violence". Jennifer Parmelee of the WFP suggests that the deployment of the hybrid force under such a mandate would be a positive development in the aid agency's ability to carry out their humanitarian assistance. "Sure an expanded AU/UN peacekeeping force would help." said Parmelee. "As it is, AU is stretched very very thin, and...is unable to accompany most of our convoys." According to WFP, there are approximately 12,000 humanitarian workers in Darfur, which is a drop in numbers even though the need for aid workers has increased. "With pressure from France, Chad and Sudan open door to possible troop deployment" — Wikinews, June 12, 2007 Press Release: "Food convoy attacks undermining WFP work in Darfur" — World Food Programme, July 25, 2007 Evelyn Leopold. "UK, France soften U.N. text on new Darfur force" — Reuters Africa, July 25, 2007
Civic Technology The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Civic_Technology Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Having your community accurately represented on digital maps and geographic guides is very important. By ensuring your community is well marked, one can help reduce the number of people who are lost in your community, as well as make it easier for people to conduct business. The OpenStreetMap website in 2020. OpenStreetMap (OSM for short) is a freely available, open source map of the world which anyone can edit, just like Wikibooks or Wikipedia. Behind the scenes, many programs use OpenStreetMap to provide directions and other information to their users. Here are just a few ways OpenStreetMap data is often silently used by common applications. Giving Directions to travelers, delivery drivers, and general motorists. Assisting visually impaired people by applications that use OSM to note sidewalk info. The OpenStreetMap community maintains their own beginners' guide. While basic maps are well and good, they don't offer further context of a location to a visitor. That's where Wikibooks and Wikipedia sister project Wikivoyage comes into play. Wikivoyage is a travel guide that assists tourists in their journeys. Even if your city isn't a tourist hotspot, it may well lie on someone's journey, so it's worthwhile to improve local articles there. This helps tourists find local businesses, events, and other amenities to spend their time and money while visiting. Assisting tourists to have the best experience your community offers is mutually beneficial for both the community and the traveler. If you want to act as a guide, you can become a docent on Wikivoyage as well. Wikivoyage maintains a beginners guide with their plunge forward page. Editing Wikivoyage articles is easy, and many articles can be easily improved with a graphical listing editor. Local museums and libraries often have collections of artifacts, photographs, and documents. In many cases, underfunded institutions have been unable to commit resources to preserving these objects digitally, while retaining and preserving the original article. When properly digitized, backed up, and distributed these artifacts can be more easily shared with the world, and a facsimile can aid scholars should the original be destroyed in a disaster. Of course the original should always be retained and safeguarded. Ask their staff If there is a way you can help out, either by volunteering your time, spreading the word, or donating. Wikimedia Commons is a sister project to Wikibooks and Wikipedia. It aims to be a collective repository of freely licensed images. By taking your own photos of local landmarks, events, and natural sites, you can help preserve local history for future generations. Examples of features you should consider adding to commons if they are missing. Important local buildings. Monuments and structures. Important parks and natural features. Major events. Historical Sites. Visit the Wikimedia Commons welcome page to get started. Many people have stories to tell, which are passed down verbally. These stories could one day help historians, but are all too often lost to time. By using a simple recording application, you can ask someone with such a story allow you to record and submit their story, preserving it for future generations. One example of an application that can help you do this is StoryCorps, which is focused on the United States. Other countries often have similar programs. For more information on StoryCorps read their Wikipedia article. If you live in a region without access to a service like StoryCorps there are other ways of sharing a story. A local library or historical society might be interested in a copy of your stories. You could share it as a podcast, or otherwise publish it online. Example story ideas to record: Family history. Major events in someone's life. Stories about a local event or business. There exist vast numbers of documents which predate computers which have been scanned, but not formatted for efficient digital use. This creates problems, as such documents can't be searched, and can also not be used with a screen reader by those with vision impairments. Wikisource has a number of transcription projects. The Smithsonian Institution recruits digital volunteers for such work. The World Wide Web provides a wonderful resource, yet all too often many bits of important information are only available in one language such as English. Many open projects such as Wikibooks allow content to be translated into a number of languages. If you know an additional language, you can help keep it alive by translating content from English to another language. One example of such a project is Wikibooks and its sister projects such as Wikipedia. A full list of Wikimedia projects can be seen here. A banner for Mozilla Common Voice. Oftentimes AI are trained to recognize speech patterns from a specific group, and then are unable to understand those with a regional accent. You can help AI understand your accent by giving samples of your voice to help train software. Common Voice, a project by the nonprofit Mozilla, allows you to easily help train an AI on your own unique voice. You can read more about Common Voice on Wikipedia or you can also jump in and get started on their website. If you have a particular skill, you may be able to share it online. Wikibooks is a collection of open source books. By editing and improving Wikibooks articles, you can help share your knowledge with others. Editing Wikibooks is also a good opportunity to practice English skills.
Ilha do Mel is an hourglass-shaped island just off the coast of Paraná. Ilha do Mel is only accessible by ferry boat. It can be reached by regular multi-stop ferries from the port city of Paranaguá, or on shorter direct ferries from nearby Pontal do Sul The island has no roads or cars, only a network of sandy trails. Trails spread out from the village center, known as Nova Brasilia, which is on the south side of the narrow isthmus connecting the two parts of the island. -25.53912-48.290861 Conchas Lighthouse (Farol das Conchas) (about 15 minutes' walk southeast from Nova Brasília). A good place to take pictures, and also to get a good idea of the shape of the island. Gruta das Encantadas (about an hour and a half walk south from Nova Brasília). This grotto is the subject of many a myth or legend. Portuguese Fort (Fortaleza Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres), on the northeast face of the island (about 45 minutes' walk north along the beach). Completed in 1769. Surf. This is a prime spot for wave riding in Paraná state. David's Bar and Restaurant, +55 41 426-8008. Typical local dishes of Ilha do Mel and surrounds, this place also sells some local handicrafts. Recanto Tropical Restaurant, +55 41 426-8054. Per-kilo buffet. Restaurante Mar e Sol, +55 41 426-8021. Larger restaurant specializing in seafood. Ilha do Mel Café, +55 41 3426-8080. Cybercafé specialized in delicious brazilian coffee, juices, cakes, snacks and sandwiches. Also, at the bar, serves awesome "caipirinhas" made with top grade "cachaça" from the owners private collection. Ilha do Mel Café, +55 41 3426-8080. Cybercafé specialized in delicious brazilian coffee.. Also, at the bar that has a good variety of drinks, they serve awesome "caipirinhas" made with top grade "cachaça" from the owners private collection. Attached a book exchange, internet access and a tobacco shop full of cigars. There are many guesthouses in the small village. Those further from the dock are a bit cheaper. Many guesthouses are open only during the busy summer tourist season. Pousada Ilha do Mel, ☏ +55 41 3426-8065. Praia do Farol - Nova Brasilia. The very simpatico owner Charles speaks fluent English and several other languages. Attached they have a Cybercafé that serves great coffee, cakes and snacks, plus the rooms are very comfortable and the guesthouse is right close to the best beaches of the lighthouse area. They also have a huge book exchange with over 400 books and a tobacco shop with outstanding cigars. Pousada Caraguatá, ☏ +55 41 3426-9097. Praia de Encantadas. Pousada Girassol, Farol da Rochas, +55 41 426-8006. 5 minutes walk south of the dock area. Decent breakfast. Pousada Pôr-do-Sol, Nova Brasilia, 041 3426 8009. From the dock, walk straight inland to the other side of the island, less than 5 minutes' walk. Clean rooms and a nice restaurant attached. Despite its relative sleepiness, the island can become unbearably crowded on weekends and public holidays. There are many other islands in the region; to really get off the beaten track, hire a boat and skip over to Ilha das Peças the next island over, or Ilha do Superagui, two islands over. Ilha das Peças can also be reached on a regular municipal passenger ferry leaving from Paranaguá, which visits several other islands on its route and ends up in Guaraqueçaba, on the mainland, also well worth a visit. Around Guaraqueçaba there is a wealth of hiking opportunities in the pristine and immaculate rain forest. Contact Sr. João at the Pousada Chauá for an excellent guide of the region. Ask him especially about the Sebuí trail, an excellent all-day boat trip and hike with marvelous waterfalls and swimming opportunities. The village on Superagui Island can only be reached by chartering a boat or by walking around the southern tip of Ilha das Peças from its village to the straight between the two islands and hailing a boat to come and pick you up from the other shore. The long and deserted beach on Superagui, north of the village, is one of the best surfing spots in the south of the country, and the whole region is excellent for kayaking. On Peças and Superagui there are simple pousadas to stay in.
Sound is produced when materials vibrate. Energy in sound waves can be transmitted from one substance to another. The air molecules are pressed together when the vibrating object moves forward and pushes against them. Compression, is when molecules are pressed together. Rarefaction, where molecules are spread out. And one compression and one rarefaction together make up wavelength. Characteristics of sound Sound travel faster through liquids than through gases, and even faster through solids. The closer the molecules are in a substance the faster sound travel through that substance. The speed of sound is independent of its frequency. Sounds travels in longitudinal waves. Sound waves have frequency; the pitch of the sounds goes up or down. The amplitude of a sound determines it's volume. Tone is a measure of the quality of a sound wave. Sound travels through the air in the form of vibrations. These vibrations cause particles of air to compress together and this causes the air around them to move in such a way that they are driven in waves away from the source. The way that sound travels is an oft discussed topic in basic science for younger children. Many kids can easily identify a source of sound and understand how the ear detects it, but struggle to understand the process in between. Just like light, sound travels in waves caused by air molecules that vibrate. If a drum is banged the air molecules around the drum vibrate, and these vibrations cause air molecules slightly further away to shake in turn. The process repeats until the vibrations lessen and the sounds begin to dissipate. A simple toy slinky is an excellent tool for demonstrating how sound waves work to budding scientists. Stretching a slinky across a desk and pushing one end rapidly illustrates the compression that causes air particles to bunch together as the wave is sent along the spring. The parts of the spring representing air molecules do not move and simply vibrate, while the wave noticeably bounces back towards the end that was pushed, representing an echo. The Doppler Effect is an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other. The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the redshift, is seen by astronomers. Astronomers use Doppler shifts to calculate precisely how fast stars and other astronomical objects move toward or away from Earth. For example, the spectral lines emitted by hydrogen gas in distant galaxies is often observed to be considerably redshifted. The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of waves in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom the source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from whom the source is receding. It is important to note that the effect does not result because of an actual change in the frequency of the source. The Doppler effect can be observed for any type of wave - water wave, sound wave, light wave, etc. We are most familiar with the Doppler effect because of our experiences with sound waves. Perhaps you recall an instance in which a police car or emergency vehicle was traveling towards you on the highway. As the car approached with its siren blasting, the pitch of the siren sound (a measure of the siren's frequency) was high; and then suddenly after the car passed by, the pitch of the siren sound was low. That was the Doppler effect - an apparent shift in frequency for a sound wave produced by a moving source. Suppose that there is a happy bug in the center of a circular water puddle. The bug is periodically shaking its legs in order to produce disturbances that travel through the water. If these disturbances originate at a point, then they would travel outward from that point in all directions. Since each disturbance is traveling in the same medium, they would all travel in every direction at the same speed. These circles would reach the edges of the water puddle at the same frequency. An observer at point A (the left edge of the puddle) would observe the disturbances to strike the puddle's edge at the same frequency that would be observed by an observer at point B (at the right edge of the puddle). In fact, the frequency at which disturbances reach the edge of the puddle would be the same as the frequency at which the bug produces the disturbances. If the bug produces disturbances at a frequency of 2 per second, then each observer would observe them approaching at a frequency of 2 per second. Sonic Boom A sonic boom is a sound linked with the shock waves created by an object traveling through the air faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms produce massive amounts of sound energy, sounding much like an explosion. The crack of a supersonic bullet passing overhead is an example of a sonic boom in miniature. If a boat travels faster than the waves can spread through water, then the waves "can't get out of the way" of the boat fast enough, and they form a wake. A wake is a larger single wave. It is formed out of all the little waves that would have spread ahead of the boat but could not. When an airplane travels through the air, it produces sound waves. If the plane is traveling slower than the speed of sound (the speed of sound varies, but 700 mph is typical through the air), then sound waves can broadcast ahead of the plane. If the plane breaks the sound barrier and flies faster than the speed of sound, it produces a sonic boom when it flies past. The boom is the "wake" of the plane's sound waves. All of the sound waves that would have normally broadcasted ahead of the plane are combined together so at first, you hear nothing, and then you hear the boom they create. It is just like being on the shore of a smooth lake when a boat speeds past. There is no disturbance in the water as the boat comes by, but eventually, a large wave from the wake rolls onto the shore. When a plane flies past at supersonic speeds the exact same thing happens, but instead of the large wake wave, you get a sonic boom. Sympathetic and Forced Vibrations Sympathetic Vibrations: All objects have a natural frequency of vibrations. Therefore, sound waves form one object vibrating at the natural frequency of a second object can cause the second object to vibrate without physically touching. Forced Vibrations: One vibrating object causing another object to vibrate because they are in physical contact. Speed of Sound The speed of sound depends on the medium that the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards the measure of the speed of sound was made by Newton. He believed that the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of the pressure acting on it (STP) divided by its density. The speed of sound at sea level is equivalent to 340.29 m/s, in dry air at 20 C the speed of sound is 343 m/s, 2.9 in kilometers and 4.69 in miles. The speed varies depending on the atmospheric conditions the most important factor is the temperature. Perception of Sound A distinct use of the term sound from its use in physics is that in physiology and psychology, where the term refers to the subject of perception by the brain. The field of psychoacoustics is dedicated to such studies. Historically the word "sound" referred exclusively to an effect in the mind. This meant (at least in 1947) the correct response to the question: "if a tree falls in the forest with no one to hear it fall, does it make a sound?" was "no". However, owing to contemporary usage, definitions of sound as a physical effect are prevalent in most dictionaries. Consequently, the answer to the same question (see above) is now "yes, a tree falling in the forest with no one to hear it fall does make a sound". The physical reception of sound in any hearing organism is limited to a range of frequencies. Humans normally hear sound frequencies between approximately 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). The upper limit decreases with age. Sometimes sound refers to only those vibrations with frequencies that are within the hearing range for humans or sometimes it relates to a particular animal. Other species have different ranges of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz but are deaf below 40 Hz. Characteristics of Sound Sound differ from each other in pitch, intensity, and quality. Pitch refers to the highness and lowness of sound as one can hear them. Frequency is the number of vibrations per second, pitch varies with frequency Sound is produced when any object vibrates Pitch is how low or high a sound seems Sounds that are higher in frequency than humans can hear are called ultrasonic sounds. Intensity is how loud or soft a sound is Amplitude can make sounds louder by moving more air Doppler effect are waves compressed in the direction of movement and lengthen it Ultrasound are sound waves beyond the range of human hearing can only be heard with a machine. Rarefaction is where molecules are spread out Compression is where molecules are spread together Sound measurement is measured by decibels Concerning tones, the fundamental tone is the lowest frequency and the overtone are the other high-frequency tones Sonar: Sound Navigation and Ranging Sound Waves are sent out and the reflected waves are analyzed. Ultrasound: Similar to SONAR except the sound waves are beyond the range of human hearing. Electrostatic microphones: are frequently used for measurement since they are easily downsized, have flat frequency responses over a wide frequency range, and provide markedly high stability. NIHL can also be caused by extremely loud bursts of sound, such as gunshots or explosions, which can rupture the eardrum or damage the bones in the middle ear. This kind of NIHL can be immediate and permanent. Loud noise exposure can also cause tinnitus—a ringing, buzzing, or roaring in the ears or head. Damage the organ designed to detect it. Sense of hearing can be damaged by exposure to very loud sounds Depends on how near, how loud, how long, and how often the ear is subjected to the sound. What is music, is it just noise or is it art? Not everyone enjoys the same music or the same noise but what this two things do have in common is that both are sound. Some think that noise is just an unpleasant sound while other might say that to them it is "music to their ears". Due to the fact that today we have electronica devises we are able to put sound in almost anything. What is amazing is that the base of music is typically classified in three groups which are stringed, wind, and percussion instruments. These three groups are the traditional tools of music and there is no sign of them being replaced by any new technology. Stringed Instruments: Basically it is when the vibration of strings are transferred to a sounding borad then into the air. Some examples of stringed instruments are violin, cello, guitar, harp, and even piano there are many more but this are the most common. Woodwind Instruments: This are used more like when a stream of air is blown across a hole near one end of the instrument and the column of air inside the instrument vibrates. Some examples of woodwind instruments are piccolo, and flute. There is air blown into a mouthpiece which is called a reed then that reed vibrates which then make the column vibrate making in make a sound. Percussion Instruments: Castanets, wood block, bells, and chimes are classified as percussion. Reason for that is when work is done by striking the surface to produce sound. These instruments are usually made out of solid material which would be wood and mental. This instruments vibrate when struck by hand or mallet or another object in this case. Brass Instruments Many of the world’s most important genres, including jazz and orchestral music, wouldn’t be possible without the use of brass instruments. Whether you’re new to the world of brass instruments or have some understanding, this helpful guide will explain the differences between the many different types of brass instruments. Some of these brass instruments are the trumpet, cornet, buggle, French horn, tuba and trombone. All this instruments got their name because they are made of brass. The column of air inside the instrument is made to vibrate by pressing the lips against a metal mouthpiece and vibrating the lips while blowing into the mouthpiece. With most brass instruments, the enght of the air column is changed by pressing and releasing valves, which add or delete segments of tubing the air flows through. Some of this brass instruments have no valves to change the lenght of the vibrating air column. Electronic Musical Instruments Electronic musical instruments are very different from conventional musical instruments. They use electronics to produce vibrations in loudspeakers. Electronic instrument, any musical instrument that produces or modifies sounds by electric, and usually electronic, means. The electronic element in such music is determined by the composer, and the sounds themselves are made or changed electronically. Instruments such as the electric guitar that generate sound by acoustic or mechanical means but that amplify the sound electrically or electronically are also considered electronic instruments. Their construction and resulting sound, however, are usually relatively similar to those of their nonelectronic counterparts. All human beings have a "voice box" that is known as larynx which has two thin, strong bands of tissue stretched over it. We also have folds or as we commonly know them vocal cords. Men tend to have thicker vocal cords than women. Air passes through your vocal cords while you breathe. Furthermore, vocal cords have muscles attached to them which allow you to tighten them. When doing this, and force air past them, this causes the cords to vibrate like the way a rubber band vibrate in a stream of air, and sound is created. A perfect example is when a person hums when you place a finger in you throat while humming you can feel the vibrations. Men usually have lower voices than women there is also a wide variety of higher, and lower voices. Sound quality of the voice is affected by many factors like air passages in the throat, mouth, and nose. The position and shape of lips, tongue, and teeth, and the shape and condition of sinus cavities which function as resonating chambers. There are many classroom experiments that can be done which involve sound. Here are some videos and activities teachers can use to help children learn more about sound and also educate them about sound experiments that seem interesting and fun to do in a class setting. It can also help students understand how sound is created. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VGlBZOywIg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoeDI-YkzI0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37csXse35YQ https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/science-sound/ Check your understanding 1 Sound is a form of _____________________ 2 Sound travels best through ___________________. 3 Sound moves in ____________________ directions. 4 __________________ is the highness or lowness of a sound. 5 A movement back and forth that produces sound is called _________________. 6 __________________ is an organized pattern of sound.
Purpose: this step requires the analysis of the dashboard to make sure it meets all criteria. The criteria are broadly divided into form and function. A well-formed dashboard presents data that is appealing to the eye and easily understood. A functional dashboard allows the decision maker to evaluate strategic and operational effectiveness Input: Dashboard prototype Activities: Evaluate dashboard prototype Outputs: Acceptable dashboard prototype Documentation: Evaluation of dashboard prototype against criteria After creating a report the next step is to evaluate its design. A dashboard can be evaluated based on two principles: Form Presenting the information in a manner that is appealing and easily understood Exceeding the boundaries of a single screen Displaying excessive detail or precision Choosing a deficient measure Choosing inappropriate display media Introducing meaningless variety Using poorly designed display media Encoding quantitative data inaccurately Arranging the data poorly Highlighting important data ineffectively or not at all Cluttering the display with useless decorations Misusing or overusing color Designing an unattractive visual display Supplying inadequate context for the data Function Functionality allows the decision make to answer What?, Why?, How? and What if?’s Granularity Defined as is the ability of a system to be broken down into smaller and smaller parts. It is measured by the extent to which a larger entity is subdivided. For example, a dollar divided into pennies has finer granularity than a dollar divided into quarter, dimes or nickels. So, a coarse system has fewer and larger components than a fine system. Similarly, a coarse-grained description of a system regards larger subcomponents than a fine-grained description, which describes smaller components. To drill down through data is to access information at a general category and then moving through multidimensional data by moving from one level of detail to the next. Drill-down levels depend on the granularity of the data. The purpose here is to answer the what question. What happened? Generally univariate, this type of analysis is in the domain of summary statistics. Analysis Seeks to answer the why question. We are looking for one factor (independent variable)to explain the other (dependent variable). Assume that the part was unexpected closed for two days due to an earthquake and the need to inspect all the rides. We could hypothesize that the loss of two days was the culprit. Developing hypothesis and testing them allows the decision maker to answer the why question. Comparison Comparison is the act of slicing and dicing data in order to determine how the independent variable caused the dependent variable. Simulation If we know how the independent variable caused the dependent variable we can model how changes in one or more variables influences our dependent variable Remember that reports either provide details on dashboard KPI's or verify relationships, particularly those outlined in the causal link map. The reporting system therefore provides the decision maker with the ability to either monitor performance (operational effectiveness) or evaluate positioning and differentiation (strategy effectiveness). This section analyzes evaluating a frame from the standpoint of joint operational and strategic effectiveness. Monitoring KPI's determines if the company is achieving operational effectiveness. Stated simply, it focuses on the efficient use of inputs. If the company is operating a Analyzing Joint Operational and Strategic Effectiveness Evaluating a frame is really about evaluating its ability to provide the decision maker with the intelligence necessary to analyze operational effectiveness (doings things right) and determining if the company is engaging in the right activities (doing the right things). This is based on the assumption that operational effectiveness is necessary but not usually sufficient for sustained profitability. While companies should be operationally effective competitive strategy is about being different. Companies must choose different sets of activities to deliver a unique mix of values. Operational effectiveness only generates profitability if it is performing the activities that will differentiate the company from competitors. If activities are the basic unit of competitive advantage then the right activities are the basis for profitability. Evaluating the frame therefore is about determining if the company is engaging in the right activities. If operational effectiveness is not delivering profitability then the company needs to rethink its strategy. However, given that operational effectiveness is a necessary but not sufficient condition for profitability.
This page has been listed as needing cleanup since 2006-02-27. CNNNN (Chaser NoN-Stop News Network) is an Australian television show, satirising American news channels such as CNN and Fox News. 9 11, 24 7. We report, you believe. Guaranteed twice as true as regular news. Fighting the war on terror everyday. Never compromise with terrorists. Never compromise on your coverage. Bringing you other people's pain. The network the whole world trusts implicitly. More war than any other network. Making the world safe again. News with a touch of humanity. 70% commercial-free. Trust us. You can trust us. Fighting the war on terror from from your own sofa with CNNNN. No one has more news because no one has more desks. Take two glasses of know-how and add a teaspoon of truth. Stir thoroughly. Light on the details, so you can slam it down fast. You don't mess with what's right. First with the news. First with the corrections. We like to call it the truth. One network under God. You're either with us or you're against us. For 24 hour protection. Zero tolerance news. Your pre-emptive news network. It's a brave news world. Because opinion matters more than fact. Now showing on Broadway. Home of newstainment. Now with 20% more chimp stories. We will decide who makes the stories and the circumstances in which they make them. Liberators of truth. Hard news. Made easy. Operation Enduring Entertainment. We don't just cover wars, we win them. The news you choose. More N's than any other network. Saddam is obviously spruikin' for a nukin'! Plus, the necrophiliac who's accused his partner of being unresponsive in bed. This whole cult of personality thing, I'm a little uncomfortable with it, to be honest. I mean, I'm not the story, the story is the story, I'm just the guy who happens to gather, research and write the story... and who voices and presents it, obviously... and sometimes wins awards for them. But without the story in the first place, I don't exist. And I sometimes tell my cadets, "there's no 'I' in story". I coined that. And that's why I'm with CNNNN. When I was covering the Bangladesh floods back in '98 I met Mukesh, a fifteen-year-old boy who worked in a factory there. He was earning less than a dollar a day, had been since he was six; he'd never been to school, couldn't afford it, but he dearly wanted to learn. And that's what my job's about: Educating people who want to learn. Not Mukesh, obviously, he doesn't have a TV - but other people who want to learn. That's why I'm with CNNNN. [on a DVD commentary over a news story about sheep being stranded on a boat at sea] I guess I felt very at home reporting this story, because I too have a boat. Chris: Coming back to host ACA year, I agreed to do it because I had some very set ideas about where the show needed to go. That's not taking away from Mitch, I think he did a terrific job, I think he was very good for his time, but you've only got to look at some of their old promos to see just how stale the mix had become. Old Promo: Fat kids with ADHD caught on camera - joining Lebanese gangs to perform shonky renovations! And meet Australia's fattest germ-ridden Lebanese conman builder! He gave his child breast implants - now, she wants more! Our hidden cameras reveal that she's fat! Chris: My brief was to raise the bar, leading a return to quality journalism. More hard news, more politics now - that's a pretty good brief, and I think it's already apparent just how different the show is this year. New Promo: Tonight on A Chaser Affair. When to say no: How much fat is too much fat? We ask a politician! Plus, the Lebanese plastic surgeon whose kitchen germs turned a fat kid from this, into this - and why John Howard won't do a thing! And meet the notorious conman builder preying on our miracle diet mums: A special Chris Taylor investigation! That's A Chaser Affair, tonight at 9:30 on CNNNN. I'm not interested in chequebook journalism, I'm all about the story. That's what's important to me. It's not my job to sit down with some agent and haggle over price and work out what I can and can't say. That's for my producer to sort out. And only then will I do the story. And that's why I'm with CNNNN. You're watching the official Shoosh For Bush network: Just days now before the President embarks on his historic doze down under. And coming up next, the arson squad blames a fake log fire for causing a fake house fire overnight. Of course, for many years I did work in the field. I remember being in Somalia once and this poor, wounded kid crawled up to me - and he touched me. And I looked down, and there was a bit of blood on my suit. It was that moment that I realised: I'd prefer to work in the studio from now on. And that's why I'm with CNNNN. Due process is ready, aim, fire. Yeah, I remember I was at the Walkley Awards last year and Chris Masters came up to me and he said, "How can you live with yourself?" He was referring to that story I did on overweight Bali victims. And a couple of days later, I ran into someone who'd been in the Sari Club that night. She said that since seeing my story, she's down to a size twelve. I thought to myself, "You know what, Masters? That's how I can live with myself." And that's why I'm with CNNNN. [on a DVD 'commentary on commentary' over Chris Taylor's commentary] Don't you love the way Chris makes his voice deeper for the commentary? Yeah, a lot of people criticised us for not reporting civilian casualties. But hey, do you cover a Miss World beauty pageant by focussing on the girls who didn't win? Of course not. I think a lot of people forget the Iraq was essentially a good news story. I'm very proud of the role that we played in helping to liberating those civilians who didn't die. And that's why I'm with CNNNN. Oh, the court case didn't really bother me that much. Real people, the viewers, they don't care about that sort of stuff. They saw it for the witch hunt that it so obviously was. And even though the court did ultimately find me guilty of plagiarism, in a strange way I still felt that I'd won. Because nowhere in that judgement, did it ever say that that piece wasn't entertaining. And that's why I'm with CNNNN. Yeah, I remember when - uh, we'd just seen this report about this little dog who could walk on his front feet. And, it was a very funny story, and everyone in the studio was just laughing - including Mike, the floor manager. And then I look up, and the next story as about 1200 people dead in Kosovo... And I just kept cracking up all the way through it. I'll never forget that dog. That's why I'm with CNNNN. Everyone knows that 99% of kids take drugs every day. This is the brain of a kid who took drugs. Guess what happened to him? He's now DEAD. Our investigation shows that every single drug user who's had their brain removed is now DEAD. You may think that it doesn't apply to your kids! They may seem well-adjusted, happy and have plenty of friends. But ask yourself this: How can they be that happy all the time? It's totally unnatural! They're probably only happy because they're doped up on mowie wowie - right under your very own nose! Your kid may spend hours on their phone chatting to their friends, but how do you know they're not talking to their dealer discussing the next drop-off of a kilo of high-grade crack? On September 11 democracy also paid heavily. We now know the terrorists; came from Tunisia, Algeria and Saudi Arabia. Trained in Yemen, Sudan and Afghanistan. Met in Indonesia and Malaysia. Were funded through Italy and Germany. And were taught to fly in America. There can only be one response: Attack Iraq! Why? Its leader is evil. If this was Saddam Hussein’s heart, how black would it be? (Paint shop sales assistant looks through a colour catalogue and picks out a can of black paint. Reporter dips the heart in and holds it up.) Now that’s a heart of darkness. Look, every kid has a dream. Every time a relative asks you what you want to be when you grow up, you always say the same thing. That dream, that's what drives you. That's what gets you through life. Sure, my dream was actually to be a doctor, but obviously I didn't get the marks, so that's why I'm with CNNNN. LAMEASS! Marcel: Coming up this morning on our "Breakfast" Show, we talk to the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard. Marcel: [petting a kangaroo] Hey look, I found this jellybean in its pouch! Marcel: [holding a kitten over a pot of boiling water] Now, some people say this is inhumane, but I say it's delicious! Marcel: Now, I can't imagine how these Iraqi people must be feeling at the moment... Anna: Oh, I can! I mean, it's like when my sister came to stay at my place in '98 and I felt, like, totally invaded. Marcel: Oh, yeah. Anna: Yeah, but then I realised, like, it was my own problem, that I was taking it out on her! Tafe lecturer still describing herself as an "academic" Celebrity chef eating 2 minute noodles for dinner again Cast of new Australian comedy show likely to include Glen Robbins Joke is so funny it has to be sent to everyone in email address book Parent suspects Bob Marley song may really be about marijuana Seafood restaurant owner admits he has crabs Petition of 43 munitions workers supports war in Iraq Larry Emdur troubled by lingereing sense of emptiness Audience worried Carlos Santana solo may never finish Artwork accused of having ulterior motif Labor party thrashed in national "Simon Says" championships Bank of Nigeria puzzled by it's poor reputation Non-Italian man uses Italian accent to order Macchiato Newsbar proofreader lets gaurd down No 1 dance hit ousted by almost identical track Trendy dog insists on bottled toilet water Non-pianist performs 'chopsticks' Voice recognition software can't recognise owner swearing at it Child plays with slinky a second time Paralympians slam closing ceremony audience for "insensitive" standing ovation Perpetually single guy tries to make it look like his choice Cameraphone takes in-focus photo Disneyland still waiting on formal UN recognition Newbar item ends abruptl Airport travelator makes passenger late for plane Exotic items in pie shop all taste like pie Guy convinced he could convert most lesbians Reality show bears no resemblance to reality whatsoever Bush & Howard now closer than ever: in polls B-grade celebrity wishes paparazzi would invade her privacy Actor's opinion on world events apparently newsworthy Rock band takes itself seriously Week a long time in politics, Guantanamo Bay Gourmet pizza defined by inclusion of sundried tomatoes Americans irritated by hordes of quiet, knowledgeable tourists Latest special McDonald's burger tastes identical to last one Nine album tracks just filler between three singles Fifties decor in Hungry Jack's fools no one Donkey voter a complete ass Iraqi cheese-maker complains of Kurds getting in the Whey Depressed magician performs optical disillusion Psychotic gains respite after voices in head contract laryngitis Newsreader rushed to hospital after trying to pronounce name of new Indonesian president Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Calls for tougher sentencing on killer flus Price war breaks out between $2.00 shop & $1.95 shop Australian actress pretends she still calls Australia home Bird and bee have sex with disastrous results Twelve prams wrecked in Wiggles mosh pit Wishful thinker sucks in stomach when on scales Writer of the Newsbar regrets his obeying of the advice of the grammar-checking tool which is contained within Microsoft Word Holden and Ford currently in peace talks Attention, business leaders! Forced to account for your company’s collapse? About to be grilled at a Royal Commission? Then you need Mega Memory Loss! Decrease your memory fast — with this easy-to-use kit! Mega Memory Loss guarantees to reduce your recall of absolutely everything! Forget vital transactions, key conversations; even boardroom resolutions! As used by some of the world’s most successful businessmen! Giving evidence in court has never been so easy! It’s like having a shredder in your head! Mega Memory Loss — so effective, you’ll forget you ever used it! How much does it cost to disarm a country? Military personnel: $30 billion Combat weapons: $72 billion Rebuilding the country: $8 billion The look on your victims' faces when they learn there were no WMDs after all: Priceless. There are some justifications for war that money can't buy. For everything else, there's MasterCon. In our last campaign we told you to be alert, but not alarmed. But even though now all Australians have fridge magnets, terrorism continues to threaten our way of life, so now we're saying, "OK, be alarmed". Soon every home will be sent this handy oven mitt which contains practical information on why you should be more afraid than ever - especially about the you-know-whos. If you see anything suspicious, contact the national panic hotline. Remember! If things don't fit, check your mitt! And be alarmed. Voiceover: Tuesday night, catch the ABC's new lower-budget foreign affairs programme: Frugal Correspondent. This week, Middle East correspondent Simon Hurley visits a mosque in the middle of the east coast of Australia. Asia correspondent Ewan Watson investigates the new Chinese leadership at an arrivals lounge. Watson: (to newly-arrived Asian) Do you know anybody important in Beijing? Voiceover: And Jennifer Byrne profiles South-East Asian terror networks from her local Indonesian restaurant. Byrne: It's difficult to tell whether JI still poses a threat, especially from here at the Satay Palace. Voiceover: Now covering the world without leaving Australia! That's Frugal Correspondent, Tuesday on ABC TV. At 7:30 tomorrow join special guest host Senator Richard Alston, looking at the pros and pros of the full Telstra sell-off. Plus, why the coalition war in Iraq was beyond reproach - and we meet the first Prime Minister in history whose policies deserve to be spared any media scrutiny! Senator Alston guest hosts The 7:30 Report tomorrow night on his ABC. Wikipedia has an article about: CNNNN The Chaser's War On Everything
Elsie Matson was a prostitute who lived in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Although it is unclear what her last name was, in the interview she referred to herself as Mrs. Matson, the last name of her first husband. She was interviewed by Claude V. Dunnagan for the Federal Writers Project on June 13, 1939. Elsie Matson was born around 1915 in an unknown "slum" in North Carolina. As a child, Matson lived in poverty, and she would string tobacco sacks for twenty cents a day. Not much is known about Matson's childhood. After she inherited money from a rich uncle, Matson went to college. Education was very important to Matson. She passed all her classes her first year, participating in the glee club and acting as well. Matson was then introduced to Donald Matson and became pregnant. The two married and moved into the mountains in western North Carolina. Donald then began to work for his uncle selling insurance in Virginia and would come home once every two weeks. Matson gave birth in 1935 to her son William, and soon after, Donald died in a automobile wreck. Soon after, Matson married a man she met in college, Allan Craston. Craston had money, and his father was invested in the turpentine business. She and William moved to Edgeville where Craston lived. Matson suffered a miscarriage, which caused Craston to begin to drink and become violent. Matson soon found out that Craston was having an affair, and left him to return to the mountains. Craston killed himself soon after. Once in the mountains, Matson could not find a job. She traveled to Winston-Salem to find work. Matson ran into an old friend, who offered her a job in a brothel in Wilmington. Matson first declined, however, after William became sick, Matson took the job. After 6 months, Matson's brothel was closed up after they became illegal, and Matson traveled from town to town, visiting "only the best hotels" as a prostitute. She paid for William to be kept in the mountains and go to an expensive school there. Nothing is known about the rest of Matson's life or her death. In the 40s, many women turned to prostitution when they needed money to support hungry families. This business was profitable, and in Chicago, the business made fifteen to sixteen million dollars a year, with "the average girl earn[ing] very much more in such a life than she can hope to earn by any honest work." This fact would seem very attractive to desperate women, who did not want to go into prostitution. This line of work was profitable because the supply of girls fell far below the demand for prostitutes. There were multiple types of prostitution at this time. The common types were houses, call girls, streetwalkers, and call flats. Police were supposed to deal with each type of prostitute in a different way. Many police were called in to stop the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea. In many states, including North Carolina, one could obtain a license to own a brothel, as long as the residents were disease-free and given regular check-ups. Eventually, prostitution was entirely illegal in the state of North Carolina. When arrested. prostitutes were required to have a medical examination. Many women began to take a stand against prostitution during the Great Depression. One such reformer was Jane Addams, who opened her famous Hull House in Chicago, to give refuge to poor women who wanted to start living "honest lives". Another group in St. Louis educated women about sexually transmitted diseases, and tackled issues of sexuality, morality, and social disease. During the Great Depression, the rise of slums caused an increase in diseases. Slums were areas that were "congested and [had] insanitary housing conditions." Muckraker Jacob Riis exposed these problems in his 1890s book How the Other Half Lives. In this book, he took photos and wrote about the conditions of tenement living in New York City. New York City was a gateway for immigrants to enter into the United States, therefore many ended up settling in the city. This increase of inhabitants created a need for mass cheap housing, which was how the tenant system was born. These tenants suffered conditions such as "impure water supply, insanitary toilets, lack of private toilets, lack of sewer connections, overcrowding, lack of light, lack of adequate ventilation, excessive dampness, dilapidation, [and] lack of screening against flies and mosquitoes." From these problems stemmed disease and mortality, as disease spread quickly, specifically infant mortality, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pneumonia. In 1935, a bill was passed to "promote the public health, safety, and welfare" by getting rid of dangerous slums and providing low-cost housing options. $800,000,000 was given to the housing division to fix this problem. "When Spring Comes." Interview by Claude V. Dunnagan. Federal Writers' Project, June 13, 1939, 4890-907. Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Mydans, Carl. Children playing in backyard in slum area near capitol. This area inhabited by both white and Negro, Washington, D.C. September, 1935. Library of Congress, United States. "When Spring Comes." Interview by Claude V. Dunnagan. Federal Writers' Project, June 13, 1939, 4890-907. Addams, Jane. A new conscience and an ancient evil. University of Illinois Press, 2002. Ibid Ibid United States. National Advisory Police Committee on Social Protection and United States. Office of Community War Services. Division of social protection. Techniques of Law Enforcement Against Prostitution 1943. American Bar Association. Committee on courts and wartime social protection. Veneral Disease, Prostitution and War. United States: 1943. United States. National Advisory Police Committee on Social Protection and United States. Office of Community War Services. Division of social protection. Techniques of Law Enforcement Against Prostitution 1943. Addams, Jane. A new conscience and an ancient evil. University of Illinois Press, 2002. Wagman, Jamie Schmidt. "Women Reformers Respond during the Depression: Battling St. Louis's Disease and Immorality." Journal of Urban History 35, no. 5 (2009): 698-717. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. Slum and Low-Rent Public Housing. Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Seventy-Fourth Congress, First Session, on S. 2392, a Bill to Promote the Public Health, Safety. United States: 1935. Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890. Breting-Garcia, Victoria. Riis, Jacob. Vol. 4 2011. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. Slum and Low-Rent Public Housing. Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Seventy-Fourth Congress, First Session, on S. 2392, a Bill to Promote the Public Health, Safety. United States: 1935. Ibid Ibid Ibid
Saturday, July 7, 2007 Tour de France 2007 Other Tour de France 2007 stories 29 July 2007: Tour de France: Alberto Contador wins the grand tour 28 July 2007: Tour de France: Levi Leipheimer wins stage 19 27 July 2007: Tour de France: Sandy Casar wins stage 18 26 July 2007: Tour de France: Daniele Bennati wins stage 17 25 July 2007: Tour de France: Yellow jersey Rasmussen withdrawn More info from Wikipedia Tour de France 2007 Tour de France Prologue to Stage 10 Stage 11 to Stage 20 At least half a million onlookers turned out to line the route as the Tour de France Prologue closed the streets of Central London for a day. Setting off at one minute intervals the 180 plus riders took less than ten minutes to speed past some of London's most memorable landmarks. With the eventual winner World time-trial champion Fabian Cancellara completing the 7.9 kilometre individual time trial in 8 minutes 50 seconds. The Tour had to compete with more familiar sporting events, the British Grand Prix, the closing stages of Wimbledon and with the Live Earth concerts for the heart's of the British public. However some say as many as a million turned out for the Gallic extravaganza; the party atmosphere aided by a turn in the weather, the sun coming out for the first time all summer. Run on the second anniversary of the 2005 terrorist attacks and at a time of heightened security, policing was successfully discrete the most visible police presence, by way of their novelty being, 45 members of the Gendarme Nationale. Coming to England for the first time since 1994 fans new and old had the course of the day and the three hours of the trials to familiarise themselves with the French institution. The initial good natured cheering on of every rider, growing into real excitement as the shape of the race emerged. At the end of the day the standings were: Wikipedia has more about this subject: 2007 Tour de France AP. "Swiss rider Cancellara wins prologue in London debut of Tour de France" — PR-inside.com, July 7, 2007 "Crowds pack in for Tour de France" — Guardian Unlimited, July 7, 2007 "Tour de France 2007" — BBC News Online, July 7, 2007 "Fans flock to Tour de France race" — BBC News Online, July 7, 2007 "Tour de France 2007 – Stage by Stage Guide" — Times Online, July 7, 2007 Tour de France - official website of the race Tour de France London - official 'Le Grand Depart' website by the City of London
Croupier is a 1998 film about an aspiring writer who is hired as a croupier at a casino, where he realizes that his new job would make a great novel. Directed by Mike Hodges. Written by Paul Mayersberg. Life's a Gamble. (taglines) [self reflection] Now he had become the still center of that spinning wheel of misfortune. The world turned 'round him leaving him miraculously untouched. The croupier had reached his goal. He no longer heard the sound of the ball. Hang on tightly, let go lightly. [voiceover] Chapter 3. His existence was forming an interesting pattern of betrayals. Sometimes he was unsure whether he was the betrayer or the betrayed. [voiceover] The world breaks everyone, and afterwards many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break, it kills - it kills the very good, and the very gentle, and the very brave, impartially. If you are none of these, you can be sure it will kill you, too, but there will be no special hurry. [voiceover] Welcome back Jack, to the house of addiction. I'm not an enigma, just a contradiction. [voiceover] A wave of elation came over him; he was hooked again... watching people lose. [voiceover] Chapter 13. It's all numbers, the croupier thought. Spin of the wheel, turn of the card, time of your life, date of your birth, year of your death. In the book of Numbers the Lord said, "Thou shall count thy steps." Jani de Villiers: I understand if you don't, but I hope that you do. Marion Nell: Most men'll fuck a lamppost. Jani de Villiers: Do you believe in astrology? Jack: Absolutely not! But then, I'm a Gemini, and Geminis don't believe in astrology. Jack: Gambling's not about money... Gambling's about not facing reality, ignoring the odds. Marion: I must be a fool - I never think about the odds. Manicurist: So, what line of work are you in then? Jack: I'm an undertaker. David Reynolds: He's a good customer. Jack: A good customer is a consistent loser... but is that what he meant? Jack: "The world breaks everyone, and afterwards, some are strong at the broken places" - Ernest Hemingway. Matt: Wasn't he the one who shot himself? Lucy: You've been avoiding me. Jack: Have I? Lucy: Lucy. Jack: So, what do you do, Lucy? Lucy: I'm a white witch! Jack: Are you gonna put a spell on me? Lucy: I might! Bella: How do I look? Jack: [to himself] Like trouble. [out loud] You look fine. Ross: You didn't recognize the man who attacked you did you? Jack: Of course I fucking recognized him. Ross: You did? Jack: I know a cheat when I see one... the man was a cheat. Life's a Gamble. Hang On Tightly... Let Go Lightly Clive Owen - Jack Manfred Kate Hardie - Bella Alex Kingston - Jani de Villiers Gina McKee - Marion Nell Nicholas Ball - Jack Sr. Alexander Morton - David Reynolds Nick Reding - Giles Cremorne Paul Reynolds - Matt Barnaby Kay - Car Dealer Wikipedia has an article about: Croupier (film) Croupier quotes at the Internet Movie Database
Szreniawa (pronounced as Shrehnyahvah) is a village Greater Poland, located 16 km south-east of Poznan, next to railroad leading from Poznan to Wolsztyn, and next to roads number 5: Poznan-Wroclaw and number 32 to Zielona Gora and just few steps from Wielkopolski National Park. The quickest way to get here from the centre of Poznan is to use trains. Szreniawa is on a side-railroad from Poznan to Wolsztyn with 9 daily connections. The most interesting way to come here is to choose trains leaving Poznan at appr. 9AM or 5PM, as those two use old historical steam locos. Of course - you can come back using the same historical trains: from Szreniawa to POznan at appr. 7AM and 3PM. The journey will take you appr. 25 minutes. From Gorczyn Bus Station (accessible from the centre of Poznan by trams #5, #8 i #14 and bus #63) there're pretty many suburban buses running to Rosnowo, Rosnowko and Konarzewo. The timetable can be found here: [1] [dead link]. Travel time (tram in the city + bus): from 35 to 50 minutes. Besides you can get to Szreniawa using numerous PKS buses, leaving from the central bus station in Poznan - all (apart from express ones) buses going to Steszew, Grodzisk, Leszno, Koscian stop in Szreniawa. That journey should take you appr. half an hour, depending on traffic. As Szreniawa is located next to Wielkopolski National Park it's a good idea to use a bike to get there. Rather than driving the busy road number 5, it's much nicer to cycle from Poznan to Puszczykowo and later across the forest of the National Park. In the park it is permitted to cycle using pedestrian trails or all public or dirt roads. Szreniawa is on two main roads: number 5 from Gdansk and Bydgoszcz through Poznan to Wroclaw, which is slowly turned into ad express road and road number 32 from Poznan to Zielona Gora. Szreniawa is a small village, so all attractions are nearby. The only further one - the Bierbaum-family viewing tower is in the forest, so it's accessible ob foot or by bike (in winter cross-country skiing is allowed too). The attractions of Szreniawa are: The Agricultural and Food-Processing Museum - open in 1964, the only one big and important Agriculture Museum in Poland and one of only few in Europe. The collection covers more than 20 thousand exhibits: from small utensils to huge agricultural machines; it show the agricultural techniques from the oldest ones to modern ones. The collection is divided into several parts: the technical agriculture, animal breeding, bee-tree-keeping, cultivation, hop-breeding, willow industry, countryside transport, food processing, craftsmanship, fishing, ethnography, history and countryside art. The most interesting exhibits (especially for children) are the steam-locomobiles (seven in collection), including the oldest one: a small Robey & Com locomobile from 1895; the youngest one is a big locomobile Kemn - Breslau from 1927. There's as well a good collection of old tractors used on the polish territories manufactured by Lanz, Deutz, Zetor, Ursus and Fordson. The collection of countryside transport can be fascinating, too: a bicycle from 1890 manufactured by a local craftsman and sledges or cabs from different parts of our country. The ethnographical part of the museum covers the collection of wood folk sculptures presenting scenes from everyday life and a rich set of folk china from all main china-producing cities across Poland. The Museum is open from April till October Tue-Fri from 9:00 to 17:00, Sat and Sun to 19:00, and in winter Tue-Sun from 9:00 to 15:00. the viewing Bierbaum Tower, located in Wielkopolski National Park - subordinated to the Museum, 22 metres high. This was the Mausoleum of the Bierbaum family, who were the first owners of Szreniawa. From 1993 the tower has been in the monument register. Next to the tower you'll find a small exhibition presenting the history of areas of the National Park and its surroundings from the late paleolite to present times. On the tower top - viewing platform. The Tower is open from April till October Tue-Fri from 9:00 to 17:00, Sat and Sun to 19:00, and in winter Tue-Sun from 9:00 to 15:00. interesting tourist trails (for pedestrians, cyclers and CC-skiers) starting in Szreniawa and leading toward the Wielkopolski National Park, ending e.g. in Puszczykowo. There are numerous annual events in the Museum: The Easter Feast - usually 3 or 4 weeks before Easter The Easter Market - always on the palm Sunday (a week before Easter) The Whisuntide Feast - according to its name in May or June events about different national minorities living in Poland (Ukrainians, Tartars, Caraims) The former countryside-style wedding The autumn Festival about old polish autumn traditions The Christmas Market with the show presenting polish Advent traditions The Agricultural Museum in Szreniawa, 5, Dworcowa str., 62-052 Komorniki, ☏ +48 61 81 07 629, [email protected]. Szreniawa is located along the main roads in western Poland, so it's very easy to get out from here to e.g. Grodzisk Wielkopolski and Wolsztyn, and as well to the south, to Silesia region, through Smigiel, Leszno to Wroclaw, so that small Poznan-suburban village can be visited on the way to all these places. An interesting idea can be visiting all "green museum" of Greater Poland, subordinated to the one in Szreniawa: The Flour-Milling Museum in Jaracz (40 km north of Poznan) The Hunting Museum in Uzarzewo (15 km north-east of Poznan) The Bee-Keeping Open-air Museum in Swarzedz (15 km east of Poznan) The Willow and Hop Industry Museum in Nowy Tomysl (60 km west of Poznan) The Meat Industry Museum in Sielinko (40 km west of Poznan)
Samuel Brown Barnwell mainly lived in rural and suburban North Carolina. He made his living making caskets and, later, as an interior decorator and painting contractor. Barnwell was a white, Christian man who was interviewed in 1938 as a part of the Federal Writer’s Project. Samuel B. Barnwell was born in Alamance County, North Carolina on July 1st, 1875. His father farmed tobacco and owned a leather shop where Barnwell would often play as a child. Barnwell, like most children, was taught basic academics through a combination of home-schooling and annual two-month periods of free public schooling. Barnwell’s father later sent Barnwell to the private “Rosewood Academy” which was the only way to receive today’s equivalent of a high school education. When Barnwell turned eighteen, he started working in the casket business, and one year later, in 1896, Barnwell married Amy Forbes. By 1902, Barnwell had worked for various casket companies, one of which he saw his boss and co-worker duel over fifteen cents. After leaving the casket business, Barnwell would spend the rest of his professional life working as an interior decorator and painting contractor in Beaumont, North Carolina. By the time the Great Depression rolled around, Barnwell had saved enough money to live comfortably. Before and during the Great Depression, Barnwell believed that Christianity was on a decline. Barnwell worried for the faithless youth because he believed that “men must worship something”, and if not God, man “must worship flesh.” Barnwell was a Christian himself, and he believed his faith in God was what instilled his moral code within him. Barnwell died February 10th, 1960. By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, there was a noticeable decline in religious participation among the youth. One Canadian newspaper article blamed the lack of faith on sin which had “spread through the community” and “[undermined] faith.” Once the Depression hit those in the rural South, church leaders were turned to for support. Church leaders initially viewed the Depression “as a sign of spiritual decline” and suggested that people increase their devotion to the Christian God. However, the Southern economy continued to worsen, so religious leaders began to embrace New Deal policies “to consolidate power.” Conversely, there were religious groups that made positive economic and social impacts among the impoverished rural communities. For example, a “Christian socialist ideology” backed the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union which helped black and white sharecroppers among the New Deal farm programs which “typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for sharecroppers, tenants, and farm workers.” The New Deal aimed to reform the American economy through the establishment of various Acts and Associations. Much of the effects of the New Deal provided funds to “temporarily sustain the unemployed.” To sustain those employed in industry, acts such as the National Labor Relations Act gave power to the workforce by forcing large companies to listen to the wage and hour demands of their workforce. Also, the idea of a “wealth tax” was introduced in 1935 as a New Deal policy. A family making $4,000 (top 10%) would only pay $16 in taxes whereas a family making $12,000 (top 1%) would pay $600 in taxes. Also, John D. Rockefeller was in his own tax bracket as he made over $5 million, and he would pay a 79% income tax. Americans were pleased or at least trusted in Roosevelt’s New Deal as he “overshadowed lesser figures in the national elections.” However, World War II seemed to break Americans out of the economic hole, not the New Deal. Deficit spending had grown from $4.2 billion in 1936 to $53 billion in 1943. Throughout the 1930’s the unemployment rate averaged at 17%, and “never went below 14% until World War II.” Interview, Abner, John H. and Edwin Massengill on Samuel B. Barnwell, December 27, 1938, Federal Writing Project Papers. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ancestry.com, U.S. Find a Grave Index 1600-current. "RELIGIOUS DEPRESSION: APPEARS PERIODICALLY, SAYS REV. J. W. PEDLEY LEADERS ARE RESPONSIBLE IN A GREAT MEASURE, HE SAYS- PROFESSORS OF CHRISTIANITY MUST LIVE CONSISTENTLY --AN INTERESTING ADDRESS." The Globe (1844-1936), Feb 01, 1909. http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/docview/1354439920?accountid=14244. Whayne, Jeannie. “No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta by Alison Collis Greene.” Journal of Southern History 83, no. 1 (2017): 213–14. https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2017.0058. Ibid. Fishback, Price. “How Successful Was the New Deal? The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s.” Journal of Economic Literature 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1435–85. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20161054. Ibid. Cole, Harold L., and Lee E. Ohanian. “New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis.” Journal of Political Economy 112, no. 4 (August 2004): 779–816. https://doi.org/10.1086/421169. Kennedy, David M. “What the New Deal Did.” Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 2 (2009): 251–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00648.x. “President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and His New Deal Are Voted Back into Office in 1936.” The Salt Lake Tribune. November 8, 1936. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47469106/president-franklin-delano-roosevelt-and/. Kennedy, David M. “What the New Deal Did.” Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 2 (2009): 251–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00648.x.
Randomized Evidence for Pancreatic Cancer In process of being cross-linked ... The Netherlands (2003-2008) -- preop biliary drainage vs. surgery only 2010 PMID 20071702 -- "Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas." (van der Gaag NA, N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 14;362(2):129-37.) Randomized. 202 patients, obstructive jaundice and bilirubin 2.3 - 14.6 mg/dl. Arm 1) Preoperative biliary drainage for 4-6 weeks vs. Arm 2) No drainage. Both arms followed by surgical resection. Drainage primarily by ERCP placed endoprosthesis. Primary outcome rate of serious complications Outcome: Complications drain 74% vs. no drain 39% (RR 0.54, SS). Mortality and LOS no difference Conclusion: Routine pre-op biliary drainage increases rate of complications Mayo Clinic (1997-2003) -- standard LND vs. extended LND Randomized. 79 patients with resectable pancreatic head cancer, peri-ampullary and islet cell excluded. Distal gastrectomy, pylorus preservation not allowed. Arm 1) standard LND (D1) removed first-echelon lymph nodes en bloc vs. Arm 2) extended LND (D2) which in addition dissected second-echelon lymph nodes 2005 PMID 16269290 -- "A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma." (Farnell MB, Surgery. 2005 Oct;138(4):618-28; discussion 628-30.) Outcome: Median OR time D1 6.2 hrs vs. D2 7.6 hrs (SS), blood transfusions 22% vs. 44% (SS), median LN resected 15 vs. 36 (SS), LOS ~11 days (NS). Median OS 2.2 years vs. 1.6 years (NS), 1-year OS 82% vs. 71% (NS) Toxicity: Diarrhea, body appearance, bowel control better (SS) with D1 resection Conclusion: No difference, extended LND unattractive for further evaluation Johns Hopkins (1996-2001) - Pancreaticoduodenectomy: pylorus preservation with standard LND vs. distal gastrectomy with retroperitoneal LND Randomized. 299 patients with periampullary carcinoma (57% pancreatic, 22% ampullary, 17% distal bile duct, 3% duodenal). Initially treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy then Arm 1) pylorus preservation and standard LND (distal gastrectomy only if inadequate margin) vs. Arm 2) radical resection with gastrectomy and extended LND 2002 PMID 12192322 -- "Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality." (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 2002 Sep;236(3):355-66; discussion 366-8.) Complication rate: standard 29% vs. radical 43% LN+ 74%, SM+ 10% (standard 21% vs. radical 5%) 5-years; 2005 PMID 16332474 -- "Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma--part 3: update on 5-year survival." (Riall TS, J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Dec;9(9):1191-204; discussion 1204-6.). Median live F/U 5.3 years Outcome: 5-year OS standard 25% vs. radical 31% (NS); pancreatic CA - standard 13% vs. radical 29% (NS). SM+ standard 21% vs. radical 5% (SS) Conclusion: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodectomy without retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy procedure of choice, but higher SM+ in standard resection Milan (Italy)(1991-1994) -- standard LND vs extended LND Randomized. 81 patients with resectable head of pancreas CA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, then Arm 1) standard LND vs. Arm 2) extended LND and retroperitoneal soft-tissue clearance (hepatic hilum, along aorta from the diaphragm to the IMA, laterally to both renal hila, with clearance of the celiac axis and SMA). IORT in 19 patients (NS) 1998 PMID 9790340 -- "Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group." Pedrazzoli S, Ann Surg. 1998 Oct;228(4):508-17.) Outcome: No difference in peri-operative outcomes. LN sampled standard 13 vs. extended 20 (SS). Median OS standard 11.0 months vs. 16.4 (NS) Post-hoc analysis: N1 patients significantly better survival if extended vs standard; no difference in N0 patients Predictors of survival: Grade, size (>2.0 cm), N1, >=4 transfused units of blood Conclusion: Extended resection doesn't improve survival, although trend in N1 patients Erasmus MC (2000-2007) -- intra-arterial chemo-RT vs observation Randomized. 120 patients, pancreatic head (52%) or periampullary (48%) cancer. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, randomized to Arm 1) intra-arterial mitoxantrone, 5-FU, leucovoring, and cisplatin x6 cycles with RT 54/30 after first cycle vs Arm 2) observation 2008 PMID 19092348 -- "Adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery alone in resectable pancreatic and periampullary cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial." (Morak MJ, Ann Surg. 2008 Dec;248(6):1031-41.) Median F/U 1.5 years Outcome: Median OS 19 months vs 18 months (NS), PFS 37% vs 20% (SS). Significantly fewer liver mets on subgroup analysis Conclusion: Intra-arterial chemo-RT prolongs time to progression, but no impact on survival ESPAC-1 (1994-2000) -- 2x2 surgery +/- chemotherapy and +/- chemo-RT Randomized, 2x2 design + 2 other randomizations to improve accrual. 541 patients total, treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (R0 81%, R1 19%). Physicians could choose a randomization. 285 patients randomized to 2x2 factorial (observation, chemotherapy x6 cycles, chemo-RT, chemo-RT followed by adjuvant chemo x6 cycles). 68 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo-RT. 188 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo. Patients could be given other "background" therapy, which could be chemo or RT. RT AP/PA split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen, although up to 60 Gy could be given). Chemotherapy concurrent bolus 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + leucovorin, adjuvant 5-FU 425 mg/m2 x6 months All patients; 2001 PMID 11716884 -- "Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: a randomised controlled trial." (Neoptolemos JP, Lancet. 2001 Nov 10;358(9293):1576-85.) Median F/U of alive patients 10 months Analysis: Combined group chemo-RT (n=178) vs. no chemo-RT (n=175); combined group chemo (n=235) vs. no chemo (n=238). Outcome: median OS chemo-RT 15 months vs. no chemo-RT 16 months (NS); median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 14 months (SS) Conclusion: No survival benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT, significant benefit for adjuvant chemo 2x2 subset; 2004 PMID 15028824 — "A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer" (Neoptolemos JP, N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10.) Analysis of 2x2 factorial patients only. 289 patients, not powered for individual group comparison. 82% deaths recorded. Median F/U 3.9 years Outcome: median OS observation 17 months vs. chemo-RT 14 months vs. 22 months chemo vs. 20 months chemo-RT + chemo (not powered for statistics) Chemo-RT comparison: median OS chemo-RT 16 months vs. no chemo-RT 18 months (NS), 5-year OS chemo-RT 10% vs. no chemo-RT 20% (p=0.05); no benefit regardless of chemo Chemo comparison: median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 15 months (SS), 5-year OS chemo 21% vs. no chemo 8% (p=0.009); benefit regardless of RT Pattern of failure: LR 35%, LR+DM 27%, DM 34% Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy significant survival benefit; adjuvant chemo-RT had deleterious effect on survival EORTC 40891 (1987-95) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT Randomized. 218 patients. Pancreatic T1-2 N0-1a (55%) or periampullary (ampulla, distal CBD, duodenum) T1-3 N0-1a (45%). Arm 1) Chemo-RT vs. RT split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen). Chemo 5-FU C.I. 25 mg/kg over 5 days at the beginning of each RT course. No maintenance (vs. 2 years in GITSG). SM+ 21%, LN+ 50% 1999 PMID 10615932 — "Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group." (Klinkenbijl JH, Ann Surg. 1999 Dec;230(6):776-82.) For all tumors: Median PFS chemo-RT 17 months vs observation 16 months (NS); median OS 24 months vs 19 months (NS). 2-year OS 51% vs 41%, 5-year OS 28% vs 22% (NS) Pancreas tumor subset: median OS 17 months vs 13 months (NS). 2-year OS 37% vs 23%, 5-year OS 20% vs 10% (p=0.09). Periampullary tumor subset: median OS 39 months vs 40 months (NS). 5-year OS 38% vs. 36% (NS) Site of failure: LR both arms 15% (NS), LRR+DM ~20%, DM ~30% Conclusion: Routine use of post-op chemo-RT not warranted 12-years; 2007 PMID 17968163 -- "Long-term survival and metastatic pattern of pancreatic and periampullary cancer after adjuvant chemoradiation or observation: long-term results of EORTC trial 40891." (Smeenk HG, Ann Surg. 2007 Nov;246(5):734-40.) Median F/U 11.7 years Outcome: Death reported in 79% (malignant disease cause of death in chemo-RT 79% vs. observation 86%); median OS chemo-RT 1.8 years vs. observation 1.6 years (NS), 5-year OS 25% vs. 22% (NS), 10-year OS 17% vs. 18% (NS) - pancreatic subset 8% vs. periampullary subset 29%; median PFS 1.5 years vs. 1.2 years (NS) Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT Criticisms: No maintenance chemotherapy. About 20% of pts assigned to chemo-RT arm did not receive that treatment, although 93% received RT. Benefit was diluted by inclusion of favorable periampullary cancers, although on exploratory pancreatic cancer subset analysis there was no difference. GITSG 9173 (1974-82) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT Randomized. Terminated early due to poor accrual. 42 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (ampulla excluded), who were resected, margins negative, no peritoneal mets. Head of pancreas 95%, SM+ 38%, LN+ 28%, Grade 3 5%. Subtotal Whipple 68%, Stage I 35%. Randomized to Arm 1) RT + 5-FU vs Arm 2) observation. RT was supravoltage 40/20 split course (2 week break after 20/10). Fields included the pancreatic bed and regional nodes AP/PA. 5-FU (500 mg/m2) bolus on days 1-3 of each cycle. Adjuvant chemotherapy given weekly x 2 years beginning 1 month after RT. 1985 PMID 4015380 — "Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection." (Kalser MH, Arch Surg. 1985 Aug;120(8):899-903.) Median F/U 5.5 years Median OS: chemo-RT 20 months vs observation 11 months (SS). 2-year OS 42% vs 15%; 5-yr OS vs 15% and 5%; median DFS 11 months vs. 9 months (SS) Recurrence: overall 71% vs. 86%; local 47%; hepatic 32% vs. 50%; DM 40% vs 52%. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo-RT may prolong survival time RTOG 97-04 / Intergroup (1998-2002) -- sandwich chemo-RT adjuvant 5-FU vs. gemcitabine Randomized. 451 patients, with complete GTR of pancreas. Arm 1) CI 5-FU (250 mg/m2) x3 weeks -> chemo-RT -> CI 5-FU (250 mg/m2) x12 weeks vs. Arm 2) gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x3 weeks -> chemo-RT -> gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x12 weeks. Chemo-RT was same for both arms (RT 50.4 Gy + concurrent 5-FU 250 mg/m2), 1-2 weeks after induction chemo. Compliance with both >85% 2008 PMID 18319412 -- "Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial." (Regine WF, JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26.) Outcome: median OS 5-FU 17 months vs. gemcitabine 20 months (p=0.09) Toxicity: Grade 4 hematologic 5-FU 1% vs. gemcitabine 14% (SS) Conclusion: Trend to survival for gemcitabine (but NS), and significantly more toxic CONKO-001 (Germany)(1998-2004) -- adjuvant gemcitabine vs observation Randomized. 354/368 patients. Pancreas carcinoma T1-4 N0-1 M0 s/p gross complete resection (R0 or R1 allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x 6 cycles vs Arm 2) no adjuvant treatment. R0 resection in 80% 2007 PMID 17227978 — "Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine vs Observation in Patients Undergoing Curative-Intent Resection of Pancreatic Cancer." (Oettle H, JAMA. 2007 Jan 17;297:267-277.) Median F/U 4.4 years Relapse: chemo 74% vs control 92%; LR (with/without DM) in 34% vs 41%. DM alone in 56% vs 49%. Survival: Median DFS 13 vs 7 months (SS); 1-year DFS 58% vs. 31%, 3-year 23% vs. 7%, 5-year 16% vs. 5%. Median OS 22 months vs. 20 months (NS) but 5-year OS 22% vs. 11% (p=0.06) Subgroup analysis shows benefit for gemzar for DFS for all subgroups. In subgroup analysis, OS benefit thus far for gemzar for R0 resection and T3-4 and N- pts. Conclusion: Adjuvant gemcitabine significantly improved DFS (primary endpoint), and trial supports its use as adjuvant therapy JSAP (Japan)(1992-2000) -- adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU vs. observation Randomized. 85 patients, s/p complete resection (R1 not allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 cycles. Intraop RT used but not discussed. 2006 PMID 16490736 -- "A multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of adjuvant cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy after curative resection in cases of pancreatic cancer." (Kosuge T, Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar;36(3):159-65. Epub 2006 Feb 20.) Outcome: median OS chemo 12 months vs. observation 16 months (NS); 5-year OS chemo 26% vs. observation 15% Prognostic factors: Grade 1, no LN+. T-stage, size not prognostic Toxicity: Grade 3+ 16% Conclusion: Postop adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU safe, but no survival benefit Japan (1986-1992) -- adjuvant MF vs. observation Randomized. 508 patients (pancreatic n=173, cholangio n=139, n=140, ampulla n=56), s/p surgery. Stage II-IV, pancreas LN+ 80%, liver+ 10%, curative resection 58%. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo with mitomycin C + 5-FU C.I. x2 courses, followed by 5-FU until recurrence vs. Arm 2) observation 2002 PMID 12365016 -- "Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma." (Takada T, Cancer. 2002 Oct 15;95(8):1685-95.) Outcome: 5-year OS pancreatic chemo 11% vs. observation 18%; for curative resection chemo 18% vs. observation 27% (NS) Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer Norway (1984-1987) -- adjuvant AMF vs. observation Randomized. 61 patients with pancreatic (77%) or papilla (23%), s/p radical resection. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo (AMF) x6 cycles vs. 1993 PMID 8471327 -- "Adjuvant combination chemotherapy (AMF) following radical resection of carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater--results of a controlled, prospective, randomised multicentre study." (Bakkevold KE, Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(5):698-703.) Outcome: median OS chemo 23 months vs. observation 11 months (SS); 2-year OS 43% vs. 32% (NS); 5-year OS 4% vs. 8% (NS) Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo postpone incidence of recurrence during first 2 years; no difference on ultimate cure rate Japan Pancreatic Cancer Study Group -- Surgery vs. Chemo-radiation Randomized. Stopped early after survival benefit to surgery. 42/150 patients, locally advanced but resectable pancreatic cancer, no involvement of SMA or common hepatic artery, no para-aortic LN+. Arm 1) Surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy + dissection of regional lymphatics) vs. Arm 2) Concurrent RT 50.4/28 and C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2 to primary tumor + 1-3 cm margin to cover regional lymph nodes 5-years; 2008 PMID 18958561 -- "Surgery versus radiochemotherapy for resectable locally invasive pancreatic cancer: Final results of a randomized multi-institutional trial." (Doi R, Surg Today. 2008 Nov;38(11):1021-1028. Epub 2008 Oct 29.) Minimum F/U alive patients 5 years Outcome: median OS surgery 12 months vs. chemo-RT 9 months (NS); 3-year OS 20% vs. 0% (SS); 5-year OS 10% vs. 0% (NS) Conclusion: Locally invasive resectable pancreatic cancer is treated more effectively by resection than by chemo-radiation GITSG 9273 (1970's) -- RT 60 Gy vs. RT 40 Gy + 5-FU vs. RT 60 Gy + 5-FU Randomized, 3 arms. 194 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) RT alone 60/30 Gy split course (On interim analysis found inferior and was discontinued) vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU vs. Arm 3) RT 60/30 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU. Concurrent 5-FU 500 mg/m2, followed by maintenance 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 years 1981 PMID 7284971 "Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads + 5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation + 5-fluorouracil: The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group," Moertel CG et al. Cancer. 1981 Oct 15;48(8):1705-10. Outcome: DFS RT-60 2.9 months vs. C-RT-40 7.0 months vs. C-RT 60 7.6 months (SS); median OS 5.3 months vs. 9.7 months vs. 9.3 months (SS); 1-year OS 10% vs. 35% vs. 46% Toxicity: No severe GI toxicity >10% Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone; C-RT 40 Gy comparable to C-RT 60 Gy Mayo Clinic (1960's) -- RT alone vs. RT + 5-FU Randomized. 64 patients with unresectable cancers of the stomach, pancreas, and large bowel. Arm 1) EBRT 35-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) Same EBRT + concurrent 5-FU 1969 PMID 4186452 -- "Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer." (Moertel CG, Lancet. 1969 Oct 25;2(7626):865-7.) Outcome: median OS RT alone 6.3 months vs. chemo-RT 10.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 6% vs. 22% Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT significantly augments RT alone PACT -- 5-FU + RT +/- TNFerade Randomized. 330 patients with locally advanced pancreatic CA. Treated with 1) TNFerade (adenoviral vector carrying TNF-a regulated by radiation-inducible promoter Egr-1) + C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2/d + RT 50.4 Gy vs 2) 5-FU + RT, randomized 2:1 2007 ASCO Abstract -- "Multi-center phase II/III randomized controlled clinical trial using TNFerade combined with chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC)." (Posner M, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 25, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2007: 4518) First 50 patients assessed for response. 1-year OS (primary endpoint): 71% vs. 28%; median OS 1.4 years vs. 0.9 years Conclusion: Preliminary data encouraging Taipei (1998-2001) -- 5-FU + RT vs. GEM + RT Randomized. 34 patients. Unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + RT vs. Arm 2) Gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 + RT. RT 50.4 - 61.2 Gy @ 1.8 Gy/fx. All patients received maintenance GEM 1000 mg/m2 thereafter 2003 PMID 12909221 "Concurrent chemoradiotherapy treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine versus 5-fluorouracil, a randomized controlled study." (Li CP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Sep 1;57(1):98-104.) Outcome: median OS 5-FU 7 months vs. GEM 14 months (SS). 1-year OS 31% vs. 56%. 2-year OS 0% vs. 15%. Also improvement in pain control, performance status, and QoL Toxicity: No difference Conclusion: Gemcitabine + RT more effective than 5-FU + RT, comparable tolerability GITSG 9277 (1980's) -- RT + 5-FU vs. RT + adriamycin Randomized. 143 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA, surgically staged. Arm 1) RT 60/30 split course + concurrent 5-FU bolus 500 mg/m2 + maintenance 5-FU vs Arm 2) RT 40/20 continuous course + concurrent adriamycin 10 mg/m2 + maintenance adriamycin x5 courses + maintenance 5-FU 1985 PMID 2864997 "Radiation therapy combined with Adriamycin or 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group," ([No Authors Listed], Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2563-8.) Outcome: Median OS 5-FU 8.5 months vs. adriamycin 7.6 months (NS). Initial recurrence LRR 5-FU 58% vs. adriamycin 51% Toxicity: 5-FU 36% vs. adriamycin 53% (SS) Conclusion: No difference in outcome, but adriamycin significantly more toxic LAP 07 (not reported, 2x2 rand.) induction gem vs. induction gem + erolotonib --> stable disease --> gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT 2013 ASCO Abstract -- "Comparison of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and chemotherapy (CT) in patients with a locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) controlled after 4 months of gemcitabine with or without erlotinib: Final results of the international phase III LAP 07 study." (Hammel P, J Clin Oncol 31: 2013 (suppl; abstr LBA4003)) Randomized. 269 patients reached 2nd randomization. Arm 1) Chemotherapy alone. Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + Xeloda 1600 mg/m2 Outcome: Median OS 16.5 months vs. 15.3 months (p=0.83) Conclusion: CRT is not superior to chemotherapy alone in LAPC ECOG E4201 (2003-2005) -- gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT 2008 ASCO Abstract -- "A randomized phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy versus gemcitabine alone in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer: E4201." (Loehrer PJ, J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 4506)) Randomized. Closed early due to slow accrual. 69 of planned 316 patients with unresectable disease. Arm 1) Gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x7 cycles vs. Arm 2) RT 50.4/28 + gemcitabine 600 mg/m2, then gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x5 cycles Outcome: PFS GEM 6.1 months vs. GEM/RT 6.3 months (NS). Median OS 9 months vs. 11 months (SS) Toxicity: Grade 4 GEM 6% vs. GEM/RT 41% (SS) Conclusion: Gem+RT had increased but generally manageable toxicity, with improved OS over Gem alone FFCD-SFRO (2000-2005) -- 5-FU + RT vs. Gemcitabine alone Randomized. Stopped prematurely due to worse survival in Chemo-RT arm. 119 patients with unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 3D-RT 60/30 + concurrent 5-FU C.I. 300 mg/m2 + cisplatin 20 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 alone x7 weeks. Both arms then maintenance Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 until disease progression/toxicity 2008 PMID 18467316 -- "Phase III trial comparing intensive induction chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy, infusional 5-FU and intermittent cisplatin) followed by maintenance gemcitabine with gemcitabine alone for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Definitive results of the 2000-01 FFCD/SFRO study." (Chauffert B, Ann Oncol. 2008 May 7. [Epub ahead of print]) Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 8.6 months vs. GEM 13 months (SS); 1-year OS 32% vs. 53% Toxicity: higher in Chemo-RT arm 36% vs. GEM 22% (SS) Conclusion: Chemo-RT is more toxic and less effective than Gemcitabine alone GITSG 9283 (1980's) -- 5-FU + RT vs. SMF (Streptozocin, mytomycin, 5-FU) Randomized. 43 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) Streptozocin + mitomycin + 5FU (SMF) vs Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + concurrent 5FU, followed by SMF. 1988 PMID 2898536 "Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group," ([No Authors Listed], J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Jul 20;80(10):751-5.) Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 9.7 months vs. SMF alone 7.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 41% vs. 19% (SS) Conclusion: Combined chemo-RT superior to SMF chemotherapy alone ECOG (1970's) -- 5-FU alone vs. 5-FU + RT Randomized. 148/191 patients with locally unresectable adenoCA of stomach (n=57) or pancreas (n=91). Arm 1) 5-FU 600 mg/m2 alone vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 + concurrent 5-FU bolus 600 mg/m2 + adjuvant 5-FU 600 gm/m2 1985 PMID 3973648 -- "Treatment of locally unresectable cancer of the stomach and pancreas: a randomized comparison of 5-fluorouracil alone with radiation plus concurrent and maintenance 5-fluorouracil--an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study." (Klaassen DJ, J Clin Oncol. 1985 Mar;3(3):373-8.) Outcome: median OS 5-FU 6.5 months vs. chemo-RT 5.1 months (NS); pancreas subgroup 8.2 months vs. 8.3 months (NS) Toxicity: 5-FU alone 27% vs. chemo-RT 51% (SS) Conclusion: Adding RT to 5-FU didn't improve survival, and was more toxic
Necedah is a town in Southwest Wisconsin. Some travel sights located in the Necedah area include the "Necedah wildlife Refuge" and a Christian shrine. Cranberry Creek Mound Group is a large complex of mounds built by Native Americans about ten miles north of Necedah. It consists of hundreds of low conical mounds arranged in lines, a bird effigy mound with a wingspan of 125 feet, and a bear or panther effigy. Archaeologists believe these mounds were constructed from 200 to 800 CE. They are notable for the large number of mounds, and for their rustic setting. Rather than a mowed park, these mounds lie in a wild, brushy clearing owned by the Department of Natural Resources. To get there, follow the instructions on the DNR web page linked above. Then either drive or walk in a quarter mile from the sign to where 7th Street crosses the drainage channel. From there continue a few hundred yards to where the first trail, large enough for an ATV, angles off to the southwest. Follow that trail on foot into the complex. You should start seeing mounds immediately. Wear boots and long pants to protect against blackberry brambles. If you go when the leaves are off, the mounds will be easier to discern, and you'll meet fewer mosquitoes and ticks. Winter may be the best time to visit.
The purpose of this resource is to provide you with the knowledge, skills and understanding you need to support and train school-based mentors with whom you will be working as a university tutor or co-ordinator for a school-based training provider. The processes, procedures and documentation used by each training provider may differ – but the purposes and outcomes will be the same: to enable student-teachers to maximise their potential in becoming effective teachers. These resources are designed to support you in achieving this objective. What is mentoring and coaching? This provides you with background information about the role of the mentor, the coach and the co-coach (or peer-coach). This should help to clarify your understanding of the interplay between these roles and thus support you when training mentors and coaches. The skills of mentoring and coaching This section explores the skills and strategies which mentors and coaches need to employ to carry out their roles. This includes: review and reflection, observation and feedback, target setting and assessment. Training, developing and supporting mentors and coaches This section provides you with some ideas and resources for inducting and developing the expertise of mentors with whom you will be working. Training for mentors can be provided through formal, centre-based training sessions or through one-to-one school-based contact. Included in this section are examples of activities and resources which might prove useful in clarifying your role in training and supporting mentors with whom you are working. Quality assurance of school-based provision Part of your role in co-ordinating school-based training as an ICT tutor will be to ensure that the quality of the experiences which trainees have is comparable and that assessments are fair, whatever the circumstances. Keeping track of the progress of mentors and the situation in the schools with which you have contact is part of your responsibility. This section explores ways in which this can be achieved. Background information and literature Finally, information relating to some of the background literature underpinning the work of the mentor and coach are provided. Inevitably, the information provided is partial and selective. You only have to enter the terms ‘mentoring and coaching’ into a search engine to appreciate the range and diversity of resources, approaches and techniques which are presently available - for not only is mentoring and coaching the province of teacher education, it underpins professional development in the commercial sector. author: Rik Bennett The definitions for mentoring and coaching vary according to the source consulted. There are considerable vested interests involved in providing mentoring and coaching, particularly for large corporate organisations. As a consequence, there is a lot of research into effective practice in mentoring and coaching – though much of it is not of direct relevance to initial teacher training. However, some of the principles underlying mentoring and coaching are generalisable, regardless of whether the ‘client’ is a middle manager in a multinational company or a trainee ICT teacher in a small urban secondary school. Whilst there is little common agreement, What is the difference between mentoring and coaching?......there probably can't be a definitive answer to this. The two terms seem to be increasingly linked and are often used interchangeably The Impact Factory (n.d.) as we shall see, there is a common pattern running through the definitions accessed from various sources. In terms of mentoring, the common theme seems to be one of career development: Mentoring is..."off-line help by one person to another in making significant transitions in knowledge, work or thinking" Clutterbuck & Megginson (2004) Mentoring: helping to shape an individual’s beliefs and values in a positive way; often a longer term career relationship from someone who has ‘done it before’ Robert Dilts (2006) Mentoring is the broader of the two concepts. It has a career progress-oriented dimension with psycho-social development functions, incorporating counselling and friendship. NCSL (2003) Mentoring: is an ongoing relationship that can last for a long period of time can be more informal and meetings can take place as and when the mentee needs some advice, guidance or support is more long-term and takes a broader view of the person has a focus on career and personal development The Brefi Group (n.d.) In terms of teacher education and training, the above suggests that mentoring is a broad, overarching concept which is related to supporting a trainee in making the significant transition from being a student teacher (or trainee) to becoming a newly qualified teacher. Similarly, for coaching another common theme emerges: Coaching is..."a process that enables learning and development to occur and thus performance to improve. " Parsloe (1999) Coaching: helping another person to improve awareness, to set and achieve goals in order to improve a particular behavioural performance. Robert Dilts (2006) Coaching tends to be seen as an aspect of mentoring: a more narrow focus relating to an individual’s job-specific tasks, skills or capabilities NCSL (2003) Coaching: Relationship generally has a set duration Short-term (sometimes time-bounded) and focused on specific development areas/issues Focus is generally on development/issues at work The agenda is focused on achieving specific, immediate goals Coaching revolves more around specific development areas/issues The Brefi Group Which suggests that coaching is more specifically focused on helping a trainee to develop specific skills and competences. The specific titles for those engaged in partnership arrangements for Initial Teacher Training (ITT) vary across providers and sometimes across different programmes in the same institution. However, regardless of the nomenclature, the roles and responsibilities will inevitably be very similar: Associate Teacher / Student Teacher / Trainee / Mentee / Coachee Some ITT providers strive to avoid using the term ‘trainee’ as it implies a skills-based vocational approach rather than a collegial model of professional development. As will be seen in the skills section, it can be argued that it is equally as important for those being mentored and coached to receive training in their roles and responsibilities as it is for those providing the mentoring and coaching. As can be seen, this is largely dependent on whether the provider regards the mentoring process as one of apprenticeship or reflective practice (See Background information). To avoid confusion, those who are training to become teachers will be referred to throughout this resource as student-teachers. Classroom Mentor / Teacher Mentor / Subject Mentor In effect, this role is fulfilled by the teacher or teachers who work alongside the student-teacher in the classroom on an everyday basis. In some schools or settings, the teacher-mentor will be primarily responsible for mentoring and coaching the student-teacher, with occasional support from the professional mentor or university mentor. However, in some schools, regular formal observations and target setting sessions are provided by the professional mentor in liaison with the teacher mentor. Very rarely now, will the lead for mentoring a student-teacher be taken by the university mentor. Senior/Lead/Co-ordinating/Professional mentor Most schools in partnership with HEI providers will be expected to appoint a mentor to oversee mentoring within the school. In some cases, a lead mentor may have responsibility for co-ordinating mentoring across a cluster of schools. It would be expected that the professional mentor will become involved in supporting the development of mentoring and coaching within the school or cluster. University tutor/mentor Dependent on the partnership arrangements under which the provider and schools operate, the university tutor’s role will vary. In some cases, the University Tutor will act in the full capacity as a mentor, observing students’ practice, providing feedback and setting targets. At the other extreme, the university tutor may have little contact with the trainees in a school and will work more with the school-based mentors, checking on general progress, quality assuring, moderating assessments and providing support and training for mentors. Link Tutor Some providers identify tutors with responsibility for liaising with a cluster of schools. This role differs from that of the University Tutor, for example, some HEI providers devolve responsibility for arranging placements and the quality assurance of the training to Link Tutors. Partnership/Placement tutor/coordinator/manager Most HEI providers have at least one designated member of staff with responsibility for managing and co-ordinating placements and partnership arrangements with school and settings. In some cases, this person will have a full-time commitment to this process whilst in others the tutor concerned will also have a teaching commitment. Given the definitions for mentor and coach, it could be argued that a subject mentor in a school might well be a coach primarily who occasionally steps into the role of a mentor. Whereas, a co-ordinating or professional mentor (and indeed the University Tutor) is more likely to be, first and foremost, a mentor who occasionally steps into the role of coach. In 1997, The Centre for the Use of Research and Evidence in Education (CUREE) was sponsored by the DfES, the GTC, The National Strategies, NCSL, the QCA and the TDA to produce a national framework for mentoring and coaching which would be relevant to teacher training. Although the framework’s focus is principally on the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of teachers, it has some resonance with Initial Teacher Training (ITT). A feature of this document is that it aims to clarify the relationship between the coach and the mentor and attempts to overcome some of the issues associated with the corporate or commercial view of coaching, which argues that the skills of the coach are independent of the profession to which it is being applied. In other words, anyone can coach another. The CUREE Framework therefore identifies the roles as ‘mentor’, ‘specialist coach’ and ‘co-coach’. This latter role covers situations where two teachers or trainees may be working alongside and supporting each other. The CUREE framework (1997) will underpin much of the material in this resource. This is to avoid confusion when outlining terms and also to provide you with a common reference point. At times, however, where the framework lacks specificity or where alternative viewpoints are more relevant, other sources will be used. References: The Brefi Group (n.d.) Executive Coaching and Mentoring. Retrieved on 22/3/09 from http://www.brefigroup.co.uk/coaching/ CUREE (1997) National Framework for Mentoring and Coaching. Retrieved on 1/5/09 from http://www.curee-paccts.com/mentoring-and-coaching Robert Dilts (2006) A Coaching Perspective: from Guiding to Awakening. Retrieved on 22/3/09 from http://www.ccandc.co.uk/Coach%20to%20Awakener%20-%20R%20Dilts.pdf Parsloe, E. (1999) The Manager as Coach and Mentor. London: CIPD Clutterbuck, D & Megginson, D, (2004) Techniques for Coaching and Mentoring. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Impact Factory (n.d.) Mentoring Skills. Retrieved on 23/3/09 from http://www.impactfactory.com/p/coaching_mentoring_skills_training/snacks_173-2103-40516.html NCSL (2003) Mentoring and Coaching for New Leaders. Nottingham: National Collage for School Leadership. Retrieved on 23/3/09 from http://www.ncsl.org.uk/media-754-20-mentoring-and-coaching-for-new-leaders.pdf author: Rik Bennett So what is involved in being a mentor and/or a specialist coach? If the aim of teacher training is to allow each trainee to maximise their potential as a teacher, how can we ensure that those working with trainees in school are employing effective strategies? This resource uses the National Framework for Mentoring and Coaching as the basis for its definitions of mentoring and coaching. As can be seen what constitutes mentoring and coaching is the focus for much debate. The National Framework was developed by CUREE and has been accepted by many of the national organisations concerned with education (ie the DfEE, the TDA, the NCSL, the QCA and the National Strategies). The National Framework identifies the following skills for mentoring: Mentors: relate sensitively to learners and work through agreed processes to build trust and confidence model expertise in practice or through conversation relate guidance to evidence from practice and research broker access to a range of opportunities to address the different goals of the professional learner observe, analyse and reflect upon professional practice and make this explicit provide information and feedback that enables learning from mistakes and success build a learner’s control over their professional learning use open questions to raise awareness, explore beliefs, develop plans, understand consequences and explore and commit to solutions listen actively: accommodating and valuing silence concentrating on what’s actually being said using affirming body language to signal attention replaying what’s been said using some of the same words to reinforce, value and reframe thinking relate practice to assessment and accreditation frameworks Similarly, the framework details the skills needed for effective 'specialist coaching': Specialist coaches: relate sensitively to learners and work through agreed processes to build trust and confidence model expertise in practice or through conversation facilitate access to research and evidence to support the development of pedagogic practice tailor activities in partnership with the professional learner observe, analyse and reflect upon the professional learner’s practice and make this explicit provide information that enables learning from mistakes and success facilitate growing independence in professional learning from the outset use open questions to raise awareness, explore beliefs, encourage professional learners to arrive at their own plans, understand consequences and develop solutions listen actively: accommodating and valuing silence concentrating on what’s actually being said using affirming body language to signal attention replaying what’s been said using the same words to reinforce, value and develop thinking establish buffer zones between coaching and other formal relationships As can be seen, there is considerable overlap between the two sets of skills. These can therefore be sorted into three categories: those specific to mentoring, those specific to specialist coaching and those common to both. Skills common to mentoring and coaching relating sensitively to learners and work through agreed processes to build trust and confidence modelling expertise in practice or through conversation observing, analysing and reflecting upon professional practice and make this explicit providing information that enables learning from mistakes and success using open questions to raise awareness, explore beliefs, develop plans and understand consequences listening actively: accommodating and valuing silence concentrating on what’s actually being said using affirming body language to signal attention replaying what’s been said using some of the same words to reinforce and value thinking Let’s unpack and explore each of these areas of skill: Relating sensitively to learners and work through agreed processes to build trust and confidence Much of this centres on the relationship which the mentor or coach forms with the student-teacher (and vice versa). A key issue here is to ensure that the participants are well informed about the ‘agreed processes’. Making sure trainees are briefed about the expectations we have for them on placement, checking they are properly prepared, that the documentation they will be using and the formats they will have for the presentation of evidence in their teaching files and professional files or logs is part of this process. Similarly, it is important that mentors are provided with the information they need to fulfil their role. Although mentor training and professional development is a key part of this process, taking care that they receive documentation and have ready access to the resources they need is part of your responsibility as the University/Link Tutor. Further to this, school-based mentors may need to be alerted to specific issues relating to the student-teacher which might affect their progress or the relationship between mentor and student. For example, there may have been issues arising from a previous placement which have affected a student's self-confidence or self-image. Clearly such information will need to be communicated sensitively to ensure the mentor's judgements and assessments are not compromised. However, you will need to make the decision that in some cases, forewarned is forearmed. Background literature developing aspects of the formation, development, monitoring and maintenance of professional relationships include: • Abell et al. (1995) - The role of the mentor • Kay and Hinds (2005) - Developing a relationship • Egan (2002) - A counselling approach • Goleman (1998) - Emotional Intelligence / competence Refer to the Background Information section for more detail Modelling expertise in practice or through conversation This is likely to be more appropriate for the teacher/subject mentors who will be working more closely with the student-teacher on a daily basis. However, arrangements could be made for student- teachers to observe teachers who are not working directly with them – for example, in another department or even in another school, particularly with examples of excellent practice in a particular field or where a teacher has a particular approach to, say, behaviour management which might be of benefit. Opportunities could also be provided for student-teachers to observe others’ practice through video or webcam. Research suggests that modelling is most effective when a clear focus has been identified for the observer prior to the observation of practice. When a need for modelling has arisen as part of target setting or action planning, then the types of behaviour, strategies or techniques can be discussed and unpacked beforehand. General background information on modelling can be drawn from: • Cruess, Cruess & Steinert (2008) - Role Modelling • UKCLE (n.d.) - Reflection on and in practice Refer to the Background Information section for more detail Observing, analysing and reflecting As indicated above, observation of practice is more effective when the observer has an agenda or has been briefed on a particular focus for the observation. The same is equally applicable for mentors as for student-teachers. A pre-observation discussion is valuable in providing an opportunity to discuss the background and purposes to the activity being observed, to negotiate agreed focuses and to ensure that opportunities are not missed. There is considerable debate as to who benefits most from analysing and reflecting in a mentoring/coaching relationship. Those who favour competency-based approaches to mentoring would suggest that it is the role of the mentor to analyse the mentee’s practice and provide feedback (against pre-defined competencies). This accords with a Standards-based approach to teacher-training which requires mentors to assess ‘trainees’ progress in relation to a set of nationally-defined criteria. However, as can be seen in the ‘What is mentoring and coaching’ section of this resource, coaching is often regarded to be a subskill of mentoring. Hence, a mentor will, at times, become a coach when identifying specific aspects of practice in need of development and providing specific targeted support. Many models of coaching adopt a more reflective, even reflexive, stance – in which coaches encourage coachees to reflect on their practice, to analyse for themselves their strengths and areas for improvement. The aim here is to encourage the student-teacher to become more independent, self-aware and resourceful in developing his or her practice. Observation of practice can be provided through video. Some providers have issued their student-teachers with portable technology to enable them to record their own practices for later reflection and analysis whilst others have set up webcams for video streaming between school and university. Issues such as permissions, confidentiality and data protection must be considered before these strategies are considered, however. More information of models of mentoring and coaching are provided in the Background Information section. A few key aspects related to this field include: • Brill, Kim & Galloway (2001) - Cognitive Apprenticeship • Hoffman-Kipp, Artiles & Lopez-Torres (2003) The Reflective Practice • Lave. & Wenger (1991) Situated Cognition • McNally et al (2004) Informal Learning Providing information The ways in which information is provided by mentors and coaches for student-teachers is, of course, dependent on the circumstances. Many schools provide a welcome or briefing pack for student-teachers, often based on a staff handbook. The content, format, structure and presentation of these will vary from school to school, but this contents list may be useful if you are wishing to induct a new school or review existing handbooks. Formal information about the policies and practices of the school and/or department might be available in documentation and student-teachers should be encouraged to access these, particularly those relating to the school’s behaviour management procedures, aspects of health and safety, inclusion and equality. It is usually the responsibility of the ITT provider to supply information about the placement; its structure, focus, expectations, processes and procedures, assessment arrangements and roles and responsibilities. This is most often provided in paper-based format for ease of access and use, but some providers are making increasing use of web-based portals for the dissemination of information and documentation – even if just for back-up. The provision of more specific information relating to the placement and the student-teacher’s roles, responsibilities and timetabling commitments tend to lie more with the teacher-mentor. Similarly, the responsibilities for managing more specific day-to-day information about the student-teacher’s progress (eg team-planning, feedback, target-setting, reflections, and action planning) need to be clarified. All the above, enable the student-teachers to gain a clear picture of their progress – the procedures they should be following, the expectations for their practices and the information about their ongoing performance. For more information on raising awareness of roles and responsibilities, see the section on training, professional development and support for mentors. Using open questions Questioning techniques have been shown to be highly effective in learning and teaching situations – to encourage the learners to draw upon their own understanding in framing a response. The majority of coaching and mentoring approaches also stress the importance of effective questioning, for similar reasons. Ideally, student-teachers should be identifying and formulating their own responses to the issues which arise from their practice and hence the role of the mentor and coach should be to encourage them to develop the awareness needed to reflect on their own practices. Often it will be necessary, and more cost-effective in terms of effort, for the mentor/coach to make a limited number of specific suggestions or recommendations for action, particularly during the early stages of the student-teacher’s practice – particularly where issues of health and safety are concerned. But even then, probing the student-teacher’s viewpoint prior to giving a response may reveal that he or she is already aware of the issue. A further benefit of effective questioning as an approach for mentoring and coaching is that it models good practice for classroom teaching, particularly if the student-teacher’s attention is drawn to the methods and strategies being used. There is considerable background research and information on questioning approaches to learning, teaching and development, but you may find some of these sources useful: • Aschner-Gallagher’s Questioning Techniques • Bloom’s Taxonomy • Zeus & Skiffington (2002) - dialoguing Also refer to the Background Information section for more detail Listening actively Active Listening is a well-documented technique which is employed in a range of fields from counselling, through mentoring and coaching to personalised learning. It involves the listener in continually probing, seeking clarification, testing ideas, summarising and giving feedback to ensure that the information which is being received is congruent with what was transmitted. It is particularly valuable when coaching a student teacher, especially when seeking to ascertain the student’s view of a situation or event. Combined with effective questioning, the coach can often learn as much, sometimes more, about a learning event than the coachee. Increasingly, with the increased focused on personalisation, ‘learning conversations’ are being used with children to check on their progress and understandings. The techniques are broadly similar. To find out more, you could explore the following: • Robertson (2005) - Outline of active listening techniques • Atherton (2005) - conversational learning theory • Carl Rogers - Reflective listening Also refer to the Background Information section for more detail Skills specific to mentoring As we have seen in the section on 'What is Mentoring and Coaching', the role of the mentor is considered to be more global than that of the coach. The mentor is expected to support the mentee through a significant career transition and could be involved in making an assessment or appraisal of performance. In terms of supporting student-teachers in developing practice and more specifically in meeting the required Standards for QTS, the following additional skills are required. Relate guidance to evidence A key factor in supporting student-teachers is helping to ensure they are not only addressing the Standards for QTS but are providing evidence of their performance. Providers will vary as to how this information is accumulated but most provide some sort of mapping system for relating evidence to the requirements. This may sometimes be accompanied by a portfolio (or e-Portfolio) in which evidence is compiled. Mentors have a role in guiding student teachers in identifying the types of evidence which are appropriate, monitoring the evidence-gathering and assessing the relevance, quality and range of the evidence provided. Mentors also have responsibility for ensuring they are accumulating clear evidence of the student- teachers’ performance in relation to the requirements, particularly when justifying their assessments through moderation. As can be seen in the section on Quality Assurance, ensuring that robust and reliable evidence is being accumulated by student-teachers and mentors is a prime concern. This is not only to ensure that decisions on pass/fail or grades are equitable and fair, but also to ensure that if there are disputes, the decisions reached are accountable and verifiable. Broker access to a range of opportunities Whereas a coach tends to work one-to-one with a coachee on a particular focused aspect of practice, a mentor may decide to arrange additional opportunities for a mentee to gain experience. For example, this may be through the observation of a leading practitioner, discussions with a specialist (eg a SENCo), participation in staff development or collaborative planning sessions, involvement in parents’ meetings or school events, visits to neighbouring schools (eg a feeder primary school), etc. Provide feedback / Relate practice to assessment Feedback can be provided at various stages in a placement. The sort of feedback which is likely to be provided immediately following an observation of a lesson or activity is more likely to be reflective and developmental, employing the techniques of effective questioning and active listening. In terms of mentoring, feedback is more likely to be focused on the extent of the student-teacher’s progress in meeting aspects of the Standards. It might, therefore, be summative as well as formative. As indicated above, assessments of practice are more convincing and robust when related to evidence – indeed, it could be argued that assessments must be based on evidence. This is particularly important when dealing with student-teachers whose progress is causing concern as the focus will be on the aspects of practice which need attention rather than the characteristics of the individual concerned (see below). For more information on providing feedback see: • Whitmore (2002) - The GROW model of coaching Refer to the Background Information section for more detail Target-setting and action planning A significant omission from the Coaching and Mentoring Framework is target setting and action planning. In terms of guiding a student-teacher in meeting the requirements laid out in the Standards for QTS, having a series of clear, achievable goals is an essential part of the process of review and forward planning. Most will be familiar with the acronym for setting SMART targets: • Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic, Time phased Whitmore (2002) also suggests targets should be PURE: • Positively stated, Understood, Relevant, Ethical) and CLEAR: • Challenging, Legal, Environmentally sound, Appropriate, Recorded The processes for setting targets and action planning and the procedures for recording, monitoring and reviewing progress against targets and actions varies in detail between providers but the products are largely similar. In some cases, targets are set following an observation of practice, whilst other providers prefer to discuss target setting at regular (eg weekly) review meetings. Action planning tends to be more long-term or, in some cases, arising from a ‘cause for concern’ procedure. The process by which goals or targets are identified, negotiated, discussed and agreed will vary, not only between providers but across mentors within a single partnership. This will be dependent on the relationship between the mentor and mentee and the stage the mentoring relationship has reached (See below). For example, a student-teacher with little previous experience of teaching at the start of his first placement may have difficulty identifying and setting his own targets, whereas it is to be hoped that a confident student-teacher towards the end of a final placement will be considerably more proactive in setting her own targets. For more information on developing mentors’ and student-teachers’ skills in target setting refer to the section on mentor training and professional development. You may also find the following useful in providing some background information: Other related areas which you may want to explore further include: • Problem-based learning / Progressive enquiry • Mind Mapping (eg Buzan) and Concept / Cognitive mapping (Tolman) Building a learner’s control As indicated in the subsection above, a key objective for a mentor is to develop the mentoring relationship from one of dependence on the part of the mentee to independence, by shifting the locus of control from mentor to mentee. It is very important that training providers have a clear appreciation of the background of each student-teacher from the moment he or she enters the course, to ensure that the right sort and level of support is provided and that those involved in school-based training are aware of this. Many ITT programmes have comprehensive strategies for identifying the training needs of their students and, through a training plan, personalise training activities and the focus of school-based experience to meet those needs. As student-teachers become more experienced and confident, their needs will change, and hence the training plan will have to be continuously reviewed, modified and adapted. You may find it useful to refer to some of the models of the mentoring relationship to help identify and monitor the progress of your students through the programme. Models of mentoring and coaching identify stages through which a mentoring relationship progresses. For example: • Technical, practical, critical, emancipatory (Furlong, J., Hirst, P. H., Pocklington, K. & Miles, S. (1988)) • formal, cordial, friendship (Martin, S. (1994)) • early idealism, survival, recognising difficulties, hitting the plateau, moving on (Maynard, T., Furlong, J. (1993)) • Mutual Admiration, Development, Disillusionment, Parting, Transformation (Phillips-Jones, L. (n.d.)) Refer to the Background Information section for more detail Regardless of the labels, these models suggest an effective mentoring relationship is one which shifts over time. However, the omnipresence of assessment against the Standards means that a key element of control remains in the hands of the mentor. The introduction of grade criteria (OFSTED, 2008) which go beyond the Standards by adopting a ‘best fit’ approach adds a further level of complication to the assessment process but does seem to be an attempt to move away from the ‘box-ticking’ competency approach to mentoring to one which lends itself more to a reflective, learner-centred model. Skills specific to specialist coaching Facilitate access to research and evidence to support the development of pedagogic practice In HEI-based ITT it is assumed that the HEI will provide student-teachers with access to research and, for example, inspection evidence to support the development of their practice. With the vast majority of PGCE programmes now being assessed at Masters Level, it is hard to imagine that student-teachers would not be expected to draw extensively on research to analyse, evaluate and reflect upon key aspects of practice. The impending introduction of the school-based Masters in Teaching and Learning could impact on where and how student-teachers will gain access to research evidence, particularly those following school-based training routes into teaching. The extent to which school-based mentors have access to and utilise research evidence in carrying out their role will be dependent on the training and ongoing support they receive from their provider(s) and also their motivations, interests and background. (See Training and Development Section) It has been argued, particularly by Argyris and Schön (1974, 1976, 1993), that professionals develop ‘theories of action’ and ‘theories-in-use’ which inform and help to rationalise and develop their practices. The notions of ‘single- and double-loop learning’, ‘reflection-on, reflection-in and reflection-through-action’ (Schön, 1983) are powerful in helping both coach and coachee to make their implicit and developing theories more explicit and hence susceptible to scrutiny, testing and challenge. Tailor activities in partnership with the professional learner A key task of the teacher-mentor, in collaboration with the student-teacher, professional-mentor and university-tutor, is to manage the day-to-day activities which will enable student-teachers to develop their skills, knowledge and expertise. These activities can arise formally through negotiated target-setting and action planning or less formally as issues and opportunities arise. Facilitate growing independence in professional learning from the outset As indicated in the mentoring section above (see Build a learner’s control), having an awareness of the stages through which the coaching relationship is developing will help the coach gradually shift responsibility for target setting and action planning to the coachee. Whitmore (2002), for example, outlines the GROW model which stresses the importance from the outset of a coachee’s ‘awareness and responsibility’ for the actions which are agreed and taken in a coaching relationship. Establish buffer zones between coaching and other formal relationships As a university tutor you will become increasingly aware of the range of coaching and mentoring relationships which develop between teacher-mentors, professional-mentors and student teachers. Sometimes there will be clashes of personality which impinge upon the coaching relationship and occasionally informal aspects of the relationship affect the objectivity of the judgements which are being made – ie the coach and the coachee become ‘too pally’. Helping school-based mentors to be aware of the conflicts in role between being a colleague, an assessor and a friend is an important part of the training process (see Training and Professional Development) as is the importance of basing judgements on evidence (see above). References Argyris, C. and Schön, D. (1974) Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Argyris, C., & Schön, D. (1978) Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective, Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley. Argyris, C. and Schön, D. (1996) Organizational learning II: Theory, method and practice, Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley. Furlong, J., Hirst, P. H., Pocklington, K. & Miles, S. (1988). Initial teacher training and the school. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press Martin, S. (1994). The mentoring process in pre-service teacher education. School Organization, 14, 269-277 Maynard, T., Furlong, J. (1993), "Learning to teach and models of mentoring", in McIntyre, D., Haggar, H., Wilkin, M. (Eds). Mentoring: Perspectives on School Based Teacher Education. London: Kogan Page OFSTED (2008) Grade criteria for the inspection of initial teacher education 2008–11. Retrieved on 21/01/09 from http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/content/download/5978/54268/file/Grade%20criteria%20for%20the%20inspect ion%20of%20initial%20teacher%20education%202008%E2%80%9311%20.doc. Phillips-Jones, L. (n.d.) Mentors and Protégées. Retrieved on 25/3/09 from http://home.comcast.net/~judybrack/pdf/Brochures/MentorsAndProtegees.pdf Schön, D. A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. How professionals think in action, London: Temple Smith. Whitmore, J. (2002). Coaching for Performance: GROWing People, Performance and Purpose. London: Nicholas Brearley Publishing author: Rik Bennett Training and Professional Development in Mentoring and Coaching This section provides you with some ideas and resources for inducting and developing the expertise of mentors with whom you will be working. Training for mentors can be provided through formal, centre-based training sessions or through one-to-one school-based contact. Included in this section are examples of activities and resources which might prove useful in clarifying your role in training and supporting mentors with whom you are working. The type and focus of the training you provide will be dependent on a number of interrelated factors: the particular role of the recipients, their background experience of teaching, their existing knowledge and experience of mentoring and coaching, the partnership arrangements, your role, the nature and purpose of the training and the location of and circumstances determining the training. For example, training could take place on a one-to-one basis with a mentor during a school-visit; alternatively, the training may take place as part of a one-day conference for all types of mentor across the whole partnership. Similarly, the training could be provided online, through the provision of documentation and resources, via the student-teachers or through university-tutors. Some of the strategies and approaches you may want to consider in providing support for your mentors might include: • One-to-one ongoing support via university tutors and/or link tutors • One-to-one support for teacher-mentors provided by professional mentors • Cascade training provided to link tutors and/or professional mentors which is then disseminated to teacher-mentors • Training manuals, booklets, leaflets and documentation for consultation on a need-to-know basis • Online activities, materials and resources for mentors • Online discussion-boards, blogs and FAQs to address ongoing needs • Cluster-based training sessions for mentors with a common interest • Centre-based induction and update sessions for target groups of mentors • Centre-based ‘training’ sessions for specific groups of mentors • Centre-based conferences to address identified needs or particular initiatives • Local or regional conferences and briefings Rather than attempting to anticipate the range of approaches which you may decide to adopt, this section will focus on the purposes of the training, leaving you to determine the most appropriate means by which the training and development is delivered. The model of training and development which is proposed here draws upon several sources and is based on experience across a range of providers. It aims to address the skills and knowledge needed for effective mentoring and coaching in an ITT setting by organising training activities according to the needs of the recipients. Introduction to mentoring and coaching Intended audience Anyone engaged in mentoring ITT student-teachers would benefit from a general introduction to mentoring and coaching. Those who have been involved in mentoring and coaching for some time may benefit from an update on current developments. Content There are two elements to this awareness raising; an introduction to the principles of mentoring and coaching and an introduction to the practices, policies and procedures used by the training provider. The principles of mentoring and coaching • What is mentoring and coaching • Models of mentoring and coaching • What are the skills of mentoring and coaching The practices, policies and procedures of mentoring within our partnership • Clarification of the roles and responsibilities of those engaged in mentoring and coaching within the partnership (ie Who) • Overview of the training programme – where the school-based element(s) fit into the training programme as a whole (ie What) • Policies and procedures – an overview of the practices of managing school-based training particular to this partnership (ie How) • Documentation – overview of paperwork required by the provider in managing the school-based components of the programme and where to find it (ie Which) • Expectations and outcomes – what is expected of the student-teachers and of the mentors at key points in the programme (ie When) Mentoring Intended audience As can be seen from the other sections of this resource (What is mentoring and coaching?\|199\|2#), it is assumed that mentoring is more likely to be the primary focus of the university tutor and professional mentor, in managing, assessing and monitoring the training process. However, teacher-mentors will need to be aware of some of the issues included here, particularly those relating to the assessment and target setting. Content The Mentoring process • Models of mentoring • Establishing, maintaining and developing working relationships with student-teachers, university tutors and mentors. Inducting student-teachers • Welcome packs and procedures for inducting student-teachers into the school or setting • Clarification of roles, responsibilities and expectations for all involved, and where to go for support, guidance and assistance Facilitation for mentoring • Arranging training opportunities within the placement – timetables, access to specialists, identifying relevant activities in relation to training plans and expectations for a placement Monitoring • Checking on progress (of student-teachers and mentors) • Quality assurance of the ongoing support being provided and moderation of assessments (eg through paired observations and assessments) • The ‘cause for concern’ procedure for student-teachers at risk of failing Assessment • Interpretation and application of the Standards and OFSTED grade criteria • Accumulating evidence for addressing the Standards • Recognising effective practice appropriate for a newly qualified teacher • Moderating assessments and dispute management • Action planning and target setting Coaching Intended audience Although teacher-mentors are those most likely to be engaged in coaching student-teachers, mentors too will be expected to coach student-teachers from time to time and will almost certainly be involved in coaching teacher-mentors. It is also important that the coachees are provided with training in their role in the coaching relationship. A powerful way of achieving this is to plan training activities which involve both the mentors and the student-teachers working together. Content The coaching relationship • The coaching process • The role of the coach and the coachee • Establishing, developing, maintaining a coaching relationship Observation and feedback • Observing and recording practice • Active listening • Reflection and analysis • Target setting and action planning Facilitation for coaching • Monitoring progress • Gathering evidence • Identifying opportunities for developing the skills and competences of the student-teacher • Modelling practice • Team planning and team teaching • Observing others’ practice Training activities and resources What follows is a selective overview of the types of activity which could be used in supporting and developing the capabilities of the mentors for whom you have responsibility. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but may provide some ideas. Scenarios Scenario-based approaches provide opportunities for mentors to reflect on their own experiences or devise strategies for dealing with situations which have so far been outside their own experience. For example, a scenario might focus on a student-teacher who is not making expected progress despite having been set clear targets. Scenarios can be presented through thumbnail descriptions of situations, through audio recordings of say a feedback session, through transcripts of a target-setting session, through video recordings of actual or staged sessions or through role play. Summary cards An extension of the above could be to supply the participants with a series of cards which attempt to summarise the key issues arising from the scenario. The cards should be of varying relevance, with some being highly significant and others being irrelevant. The participants sort the cards according to significance. For example, cards could be provided showing the Standards. The participants are asked to identify which of the Standards is most applicable to the situation. Perspectives/spectacles analysis An interesting variation on the above is for participants to try and see the issues arising from a scenario or an incident from another’s perspective – for example the student-teacher’s, the children’s, the head of department’s, the university tutor’s, the professional mentor’s, an OFSTED inspector’s, etc.. For those wishing to take this further, participants could be asked to view a situation from the perspective of an educationist such as Vygotsky, Bandura, Bruner, Schön or Moon. Modelling and role play Similar to scenarios, a group of participants is asked to work through a situation (eg giving feedback following a particularly difficult lesson) and the other participants are asked to act as observers, recording examples of, for example, active listening, effective questioning or negotiated target setting. Sorting or classifying activities Participants are provided with cards or post-its of concepts, statements, descriptions or outlines of events and asked to sort them into order of priority, seriousness, relevance or difficulty. Alternatively, the cards could be sorted into categories either defined by the organiser or on the basis of an emergent classification system. For example, a series of tasks could be sorted by participants according to who they consider should take responsibility for their completion. A variation of the above is to ask the participants to create their own cards or post-its of, say, issues which are concerning them, and sort these into priority order or group them into clusters. Concept mapping Participants brainstorm their understanding of an aspect of mentoring and coaching (eg giving feedback) and, using post-it notes, link the ideas together in the form of a concept-map. This provides the trainer with a useful overview of the participants’ current state of knowledge and understanding and allows participants to share their knowledge with the rest of the group. SWOT/GAP analysis Participants are asked to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to partnership arrangements within their own schools and/or across the partnership. Whilst this might prove to be uncomfortable for you as the organiser, the next stage will be for the participants to generate ways forward to make enhancements. This process sometimes reveals that the issues require some sharing of responsibility. Generating solutions Groups of participants are presented with problems which might arise as part of their role as mentor, coach, tutor or student-teacher. They must then generate as many solutions (or responses) as they can within an allotted time. They should be encouraged to consider a full range of solutions, including those which are not feasible as sometimes these can lead to novel solutions. Buzz Groups Small groups of participants are asked to discuss a particular issue and then feed back to the group as a whole their thoughts. The issues could be common to all groups, related issues or diverse issues. For example, a real issue might be the communication of information across the partnership. The buzz groups could be used to suggest ways in which communication could be improved; one group focusing on documentation, another group on web-based resources and a third group on communication through individuals such as the student-teachers and link tutors. Moderation activities and events Participants bring evidence of student-teachers’ planning, reflections, action-planning to a group session to compare their assessments. Paired observations An effective way of developing practice is to arrange paired observations of student-teachers’ practice. The participants make independent records of their observations and compare notes subsequently, noting similarities and differences in their practices and outcomes. Paired observation sessions can be staged in university-based training sessions through the use of video. Co-coaching Mentors and coaches work together on developing an aspect of their practice which is of mutual concern. The participants agree beforehand the objectives and strategies for enhancing their practice and then monitor each other (eg through observation of a feedback session with a student-teacher) to develop aspects of their practice. It has been shown that both observer and observed benefit greatly from such experiences. Learning logs and diaries Just as student-teachers are expected to complete learning logs of their progress, mentors could also keep logs of their experiences, particularly events or incidents which are particularly significant. These could be shared on a one-to-one basis with professional mentors, university tutors or link tutors for reflection or analysis or could be used as the basis for a group-based session (suitably anonymised). Peer tutoring / peer explaining Prior to a training session, participants could be asked to explore a particular aspect of their role and present a summary of their findings to the group. For example, one participant might be asked to find out about the GROW model of coaching whilst another is asked to study Egan’s ‘skilled helper’ approach. The group could then discuss the relevance of these models for their own practice. Swapshop Each participant is asked to describe an aspect of their practice in working as a mentor which they feel is particularly effective. These are collated and discussed. To make this feel less intimidating, this could be done in small groups to later be shared with the whole cohort. author: Rik Bennett The Quality Assurance of School-based Provision Two sections of the ICT Tutors website deal with aspects of quality assurance within the university based components ITT programmes (Quality Assurance and Delivering High Quality Training), this section is about quality assurance of your school-based provision. The OFSTED framework for the inspection of Initial Teacher Training is a useful starting point when evaluating the quality of your school-based provision. - http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Forms-and-guidance/Browse-all-by/Other/General/Framework-fo r-the-inspection-of-initial-teacher-education-2008-11 Similarly, you need and your mentors need to be very familiar with the OFSTED Grade Criteria to ensure that all judgements of your student-teachers’ performance accords with those of the inspectors. http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Forms-and-guidance/Browse-all-by/Other/General/Grade-criter ia-for-the-inspection-of-initial-teacher-education-2008-11 A key aspect of the inspection is a judgement on the overall effectiveness of the provision. OFSTED are principally concerned with the extent to which the provision is successful in securing high-quality outcomes for all trainees. To make this judgement they take account of a series of factors. Whether available resources are used effectively and efficiently how well the available resources are deployed to secure the best possible outcomes for trainees how well the provider explains and justifies the allocation of resources in terms of the outcomes for trainees This will include the way in which the funding which is provided for training by the TDA is deployed within the university and across the partnership schools. The expectation is that the moneys which are provided to schools for ITT trainees is used to, for example, facilitate paired observations, meetings with key members of staff, non-contact time for attendance at mentor training sessions. Part of your QA role will therefore be to check on how schools are utilising the funds which the university devolves to them. This is clearly a sensitive area but something into which OFSTED will enquire. A further issue which forms part of an OFSTED inspection is the extent to which the provision across the partnership is of consistently high quality. Factors to be considered include: the extent to which all trainers contribute to the training programme and the accurate assessments of trainees to secure the best possible outcomes for individuals and groups of trainees, as evidenced by: how well all those involved in training understand the rationale for the training programme the quality of placements and mentoring support for trainees the involvement of all partners in reviewing, planning and delivering the training programme the extent to which all training partners have high expectations for training and of trainees the effectiveness of the professional development of all trainers in
Saturday, January 29, 2011 2012 United States Presidential Election 2012 U.S. Presidential Election stories 7 November 2012: World leaders react to Obama win 7 November 2012: United States re-elects Barack Obama 7 November 2012: Australian Broadcasting Corporation plans to call California for Obama before polls close 5 November 2012: Wikinews interviews former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson, presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party 5 November 2012: On the campaign trail, October 2012 U.S. Prohibition Party presidential candidate Jim Hedges of Thompson Township, Pennsylvania took some time to answer a few questions about the Prohibition Party and his 2012 presidential campaign. The Prohibition Party is the third oldest existing political party in the United States, having been established in 1869. It reached its height of popularity during the late 19th century. The party heavily supported the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned the sale of alcohol, and resulted in the US period known as Prohibition (1919–33). It was repealed in 1933. The party has declined since this period, but has continued to nominate candidates for the presidential election. In 2003, the party split into two factions. Preacher Gene Amondson and perennial candidate Earl Dodge were nominated for the presidency by their respective factions. After Dodge's death in 2007, the party reunified and named Amondson as its sole presidential nominee for 2008. During the election, Amondson was interviewed by Wikinews. He died in 2009, leaving an opening in the party for 2012. Jim Hedges is a longtime Prohibition activist, who holds the distinction of the first individual of the 21st century (and the first since 1959) to be elected to a political office under the Prohibition Party banner. In 2001, he was elected as the Thompson Township tax assessor, and was re-elected to the post in 2005. He served until his term expired in 2010. Hedges declared his intent to run for the Prohibition Party presidential nomination on February 18, 2010. This marks his first run for the presidency. ((William Saturn)) When and why did you decide to join the Prohibition Party? ((Jim Hedges)) I have identified with the Prohibition Party since being in high school, in the 1950s. Being "a member" is trickier to specify, as I’ve sometimes registered to vote in other parties for temporary pragmatic reasons (or have not been registered, at all). I could not be active in the Party until after I retired from the military, in 1980. Why? Well, I liked, and still like, the Prohibition platform better than I do the platform of any other political group. Partly, this is because of the anti-alcohol plank, but more generally because it seems more principled and more reasonable. ((WS)) You are the first (and only) member of the Prohibition Party to be elected to any office in the 21st century. How were you able to accomplish such a feat? ((JH)) I ran for an insignificant local office which no one else wanted. Minor party people are always complaining that they can’t get elected – they can, if they start at the beginning instead of aiming at impossible goals. ((WS)) According to the New York Times, you were heavily involved in the 2004 split of the party that centered around five-time presidential nominee Earl Dodge. What exactly caused the split, and has the party since healed? ((JH)) To answer the last part first: It has largely healed. A few months after Dodge died, his hand-picked vice-chairman also died. The man who was third in line refused to carry on. That man, and the Dodge relatives, then dropped out completely; the other folks mostly are now working with the regular organization. The split was caused by dissatisfaction with Dodge’s management. Dodge was a somewhat paranoid person who trusted no one to help him. For example, he made one of his daughters "treasurer" of the Prohibition National Committee, but he did not allow her access to the bank account. He was the only "signer" listed on the check card. Another example: He used money from a bequest to purchase a small office condominium, then without telling even his vice-chairman, he mortgaged the condo, cashed it out, and after a time lost it (because the mortgage was not being paid); the vice-chairman discovered all this only after Dodge died. Dodge could sell the office condo undetected, because he held it in the name of a shell corporation controlled by himself and the said daughter. ((WS)) The late Gene Amondson, the 2004 & 2008 presidential nominee of the Prohibition Party was the national face of the party for a number of years. How well did you know Mr. Amondson, and what is the current state of the party with his absence? ((JH)) I met Amondson at a couple of conventions; otherwise, I knew him only from correspondence and from telephone calls. Amondson was a congenial person, warm and approachable. He was recommended to us by one of our supporters. He had an act, a re-creation of Rev. Billy Sunday’s sermon on booze, which he performed at conservative churches and other sympathetic venues. We hoped that his name recognition and the audience appeal of his act would enhance the Party’s appeal. As it turned out, he had a handicap, analogous to dyslexia, which prevented him from stringing words together into fluent sentences. His act was great. His public speaking and his writing were, um, unremarkable. We miss his ability to attract attention to us. ((WS)) Mr. Amondson stated that "Prohibition was America's greatest 13 years" and that he would "rather have 100 Al Capones in every city than alcohol sold in every grocery store". Do you agree with these comments, and additionally, do you second his projection that "Prohibition will come again for the fourth time"? ((JH)) I expect that national prohibition will come again "someday," because nothing we've tried since then has worked as well in reducing per-capita consumption of alcoholic beverages and the related social problems. The rest of that is campaign hyperbole. ((WS)) Why did you choose to run for president and what are your qualifications? ((JH)) It’s partly a "finger-in-the-dike" tactic, because I see no one else in the organization who has the free time and the personal background needed to mount a plausible campaign. Partly, also, it’s the realization that, at age 72, if I’m ever going to do it, I’d better get on with doing it now. Many times in the past, the Prohibition Party has recruited presidential candidates from outside its own ranks. The same may happen again this year. If not, I see myself as being the most broadly educated and widely experienced person within the core group of the Party. I have a BA in musical performance (Iowa, 1960) and served 20 years in one of our nation’s most elite military units, The United States Marine Band. I have a family-farm background, plus 20 years of life in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. I understand both rural and urban communities. I have an MA in Geography (Maryland, 1972), have published research in refereed journals both here and abroad, and for 11 years edited a journal. I have done volunteer work with and served as an officer of community organizations ranging from The Salvation Army to friends of the library to recycling programs to historical and literary clubs. I have done newspaper reporting, primarily on local government. ((WS)) Who are some of your opponents for the nomination and why do you believe you are a better choice for the party? ((JH)) To my knowledge, no one else has yet expressed an interest in the Prohibition Party nomination. ((WS)) When and where will the party hold their convention, and how will a nominee be decided upon? ((JH)) Cullman, Alabama, in June. See the National Committee's website for details. A vote of the credentialed delegates will determine who is the candidate. ((WS)) Do you agree with the decision to allow prominent Libertarian Stephen P. Gordon to speak at the convention, despite his support for the sale of alcohol? ((JH)) Yes. First of all, the Prohibition Party and the Libertarian Party share some common interests, such as small government, balanced budgets, and personal freedoms. Secondly, we should all take time to listen to those who disagree with us, in order to sharpen our debating skills. Thirdly, we shouldn’t be complacent, because... we might actually be wrong! ((WS)) According to the Ballot Access News, the Prohibition Party has qualified for the ballot in only Florida. What will you do to gain ballot access in other states? ((JH)) Most likely, we will be able to meet the ballot requirements in only 2 or 3 states in addition to Florida (which has among the most lenient ballot access regulations today). Colorado is a likely one, as are Mississippi and Louisiana. For small parties, the states where they run has very little to do with where they have the most support and very much to do with which states have the easiest regulations. ((WS)) What issues or policy stances form the basis of your campaign? ((JH)) Inasmuch as beverage alcohol is our signature issue, I anticipate spending most of my time talking about the alcohol connection with various social problems: public safety, public health, taxes, homelessness, spouse abuse, child welfare, military preparedness, industrial efficiency, product quality, and so forth. The platform most likely will address a lot of other things, but, let’s face it: The Prohibition Party today is an exercise in living history. We’re like the weekend warriors who put on costumes and re-enact the Civil War. The South is not going to rise again. Neither is national prohibition going to come back (not, at least, in our lifetimes). But in both cases, we think there are important historical lessons which ought not be forgotten. And so, we soldier on against all odds. Unless we stay on the message (of alcohol), our living history lesson will be lost. ((WS)) Have you received any notable endorsements thus far? ((JH)) No. Neither have I sought any. ((WS)) According to Weekend America, Vice-Presidential nominee Leroy Pletten was incapacitated following a stroke during the 2008 campaign. Have you chosen a running mate, and if not, will health be a factor in the decision? ((JH)) The Public Radio announcement appears to be a case of mistaken identity. I have checked with Pletten, and no such thing happened. I’ve been asking around. I know who I’d like to have, but it’s still under discussion. Health should enter into it. We don’t need another Reagan! ((WS)) How often do you campaign, and how might that change should you win the nomination? ((JH)) Very little campaigning, at this point. I sent out a series of monthly postcards last year, presenting myself to the people on the Party mailing list. There is also a (very rudimentary) campaign website – www.hedges4-12.com I’m in touch with the people who will make the decision, at the Convention this coming June. If I should receive the nomination, the website will have to be improved, and there will have to be press releases and some personal visits to states where we get on the ballot. I’ll have to obtain advice on making more effective use of the internet. ((WS)) Describe a typical day for Jim Hedges. How do you spend your time? ((JH)) Before going to sleep each evening, I map out the following day in my mind. Then, in the morning, I roll out (not too early), tend to personal care and a hearty breakfast, go to the other house (when my wife and I were married, 20 years ago, we each had a paid-for house, and it was convenient to keep both of them) and tend to the pets. The rest of the morning is spent dealing with paper mail and other clerical work. In warm weather, afternoons are devoted to yard work and to gardening; in cold weather, I do household maintenance chores, work in the shop, work on the wood pile. After supper, if there is not a rehearsal or a concert to go to, I practice half an hour on my tuba, then look at the internet or read. Every day is different, but that’s the basic schedule. ((WS)) What is your main source for political news? ((JH)) Three weekly newsmagazines: The Economist, The Nation, and Science. ((WS)) What is your biggest political concern at the moment? ((JH)) In the next 10 years, eliminating governmental deficits, primarily in the United States and in Europe. In the next 100 years, dealing with the social and economic consequences of the rise in sea level due to climatic warming. ((WS)) How would you assess the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama? ((JH)) Bush the Younger was unquestionably the most damaging president since FDR, perhaps the most damaging of all time: His "Patriot Act" and other security measures trashed the Constitution, our Constitution. His deficits have never been equaled. His foreign military adventures are the longest wars ever fought by our country. Obama was dealt a miserable hand, but even so, I’m becoming disappointed. We still have Bush‘s deficit spending. We still have Bush’s wars. We still have Bush’s failure to secure the border with Mexico. We still have Bush’s exporting American jobs overseas. What is there to like? Obama did end Bush’s "global gag rule," which attempted to prevent family planning agencies all over the world from even discussing abortion. And he did make a stab at improving medical care. ((WS)) What are your thoughts on Sarah Palin and the Tea Party Movement? ((JH)) Palin was given a job for four years by the voters of Alaska. When she got bored with it, she handed the office key to her lieutenant governor and walked away. That’s not responsible behavior. The Tea Party folks are on the right track in trying to get the federal budget deficit under control. I fear, though, that they lack the patience and flexibility to do the job gracefully. And, they’re too easily distracted by unrelated issues. ((WS)) What is your take on the the health care bill? ((JH)) Obamacare is a step in the right direction, but it leaves intact the private insurance industry, which is a major source of waste. We need a public health service, like the one in England. ((WS)) What are some of your foreign policy views? ((JH)) America first! Our unqualified support for Israel is doing us a great deal of damage elsewhere in the world. We need to stop all aid, both civilian and military, to Israel until Israel abides by the Oslo Accords. We need to stop being the world’s bully and, instead, lead by example: ratify Kyoto, ratify CEDAW, rein in the international corporations. ((WS)) What historical or contemporary figures do you identify with? ((JH)) You know, I think it would be appropriate to name Jimmy Carter. I didn’t always agree with what he did, but I could sympathize with why he did it. To the extent that any president can be, he was an honest, well-meaning person. Look at the things he has done since leaving the White House, then look at the things other presidents have done after their terms ended. Carter has continued to serve the American people, and the world, while the others have hie’d themselves to their clubs and estates, to their lecture circuits and their corporate boards. Yes, I would like to be a person such as Jimmy Carter. "Former U.S. Presidential candidate Gene Amondson dies following a stroke" — Wikinews, July 22, 2009 "Wikinews interviews Gene Amondson, Prohibition Party presidential nominee" — Wikinews, June 6, 2008 "James Hedges Seeks Prohibition Party Presidential Nomination in 2012" — Ballot Access News, February 20, 2010 "Americana: Time to Toast the Party?" — Time Magazine, November 7, 1977 George Merritt. "Earl Dodge, ran for president, led Prohibition Party; at 74" — Boston Globe, November 9, 2007 "Jim Hedges" — Prohibitionists.org, "Background" — Prohibitionists.org, "Prohibition presidential & vice-presidential candidates" — Prohibitionists.org, Sarah Kershaw. "In Search of Voters, Prohibition Candidate Runs Dry" — New York Times, October 1, 2004
This lesson will show you how to use the Lua Math library in your scripts. This lesson assumes you have already completed the Frame Object lesson. To create a Lua script that uses the Math library: Navigate to Module:Sandbox. Add the following code and save the page: local p = {} function p.abs(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';abs\n:math.abs(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.abs(x) .. '\n' end function p.acos(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';acos\n:math.acos(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.acos(x) .. '\n' end function p.asin(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';asin\n:math.asin(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.asin(x) .. '\n' end function p.atan(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';atan\n:math.atan(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.atan(x) .. '\n' end function p.atan2(frame) local y = frame.args[1] local x = frame.args[2] return ';atan2\n:math.atan2(' .. y .. ', ' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.atan2(y, x) .. '\n' end function p.ceil(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';ceil\n:math.ceil(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.ceil(x) .. '\n' end function p.cos(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';cos\n:math.cos(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.cos(x) .. '\n' end function p.cosh(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';cosh\n:math.cosh(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.cosh(x) .. '\n' end function p.deg(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';deg\n:math.deg(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.deg(x) .. '\n' end function p.exp(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';exp\n:math.exp(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.exp(x) .. '\n' end function p.floor(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';floor\n:math.floor(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.floor(x) .. '\n' end function p.fmod(frame) local x = frame.args[1] local y = frame.args[2] return ';fmod\n:math.fmod(' .. x .. ', ' .. y .. ') is ' .. math.fmod(x, y) .. '\n' end function p.frexp(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';frexp\n:math.frexp(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.frexp(x) .. '\n' end function p.huge() return ';huge\n:math.huge is ' .. math.huge .. '\n' end function p.ldexp(frame) local m = frame.args[1] local e = frame.args[2] return ';ldexp\n:math.ldexp(' .. m .. ', ' .. e .. ') is ' .. math.ldexp(m, e) .. '\n' end function p.log(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';log\n:math.log(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.log(x) .. '\n' end function p.log10(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';log10\n:math.log10(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.log10(x) .. '\n' end function p.max(frame) local x = frame.args[1] local y = frame.args[2] return ';max\n:math.max(' .. x .. ', ' .. y .. ') is ' .. math.max(x, y) .. '\n' end function p.min(frame) local x = frame.args[1] local y = frame.args[2] return ';min\n:math.min(' .. x .. ', ' .. y .. ') is ' .. math.min(x, y) .. '\n' end function p.modf(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';modf\n:math.modf(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.modf(x) .. '\n' end function p.pi() return ';pi\n:math.pi is ' .. math.pi .. '\n' end function p.pow(frame) local x = frame.args[1] local y = frame.args[2] return ';pow\n:math.pow(' .. x .. ', ' .. y .. ') is ' .. math.pow(x, y) .. '\n' end function p.rad(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';rad\n:math.rad(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.rad(x) .. '\n' end function p.random(frame) local m = frame.args[1] local n = frame.args[2] return ';random\n:math.random(' .. m .. ', ' .. n .. ') is ' .. math.random(m, n) .. '\n' end function p.randomseed(frame) local m = frame.args[1] local n = frame.args[2] math.randomseed(os.time()) return ';randomseed\n:math.random(' .. m .. ', ' .. n .. ') is ' .. math.random(m, n) .. '\n' end function p.sin(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';sin\n:math.sin(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.sin(x) .. '\n' end function p.sinh(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';sinh\n:math.sinh(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.sinh(x) .. '\n' end function p.sqrt(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';sqrt\n:math.sqrt(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.sqrt(x) .. '\n' end function p.tan(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';tan\n:math.tan(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.tan(x) .. '\n' end function p.tanh(frame) local x = frame.args[1] return ';tanh\n:math.tanh(' .. x .. ') is ' .. math.tanh(x) .. '\n' end return p To test your Lua script: Navigate to either the Module_talk:Sandbox page, the Wikiversity:Sandbox page, or your own user or sandbox page. Add the following code and save the page: {{#invoke:Sandbox\|abs\|-1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|acos\|1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|asin\|1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|atan\|1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|atan2\|1\|1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|ceil\|1.5}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|cos\|0.78539816339745}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|cosh\|0.78539816339745}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|deg\|0.78539816339745}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|exp\|1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|floor\|1.5}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|fmod\|5\|3}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|frexp\|1}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|huge}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|ldexp\|1\|2}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|log\| 2.718281828459}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|log10\|100}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|max\|1\|2}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|min\|1\|2}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|modf\|1.5}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|pi}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|pow\|10\|2}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|rad\|45}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|random\|1\|6}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|randomseed\|1\|6}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|sin\|0.78539816339745}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|sinh\|0.78539816339745}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|sqrt\|100}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|tan\|0.78539816339745}} {{#invoke:Sandbox\|tanh\|0.78539816339745}} The result should be similar to: abs math.abs(-1) is 1 acos math.acos(1) is 0 asin math.asin(1) is 1.5707963267949 atan math.atan(1) is 0.78539816339745 atan2 math.atan2(1, 1) is 0.78539816339745 ceil math.ceil(1.5) is 2 cos math.cos(0.78539816339745) is 0.70710678118655 cosh math.cosh(0.78539816339745) is 1.324609089252 deg math.deg(0.78539816339745) is 45 exp math.exp(1) is 2.718281828459 floor math.floor(1.5) is 1 fmod math.fmod(5, 3) is 2 frexp math.frexp(1) is 0.5 huge math.huge is inf ldexp math.ldexp(1, 2) is 4 log math.log( 2.718281828459) is 0.99999999999998 log10 math.log10(100) is 2 max math.max(1, 2) is 2 min math.min(1, 2) is 1 modf math.modf(1.5) is 1 pi math.pi is 3.1415926535898 pow math.pow(10, 2) is 100 rad math.rad(45) is 0.78539816339745 random math.random(1, 6) is 2 randomseed math.random(1, 6) is 1 sin math.sin(0.78539816339745) is 0.70710678118655 sinh math.sinh(0.78539816339745) is 0.86867096148601 sqrt math.sqrt(100) is 10 tan math.tan(0.78539816339745) is 1 tanh math.tanh(0.78539816339745) is 0.65579420263267 To understand your Lua script: math.abs(x) returns the absolute value of x returns . math.acos(x) returns the arc cosine of x (given in radians). math.asin(x) returns the arc sine of x (given in radians). math.atan(x) returns the arc tangent of x (given in radians). math.atan2(y, x) returns the arc tangent of y/x (given in radians), using the signs of both parameters to find the quadrant of the result. math.ceil(x) returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to x. math.cos(x) returns the cosine of x (given in radians). math.cosh(x) returns the hyperbolic cosine of x. math.deg(x) returns the angle x (given in radians) in degrees. math.exp(x) returns the value e^x. math.floor(x) returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to x. math.fmod(x, y) returns the remainder of the division of x by y that rounds the quotient towards zero. math.frexp(x) returns two values m and e such that x = m times 2^e, e is an integer, and the absolute value of m is in the range [0.5, 1) math.huge returns the value representing positive infinity; larger than or equal to any other numerical value. math.ldexp(m, e) returns m times 2^e (e should be an integer). math.log(x) returns the natural logarithm of x. math.log10(x) returns the base-10 logarithm of x. math.max(x, y) returns the maximum value among its arguments. math.min(x, y) returns the minimum value among its arguments. math.modf(x) returns two numbers, the integral part of x and the fractional part of x. math.pi returns the value of pi. math.pow(x, y) returns x^y. math.rad(x) returns the angle x (given in degrees) in radians. math.random(m, n) returns a pseudo-random integer in the range [m,n]. Note that unless randomseed is called first, the random number sequence will be the same every time, meaning not random. math.randomseed(os.time()) seeds the random number generator with the current server operating system elapsed time in seconds. math.sin(x) returns the sine of x (given in radians). math.sinh(x) returns the hyperbolic sine of x. math.sqrt(x) returns the square root of x. math.tan(x) returns the tangent of x (given in radians). math.tanh(x) returns the hyperbolic tangent of x. Congratulations! You've now created, tested, and understood a Lua script that uses the Math library. Lua Frame Object http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual ← Errors Lua OS Library →
The following conventions are used in this reference. A single character, such as 'a' or '1'. , Indicates that the Escape (Esc) key on your keyboard should be pressed, which is identical to Control and '['. Indicates that the Carrier Return (Enter) key should be pressed. Indicates that the Tabulator key should be pressed , Indicates that the Control key and the 'x' key should be pressed simultaneously. 'x' can be almost any other key on your keyboard. , , Indicates that the Shift key and the 'x' key should be pressed simultaneously , Indicates that the Meta or Alt key and the 'x' key should be pressed simultaneously. :quit, :q An Ex command. started with <:>, followed by the command and ends with . For many Ex commands there is a long form (:quit) and a short form (:q). :set nocompatible represents a setting. strlen () represents a function. /pattern/, ?pattern? A Search pattern. Search pattern in vi are regular expressions. :ranges/search/replace/options, :global /pattern/ delete A Search pattern combined with an Ex command. All commands in vi are case sensitive. vi can be set up on most systems to use the keyboard movement buttons, such as cursor left, page up, home, delete, etc. All insert commands put vi into insert mode. Insert mode is terminated by the ESC key. Each time a delete command is used, the deleted text is placed into the buffer, replacing any text already in the buffer. Buffered text can be retrieved by p or P. The change commands all select text to be removed, the end of which is indicated by a $. Insert mode is entered and new text overwrites or extends the text. When the key is pressed to terminate the insert, any remaining original text is deleted. Text deleted during a change is placed into the buffer, replacing any text already there. Buffered text can be retrieved by p or P. The yank commands copy text into the vi buffer. Text is also copied into the buffer by delete and change commands. The put or place commands retrieve text from the buffer. Searching uses regular expressions. Search and replace uses regular expressions and the Ex command :substitute (short :s) which has syntax similar to the sed utility - which is not surprising sed, Ex and w:Vi have common roots - the Ed editor. The following meta-characters have special meaning in the replacement pattern: For example . :s/$foo$ $bar$ $baz$/\u\1 \U\2\E \3/ could match the string foo bar baz and substitute Foo BAR baz for it. Marked lines can be used when changing or deleting text. All options are ex options, and so require an initial colon. Default options may be placed into a file in the user's home directory called .exrc. Options in this file do not have the initial colon, e.g. set ic ex commands start with :, which puts vi into last line mode, entered on the last line of the screen. Spaces within the command are ignored. These commands edit lines and have the following syntax: No line number, meaning work on the current line. With %, meaning work on all lines. A pair of line numbers, such as '3,5' meaning work on lines 3 to 5 inclusive. Either number can be replaced with ., standing for the current line or $ standing for the last line. So .,$ means from the current line to the end of the file and 1,$ means the same as %. Additionally simple arithmetic may be used, so .+1 means the line after the current line, or $-5 means 5 lines before the last line. vim Official Reference Manual An introduction to the vi editor Learning Unix in 10min
Cookbook \| Ingredients \| Recipes \| Cuisine of India Avakaaya (Cut Mango Pickle) 12 medium size raw sour mangoes 250 g (8.75 oz.) mustard powder 250 g (8.75 oz.) red chili powder (to be increased if chili powder is not hot enough to be fiery) 500 g (17.5 oz.) crystal salt (powdered) 150 g (5.25 oz.) fenugreek seeds powder 250 g (8.75 oz.) garlic paste 250 g (8.75 oz.) peeled garlic flakes 1 kg (35 oz) sesame seed oil (gingelly oil) Choose the mangoes carefully. They have to be fully mature, yet raw, green, fibrous and very sour to the taste. A mango that is very fibrous will withstand pickling until the next season without going soft. Soak the raw mangoes in water for 10 minutes and dry them with a clean cloth. Slice each of the mangoes vertically in half in such a way that the hard stone in the inside of the mango is also cut into two parts, with each part firm on the two halves. Remove the seed. Scrape the wafer-thin layer attached to the stone with a steel spoon. Cut each half of the sliced mango into 4 to 5 pieces. Each and every piece should contain the stone, without which the piece gets softened in no time after being pickled. Clean the cut pieces with dry cloth. Transfer the cleaned pieces to a basin. Sprinkle 2 teaspoons of turmeric powder on the pieces and mix with your hands. Your hands should be completely dry and the same person should continue the other processes; a lot of different hands will spoil the pickle. Pour half of the oil on the pieces and mix well with your hands. It is essential to mix the pieces with oil first before adding any other ingredients. This will help the pieces to retain their hardness for a long time. Mix the powdered salt with the pieces. Mix the mustard powder, red chili powder, garlic paste and fenugreek seeds powder together in another container. Add half of the remaining oil to the powders and mix to a consistency that can be held in a fist. Mix the paste well with the mango pieces. Add the remaining oil to the pieces and mix well. Cover the basin firmly with a lid. If the basin used for mixing doesn’t have a proper lid, transfer the contents to a porcelain jar or a clean plastic container with a firm lid. Tie a neat thick cloth over it and store it in a cool dark shelf. Open the lid after three to four days, mix well and taste it. The quantity of salt and chili powder needed in the pickle differ depending on several factors. Add salt and/or chili powder if necessary but be cautious in the quantity. The added quantities should be small to only tweak the taste and not alter completely. Those who want to add garlic flakes can do so now. Transfer the contents to glass, plastic, or porcelain jars. For those who are making this delicacy for the first time, here are a few tips: Keep ready a reasonably big ceramic jar or a plastic container with a proper lid. Clean and dry thoroughly. Mangoes must be cleaned and dried properly before cutting. The pieces need to be cleaned with a dry cloth but never washed. Let one person do all the mixing. That person should wash his or her hands and keep them dry. No damp object should be allowed to touch the ingredients at any stage. On the first day of mixing, the oil may not be visible; however, on the third day, one should notice oil floating above the surface of the pickle. If oil has not covered the pickle completely and is not floating on top, add a little bit more oil and mix well just before transferring to smaller containers.
Research and practice have demonstrated the important role that vision and mission play in all organizations and associations, or all departments within organizations and associations that are tasked with people development. Developing the vision and promoting it continuously inside and outside of the organization is the most important strategic activity of any effective educational leader. Superintendants, Principals, and deans in academic settings, and chief learning officers, vice presidents, and directors of training in corporate settings should develop a vision that clearly articulates the values, beliefs, purposes, and goals that guide a unified culture of continuous development. Kathryn Whitaker (1994) has called vision “an inspiring declaration of a compelling dream.” Robert Fritz (1996) suggests that when all individuals collectively understand and believe in the “compelling dream” they are motivated to work together to reduce the gap between todays reality and tomorrow’s possibility. Vision can become a common educational culture in both academic and corporate settings, but selling an intangible dream is hard work. The educational leader must “walk” the vision, not just “talk” the vision. Unfortunately, these kinds of leaders are the exception. Leaders who actually live the stated values, beliefs, purposes, and goals will ultimately break down the individual barriers of teachers and students so they can all chase a common compelling dream. Academic and corporate educational leaders sometimes develop a vision of the organization by collaborating with all of the major stakeholders in the organization's community, whose hopes, dreams, expectations, and values contribute to the organization's goals and aspirations. Sometimes, the educational leader is the transformative individual who envisions a higher calling for the organization. He or she creates the compelling dream and then becomes the consistent and persistent voice who heralds the higher calling. The leader’s vision should promote a comprehansive “new way” that includes a creative and dynamic teacher, the appropriate instructional medium (technology), and the student, who makes sense out of concepts by “doing” via engagement with the technology and the instructor (Wenglinsky, 2005). , , Educational leaders need to have a deep appreciation of cognitive neuroscience and be well read related to the research about how people learn in order to craft their vision and then promote it based on evidence. According to Howard Gardner (2004), each individual learner excels in only two or three “intelligences” or learning styles, that he defines as linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, body-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. According to Anders Ericsson (2004), “Deliberate, difficult practice undertaken over a long period of time, while receiving informative feedback, and having opportinities for repitition and correction of errors leads to elite performance.” Finally, David Kolb (1984) describes learning as a process in which individual knowledge is created through a four-stage cycle of experience that includes concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. To complicate things even further every student learns at a different pace. Given the preponderance of this kind of evidence, educational leaders should create and promote a vision that is student-centric, emphasizes learning by “doing,” and includes very high performance expectations. A vision that promotes student-centricity needs to be an effective “alchemy” that includes the student, peers, teacher (methodology), and applicable technology so that knowledge creation and construction occurs by making relevant connections to prior student experiences – social, educational and psychological in ways that are connected and immediate (Lomas, C. and Oblinger, D., 2006). An organization’s (e.g. primary, secondary, university, or corporate) vision conveys a compelling, conceptual image of the desired future for the organization. It provides inspiration and challenge to all members of the organization towards an ideal of what the organization can become if its collective members (educational leaders, teachers, and students) become intrinsically motivated life-long learners. It should be purposefully articulated to bridge the present and future and to serve as a critical impetus for change. Briefly, a vision is a concise statement about where the organization needs to be to succeed at some point in the future. Specifically, the conceptualized vision should contain two major components. First, a guiding philosophy that describes the core beliefs and values of the organization and its purpose. For example, LL Bean’s stated core beliefs is that “the business will take care of itself” if the organization “sells good merchandise at a reasonable price and if their employees treat customers as if they were genuine friends.” Apple computer’s stated purpose is “To make a contribution to the world by making tools for the mind that advances humankind.” Second, the vision should contain a tangible mission statement of a clear, compelling, and acheivable goal that strives to unify the organization’s effort. For example, Merck’s stated tangible mission statement in 1979 was to establish their organization as “The preeminent drug-maker worldwide in the 1980s.” While developing an educational vision statement for an academic institution or corporation, the following properties should be taken into consideration. , A good vision is: [1], • Idealistic, but realistic too, envisioning a future that is beyond the present, which everyone in the organization believes is achievable. • Appropriate and consistent with the organization’s history and culture. It reflects what already makes the organization unique and recognizes its existing strengths. • Clarifies an attractive future purpose and mission that creates meaning in teacher’s lives beyond just getting a paycheck. • Sets extraordinary ambitious high standards of excellence or high ideals that challenge teachers and other key stakeholders to achieve levels of performance that they haven’t achieved with students before. • Inspires enthusiasm and helps teachers and other key stakeholders get excited about what they are doing to improve student outcomes. It encourages increased commitment to the organization. • Is clearly articulated and easily understood by teachers and key stakeholders both inside and outside of the organization. It should capture the essential core beliefs, purpose, and tangible mission of the vision without being too-short or too-long. It needs to be memorable so it can be actionable. A shared vision is an important component of technology planning. It will have implications for how your organization allocates funding and resources and may redefine the roles that are played by students (employees), teachers (trainers), administrators, and parents (significant others). It is important to note that it is absolutely critical that the technology “vision” is not separate from the collective educational vision of the organization. As mentioned earlier, technology should be applied seamlessly to improve student educational outcomes. It is difficult to develop a powerful vision statement. Additionally, there is no formula to develop the appropriate vision statement. As mentioned earlier, visions can be co-developed by a group of key stakeholders or it can be developed by a single energetic, imaginative, transformative leader. The danger in visions developed by committee is that the end result can become something-for-everyone, the compromises of which lead to a weak, watered-down, ineffective vision. The danger in visions developed by one individual is that key stakeholders in the organization may not embrace the vision because their “voices” were not considered during the vision development. In either situation, the vision will not be realized unless there is a strong educational leader (superintendents, principals, deans, chief learning officers, vice presidents, and directors of training) who actively promotes a new direction. To help future “visionaries,” we will provide some suggestions below that leaders should consider when developing a vision statement. , • Learn everything you can about your organization. That means getting out of the hierarchical ivory tower and getting into the trenches with your teachers and the students who they serve. , • Bring your organization’s key internal and external stakeholders into your visioning development process. This committee needs to be carefully considered and populated with stakeholders who are early adopters with a bias for action. A thoughtful “seeding” of any visioning committee will help limit analysis paralysis and recycling the same old tired discussions. , The visioning exercise available from the Department of Education and Training in New South Wales (Austrailia) suggests conducting visioning exercises with key stakeholders which helps build a sense of ownership, commitment and sustainability within the educational organization. The purpose of the visionary exercise is to brain storm the possibilities of the future - the main question being where are we going? Some of the questions that are wrestled with during the visionary exercise include those listed below. S.W.OT. analysis can also be conducted after this reflective questioning process by breaking into small groups and, in the light of the gathered data, the group can determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities to take advantage of a changing environment and possible threats. Look for areas of agreement, as well as different ideas that emerge. The goal is to find language and imagery that your group’s members can relate to as their vision for future. , o What’s our future time frame? Three years? Five years? o What trends in education today can positively or negatively impact our plans? o What are the limits of our existing technology, facilities, resources, funding, and expertise? o Will our vision be obsolete by the time we change direction? o Will our vision be impacted by private competition, government oversight or new regulation? o Is our vision scalable beyond the pilot? o How will the long-term economic climate effect our long-term technology, facilities, resources, and personnel implementation plan? o Will our students' (employees') needs change? How? • Keep an open mind as you explore options. Don’t be constrained by the organization’s current direction or be discouraged by the “it’s the way we have always done it” attitude that is sure to surface. , • Understand and appreciate the existing organization vision (particularly if you are new to the organization). Don’t throw out good ideas that are working just because you didn’t create them. • Look outside of your own organization to learn, adopt, and then import visionary educational ideas. Visit other academic or corporate learning organizations and study what they are doing differently. Read their research and steal their good ideas. Vision statement for Sample Organization (school). To provide a stimulating learning environment with a technological orientation across the whole curriculum, which maximises individual potential and ensures students of all ability levels are well equipped to meet the challenges of education, work and life. Our vision is that children leave school with: • A set of spiritual and moral values – honesty, integrity and good judgement. • A complement of basic skills – linguistic, mathematical, scientific, artistic, physical and social. • An enquiring and discriminating mind and a desire for knowledge. • Strong self-esteem and high personal expectation. • Tolerance and respect for others. We value the partnership which exists between school, parents and community and the part it plays in realising this vision. http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le1clear.htm Education World: The educator”s best friend. Available at, http://www.education-world.com/a_admin/admin/admin044.shtml. Accessed on October 24, 2009 Wenglinsky H. Using Technology Wisely: The Keys to Success in Schools. Teacher College, Columbia University. New York and London. 2005. Gardner H. Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Twentieth anniversary edition. Perseus Books Group. New York. 2004 Ericsson KA (2004). Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Academic Medicine. Vol. 79, No 10: S70-S81 Kolb DA. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall PTR. New Jersey. 1984 Student practices and their impact on learning spaces. Retrieved on November 22, 2008 from http://www.educause.edu/Chapter5.StudentPracticesandTheirImpactonLearningSpaces/11903 http://www.oie.eku.edu/SPManual/docs/Vision.pdf. http://ictpd.net/techplan/#Develop Air University. The intelectual and leadership center of the Air Force. Available at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch18.html. Accessed on October 24, 2009 Guidebook for developing an effective instructional technology plan version 2.0, prepared by Graduate Students at Mississippi State University participating at TKT 8763- Seminar in Planning for Instructional Technology, Spring 1996 http://www.sustainableschools.nsw.edu.au/Default.aspx?tabid=115&PageContentID=18 Strong, B. (2007). Strategic Planning for technological Change. Educause Quarterly. http://www.becal.net/lc/vision/statements.htm
Taste the Blood of Dracula is a 1970 British film about three men who revive Dracula. And it’s Weird that we don’t see one of the men’s body Again. Directed by Peter Sasdy. Written by Anthony Hinds. They taste his blood and the horror begins! (taglines) They have destroyed my servant. They will be destroyed... Inspector Cobb: [on Jeremy Secker's arrest for murder] Son hates his father, he's hot-blooded, they quarrel and the son loses his temper. Anyway we've got him all locked up now, safe and sound. Paul Paxton: But Jeremy did not hate his father. He was the most even-tempered... Inspector Cobb: If you came here to obstruct justice... Paul Paxton: I came here because you sent for me! Paul Paxton: Run Alice. Run as fast as you can away from here! Alice Hargood: Not without you Paul. He will kill you. He will kill both of us! They taste his blood and the horror begins! Christopher Lee — Count Dracula Geoffrey Keen — William Hargood Gwen Watford — Martha Hargood Linda Hayden — Alice Hargood Peter Sallis — Samuel Paxton Anthony Corlan — Paul Paxton Isla Blair — Lucy Paxton John Carson — Jonathan Secker Martin Jarvis — Jeremy Secker Ralph Bates — Lord Courtley Roy Kinnear — Weller Michael Ripper — Inspector Cobb Encyclopedic article on Taste the Blood of Dracula at Wikipedia Media related to Taste the Blood of Dracula at Wikimedia Commons Taste the Blood of Dracula quotes at the Internet Movie Database Taste the Blood of Dracula at Rotten Tomatoes Taste the Blood of Dracula at Allmovie
There are specific enzymes that help perform function for a cell. A kinase is an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins. This process is called phosphorylation. The importance of a kinase is that it marks the protein, instructing a cell to do something, such as to grow or to divide. A protein kinase has two lobes that are different in structure and functionality. These differences add to catalysis and regulation in different ways. These differences are also what make protein kinases different from other metabolic kinases, such as ATPases. The smaller one of these two lobes is called the N-lobe. This contains a beta sheet but is mostly helices. The helical part is the core of the structure and is the part that protein substrates attach to. The smaller lobe is called the N-lobe. This lobe consists of five stranded beta sheets, along with a helix. Eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) divergently evolved from eukaryotic-like kinases (ELKs), which are structurally much simpler. Although ELKs also have the same two lobes along with the adenine ring, the C-lobe of the EPK have two extra parts. One is called the Activation Segment and the other is an extra helical subpart that allows substrates to attach. These new sites of the C-lobe allow EPKs to precisely function and be highly regulated. EPKs were evolved from ELKs to further achieve faster and more efficient regulation. Firstly, the Activation Segment was inserted. Later, the extra helix was attached to the C-lobe, and this is the structure of protein kinase that we know. Protein kinase A is an enzyme that covalently attaches phosphate groups to proteins. It is also known as the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. An extremely significant characteristic of protein kinase A is its ability to be regulated by the fluctuation of cyclic AMP levels within cells. Essentially, protein kinase A is responsible for all cellular responses due to the cyclic AMP second messenger. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates specific ion channel proteins in the postsynaptic membrane, causing them to open or close. Due to the amplifying effect of the signal transduction pathway, the binding of a neurotransmitter molecule to a metabotropic receptor can open or close many channels. Protein kinase B regulates various biological responses to insulin and growth factors. Akt is another way to classify Protein Kinase B. Protein Kinase B is a serine-threonine-specific protein kinase that contributes to multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, and cell migration. Protein kinase C catalyzes the process of signals mediated by phospholipid hydrolysis. It is activated by the lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol. This lipid second messenger serves as the key initiation for most protein kinase C's. Protein kinase C isozymes consist of a single polypeptide chain that possesses an amino-terminal regulatory region and a carboxy terminal kinase region. The isozymes are categorized into various groups: conventional protein kinase Cs which are regulated by diacylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and Ca^2+ in addition to novel protein kinase Cs which are regulated by diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine. Activation of GPCR's, TKR's, and non-receptor tyrosine kinases can lead to protein kinase activation by stimulation of either phospholipase Cs to yield diacylglycerol, or phospholipase D to yield phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. Additionally, conventional protein kinase Cs are regulated by Ca^2+. Tyrosine kinases function in multiple ways that involve processes, pathways, and specific actions that are key in the body. Specific receptor kinases function in transmembrane signaling whares tyrosine kinases within the cell function entirely different in the sense that they are part of signal transduction in the nucleus. The activity of tyrosine kinases in the nucleus involve cell-cycle control, such as differentiation in the different phases when the cell begins division, and also show properties in controlling certain transcription factors. Tyrosine kinase activity is also seen in mitogenesis or in other words the induction of mitosis in the cell. Specifically during this induction, tyrosine kinases phosphorylate proteins in the nucleus and in the cytosol. In addition, tyrosine kinase has been seen to be involved in cellular transformation due to the phosphorylation of a middle-T antigen on tyrosine, a change that is similar to cellular growth or in reproduction. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084033/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084033/ http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/molecules/pka.html http://jcs.biologists.org/content/118/24/5675 http://www.upch.edu.pe/facien/facien2011/fc/dbmbqf/pherrera/cursos/receptores/pkc-cocb97.pdf
Reflections on the Revolution in France is a 1790 work by the Irish Whig MP and political philosopher Edmund Burke. Full text of the 1790 edition I flatter myself that I love a manly, moral, regulated liberty as well as any gentleman of that society, be he who he will; and perhaps I have given as good proofs of my attachment to that cause in the whole course of my public conduct. p. 7 At some time or other, to be sure, all the beginners of dynasties were chosen by those who called them to govern. There is ground enough for the opinion that all the kingdoms of Europe were, at a remote period, elective, with more or fewer limitations in the objects of choice. But whatever kings might have been here or elsewhere a thousand years ago, or in whatever manner the ruling dynasties of England or France may have begun, the king of Great Britain is, at this day, king by a fixed rule of succession according to the laws of his country; and whilst the legal conditions of the compact of sovereignty are performed by him (as they are performed), he holds his crown in contempt of the choice of the Revolution Society. p. 19 If the principles of the Revolution of 1688 are anywhere to be found, it is in the statute called the Declaration of Right. In that most wise, sober, and considerate declaration, drawn up by great lawyers and great statesmen, and not by warm and inexperienced enthusiasts, not one word is said, nor one suggestion made, of a general right "to choose our own governors, to cashier them for misconduct, and to form a government for ourselves". This Declaration of Right (the act of the 1st of William and Mary, sess. 2, ch. 2) is the cornerstone of our constitution as reinforced, explained, improved, and in its fundamental principles for ever settled. It is called, "An Act for declaring the rights and liberties of the subject, and for settling the succession of the crown". You will observe that these rights and this succession are declared in one body and bound indissolubly together. pp. 21-22 A few years after this period, a second opportunity offered for asserting a right of election to the crown. On the prospect of a total failure of issue from King William, and from the Princess, afterwards Queen Anne, the consideration of the settlement of the crown and of a further security for the liberties of the people again came before the legislature. Did they this second time make any provision for legalizing the crown on the spurious revolution principles of the Old Jewry? No. They followed the principles which prevailed in the Declaration of Right, indicating with more precision the persons who were to inherit in the Protestant line. This act also incorporated, by the same policy, our liberties and an hereditary succession in the same act. Instead of a right to choose our own governors, they declared that the succession in that line (the Protestant line drawn from James the First), was absolutely necessary "for the peace, quiet, and security of the realm", and that it was equally urgent on them "to maintain a certainty in the succession thereof, to which the subjects may safely have recourse for their protection". Both these acts, in which are heard the unerring, unambiguous oracles of revolution policy, instead of countenancing the delusive, gypsey predictions of a "right to choose our governors", prove to a demonstration how totally adverse the wisdom of the nation was from turning a case of necessity into a rule of law. pp. 22-23 So far is it from being true that we acquired a right by the Revolution to elect our kings that, if we had possessed it before, the English nation did at that time most solemnly renounce and abdicate it, for themselves and for all their posterity forever. These gentlemen may value themselves as much as they please on their whig principles, but I never desire to be thought a better whig than Lord Somers, or to understand the principles of the Revolution better than those, by whom it was brought about, or to read in the Declaration of Right any mysteries unknown to those whose penetrating style has engraved in our ordinances, and in our hearts, the words and spirit of that immortal law. p. 27 A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation. p. 29 It is common with them to dispute as if they were in a conflict with some of those exploded fanatics of slavery, who formerly maintained what I believe no creature now maintains, "that the crown is held by divine hereditary and indefeasible right".—These old fanatics of single arbitrary power dogmatized as if hereditary royalty was the only lawful government in the world, just as our new fanatics of popular arbitrary power maintain that a popular election is the sole lawful source of authority. p. 37 The question of dethroning or, if these gentlemen like the phrase better, "cashiering kings" will always be, as it has always been, an extraordinary question of state, and wholly out of the law; a question (like all other questions of state) of dispositions and of means and of probable consequences rather than of positive rights. As it was not made for common abuses, so it is not to be agitated by common minds. The speculative line of demarcation where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin is faint, obscure, and not easily definable. p. 43 The Revolution was made to preserve our antient indisputable laws and liberties and that antient constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty. ... The very idea of the fabrication of a new government is enough to fill us with disgust and horror. We wished at the period of the Revolution, and do now wish, to derive all we possess as an inheritance from our forefathers. Upon that body and stock of inheritance we have taken care not to inoculate any cyon alien to the nature of the original plant. All the reformations we have hitherto made have proceeded upon the principle of reverence to antiquity; and I hope, nay, I am persuaded, that all those which possibly may be made hereafter will be carefully formed upon analogical precedent, authority, and example. pp. 44-45 Our oldest reformation is that of Magna Charta. You will see that Sir Edward Coke, that great oracle of our law, and indeed all the great men who follow him, to Blackstone, are industrious to prove the pedigree of our liberties. They endeavour to prove that the ancient charter, the Magna Charta of King John, was connected with another positive charter from Henry I, and that both the one and the other were nothing more than a re-affirmance of the still more ancient standing law of the kingdom. ... In the famous law of the 3rd of Charles I, called the Petition of Right, the parliament says to the king, "Your subjects have inherited this freedom", claiming their franchises not on abstract principles "as the rights of men", but as the rights of Englishmen, and as a patrimony derived from their forefathers. pp. 45-46 You will observe that from Magna Charta to the Declaration of Right it has been the uniform policy of our constitution to claim and assert our liberties as an entailed inheritance derived to us from our forefathers, and to be transmitted to our posterity. ... This policy appears to me to be the result of profound reflection, or rather the happy effect of following nature, which is wisdom without reflection, and above it. A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper and confined views. People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors. ... By adhering in this manner and on those principles to our forefathers, we are guided not by the superstition of antiquarians, but by the spirit of philosophic analogy. In this choice of inheritance we have given to our frame of polity the image of a relation in blood, binding up the constitution of our country with our dearest domestic ties, adopting our fundamental laws into the bosom of our family affections, keeping inseparable and cherishing with the warmth of all their combined and mutually reflected charities our state, our hearths, our sepulchres, and our altars. pp. 47-49 Through the same plan of a conformity to nature in our artificial institutions, and by calling in the aid of her unerring and powerful instincts to fortify the fallible and feeble contrivances of our reason, we have derived several other, and those no small, benefits from considering our liberties in the light of an inheritance. Always acting as if in the presence of canonized forefathers, the spirit of freedom, leading in itself to misrule and excess, is tempered with an awful gravity. This idea of a liberal descent inspires us with a sense of habitual native dignity, which prevents that upstart insolence almost inevitably adhering to and disgracing those who are the first acquirers of any distinction. By this means our liberty becomes a noble freedom. It carries an imposing and majestic aspect. It has a pedigree and illustrating ancestors. It has its bearings and its ensigns armorial. It has its gallery of portraits, its monumental inscriptions, its records, evidences, and titles. We procure reverence to our civil institutions on the principle upon which nature teaches us to revere individual men: on account of their age and on account of those from whom they are descended. All your sophisters cannot produce anything better adapted to preserve a rational and manly freedom than the course that we have pursued, who have chosen our nature rather than our speculations, our breasts rather than our inventions, for the great conservatories and magazines of our rights and privileges. pp. 49-50 You had all these advantages in your antient states; but you chose to act as if you had never been moulded into civil society, and had every thing to begin anew. You began ill, because you began by despising every thing that belonged to you. You set up your trade without a capital. If the last generations of your country appeared without much lustre in your eyes, you might have passed them by and derived your claims from a more early race of ancestors. Under a pious predilection to those ancestors, your imaginations would have realized in them a standard of virtue and wisdom, beyond the vulgar practice of the hour: and you would have risen with the example to whose imitation you aspired. Respecting your forefathers, you would have been taught to respect yourselves. You would not have chosen to consider the French as a people of yesterday, as a nation of low-born servile wretches until the emancipating year of 1789. pp. 51-52 To be attached to the subdivision, to love the little platoon we belong to in society, is the first principle (the germ as it were) of public affections. It is the first link in the series by which we proceed toward a love to our country and to mankind. pp. 68-69 Believe me, Sir, those who attempt to level, never equalize. In all societies, consisting of various descriptions of citizens, some description must be uppermost. The levellers, therefore, only change and pervert the natural order of things; they load the edifice of society by setting up in the air what the solidity of the structure requires to be on the ground. p. 72 The Chancellor of France, at the opening of the states, said, in a tone of oratorical flourish, that all occupations were honourable. If he meant only that no honest employment was disgraceful, he would not have gone beyond the truth. But in asserting that anything is honourable, we imply some distinction in its favour. The occupation of a hairdresser or of a working tallow-chandler cannot be a matter of honour to any person—to say nothing of a number of other more servile employments. Such descriptions of men ought not to suffer oppression from the state; but the state suffers oppression if such as they, either individually or collectively, are permitted to rule. In this you think you are combating prejudice, but you are at war with nature. pp. 72-73 ...property is sluggish, inert, and timid. p. 75 It is said that twenty-four millions ought to prevail over two hundred thousand. True; if the constitution of a kingdom be a problem of arithmetic. This sort of discourse does well enough with the lamp-post for its second; to men who may reason calmly, it is ridiculous. The will of the many, and their interest, must very often differ, and great will be the difference when they make an evil choice. A government of five hundred country attornies and obscure curates is not good for twenty-four millions of men, though it were chosen by eight and forty millions, nor is it the better for being guided by a dozen of persons of quality who have betrayed their trust in order to obtain that power. At present, you seem in everything to have strayed out of the high road of nature. The property of France does not govern it. Of course, property is destroyed and rational liberty has no existence. pp. 76-77 Before I read that sermon, I really thought I had lived in a free country; and it was an error I cherished, because it gave me a greater liking to the country I lived in. I was, indeed, aware that a jealous, ever-waking vigilance to guard the treasure of our liberty, not only from invasion, but from decay and corruption, was our best wisdom and our first duty. However, I considered that treasure rather as a possession to be secured than as a prize to be contended for. p. 79 What is that cause of liberty, and what are those exertions in its favour to which the example of France is so singularly auspicious? Is our monarchy to be annihilated, with all the laws, all the tribunals, and all the antient corporations of the kingdom? Is every landmark of the country to be done away in favour of a geometrical and arithmetical constitution? Is the House of Lords to be voted useless? Is episcopacy to be abolished? Are the church lands to be sold to Jews and jobbers or given to bribe new-invented municipal republics into a participation in sacrilege? ... Are all orders, ranks, and distinctions to be confounded, that out of universal anarchy, joined to national bankruptcy, three or four thousand democracies should be formed into eighty-three, and that they may all, by some sort of unknown attractive power, be organized into one? pp. 80-81 Dr. Price considers this inadequacy of representation as our fundamental grievance... To this he subjoins a note in these words:—"A representation chosen chiefly by the Treasury, and a few thousands of the dregs of the people, who are generally paid for their votes." You will smile here at the consistency of those democratists who, when they are not on their guard, treat the humbler part of the community with the greatest contempt, whilst, at the same time, they pretend to make them the depositories of all power. pp. 82-83 It is no wonder...that with these ideas of everything in their constitution and government at home, either in church or state, as illegitimate and usurped, or at best as a vain mockery, they look abroad with an eager and passionate enthusiasm. Whilst they are possessed by these notions, it is vain to talk to them of the practice of their ancestors, the fundamental laws of their country, the fixed form of a constitution whose merits are confirmed by the solid test of long experience and an increasing public strength and national prosperity. They despise experience as the wisdom of unlettered men; and as for the rest, they have wrought underground a mine that will blow up, at one grand explosion, all examples of antiquity, all precedents, charters, and acts of parliament. They have "the rights of men". pp. 85-86 Far am I from denying in theory...the real rights of men. In denying their false claims of right, I do not mean to injure those which are real, and are such as their pretended rights would totally destroy. ... They have a right to the fruits of their industry and to the means of making their industry fruitful. They have a right to the acquisitions of their parents, to the nourishment and improvement of their offspring, to instruction in life, and to consolation in death. Whatever each man can separately do, without trespassing upon others, he has a right to do for himself; and he has a right to a fair portion of all which society, with all its combinations of skill and force, can do in his favour. In this partnership all men have equal rights, but not to equal things. He that has but five shillings in the partnership has as good a right to it as he that has five hundred pounds has to his larger proportion. But he has not a right to an equal dividend in the product of the joint stock; and as to the share of power, authority, and direction which each individual ought to have in the management of the state, that I must deny to be amongst the direct original rights of man in civil society; for I have in my contemplation the civil social man, and no other. It is a thing to be settled by convention. pp. 86-87 The moment you abate anything from the full rights of men, each to govern himself, and suffer any artificial, positive limitation upon those rights, from that moment the whole organization of government becomes a consideration of convenience. This it is which makes the constitution of a state and the due distribution of its powers a matter of the most delicate and complicated skill. It requires a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, and of the things which facilitate or obstruct the various ends which are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutions. The state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to its distempers. What is the use of discussing a man's abstract right to food or medicine? The question is upon the method of procuring and administering them. In that deliberation I shall always advise to call in the aid of the farmer and the physician rather than the professor of metaphysics. p. 90 It is with them a war or a revolution, or it is nothing. ... They have some change in the church or state, or both, constantly in their view. ... This sort of people are so taken up with their theories about the rights of man that they have totally forgotten his nature. pp. 94-95 Humanity and compassion are ridiculed as the fruits of superstition and ignorance. Tenderness to individuals is considered as treason to the public. Liberty is always to be estimated perfect, as property is rendered insecure. Amidst assassination, massacre, and confiscation, perpetrated or meditated, they are forming plans for the good order of future society. p. 102 This king, to say no more of him, and this queen, and their infant children (who once would have been the pride and hope of a great and generous people) were then forced to abandon the sanctuary of the most splendid palace in the world, which they left swimming in blood, polluted by massacre and strewed with scattered limbs and mutilated carcasses. Thence they were conducted into the capital of their kingdom. Two had been selected from the unprovoked, unresisted, promiscuous slaughter, which was made of the gentlemen of birth and family who composed the king's body guard. These two gentlemen, with all the parade of an execution of justice, were cruelly and publicly dragged to the block and beheaded in the great court of the palace. Their heads were stuck upon spears and led the procession, whilst the royal captives who followed in the train were slowly moved along, amidst the horrid yells, and shrilling screams, and frantic dances, and infamous contumelies, and all the unutterable abominations of the furies of hell in the abused shape of the vilest of women. After they had been made to taste, drop by drop, more than the bitterness of death in the slow torture of a journey of twelve miles, protracted to six hours, they were, under a guard composed of those very soldiers who had thus conducted them through this famous triumph, lodged in one of the old palaces of Paris, now converted into a bastille for kings. Is this a triumph to be consecrated at altars? to be commemorated with grateful thanksgiving? to be offered to the divine humanity with fervent prayer and enthusiastic ejaculation? pp. 106-107 Although this work of our new light and knowledge, did not go to the length, that in all probability it was intended it should be carried; yet I must think, that such treatment of any human creatures must be shocking to any but those who are made for accomplishing revolutions. But I cannot stop here. Influenced by the inborn feelings of my nature, and not being illuminated by a single ray of this new-sprung modern light, I confess to you, Sir, that the exalted rank of the persons suffering, and particularly the sex, the beauty, and the amiable qualities of the descendant of so many kings and emperors, with the tender age of royal infants, insensible only through infancy and innocence of the cruel outrages to which their parents were exposed, instead of being a subject of exultation, adds not a little to any sensibility on that most melancholy occasion. pp. 110-111 It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the queen of France, then the dauphiness, at Versailles; and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she just began to move in,—glittering like the morning star, full of life and splendor, and joy. Oh! what a revolution! and what a heart must I have, to contemplate without emotion that elevation and that fall! Little did I dream when she added titles of veneration to those of enthusiastic, distant, respectful love, that she should ever be obliged to carry the sharp antidote against disgrace concealed in that bosom; little did I dream that I should have lived to see such disasters fallen upon her in a nation of gallant men, in a nation of men of honour and of cavaliers. I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone.—That of sophisters, economists; and calculators has succeeded; and the glory of Europe is extinguished forever. Never, never more shall we behold that generous loyalty to rank and sex, that proud submission, that dignified obedience, that subordination of the heart which kept alive, even in servitude itself, the spirit of an exalted freedom. The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise, is gone! It is gone, that sensibility of principle, that chastity of honour which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired courage whilst it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and under which vice itself lost half its evil by losing all its grossness. pp. 112-113 There ought to be a system of manners in every nation which a well-informed mind would be disposed to relish. To make us love our country, our country ought to be lovely. pp. 115-116 Nothing is more certain than that our manners, our civilization, and all the good things which are connected with manners and with civilization have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles and were, indeed, the result of both combined: I mean the spirit of a gentleman and the spirit of religion. The nobility and the clergy, the one by profession, the other by patronage, kept learning in existence, even in the midst of arms and confusions, and whilst governments were rather in their causes than formed. Learning paid back what it received to nobility and to priesthood, and paid it with usury, by enlarging their ideas and by furnishing their minds. Happy if they had all continued to know their indissoluble union and their proper place! Happy if learning, not debauched by ambition, had been satisfied to continue the instructor, and not aspired to be the master! Along with its natural protectors and guardians, learning will be cast into the mire and trodden down under the hoofs of a swinish multitude. p. 117 France has always more or less influenced manners in England. ... Excuse me, therefore, if I have dwelt too long on the atrocious spectacle of the sixth of October 1789, or have given too much scope to the reflexions which have arisen in my mind on occasion of the most important of all revolutions, which may be dated from that day, I mean a revolution in sentiments, manners, and moral opinions. pp. 118-119 ...the theatre is a better school of moral sentiments than churches, where the feelings of humanity are thus outraged. Poets who have to deal with an audience not yet graduated in the school of the rights of men and who must apply themselves to the moral constitution of the heart would not dare to produce such a triumph as a matter of exultation. ... No theatric audience in Athens would bear what has been borne in the midst of the real tragedy of this triumphal day. ... They would not bear to see the crimes of new democracy posted as in a ledger against the crimes of old despotism, and the book-keepers of politics finding democracy still in debt, but by no means unable or unwilling to pay the balance. ... They would soon see that criminal means once tolerated are soon preferred. They present a shorter cut to the object than through the highway of the moral virtues. Justifying perfidy and murder for public benefit, public benefit would soon become the pretext, and perfidy and murder the end, until rapacity, malice, revenge, and fear more dreadful than revenge could satiate their insatiable appetites. Such must be the consequences of losing, in the splendour of these triumphs of the rights of men, all natural sense of wrong and right. pp. 120-121 The punishment of real tyrants is a noble and awful act of justice; and it has with truth been said to be consolatory to the human mind. p. 123 The vanity, restlessness, petulance, and spirit of intrigue, of several petty cabals, who attempt to hide their total want of consequence in bustle and noise, and puffing, and mutual quotation of each other, makes you imagine that our contemptuous neglect of their abilities is a mark of general acquiescence in their opinions. No such thing, I assure you. Because half a dozen grasshoppers under a fern make the field ring with their importunate chink, whilst thousands of great cattle, reposed beneath the shadow of the British oak, chew the cud and are silent, pray do not imagine, that those who make the noise are the only inhabitants of the field; that, of course, they are many in number, or that, after all, they are other than the little, shrivelled, meagre, hopping, though loud and troublesome, insects of the hour. pp. 126-127 I almost venture to affirm that not one in a hundred amongst us participates in the "triumph" of the Revolution Society. If the king and queen of France, and their children, were to fall into our hands by the chance of war, in the most acrimonious of all hostilities (I deprecate such an event, I deprecate such hostility), they would be treated with another sort of triumphal entry into London. We formerly have had a king of France in that situation; you have read how he was treated by the victor in the field; and in what manner he was afterwards received in England. Four hundred years have gone over us; but I believe we are not materially changed since that period. Thanks to our sullen resistance to innovation, thanks to the cold sluggishness of our national character, we still bear the stamp of our forefathers. We have not (as I conceive) lost the generosity and dignity of thinking of the fourteenth century, nor as yet have we subtilized ourselves into savages. We are not the converts of Rousseau; we are not the disciples of Voltaire; Helvetius has made no progress amongst us. Atheists are not our preachers; madmen are not our lawgivers. We know that we have made no discoveries, and we think that no discoveries are to be made in morality; nor many in the great principles of government, nor in the ideas of liberty, which were understood long before we were born, altogether as well as they will be after the grace has heaped its mould upon our presumption and the silent tomb shall have imposed its law on our pert loquacity. pp. 127-128 In England we have not yet been completely embowelled of our natural entrails; we still feel within us, and we cherish and cultivate, those inbred sentiments which are the faithful guardians, the active monitors of our duty, the true supporters of all liberal and manly morals. We have not been drawn and trussed, in order that we may be filled, like stuffed birds in a museum, with chaff and rags and paltry blurred shreds of paper about the rights of men. We preserve the whole of our feelings still native and entire, unsophisticated by pedantry and infidelity. We have real hearts of flesh and blood beating in our bosoms. We fear God; we look up with awe to kings, with affection to parliaments, with duty to magistrates, with reverence to priests, and with respect to nobility. Why? Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected; because all other feelings are false and spurious and tend to corrupt our minds, to vitiate our primary morals, to render us unfit for rational liberty, and, by teaching us a servile, licentious, and abandoned insolence, to be our low sport for a few holidays, to make us perfectly fit for, and justly deserving of slavery, through the whole course of our lives. pp. 128-129 You see, Sir, that in this enlightened age I am bold enough to confess, that we are generally men of untaught feelings; that instead of casting away all our old prejudices, we cherish them to a very considerable degree, and, to take more shame to ourselves, we cherish them because they are prejudices; and the longer they have lasted and the more generally they have prevailed, the more we cherish them. We are afraid to put men to live and trade each on his own private stock of reason; because we suspect that this stock in each man is small, and that the individuals would do better to avail themselves of the general bank and capital of nations, and of ages. Many of our men of speculation, instead of exploding general prejudices, employ their sagacity to discover the latent wisdom which prevails in them. If they find what they seek, and they seldom fail, they think it more wise to continue the prejudice, with the reason involved, than to cast away the coat of prejudice and to leave nothing but the naked reason; because prejudice, with its reason, has a motive to give action to that reason, and an affection which will give it permanence. Prejudice is of ready application in the emergency; it previously engages the mind in a steady course of wisdom and virtue and does not leave the man hesitating in the moment of decision sceptical, puzzled, and unresolved. Prejudice renders a man's virtue his habit, and not a series of unconnected acts. Through just prejudice, his duty becomes a part of his nature. pp. 129-130 Who now reads Bolingbroke? Who ever read him through? p. 133 We know, and what is better, we feel inwardly, that religion is the basis of civil society, and the source of all good and of all comfort. ... We know, and it is our pride to know, that man is by his constitution a religious animal; that atheism is against, not only our reason, but our instincts; and that it cannot prevail long. But if, in the moment of riot and in a drunken delirium from the hot spirit drawn out of the alembic of hell, which in France is now so furiously boiling, we should uncover our nakedness by throwing off that Christian religion which has hitherto been our boast and comfort, and one great source of civilization amongst us and amongst many other nations, we are apprehensive (being well aware that the mind will not endure a void) that some uncouth, pernicious, and degrading superstition might take place of it. pp. 134-135 I beg leave to speak of our church establishment, which is the first of our prejudices, not a prejudice destitute of reason, but involving in it profound and extensive wisdom. I speak of it first. It is first, and last, and midst in our minds. For, taking ground on that religious system of which we are now in possession, we continue to act on the early received and uniformly continued sense of mankind. That sense not only, like a wise architect, hath built up the august fabric of states, but, like a provident proprietor, to preserve the structure from profanation and ruin, as a sacred temple purged from all the impurities of fraud and violence and injustice and tyranny, hath solemnly and forever consecrated the commonwealth and all that officiate in it. This consecration is made that all who administer the government of men, in which they stand in the person of God himself, should have high and worthy notions of their function and destination, that their hope should be full of immortality, that they should not look to the paltry pelf of the moment nor to the temporary and transient praise of the vulgar, but to a solid, permanent existence in the permanent part of their nature, and to a permanent fame and glory in the example they leave as a rich inheritance to the world. pp. 136-137 The consecration of the state by a state religious establishment is necessary also to operate with a wholesome awe upon free citizens; because, in order to secure their freedom, they must enjoy some determinate portion of power. To them therefore a religion connected with the state, and with their duty towards it, becomes even more necessary than in such societies, where the people by the terms of their subjection are confined to private sentiments, and the management of their own family concerns. All persons possessing any portion of power ought to be strongly and awfully impressed with an idea that they act in trust; and that they are to account for their conduct in that trust to the one great master, author and founder of society. pp. 137-138 A perfect democracy is, therefore, the most shameless thing in the world. As it is the most shameless, it is also the most fearless. No man apprehends in his person that he can be made subject to punishment. Certainly the people at large never ought: for as all punishments are for example toward the conservation of the people at large, the people at large can never become the subject of punishment by any human hand. It is therefore of infinite importance that they should not be suffered to imagine that their will, any more than that of kings, is the standard of right and wrong. p. 139 But one of the first and most leading principles on which the commonwealth and the laws are consecrated, is lest the temporary possessors and life-renters in it, unmindful of what they have received from their ancestors, or of what is due to their posterity, should act as if they were the entire masters; that they should not think it among their rights to cut off the entail, or commit waste on the inheritance, by destroying at their pleasure the whole original fabric of their society; hazarding to leave to those who come after them a ruin instead of an habitation—and teaching these successors as little to respect their contrivances, as they had themselves respected the institutions of their forefathers. By this unprincipled facility of changing the state as often, and as much, and in as many ways as there are floating fancies or fashions, the whole chain and continuity of the commonwealth would be broken. No one generation could link with the other. Men would become little better than the flies of a summer. p. 141 Who would insure a tender and delicate sense of honour to beat almost with the first pulses of the heart, when no man could know what would be the test of honour in a nation, continually varying the standard of its coin? No part of life would retain its acquisitions. Barbarism with regard to science and literature, unskilfulness with regard to arts and manufactures, would infallibly succeed to the want of a steady education and settled principle; and thus the commonwealth itself would, in a few generations, crumble away, be disconnected into the dust and powder of individuality, and at length dispersed to all the winds of heaven. pp. 142-43 To avoid therefore the evils of inconstancy and versatility, ten thousand times worse than those of obstinacy and the blindest prejudice, we have consecrated the state, that no man should approach to look into its defects or corruptions but with due caution; that he should never dream of beginning its reformation by its subversion; that he should approach to the faults of the state as to the wounds of a father, with pious awe and trembling solicitude. By this wise prejudice we are taught to look with horror on those children of their country who are prompt rashly to hack that aged parent in pieces, and put him into the kettle of magicians, in hopes that by their poisonous weeds, and wild incantations, they may regenerate the paternal constitution, and renovate their father's life. p. 143 Society is indeed a contract. Subordinate contracts for objects of mere occasional interest may be dissolved at pleasure—but the state ought not to be considered as nothing better than a partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, calico or tobacco, or some other such low concern, to be taken up for a little temporary interest, and to be dissolved by the fancy of the parties. It is to be looked on with other reverence; because it is not a partnership in things subservient only to the gross animal existence of a temporary and perishable nature. It is a partnership in all science; a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue and in all perfection. As the ends of such a partnership cannot be obtained in many generations, it becomes a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born. pp. 143-144 I give you opinions which have been accepted amongst us, from very early times to this moment, with a continued and general approbation, and which indeed are worked into my mind, that I am unable to distinguish what I have learned from others from the results of my own meditation. It is on some such principles that the majority of the people of England, far from thinking a religious, national establishment unlawful, hardly think it lawful to be without one. In France you are wholly mistaken if you do not believe us above all other things attached to it, and beyond all other nations. ... This principle runs through the whole system of their polity. They do not consider their church establishment as convenient, but as essential to their state, not as a thing heterogeneous and separable, something added for accommodation; what they may either keep or lay aside, according to their temporary ideas of convenience. They consider it as the foundation of their whole constitution, with which, and with every part of which, it holds an indissoluble union. Church and state are ideas inseparable in their minds, and scarcely is the one ever mentioned without mentioning the other. pp. 147-148 The arguments of tyranny are as contemptible as its force is dreadful. p. 159 The enemies to property at first pretended a most tender, delicate, and scrupulous anxiety for keeping the king's engagements with the public creditor. These professors of the rights of men are so busy in teaching others, that they have not leisure to learn anything themselves; otherwise they would have known that it is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied. p. 160 The literary cabal had some years ago formed something like a regular plan for the destruction of the Christian religion. This object they pursued with a degree of zeal which hitherto had been discovered only in the propagators of some system of piety. They were possessed with a spirit of proselytism in the most fanatical degree; and from thence, by an easy progress, with the spirit of persecution according to their means. p. 165 These Atheistical fathers have a bigotry of their own; and they have learned to talk against monks with the spirit of a monk. But in some things they are men of the world. The resources of intrigue are called in to supply the defects of argument and wit. To this system of literary monopoly was joined an unremitting industry to blacken and discredit in every way, and by every means, all those who did not hold to their faction. To those who have observed the spirit of their conduct, it has long been clear that nothing was wanted but the power of carrying the intolerance of the tongue and of the pen into a persecution which would strike at property, liberty, and life. p. 166 Even the clergy are to receive their miserable allowance out of the depreciated paper which is stamped with the indelible character of sacrilege, and with the symbols of their own ruin, or they must starve. So violent an outrage upon credit, property, and liberty, as this compulsory paper currency, has seldom been exhibited by the alliance of bankruptcy and tyranny, at any time, or in any nation. p. 182 ...all the frauds, impostures, violences, rapines, burnings, murders, confiscations, compulsory paper currencies, and every description of tyranny and cruelty employed to bring about and to uphold this Revolution have their natural effect, that is, to shock the moral sentiments of all virtuous and sober minds. p. 183 I reprobate no form of government merely upon abstract principles. There may be situations in which the purely democratic form will become necessary. There may be some (very few, and very particularly circumstanced) where it would be clearly desirable. This I do not take to be the case of France, or of any other great country. Until now, we have seen no examples of considerable democracies. The antients were better acquainted with them. Not being wholly unread in the authors, who had seen the most of those constitutions, and who best understood them, I cannot help concurring with their opinion, that an absolute democracy, no more than absolute monarchy, is to be reckoned among the legitimate forms of government. They think it rather the corruption and degeneracy, than the sound constitution of a republic. If I recollect rightly, Aristotle observes, that a democracy has many striking points of resemblance with a tyranny. Of this I am certain, that in a democracy, the majority of the citizens is capable of exercising the most cruel oppressions upon the minority, whenever strong divisions prevail in that kind of polity, as they often must; and that oppression of the minority will extend to far greater numbers, and will be carried on with much greater fury, than can almost ever be apprehended from the dominion of a single sceptre. pp. 185-186 Along with much evil, there is some good in monarchy itself; and some corrective to its evil, from religion, from laws, from manners, from opinions, the French monarchy must have received; which rendered it (though by no means a free, and therefore by no means a good constitution) a despotism rather in appearance than in reality. p. 189 I see the National Assembly openly reprobate the doctrine of prescription, which one of the greatest of their own lawyers tells us, with great truth, is a part of the law of nature. He tells us, that the positive ascertainment of its limits, and its security from invasion, were among the causes for which civil society itself has been instituted. If prescription be once shaken, no species of property is secure, when it once becomes an object large enough to tempt the cupidity of indigent power. ... Flushed with the insolence of their first inglorious victories, and pressed by the distresses caused by their lust of unhallowed lucre, disappointed but not discouraged, they have at length ventured completely to subvert all property of all descriptions throughout the extent of a great kingdom. p. 223 Many parts of Europe are in open disorder. In many others there is a hollow murmuring under ground; a confused movement is felt, that threatens a general earthquake in the political world. Already confederacies and correspondences of the most extraordinary nature are forming in several countries. In such a state of things we ought to hold ourselves upon our guard. p. 229 A man full of warm speculative benevolence may wish his society otherwise constituted than he finds it; but a good patriot, and a true politician, always considers how he shall make the most of the existing materials of his country. A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman. Everything else is vulgar in the conception, perilous in the execution. p. 231 Superstition is the religion of feeble minds. ... The body of all true religion consists, to be sure, in obedience to the will of the sovereign of the world; in a confidence in his declarations; and an imitation of his perfections. The rest is our own. p. 234 Rage and phrenzy will pull down more in half an hour than prudence, deliberation, and foresight can build up in a hundred years. p. 247 It is impossible not to observe, that in the spirit of this geometrical distribution, and arithmetical arrangement, these pretended citizens treat France exactly like a country of conquest. Acting as conquerors, they have imitated the policy of the harshest of that harsh race. The policy of such barbarous victors, who contemn a subdued people, and insult their feelings, has ever been, as much as in them lay, to destroy all vestiges of the antient country, in religion, in polity, in laws, and in manners; to confound all territorial limits; to produce a general poverty; to put up their properties to auction; to crush their princes, nobles, and pontiffs; to lay low everything which had lifted its head above the level, or which could serve to combine or rally, in their distresses, the disbanded people under the standard of old opinion. p. 266 It is boasted, that the geometrical policy has been adopted, that all local ideas should be sunk, and that the people should no longer be Gascons, Picards, Bretons, Normans, but Frenchmen, with one country, one heart, and one Assembly. But instead of being all Frenchmen, the greater likelihood is that the inhabitants of that region will shortly have no country. No man ever was attached by a sense of pride, partiality, or real affection, to a description of square measurement. He never will glory in belonging to the Checquer, No. 71, or to any other badge-ticket. We begin our public affections in our families. No cold relation is a zealous citizen. We pass on to our neighbourhoods, and our habitual provincial connections. These are inns and resting places. Such divisions of our country as have been formed by habit, and not by a sudden jerk of authority, were so many little images of the great country in which the heart found something which it could fill. The love
Sunday, November 22, 2009 United Kingdom Related articles 16 January 2022: GSK rejects three Unilever bids to buy consumer healthcare arm, says unit was "fundamentally undervalued" 25 November 2021: New Zealand raises interest rates in second straight month to 0.75% 26 October 2021: UK pay freeze on public sector employees will end next year 17 July 2021: Floods in Europe kills over 150, hundreds reportedly missing 10 July 2021: National Health Service England waiting list at highest on record for second consecutive month Location of the United Kingdom Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article In two separate incidents police in Northern Ireland have come under attack. Both are believed by authorities to stem from organisations linked to the Irish Republican Army. The two incidents, one an attempted car bombing in Belfast, and the other a shooting in Garrison, County Fermanagh, led to four arrests by Northern Irish Police. A police convoy in the village of Garrison came under ambush overnight. Three gunmen began shooting in the first time officers have been in a firefight in Northern Ireland since a July riot in Belfast. Police returned fire and four people were arrested. A separate incident saw a car bomb set off outside the Northern Ireland Policing Board's headquarters. The car was driven through the Belfast building's security barriers and its 180 kilogram bomb was set off, but failed to detonate properly. Instead it partially exploded and the vehicle caught fire. Neither attack injured anyone. The Republican dissidents seek a united Ireland and have battled to convince Britain to relinquish the Northern territory. After thirty years of warfare and attacks from both sides a 1998 peace deal largely ended the bloodshed. This year, however, violence has been on the increase again starting with the murder of a police officer and two soldiers in two separate March attacks. Since then attacks have been on the rise. Three days ago the military was called in to defuse another bomb targeting police. "It appears that the dissidents are broadening the scale of their attacks," said a statement by the Police Board's Alex Attwood. The board is an independent civilian watchdog charged with overseeing the police. "400lb bomb left at policing board" — BBC News, November 22, 2009 "NIreland police shoot back at dissident IRA gunmen" — eTaiwan, November 22, 2009 "Belfast police targeted in ambush, botched bombing" — ABC News, November 22, 2009
N of natural numbers {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} {\mbox{ of natural numbers}}} D is the open disc domain {\displaystyle \mathbb {D} {\mbox{ is the open disc domain}}} b is the open domain nature boundary {\displaystyle \mathbb {b} {\mbox{ is the open domain nature boundary}}} C ± is the complex half-plane {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{\pm }{\mbox{ is the complex half-plane}}} m e g a is a root of unity {\displaystyle mega{\mbox{ is a root of unity}}} ∇ is the gradient {\displaystyle \nabla {\mbox{ is the gradient}}} Δ = ∇ ⋅ ∇ is the Laplace operator {\displaystyle \Delta =\nabla \cdot \nabla {\mbox{ is the Laplace operator}}} Λ is Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator {\displaystyle \Lambda {\mbox{ is Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator}}} D x is a diagonal matrix w/the vector x on the diagonal ( D x 1 = x ) {\displaystyle D_{x}{\mbox{ is a diagonal matrix w/the vector }}x{\mbox{ on the diagonal }}(D_{x}1=x)} D A is the diagonal matrix, coinciding on diagonal w/the matrix A {\displaystyle D_{A}{\mbox{ is the diagonal matrix, coinciding on diagonal w/the matrix }}A} y , λ is eigenvalue of operator/matrix {\displaystyle y,\lambda {\mbox{ is eigenvalue of operator/matrix}}} m a ( A ) is spectrum of matrix A , zeros of characteristic polynomial {\displaystyle ma(A){\mbox{ is spectrum of matrix }}A,{\mbox{ zeros of characteristic polynomial }}} ρ ( A ) is the characteristic polynomial of matrix A {\displaystyle \rho (A){\mbox{ is the characteristic polynomial of matrix }}A} τ is the Cayley transform {\displaystyle \tau {\mbox{ is the Cayley transform}}} e g a is a continuous domain {\displaystyle ega{\mbox{ is a continuous domain}}} G / G ∗ is graph or network and its dual {\displaystyle G/G^{*}{\mbox{ is graph or network and its dual}}} V G is the set of vertices of a graph {\displaystyle V_{G}{\mbox{ is the set of vertices of a graph}}} E G is the set of edges of a graph {\displaystyle E_{G}{\mbox{ is the set of edges of a graph}}} M G is the medial graph of an embedded graph G {\displaystyle M_{G}{\mbox{ is the medial graph of an embedded graph }}G} c is conductivity {\displaystyle c{\mbox{ is conductivity}}}
Mewar or Mewad is a region in the south-central part of Rajasthan state of India. It includes the present-day districts of Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Pirawa Tehsil of Jhalawar District of Rajasthan, Neemuch and Mandsaur of Madhya Pradesh and some parts of Gujarat. For centuries, the region was ruled by Rajputs. The princely state of Udaipur emerged as an administrative unit during the period of British East India Company governance in India and remained until the end of the British Raj era. Temples were desecrated, palaces and 'havelis' denuded of their wealth and works of art, vandalised. hardly anything survived the holocaust in the fort, except the undying spirit of Mewar that left an indelible message behind-'I will be back'. Padmini perished in the flames of jahuar, but left a legacy that still lingers in our consciousness. In fact, it is the likes of her who have enabled us to survive the slavery of a thousand years with almost every thing intact - our 'Vedas' and values, our festivals and fairs, our 'Ragas' and rituals, our arts and culture and above all, our pride in the past. B.K. Karkra, Rani Padmini, The Heroine of Chittor. (2009) Rupa. In June 1576 Maharana Pratap of Chittor had to face Akbar’s armies in the famous battle of Haldighati. Rana Pratap fought with exemplary courage and of his soldiers only a little more than half could leave the field alive. In the darkness of the evening, the wounded Rana left the field on his favourite horse Chetak. A little later, in October, Akbar himself marched in person in pursuit of the Rana, but the latter remained untraced and unsubdued. Later on he recovered all Mewar except Mandalgarh and Chittor. His nearest associates, the Bhil and Lohia tribals, had taken a vow that until their motherland was not freed, they would not eat in metal plates, but only on leaves; they would not sleep on bedsteads, but only on the ground; and they would renounce all comforts. The bravest among them even left Chittor, to return to it only when Mewar had regained independence. That day was not destined to come in their life-time. It was not to come for decades, for generations, for centuries. “In Rajab AH 836 (AD February-March, 1433) Sultãn Ahmad mounted an expedition for the conquest of MewãR and Nãgaur. When he reached the town of Nãgaur, he sent out armies for the destruction of towns and villages and levelled with the ground whatever temple was found at whichever place... Having laid waste the land of Kîlwãrã, the Sultãn entered the land of Dîlwãrã, and he ruined the lofty palaces of RãNã Mokal and destroyed the temples and idols...” Tabqãt-i-Akharî. Nizamuddin Ahmad. Sultãn Ahmad Shãh I of Gujarat (AD 1411-1443) Mewar (Rajasthan) Balban, when he was Ulugh Khan Khan-i-Azam, once brought to Delhi (in about 1260) two hundred fifty 'Hindu leading men and men of position” from Mewar and Siwalik, bound and shackled and chained. During the expedition he had proclaimed that a royal soldier would be rewarded with two silver tankahs if he captured a person alive and one tankah if he brought the head of a dead one. They brought to his presence 300 to 400 living and dead everyday. The reigning Sultan Nasiruddin ordered the death of the leading men. The others accompanying them were shaken to the bones and completely tamed. Chapter 5 2 August 1680: ‘Temple of Someshwar in western Mewar ordered to be destroyed.’ Aurangzeb. Akhbarat. Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, Volume III, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1972 reprint, pp. 185–89., quoted from Shourie, Arun (2014). All this reads like a fairy tale, but it is history. And the history of Mewar has a moral to teach : the spirit of man is unbending, unconquerable. Quoted in Lal, K. S. (2001). (II.199) The Rajput War of 1679-80 was accompanied by the destruction of 175 temples in Mewar alone, including the famous one of Someshwar and three grand ones at Udaipur. ‘Anecdotes of Aurangzib and Historical Essays’ by Jadunath Sarkar Babur Wikipedia has an article about: Mewar
Abstract here... A healthy 28 year old woman experiences a ‘pop’ sound in the ring finger of her right hand on a rock climbing adventure. She is a highly experienced climber who reports no previous serious finger injuries. She ceases climbing immediately and seeks treatment on the same day. An MRI shows that she has a complete rupture of the finger flexor annular pulley A2. The treating doctor classifies the injury as Grade 3, and refers her to an orthotist for a thermoplastic splint. The patient aims to be able to return to rock climbing in time for a competition in two months. The phalanges of the hand are capable of many precision and strength grips. For rock climbers the ability to use the hands to grip small ledges and nooks is essential and can require them to adopt unusual grip positions. One of the most common injuries for rock climbers is a rupture or tear to one or more of the annular pulleys of the fingers (V. Schöffl, Hochholzer, Winkelmann, & Strecker, 2003). Repair of these injuries can be either surgical or conservative and depends upon what pulley is damaged and the degree of damage. Little evidence is available regarding the recommended orthotic management for this condition; however the epidemiological data, role of the annular pulleys in finger flexion and mechanism of injury are well documented. The occurrence of injuries to the annular pulleys of the fingers was first documented in the 1980’s and the first substantial piece of research was published in the early 90’s, in accordance with an increase in the popularity of the rock climbing sport (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). A prospective study over four years from 1998 in Germany found that 40% of rock climbers with upper limb injuries had damaged their fingers, and half of these were ruptures or strains to the annular pulleys, making annular pulley injuries the most common upper limb grievance for rock climbers (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). A retrospective study of South African rock climbers in 1994 showed similar figures, with 44.3% of all rock climbing injuries -including trunk and lower extremities -being isolated to the hand (Holtzhausen & Noakes, 1996). A more recent study of rock climbers in the United Kingdom found 35% of upper limb injuries were to the fingers (Jones, Asghar, & Llewellyn, 2008), suggesting that the epidemiology of rock climbing injuries is similar in various geographical locations. Studies on the occurrence of pulley injuries in non-climbers have found their subjects in bowlers, professional baseball pitchers and people lifting heavy objects (Lourie, Hamby, Raasch, Chandler, & Porter, 2011; Patel, Schucany, Toye, & Ortinau, 2012; V. Schöffl et al., 2003). The individual phalanges of the hand have the capability of flexing at three joints: the metacarpal-phalangeal, the proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) and the distal inter-phalangeal (DIP). A number of muscles are involved in this process, but in order to prevent them from bowstringing a digital flexor sheath is needed. It is comprised of two constituents- a membranous component and a pulley component, of which the pulley component is relevant to the rock climbing injury being investigated. The pulleys are composed of fibrous tissues which wrap around the flexor tendons, with the membranous component of the sheath being visible between the pulleys (Doyle, 2001). There are five annular pulleys and three cruciform pulleys, numbered from proximal to distal. The annular pulley A2 is positioned between the metacarpal-phalangeal joint and the PIP joint. The role of the annular pulleys is to prevent bowstringing and allow for force transferral (Schoffl, Einwag, Strecker, & Schoffl, 2006). Approximation of the Five Annular Pulleys and Three Cruciate Pulleys of the Fingers. Based upon the research by Doyle (2001). Image: Rebecca Kelly 2014. The mechanism of injury has been well investigated in rock climbers. The crimp grip is one of two common grips used by rock climbers, usually when contact between the fingers and a small ledge or rock needs to be at its closest (Marco, Sharkey, Smith, & Zissimos, 1998). The grip involves the DIP joint being hyper-extended and the PIP joint being flexed to 90-100° (Crowley, 2012; Marco et al., 1998). It allows for the maximum amount of power to be generated by flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and for maximum force transferral over the A4 and A2 pulleys (Crowley, 2012; Holtzhausen & Noakes, 1996). There is some disagreement regarding the maximum possible load upon an A2 before pulley rupture occurs when using the crimp grip. It has been calculated at 375N (Tang, 1994) to an estimation as high as 450N based upon a case study (Bollen, 1990). A more recent study suggested a figure of 400N, but conceded that the maximum force could be higher in experienced rock climbers (Schweizer, 2001). An annular pulley injury typically occurs when a climber is in the crimp position and experiences a sudden loss of footing (Bollen, 1990) or when performing a difficult move (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). Eccentrically loading the annular pulleys is also associated with a higher rate of injury (I. Schöffl et al., 2009). This is due to the friction created between the FDP tendon and the pulley. However, the friction also increases the holding ability of the flexor muscles, so it can be an advantage to the climbers (I. Schöffl et al., 2009). Saggital plane view of the crimp grip commonly used in rock climbing. Image: Rebecca Kelly 2014. Superior view of the crimp grip. Image: Rebecca Kelly 2014. Coronal plane view of the crimp grip. Image: Rebecca Kelly 2014. The diagnosis of annular pulley injuries is recommended to be carried out using an MRI or CT scan, or possibly an ultrasound (Kubiak, Klugman, & Bosco, 2006) though some research argues that ultrasonography is also highly reliable (Klauser et al., 2002). Once the injured pulley has been identified it can be classified based on its severity into four categories (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). The type of injury- strain or rupture- and its pulley number allow it to be defined as grade 1-4. For instance, a complete rupture of A2 is classified as Grade 3, but a partial rupture of A2 is Grade 2 (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). Table: Grading System and Treatment Options. Table adapted from Schloff et al (2003). Often at the onset of injury, an audible ‘pop’ is heard, notifying the climber that something is wrong with their finger (Holtzhausen & Noakes, 1996; Kubiak et al., 2006; V. Schöffl et al., 2003). It is recommended that they cease climbing immediately and seek treatment from a health professional, commonly a doctor or physiotherapist (Jones et al., 2008). A pulley injury that is not severe enough to be categorized as Grade 4 and operated upon is therefore best treated by conservative methods. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilisation and elevation is recommended for acute injuries (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). After the removal of the immediate immobilization device, functional therapy should begin. When climbing, taping is recommended for the next 3-6 months as it can take this long for strength to return to normal in the pulley (V. Schöffl et al., 2003; Schoffl et al., 2006). A H type configuration of taping is the most effective as it decreases the tendon-bone distance (I. Schöffl, Einwag, Strecker, Hennig, & Schöffl, 2007). Conservative management of annular pulley ruptures is recommended for grades 1-3, with buddy taping for 0-10 days for grades 1 and 2, and a soft cast ring or palmar thermoplastic splint for 14 days for grade 3 (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). The splint should be removed after 10-14 days so as to avoid the possibility of a flexion contracture developing. There is little evidence regarding the efficacy of various splint designs for the immobilization of the digit and it appears that the design of the thermoplastic splint is at the discretion of the treating health professional. The splint does need to completely immobilize the joint, and biomechanical research has suggested that a three or four-point force system is effective. The hand is best positioned with slight flexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal and PIP joints (Holtzhausen & Noakes, 1996). The use of finger rings to prevent flexion/ extension is an alternative to the thermoplastic splint. Commonly found as pre-fabricated devices, the metal structure applies a three point force system to the finger that can be manipulated by the clinician using pliers. A metal ring specifically for A2 pulley injuries has been designed and is sold commercially. It works to prevent bowstringing of the flexor tendon and is also available in a hinged version for swollen or large PIP joints (SIRIS Ring Splints, 2014). This device would be useful when clinical bowstringing is an issue, but it does not immobilise the pulley for repair. No pre-fabricated device exists specifically to immobilise the A2 pulley, however a design similar to that used for PIP joint injuries would be sufficient, as it prevents flexion (Trulife, 2014, p. 26). A Force Analysis of a Metal Finger Ring Orthosis for Preventing Flexion. L-R: Posterior Coronal, Saggital and Anterior Coronal. Design and Image: Rebecca Kelly 2014. There have been no clinical studies published that compare the effectiveness of finger rings to thermoplastic splints for the immobilisation of the finger. Provided that the device achieves the orthotic aim of immobilisation, it would be suitable for a patient. The ring design has the added bonus of great cosmesis, however it is assumed that most doctors/physiotherapists or orthotists do not keep a prefabricated pulley ring or flexion prevention ring in stock and so would have to order one in for their patient. This of course would take delivery time and as the aim is to immobilise the joint immediately, a custom-made thermoplastic splint may be a faster and easier solution. Aside from this argument of convenience, there is no other supporting information for choosing one device over the other. There is however, a large body of research that has determined when surgery is a better option than conservative management of these injuries. Surgical treatment is recommended for grade 4 annular pulley injuries where there is involvement of two or more pulleys or damage to the lumbricalis muscle or ligament (V. Schöffl et al., 2003). Surgical reconstruction for all open pulley injuries was recommended for a time but research on the strength of surgically repaired versus conservatively managed injuries suggested no long term differences, except for grade 4 injuries (Schoffl et al., 2006). There is no current evidence on the outcomes for operative vs. non-operative measures (Kubiak et al., 2006), however one study on outcome measures found that five patients with grade four injuries who were treated conservatively regained full strength in their finger (Schoffl et al., 2006), suggesting that operative methods for grade four injuries are not always necessary. It is concluded that pulley injuries of grades 1-3 should be managed conservatively, unless there is a persistent strength deficit, and grade 4 injuries should be evaluated for surgical reconstruction (Schoffl et al., 2006). Although injuries to the annular pulleys of the fingers are isolated to a very specific population, the impact of this injury upon a patient’s ability to undertake the sport they enjoy is detrimental to their wellbeing. Research into the epidemiology, role of the pulleys, mechanisms of injury, proposed grading systems and surgical methods for repair have provided useful information for climbers and clinicians. However, the absence of information on the efficacy of orthotic splints for immobilisation highlights a lack of evidence in the non-surgical treatment stream. A common splint design should be readily available for health professionals to access if they need to immobilise an annular pulley injury. Bollen, S. R. (1990). Injury to the A2 pulley in rock climbers. J Hand Surg Br., 15(2), 268-270. Crowley, T. P. (2012). The flexor tendon pulley system and rock climbing. J Hand Microsurg, 4(1), 25-29. doi: 10.1007/s12593-012-0061-3 Doyle, J. R. (2001). Palmar and digital flexor tendon pulleys. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 383(383), 84-96. doi: 10.1097/00003086-200102000-00011 Holtzhausen, L.-M., & Noakes, T. D. (1996). Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Injuries Among Sport Rock Climbers. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 6(3), 196-203. doi: 10.1097/00042752-199607000-00010 Jones, G., Asghar, A., & Llewellyn, D. J. (2008). The epidemiology of rock-climbing injuries. British journal of sports medicine, 42(9), 773-778. Retrieved from http://0-bjsm.bmj.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/content/42/9/773 Klauser, A., Frauscher, F., Bodner, G., Halpern, E. J., Schocke, M. F., Springer, P., & Zur Nedden, D. (2002). Finger pulley injuries in extreme rock climbers: depiction with dynamic US. Radiology, 222(3), 755-761. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2223010752 Kubiak, E. N., Klugman, J. A., & Bosco, J. A. (2006). Hand Injuries in Rock Climbers. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 64(3/4), 172-177. Retrieved from http://0-web.b.ebscohost.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/ehost/detail?sid=35cc43ec-6c06-4934-99f0-04a2da8b56b3%40sessionmgr198&vid=1&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=23714976 Lourie, G. M., Hamby, Z., Raasch, W. G., Chandler, J. B., & Porter, J. L. (2011). Annular flexor pulley injuries in professional baseball pitchers: a case series. Am J Sports Med, 39(2), 421-424. doi: 10.1177/0363546510387506 Marco, R. A. W., Sharkey, N. A., Smith, T. S., & Zissimos, A. G. (1998). Pathomechanics of closed rupture of the flexor tendon pulleys in rock climbers. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 80(7), 1012-1019. Retrieved from http://0-search.proquest.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/docview/205083595 Patel, P., Schucany, W. G., Toye, L., & Ortinau, E. (2012). Flexor tendon pulley injury in a bowler. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 25(3), 282-284. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377301/?tool=pmcentrez&report=abstract Schöffl, I., Einwag, F., Strecker, W., Hennig, F., & Schöffl, V. (2007). Impact of Taping After Finger Flexor Tendon Pulley Ruptures in Rock Climbers. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 23(1), 52-62. Retrieved from http://0-web.b.ebscohost.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/ehost/detail?sid=9864ac15-67a6-422d-858a-7fcbc15992e2%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=23758809 Schöffl, I., Oppelt, K., Jüngert, J., Schweizer, A., Bayer, T., Neuhuber, W., & Schöffl, V. (2009). The influence of concentric and eccentric loading on the finger pulley system. Journal of Biomechanics, 42(13), 2124-2128. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.05.033 Schöffl, V., Hochholzer, T., Winkelmann, H. P., & Strecker, W. (2003). Pulley Injuries in Rock Climbers. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 14(2), 94-100. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2003)014[0094:PIIRC]2.0.CO;2 Schoffl, V. R., Einwag, F., Strecker, W., & Schoffl, I. (2006). Strength measurement and clinical outcome after pulley ruptures in climbers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38(4), 637-643. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210199.87328.6a Schweizer, A. (2001). Biomechanical properties of the crimp grip position in rock climbers. Journal of Biomechanics, 34(2), 217-223. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00184-6 SIRIS Ring Splints (2014). SIRIS Pulley Ring. Retrieved from http://www.silverringsplint.com/our-splints/siris-pulley-ring/ Tang, J. B. (1994). Flexor Tendon Repair in Zone 2C. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European Volume), 19(1), 72-75. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681(94)90054-x Trulife (2014). UK Orthopaedic Catalgoue. Retrieved from http://trulife.com/Brochures/uk-orthopaedic-catalogue.pdf Databases searched: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Search Terms used: - Annular pulley, pulley, A2, rupture of pulley, flexor tendon - Finger orthos, splint, thermoplastic splint, immoboli? , phalang*, finger, hand - Repair, surgery, treatment The functional aim of this device is to immobolise the annular pulley A2, by restricting movement at the MCP and PIP joints. Complete immobolisation should allow the ruptured pulley to begin healing (Schloff, 2006). The device, however, should not impede movement of the wrist, thumb or DIP joint of the affected finger. The use of a device may also immobolise the next digit (in this case the 5th) to provide stability, but again the DIP joint of this adjacent finger should be free to move. If the patient cannot actively flex or extend their MCP or PIP joints, then the functional aims have been achieved. The POP cast was a replica of the LTT device design. There is no current clinical research suggesting that a high-temp thermoplastic long-term device would be necessary for a pulley rupture, hence why the POP cast was the same as the LTT device. As such, the POP cast’s functional aims are the same as those for the LTT orthosis; to immobolise the pulley The design: a small hand orthosis that covers the 4th and 5th phalanges over the PIPJ and MCPJ. The design is similar to that of a boxer’s fracture splint but incorporating the height difference between the 4th and 5th is optional (may just be a straight line instead of a step) and without the severe flexion at the MCPJs. Coverage on the dorsal and volar aspects is simply to provide stability for the device. Design of the UL device for a ruptured annular pulley A2 in the 4th digit. Force Systems: This device uses a 3 point force system. The correcting force is at the dorsal aspect of the MCPJ of the 4th digit. The other forces are located on the palmar aspect with one above the PIPJ but below the DIPJ and the other just inferior to the MCPJ. Posterior Coronal view. Note the location of F3 just superior to the MCPJ. Anterior Coronal view. Note the location of F1 and F2. Saggital view. Note the location of F1 and F2. In order to replicate this LTT Hand Orthoses, we recommend that you follow these steps. 1.Prepare the design and draw an outline of your patient’s hand on a piece of paper/chux/paper towel. 2.Copy the design onto the outline of your patient’s hand. Make allowances for smaller or larger hands. Try to be accurate, but its better to overestimate the amount of thermoplastic you will need than to underestimate. Step 1 Step 4 3.Cut out the design as it fits to your patient’s hand. Wrap your paper design around your patient to check that there’s enough material. 4.Cut out the design from the thermoplastic using shears. Try to be conservative with the thermoplastic as its an expensive material. 5.Position your client. For this injury, it is recommended that you rest the clients arm on a bed or bench. Put the fingers in extension at the DIP and PIP joints. Flex the fingers slightly at the metacarpalphalangeal joint. There is no specified angle for this, but we had about 10 degrees of flexion. 6.Heat the thermoplastic in an electric fry pan or other similar device. Usually about 30 seconds to a minute, then remove and dry on a towel. 7.Fold the edges of the device outward. Only do the edge of the big curve and superior palmar aspect that sits across the uninvolved fingers. Step 7 8.Reheat the thermoplastic until its mouldable. Dry and take to the patient. 9.Check with the patient that the thermoplastic isn’t too hot. Then gently drape the material over the hand. Do not try to force the material to shape. Instead let it conform to the hand as you smooth it out and correct any problem areas. 10.When you’re happy with the positioning, mark the trimlines on the device. Most likely, you will need to shorten the dorsal aspect of the immobolised two fingers in order to allow movement at the DIP joints. If you like you can have the height of the material of the 5th shorter than the 4th to account for the difference in length of the fingers. For stability purposes, we kept the height the same across both joints, meaning the 5th had slightly less movement than the 4th. Step 10 Step 10 11.Take the device off the patient once it has begun to set. Cut the trimlines and refit to patient. Step 13 Step 13 12.Make any adjustments necessary. You can use a heat gun or the electric frypan to heat up certain parts of the device to make changes. 13.When you’re satisfied with the trimlines, roll the edges along the superior trimline of the fingers and then at the wrist and around the thumb. Step 14 Step 14 14.Using a heat gun, affix three straps to the device. At the fingers, one wide strap or two very small straps can be permanently affixed to one side. Ensure that the Velcro does not cause rubbing or chafing at the webbing between fingers. Step 15 Step 16 15.Attach a strap at each of the rounded ends across the posterior of the hand. 16.Fit device to the patient and ensure straps are tight but comfortable. The patient is a 28-year-old female who injured her hand during a rock climbing exercise. The patient has no previous history of hand or wrist injuries. Upon presentation to the clinic, the patient’s right hand had a swollen ring finger between the MCPJ and PIPJ. The patient reported a constant pain level of 2/10 but during grip that increased to 5/10. When the incident occurred two days prior, the patient immediately ceased climbing after hearing a ‘pop’ sound and proceeded to ice their hand. Palpation of the injured finger revealed no loss of bone integrity. No bowstringing was visible. Flexing of the finger at both the MCPJ and PIPJ caused discomfort. The referring doctor had already ordered MRI’s and they revealed damage to the Finger Flexor Annular Pulley A2. The doctor rated this injury Grade 3 and recommended orthotic intervention.The patient stated that they wished to recommence competitive rock climbing within 8 weeks. The referring doctor requested an immobolisation device be worn for 14 days. Due to the unusual nature of this injury, our clinic had no pre-fabricated A2 rings in stock. In order to immobolise the finger as soon as possible, a custom-made device was prescribed. The aim of the device was to immobolise the finger between the MCPJ and PIPJ and low temperature thermoplastic was used. The custom made hand spica fits the orthotic prescription but allows some slight movement of the ring finger in the device. This was due to the trimlines being too low anteriorly and also because the Velcro strap, although adjustable, doesn’t provide complete surface coverage. The patient reported issues with the strap chafing, hence why it was made smaller and taken further away from the finger webbing. This device was modelled on the more common boxer’s splint but incorporated elements of a number of different hand orthoses. If this device was to be made again, a better option may be to incorporate the 3rd digit instead of the 5th but this may be too restricting to overall hand movement. Another alternative may be to apply the thermoplastic with the fingers in full extension at the MCPJ rather than slight flexion. However, again the slight flexion allowed a more functional hand position and this would be sacrificed if full extension was enforced. Red circle highlights the low anterior trimline at the PIPJ. Red circle highlights the finger strap. It doesn't have complete surface coverage because of issues with chafing, as reported by the patient. The vertical anterior trim line at the 4th digit does not have enough material, which also contributes to the problem of immobolisation being inadequate. When making the device, there was a fine line between having enough coverage and not causing chafing on the middle finger. This device also limits some movement at the thumb joint, which was not a part of the prescription. Rolling the thermoplastic back more, or cutting a larger curve may have prevented this. Red circle highlights the vertical anterior trimline, before straps were added. It shows that the trimline is just slightly not wide enough for the fingers. Red circle highlights the restrictive thumb area. The technical work on this hand spica is acceptable. It is finished off well and although the anterio-inferior wrist trim line looks unusual it allows functional movement of this wrist. There are some visible trimlines and marks on this device. The straps are well placed. Red circle highights the anterio-inferior wrist trimline that allows functional movement of the wrist. Red circle highlights the faintly visible drawn trimlines. The patient states that this device is comfortable and practical. In order to solve the issue of the slight immobolisation, the patient and I agreed that they would buddy tape their fingers over the device, as it is only to be worn for two weeks. The device provides a rigid material for the buddy tape to be applied over, allowing complete immobolisation. The device also provides a reminder to the patient that they need to mindful of using their fingers. A few outcome measures were tested with this patient. A DASH score of 23 was found whilst the patient was wearing the device. This isn’t a great measure of the capabilities of the device as it is designed to immobolise the fingers. Manual muscle testing of the finger flexor once the device has been removed may be a good indication of the recovery of the flexor pulley. The best outcome measure, however, will be the patient’s own observation of strength once they return to climbing in 6 weeks’ time. A number of outcome measures were tested with this patient. They included a DASH assessment, an Upper Extremity Functional Index, ROM testing and Muscle Grading. ROM testing- The ROM of two joints of the injured finger were tested. These were the CMC and PIP joints. Both of these joints showed a full range of flexion and extension but caused some pain, meaning that the injury has only altered the strength of the muscles, not the ROM. Muscle Grading- The finger flexor muscle was graded on a scale of 0-5 and received a score of 4, where it could be moved against gravity and some resistance. However, the more resistance was applied the greater the pain level. DASH (Hudak, Amadio, & Bombardier, 1996)- The patient scored 23 on this assessment. The DASH is interpreted by considering the score as a number out of 100, where higher numbers equal greater disability. A score of 23, therefore, indicated only mild interference in daily life, which is consistent with the patient’s subjective opinion about the injury. The Upper Extremity Functional Index (Stratford, 2001)- asks a number of questions related to daily activities, and is very similar to the DASH test. Performing both of these is probably unnecessary, but for the sake of being thorough the patient was asked to complete both. The patient scored 60/80 on the UEFI. In the opposite way to the DASH, lower scores on the UEFI indicate more severe disability. This outcome measure also suggests, like the DASH, that this patient is not significantly disabled by this injury. There are a number of basic outcome measures that can be performed with patients but in the case of this patient, they don’t really tell us a whole lot. This patient’s main deficit is sport-related, so apart from a small section of the DASH that considers the impact on sport, this is not really addressed in these outcome measures. Because the patient scored quite well on both the DASH and UEFI there is not a lot of improvement to be made. This doesn’t mean the injury isn’t significant in some aspect of the patient’s life, in this case sport and recreational activities. These outcome measures weren’t really helpful in determining the improvement for this patient. All tests would be performed in 6 weeks’ time after the patient has completed their physiotherapy rehabilitation, and the scores would be expected to be normal. If they weren’t, then this may indicate a persistent strength deficit of the finger flexor and surgery may need to be considered. The best measurement of success for this patient, however, is going to be the patient’s own subjective opinion of the strength of their finger when they begin rock climbing again. To John Young, I am referring to you a 28 y.o female patient who presented to our clinic 1/52 after injuring her finger whilst rock climbing. The patient is an experienced and competitive rock climber. The patient was assessed at Barnes St Health Clinic by Dr. Herbert Spence, who referred the patient to our clinic for further assessment. Dr. Spence diagnosed a rupture of the Finger Flexor Annular Pulley A2 on the client’s right hand ring finger. The Dr. requested an immobilisation device be worn for 14 days. On presentation to our clinic, the patient’s finger was observed. It was swollen and hot, but had no evidence of bowstringing. The patient was experiencing only minimal pain that increased during a grip test. The patient had full ROM at the CMC and PIP joints and had a finger flexor muscle grade of 5. As this is an unusual injury, no pre-fabricated immobilisation devices were readily available at our clinic. As such, I custom-designed and moulded a Low Temperature Thermoplastic hand orthosis. The device encompasses the ring finger and the 5th digit, but did not adequately immobilise the ring finger over the PIP joint. The patient has been buddy taping their fingers over the top of the thermoplastic device to add extra support. This patient’s goal is to return to competitive rock climbing in 8/52. The immobilisation device has been worn for 5 days at the time of referral. It needs to stay on for another 9 days, at which time I would like the patient to visit you. The patient will need to slowly begin using their finger again, but as the injury is still healing this will need to be done in stages, so as not to re injure the finger. In order to regain full strength, I believe it is in the patient’s best interest to work with you to incorporate exercises and tasks that mimic the rock climbing environment. I trust that you know the best rehabilitation methods. If this patient notices a persistent strength deficit in their finger, might I suggest you refer back to Dr. Spence as surgery may be necessary. If you have any questions or queries regarding this patient or the current orthotic management, please don’t hesitate to contact me.
Saturday, November 21, 2009 Science and technology Related articles According to recent study, deaths in India number roughly 4 million during COVID-19 pandemic Ransomware attack hits over 200 US companies, forces Swedish grocery chain to close Wikinews discusses DRM and DMCA with Richard Stallman after GitHub re-enables public access to youtube-dl NASA's helicopter Ingenuity survives its first night at Mars 'Earth-based life can survive in hydrogen-rich atmospheres': MIT professor Dr Seager tells Wikinews about her research on organisms thriving in oxygen-less environment Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article The Large Hadron Collider, a vast scientific experiment to smash together sub-atomic particles, moved a step closer to its goal on Friday night. Physicists announced they had sent protons all the way round the 27 km ring beneath the France–Switzerland border, for the first time since a major failure 14 months ago. The experiment, the largest of its kind in the world, was first switched on with great fanfare in September 2008, but suffered an electrical fault just nine days later. This caused a leak of ultra-cold liquid helium, resulting in severe damage. Repairs have cost approximately £24 million, on top of the £6 billion spent originally. Particles were injected into the ring at around 1500 GMT on Friday, and just after 1930 GMT the first completed circuit was confirmed. Further testing is planned for Saturday. "We've still got some way to go before physics can begin, but with this milestone we're well on the way," stated Rolf Heuer, director-general of CERN, the European research group running the collider. The Large Hadron Collider is designed to smash together particles at almost the speed of light, creating conditions similar to those only moments after the Big Bang. By studying these collisions, scientists hope to shed light on theories such as supersymmetry and the Higgs boson. The six physicists Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, Brout, and Englert who predicted this particle in 1964 were recently awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for this work. Barring further problems, the first collisions are scheduled to take place in January next year. Paul Rincon. "Re-start for 'Big Bang' machine" — BBC News Online, November 20, 2009 "CERN atom-smasher restarts after 14-month hiatus: official" — AFP, November 20, 2009 Ian Sample. "Scientists at Cern hold their breath as they prepare to fire up the LHC" — guardian.co.uk, November 18, 2009 "APS 2010 Sakurai Prize winners" — American Physical Society, November 20, 2009
Kingston is a city of 124,000 people (2016) in Eastern Ontario. It is on the north shore of Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence, halfway between Montréal and Toronto. Kingston is one of the most historic cities in Canada with many churches, old buildings, picturesque neighbourhoods, and 19th-century fortifications. The city provides venues for nightlife such as clubbing and pubbing, and provides weekend escapes for people living in the neighbouring cities of Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto. There are ample historic sites and museums to visit, and many lively summer events. Kingston is the home of two universities (Queen's University and Royal Military College) and one community college (St. Lawrence College). Along with tourism, these educational institutes and the students they attract provide much to the city's local economy. Kingston is also the home to a number of prisons. Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. The group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people (Hurons), who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) had settled along the north shore of Lake Ontario. Although the area around the south end of the Cataraqui River was often visited by Iroquois and other groups, Iroquois settlement at this location only began after the French established their outpost. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, and the area once occupied by the Iroquois (which includes Kingston) became occupied by the Mississaugas who had moved south from the Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe regions. Growing European exploration in the 17th century and the desire for the Europeans to establish a presence close to local Aboriginal occupants to control trade led to the founding of a French trading post and military fort at a site known as "Cataraqui" (generally pronounced "kah-tah-ROCK-way") in 1673. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui, and later Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement. Cataraqui was renamed Kingston after the British took possession of the fort and Loyalists began settling the region in the 1780s. In 1783, the British governor of the Province of Quebec established a settlement for displaced British colonists, or "Loyalists", who were fleeing north because of the American Revolutionary War. The British Crown entered into an agreement with the Mississaugas in October 1783 to purchase land east of the Bay of Quinte. During the War of 1812, Kingston (with a population of 2250) was a major military centre. It was the base for the Lake Ontario division of the Great Lakes British naval fleet, whose aim was to control Lake Ontario. Fort Henry was built on Point Henry in 1813. The present limestone citadel, constructed between 1832 and 1836, was intended to defend the Rideau Canal at the Lake Ontario end, the harbour and the naval dockyard. Kingston became an important port for commodities shipped along the lake from the west. Wheat, flour, meat, and potash were unloaded and stored at Kingston to await transfer to vessels that could navigate the risky St. Lawrence. Queen's University, originally Queen's College, one of the first liberal arts universities, first held classes in March 1842; established by the Presbyterian Church, it later became a national institution. The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) was founded in 1876. Kingston Penitentiary, Canada's first large federal penitentiary, was established in 1835 and operated until 2013. Several more prisons were established later in the greater Kingston area. Kingston was chosen as the first capital of the united Canadas and it served in that role from 1841 to 1844. The city was considered too small and lacking in amenities, however, and its location near the border made it vulnerable to American attack. Subsequently, Kingston's growth slowed considerably and its national importance declined. Kingston is fully accessible by road, air and water. There are no scheduled connections by bus, train or air to any point on the US side from Kingston, despite its proximity (50 km) to Interstate 81. However, ferry by car from the United States is possible by taking Horne's Ferry (May–October) from Cape Vincent, New York state to Wolfe Island (Ontario). By driving the short distance across Wolfe Island, you can get to downtown Kingston via the free Wolfe Island Ferry. Driving into the Kingston area is usually done on Highway 401, although this highway does not go downtown. Times from major cities are: Ottawa, 2 hours to the northeast via Ontario Highway 416 to 401 exit 721 Montreal, 3 hours to the east on Ontario Highway 401 (Québec Autoroute 20) Toronto, 3 hours to the west on Highway 401 Syracuse, 21⁄2 hours to the south on Interstate 81 The 401 is easily reachable from Interstate 81 (Watertown, Syracuse, Binghamton) at exit 661. Kingston may be reached in an hour or less from: Napanee and Belleville to the west on former Highway 2 or the 401 Prince Edward County to the southwest on Highway 33 (the Loyalist Parkway) Smiths Falls to the northeast on Highway 15 Sharbot Lake and the southern branch of the Trans-Canada Highway via former Highway 38 The Thousand Islands. A year-round ferry to Wolfe Island and a group of seasonal tour boats leave directly from downtown Kingston. Gananoque, Leeds and the 1000 Islands, Brockville to the east on former Highway 2 or the 401 44.26-76.5061111 Kingston Bus Terminal, 1175 John Counter Blvd, ☏ +1 613-547-4916. Daily 8:30AM-8PM. Megabus (Coach Canada) serves Toronto-Kingston-Montréal several times daily and has service from Pearson International Airport. A limited number of Toronto-Kingston-Ottawa runs (Thu-Sun only) terminate at OCTranspo's St. Laurent station. The bus station on John Counter Boulevard (a converted trucking company warehouse in an industrial park) is at the north side of town. Travellers can get downtown by taxi, or by local transit (a taxi and bus stand can be found on the bus station property, across from the Tim Horton's). By bus, the #2 Division Street travels to the downtown core every half-hour (every hour evenings and weekends); the routes serving the train station (#7, #16, #18) also all stop at the bus station. Equinox Bus. Bus service from Toronto, Gananoque, and Upper Canada Village. (updated Jul 2021) 44.257222-76.5369442 Kingston Train Station, 1800 John Counter Blvd, toll-free: +1 888-842-7245. M-F 5AM-11:30PM Sa 6AM-9:30PM Su 10AM-10:30PM. Kingston is served by train (Via Rail Canada). Travel times from nearby locations are: Ottawa: 2 hours, Dorval (Montréal-Trudeau), 21⁄2 hours, Montréal: 23⁄4 hours, Toronto: 21⁄4-23⁄4 hours. The station is on John Counter Boulevard at what was the western edge of town; a metered taxi to downtown runs about $15. By bus, the #18 Train Station Circuit meets most scheduled train arrivals leading downtown; the #16 Kingston Centre bus runs every half-hour (every hour evenings and weekends) to the Kingston Shopping Centre. The #7 bus to the Cataraqui mall, and the #4 local bus on Princess Street pass near, but does not enter, the station. A walk to either is possible but it's a rather hostile pedestrian environment on the way. 44.22-76.5933 Norman Rogers Municipal Airport (YGK IATA Kingston Airport), Front Rd at Len Birchall Way, ☏ +1 613-389-6404. At the western edge of Kingston near Lemoine Point conservation area. Nominally an international airport of entry with a 5000-foot runway, if you bring your own aircraft. There is no public transit, no restaurant, no airport hotel or other amenities in the immediate area; the on-site dining choices are a pair of vending machines. There is one car-hire agency and a taxi stand. All scheduled service was discontinued during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21, but a new carrier (Pascan) has proposed service to Dorval in early 2022. FlyGTA, which is primarily a charter operator, had proposed to restore limited scheduled service from Kingston to Toronto Islands at the end of Jan 2022. (updated Dec 2021) Pascan Aviation, toll-free: +1-888-885-8777 (reservations). Scheduled regional service to Montréal-Dorval YUL IATA two or three times daily, beginning Mar 2022. Flight takes 1h 5min one way, with onward connections available at Dorval to Air Canada and Air Transat. $120-270/pp one-way. (updated Jan 2022) Avis, ☏ +1 613-389-2228. Hire car desk in airport terminal. (updated Jan 2022) The closest major international airports are all two to three hours distant by road: Ottawa Uplands (YOW IATA, 175 km/110 mi) is closest by road. Montréal-Dorval (YUL IATA, 275 km) has an easy shuttlebus connection to VIA's passenger rail service. Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ IATA, 275 km) has direct scheduled bus (Megabus). It used to have connecting flights to Kingston; those were moved to Toronto Islands in 2020 and suspended completely in 2021. Syracuse NY USA (SYR IATA, 215 km/130 mi) has a seven-seat shuttle van (+1-800-731-6335), but at more than $200 (one way) its cost wipes out anything US travellers might have saved by flying domestic. Tiny Watertown International Airport (ART IATA), while closer, has the same cross-border transportation issues. The Rideau Canal goes from Kingston to Ottawa. Quite a few people travel it in pleasure craft. Kingston is also the starting point of the St Lawrence River and the eastern endpoint of the Great Lakes, a strategic position which has afforded it a key military vocation since 1673. Kingston has a number of marinas to accommodate boaters in boats of all sizes. These include 44.241-76.6011 George's Marine and Sport (Blue Woods Marina), 4000 Bath Road, Collins Bay, ☏ +1 613-634-1304. 44.239-76.6042 Collins Bay Marina, 1270 Coverdale Drive, ☏ +1 613-389-4455, toll-free: +1-888-748-5557. 44.229-76.483 Confederation Basin, 209 Ontario St (opposite City Hall), ☏ +1 613-542-2134. 44.236-76.484 Kingston Marina, 349 Wellington St, ☏ +1 613-549-7747, fax: +1 613-542-6515. 44.223-76.4875 Kingston Yacht Club, 1 Maitland St, ☏ +1 613-548-3052, fax: +1 613-548-8876. 44.219-76.5176 Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, 53 Yonge St, ☏ +1 613-544-4776. 44.264-76.3787 Treasure Island Marina, 1753 Highway #2, Barriefield, ☏ +1 613-548-1239. 44.232731-76.4784878 Wolfe Island Ferry, 295 Ontario Street (in downtown Kingston: Ontario and Barrack St.; on Wolfe Island, Marysville (Wolfe Island Village) dock in summer season, about Apr–Dec, and Dawson's Point dock, 4.8 km east of Marysville, in winter season, about Dec–Apr), ☏ +1 613-548-7227, toll-free: +1-800-268-4686. Daily 6AM-2AM, year-round. This free ferry makes the 20-minute crossing from downtown Kingston to one of two docks on Wolfe Island year-round. The 55-car ferry also takes pedestrians. Departs every hour or so in each direction. Check web site and call operator for large groups, or large vehicles. free. (updated May 2016) 44.135637-76.3541619 Hornes' Ferry, 2262 Highway 95, Wolfe Island (from Kingston ferry, turn right, go about 300 m, then turn left (south-east) on Ontario 95; this road is paved, and other parallel roads are gravel), ☏ +1 613-385-2402, +1 315-783-0638, [email protected]. seasonal, 1 May–15 October. Runs hourly from end of Ontario Highway 95 on Wolfe Island to downtown Cape Vincent, New York, about 10 minutes. Privately owned, established 1814. C$15/car one-way, C$2/passenger. (updated May 2016) The most interesting area in Kingston for out-of-town visitors is near the downtown core of the city, which includes Queen's University and the waterfront. As such, the best areas of the city are better seen on foot or by bicycle. Kingston Transit, ☏ +1 613-546-0000. Public transport is reliable and clean but runs at most once every 15 minutes or half hour. An express service with limited stops runs on three heavily-travelled routes. $3.25 one-way, kids 0-14 ride free. Taxi fares from the bus and train stations are approximately $10-15 depending on the number of passengers per car and luggage stowage. All cabs are licensed and metered; major operators include Amey's (☏ +1 613-546-1111) and Modern (☏ +1 613-546-2222). It is also possible to rent bicycles and sailboats in Kingston. (Additional providers are in Gananoque and the Thousand Islands.) 44.224-76.4851 Ahoy Rentals, 23 Ontario St, ☏ +1 613-549-4277. Downtown Kingston, sailing lessons ($95/2hrs) and bicycle rentals ($25/day). $40/day canoe/kayak $105/day sailboat. Various dive charters run from Kingston (or its suburbs) into the islands: Kingston Dive Charters, 4034 Bath Road, Collins Bay (behind the Royal Canadian Legion), ☏ +1 613-532-6548, +1 613-766-6184. Limestone Dive Centre, 61 Yonge Street, Portsmouth, ☏ +1 613-547-3483, toll-free: +1-800-286-3483. A total solar eclipse on Monday 8 April 2024 starts at 3:22PM local time and lasts three minutes. 44.231-76.4611 Fort Henry, 1 Fort Henry Drive at Highway 2, Barriefield (between CFB Kingston and the Royal Military College), ☏ +1 613-542-7388, toll-free: +1-800-437-2233, fax: +1 613-542-3054. Historical military structures. 1850s stone fortress with cannons defends access to the Rideau Canal from US attacks; the fort is guarded by Fort Henry Guard in British uniforms and regalia of the era. Live military drills. Additional cost for parking and sunset ceremony. Seasonal (May–September). Visit time: 3 hours max. $15/person. 44.242-76.4392 CFB Kingston, Highway 2, Barriefield (east of Highway 15), ☏ +1 613-541-4675 (museum). Modern military structures. Full of soldiers, including the Joint Signals Regiment (JSR), 21 Electronic Warfare Regiment, and their Military Communications and Electronics Museum (95 Craftsman Blvd. at Highway #2). (updated Dec 2020) 44.232-76.4683 Royal Military College, 13 General Crerar Cres, Barriefield (On waterfront, Hwy 2 east of Lasalle Causeway), ☏ +1 613-541-6000. Historical structures and wide avenues filled with soldiers and students. One of two universities in the region, RMC exists to train military officers. Visit time: 1 hour max. 44.223-76.5044 Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada, 35 Centre St, ☏ +1 613-545-8666, fax: +1 613-545-8721. May–Oct: 10AM-5PM. A finely-maintained Italianate villa with lush gardens which served briefly as the home of first Canadian prime minister Sir John A. Macdonald. House and grounds restored to the 1840s with guided tours by interpreters costumed in clothing of the era. (During the 2018 season, interpretive programming and guided tours of the heritage grounds and heirloom orchard will continue but the interior of the house will be closed for maintenance; there will be no admission fee.) A Parks Canada national historic site. Visit time: 1-2 hours. $4/person. 44.2347-76.47425 Cataraqui River and LaSalle Causeway Bridge. Water and steel. 1915 two-lane Strauss trunnion bascule lift bridge carries Highway 2 across the southern endpoint of the Rideau Canal waterway directly to the foot of downtown Kingston. Fine scenic view of the downtown when approaching from Fort Henry Hill. Visit time: 15 min max. 44.293-76.4426 Rideau Canal, ☏ +1 613-283-5170. Completed in 1851 as a defensive route bypassing the St Lawrence, the original stone locks and wooden gates are still manually operated by Parks Canada for small pleasure craft. Kingston Mills locks, the first four of a long series extending to Parliament Hill in Ottawa, are reachable by small watercraft or by car on Kingston Mills Road, which runs between Battersea Rd (401 exit 619/Montreal St) and Hwy 15 (401 exit 623). Visit time: 45 min max. 44.232-76.4847 Princess St and Downtown, ☏ +1 613-542-8677 (merchants association), fax: +1 613-542-0274. Commercial main street with historic buildings and small, local independent boutiques. Food and shopping within easy walking distance of Queen's University and downtown hotels. 44.231-76.498 St. Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral, 279 Johnson St, ☏ +1 613-546-5521, fax: +1 613-546-1947. Big, very tall Roman Catholic church in which the bells ring loudly. Visit time: 30 min max. 44.2292-76.4839 St. George's Anglican Cathedral, 270 King St. E., ☏ +1 613-548-4617, fax: +1 613-548-7466. Big, very elaborate old Protestant church of architectural and historical interest. Visit time: 30 min max. 44.222-76.4910 Murney Tower National Historic Site of Canada, King Street West at Barrie St, ☏ +1 613-544-9925. May-Sept: 10AM-5PM. One of four Martello towers constructed in 1846 to defend Kingston's waterfront. Bloomfield cannon, carronades and domestic artefacts adorn what is now a Kingston Historical Society museum. Visit time: 45 min. $5/person. 44.234-76.485611 Princess of Wales Own Regiment, 100 Montréal St. Sep-May: Tu Th 7PM-10PM; late May-early Sep: M-F 10AM-4PM, closed holidays. Active Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Forces (one battalion). The historic limestone armoury contains a small one-room military museum with weapons, equipment, insignia, uniforms, swords and medals from the 14th Battalion of Rifles (formed 16 Jan 1863) and from both world wars. Free/by donation.. (updated Jun 2018) 44.221-76.51312 Kingston Penitentiary, 560 King St. W.. One of Kingston's most famous institutions. One time home of notables such as Clifford Olsen and Paul Bernardo, people would kill (and have killed) to get in for well over a century. The Penitentiary Museum in the old warden's house (555 King W, ☏ +1 613-530-3122, May-Oct: daily 10AM-4PM; Nov-Apr: M-F 9AM-4PM, by donation) is open to visitors, as is the Olympic Harbour marina (adjacent to the jail) which served as home of the sailing events for the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. A guided tour of the jail is available seasonally (mid-June to end-Oct, $35/person); this is separate from the museum tour. Visit time: 2 years to life. If 'just visiting', allow a little over an hour to tour the museum and ninety minutes to tour the prison. 44.225-76.49513 Queen's University, University Ave at Union St, ☏ +1 613-533-6000. Another of Kingston's most famous institutions. Many limestone buildings with ivy and students. Queen's has two art galleries: the student-run Union Gallery in Stauffer Library, and the Agnes Etherington Art Centre. 44.228-76.49314 Beamish-Munro Hall, 45 Union St (at Division). For kids who are interested in how buildings are made, the Integrated Learning Centre, or Beamish-Munro Hall may be worth a visit. This building is the new centre of Applied Science (Engineering) at Queens. This 'live building' was designed to allow people to see how the building works and interact with it. 44.2273-76.49315 Miller Museum of Geology, Miller Hall, 36 Union St W., ☏ +1 613-533-6767. This is a fairly small museum, but is still interesting. Call ahead for tours. 44.2238-76.492216 Museum of Health Care at Kingston, 32 George St (Ann Baillie Building, Kingston General Hospital), ☏ +1 613-548-2419. A tiny museum with exhibits (and quite a lot of artefacts) related to the history of medicine. It co-sponsors a walking tour on the history of Kingston General Hospital for $5, but the museum is free (donations accepted). Usually not busy, since it's small and hard to find. Visit time: Two hours or less, including the tour. 44.2253-76.496417 Agnes Etherington Art Centre, 36 University Ave, ☏ +1 613-533-2190, [email protected]. Tu–F 10 AM–4:30PM, Sa Su 1–5 PM. (updated Jul 2020) 44.2242-76.484818 Marine Museum of the Great Lakes, 55 Ontario Street, ☏ +1 613-542-2261. History of shipping and shipbuilding on the Great Lakes, including the history of the Calvin Shipyard formerly on Garden Island. This museum reopened at the 1892 federal Kingston Dry Dock, a national historic site, in late 2021. (updated Nov 2021) 44.224-76.48419 Pump House Steam Museum, 23 Ontario St., ☏ +1 613-544-PUMP (7867). May-Aug: 10AM-5PM; Sep-Nov: noon-4PM. Steam-powered water pump house built with the latest in 1891 technology, restored 1973 by Frontenac Society of Model Engineers. Like other city-owned tourism and recreation venues (such as the Woodworking Museum, pools, arenas and the Grand Theatre box office) this museum is prone to being closed on statutory holidays. $5/person. 44.2963865-76.316274720 MacLachlan Woodworking Museum, 2993 Highway 2 East (Grass Creek Park), ☏ +1 613-542-0543. late May-early Sep: Tu-Su 10AM-5PM; closed Victoria Day and Labour Day. The most extensive, nationally significant collection of woodworking tools in Canada. This 1855 log house was relocated from Lanark County by a lumberyard owner who has since gone broke. 16 km (10 mi) east of downtown, free admission 5-8PM Thursday nights. $5.13+HST/person or $12.30+HST/family. (updated Aug 2017) 44.2761335-76.571686921 Original Hockey Hall of Fame, 1350 Gardiners Road, 2nd Floor (on the second floor of the Invista Centre), ☏ +1 613-507-1943, [email protected]. Th-Su noon-6PM. Founded 1943, the oldest sports hall of fame in Canada. The NHL withdrew support in 1958 in favour of a Toronto hockey museum. The collection of hockey memorabilia, which goes back to a square puck used in the first organized game in Kingston in 1886, is housed upstairs at a city-owned four-pad arena in a west-end suburb. By donation. (updated Aug 2017) 44.24-76.46222 Frontenac County Schools Museum, 414 Regent St, Barriefield, ☏ +1 613-544-9113. Summer: Tu-Sa 10AM-3PM, reduced hours off-season. History of education, back to the era of one-room schoolhouses. (updated May 2015) 44.23-76.48123 Kingston City Hall, 216 Ontario St (opposite Confederation Park), ☏ +1 613-546-4291. Designed by architect George Browne and completed in December 1844 to house the city government and marketplace. You can't fight City Hall, but guided tours of this national historic site are offered on weekdays from mid-May through Labour Day and on weekends during July and August. 44.23-76.4782 Kingston 1000 Islands Cruises, Brock & Ontario Streets (Confederation Park), ☏ +1 613-549-5544. May-Oct: 11AM-6:30PM. Three boats (Island Queen, Island Belle, Island Star) leave Kingston downstream on the St. Lawrence River to circle the Thousand Islands. A round-trip is 11⁄2, 2 or 3 hours; selected runs offer sunset cruises, dinner or dancing. $25-73/person. A K-Pass (issued for 1, 2 or 3 days, $78-162/adult, $48-120/child) bundles one of the Kingston 1000 Islands Cruises with Kingston Trolley Tours, Fort Henry, Bellevue House, the Pump House Steam Museum and Marine Museum of the Great Lakes, Murney Tower, the MacLachlan Woodworking Museum, a three-hour bicycle rental from Ahoy Rentals and admission to Morrisburg's Upper Canada Village. Additional tour options for the Thousand Islands are available in Gananoque (about 32 km east of Kingston). Visitors looking primarily to tour Boldt Castle (which is near Wellesley Island and Alexandria Bay on the US side) may be best served by tours departing from that area. There is also a river tour in Brockville. 44.2292-76.48063 Confederation Tour Trolley, 209 Ontario St (D/departs from Confederation Park, opposite City Hall), ☏ +1 613-548-4453, fax: +1 613-548-4743. 10AM-6PM (high season). Local tour bus operated May–October by Kingston's Chamber of Commerce, designed to resemble a locomotive car which departs from the former Kingston & Pembroke Railway inner station. Stops at Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Bellevue House, Fort Henry & Penitentiary Museum. $17/person. Haunted Walk of Kingston, 200 Ontario St, ☏ +1 613-549-6366, fax: +1 613-549-2704. 90-minute guided walking tours of Kingston (from Prince George Hotel), Fort Henry (from fort main gate) and Gananoque (from visitor centre, 10 King East, Gan) complete with ghost stories. The same company operates tours in Ottawa and Toronto. $13.75-15.75/person. 44.222-76.4934 Waterfront. Kingston has a lively waterfront that, depending on the day, may afford opportunities to partake. Richardson Beach extends the full length of the Queen's University campus, Kingston General Hospital and City Park, and sports two large, permanent sculptures: "Time" and "Pollution". 44.2321-76.48655 Grand Theatre, 218 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-530-2050. Built in 1901-02, and home of the Kingston Symphony since 1964,. The main theatre seats 776 people for live theatre and musical performances. 44.2316-76.48336 The Screening Room, 120 Princess St. (2nd floor), ☏ +1 613-542-6080. Independent downtown movie house with two screens showing a variety of art-house, foreign, alternative, and classic cinema. $9/person. Skating (in winter): operating dates are dependent on the weather. Market Square, behind City Hall, 216 Ontario St. The outdoor skating rink in Market Square is refrigerated, and the surface is conditioned by a Zamboni every couple of hours, so the surface is more regular than other outdoor rinks in the area. Hockey sticks are not allowed on this rink. 44.226-76.4897 City Park, Bagot St (just west of downtown). Although the surface isn't as regularly conditioned as Market Square, this the place to go if you want to play hockey, since hockey isn't allowed on the Market Square rink. 44.233-76.4998 Victoria Park, Brock St (west of downtown and north of Queen's University). Facilities similar to "City Park", including a rink with boards for hockey, and an open rink for skating amidst the trees. Water sports Kingston is considered to have some of the best freshwater sailing in the world, and hosted the sailing events for the 1976 Montreal Olympics. Wind-surfing and kite-boarding are also popular. Scuba diving: Kingston has among the most and best fresh water wrecks in the world. Improbable Escapes Inc., inside LaSalle Mews 303 Bagot Street, Suite 16B, ☏ +1 343-333-3463, [email protected]. (updated Jul 2020) 44.282-76.5049 Little Cataraqui Creek Conservation Area, North of Highway 401 and Division St, ☏ +1 613-546-4228. Hiking, canoeing or kayaking in summer; snowshoeing, cross country skiing, or skating on the pond in winter. Rentals and lessons. $5.50/person. 44.19-76.4410 Wolfe Island. A free hourly [ferry http://www.wolfeisland.com/ferry.php] from Kingston to Wolfe Island provides a scenic view of the Kingston waterfront. Cycling on Wolfe Island is much less hectic than in Kingston proper. George Pyke's Strawberry farm is a good destination (~25 km round trip from ferry) in late June, and can easily make for a day long trip. Contra dancing happens regularly throughout the year either at Wolfe Island Town Hall, or some Kingston location. 44.338-76.39211 Fruition Berry Farm, 3208 Hughes Rd (Hughes Road meets Highway 15 five miles north of the 401), ☏ +1 613-548-3378. June-Oct (weather and crop conditions permitting). Pick your own strawberries, raspberries, peas and beans. Fall corn maze and pumpkin patch. Picnic, nature walk, children's playground in a beautiful country setting. 44.505-76.55712 Frontenac Provincial Park, 1090 Salmon Lake Road, Sydenham, ☏ +1 613-376-3489. 30 minutes north by car, opportunities for walking and picnicking, fishing, canoeing, wildlife viewing, boating, swimming and cycling. Winter activities. 44.387-76.32513 Waddell Apples, 2645 Washburn Rd. (at Hwy 15), ☏ +1 613-546-1690. Orchard near Rideau Canal (Lower Brewers Mills), pick-your-own apples from August to October, pumpkins. On-site bakery with apple pie, cider, jam/jelly. Pick your own strawberries (usually around the Canada Day (July 1) weekend) and apples (late summer/fall) in season in Adolphustown and Prince Edward County, less than an hour to the west. The city hosts events in summer and fall such as the Jazz Festival and Blues Festival. Buskers' Rendezvous. Buskers from around the world take over the streets of Kingston for one weekend in early July. Downtown. Reelout Arts Project, ☏ +1 613-549-REEL (7335). Annual LGBT film festival, late January. Kingston also hosts an LGBT Pride parade in mid-June; "out/in kingston" has local gay event listings. Skeleton Park Arts Festival. Late June (summer solstice). A free, community-focused arts and music festival. 44.2307-76.48171 Cooke's Old World Shop, 61 Brock Street, ☏ +1 613-548-7721, toll-free: +1-800-576-5866, fax: +1 613-548-3449. A family-owned 1865 "old world" shop specialising in fine English and European sweets, sauces, preserves, and cheeses. Cooke's roasts their own coffee daily (approximately $9/pound) and prepares premium-quality gift baskets. 44.23-76.4812 Market Square, Market Street (behind City Hall). Apr-Nov: Tu Th Sa. Farmer's public market, busiest in summer. Founded 1801 as oldest continuously-operating market in Ontario. Fresh local produce, baked and preserved goods, local art and clothing. Buy your maple syrup here, since it will be much cheaper than at the tourist traps and you'll get to talk to the person who tapped it. An antique market is in this same location on Sundays during the summer. 44.2317-76.48453 Novel Idea, 156 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-546-9799. 9:30AM-9PM. One of the last local independent new book vendors, good selection of books about Kingston or by local authors, postcards, calendars. 44.2309649-76.48157864 Cornerstone Contemporaray Canadian Craft and Inuit Art, 255 Ontario St (on the corner of Princess St), ☏ +1 613-546-7967, [email protected]. M-F 10AM-8PM, Sa 10AM-6PM, Su 11AM-5PM. Nunavut native carvings, prints, wall hangings and dolls with government of Canada label of authenticity and card with the artist’s name and community. (updated Aug 2017) Kingston has among the most restaurants per capita of any city in Canada, with restaurants to fit anyone's budget. Golden Viet Thai, 304 Bagot St, ☏ +1 613-542-4258. Excellent and cheap Thai menu. Every entrée comes with a free dessert of tapioca pudding. It's an Asian version though so be prepared! Expect the dishes to have a slight Chinese influence, in line with the decorations. under $8. Golden Rooster Delicatessen, 111 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-542-5676. A very popular deli. They can be particularly busy during lunch time on weekdays, but take a number and get in line because it's worth the wait! They offer many Danish and Dutch options and have an extensive cheese and meat selection. Mekong, 394 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-5902. Excellent Vietnamese food, cheap and fast; particularly known for its avocado shakes. Wok In, 30 Montreal St, ☏ +1 613-549-5369. A tiny storefront serving excellent quality, well-priced Thai and Cambodian food. It is run by a husband and wife and is usually busy. The #1 is a favourite on the menu and a good bet to try. Saigon Delights, 272 Bagot St, ☏ +1 613-546-3690. Vietnamese restaurant with two locations (the other is on Division near Queen) known for its pho and bún. under $7. The Toucan/Kirkpatricks, 76 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-544-1966. A great Irish downtown pub. The upstairs portion in Kirkpatricks, downstairs is the Toucan. Nightly specials, live music on Mondays after 10PM, cold beer on tap. Try the nachos with layered cheese (1/2 price on Wednesdays), the wings, or the sweet potato fries. Cash or credit only, but they do have an ATM. Royal Angkor, 523 Princess Street, ☏ +1 613-544-9268. Fantastic Cambodian dishes, including various vegetarian options. The red curry chicken is a good starter dish if you've never had Cambodian food before. Peter's Place, 34 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-3465. M-F 7:30AM-7PM, Sa 7:30AM-3PM, Su 7:30AM-2PM. Breakfast, weekend brunch, coffee, burgers, fish and chips, soupes du jour, desserts. Small, crowded Greek/Mediterranean diner and takeaway. under $10. Morrison's Restaurant, 318 King St E, ☏ +1 613-542-9483. Daily 8AM–3PM. Longtime diner with a relaxed, retro vibe offering a classic menu of breakfast & lunch favourites. (updated Jul 2020) Stooley's Bar & Grill, 118 Division St, ☏ +1 613-547-4044. Daily noon–9PM. Serving Stooley’s famous signature fries the menu includes premium quality sandwiches, wraps and char-broiled burgers. (updated Jul 2020) Cambodiana, 161 Brock St (opposite Hotel Dieu Hospital), ☏ +1 613-531-0888. Used to be some of the best Thai/Cambodian food in Southern Ontario before the owners of this establishment sold it to other proprietors. To follow the original owner/chef and his food, go to Pat's Restaurant. Lone Star Café, 251 Ontario St, ☏ +1 613-548-8888, fax: +1 613-548-3765. Texas-style steakhouse on downtown waterfront. White Mountain Homemade Ice Cream, 176 Ontario St, ☏ +1 613-545-3474. Quality ice-cream that is a tad pricy, but truly is one of the best home made ice creams you will ever taste. The store provides a large variety of ice cream flavours that are served on store-made waffle cones. Avoid the "large" size cones as they are impossible to finish even halfway. Wooden Heads, 192 Ontario St, ☏ +1 613-549-1812. 11:30AM-midnight. Wooden Heads and Atomica specialize in pizzas made in wood fire brick ovens. The focus of these restaurants are more on the waitresses and less on the food, though the latter is not too bad at either place. Atomica, 71 Brock St, ☏ +1 613-530-2118. Ta-Ke Sushi, 120 Princess St (near Bagot), ☏ +1 613-544-1376. Well known locally for its Korean/Japanese food, one of best places for sushi in Kingston. Excellent lunch bento boxes and blue mountain maki, great atmosphere. Copper Penny, 240 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-4257. Cozy atmosphere, great for lunch (wraps, sandwiches, gourmet burgers) or dinner (pastas and pizzas). Known for its French onion soup, gigantic wraps, and homemade pesto. The service is always friendly. Go early as this restaurant does not take reservations. $10-13/person. Harper's Burger Bar, 93 Princess St (near Wellington), ☏ +1 613-507-3663. A licensed gourmet burger joint. The meat is sustainably raised and a number of veg options are also available. A selection of microbrews and off the beaten path wines are served, as are shakes and beer floats. $7-12/burger. Pat's Restaurant, 455 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-344-0450. M-F 11:30AM-9PM, Sa 12:30PM-9PM. Thai, Asian fusion. Proprietor established (then sold) Phnom Pehn, Wok-In and Cambodiana in the same city. $10-20. Dianne's Fish Shack & Smokehouse, 195 Ontario St, 2Y7, ☏ +1 613-507-3474, [email protected]. 11:30AM - 9PM. An upbeat restaurant featuring Mexican-inspired seafood & BBQ fare, plus a full bar with margaritas. (updated Jul 2020) Toast & Jam, 1530 Bath Rd, ☏ +1 613-766-3423. 7:30AM-3PM. This relaxed contemporary cafe makes full use of the fresh baked goods from its own bakery. (updated Jul 2020) The Works Gourmet Burger Bistro, 298 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-547-6000. 11AM-10PM. A burger joint. (updated Jul 2020) Tommy's, 377 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-766-6585. M - Th 9:30AM to 2:30AM, F-Su 24 hr. Typical diner fare, including all-day breakfast, served in a 1950-style space with a full bar. (updated Jul 2020) Northside espresso + kitchen, 281 Princess St, [email protected]. Daily 8AM-3PM. Airy-chic Australian cafe offering coffee drinks, along with salads, breakfast & daytime bites. (updated Jul 2020) Sima Sushi, 66 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-542-8040. Daily 11:30AM - 9:15PM. This cozy eatery serves sushi, Japanese kitchen entrees & sake in a casual, contemporary space. (updated Jul 2020) Grecos, 167 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-542-2229. Long-running, informal gathering place for wine & traditional Greek cuisine such as lamb & souvlaki. (updated Jul 2020) Chez Piggy Restaurant & Bar, 68R Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-7673, fax: +1 613-549-0364. Hidden inside the same block as Chien Noir. It has a reputation for serving good food. Quality of service is dependent on the extravagance of one's meal, as well as whether wine or water is ordered as one's primary drink. Pan Chancho Bakery, 44 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-544-7790. Good for a quick bistro style lunch. Sells the best Italian and French style breads in Kingston. The bakery to Chez Piggy. Has an all day breakfast on weekends. Also has a take-out area selling sandwiches, salads, pre-cooked dinners, and pastries. Le Chien Noir Bistro, 69 Brock St, ☏ +1 613-549-5635. Good French cuisine. Reserve since seating is limited. Olivea, 39 Brock St, ☏ +1 613-547-5483, [email protected]. Daily 11:30AM-4:30PM, 5PM-close. A popular establishment with a patio featuring refined Italian cuisine in a modern, industrial space. (updated Jul 2020) Tango Nuevo, 331 King St. E., ☏ +1 613-531-0800. 11AM-midnight. A lounge known for its food as much as its martini list. Its specialities are its salads, sandwiches, and sweet potato fries. It has a full tapas menu, which is 40% off on Sunday and Monday evenings with the purchase of a drink (does not have to be alcoholic). On those nights, groups of 4-6 can eat for $6-7/person + drinks. Enjoy some chill DJ music on Friday nights after 11PM. Casa Domenico, 35 Brock St, ☏ +1 613-542-0870. noon-11:30PM. Serves excellent quality Italian food, and has consistently good service. The wine list is also quite good. The River Mill, 2 Cataraqui St, ☏ +1 613-549-5759. Offers delicious contemporary cuisine, and has a great wine list 44.2315-76.48061 Coffee and Company, 53 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-547-9211. Espresso, coffees, and good teas prepared from loose leaves. A common student study hangout downtown. 44.2305-76.48052 Sipps Coffee & Dessert Bar, 33 Brock St, ☏ +1 613-542-8868. 8AM – 10PM. Coffee shop facing Market Square. A great place to wind down in the evening with a dessert or latté, it is worth a trip just for the décor (look up, the ceiling is decorated with a design stamped into aluminum). Prices are not cheap; while coffee is under $4, a slice of cake runs about $8. Try a hot chocolate, made with Ghirardelli chocolate. 44.231938-76.4847013 CRAVE Coffee House & Bakery, 166 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-766-7766, [email protected]. 8AM-6PM. Kingston's largest independently owned and operated coffee house, scratch bakery, and a full-service kitchen. (updated Jul 2020) 44.232476.487314 Balzac's Coffee Roaster, 251 Princess Street, ☏ +1 613-417 0600. Daily 7:30AM - 6PM. Eastern outpost of the Stratford ON-based chain. Offers the full range of coffee and tea, as well as baked products. (updated Aug 2021) There is a relatively healthy pub scene in Kingston with many high quality establishments. Many bars and pubs cater to Kingston's strong university & college student population. All pubs in Kingston are non-smoking. 44.229-76.4815 Kingston Brewing Company, 34 Clarence St, ☏ +1 613-542-4978. Clarence St. near the intersection of Ontario St. As implied by its name, this pub brews its own beer and offers many seasonal beers. Notable brews from KBC include White Tail, Dragon's Breath, and the pub's own apple cider. KBC also offers beers from other companies, including Guinness, and other well known brands. They have a monthly "Brewer's Whim" which is usually a Canadian microbrew. 44.232564-76.4881316 Stone City Ales, 275 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-542-4222. M-Th 3-11PM, F-Su 11AM-11PM. Craft beer brewery with an eatery inside. It has a standing selection of craft beers (Belgian wheat, IPA, oatmeal stout, session ale) with seasonal rotating brews. Beers can be bought in bottles or in larger jugs to go. Stills are visible from the dining room in the back. There is a patio on the street in the warmer months. (updated Feb 2020) 44.2293-76.48087 Tir nan Óg, 200 Ontario St, ☏ +1 613-544-7474. 11AM-1AM. Tir Nan'Og and Old Speckled Hen are two pubs in the Prince George Hotel which differ in décor and specialize in beers and whiskies from Ireland and Britain respectively. 44.233476.49268 The Brass Pub, 403 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-544-8334, [email protected]. 2PM-late. Easygoing, wood-panelled hangout offering typical bar fare & pitchers of draft beer. (updated Jul 2020) 44.233176.49189 The Ale House & Canteen, 393 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-531-5300, [email protected]. 5PM-2AM. Spacious, rustic-chic tavern with pub grub, Canadian beers & a sizable stage for concerts. (updated Jul 2020) 44.234802-76.49621410 The Mansion Restaurant & Bar, 506 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-531-0003. 11AM-2AM. Low-key restaurant, bar & live music venue with a pub menu, wine cellar, patio & TVs showing sports. (updated Jul 2020) 44.2319776.4822511 The Iron Duke on Wellington, 207 Wellington Street (Half a block north of Princess Street. ), ☏ +1 613-542 4244. Tuesday to Sunday 11:30AM to midnight. Upscale pub featuring a wide selection of draft beers and cocktails. Well-prepared meals and snacks. (updated Aug 2021) Kingston is separated from Barriefield (Fort Henry, military base and Royal Military College) by the Cataraqui River, part of the Rideau Canal system. Most of the popular Kingston attractions, including the downtown core, are west of the bridge; most travellers therefore seek lodgings in or west of downtown. There are also some franchise chains (food, fuel, lodging) near the freeway (401 exit 617, Division St.) which serve highway travellers; if it's near the 401, it's not near the main attractions (museums, universities, the downtown waterfront, tour boats, ferries or points of historic interest) as 401 is a bypass road. The area near the downtown waterfront is the most favourable location (as many but not all activities are within walking distance) but also the most expensive. Accommodations range from large chain hotels with full facilities to smaller historic properties, to a niche market of small but upscale bed-and-breakfast style inns. There is plenty of good accommodation to be had in the downtown and waterfront area if one is willing to pay top dollar. 44.2308-76.4781 Holiday Inn Kingston Waterfront, 2 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-8400, fax: +1 613-549-3508. 197 rooms (all non-smoking), room service, wifi, parking ($14/night), indoor pool, whirlpool, sauna, fitness centre, DOX Restaurant and Lounge, laundry, business centre. 44.228-76.482 Delta Kingston Waterfront, 1 Johnson St, ☏ +1 613-549-8100, toll-free: +1-888-890-3222, fax: +1 613-547-3241. Renovated 2013, former Ramada/Radisson. $160+/night. 44.2297-76.48783 Secret Garden Inn, 73 Sydenham St S, ☏ +1 613-531-9884, toll-free: +1-877-723-1888. Historic 1888 Queen Anne/Victorian style bed-and-breakfast inn with antique furnishings, fireplaces and stained glass windows. $160-190/night. 44.228275-76.4883224 Hochelaga Inn, 24 Sydenham St. South, ☏ +1 613-549-5534, toll-free: +1-877-933-9433, [email protected]. A bed-and-breakfast with 21 rooms, in the Sydenham district close to the waterfront. $150 Queen-bed room for 2. (updated May 2016) Kingston's train station is at the northwestern edge of the city far from the centre (the tracks were the pre-1998 town line); a few hotels serve this area: 44.2465-76.5235 Fireside Inn & Conference Centre (Best Western), 1217 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-2211, toll-free: +1-800-567-8800. In-room fireplaces, meeting facilities for 6-70 people, whirlpool suites at $250-350/night, 37" flatscreen TV, outdoor pool and patio. Bistro and restaurant on-site. 44.246-76.5226 Peachtree Inn, 1187 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-546-4411, toll-free: +1-800-706-0698, fax: +1 613-546-9122. Thriftlodge hotel over ground-floor retail plaza, 74 rooms and suites, conference facilities for 20-200 people. $110-170/night. 44.2525-76.53637 Ambassador Conference Resort, 1550 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-548-3605, toll-free: +1-800-267-7880. Convention centre, extensive athletic and recreational facilities, indoor water park. JM's Restaurant and Lounge on-site. Near train station. $160/night. 44.2506588-76.53526968 Maple Crest Inn, 1454 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-549-5550. Under $120/night for clean, modern accommodations but with no restaurant, no pool, no amenities on-site. This two-storey hotel was built at the end of the 1970s as part of Journey's End, one of the first economy limited service hotel chains, but is now independent. (updated Aug 2017) It is possible to rent short-term residence/dormitory accommodation at Queen's University and St. Lawrence College during the summer; these are unavailable during the main fall/winter academic term as the students return. The university may be able to provide conference facilities for large groups. West of Sydenham Road, the selection is dominated by low-priced (or at least under-$100) suburban motels on the old Highway 2 (now Princess Street), with many small independent operators. Most small, independent roadside motels in this area pre-date the freeway and the economy limited-service hotel chains, but the majority are reasonably-well maintained (with a few unfortunate exceptions) at moderate prices. 44.2584-76.55389 LaSalle Hotel, 2360 Princess St, ☏ +1 613-546-4233, toll-free: +1-800-567-0751, fax: +1 613-546-0867. Suburban Travelodge with indoor pool, Jacuzzi, sauna, Cavelier Room restaurant, Pierre's Lounge and Café La Salle. 67 hôtel and 38 motel-style rooms. Meeting and banquet facilities for 50-120 people. There are no hotels, motels or other services around the airport. There are two limited-service hotels (a Motel 6 and a Quality Inn) near the factory park on exit 611, Hwy 38/Gardiners Road. A few moderately-priced chains (Courtyard by Marriott, Holiday Inn Express, Days Inn, Comfort Inn, FirstCanada Inns) sit among the fast-food emporiums, highway services and outlet stores at Division & 401 (exit 617). These primarily serve motorway traffic. Comfort Inn Kingston 401, 55 Warne Crescent (at Division St; exit #617). Holiday Inn Express & Suites Kingston, 11 Benson Street, ☏ +1 613-546-3662, [email protected]. Comfortable, modern hotel by the Division Street exit from the 401. Spacious rooms with good mattresses, bathtub, refrigerator, microwave, and coffee/tea machine. Rate includes wireless Internet and breakfast. 10–15 minutes’ drive from the city centre and university (buses also available). $130–$150. (updated Oct 2017) There is a pair of independent motels on exit 623 (Highway 15). As most of the attractions (except for Old Fort Henry and the military base) are on the west side of the Cataraqui River, the east end has relatively little to offer in travel accommodation. There are a few low-end motels on old Highway 2 near the base and a couple of independent motels at the Hwy 15/401 crossroads. There are additional options across the county line into Gananoque, a population-5500 town where properties ranging from small B&Bs to hotel/motel chains serve visitors to the Thousand Islands region. Leeds and the Thousand Islands has a number of campgrounds available during the warmer months. For those cruising on small craft, sleeping on a boat docked at one of the 1000 Islands National Park islands may also be an option. Wi-fi and public access computers are available at all Kingston Frontenac Public Library branches. The hotspots are shut down when the library branch is closed. The Central branch (130 Johnson St, +1 613-549-8888) is open six days a week, as are suburban branches in Calvin Park (88 Wright Cres) and Bayridge (935 Gardiners Road, near the mall). West of the city, there's a county library branch in the recreation centre in Amherstview (322 Amherst Drive, ☏ +1 613-389-6006). Open wi-fi is available throughout the Cataraqui mall (945 Gardiners Road) in the west end. Coffee shops and fast-food chains (Tim Horton's, Wendy's, Harvey's, McDonald's) operate Wi-Fi hotspots in many locations. Postal service is available from the main post office (120 Clarence St, downtown) until 4:30PM weekdays. Some drugstores operate retail postal outlets with extended hours. The UPS Store (427 Princess St downtown, 829 Norwest Road in the west end) provides commercial parcel receiving services and photocopies. The four main domestic mobile telephone companies (Bell, Telus, Rogers, Freedom Mobile) are readily available. Kingston is not close enough to the border to directly receive US-domestic cellular signals (Sprint, Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile) as it's separated from the US mainland by Wolfe Island. Thousand Islands, Gananoque, Leeds and the 1000 Islands Rideau Canal and Smiths Falls Prince Edward County and Napanee
← 07-WAVES · 09-ELECTROMAGNETISM → Each subpage is devoted to a chapter of Matthew Raspanti's original work. To read other works by this author visit http://www.thenatureofthings.info/index.html This is how white light gets refracted by a prism. Red light diffracted by two slits (top) and by five slits (bottom) Diffraction by a small circular hole Computer simulation of diffraction by a rectangle. Remarkably, the height of the rectanglular hole is greater than its width. To read other works by this author visit http://www.thenatureofthings.info/index.html ▼ Quizbank/Essays Physics for beginners/00-PREFACE Calibrated Peer Review User:Guy vandegrift/2019/WMF job application MyOpenMath/Pulling loose threads MyOpenMath/Solutions MyOpenMath/Solutions/Standing wave trick Physics for beginners/Introduction Quizbank/Bell Quizbank/Cost-benefit analysis Quizbank/Cost-benefit analysis/Undergraduate prelims Quizbank/Creating a bank so students won't ''break the bank'' Quizbank/Flipped semester Quizbank/See also Click for link to Physics for beginners as a single pdf file ← 07-WAVES · 09-ELECTROMAGNETISM →
East Kilbride is a town in the Central Belt of Scotland, some 8 miles southeast of Glasgow. Housing in post-war Glasgow was a bleak mixture of slums and craters, so five "new towns" were built rapidly to rejuvenate the Central Belt. Four of them were on greenfield sites, East Kilbride being the first from 1947. It was followed by Glenrothes, Cumbernauld and Livingston, while the fifth was built onto the existing town of Irvine. These fulfilled a basic and urgent need for housing but demonstrated all that is wrong with crass central planning. A sixth town, intended for Stonehouse south of Hamilton, fortunately was never built. However East Kilbride has preserved some attractive countryside along the Rotten Calder valley, the moors of Lanarkshire rise up to the south, and the town's main attraction is the Museum of Rural Life. Long-distance public transport to East Kilbride will usually involve travelling via central Glasgow. By air: from Glasgow Airport (GLA IATA) take Bus 500 to Buchanan station then bus or train to East Kilbride as below. Trains run from Glasgow Central every 30 mins, taking just over 30 mins to 55.776-4.181 East Kilbride railway station where they terminate. They run from 06:00 to 23:00 and also stop at Hairmyres at the northwest edge of town, convenient for the University Hospital. Bus: The bus station is in the main shopping centre. First Glasgow Bus 18 runs every 10 mins from Glasgow Sauchiehall St and Central Station via Rutherglen to East Kilbride, taking an hour, and continuing to Greenhills Shopping Centre. Bus 31 also runs hourly to town from Glasgow Osborne St via Gorbals, Castlemilk, Carmunnock and Stewartfield (for the Museum of Rural Life). These run 05:00 to midnight. There are also night buses from Glasgow Sauchiehall St in the early hours of Saturday and Sunday: N6 via Cathcart to East Kilbride and Calderwood, and N18 via Dalmarnock, Rutherglen, Burnside and East Kilbride to Greenhills. Stagecoach West Scotland Bus X16 runs hourly from Hamilton to East Kilbride, and continues west to Kilmarnock and Ayr. An occasional direct bus runs from Motherwell but it's usually quicker to change in Hamilton. By road the usual approaches are M8 from Edinburgh, M74 from Carlisle and M77 from Kilmarnock, to join A725 / A726. From central Glasgow you'd probably follow A730 onto A749. Bus 31 runs past the Museum of Rural Life. 55.775389-4.2213331 National Museum of Rural Life, Wester Kittochside Farm, Philipshill Rd G76 9HR. Part of National Museums of Scotland, with museum, farmhouse and working farm. Open all year but wear wellies and other outdoor gear, and don't bring a dog. Your ticket is valid for a year. Summer 2020: Museum reopens 12 August, visitor numbers limited, advance booking required. Adult £8. (updated Oct 2019) Hunter House Museum in Calderwood, birthplace of medical pioneers William and John Hunter, closed in 2011. William's collection is in the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, while John's is in the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The house is now a Baptist church community centre. 55.748482-4.1447042 Calderglen Country Park, Strathaven Rd G75 0QZ, ☏ +44 1355 236644. Zoo & conservatory daily 10:00-16:00. Extensive park with zoo, tropical plant conservatory, ornamental gardens, nature trails and walks along the glen of the Rotten Calder. Adult £1.70. (updated Oct 2019) 55.777-4.1843 James Hamilton Heritage Park on Stewartfield Way north of town, surrounds a 16-acre loch, and has a watersports centre, adventure playgrounds and cafe. 55.761797-4.1833031 Dollan Aqua Centre, Brouster Hill G74 1AF. M-Th 07:00-22:00, F 07:00-20:00, Sa Su 08:00-17:30. 50m swimming pool. The building was designed by Alexander Buchanan Campbell and opened in 1968. It is a category A listed building. (updated Oct 2019) 55.766-4.1732 Village Theatre is on Maxwell Drive. Carmunnock Highland Games are held in late May on King George V football ground in Carmunnock, two miles north of East Kilbride. The 2020 and 2021 events were cancelled so the next are probably on Sun 29 May 2022, tbc. 55.7603-4.176671 East Kilbride Shopping Centre (EK). Scotland's biggest undercover shopping centre (updated Apr 2017) In town centre, best meals are in the pubs, see "Drink". There's a little collection north towards the railway station, with Village Steakhouse, Zucca Pizzeria, and a Malaysian, Vietnamese and Indian. Another little strip is on High Common Rd to the southeast, with a Chinese, Punjabi and Italian place. Hudsons, 14 Cornwall St G74 1JR. M-Sa 11:00-00:00, Su 12:30-00:00. Friendly town centre pub, Free House. Pub quiz Wed, open-mic Thur, DJ F & Sat, and big-screen sport. (updated Oct 2019) Others nearby are The Hay Stook (JD Wetherspoon), Zucca Piada, Exchange Bar and The Tower. 55.758-4.171 Premier Inn, Brunel Way G75 0LD, ☏ +44 871 527 8450. Convenient budget chain hotel in town centre. (updated Oct 2019) 55.767807-4.1764892 Torrance Hotel, 135 Main St G74 4LN, ☏ +44 1355 225241. Decent mid-range place near railway station. (updated Oct 2019) 55.771994-4.2271073 Holiday Inn Glasgow - East Kilbride, Stewartfield Way G74 5LA (near jcn A727 & A726), ☏ +44 1355 236300. Decent budget chain hotel at edge of town. (updated Oct 2019) 55.783511-4.126754 Crossbasket Castle, Stoneymeadow Rd G72 9UE (jcn B7012 and A725 Expressway), ☏ +44 1698 829461. Upscale place in extensive grounds, caters for many wedding parties. B&B double from £330. (updated Oct 2019) East Kilbride has 4G from all UK carriers. As of July 2021, 5G has not yet reached town but is getting close. You're likely to travel via Glasgow but don't just rush through, it's a great destination in its own right. See Scotland's other twentieth century "New Towns" to decide if these were any better: Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston and Irvine. Head west to the Ayrshire coast. Ayr has the birthplace of Robert Burns in Alloway, and Ardrossan has ferries to the charming Isle of Arran.
The North Coast of California has beautiful redwoods and small coastal towns. It stretches along the Pacific from the Bay Area to the Oregon border. The inland valleys of Mendocino County are a significant wine-growing area, and the region is noted for organic produce and its art community. Recreation opportunities for hiking, birdwatching, boating, kayaking, fishing, horseback riding and simple sightseeing abound. For those with more urban tastes, art galleries, winetasting, and upscale restaurants are plentiful. Working harbors at Fort Bragg and Eureka offer opportunities for whale-watching, crabbing tours, ocean fishing and the chance to buy fresh salmon right from the boat. Even a simple drive along any road in this region is a refreshing experience. 39.307778-123.7994441 Mendocino 39.150278-123.2077782 Ukiah 40.866389-124.0827783 Arcata 40.801944-124.1636114 Eureka 39.445833-123.8052785 Fort Bragg 41.755833-124.2016676 Crescent City 38.448611-122.7047227 Santa Rosa 38.799167-123.0172228 Cloverdale 38.6175-122.8663899 Healdsburg 38.5142-123.2431 Fort Ross State Historic Park, 19005 Coast Highway One in Fort Ross (12 miles north of Jenner on Hwy 1). 10AM–4:30PM daily. Historic Russian outpost located on Historic Highway 1. Northern California was once claimed by the Russian empire, and Fort Ross was a settlement to support Russian fur traders. You can walk around the old fort and along miles of trails to the old cemetery and orchard. Some trails are challenging for people with mobility limitations, and all of them can be wet and windy. The museum offers cultural and historical information about the Russian, Alaskan, and Kashaya people who lived and traded in northern California. Picnic tables and wheelchair-accessible restrooms. No food is sold at the park. Fishing is permitted, and scuba divers can explore the wreck of the S.S. Pomona and collect shellfish (check warnings about seasonal marine biotoxins first). Tours of the fort are available in Russian and English. The Reef campgrounds closed in 2018, but there are multiple camping facilities within a short drive or bike ride, including at the nearby Salt Point State Park (8 miles north) and Sonoma Coast State Park (15 miles south). $8 per vehicle. (updated Feb 2021) 39.56-122.811 Mendocino National Forest - 41.43-1242 Redwood National Park - Ancient coast redwood ecosystem preserved in the park contains some of the planet's most majestic forests English is widely spoken and understood. Spanish is a minority language but not spoken as much as in the rest of the state. United Express flies into the Arcata-Eureka airport, near McKinleyville. United offers service from Denver International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport, and San Francisco International Airport. Contour Airlines flies to/from Oakland into the airport in Crescent City, but keep in mind that flights are expensive and scarce at this particular airport. There are various Amtrak terminals on the North Coast but none go north of the Eureka area. Greyhound has terminals in Arcata, Eureka, and Rio Dell. (Note: The Eureka station is not a full-service station). Alaska Airlines/Horizon Air, American Eagle, and United Express flies from Santa Rosa (STS) direct to Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Denver International Airport, Las Vegas, Los Angeles International Airport, Orange County (CA), Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Portland (OR), San Francisco International Airport, and Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. There are taxi cab companies, shuttles, and buses that provide public transportation. Crescent City is home to Ocean World. This is an aquarium similar to Sea World (but much smaller). Klamath is where the Trees of Mystery park is located. In addition to the actual trees, there is a statue of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox. There are three drive-thru redwood trees. One is the Chandlier Tree in Leggett. This is north of Laytonville, near the Highway 101 and Highway 1 junction. The other two are located in Myers Flat (a town on the Avenue of the Giants)and Klamath (a town south of Crescent City). There is a Redwoods National Park and a Redwoods State Park. Avenue of the Giants is a road that runs alongside of Highway 101. It takes you through or near the following towns: Phillipsville, Miranda, Myers Flat, Weott, Redcrest, and Pepperwood. Many of the businesses that cater to tourists close after the summer tourist season. Phone ahead to verify opening dates and times. Confusion Hill is near Piercy. This is a tourist attraction similar to the many so-called, "Mystery Spots." Goat Rock Beach on Highway 1 between Jenner and Bodega Bay is a particularly scenic spot on the Sonoma Coast. There are many public beaches in this area, but most are too treacherous for swimming. The Alexander Valley, Anderson Valley, Napa Valley, Dry Creek, and Russian River wine regions are all a day trip from Santa Rosa. There are hundreds of wineries, with tasting fees ranging anywhere from free to $20 and up. While most of the tourist-heavy wineries in Napa charge for a taste, many of the smaller operations in Sonoma and Mendocino counties do not. Violent crime is low because the population is small on the North Coast. The usual safety precautions should be exercised. Head north to the Oregon Coast or south to the Bay Area.
You can add features which you think are neccessay or desirable for the next version of Reaktor, just go to edit this page. MP3 playback module just like in Traktor with scrub, beat markers etc.. An actual release at some point in time ReWire Thread on Reaktor User Forum FFT desired by all advanced instrument builders Send and receive SYSEX (System Exclusive). This will allow Reaktor to control hardware synths and fx. This will permit a better integration of hardware devices and total recall of hardware settings using reaktor within a daw. +4 click-free switches direct sample loading without having to store samples in maps before Sample preview in sample browser window Record samples inside Reaktor//this can already be done//add 24 bit recording in standalone Ability to export sample maps as wavs & more control over maps Ability to connect to a mysql database for patch storage NRPN control assignment Macro Object Inheritance / Ghost Copies (i.e., changes made to one macro are made to all macros of the same type. This saves you the time of having to copy and wire 20 macros when you edited one.) Automatic patching to said Ghost Copies (i.e., patching a signal to an input on one macro patches that signal to all 'ghost' macros) Replacing macros while retaining patches to inputs/outputs that are named the same. More help and in depth descriptions on how to utilize event and audio tables. Reaktor 4 was heavily lacking in quantity of instruments, Reaktor 6 should come with a library as large as Reaktor 3's built in library. Flashy, bloated ensembles are nice, but a wider variety of functional instruments would be more useful than a 50 megabyte 2 oscillator synth. Macros and modules should be allowed back into the main ensemble structure view. With the Reaktor 4 update, this was disabled for the user. Import more audio format (rex, mp3, AAC...) Ability to program own modules with text code, not graphically Scripting Language like Kontakt 2's KSP mainly for advanced midi control Easier Sample Handling - Kontakt Style +1 Proper & CPU friendly midi sequencers for live use Proper bandlimiting at Reaktors outputs or downsample module or proper adaptation of oscs to samplerate. (A.k.a Anti-aliasing) Additive resynthesis VST module to insert e.g dedicated efx Save/Compile your ENS as a VST or VSTi New Acoustic Modelling Macro Library - something comparable to Tassman or Harm Visser (Edit: Harm Visser has Reaktor Ensembles available at his website, and Karplus Strong can be easily done in Reaktor already) New Module: Unity Gain Saturation New oscillators that have a fuller, less digital sound (Edit: There are several Anti-Aliased Oscillators built with Core. Check out Multiwave Osc and the ones built into Carbon2) Filter modules which can be compared with other NI products. (Absynth, Kontakt etc) MIDI file player module drawable anti-aliased oscillator (absynth style) drawable oscillator should include all editing methods of absynth oscillators & should include all the same oscillator types, including Morph Absynth style envelopes (Edit: Already exists, or at least an FM8-style one (similar to Absynth): Macros>Building Blocks>Envelopes>Multi BP Env) internal recording higher than 16bit resolution Trim/cut/normalize etc in sample map Remove the distinction between contol resolution and audio resolution so that the control signals can work in real time. This would allow for accurate pitch tracking and other wonderful things +1 (Edit: Core already does this) Option to disable the grid when editing the Panel. large selection of super high quality panel elements - knobs, sliders, buttons, etc, . . less cpu usage Optional wire clean-up View and compare structure using more than one window. Similarly, with the panel/interface view, separating instruments and effects into separate windows. Transparency for every single element (not just for mouse area) Tutorials & How to do Manuals (Edit: ADSR Tutorials has great Reaktor tutorials) Proper in-depth description of components/modules/etc. Support more languages (German / French / Spain / Russian) Front Panel cabling option to build proper modular synths. (Not sure why this wasn't there from the start) A reload option on skins as well as alphabetized listing in the drop down.
Step 11. Modeling Replacement Purchases The model we have created does not capture situations where the product is consumed, discarded, or upgraded, all of which lead to repeat purchases. We will model repeat purchase behavior by assuming that adopters move back into the population of potential adopters when their first unit is discarded or consumed. First, we will define a constant representing the average life time of product. Create the ProductLifeTime constant Assume that the average duration of active use of our product is 2 years. Type 2 as the Default Value. People move back from the adopter population to the pool of potential adopters when the product they have purchased is discarded or consumed. So, the discard flow is nothing else but the adoption flow delayed on the average life time of the product. Create the discard flow Adopters to PotentialAdopters First, double-click Adopters stock in the graphical editor. Then click PotentialAdopters variable. New flow from Adopters to PotentialAdopters is added. Change the name of the flow to DiscardRate (do not forget to press Ctrl+Enter when finished typing new flow name). You can see that stock formulas have changed as well: Set the following formula for the flow variable: delay(AdoptionRate, ProductLifeTime) The delay() function implements the time delay and has the following notation: delay(, , ) In our case, function reproduces AdoptionRate delayed on the ProductLifeTime value. The discard rate is null until the time of use of the first purchased products elapses. Now we have finished modeling the product replacement purchases. You may check how the delay function works. Run the model and view plots for AdoptionRate and DiscardRate. You can see that rate curves look exactly how we expected — the discard rate is actually the adoption rate delayed by 2 years — the life time of the product. Observe the population dynamics using the chart. Now, instead of falling to zero, the potential adopter population is constantly replenished as adopters discard the product and reenter the market. The adoption rate rises, peaks, and falls to a rate that depends on the average life of the product and the parameters determining the adoption rate. Discards mean there is always some fraction of the population in the potential adopter pool. If you like, you may add control group varying product life time, say from 0.5 to 10.
Naples (Italian: Napoli [ˈnaːpoli], Neapolitan: Nàpule [ˈnɑːpələ]; Latin: Neapolis; Ancient Greek: Νεάπολις, meaning "new city"), is a historic city in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. It is currently the capital of the Province of Naples and the Campania region. It was previously the capital of its own kingdom, the Kingdom of Naples and then Two Sicilies. It is one of the largest cities in Europe in terms of population with a figure of around 1 million people, but much more in the metropolitan area. Naples is the flower of paradise. The last adventure of my life. Alexandre Dumas, as quoted in "Naples and Paris, the true capitals" by Marco Cesario, in ANSAmed.info (24 October 2007) I won't say another word about the beauties of the city and its situation, which have been described and praised often. As they say here, "Vedi Napoli e poi muori! — See Naples and die!" One can't blame the Neapolitan for never wanting to leave his city, nor its poets singing its praises in lofty hyperboles: it would be wonderful even if a few more Vesuviuses were to rise in the neighbourhood. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, journal entry (3 March 1787), published in Italian Journey [1786 - 1788]; as translated by W. H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer (1962) A Mediterranean Paris. Such is Naples. Gustave Flaubert, as quoted in "Naples and Paris, the true capitals" by Marco Cesario, in ANSAmed.info (24 October 2007) The turmoil and the daily come and go made Naples a populated and fibrillating city like Paris. Marquis de Sade, as quoted in "Naples and Paris, the true capitals" by Marco Cesario, in ANSAmed.info (24 October 2007) Naples and Paris: the two only capitals. Stendhal, as quoted in "Naples and Paris, the true capitals" by Marco Cesario, in ANSAmed.info (24 October 2007) Naples sitteth by the sea, keystone of an arch of azure, Crowned by consenting nations peerless queen of gayety: She laugheth at the wrath of Ocean, she mocketh the fury of Vesuvius, She spurneth disease, and misery, and famine, that crowd her sunny streets. Martin Farquhar Tupper, "Of Death" in Proverbial Philosophy in Complete Poetical Works of Martin Farquhar Tupper (1850), p. 181 O fair, false city, thou gay and gilded harlot! Wo for thy wanton heart, wo for thy wicked hardness! Wo unto thee, that the lightsomeness of life, beneath Italian suns, Should meet the solemnity of death, in a sepulchre so foul and fearful! Martin Farquhar Tupper, on pits used as mass graves in 19th century Napoli, in "Of Death" in Proverbial Philosophy in Complete Poetical Works of Martin Farquhar Tupper (1850), p. 181 Another revolution! Naples free and all of Italy in insurrection! How wonderful has been the march of the human mind in these last thirty years ... so may it be till the last link of the chains of slavery is broken and the banner of freedom waves over the whole earth! Frances Wright, in a letter to William James MacNeven (1820) Wikipedia has an article about: Naples Look up Naples in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikivoyage has a travel guide for: Naples Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Naples City Council's website (in Italian)
On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees walked out of their offices in protest of the company’s handling of sexual harassment allegations, sparking a growing wave of protests among tech workers. Former Google executive Andy Rubin is perhaps best known for founding Android in 2003. After working at Google for over a decade, Rubin left to start a tech incubator in 2014. His reason for leaving was unknown for several years. In 2018, the New York Times wrote a scathing article revealing Rubin was let go amid a sexual assault investigation, receiving a severance package of $90 million plus another $150 million in stock. The allegations were not confirmed when Rubin was let go, but they were credible enough that Google asked for Rubin's resignation; he did not volunteer to step down. Since then, Rubin's main goals have been to save his career and reputation by denying allegations and shifting blame. As one of the five largest tech companies in the world, Google has many eyes watching it. Accordingly, Google makes a point to publicly denounce any workplace harassment or retaliation, and holds publicly available policies to deal with them. However, some employees doubt that Google has honored these policies, and many have personally experienced policy violations. This was exacerbated by workers having little protection from Google. Because Google is incredibly careful with its image, they wanted to push the Rubin scandal under the rug. This may be why they gave him such a generous exit package and continued to praise him as if he had not caused any damage. Many employees were already unhappy with Google’s response to past abuse allegations, so news of Rubin’s hushed severance package was the final straw. In less than seven days, Google employees Claire Stapleton, Tanuja Gupta, Meredith Whittaker, Celie O'Neil-Hart, Stephanie Parker, Erica Anderson, and Amr Gaber organized the Walkout, demanding "an end to the sexual harassment, discrimination, and systemic racism that fuel this destructive culture” in tech. Discontent had been simmering at Google for some time, but ultimately, the company's dealing with Rubin led to the Walkout. Some employees felt that Google had "a workplace culture that has turned a blind eye to sexual harassment and discrimination." Rubin's case coming to light urged others to come forward, and the collective discontent was enough to spark the Walkout. The Google Walkout occurred on November 1, 2018, at 11:10 am local time in each of 50 cities around the world. More than 20,000 Google employees participated by leaving their desks and gathering outside of their buildings for part of the day. Many carried signs protesting Google's handling of harassment, with messages like, "Happy to quit for $90 million, no sexual harassment required." Reactions to the event were mixed but mostly positive. Many felt that the event was an "inspiring experience" and "a strong, united stance against inequality." Others were less convinced of the event's impact, or felt that it only appeared united due to "peer pressure." The Walkout organizers demanded five changes from Google. First and foremost, they demanded "an end to forced arbitration." Under forced arbitration, harassed employees must settle disputes via a privately-hired arbitrator, who may be more likely to rule in favor of the company. The organizers also demanded "a commitment to end pay and opportunity inequity, ... a publicly disclosed sexual harassment transparency report, ... a clear, uniform, globally inclusive process for reporting sexual misconduct, ... [and to] promote the Chief Diversity Officer to answer directly to the CEO and ... appoint an Employee Representative to the Board." Google's (specifically, Google management's) initial response was to visibly and publicly support the Walkout. CEO Sundar Pichai initially praised the Walkout, and encouraged employees to participate. Just one week after the event, Google released a memo addressing the organizers' demands and detailing their preliminary response. Most notably, they agreed to make forced arbitration completely optional. The Walkout caused this change directly, confirming that protest can be an effective vehicle for change. Google met most of the other demands partially, although they did not promote the Chief Diversity Officer or appoint an employee representative to the board. Over time, it became clearer that Google's initial support was less out of a long-term conviction to support activism and more out of a short-term responsibility to protect their public image. Four of the seven Walkout organizers felt compelled to leave the company in the first year after the Walkout. Claire Stapleton decided to quit after she stopped getting included in meetings and some of her responsibilities were transferred to others. Meredith Whittaker also quit after she was asked to stop her work on AI ethics. These women were not explicitly demoted or fired; management preferred to shift their power away subtly, thereby avoiding negative attention. Google hired anti-unionization firm IRI Consultants a year after the Walkout, further confirming the company's motivation to disempower employee activists who could tarnish its image. In January 2019, Alphabet (Google's parent company) was sued by a few large shareholders, claiming that Alphabet had violated its fiduciary responsibility, or its obligation to act in the interest of their investors, by engaging in the same behavior that led to the Walkout. The shareholders claimed that Google violated its own Code of Conduct, including a "no retaliation" clause. The lawsuit hinged on the idea that Google's reputation is valuable and was compromised by Google management's actions. While the protesters would have identified Rubin and others as professionally or morally problematic, the prosecution identified them as financially problematic. In August 2020, Alphabet agreed to settle the lawsuit, which included a $310 million agreement to diversity, inclusion, and equity initiatives. Some, including former Google employee Timnit Gebru, have criticized these initiatives. The settlement also included a clause to end severance packages for anyone terminated for sexual misconduct (such as Rubin). Judge Walsh, who signed off on the settlement, praised it as a credit to what lawyers can do to "address sexual harassment, sexual misconduct, discrimination, retaliation, inequity and inclusion in the workplace." Ever since Google went public in 2004, it has had a fiduciary responsibility. By law, Google's version of Aristotle's The Good must be to maximize shareholder welfare. The lawsuit reminded Google that its public image is a crucial sub-good. Google feared media attention and litigation when firing executives: "When Google fires lower-level employees, it typically marches them out immediately and pays little, if any, severance. But for senior executives, Google weighs other factors. A wrongful termination lawsuit could mean unwanted media attention for Google and the victims of a misconduct case, with a loss resulting in significant damages." Part of the separation agreement "precluded Mr. Rubin from working for rivals or disparaging Google publicly." Rubin repeatedly violated Google's Code of Conduct. Google had an opportunity to fully explain its rationale in a legal setting via the lawsuit filed against them. What seems unethical to protesters and financially wasteful to shareholders might have been explained by private legal bindings or some other obligation. By settling out of court, Google avoids a public explanation, leaving critics to speculate. This does not imply that the company concedes the claims. But, if Google is unable or unwilling to explain its decisions when criticized, then it continues to sacrifice employee, shareholder, and customer confidence. In an effort to keep expensive negative press away, Google allowed a problematic corporate culture to fester and grow, delaying the inevitable uproar and culminating in the 2018 Walkout. Google risked its long-term reputation and company culture to avoid short-term bad press about one of its most valuable employees, and it failed. It lost money and worsened its reputation, both steps away from The Good for Google. Admittedly, some protesters may have just felt pressured by their peers. But ultimately, all participants risked their Google careers when they walked out and spoke out against Google management. They valued their profession over their career. The protesters exemplified professionalism by pushing for change in Google policies and inspiring others, like shareholders, to speak out in their own way. Their efforts produced real change at Google, and their example inspired more walkouts and demonstrations, not only at Google but also at Amazon and Microsoft. Andy Rubin, Google, and Sexual Harassment in Tech The Work Climate at Google "The Google walkout: What protesters demanded and what they got". The Los Angeles Times. 2019. https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2019-11-06/google-walkout-demands. "The rise and fall of Andy Rubin, the former Google executive accused of sexual misconduct whose new startup, Essential, just shut down for good". 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/android-sex-ring-leader-rise-fall-google-exec-andy-rubin-2019-7#and-in-a-life-altering-career-step-rubin-founded-android-in-2003-10. "How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the ‘Father of Android". 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/technology/google-sexual-harassment-andy-rubin.html. "Google Employees Walk Out To Protest Company's Treatment Of Women". npr. 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/11/01/662851489/google-employees-plan-global-walkout-to-protest-companys-treatment-of-women. "Ranking The Big Four Tech Stocks: Google Is No. 1, Apple Comes In Last". Barron's. 2017. https://www.barrons.com/articles/ranking-the-big-four-internet-stocks-google-is-no-1-apple-comes-in-last-1503412102. "Google Event Community Guidelines and Anti-Harassment Policy". Google. 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"Google employees walk out over sexual harassment scandals". cnn. 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/01/tech/google-employee-walkout-andy-rubin. "Google employees around the world are walking out today to protest the company’s handling of sexual misconduct". CNBC. 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/01/google-employees-walk-out-in-protest-of-sexual-misconduct-handling.html. "Google employees and contractors participate in global “walkout for real change”". Google Walkout for Real Change. 2018. https://googlewalkout.medium.com/google-employees-and-contractors-participate-in-global-walkout-for-real-change-389c65517843. "We’re the Organizers of the Google Walkout. Here Are Our Demands". The Cut. 2018. https://www.thecut.com/2018/11/google-walkout-organizers-explain-demands.html. "Google Employees Walk Out To Protest Company's Treatment Of Women". NPR. 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/11/01/662851489/google-employees-plan-global-walkout-to-protest-companys-treatment-of-women. "@celiehart". Twitter. 2019. https://twitter.com/celiehart/status/1088520076272164865. "@amgoulet". Twitter. 2018. https://twitter.com/amgoulet/status/1057972704223973376. "@HearITfromMatt". Twitter. 2018. https://twitter.com/HearITfromMatt/status/1057998567254614016. "@cbirlos". Twitter. 2018. https://twitter.com/cbirlos/status/1057900563336216576. "Why forced arbitration policies are a huge red flag for women at work". Quartz. 2019. "Google Loved Me, Until I Pointed Out Everything That Sucked About It". Elle. 2019. https://www.elle.com/culture/tech/a30259355/google-walkout-organizer-claire-stapleton/. "Our commitments and actions". Google. 2018. https://services.google.com/fh/files/blogs/november_announcement.pdf. "The Google walkout: What protesters demanded and what they got". 2019. https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2019-11-06/google-walkout-demands. "Most of the Google Walkout Organizers Have Left the Company". WIRED. 2019. https://www.wired.com/story/most-google-walkout-organizers-left-company. "Google Hires Firm Known for Anti-Union Efforts". 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/20/technology/Google-union-consultant.html. "Alphabet Complaint". Cohen Milstein Sellers and Toll PLLC. 2019. https://www.cohenmilstein.com/sites/default/files/Alphabet-Complaint%20-%20Stamped%2001092019.pdf. "Google Code of Conduct". Alphabet. 2021. https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct/. "Alphabet Stipulation of Settlement". Cohen Milstein Sellers and Toll PLLC. 2020. https://www.cohenmilstein.com/sites/default/files/Alphabet%20Stipulation%20of%20Settlement%20-%20Executed_0.pdf. "Building on our Workplace Commitments". Google. 2020. https://blog.google/documents/90/building_on_workplace_commitments_2020.pdf. "The withering email that got an ethical AI researcher fired at Google". Platformer. 2020. https://www.platformer.news/p/the-withering-email-that-got-an-ethical. 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Name: Jennifer C. Greene, 'A value-engaged approach for evaluating the Bunche–Da Vinci Learning Academy' - New Directions for Evaluation Special Issue: Theorist's Models in Action, pp. 27–45. Original Work Metrics: 7555 words, 48515 characters, 19 pages; Skim Highlights and Comments: 2945 words, 19443 characters Notes to Original Work Ratio: 2.6 to 1 What follows is a raw dump of Skim comments and highlights. A Value-Engaged Approach for Evaluating the Bunche–Da Vinci Learning Academy Jennifer C. Greene active engage- ment with values that are drawn principally from democratic and culturally responsive traditions in evaluation (Hood, 1999; House and Howe, 1999; MacDonald, 1977). Because value-engaged evaluation is fundamentally responsive to the particular character of an evaluation context and the programmatic and policy issues that are present in that context, it is not possible to develop an a priori or preordinate (Stake, 1987) evaluation design using this approach. concentrates on envisioning these front-end aspects of evaluation in this context front-end Assumptions will also be made along the way to enable a more complete story to be told \ COVER LETTER\ (J: Brilliant: Greene starts with an email. This is helpful because working with "real working data" (or as close as possible to it) can be better for people wanting to learn a process than working with descriptions of those things.) Principal District Superintendent Dear Ms. García: I am keenly (This is a filler that adds spice to the email: if it wasn't there, some enthusiasm would be lacking, and it could be read to be something other. . . I think this is indicative that we expect higher-energy interaction with others on first meeting) committed eager would like to learn more This will enable me to develop an evaluation plan that can yield the kinds of informa- tion likely to be meaningful and useful to your school community (J: sets up deliverable) meaningful and useful (J: Primary values?) your school community (J: Primary stakeholder?) For this purpose, I am hoping that I can visit Bunche–Da Vinci several times this spring and (J: Sets up activities) review relevant materials (for example, annual reports and previous evaluation studies), i talk with various members of your commu- nity l simply spend some time at your school. learn more about the kinds of evaluation priorities that various members of your school community have. (J: Speaks to her value of the democratic process / stakeholder involvement) I will follow up this email with a phone call to pursue this idea further and hopefully identify particular days for my visits. (J: next-steps) /COVER LETTER/ \REITERATION OF CASE\ (J: good communication practice for active listening: tell them what you just heard) A very important first step in developing an evaluation plan for the Bunche–Da Vinci Learning Academy is to better understand the particular characteristics and diversities of this school community especially important not to make assumptions about this particular context based on urban stereotypes. Learning about this particular school community—its uniqueness, its complexities, and its continuing and dy- namic evolution—is fundamental to developing an evaluation plan /REITERATION OF CASE/ \TEAM ENGAGEMENT\ Estella Marquez , Hashid Robinson Interview) One class at each grade level iden- tified as “representative or typical” Classes require teacher and parent con- sent. observations will be made about once a week for about half of the school day during the months of October, November, February, March, and April, scheduled so that all components of the curriculum are observed mul- tiple times. observations will generate rich descriptions of the learning activities, interactions, and environments of these classrooms. focuses include engagement and learning of different kinds of children in the various components of the curriculum character of the integrated in-class services provided how time is used the evaluation team will record field notes of unstructured observations conducted at other sites in the school, including lunchroom playground fif- teen teachers will be individually interviewed selected to be collectively representative of the school’s faculty, along dimensions of sample education classroom or specialist assignment experience longevity at the school Very new teachers and teachers new to the school will be excluded race and ethnicity commitment to the school (J: less likely to provide "rich" information) With the consent of the teachers’ union and the district and school administrators group-level evaluative information about the Bunche–Da Vinci teaching staff over the past three years profile of strengths and weaknesses weaknesses If access to this information is denied, the eval- uation team will consult with the administration and faculty at Bunche–Da Vinci regarding other avenues to secure data on teaching quality. Six group interviews of parents five to ten parents in each group formed primarily around the demographics of the school will include 1) one group of Latino parents of children who have good English fluency 2) one group of Latino parents of children in the Structured English Immersion classes (3) one group of African American parents 5) one group of parents of children in special education (J: Short Essay Prompt 1: What percentage of the possible combination of named parent groups is this? Short Essay Prompt 2: What percentage of students does this combination reach?) (4) one group of parents of children in Title I For all groups, parents will be sampled for representativeness, along longevity in the commu- nity age gender work income status number of children in the school longevity in the Bunche–Da Vinci school (J: LOGISTICS:) Child care, transportation, and food will be provided for all group interviews. interviews will be conducted in Spanish if the Spanish-speaking parents prefer this major focus of these interviews will be to gather parent descriptions of and evaluative reflections on their children’s learning experiences in this school sense of connectedness and commitment to the school. their full content analysis comparison of teacher- developed assessments Da Vinci program tests state tests and standards with the consultation of additional content experts as needed two experts in psychometrics stu- dent performance on all of these tests over the past four years, using the first year before the Da Vinci partnership as a baseline, will be analyzed by stu- dent subgroup and skill area. analysis will endeavor to identify the spe- cific areas of relative strength and weakness displayed by various subgroups of students for sub- groups and specific skill areas patterns in performance over time summary of methods as connected to evaluation questions Table 3.1. (J: Communication note: Put links to summary tables (or the tables themselves) at the BEGINNING of documents) = Reporting = ("June 5, 2004") reporting section of our evaluation plan periodic brief reports on the evaluation’s progress first in writing and then in person, including time for questions, comments, and dis- cussion We believe that ongoing engagement in the evaluative issues being pursued, especially by your staff and interested parents, can enhance the potential power of the evaluation to be a meaningful and valuable learning activity. for this first year of the evaluation, can we reserve one of your faculty meetings for evaluation reporting and discussion in mid- November, one in early March, and then one in late May? thought that it could be useful to have a joint pub- lic forum for all interested members of the Bunche–Da Vinci community to discuss with one another the emerging findings and continuing issues being engaged in the evaluation. we \LOGISTICS\ We could organize a pasta and salad dinner for the occasion, and we would have interpreters there for the Spanish-speaking parents /LOGISTICS/ every three to four months, the evaluation team will present written progress reports to leadership of the Bunche–Da Vinci Learning Academy (principal and lead teachers), the district leadership (superintendent and identified others), interested parent and community groups, and designated representatives of the Da Vinci Learning Corporation. outline in brief, non- technical form the major evaluation activities accomplished since the last progress report reports will activ- ities upcoming highlights of recent evaluation findings third, the value-engaged evaluator will seek opportunities for meaningful dialogues with stakeholders and especially opportunities for stakeholders to engage A VALUE-ENGAGED APPROACH 43 44 THEORISTS’ MODELS IN ACTION in dialogue with one another about Resources permitting, a Spanish version of all progress and annual highlights reports will be prepared for the Spanish- speaking members of the community. responsive to the issues and concerns of all legiti- mate stakeholder groups requires an on-site presence and an ear keenly tuned to the multiple and diverse rhythms of lived experiences in this particular community provide spaces and places for thoughtful, data-informed reflections on practice (J: How do you measure this??) also fundamentally educative attend to the substantive and methodological dimensions of the evalua- tion, but also its relational dimensions to how the evaluator is present in the context at hand to evaluation itself as a moral and ethical practice (Schwandt, 2004). (Schwandt, 2004). enacted in three principal ways. ry to establish respectful, reciprocal, partnering relationships with all stakeholders Respect and reciprocity can be communicated, for example, by assuming that all stakeholders have something valuable to contribute to the evaluation and by listening well to each one (Greene, 2003). Second, the evaluation pro- cess will be an open and transparent one that invites participation by mul- tiple stakeholders in all phases, but especially at the front end, when the evaluation agenda is being established, and at the back end, when inter- pretations of results and action implications are discussed. inclusion of all legitimate stakeholder perspectives in the evaluation and anchoring of the evaluative work in the particularities of this context Less important is actual stakeholder partici- pation in the nitty-gritty activities of data gathering and analysis, although stakeholders would be welcome in these processes as well in dialogue with one another near the end of the two years of this evaluation project, a modest meta-evaluation will be commissioned for this value-engaged evaluation of the Bunche–Da Vinci Learning Academy Two well-regarded evaluators will be contracted to evaluate this evaluation. evaluator who advocates responsiveness and learning in evaluation practice evaluator with a different evaluative philosophy and practical approach evaluate this evaluation on the basis of 1) criteria intrinsic to this approach, (2) the widely accepted evaluation standards (utility, feasibility, propriety, accuracy), and (3) her or his own ideas about what constitutes “good” eval- uation practice
The skin or integumentary system The integumentary system serves as a protective barrier; the skin helps to regulate the body temperature by several mechanisms. These mechanisms consist of: Protection Abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection Vitamin D synthesis Epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to UV light helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing absorption of Ca2+ Sensation Receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration and pain Thermoregulation Thermo receptors and sweat glands Hypothalamus controls cutaneous arteries and sweat glands to retain or dissipate heat Psychological and social functions Appearance and social acceptance Facial expression and nonverbal communication The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of cells in the skin which together with the dermis forms the cutis. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium, composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes which acts as the body's major barrier against an inhospitable environment, by preventing pathogens from entering, making the skin a natural barrier to infection. It also regulates the amount of moisture released from the body by diaphoresis (sweating). The epidermis has no nerves or vessels. It is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The epidermis constists of keratinocytes (95% majority) melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells Rete ridges (wrinkles) are epidermal thickenings that extend downward between dermal papillae. These are or interest to nurses where they can be mapped as "Langer's lines" indicating the direction in which they usually lie. "Crow's feet" at the outer edge of the eyes is an example of skin wrinkles which typically allow movement in one direction. Incisions along these lines will leave the least obvious scar, while incisions across these lines will cause dog-eared puckering of the healed skin. Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. The dermis is the largest layer of skin between the epidermis and the hypodermis which is responsible for giving the skin its structural support. The dermis consists of white fibrous tissues containing elastic fibers to allow the skin to stretch. It also contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles and glands that produce sweat. This helps regulate the body temperature and keeps the skin from drying out. [Tabbners Nursing Care, 5th Edition, Chapter 37, Page 617] The hypodermis is the innermost and thickest layer of the skin, it is specialised in accumulating and storing fats, known as adipocytes it also acts as an energy reserve. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves also its Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. The hypodermis also fastens the skin to the underlying surface, provides thermal insulation, and absorbs shocks from impacts to the skin. Sweat glands include the apocrine gland which may act as a sex attractant also opens in to the hair follicle. Eccerine gland which control body temperture. Skin integrity can be defined as skin being whole, intact and undamaged. Poor skin integrity can lead to further complications such as pressure sores, infections and skin tears. Skin integrity can be assessed using the Braden Scale, the Norton Scale or the Waterlow Scale. Maintaining skin integrity can be done by using a daily moisturizing pH balanced lotion to protect dry skin, avoid consistent contact with a wet environment, maintaining optimal hydration, maintaining good nutrition, maintaining mobility and avoiding falls. A skin tear is the separation of the epidermis from the dermis or both the epidermis and the dermis from deeper structure. According to silver chain star classification system a tear can be classed into one of 5 categories: 1 1a (the edges can be realigned and the colour of the skin flap is normal), 1b (the edges can be realigned but the colour of the skin flap is pale, dark or dusky), 2a (the edges can not be realigned and the colour of the skin flap is normal), 2b (the edges can not be realigned and the colour of the skin flap is pale, dark or dusky), 3 (the skin flap is completely gone). Parasite : The skin is a primary site of infection, most parasites are harmless. All parasitic groups can involve the skin or subcutaneous tissue.Food and water are the most common sources of parasite and invading organism transmission. A burn is a type of injury to the flesh or skin, which is a part of the integumentary system of the body. Burns are one of the most serious skin injuries, as they not only disrupt physical function but as well can cause severe emotional trauma. Burns may be caused by Dry heat Electricity Moist heat Radiation Chemicals Heat in contact with the skin causes coagulation of the protein in the tissue cells, and the depth of the burn, or the degree of the burn relates to the amount of thermal energy that comes in contact with the skin. A burn is described as both being superficial, partial thickness or full thickness, and when the burn surface area is assessed often the rule of nines is used, which cuts the body into sections and is able to give a rough measure of percentage of body that contains the burn. Skin integrity may be threatened by diet deficient in protein, Vitamin B2 or sulphur. . Martin, E. (2008) A Dictionary of Nursing. UK Stainton,K., Hughson,J., Funnell,R., Koutoukidis,G. & Lawrence,K. (2008) Tabbner's Nursing Care. Elsiever. Australia.5th Edition, chapter 37, page 632 David Moreau (Ed) (2008) Anatomy and Physiology Made Incredibly Easy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. South Australia Rothrock, J. (2010) Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery. Elseiver. Sydney. Smeltzer,S., Bare,B., Hinkle,J. & Cheever, K. (2009) Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Tasmania
Young Guns II is a 1990 film, and is the sequel to Young Guns. It stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Christian Slater, and features William Petersen as Pat Garrett. It was directed by Geoff Murphy. It follows the life of William H. Bonney aka Billy the Kid (played by Emilio Estevez) in the years following the Lincoln County War in which Billy was part of "The Regulators" — a group of around 6 highly skilled gunmen avenging the death of John Tunstall — and the years before Billy's documented death. The film, however, is told by Brushy Bill Roberts, a man who in the 1940s appeared claiming to be the real Billy the Kid. While the film is not entirely historically accurate, it does show some of the key events leading up to Billy's documented death, including his talks with Governor Lew Wallace, his capture by friend-turned-foe Pat Garrett, his trial and his subsequent escape in which he killed two deputies. Ah, ah, Pendleton. The white cake, with the sweet frost. Best dollar eighty I ever spent Yes your Honor, I do. You can go to hell, hell, hell. Heavy steps, Patsy. I'll tell ya why, five hundred dollars cuts a lot of ties. Yoo Hoo, I'll make ya famous. It's your gang Dave. Don't cross me Dave. I'm real happy for you, Dave. You rode a 15 year old boy straight to his grave. And the rest of us, straight to hell. William H. Bonney, you are not a god. Billy!! Let's finish the game. Tell the governor that i'm Brushy Bill Roberts, alias William Antrim, also known as William H. Bonney, alias Billy the Kid. I'd rather drink turpentine and piss on a brush fire, I ain't touchin' this one. Yoo-Hoo, I'll make ya famous! The West just got wilder. Emilio Estevez as William H. "Billy the Kid" Bonney/Brushy Bill Roberts (uncredited for the latter) Kiefer Sutherland as Josiah Gordon "Doc" Scurlock Lou Diamond Phillips as Jose Chavez y Chavez Christian Slater as "Arkansas" Dave Rudabaugh William Petersen as Pat Garrett Alan Ruck - Henry "Bullet George" William French James Coburn - John Chisum Balthazar Getty - Tom O'Folliard Jenny Wright - Jane Greathouse Jack Kehoe - Ashmun Upson Robert Knepper - Deputy Carlyle Viggo Mortensen - John W. Poe Tracey Walter - Beever Smith Bradley Whitford - Charles Phalen Scott Wilson - Governor Lew Wallace Howie Young - Poe Posse Wikipedia has an article about: Young Guns II
Michael Scott Gallegos is an artist, photographer, audio book narrator and producer of ThoughtAudio.com, which distributes his free audio books. He is also a short story writer with a blog on Wordpress. ordered chronologically Crap is the essence of innovation and technological advancement. ...It’s our human way of becoming ... well ... generators of more crap that helps us become more modern, productive and communicative human beings. The Pompous Propensity of Poop (Oct 10, 2010) Monday could not have arrived on a worse day. It could have been polite and waited until Tuesday or even Wednesday. "Alligator" (Nov 5, 2011) I need to wake out of my stupor and begin work. ...my body stands frozen in a snow packed tundra waiting for rescue. It may take a few days before that happens, since my mind is on vacation in Alberta right now. "Alligator" (Nov 5, 2011) My wife is talking to me this morning without realizing that her words go into my ears and drop directly to my toes. I hear their thud as they land and maybe a small wisp of air as they pass my brain. ...I need her to understand that the alligator in my head is eating the meaning of her words as my toes become crammed with their debris. She will still yell at me, but I have a good excuse now that I have an alligator residing in my head. "Alligator" (Nov 5, 2011) What they [the Cactus Bristle gang] discovered is that people were not influenced by principles, such as the difference between democracy and communism, Judaism versus Islam, or even rich versus poor. They found people did not generally comprehend or like abstract principles. All people wanted was a place they called their own, a good job, and the ability to make life decisions with ample access to television. "Lid: A Desert Shanty Town" (Nov 5, 2011) in "Cactus Bristle" Human nature is very myopic about its existence. It very much wants to think their current reality is the absolute reality. "Lid: A Desert Shanty Town" (Nov 5, 2011) in "The Certainty of Death in Time" History is a perfect arm-chair coach, but it lacks human sentiment. It’s like imagining living through the Black Death in the Middle Ages. It can’t be done. Essentially history is an emotional iceberg when it comes to human tragedy. We look upon the events of history as folklore, stories of human rights and wrongs, of character and cracks. History is always a good story, but its tragedies or success never hit our current-event nerve. "Then is Now" (Nov 6, 2011) Jason never knew a day without war. They raged since before he was born, and had become a silent backdrop to his everyday life. As long as it stayed in the big cities, he was satisfied to remain deaf, dumb and blind to the destruction. "Then is Now" (Nov 6, 2011) "Right now, at this very moment, we are at that point in time where the dream dies and reality takes its place. We are the only ones that can appreciate that moment, because we are the only ones who know it. This is a future moment happening right now. Don’t you get it Jason, then is now. In a few minutes, the present reality we are experiencing will be gone; the dream will have ended because it became reality. All of these stratums of reality, the multiplicity of cascading sheets of our world are about to morph, and shift, and sort, all in one small single point in time." Natalie, "Then is Now" (Nov 6, 2011) Magic gave a final wink and wave as it vanished into the cascading darkness of the dark lonely back road. A Wrangler's Road Trip (Nov 7, 2011) A noted psychologist, who witnessed one of Mary Wellington’s desperate episodes, wrote about her in one of his articles. “Mary X’s behavior is symbolic of a gross narcissism that doesn’t allow anyone in their world except themselves. If there were a cure for this parasitic ailment, it would lead to world peace. Our modern technological society has inadvertently created the Mary X’s of the world, and our civilization suffers as a result. God help us all.” "The Evanston A-List" (Nov 7, 2011) He was soon asleep as the familiar cadence of Bach played in the background. It was no surprise that no one noticed. "Invisible I Stand" (Nov 8, 2011) A couple walked past us holding hands. “You guys look so cute playing football in the park.” Little did they know that they just witnessed the biggest Super Bowl loss in the history of National League Football. "Superbowl in the Park" (Aug 31, 2013) The “have-nots” see agonizing death as an equalizing force. Their pompous attitude is unfair and their only advantage over us. Recently, I’ve come to resent them, to resent karma. ...I understood when Zombie died. I understood when Monica died. What I can’t understand is why I have to die at such a young age. It just doesn’t make sense. The only question I have is ... WHY ME? "The Sound Of Chalk Blending into Paper" (Sep 1, 2014) I trembled at the thought of commenting on The Economist. However, I knew I had to take the leap or I would forever see myself as a sissy failure, a scaredy-cat unable to put his stuff out into the world for a shake and bake session with the big boys. Blogging Blurts (Sep 11, 2014) It’s COMMUNICATION MOBILITY. People love walking around engaged. They do NOT, I repeat do NOT love the phone. ...COMMUNICATION MOBILITY could take place with a cardboard box and people would love the cardboard. Blogging Blurts (Sep 11, 2014) quoting from "Taking a bite out of Apple" Economist.com Blog (Sep 15, 2013) The pivotal element is TIME POVERTY. Blogging Blurts (Sep 11, 2014) quoting from "What is driving urban gentrification?" Economist.com Blog (Sep 17, 2013) Reducing the consumption flow by rich people taking all the money is fun (if you’re rich) ... at least for a while. ...In ten years, a new consumer class must emerge to continue to the devouring trend of consumption. IF NOT, the top falls from its own weight. The top dogs of global economic market cannot munch their way through product consumption to keep the show going. The result ... CRASH! Blogging Blurts (Sep 11, 2014) quoting from "Dumb-bell or emerging middle?" Economist.com Blog (Sep 26, 2013) I don’t like jumping in the ocean and pretending to be a fish. I don’t surf and I don’t enjoy swimming. ...I don’t enjoy fishing either. I must come from a line of beasts that lived on the beach but not in the ocean. "Beach House Anniversary" (Sep 18, 2014) The sequel would catapult me into the New York Times #1 book for 18 months straight. I would not allow my stardom to affect my Zen-Monk demeanor. I would retire into my mansion, become a Zen-Monk master and own three Jeeps. "Beach House Anniversary" (Sep 18, 2014) The ocean is an intoxicant or more like WD40. It greases the rusty parts of the mind and body and gets them moving like a precision machine. "Beach House Anniversary" (Sep 18, 2014) I learned how to work on automatic pilot over the years. It takes a lot of practice to keep a wife calm. I’ve actually become a wife-whisperer during my 32 years of marriage. "Beach House Anniversary" (Sep 18, 2014) I like to commemorate my trips with a localized t-shirt. I re-live my trips throughout the year, saying to myself that I am not trapped in a dungeon of incessant work because I go on vacations and have t-shirts to prove it. "Beach House Anniversary" (Sep 18, 2014) Luck is for the poor. For the rich, money flows to its natural source. ...You know, it’s true what they say. Life is a beach! "Living a Billionair's Life" (Sep 19, 2014) Today is my last full day at the ocean. ...Perfection is not only for the rich, the supremely talented, the powerful. It is also available to me. "The Encouraging Notes of Fog" (Sep 21, 2014) My wife says that I should be working for retirement instead of pursuing my sizzled dream of writing. I told her she was right. I should be working instead of goofing off. But, I’m a man. What does she expect? "Paper Cut Reflections" (Sep, 2014) All my inner beings become streams of brightly lucent colors. I touch each strand and each thread makes a unique tone. "Internally Strewn Selves: The 'All' Surprisingly Includes Everything" (Oct 5, 2014) Aesthetics is merely an undiscovered force, expressed by a yet un-devised mathematical equation. "Internally Strewn Selves: The 'All' Surprisingly Includes Everything" (Oct 5, 2014) Meditation takes chaos and begins magically morphing it into nothing. "Internally Strewn Selves: The 'All' Surprisingly Includes Everything" (Oct 5, 2014) A battle line occurs at these critical points in time. The heaven born leader must fight the onslaught with vigor and courage. Yet, no person alone can avenge a malevolent enemy. A grain of sand cannot consider itself a beachfront nor can a single drop of rain claim to be a raging river. However, when all the forces combine in harmony, then rocks crumble into dust, the earth shakes, and mountains move. Alpha Wolf, "The Myth of Etan" (June, 2015) edition (original article published Nov 6, 2011) Summerset’s fine culture was the topping on the cake for his delicately assembled self-esteem. Culture was one of the top ranking rest and relaxation pastimes for the citizens of Summerset. The Summerset Art Gallery, the... Theater Group, ...Museum of Fine Art, and its annual Summerset Independent Film Festival were the heartbeat of the township. It was a joy to live in Summerset’s cultural coated lining of contemporary living. It made one feel a cut above the rest of the mundane world. "Invisible I Stand" (June, 2015) edition ((original article published Nov 8, 2011) The Complex Now: Reflections on the Modern Era by Michael Scott Studios @wordpress.com Executive Viewpoints, Gallegos interviews CEOs and executives. ThoughtAudio
The N64 is by no means resource limited, so writing software for it in C is perfectly reasonable. One thing you must keep in mind, though: coding for the N64 requires extensive knowledge of both C and MIPS R4K assembly. However, assembly will only have to be used in small routines that initialize the N64 (or handle exceptions). You also have to be familiar with the GNU toolchain (binutils and gcc namely). Choose a directory that you want the compiled binaries and set this to $DIR. For example, export DIR=/usr Next, set $GCC to the compiler you are going to use. For example, export GCC=gcc Download the latest version(2.27), extract, change into that directory and run the following commands: ./configure --target=mips64 --prefix=$DIR --program-prefix=mips64- --with-cpu=mips64vr4300 make CC=$GCC make install Hopefully everything went well, and now you'll have a binutils package targeting MIPS. GCC needs to use some of the binaries that you compiled above, so do the following: export PATH=$PATH:$DIR/bin This will make GCC be able to find them. As with binutils, download the latest version(6.3.0), extract, change into the created directory, and run the following commands: ./configure --target=mips64 --prefix=$DIR --program-prefix=mips64- --with-arch=mips64vr4300 -with-languages=c --disable-threads make CC=$GCC make install While coding C for the N64 is no different than any other platform (except that you don't have any libraries at your disposal), you may, at times, have to write to memory mapped registers. The following example (which utilizes DMA) demonstrates this: /* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N64 DMA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / typedef struct { / Pointers to data / void ramp; void romp; / Filesizes (8-byte aligned) / u32 size_ramrom; / RAM -> ROM / u32 size_romram; / RAM <- ROM / / Status register / u32 status; } DMA_REG; / DMA status flags / enum { DMA_BUSY = 0x00000001, DMA_ERROR = 0x00000008 }; / DMA registers ptr / static volatile DMA_REG dmaregs = (DMA_REG)0xA4600000; / Copy data from ROM to RAM / int dma_write_ram ( void ram_ptr, void rom_ptr, u32 length ) { / Check that DMA is not busy already / while( dmaregs->status & DMA_BUSY ); / Write addresses / dmaregs->ramp = (u32)ram_ptr & 0x00FFFFFF; / ram pointer / dmaregs->romp = (u32)rom_ptr & 0x1FFFFFFF; / rom pointer / / Write size / dmaregs->size_romram = length - 1; / Wait for transfer to finish / while( dmaregs->status & DMA_BUSY ); / Return size written / return length & 0xFFFFFFF8; } You may also have to use inline assembly a fair bit. The function below sets a breakpoint on a region of memory: enum { BREAKPOINT_READ = 1, BREAKPOINT_WRITE = 2 }; / Set breakpoint / void bp_set ( u32 addr, u8 flags ) { addr &= 0x3FFFF8; / assuming lower 4MB, also doubleword / flags &= 0x03; / only lower two bits / addr \|= flags; asm("mtc0 %0, $18\n" / WatchLo / "mtc0 $zero, $19\n" / WatchHi */ ::"r"(addr)); } GCC 6.3.0 Binutils 2.27
Data should be stored in such a way that no redundant information exists in the database. For example, if our database includes groups of people who, in each case, all pursue the same hobby, then we would rather avoid repeatedly storing the same static details about a given hobby; namely in every record about one of the hobby's enthusiasts. Likewise, we would rather avoid repeatedly storing the same detailed information about an individual hobbyist, namely in every record about one of that person's hobbies. Instead, we create independent person and hobby tables and point from one to the other. This technique for grouping data in separate, redundancy-free tables is called database normalization. Such separation also tends to simplify the logic and enhance the flexibility of assembling precisely the items needed for a given purpose. This assembly is accomplished through the 'JOIN' operation. In our example database, there are two tables: person and contact. The contact table contains the column person_id, which correlates with the Primary-Key column id of the person table. By evaluating the column values, we can join contacts and persons together. Joined (virtual) table, created out of person and contact So, Larry Goldstein, that exists only once in the stored person table, is now listed four times in the joined, virtual table – each time, in combination with one of his four contact items. The same applies to Kim Goldstein and his two contact items. But what is going on with Tom Burton and Lisa Hamilton, whose contact information is not available? We may have some trouble attempting to join their person data with their non-existent contact information. For the moment, we have flagged the situation with question marks. A detailed explanation of how to transform the problem into a solution appears later on this page. Obviously it's necessary to specify two things with the JOIN operation the names of the relevant tables the names of the relevant columns The basic syntax extends the SELECT command with these two elements SELECT -- as usual FROM -- a table alias JOIN ON -- the join criterion ... -- optionally all the other elements of SELECT command ; Let's make a first attempt. SELECT * FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id; One of the table names is referenced after the FROM keyword (as previously), and the other one after the new keyword, JOIN, which (no surprise here) instructs the DBMS to perform a join operation. Next, the ON keyword introduces the column names together with a comparison operator (or a general condition, as you will see later). The column names are prefixed with the respective aliases of the table names, p and c. This is necessary because columns with identical names (like id) may exist in multiple tables. When the DBMS executes the command, it delivers 'something' that contains all the columns from both tables, including the two id columns from their respective (person and contact) tables. The result contains nine rows, one per existing combination of person and contact; viz., due to the 'ON' expression, person records without any corresponding contact records will not appear in the result. The delivered 'something' looks like a new table; in fact, it has the same structure, behavior, and data as a table. If it is created from a view or as the result of a subselection, we can even perform new SELECTs on it. But there is an important difference between this and a table: Its assembled data is not stored in the DBMS as such; rather, the data is computed at run time from the values of real tables, and only held in temporary memory while the DBMS is running your program. This key feature – assembling complex information from simple tables – is made possible by means of the two simple keywords, JOIN and ON. As you will see also, the syntax can be extended to build very complex queries, such that you can add many additional refinements to the specification of your join criteria. It can sometimes be confusing when results don't match your intentions. If this happens, try to simplify your query, as shown here. Confusion often results from the fact that the JOIN syntax itself may become quite complicated. Moreover, joining can be combined with all of the other syntactic elements of the SELECT command, which also may lead to a lack of clarity. The combination of the join syntax with other language elements is shown in the following examples. -- -- show only important columns SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type as "Kind of Contact", c.contact_value as "Call Number" FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id; -- show only desired rows SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type as "Kind of Contact", c.contact_value as "Call Number" FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id WHERE c.contact_type IN ('fixed line', 'mobile'); -- apply any sort order SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type as "Kind of Contact", c.contact_value as "Call Number" FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id WHERE c.contact_type IN ('fixed line', 'mobile') ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC; -- use functions: min() / max() / count() SELECT count() FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id WHERE c.contact_type IN ('fixed line', 'mobile'); -- JOIN a table with itself. Example: Search different persons with the same lastname SELECT p1.id, p1.firstname, p1.lastname, p2.id, p2.firstname, p2.lastname FROM person p1 JOIN person p2 ON p1.lastname = p2.lastname -- for the second incarnation of person we must use a different alias WHERE p1.id != p2.id -- sorting of p2.lastname is not necessary as it is identical to the already sorted p1.lastname ORDER BY p1.lastname, p1.firstname, p2.firstname; -- JOIN more than two tables. Example: contact information of different persons with same lastname SELECT p1.id, p1.firstname, p1.lastname, p2.id, p2.firstname, p2.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM person p1 JOIN person p2 ON p1.lastname = p2.lastname JOIN contact c ON p2.id = c.person_id -- contact info from person2. p1.id would lead to person1 WHERE p1.id != p2.id ORDER BY p1.lastname, p1.firstname, p2.lastname; Earlier on this page, we saw an example of a join result wherein some rows contained person names, but no contact information – instead showing a question mark in that latter column. If the basic syntax of the JOIN operation had been used, those (question-mark) rows would have been filtered out. That (basic syntax with exclusive result) is known as an INNER join. There are also three different kinds of OUTER joins. The results of an OUTER join will contain not only all the full-data rows that an INNER join's results would, but also partial-data rows, i.e., those where no data was found in one or both of the two stored tables; thus, they're called LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER and FULL OUTER joins. So we can widen the basic JOIN syntax to the four options: [INNER] JOIN LEFT [OUTER] JOIN RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN FULL [OUTER] JOIN Keywords surrounded by [ ] are optional. The parser infers OUTER from LEFT, RIGHT or FULL, and a plain (i.e., basic-syntax) JOIN defaults to INNER. The inner join is probably the most commonly used of the four types. As we have seen, it results in precisely those rows that exactly match the criterion following the ON. Below is an example showing how to create a list of persons and their contacts. -- A list of persons and their contacts SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id -- identical meaning: INNER JOIN ... ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC, c.contact_value; What is most significant is that records for persons without any contact information are not part of the result. Sometimes we need a little more; for example, we might want a list of all person records, to include any contact-information records that may also be available for that person. Note how this differs from the example above: this time, the results will contain all person records, even those for persons who have no contact-information record(s). -- A list of ALL persons plus their contacts SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM person p LEFT JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id -- identical meaning: LEFT OUTER JOIN ... ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC, c.contact_value; In those cases where the contact information is unavailable, the DBMS will supplant it with the 'null value' or with the 'null special marker' (not to be confused with the string (-type) 'null value' or 'null' nor with binary 0. Nonetheless, implementation details aren't important here. The null special marker will be discussed in a later chapter). In summary, the left (outer) join is an inner join, plus one row for each left-side match without a counterpart on the right side. Consider the word 'left'. It refers to the left side of the formula, "FROM LEFT JOIN ", or more specifically, the table denoted on the left side (here: table_1); indicating that every row of that table will be represented at least once in the result, whether a corresponding record is found in the right-side table (here: table_2) or not. Another example: SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM contact c LEFT JOIN person p ON p.id = c.person_id -- identical meaning: LEFT OUTER JOIN ... ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC, c.contact_value; What's the difference? We've changed the order of the table names. Note that we're still using a LEFT join, but because contact is now the "left" referent (the object in the FROM clause), contact data will now be considered as being of primary importance; therefore, all the contact rows will appear in the result - along with any corresponding information that may exist in the person table. As it happens, in the database we're using, every contact record corresponds to a person record so, in this case, it works out that the results are equivalent to what they'd have been if we'd used an inner join. Yet they're different from those of the previous left-join example. The right join obeys the same rules as the left join, but in reverse. Now, every record from the table referenced in the join clause will appear in the result, including those that have no corresponding record in the other table. Again, the DBMS supplies each empty right-column cell with the null special marker. The only difference is that the evaluation sequence of tables is carried out in reverse or, in other words, with the roles of the two tables swapped. -- A list of ALL contact records with any corresponding person data, even if s SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM person p RIGHT JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id -- same as RIGHT OUTER JOIN ... ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC, c.contact_value; A full join retrieves every row of both the left table and the right table, regardless of whether a corresponding record exists in the respective opposite table. SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM person p FULL JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id -- identical meaning: FULL OUTER JOIN ... ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC, c.contact_value; Given table_1 and table_2 below, the full join: SELECT FROM table_1 t1 FULL JOIN table_2 t2 ON t1.id = t2.table_1_id; will yield: These results contain the (single) matching row, plus a row each for all the other records of both of the original tables. As each of these other rows represent data found in only one of the tables, they are each missing some data, so the cells representative of that missing data contain the null special marker. Note: The full join is not supported by all DBMS. Nevertheless, because it isn't an atomic operation, it is always possible to create the desired result by a combination of multiple SELECTs with SET operations. With inner joins it is possible to omit the ON. SQL interprets this as a - syntactically correct - request to combine every record of the left table with every record of the right table. It will return a large number of rows: the product of the row counts of the two tables. This particular kind of an inner join is called a Cartesian product or CROSS JOIN. The Cartesian product is an elementary operation of relational algebra, which is the foundation for all rDBMS implementations. -- all persons combined with all contacts (some implementations replace the -- keyword 'JOIN' with a comma) SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_type, c.contact_value FROM person p JOIN contact c -- missing ON keyword: p X c will be created ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, c.contact_type DESC, c.contact_value; -- count the resulting rows SELECT count(*) FROM person p JOIN contact c; Be careful then; if you unintentionally omit the ON term, the result will be much larger than expected. If, for example, the first table contains 10,000 records, and the second one 20,000 records, the output will contain 200 million rows. How can we create a list of persons and their hobbies? Remember: one person may run many hobbies and several persons may run the same hobby. So there is no direct connection from persons to hobbies. Between the two tables, we have created a third one person_hobby. It holds the id of persons as well as the id of hobbies. We have to 'walk' from person to person_hobby and from there to hobby. -- persons combined with their hobbies SELECT p.id p_id, p.firstname, p.lastname, h.hobbyname, h.id h_id FROM person p JOIN person_hobby ph ON p.id = ph.person_id JOIN hobby h ON ph.hobby_id = h.id ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, h.hobbyname; Please note that no column of the table person_hobby goes to the result. This table acts only during intermediate execution steps. Even its column id is not of interest. Some people do not perform a hobby. As we performed an INNER JOIN they are not part of the above list. If we want to see in the list also persons without hobbies, we must do what we have done before: use LEFT OUTER JOINs instead of INNER JOINs. -- ALL persons plus their hobbies (if present) SELECT p.id p_id, p.firstname, p.lastname, h.hobbyname, h.id h_id FROM person p LEFT JOIN person_hobby ph ON p.id = ph.person_id LEFT JOIN hobby h ON ph.hobby_id = h.id ORDER BY p.lastname, p.firstname, h.hobbyname; Hint: If necessary, we can combine every kind of join with every other kind of join in every desired sequence, e.g. : LEFT OUTER with FULL OUTER with INNER ... . Criteria for join operations are not restricted to the usual formulation: SELECT ... FROM table_1 t1 JOIN table_2 t2 ON t1.id = t2.fk ... First, we can use any column, not only primary key and foreign key columns. In one of the above examples, we used the lastname for a join. Lastname is of type character and has no meaning of any key. To avoid poor performance, some DBMS restrict the use of columns to those having an index. Second, the comparator is not restricted to the equal sign. We can use any meaningful operator, for example, the 'greater than' for numeric values. -- Which person has the greater body weight - restricted to 'de Winter' for clarity SELECT p1.id, p1.firstname as "is heavier", p1.weight, p2.id, p2.firstname as "than", p2.weight FROM person p1 JOIN person p2 ON p1.weight > p2.weight WHERE p1.lastname = 'de Winter' AND p2.lastname = 'de Winter' ORDER BY p1.weight desc, p2.weight desc; Third, we can use an arbitrary function. -- short lastnames vs. long lastnames SELECT p1.firstname, p1.lastname as "shorter lastname", p2.firstname, p2.lastname FROM person p1 JOIN person p2 ON LENGTH(p1.lastname) < LENGTH(p2.lastname) -- likewise ORDER BY can use functions ORDER BY length(p1.lastname), length(p2.lastname); Show first- and lastname plus icq number for persons having an icq number Click to see solution SELECT p.id, p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_value FROM person p JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id WHERE c.contact_type = 'icq'; Show first- and lastname plus ICQ number plus fixed line number for persons having an ICQ number AND a fixed line. You need to join the contact table twice. Click to see solution SELECT p.id, p.firstname, p.lastname, c1.contact_value as icq, c2.contact_value as "fixed line" -- looks like previous, but is different FROM person p JOIN contact c1 ON p.id = c1.person_id JOIN contact c2 ON p.id = c2.person_id -- it's a second (virtual) incarnation of contact table WHERE c1.contact_type = 'icq' -- from first incarnation AND c2.contact_type = 'fixed line'; -- from second incarnation -- In this example of an INNER JOIN we can convert the WHERE part to an additional JOIN criterion. -- This may clarify the intention of the command. But be careful: This shifting in combination with -- one of the OUTER JOINs may lead to different results. SELECT p.id, p.firstname, p.lastname, c1.contact_value as icq, c2.contact_value as "fixed line" FROM person p JOIN contact c1 ON p.id = c1.person_id AND c1.contact_type = 'icq' JOIN contact c2 ON p.id = c2.person_id AND c2.contact_type = 'fixed line'; Show first- and lastname plus (if present) the ICQ number for ALL persons Click to see solution -- To retrieve ALL persons, it's necessary to use a LEFT join. -- But the first approach is not what we expect! In this example, the LEFT JOIN is evaluated first -- and creates an intermediate table with null-values in contact_type (eliminate the -- WHERE clause to see this intermediate result). These rows and all other except the -- one with 'ICQ' are then thrown away by evaluating the WHERE clause. SELECT p.id, p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_value FROM person p LEFT JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id WHERE c.contact_type = 'icq'; -- It's necessary to formulate the search criterion as part of the JOIN. Unlike with -- the INNER JOIN in the previous example with (LEFT/FULL/RIGHT) OUTER JOINs it is not possible -- to shift it to the WHERE clause. SELECT p.id, p.firstname, p.lastname, c.contact_value FROM person p LEFT JOIN contact c ON p.id = c.person_id AND c.contact_type = 'icq'; Create a list which contains ALL hobbies plus according persons (if present) Click to see solution SELECT p.id p_id, p.firstname, p.lastname, h.hobbyname, h.id h_id FROM person p RIGHT JOIN person_hobby ph ON p.id = ph.person_id RIGHT JOIN hobby h ON ph.hobby_id = h.id ORDER BY h.hobbyname, p.lastname, p.firstname; Is it possible that one of the three outer joins contains fewer rows than the corresponding inner join? Click to see solution No. All four join types contain the same rows with column-matching-values. In addition outer joins contain rows where column values do not match - if such a situation exists.
Pinhel is a city and a municipality of almost 10,000 people (2011) in central Portugal, known as the "Cidade Falcão" for its castle near the Côa river valley. Pinhel (/piˈɲɛl/, pee-NYEHL) municipality has 9,627 residents (2011), with about 3,500 in the city proper. 40.7757-7.06271 Posto de Turismo, Praça Sacadura Cabral, ☏ +351 961 296 796, [email protected]. Tu–Su 10:00–12:00 & 14:00–18:00. (updated Jun 2021) Chief roadway: A25 from Vilar Formoso to Aveiro. During spring the almond (amendoeiras) trees blossom, especially around the town of Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo. 40.777-7.0621 Castle of Pinhel (Castelo de Pinhel). It has been listed as a Monumento Nacional National monument since 1950. It sits on a hill (overlooking the Côa river and Marofa mountain), and is one of the more important castles along the Côa river Valley. (updated Jan 2021) Feira das Tradições (Traditions Fair) in February every year; thousands visit it. 40.7759-7.06311 Entre Portas, Largo Ministro Duarte Pacheco 13, ☏ +351 962 026 467, [email protected]. Tu–Su 12:00–15:00 & 19:00–22:00, closed M. €8-25. (updated Jun 2021) 40.7637-7.0672 Restaurante Primus, Estrada de Vascoveiro, ☏ +351 271 418 222, [email protected]. M 12:00–16:00, Tu–F 12:00–22:00, Sa Su 12:00–23:00. €12-20. (updated Jun 2021) The Wines of Pinhel are well known. 40.8698-7.16031 Casas do Juízo, Rua de São Lourenço, Vale do Côa, Juízo, ☏ +351 927 585 758, [email protected]. Three-star rural complex of 8 houses with swimming pool, concierge, free Wi-Fi, and free parking. €63-99. (updated Jun 2021) Next visit Almeida and Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, also Castelo Rodrigo.
KOIIA 2, 7,5 hp vt -09 Örebro University Catarina Schmidt This paper discusses the conditions for identity; what it is, how it is created and developed. I will argue that there is a strong connection between identity and learning and also claim that there is crucial link between confidence in the written language and identity development. In the Swedish National Encyclopedia the word identity is defined as ”self image, awareness of oneself as a unique individual” and as “individuals or groups own identification of belonging to a certain culture, ethnical group or nation” (www.ne.se). Consequently dentity is about who I am, my sense of belonging to other groups, my relations, how I think of myself and how others understand me. We do not always reflect upon the term identity – it can be difficult to describe your own identity and even more difficult to take someone else’s perspective and be able to understand the conditions which creates another person’s identity.”My identity is”, writes Feinberg (1998),”as common to me as it may be uncommon to you” (p. 3). Our thoughts, feelings and ideas are inside us while the surrounding world is outside us, we can here talk about an inner and an outer world. Wenger (1998) means that identity ”narrows the focus onto the person, but from a social perspective” (s. 145). The concept of identity focuses the individual, the self and the subject. At the same time every individual needs the interaction with others to develop identity. To become a subject, to become someone, can therefore be seen as a double process (Nordin-Hultman, 2004). We construct our own identity at the same time as we are constructed. What does this really mean; how and on what conditions does identity develop? What does identity mean for the conditions of learning and, more specifically, for the credence and confidence in the written language? CONDITIONS FOR IDENTITY Riley (2007) stresses that ”the ability to establish intersubjectivity, to enter into social and meaningfull contact with another, is a necessary condition for the formation of identity” (p. 33). Many researchers stress the fact that identity is a product of social interaction (Wenger, 1998; Caldas-Coulthard & Iedema, 2008; Riley, 2007; ) It is the meeting between the subjects that is necessary for the creation of identity. Caldas-Coulthard & Iedema (2008) explain the notion of identity like representations of personal experiences and feelings that express themselves through organized action. Spoken or signed interaction can be seen as the very foundation of identity construction. To be able to express what simultaneously establishes our identity, we need a language. In a wider sense identity is all we say, express, gesture, wear and possess. The creation of identity commute, according to Lemke (2008) and Wenger (1998), between the individual’s and the minor group’s activities within the major institutional contexts. Wenger (1998) argues that it is not either an individual, nor an institutional or a social perspective. Instead we meet, he argues, them all three together at the same time dialogically “with a human face” (Ibid., p. 145). When we meet institutions we also meet its people, artifacts, discourses, practices and contexts (Lemke, 2008). Identity craves space and room in order to be created and developed over and over again. ”A society worth living in must make room for people to craft identities”, accentuates Wikan (2002, p. 74). Bhabha (1994) gives us the vision of ”a third space for enunciation (p. 53)” as a possible room where we can talk about ourselves and the other without putting the former aside as less worthy. Except this room with mutual respect for each other where interaction is possible through language we need a variety and a richness of words in order to express our identities. Lemke (2008) refers to Paulo Freire who ”asks us to try to speak an authentic word, to try to name ourselves outside the realm of names given to us by social institutions and the interest of power” (p. 39). Where ever interaction takes place it is put against categories like age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion and class. Those social categories, which identity can be investigated from, are also them pluralistic and changeable (Lemke, 2008; Eriksson-Zetterquist & Styhre, 2007; Feinberg, 1998 .) Eriksson-Zetterquist & Styhre (2007) give us the picture of a human as an aggregate of different identities, coexisting without being syncronised referring to Rosa Baraidotti (2006) : It is absolutely the case that one is not a Muslim on Tuesday and a European on Wednesday, a woman on Monday, black on Sunday and lesbian on Thursday afternoon. These variables coexist in time. They also intersect, coincide or clash; they are seldom synchronized. (p. 13) The many possibilities to interaction and language in order to ”name ourselves” are sources to both the individual and the collective identity. The construction of identity is always negotiating with different social categories of society, which can result in both restrictions as well as a legitimizations of the construction of identity. LEGITIMISATION OF IDENTITY Identity needs, as earlier mentioned, space. What is then happening when this space is limited, decreased or not existing? Eriksson-Zetterquist & Styhre (2007) claim that ”even if postmodern identity theories describe human identity as flowing and fragmental they will in unclear ways be stabilized into different social categorizations (p. 32). If, for example, only conflicts between gender is focused it can mean a stabilization of only this category which will make us disregard from other kind of oppressions. One such example is, mean de los Reys et.al (2005) immigrated women experiences and problems. If all women are compared with an idealized Swedish womanhood ethnical limits will be created where the Swedishness will be the norm (Ibid.). But, by taking in to consideration other social categoreis like ethnicity/race, age and social class the picture of immigrant women might be widened and the unclear stabilization around only one category might be painted in more colors and shades. The concept of intersectionality contributes to the possibility to see more social categories and the impact of these at the same time. Eriksson-Zetterquist & Styhre (2007) refer to Lycke (2003) and claim that intersectionality has its background in postmodern theories, feminist theories, postcolonial theories, Afro-American theories, theories about ethnicity, theories about class and queer theory. The authors strongly emphasize the importance of seeing “both ethnicity, color of skin, gender, class, sexuality, religion, age and other categories” (Ibid. p. 10) and their conclusion is that different social categories cannot be separated from each other, instead they state that we have to investigate ”how the different analytical categories clutch to each other and co-vary (p. 13) since they exist within a mutual relation with each other. To each one of these social categories values are connected - values that create social hierarchies. Postcolonial theoretical tools can show u show social hierarchies are being constructed without reflections and/or awareness from us as individuals within the very context. Colonization is not only about the conquering of land and natural assets, it is also about the ideology that justifies the construction of ”the others”. de los Reyes (2007) means that the ethnical hierarchy, existing within the employment- and resident market of today follows the colonial map. By connecting the colonial project to contemporary diversifying varieties, de los Reyes et.al. (2005) argue that there is a way to make social hierarchies visible. One expression for the ideology of colonization is the eugenic that was developed and got academically established at the University of Uppsala during the beginning of 1900 in Sweden. These thoughts were, according to the authors (Ibid. ), the foundation of what they name culture racism. They explain culture racism as defining the typical Swedish; the seeking after a Swedish identity points to the fact that the classification of the population of today is not built upon racial differences in a biological sense – now the concept of culture dominates the rhetoric. Just like Bhabha (1994) the authors (Ibid.) emphasize that binaries like women/men, labour/capital, immigrants/Swedes are taken for granted. An uncritical use might have the effect that some categories are dominated by another and that social hierarchies will be established. Another example of this is, according to de los Reyes et.al. (2005), single mothers, which they mean are put against and compared with a heterogeneous norm of differentiation. Feinberg (1998) further claims that we are born into a national identity that includes some of us and excludes others and he therefore argues for an including national identity ”that takes seriously the claims of different cultural communities and other identity formations for public recognition” (p. 27). “To be a stranger”, Feinberg writes, “is to be in a social world that does not respond in the way one anticipates” (p. 137) and by that he clearly touches Bhabha (1994) who in his construction of a “third space of enunciation” wants to escape from “we” and “them”. In order to avoid this, cultural pride and cultural respect is crucial, but Feinberg like Wikan (2002) stresses the fact that there are limits for cultural respect. Respecting the fundamental human rights of the individual can mean that culture must be resisted or reduced (Wikan, 2002). Feinberg argues for ”a robust recognition” and means by that that a certain group can have a specific right to have their story told. Also Riley (2007) emphasizes the importance of recognition for identity development to establish, explaining that ”it is otherness which makes interaction both possible and necessary” (p. 176). IDENTITY AND LEARNING Interaction and language constitute the conditions for identity. Seen from another angle interaction and language constitute the conditions for learning. Learning is situated, according to Lave & Wenger (1991), within communities of practice where negotiating takes place through participation. Communities of practice is, as I understand the authors, a context where a history of learning is shared. The situated learning has a characteristic process, which Lave & Wenger, call Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP). The process is legitimated since the new member from the very beginning is allowed to participate. The participation is first peripheral, but exceeds gradually to become more and more central for the purpose of the shared project; “a newcomer’s task is short and simple, the costs of errors are small, the apprentice has little responsibility for activity as a whole” (Ibid. p. 110). Lave & Wenger stress the importance of identity development and the process of LPP as a necessary condition for learning. Identity and learning are from this view dependent from each other and seen as inseparable: We have claimed that the development of identity is central to the careers of newcomers in communities of practice, and thus fundamental to the concept of legitimate peripheral participation. This is illustrated most vividly by the experience of newcomers to A.A., but we think that it is true of all learning. In fact, we have argued that, from the perspective we have developed here, learning and a sense of identity are inseparable. They are aspects of the same phenomenon. (Lave & Wenger, 1991, p. 115) From this theoretical perspective the individual’s participation is strongly connected with the development of identity, the sense of belonging and being a member (Wenger, 1998). A parallel to this is Smith (1998) who talks about membership and socialization in to the association of readers. Lave & Wenger (1991) emphasize strongly the importance of communities of practices in order to develop identity. In the ongoing work with authentic tasks the member becomes ”an old-timer, whose changing knowledge, skill and discourse are part of a developing identity” (p. 122). This means a constant negotiation with the inner self where the story of our life becomes a part of our identity: In the same way that meaning exists in its negotiation, identity exists – not as an object in and of itself – but in the constant work of negotiating the self. It is in this cascading interplay of participation and reification that our experience of life becomes one of identity, and indeed of human existence and consciousness. (Wenger, 1998, p. 151) Already the little child develops and internalizes in to a culture through dialogue and interaction. The child’s cultural integration do not take place through a passive imitation – the child is itself an actor together with other important actors. This is, according to Sommer (2005), the condition for children’s different childhoods within different historical, social and cultural practices. The concept of culture is by Feinberg (1998) seen ”as the system of meaning, which enables individuals to make sense of their own and other’s experiences” (p. 64). These sociocultural conditions constitute the practice where the child is included and proceeds from in its own learning. This reasoning focuses ”questions that deal with how people will master such knowledge and such skills that distinguish their own society and the time they are living in” (Säljö, 2005, p. 21). At the same time these sociocultural conditions constitute a potential for maximal development, which according to Feinberg (1998), demands a ”robust recognition” of different children’s life stories and identities. Referring to the the Children’s Convention, Hart (1992) stresses the importance of conditions for a real and genuine participation and he sees this as necessary for the construction of both identity and learning; ”programmes should be designed which maximize the opportunity for any child to choose to participate at the highest level of his ability”. According to Qvarsell (2003) a variety of meanings has to be captured and experiences from several actors being included (p. 102). If all children are compared with an idealized Swedish childhood will the same ethnical boarders be created as de los Reyes (2005) stresses considering immigrant women. Children who could not live up to the norm in the Swedish school during the century of 1800 were categorized as lazy and obstinate (Hjörne & Säljö, 2008) and the same authors show how these categorizations still exist and constitute learning conditions for some children but with other words. Time and again the importance of facets and a variety of many identities emerges. Qvarsell (2003) stresses the fact that there is not existing a single right perspective of being a child and Halldén’s (2003) conclusion is to allow and listen to all children’s voices , but also to interpret them as an expression for a certain context. Referring to the Children’s Convention and the Swedish curriculum considering educational learning Hobohm (2003) emphasizes ”the pupil’s right to be seen not only as a pupil, but also as a human that will be given the necessary space to keep his or her own personality” (p. 46). Also according to Feinberg respect is a necessity for democracy- and knowledge development, but yet he claims the urge for even more measures: Hence, one of the functions of the common schools is to teach students how to advance their own ideas and to speak and write in an authentic and convincing manner. In other words, the common school has a role in teaching students how to advance their own concerns – including cultural ones – and to express themselves in ways that ring true. (Feinberg, 2, p. 245) Today we live in a culture that is distinctly built on the written language. It is therefore crucial to become a human being who read and writes. Through language use we make our voice heard, we create meaning, build frames of reference, understanding and identity in the culture we are co-creators of (Kress, 1997). The ability to read and write is always connected with social activities and domains including relations and a life story in a chronological order. Within research about reading and writing the term Literacy is more and more used. Literacy can be seen as the ability in the written language that every person needs in order to live a satisfactorily life. Literacy is seen as social activity where social relations are integrated and where every person has her own literacy story including a variety of literacy events (Barton, 1994). Every individual participates through its family, interests, hobbies and through its surrounding world in different practices where the written language is used and identity creates and is created. Consequently there are many intersection points where learning, identity and the written language meet up in our time. Riley expresses it like ”just as history tells us who we are, identity is made of the stories we tell ourselves” (p. 244). Literacy learning therefore has a strong impact on self image and identity: Throughout the whole life communication with other people is a Condition for social and personal development and it is through participation in linguistic and cultural communities that the identity of children and young people increase. In a culture distinctly based on the written language becoming a person who reads and writes is therefore one of the most important personal milestones during growing time. Success and failures in this function might have lifelong consequences. There is powerful risk that the confidence to the linguistic ability becomes fragile or completely lacks. (Bergö & Ewald, 2003, p. 32) LEARNING THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY IN OUR TIME The Swedish curiculum prescribes that ”by providing a wealth of oppurtunities for discussion, reading and writing, all pupils should be able to develop their ability to communicate and thus enhance confidence in their own language abilities” (National Agency for Education, 2006, p. 6). Confidence in one’s own ability in the written language is one important part of children’s and young people’s construction of identity. Learning deals with developing identity through language – first the oral language and then the written language. School has here a specific social mandate, but social and communicative processes do of course occur in many other contexts and are initiated long before the school start. In the early history of education demands on reading and being able to memorize a limited choice of texts were claimed – today an ability of a critical view and the ability to rate and draw conclusions from texts in books, the computer screen and so on are needed. The demands have increased and the surrounding world has in addition become more complex when our writing culture is rapidly changing through digital resources and virtual communities on the Internet. But, it is still in written communities that children’s and young people’s identity take place. It is here and now that we try to understand and live our lives. By observing and studying which processes in socialization and communication that exist and what patterns of interaction that is established I want in my future research to take part of some children’s literacy practices and identity development. Questions I carry with me is what the relation is between identity and learning in different practices of literacy. My future research will deal with different individual’s literacy experiences that take place within different landscapes of language. Will the processes for learning diverge between these different literacies and, if so, in what ways and who are participating in these different practices? These conditions will then be put against conditions for identity construction. Dahlberg et.al. (2001) claim in addition that from a postmodern perspective we can no longer fall back on knowledge as something universal and static and therefore argue that we all must take responsibility for our own learning and creation of meaning. This means stronger demands on children today since they have to form and shape their own understanding of the world. I therefore argue that it is even more crucial to be seen as a child as well as to be able to see others and to be able, in different mediums, to express oneself ”in a way that rings true” (Feinberg, 1998, p. 245). Literacy classrooms can therefore be seen as places where face-to-face interactions shape literacy practices (McCarty, 2005). In this perspective literacy becomes a part of life, a linguistic resource for identity development and lifelong learning. Together we need to take responsibility for offering a space full of languages and ways of expressions where a variety of identity can create and be created without the expense of someone else. Or like Tatum (1997) expresses it “we may not have polluted the air, but we need to take responsibility, along with others, for cleaning it up” (p. 6). REFERENCES Barton, David (1994). Literacy. An Introduction to the Ecology of Written Language. Oxford: Blackwell. Bergö, Kerstin & Ewald, Annette (2003). “Liv, identitet och kultur. Om utredningen Att lämna skolan med rak rygg och svenska som demokratiämne”, i Örebro universitet. Utbildning & Demokrati vol. 12, nr 2. Bhabha, Homi (1994). The Location of Culture. Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen Rosa & Iedema, Rick (2007). Identity Trouble. Hampshire & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Dahlberg, Gunilla, Moss, Peter & Pence, Alan (2001). Från kvalitet till meningsskapande. Postmoderna perspektiv – exemplet förskolan. Stockholm: HLS Förlag. de los Reyes, Paulina (2007), ”Intersektionella perspektiv på etniska relationer”, i Etnicitet. Perspektiv på samhället. Malmö: Gleerups. de los Reyes, Paulina, Molina, Irene & Mulinari, Diana (2005). Maktens (o)lika förklädnader. kön, klass & etnicitet i det postkoloniala Sverige. Stockholm: Atlas. Eriksson-Zetterquist, Ulla & Styhre, Alexander (2007). Organisering och intersektionalitet. Malmö: Liber. Feinberg, Walter (1998). Common schools, uncommon identities. National unity & cultural differences. Hart, A. Roger (1992). ”Children’s participation. From tokenism to citizenship”, i Innocenti Essays, no 4. Florence: UNICEF, 1992 (nätpublikation). Hjörne, Eva & Säljö, Roger (2008). Att platsa i en skola för alla. Elevhälsa och förhandling om normalitet i den svenska skolan. Stockholm: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag. Hobohm, Susanne (2003). Barnets rätt, handbook för vuxna. Stockholm: Liber. Kress, Gunther (1997). Before writing. Rehinking the paths to literacy. London & New York: Routledge. Lemke, Jay (2008). “Identity, Development, and Desire: Critical Questions”, i Identity Trouble. Hampshire & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. McCarty, Teresa (red.). (2005). Literacy and power in schooling. Mahwah New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Nordin-Hultman, Elisabeth (2004). Pedagogiska miljöer och barns subjektsskapande. Malmö: Liber. Peterson, Abby & Hjerm, Mikael (2007). Etnicitet. Perspektiv på samhället. Malmö: Gleerups. Qvarsell, Birgitta (2003). “Barns perspektiv och mänskliga rättigheter. Godhetsmaximering eller kunskapsbildning?”, i Pedagogisk Forskning i Sverige. Nr 1-2, 2003. Riley, Philip (2007). Language, culture and identity. An ethnolinguistic perspective. London: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Sommer, Dion (2005). Barndomspsykologi. Utveckling i en förändrad värld. Tallin: Runa. Tatum, Beverly Daniel (1997). “Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?” And Other Conversations About Race. Utbildningsdepartementet (1998). Läroplan för det obligatoriska skolväsendet, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet. Stockholm: Skolverket. Wenger, Etienne (1998). Communities of Practice. Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Learning in doing: social, cognitive, and computational perspectives. Wikan, Unni (2002). Generous Betrayal. Politics of Culture in the New Europe. ÖVRIGA KÄLLOR http://www.ne.se/sok/identitet?type=NE 2009-05-30 (Nationalencyklopedin)
DBMS The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/DBMS Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Data raw facts and figures Data Processing performing operations on the input data to generate output. Database collection of related information about a particular enterprise. Database Management System collection of interrelated data, set of programs to access the data conveniently and efficiently. Typically data is stored in files. 1.) flat files contains one table at a time generally 2.) flat files contains values at each row and separated with a special symbol so to reach the data you have to parse each row and obtaining an array of values and then you can query the data. 3.) to control the data in a file , you have to read it line by line and parse it and because of it they are slow 4.) there is no control mechanism in files 5.) dbms systems commonly has a special language called sql to modify and reach the data easily 6.) dbms systems has indexes to reach the data, not read it line by line 7.) there are much more control mechanisms that approves the correctness of data 8.) you can reach the data across networks by using a dbms system easily and safely Data access through file systems suffers from the following problems. minimal data redundancy difficulty in accessing data inconsistency concurrent access data isolation integrity atomicity security A good database management system solves all the above mentioned problems which a user generally faces in a file system. Following are the types of database users: Database Administrator(DBA) - a database administrator performs the following activity Granting user authority to access the database Enforcing security and integrity rules Strategizing backup & recovery enforcing security and integrity rules Application programmers Data analysts Naive users three tier architecture Modern enterprise application architecture consists of the following layers application client application server database system Present trend in the enterprise architecture is moving towards n-tier architecture in which each of the above three layers is further distributed among multiple systems or layers query tools administration tools Following are the different database architecture types: Centralized Client-server Parallel (multi-processor) Distributed physical abstraction logical abstraction view abstraction To the design of complex data structure for the representation of data in the database. However since database system are often used by non computer professionals, this complexcity must be hidden from database system users. This is done by defining level of abstract as which the database may be viewed, There are logical view or external, conceptual view and internal view or physical view. This is the highest level of abstraction as seen by a user. This level of abstraction describe only part of entire database. This is the next lower level of abstraction which is the sum total of user's views. This level describe what data are actually stored in the database. This level contain information about entire database in term of small number of relatively simple structure. This is the lowest level of abstraction at which one describe how the data are physically sorted. Definition : Overall logical design of data base. Schema contains 'No of records + Type of data + No of attributes' External level or Sub schema logical schema physical schema Definition: The term instance is typically used to describe a complete database environment, including the RDBMS software, table structure, stored procedures and other functionality. It is most commonly used when administrators describe multiple instances of the same database. Definition: The information stored in database at the particular movement is called instance. Also Known As: environment is the place where the data can be stored in manageable manner. Examples: An organization with an employees database might have three different instances: production (used to contain live data), pre-production (used to test new functionality prior to release into production) and development (used by database developers to create new functionality). What is data model:it consists of some concepts to describe the structure of database i.e., data type, relations, and constraints that should hold on the data. E.g. ER model XML data Model - semi structured relational data model object oriented object relational network hierarchy procedural - what data is required and how to get this data declarative - what data is required without describing how to get this data data control language (DCL) data manipulation language (DML) data definition language (DDL) data storage language A database based on relational algebra or relation model is called relation database relation a table in a relational database is called relation in the mathematical language of relational algebra. relations are unordered. attribute column of a table in database table is called attributes. columns or attributes have names. domain set of permissible values for an attribute ( or column) is called domain. tuple a row in the database table is called tuple in the mathematical language of relational algebra. order of tuples in a relation has no significance. database a database is a collection of multiple relations. schema a database design is called schema, alternatively, a schema can refer to namespace within a database. cardinality of a relation number of tuples in a relation is called cardinality of the relation. Normalization theory deals with design of relational database schema. key any subset of a relation is called key. super key a key is called super key if it is sufficient to identify a unique tuple of a relation. candidate key a minimal super key is called candidate key i.e. no proper subset of a candidate key is super key. primary key a candidate key chosen as a principal to identify a unique tuple of a relation.It Restrict User Inputs like "Null Values" , "Duplicate Values" etc. foreign key a key of a relation which is a primary key of some other relation in the relational schema. entity nothing but it represents field of the database e.g., employee entity set collection of different fields relationship relationship set domain The set of possible values for an attribute is called the domain of the attribute e.g. : The domain of attribute marital status is having four values: single, married, divorced or widowed. The domain of the attribute month is having twelve values ranging from January to December. Key attribute The attribute (or combination of attributes) that is unique for every entity instance e.g. : the account number of an account, the employee id of an employee etc. attribute e.g., gender composite attribute degree of relationship the number of entity types involved in a database cardinality of relationship The minimum and maximum values of this connectivity is called the cardinality of the relationship e.g., one to one, one to many, many to many weak entity Entity that depends on other entity for its existence and doesn’t have key attribute (s) of its own e.g. : spouse of employee identifying relationship non-identifying relationship discriminator entity relationship data model Introduction to Data Modeling at University of Texas, Austin Modelling concepts Specialisation Generalisation Categorisation Aggregation Normalization is the formal process for deciding which attributes should be grouped together in a relation.The process of normalization was first developed by E.F.CODD. Normalization is the process of evaluating and correcting the relation schemes to minimize data redundancies and thereby reducing anomalies. As per the rule of the 1NF an attributes of a table cannot hold multiple value. It should hold only atomic value. Second Normal form is characterized by the property of functional dependency. a relation is in second normal form if it is in 1st normal form and every non key attribute is fully and functionally dependent on the primary key. transitive dependency : A relation is in third normal form , if it is in second normal form and no transitive dependencies exist. Suppose A,B and C are the three attributes of a relation(R) then if A->B(B depends on A) B->C(C depends on B) then we can say that "C" depends transitively on "A". BCNF is based on functional dependencies that take into account all candidate keys in a relation. For a relation with only one candidate key, 3rd normal form and BCNF are equivalent. A relation is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate key. '''' now what is a determinant? consider the following functional dependency: A→B where A and B are attributes in relation R. it says that B is functionally dependent on A. here A is referred to as determinant and B is the dependent. BCNF is slightly stronger than 3nF. multivalued dependencies are removed Any remaining anomalies are removed.in this normal form we isolate semantically related multiple relationships. Anomalies can be : Insertion Anomaly,Deletion Anomaly or Modification/update Anomaly. Any remaining anomalies are removed.in this normal form we isolate semantically related multiple relationships. query the retrieval of tuples from the relations of a relational schema query language a language used to retrieve information (tuples) from the relations of a relational schema. types of query language procedural language non-procedural language Mathematical query languages Relational algebra Tuple relational calculus Domain relational calculus relational algebra is a procedural query language operations selection (r σ s) - projection (r ∏ s) - union: (r ∪ s) set difference: (r – s) Cartesian product: (r X s) rename: ( ρr ) intersection: natural join: division: union: intersection: outer join BY:NA A tuple variable is variable that takes on tuples of a particular relation schema as values. That is, every value assigned to a given tuple variable has the same number and type of fields. A tuple relation calculus query has the form {T I p(t)} where T is a tuple variable and p(T) denotes a formula that describes T; The result of this query is the set of all tuples t for which the formula p(T)evaluates to true with T=t. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a non procedural language. References A Gentle Introduction to SQL at SQLzoo SQL Tutorial at W3CSchools relational algebra Extensible Mark-up Language. XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language XML is a markup language much like HTML XML was designed to carry data, not to display data XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags XML is designed to be self-descriptive XML is a W3C Recommendation XML JDBC means Java Database Connectivity. Storage manager module of the database provides the interface between the following component: data stored in the database the application programs queries submitted to the system function of the file manager is to manage disk space for storage and manage data structure used for storing information. The buffer manager reads disk pages into a main memory page as needed. The collection of main memory pages (called frames) used by the buffer manager for this purpose is called the buffer pool. This is just an array of Page objects. The buffer manager is used by (the code for) access methods, heap files, and relational operators to read / write /allocate / de-allocate pages. The Buffer Manager makes calls to the underlying DB class object, which actually performs these functions on disk pages. Replacement policies for the buffer manager can be changed easily at compile time. Many queries reference only a small proportion of records in a file. For example, finding all records at Perryridge branch only returns records where bname = ``Perryridge. We should be able to locate these records directly, rather than having to read every record and check its branch-name. We then need extra file structuring. As we know that, computer has two storage memories 1.primary storage 2.secondary storage Query Processor Query parsing Query optimizer Query evaluation engine : It executes low level instructions given by the DML and retrieves the information from the storage manager. transaction collection logically related operations in a database application. Transaction-management ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures. authorization engine Concurrency-control ensuring the consistency of the database in spite of interaction among the concurrent transactions To restore a physical backup of a data file or control file is to reconstruct it and make it available to the Oracle database server. To recover a restored data file is to update it by applying archived redo logs and online redo logs, that is, records of changes made to the database after the backup was taken. If you use RMAN, then you can also recover data files with incremental backups, which are backups of a data file that contain only blocks that changed after a previous incremental backup. Distributed Database management Systems are the software for managing databases stored on multiple computers in the network. Distributed Database: It is a set of databases stored on multiple computers that typically appears to application as a single database. It stores related over two or more physically independent sites that requires distributed processing. A database that is composed of different database fragments / parts. Data mining is searching information which is already stored in such a database.
You want to use a web service to create charts. In this example we will use the Google Chart web service: *. Users are each allowed to generate up to 50,000 charts per day. The Google Chart application takes several parameters from the URL. For a simple Pie Chart these might include: http://chart.apis.google.com/chart? cht=p &chd=t:10,20,30,40,20 &chl=Amount\|Indicator\|Code\|Date\|Text &chs=400x300 Where: http://chart.apis.google.com/chart? - is the Chart API's base URL The ampersand (&) separates parameters. cht=p is a code for the chart's type. For example p=2D Pie Chart and p3-3D Pie Chart chd=t:10,20,30,40 is the chart's data using t format (t:10,20,30) or s format where (s:) a=1 and z=26 chs=400x300 - is the chart's size in pixels. chl=Amount\|Indicator\|Code\|Date\|Text are the labels for the Pie Chart. Our next step is to put these REST parameters into an XForms instance and hook the instance up to input controls. Here are the parameters for a piechart type, data, label and size information. We will submit our XForms data to the server using the following submission statement. Here is a sample input form for chart parameters: Here is a sample output chart generated form this application. Execute Google Pie Chart Demo p 400x200 t:1,2,60,40,2 Amount\|Indicators\|Code\|D\|Text Google PieChart Demo Chart Type: Pie Chart - flat p Pie Chart - 3D p3 Data: (t:5,10,20): Labels: (A\|B) Create Chart This is actually one of the most simple applications. Google Charts has five chart types and hundreds of combinations of parameters. The Chart Types are (cht) Line charts Bar charts Pie charts Venn diagrams Scatter plots One way to test these is to generate a variety of charts with some sample XForms. Next Page: Venn Diagram \| Previous Page: Pie Chart Home: XForms
Thursday, December 1, 2005 Convicted Australian drug trafficker Van Tuong Nguyen has been denied permission to embrace his mother and twin brother before his execution. Following a request from Nguyen’s mother, Kim Nguyen, and supported by strong international pressure, Singapore refused a contact visit, but will allow them to hold hands. In a statement released by Singapore’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, government officials said contact visits were too traumatic and destabilising for both prisoners and family members. In response, Australia’s Foreign Minister, Alexander Downer, said, "My view is that a prisoner who is to be executed confronts the greatest of all destabilisation to have his life taken away from him, so I don't really identify with that statement.” Mr Downer then conceded that "it'll perhaps be very meagre compensation, of course it will be, but it will be nice that they can touch each other...it's better than nothing." An unnamed Singaporean lawyer claimed contact would be made through a hole in the wall. "I think they will bring him to another room and there will be an aperture through which they can reach,” the lawyer said. The 25-year-old Australian man was convicted of trafficking 396 grams of heroin, an offence which carries a mandatory death penalty under Singapore law. He received no remissions for a full confession. He will be executed by hanging at 09:00 AEDT tomorrow. Meanwhile, Australians attended protest vigils in Sydney and Melbourne tonight. Tim Goodwin from Amnesty International told the Sydney crowd that the death penalty is not an acceptable punishment. "It is ineffective, it is dangerous, it is extreme and it is the most barbaric, brutalising punishment," he said. "Nguyen's mum denied one last hug goodbye" — NineMSN, December 1, 2005 "Anti-execution rally in Sydney" — The Australian, December 1, 2005 "Nguyen says his final farewells" — The Herald Sun, December 1, 2005 "Mother has last visit with condemned son" — The Age, December 1, 2005
The Northern Beaches of Sydney refers to a suburban district located in the north east of the city, as well as a stretch of famous beaches extending northwards from Sydney Harbour and North Head at Manly to Barrenjoey Point and Broken Bay, fronting the Pacific Ocean. In general, the suburbs that fall within the Manly, Warringah and Pittwater local government areas are considered the "Northern Beaches". The Northern Beaches is surrounded on all sides by either water or forest areas, causing some locals to call the area "the Peninsula". The hilly areas and plateaus behind the beach suburbs is also known separately as the "Forest District", so named because of the large tracts of natural bush land which feature in this area. Manly Beach is the most popular destination for visitors, with a range of attractions and activities aimed at the day tripper and holiday maker. In reality, there is so much more that the Northern Beaches has to offer than this tiny southern portion and lesser crowds make it more enjoyable. Northern Beaches is a family-orientated area and topless bathing is not the norm; it still occurs in Manly, but is less common than at the beaches on the other side of the Harbour in Bondi and the Eastern Suburbs. There are no rail services to any of the Northern Beaches. In the south, the Northern Beaches are connected to Circular Quay by the famous Manly Ferry, running every half an hour between Manly and the (Sydney City Centre). From the north, there is also the Palm Beach Ferry operates between Palm Beach and Ettalong (on the Central Coast) that runs every hour or two. Buses run from the city to Palm Beach, and from Manly to neighbouring suburbs. Suburbs in the Forest area are serviced by Forest Coachlines and run to the city and North Shore Line train stations. The Sydney Buses route L90 to/from Sydney CBD takes about 2 hours in bad traffic 1.5 in normal traffic. From Central or Wynyard in the city, any bus with the numbers between 184 and 190 will pass through most of the Northern Beaches suburbs, the most frequent being the L90 from Palm Beach and the fastest in peak hour being the express buses such as the E86 (beginning at Church Point), E87 (Newport) or E88 (Avalon). The slow 155 bus goes to Manly via Warriewood, giving great views of Warriewood Beach along the way. The L60 in peak hour goes from Mona Vale to Chatswood. Mona Vale is well served and is the main bus hub on the Northern Beaches; all limited stops (L) and express (E) buses to and from the city stop here. The express buses might not stop at Narrabeen (those that don't should say 'First Stop Mona Vale' on them), though all limited stops buses should. The express buses won't stop at Collaroy, though most limited stops buses should, unless they say 'First Stop Narrabeen'. Ask the driver to be sure. The 136 bus route which runs between Chatswood and Manly is the most reliable way to get to Dee Why Beach as it comes every half hour between the early morning and midnight. The 159 bus comes only once an hour and is a very unreliable service, it too goes to both Dee Why Main and Dee Why Beach. There are only three ways to get to the Northern Beaches by car. The first route is the Spit Bridge from Mosman (Military Road/Spit Road). The second route is across the Roseville Bridge (Warringah Road), from Chatswood. The third route is via Mona Vale Road, which comes from Pymble/St Ives. Running north to south along the beaches, the main road artery is Pittwater Road/Barrenjoey Road. Another major road, connecting the north and south through the Forest area, is Wakehurst Parkway, which offers a beautiful (but rushed) drive through natural bushland. The Spit Bridge is a gridlock point for traffic. Many commuters try to use the T3 lanes, which are for carpooling. Palm Beach Seaplanes or Sydney Harbour Seaplanes from Rose Bay, Cottage Point and Mooney Mooney to Palm Beach area. A car can be a flexible and easy way to travel around the area. However, parking in Manly and the other beachside suburbs in the summer months can be both expensive and difficult. It you're travelling to the beach by car, consider the traffic and possibly plan an early or late arrival. All beachside suburbs charge for parking at the beach. There are a couple of specialised local service ferries around the northern beaches. Local Pittwater services operate between Palm Beach and Great Mackerel Beach. The Church Point Ferry company provides services on Pittwater between Church Point and Scotland Island. The Northern Beaches is famous for its beaches, each with its own distinctive character. Northern Beaches buses ply the route between Manly and Palm Beach, passing all of the ocean beach suburbs along the route. Check Transport Info for more information . From south to north Manly. Manly has a harbourside beach and a long ocean beach, connected by the Corso, with shops, cafes, restaurants, and has many other attractions. Freshwater. South Curl Curl. A larger beach. Has a 50m rock formed ocean swimming pool. Ocean currents in the beach can be strong, and especially important to swim between the flags. Public transport access by bus. North Curl Curl. A popular beach, with nice cappuccinos served right on the sand. Get there early on secure your space on the sand, and a parking spot on summer weekends. Nice cliffs providing more entertainment for children, with a small caves in the cliffs to play in. Parking difficult, but usually possible. Public transport access by bus. Dee Why. Pleasant beach that can get quite busy on weekends. The northern end is usually less busy but is unlikely to be patrolled. Dee Why Lagoon is a nature reserve and wetland that is home to many migratory bird species. It is probably best viewed from Long Reef beach. Narrabeen. Appears in the Beach Boys' song Surfin' USA and holds many professional surfing events here. There are really two sections to the beach. North Narrabeen, which is close to the Warriewood headland and which flows into a lagoon, is best for families as kids can play on the dunes near the lagoon and swim there if the surf is too strong. This part of the beach, reached via Old Pittwater Road, is very close to a camping ground. Further south along the same road is Narrabeen beach, which is popular with surfers and kite surfers. If you fancy an outing on the lagoon, you can hire kayaks and other water craft. Ask at the camping ground for further information. Collaroy. Much calmer and has perhaps the smallest waves on the Northern Beaches. For this reason, it's a good place for beginners to learn how to surf, and because of this there are a few 'surf schools' here. There are two places nearby where you can have excellent views. The first is Long Reef headland, just south of Collaroy, where there is also a spectacularly situated golf course. The second is Collaroy Plateau which rises behind Collaroy to the west and gives a grand view from a lookout point across the Northern Beaches. Warriewood. One of the most picturesque on the peninsula and is ideal for swimming. It is a relatively small beach and headlands on either side mean it is protected from the wind and the surf is usually calmer and less choppy than nearby Mona Vale beach. The beach itself is reached by walking down a trail from the top, or driving down to a small car park right next to the beach. On the southern headland of Warriewood beach there is a walking trail that affords lovely views of the Northern Beaches and leads to North Narrabeen beach. The headland between Warriewood and Mona Vale beaches is a popular spot for paragliders - but be warned, sudden unexpected winds can be a major problem for inexperienced 'jumpers'. Mona Vale. A long golden sandy beach with good surfing and swimming, with car parking near the beach. The surf can be rougher than at nearby Warriewood, which is more sheltered. The beach has flagged areas with lifesaver patrols through the summer. Cliffs at the southern end make access between Warriewood Beach and Mona Vale Beach difficult for the disabled and those with children. A 10-minute drive west of Mona Vale along Mona Vale Road takes you to the Bahá'í House of Worship, one of only seven such buildings in the world. Newport. Bilgola. Avalon. Church Point. Whale Beach. A peaceful beach which also has a smaller rose-gold sand beach which lies between two faces of cliffs. Every January, Whale Beach hosts its own ocean swim called The Big Swim, a competition that has been held yearly since 1974. Palm Beach is one of the longest of Sydney's beaches, being approximately 2-3 km long along the Pacific Ocean shore. The beachside suburb of Palm Beach backs on to Pittwater, a large southern inlet of Broken Bay, making the locality about as surrounded by water as is possible, without actually being an island. The peninsula is home to many of Sydney's wealthiest inhabitants, who appreciate the tranquil atmosphere and "convenient" isolation. The popular Australian soap opera Home and Away (popular in Australia and the UK) is partially filmed at Palm Beach – fans of the show will easily recognise some of the local views. Palm Beach is a good 45 mins to 1 hour drive from central Sydney – more if traffic is bad closer to town. Traffic can be bad on the journey on hot "beach days" and in peak hour traffic closer to the city. Traffic can also be bad around Palm Beach, and parking can be very difficult during summer holidays. Clontarf. Pittwater, in the far north of the Northern Beaches, is a waterway with a number of attractive beaches and pleasant scenery. A high point is Beacon Hill and a lookout offers views across large parts of the Northern Beaches and as far as the CBD of Sydney. Killarney Heights. A bushland suburb with gorgeous views of winding waterways in the upper areas of Middle Harbour. Originally a picnic area, it gets its name from a county town in the County Kerry region of Ireland. Manly has a range of beachfront and harbourfront activities and beaches, and is the premier tourist destination. Palm Beach and Barrenjoey lighthouse are worth visiting at the Northern tip of the area. Garigal National Park surrounds the area to the West, with many walks and picnic areas. Manly Dam Walk up onto Barrenjoey Head and see the lighthouse, an opportunity to gaze across Broken Bay to Brisbane Water, Lion Island and the Central Coast. There are cinemas in Manly, Brookvale, Collaroy, Warriewood and Avalon. There is an Art Deco twin cinema on Pittwater Road, its great big blue facade is a living piece of history that gives the ultimate cinema experience, a real family orientated cinema. Long Reef Golf Course offers one of the most scenic (if windy!) courses in Sydney. Mona Vale Golf Club has fantastic views over the ocean at cheap prices. Rugby League. The major sporting team of the area is the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. Manly plays 12 home games each season (March to September) at Brookvale Oval, which is on Pittwater Road near Warringah Mall. There is seating both in covered grandstands and on the grass in the area known as the hill. Cricket. Manly also has a grade cricket side which plays at an oval in Manly itself during the summer season. Grade cricket is essentially a feeder competition for the Pura Cup competition (still regularly referred to as the Sheffield Shield), and top Australian players rarely play at grade level. Rugby Union. The Northern Beaches boast two main rugby union sides: Manly, based in Manly itself, and Warringah (affectionately known as 'the Rats'), based in Narrabeen. Home and Away Tour. The Australia soap, Home and Away has many sights around Palm Beach that would be identified by avid watchers of the show. Most Northern Beaches suburbs have small shopping villages oriented towards locals and their needs. Warringah Mall, located at Brookvale, and one of Sydney's largest shopping monstrosities, with most of the major retail outlets. It is also unique in Sydney as an "indoor/outdoor" shopping centre, reflecting the outdoors lifestyle of the Northern Beaches. Warriewood Square, located in the Warriewood Valley (much more dull and tacky). Dee Why has a major strip of shops, while Manly caters mainly for tourist and leisure shoppers. Harbord (Freshwater) has some quiet, but an interesting group of shops where you can buy localised souvenirs such as stickers and beach gear. Collaroy is home to the iconic retailer Larry Adler Ski & Outdoor. Make sure you drop in and watch out for Santa climbing in the window at Xmas time. Forestway Shopping Centre. Offers a popular suburban shopping amenity. There are many restaurants on the Northern Beaches, generally taking advantage of the beachside surrounds. Manly has many restaurants of all types and price ranges, reflecting the tourist nature of the area. Dee Why has a number of good restaurants, particularly along the beachfront. The major shopping areas in most of the beachside suburbs offer a good range of cuisines and quality. Many of the beaches have kiosks operated by the surf clubs but they are limited to sausage rolls, meat pies, chiko rolls, coffees and cold drinks. Fish and chip shops are everywhere here and an enjoyable evening can be had eating them on the benches in the parks and beaches watching over the ocean. Mona Vale has the best chicken burgers and chips in the area at the Aces shop, next to St. George, on Bungan Street. -33.63455151.313161 Clareville Kiosk, 27 Delecta Ave (Clareville, Avalon), ☏ +61 2 9918 2727. Fine dining restaurant serving contemporary Australian cuisine. (updated Sep 2018) -33.79277151.285852 The Herring Room, 94 Pittwater Rd (Manly), ☏ +61 2 9977 2572. Seafood restaurant in a 1920s setting. (updated Sep 2018) -33.78161151.288563 Pilu At Freshwater, Moore Rd (Freshwater), ☏ +61 2 9938 3331. Sardininan fine dining with a great seaside view! (updated Sep 2018) -33.79473151.285414 Sunset Sabi, 26/28 Pittwater Rd (Manly), ☏ +61 2 9977 7461. A Japanese-Australian restaurant. (updated Sep 2018) There are many public hotels on the Northern Beaches. Manly has a selection of pubs and nightclubs around the Corso and beach. Many of the forest and beachside suburbs have a pub with its own character - old or newly renovated - quaint or beer barn. The Arms hotel in Newport. The Collaroy Services Beach Club is located overlooking the beach at Collaroy. The Surf Rock Hotel is big with locals on a Friday night, with live bands and a line out the door. Mona Vale Hotel. The tourist centres of Manly and Palm Beach feature a number of accommodation choices from budget to five star. Check their articles for details. Outside of those centres: If you're roughing it, there is a large and popular camping ground close to the beach near Warriewood headland. There are both camping and caravan facilities there. Hotel Sands, 1260 Pittwater Rd, Narrabeen NSW 2101, ☏ +61 2-9970-8578, [email protected]. Sydney Beachouse YHA, 4 Collaroy Street, Collaroy, ☏ +61 2 9981-1177, fax: +61 2 9981 1114, [email protected]. Check-in: 2pm, check-out: 10am. Dorm beds $20-$26 per night; double or twin rooms $64 per night; $84 with ensuite. Mona Vale Motel Clean, friendly & affordable. Checkers Resort & Conference Centre, 331 Mona Vale Road, Terrey Hills, NSW 2084 Australia, ☏ +61 2 9450-2422, fax: +61 2 9450 2778. Nestled in the bushland surrounds of Terrey Hills, Checkers Resort and Conference Centre offers a stunning location. Best rates on official website start at $99. Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
What is the best way to play Poppit so that one has the least amount of balloons at the end of each game? CR JH FAB Poppit is a stress reducing activity (game) played on a PC or mobile device. The objective of the game is to pop as many balloons as possible before you run out of moves. Balloons can only be popped in groups of two or more (chunks) like-colored balloons. Obviously, there are numerous ways to play the game. Our team’s goal was to play the game, collect statistics, and determine the best strategy to eliminate the greatest number of balloons by the end of each game. Link to individual team members poppit page: CR JH FAB Picture depicts the end result of one of the methods we used during our chunking analysis. Poppit is an online game where one tries to eliminate all the balloons by the end of the game. Our goal was to analyze how one goes about “chunking” the game of poppit. Chunking can be described as a way in which a human or device goes about breaking down large amounts of information or patterns into smaller ones. The goal of our team was to come up with methods on how each of us chunked the games of Poppit we played. The first task of each member was to come up with strategies to eliminate the most balloons. Then, each of us would use those strategies while playing Poppit to see which one worked the best. We would then record the number of balloons left at the end of each game so that we could compare how well each strategy worked. Finally, based on our data and observations, we would construct the most effective strategy to eliminate the greatest number of balloons in Poppit. Our analysis showed that starting at the top row and eliminating columns by popping like-color groups of balloons worked the best. Occasionally a "pin" is available to pop a single balloon. We chose not to use the pin when we were developing our strategies. Computer with Google Chrome installed on it to play the Poppit Application. Internet access to play the game online or download the game application. Individual engineering notebooks so that each of our team members can record reliable data. A calculator to find statistical conclusions based on our data. The game Poppit can be accessed by following this link: Poppit. Instructions on how to play Poppit are found within the game's initial walk through. Visit POGO.com for game instructions. Any followup work should build on the approach we selected. We encourage teams to continue working from the top and eliminate one column at a time. We recommend that future developers anticipate the consequence of each of their moves. Thinking two to three moves ahead will allow the player to form larger groups. It is critical to avoid single balloons in the top row. If a single balloon is left in the top row it cannot be eliminated. We opted not to use the pin to pop individual balloons. Follow on groups can take advantage of the pin to pop single balloons with the goal of forming groups or eliminating isolated balloons.
Stick Around was an unsold television pilot for ABC, starring Andy Kaufman. Only one episode was ever made, airing on 30 May 1977. Set in 2055, Kaufman portrayed Andy, a run-down servant robot. He used the same voice of his "Foreign Man" character that would one day become the signature voice of Latka Gravas on Taxi. Written and produced by Fred Freeman and Lawrence J. Cohen. Directed by Bill Hobin. "Stick Around" by Rob Hegel and Carol George. Stick around, stick around There's a whole lot of joy to be found Stick around, stick around There's a whole lot of joy to be found Here's a view of me and you in 2055: New machines and laser beams make sure we all survive No traffic, no pollution—it's a new society (new society) Food may be expensive, but the air is fit to breathe Stick around, stick around There's a whole lot of joy to be found Stick around [opening lines] Elaine Keefer: [enters] Vance, what time would you like to eat Dinner tonight? Vance Keefer: [playing a game with Andy] Don't both me; I'm trying to concentrate. Elaine Keefer: What for? I thought you programmed Andy to lose. Elaine Keefer: I bought some steaks for dinner tonight. They were on sale, fifty-eight dollars a pound. Vance Keefer: I remember when it was thirty-two dollars a pound. Elaine Keefer: [to the camera] Robots that don't work, computers that fall apart—if you think things were complicated in 1977, just stick around. [theme song plays] Andy: I'm charging myself. Vance Keefer: You're always charging yourself. Vance Keefer: [to Andy] I would like to pull your plug some time—for good. Vance Keefer: Are you a cryogenic? Burglar: [offended] What of it? Vance Keefer: Oh, no, no, no, no, no. Oh, don't get me wrong; I—hey—I got nothing against cryogenics. My neighbour's a cryogenic—wonderful guy. Burglar: Yeah, I bet some of your best friends are cryogenics. Vance Keefer: [about the burglar] Take him, Andy. Andy: But, take him where? Vance Keefer: Do something! Andy: Right. Ehh, [to burglar] excuse me. Burglar: Sure. Vance Keefer: Uh, Andy, Andy, wha-wha-what are you doing? Andy: Here's the money, mister. [hands box to burglar] Burglar: Is there anymore? Vance Keefer: No! Andy: But what about the money in the back, Vance? I get it. [to burglar] Excuse me. Vance Keefer: [to his wife] You never laser me. Elaine Keefer: Do you two think you can get through one day without fighting? Andy: I don't think so. Joe Burkus: I was called worse names when I was alive. I mean, uh...before they, um...they, well, they, uh...well, you know what I mean. Vance Keefer: I still think it was easier living in your time. Joe Burkus: But I died in my time. Joe Burkus: Lucy? They're still re-running Lucy? Earl: They never stopped; she's quite popular with you dead people. Andy: [after purposefully tripping Earl] Oh, I'm so sorry; I made big mistake. Vance Keefer: Earl shouldn't need help. Ha-ha, for a mill-and-a-half, he should be able to do anything. Andy: I bet he can't fly. Lisa: Well, his body seems to be in pretty good shape. Andy: Thank you. So does yours. Andy: I don't do windows. Andy: Oh. Good bye, Vance. In a minute, you won't have me to kick around anymore. Vance Keefer: I mean, do you really, really like me? Uh-uh...the way you like Elaine? Andy: Well, oh, I-I don't think I would say that much, but I like you. Elaine Keefer: You hear that, Andy? We're all together again! Andy: Oh, boy! Andy Kaufman — Andy Fred McCarren — Vance Keefer Nancy New — Elaine Keefer Cliff Norton — Joe Burkus Craig Richard Nelson — Earl Wikipedia has an article about: Stick Around (TV pilot) Stick Around quotes at the Internet Movie Database Stick Around on YouTube Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
Contenete - Capitul 20 - Capitul 21 - Capitul 22 Jonathan dormi til li matine. Il pensa li matine pri Deo, e su vive, e que fórsan hodíe il va morir. Il prega a Deo (pregar a Deo = parlar con Deo), e di til se self: “Si yo va morir hodíe, yo va morir. Yo es pret.” (pret = il ha fat to quo il have beson por un cose, e nu posse far it) Jonathan audi li voce del gallino éxter li castelle, e il save que il posse exear, nam it es li matine e Dracula dormi. Il retorna al loc u, li nocte passat (li nocte passat = li nocte de yer), il hat videt li Comto aperter li porta. Il vole aperter it ma...it es serrat! No!! U es li clave? Jonathan pensa: Dracula have li clave, e por trovar li clave, il va besonar grimpar li mur. E fórsan il va morir al manus del Comto. Ma Jonathan pensa que it es plu bon morir hodíe quam deman. Quam li altri die in li passate, il exea tra li fenestre, il grimpa li mur a bass, e intra li chambre del Comto. Nullcos es in li chambre, just quam li altri die. (just = sam, 100%) Il vide li aurallia (aur·allia: aurallia es mult aure ci e ta) e li polvallia; omnicos es sam. Il save u va esser li Comto: in bass, pos li mult scalunes del scaliere, in li capella. Nu Jonathan es in li capella, e il vide li buxe. Li buxe have un coverte, ma li coverte ancor ne es serrat. Il save que li clave va esser sur li córpor del Comto, e il move li coverte. Ta il vide li Comto...ma il sembla diferent! Li Comto quel il conosse es tre, tre old; ma ti Comto ne es tam old! Nu su capilles ne es blanc, ma gris, e su pelle, un vez blanc, nu es un poc rubi. E li bocca del Comto es rubissim. Pro quo? Pro que sur li bocca trova se mult sangue. Quant sangue il ha trincat? il pensa. Il sercha li córpor, sercha e sercha, ma ne posse trovar li clave. Li Comto sembla rider, e Jonathan senti colere. Ti monstru va ear a London e ta il va trincar li sangue de omnes? E ti monstru va crear altri monstrus, e talmen London va haver mult monstrus qui trinca sangue! Jonathan vide circum le e vide un palle. Il prende li palle, e batte li Comto. Ma just ante que il battet le, li visage del Comto vide Jonathan e Jonathan solmen batte le un poc, sur li fronte, pro que li cap movet se. Jonathan nu senti plu colere, e plu timore. Jonathan pensa. Quo far? Il ne save. Ma nu il audi voces: it es li ciganos, qui canta. Il audi anc li voces del slovacos. Li ciganos e li slovacos veni plu e plu proxim, e Jonathan curre. Il passa li scaliere, e intra li chambre del Comto con li aurallia e li polvallia. Il pensa nu que quande va venir li ciganos e li slovacos, il va currer éxter quande ili va aperter li porta. Ma il audi li son ex un altri loc, e nu il save que li ciganos e li slovacos ha intrat li castelle tra un altri porta, ne tra li porta ci. Il curre vers li son, ma un rapid vente clude li porte, e nu it es cludet. Il ha devenit denov un prisonario. Il scri rapidmen in su jurnale, pro que fórsan hodíe il va morir e il vole que Mina va leer su jurnale e save pri le. Il audi li son del buxes, e del covertes; li ciganos e li slovacos clude li buxes e move les. Pos to li sones deveni plu e plu micri, e il save que li ciganos e li slovacos nu exea li castelle, con li Comto in li buxe. Silentie. Jonathan es sol in li castelle con li tri féminas. Il pensa pri Mina, qui es un fémina, e pri li tri féminas del castelle, e il trova it strangi que omnes es féminas ma solmen Mina es un ver fémina; li altri tri féminas es demones. “Bon,” pensa Jonathan, “yo va prender li aure e grimpar li mur. E si yo mori, yo va morir quam un mann, ne quam un prisonario. E si yo posse grimpar li mur, yo va trovar un tren, e retornar a London. Quam yo odia ti land, u li diábol (diábol = li max grand demon de omni demones) e su filies marcha! E si yo va morir, yo va incontrar Deo, qui es plu bon quam ti monstrus. Si yo va morir, yo va dormir in bass apu li mur, quam un mann. A revidentie, omnes! Mina!” E il comensa grimpar li mur. Un ·allia es mult coses, ci e ta e sin bellitá. Si on jette un papere sur li suol, e jetta plu papere denov e denov, it es un paperallia. Just es usat por quelc coses. Sam: Dracula dormi durant li jorne, just quam li altri dies. Ante ne mult témpor: Yo ja just scrit li lettre. Ver, rect: Yo crede que vor idé es just. batter cantar crear diábol fronte incontrar just palle passat pregar pret

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